document_title: Bend It Like Beckham

question_text: who plays jess in bend it like beckham

question_tokens: who plays jess in bend it like beckham

text: Bend It Like Beckham

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jesminder "Jess" Bhamra (Parminder Nagra) is the 18-year-old daughter of Punjabi Sikhs living in Hounslow, London. Juliette "Jules" Paxton (Keira Knightley) is the same age and the daughter of a native English family. Jess is infatuated with football, but because she is a woman, her conservative family won't let her play. However, she sometimes plays in the park with boys, including her best friend, Tony (Ameet Chana), a closeted gay man.

text: Whilst on a jog through the park, Jules discovers Jess's skills, befriends her, and invites her to try out for the local women's football team, the Hounslow Harriers coached by Joe (Jonathan Rhys Meyers). Jess is extremely happy and excited about the tryouts, even though Joe is sceptical about a new player joining the team. After seeing Jess's skills, Joe accepts her on the team and Jess lies to Joe about her parents being cool with the idea.

text: Jess's parents (Anupam Kher and Shaheen Khan) eventually discover that Jess has been playing football behind their backs. They become more strict and forbid Jess to play in any more matches. The elder Bhamras are also distracted by their elaborate wedding plans for Jess's older sister, Pinky (Archie Panjabi). Thanks to the skills of Jess and Jules, the Harriers reach the finals of the league tournament. Unfortunately, the finals and Pinky's wedding fall on the same day.

text: Joe pleads with Mr Bhamra to allow Jess to play, but Mr Bhamra refuses, which reveals that he does not want Jess to suffer the way he did when he was excluded from a cricket club because of being Indian. Jess develops an attraction toward Joe, and when the team plays in Hamburg, Germany and goes out clubbing, they're caught by Jules when about to kiss. Jules also has a crush on Joe, and this sours the two girls' friendship, as Jules is adamant that she had told Jess about her crush. When Jess goes to Jules's house to try to patch up their friendship, Jules's mother (Juliet Stevenson) is misled and thinks they're hiding a lesbian relationship.

text: Joe accepts that Jess is not allowed to play and the final begins without her. But halfway through Pinky's wedding, Tony convinces Mr Bhamra to let Jess go. He agrees, and Tony drives Jess to the game, where the Harriers are losing 1–0 with half an hour left. Jess and Jules tie the score, and when Jess is awarded a free kick, she must bend the ball around the wall of players to score. She succeeds and the Harriers win the tournament. Jess and Jules are offered sports scholarships at Santa Clara University in California, which Jules tells her parents immediately, whereas Jess has trouble telling hers. Jules and her mother arrive at Pinky's wedding so that Jules can celebrate with Jess. When Mrs Paxton accuses Jess of being a hypocrite and a lesbian, Jules grabs her mother and runs off in shame.

text: Jess has still not told her parents about the scholarship – she is afraid they might not allow her to go to the United States on her own. Tony, out of friendship for Jess, decides to lie to the family and tell them he is engaged to Jess as long as she gets to go to any college she wants. Jess reveals the lie and her mother blames Jess's father for allowing her to play. Jess's father convinces her mother to accept Jess's wishes after telling her he doesn't want Jess to suffer as he did. Jess flees to the football field to tell Joe of her parents' decision. The two almost kiss, but Jess pulls away, saying her parents would object, and that although they had come far enough to let her go to America to play, she doesn't think they would be able to handle another cultural rebellion from her.

text: On the day of Jess and Jules's flight to America, Jules's mother gives her daughter a football jersey and wishes her good luck, this being her way of telling her daughter that she has accepted Jules's decision. The two are about to board the plane when Joe arrives and confesses his love for Jess. The two kiss and Jess agrees to sort out their relationship (and her parents) when she returns for Christmas. While at the airport, they see David Beckham with his wife Victoria, which Jules takes as a sign. Jess and Jules send their parents a team photograph, and it is revealed that Pinky is pregnant. Finally, Mr Bhamra is seen practising cricket with Joe's help.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Parminder Nagra as Jesminder Kaur "Jess" Bhamra
Keira Knightley as Juliette "Jules" Paxton
Archie Panjabi as "Pinky" Kaur Bhamra
Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Joe
Shaznay Lewis as Marlena "Mel" Goines
Anupam Kher as Mohaan Singh Bhamra
Shaheen Khan as Mrs. "Sukhi" Kaur Bhamra
Frank Harper as Alan Paxton
Juliet Stevenson as Paula Paxton
Ameet Chana as Tony
Kulvinder Ghir as Teetu
Pooja Shah as Meena
Preeya Kalidas as Monica
Trey Farley as Taz
Saraj Chaudhry as Sonny
Paven Virk as Bubbly
Nithin Sathya (uncredited) as Waiter
Emma Daly as team player
Nina Wadia as Wedding Caterer
Ace Bhatti as Nairobi Grandson
David Beckham as himself
Gary Lineker as himself
Alan Hansen as himself
John Barnes as himself

text: Production[edit]

text: Gurinder Chadha co-wrote the script with Guljit Bindra and screenwriting partner Paul Mayeda Berges. Nayar and Chadha actively pursued financing for the film at Sundance Film Festival. Having previously worked with Road Movies, a German production company on several other projects, Nayar approached them and they came on board, followed by British Screen and The Film Council.

text: Helkon SK, formerly known as Redbus, picked up the script. Fox Searchlight Pictures picked up the rights for distribution in the United States at the Cannes Film Festival in 2002.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on 18 June 2001. A variety of locations around London and Shepperton Studios were used for the nine-week shoot, with the semi-final taking place over a three-day period in Hamburg, Germany.[4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Chadha, who played an active role in casting, chose Parminder Nagra and Keira Knightley, who would play the two lead roles in the film, while Archie Panjabi and Jonathan Rhys Meyers were in early talks to join the cast. Shaznay Lewis and Anupam Kher were also in final talks. Juliet Stevenson and Frank Harper joined as Paula Paxton and Alan Paxton, mother and father of Jules.

text: For the role of Jess's mother, Mrs Bhamra, Chadha turned to Shaheen Khan, whom she had previously cast in Bhaji on the Beach. Anupam Kher, a Bollywood actor, was cast as Mr Bhamra, Jess's father. Chadha worked with The Football Association and ended up casting actual players from a variety of school teams.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Theatrical[edit]

text: Bend It Like Beckham was released theatrically on 12 April 2002 by Redbus Film Distribution. The film then received a limited theatrical release in the United States on 12 March 2003, by Fox Searchlight Pictures. When originally released in the United Kingdom, it topped the country's box office for the next three weekends, before being overtaken by About a Boy.[5][6]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and VHS on 18 November 2002 by Warner Home Video. Among the DVD bonus features, there are several scenes that did not make the final release. Some include dialogue from Pinky's friends and from Jules, as well as her mother meeting Kevin and his friends outside a shop, which would have been helpful, as Kevin is mentioned three times but is never seen.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film surprised critics and met with mostly positive reviews. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times noted that the film "was really full of easy humor, an impeccable sense of milieu that is the result of knowing the culture intimately enough to poke fun at it while understanding its underlying integrity."[7]

text: The Times of India noted the film's social context, saying, "[it] is really about the bending of rules, social paradigms and lives – all to finally curl that ball, bending it like Beckham, through the goalpost of ambition.... The creeping divide shows that Britain is changing, but hasn't quite changed yet. The stiff upper lip has travelled miles from the time Chadha's father was denied a pint at some pubs at Southall, but like dollops of coagulated spice in badly stirred curry, discrimination crops up to spoil the taste, every now and then, in multi-racial Britain."[8]

text: Planet Bollywood gave the film a mark of 9 out of 10: the "screenplay not only explores the development of Jesse as a person, but also the changing values and culture of NRI teens: Jesse's urge to break the social norm of the Indian home-maker, her sister's (Archie Punjabi) sexually active relationship, and the gay Indian [Tony, played by Ameet Chana]."[9]

text: The Hindu argued, "If ever there is a film that is positive, realistic and yet delightful, then it has to be Dream Production's latest venture directed by Gurinder Chadha.... Light-hearted, without taking away the considerable substance in terms of values, attitudes and the love for sport, the film just goes to prove that there are ways to be convincing and honest."[10]

text: The BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars, and argued that "Mr Beckham ought to be proud to have his name on such a great film."[11] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives Bend It like Beckham a rating of 85 per cent based upon 147 reviews (125 fresh and 22 rotten).[12] The British film was distributed by iDream Productions in India,[13] and went on to set the record in India for most number of tickets sold during a single weekend for a foreign movie.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Bend It Like Beckham also became the highest grossing Indian-themed film ever in the United States, with $32 million in box office revenue.[14]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
2004 Pyongyang Film Festival: Music Prize
2002 British Comedy Awards: Best comedy film
2003 ESPY Awards: Best Sports Movie ESPY Award[15]
2004 GLAAD Media Awards: Outstanding Film – Wide Release

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
2006 Billie Award – Entertainment (Best film)
2004 Writers Guild of America Award – Best Screenplay
2003 British Academy of Film and Television Arts – Best film
2003 Golden Globe for Best Film – Musical or Comedy
2002 Locarno International Film Festival: Audience Award – Gurinder Chadha
2002 London Film Critics Circle Awards: British Best Newcomer – Keira Knightley
2002 International Film Festival of Marrakech: Special Jury Award – Gurinder Chadha
2003 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures: Special Recognition
2002 Sydney Film Festival: PRIX UIP – Gurinder Chadha
2003 The Comedy Festival: Film Discovery Jury Award – Gurinder Ch

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Music from the Motion Picture Bend It Like Beckham

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
2002

Recorded
2000-2002

Genre
Bhangra
Pop

Label
Milan Entertainment (US)
Cube Records (UK)

Producer
Various artists

text: The release of the soundtrack in the United Kingdom features bhangra music, and songs by the Spice Girls' Victoria Beckham and Melanie C and rock band Texas. It also features "Baddest Ruffest" by Backyard Dog, the aria Nessun Dorma, from Puccini's Turandot and excerpts from dance band Basement Jaxx. The USA release rearranges the tracks and excludes some material. "Dream the Dream" appears in the movie but did not make the final cut on the soundtrack.

text: Release (United Kingdom)[edit]

text:
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Titles"
Blondie – "Atomic"
Backyard Dog – "Baddest Ruffest"
B21 – "Darshan"
(Movie Dialogue) – "It's Beckham's Corner"
Victoria Beckham – "I Wish"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Learn To Cook Dahl"
Malkit Singh – "Jind Mahi"
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan – "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda"
Bally Sagoo Feat Gunjan – "Noorie"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Juicy Juicy Mangoes"
Basement Jaxx – "Do Your Thing"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Eyes Down"
Texas – "Inner Smile"
Melanie C – "Independence Day"
(Movie Dialogue) – "Can't Make Round Chapattis"
Hans Raj Hans – "Punjabiyan Di Shaan"
Gunjan – "Kinna Sohna"
Tito Beltrán – "Nessun Dorma"
(Movie Dialogue) – "The Offside Rule Is"
Bina Mistry – "Hot Hot Hot"
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Hai Raba!"
Curtis Mayfield – "Move on Up"

tag: ol

text: Release (United States)[edit]

text:
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Titles"

(Movie Dialogue) – "It's Beckham's Corner"

Texas – "Inner Smile"
Malkit Singh – "Jind Mahi"
Bally Sagoo Feat Gunjan – "Noorie"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Learn To Cook Dahl"

Victoria Beckham – "I Wish"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Juicy Juicy Mangoes"

Gunjan – "Kinna Sohna"
Partners in Rhyme (featuring Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan) – "Tere Bin Nahin Lagda"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Can't Make Round Chapattis"

Melanie C – "Independence Day"
B21 – "Darshan"

(Movie Dialogue) – "Eyes Down"

Bina Mistry – "Hot Hot Hot"
Blondie – "Atomic"
Craig Pruess & Bally Sagoo Feat. Gunjan – "Hai Raba!"
Tito Beltrán – "Nessun Dorma"

text: North Korean broadcast[edit]

text: To mark the tenth anniversary of North Korea's relations with the United Kingdom, an edited version of Bend It Like Beckham was broadcast on North Korean state television on 26 December 2010, Boxing Day. The British Ambassador to South Korea, Martin Uden, said it was the "first ever Western-made film to air on television" in North Korea.[16]

text: Stage musical[edit]

text: A stage musical version of the film opened at London's Phoenix Theatre in June 2015.[3]


document_title: Muses

question_text: what are the names of the nine muses

question_tokens: what are the names of the nine muses

root

text: Muses

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "Muses" (/ˈmjuːzɪz/; Ancient Greek: Μοῦσαι, Moũsai) perhaps came from the o-grade of the Proto-Indo-European root *men- ("to think")[2] or from root *men- ("to tower, mountain") since all the most important cult-centres of the Muses were on mountains or hills.[3] R. S. P. Beekes rejects both etymologies and suggests a Pre-Greek origin.[4]

tag: p

text: Number and names[edit]

text: The earliest known records of the Nine Muses are from Boeotia, the homeland of Hesiod.

text: Some ancient authorities thought that the Nine Muses were of Thracian origin.[5]

text: There, a tradition persisted that the Muses had once been three in number.[6]

text: In the first century BC, Diodorus Siculus quotes Hesiod to the contrary, observing:

text: Writers similarly disagree also concerning the number of the Muses; for some say that there are three, and others that there are nine, but the number nine has prevailed since it rests upon the authority of the most distinguished men, such as Homer and Hesiod and others like them.[7]

text: Diodorus also states (Book I.18) that Osiris first recruited the nine Muses, along with the Satyrs, while passing through Ethiopia, before embarking on a tour of all Asia and Europe, teaching the arts of cultivation wherever he went.

text: According to Hesiod's account (c. 600 BC), generally followed by the writers of antiquity, the Nine Muses were the nine daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne (i. e. "Memory" personified), figuring as personifications of knowledge and the arts, especially literature, dance and music.

text: The Roman scholar Varro (116–27 BC) relates that there are only three Muses: one born from the movement of water, another who makes sound by striking the air, and a third who is embodied only in the human voice. They were called Melete or "Practice", Mneme or "Memory" and Aoide or "Song". Three ancient Muses were also reported in Plutarch's (46–120 AD) Quaestiones Convivales[8] (9.I4.2–4).[9]

text: However, the classical understanding of the Muses tripled their triad and established a set of nine goddesses, who embody the arts and inspire creation with their graces through remembered and improvised song and mime, writing, traditional music, and dance. It was not until Hellenistic times that the following systematic set of functions was assigned to them, and even then there was some variation in both their names and their attributes: Calliope (epic poetry), Clio (history), Euterpe (flutes and lyric poetry), Thalia (comedy and pastoral poetry), Melpomene (tragedy), Terpsichore (dance), Erato (love poetry), Polyhymnia (sacred poetry), Urania (astronomy).

text: According to Pausanias in the later second century AD,[10] there were originally three Muses, worshipped on Mount Helicon in Boeotia: Aoidḗ ("song" or "tune"), Melétē ("practice" or "occasion"), and Mnḗmē ("memory"). Together, these three form the complete picture of the preconditions of poetic art in cult practice.

text: In Delphi three Muses were worshiped as well, but with other names: Nḗtē, Mésē, and Hýpatē, which are assigned as the names of the three cords of the ancient musical instrument, the lyre.

text: Alternatively, later they were called Kēphisṓ, Apollōnís, and Borysthenís, which names characterize them as daughters of Apollo.

text: In a later tradition, a set of four Muses were recognized: Thelxinóē, Aoidḗ Archē, and Melétē, said to be daughters of Zeus and Plusia or of Ouranos.

text: One of the people frequently associated with the Muses was Pierus. By some he was called the father (by a Pimpleian nymph, called Antiope by Cicero) of a total of seven Muses, called Neilṓ (Νειλώ), Tritṓnē (Τριτώνη), Asōpṓ (Ἀσωπώ), Heptápora (Ἑπτάπορα), Achelōís, Tipoplṓ (Τιποπλώ), and Rhodía (Ῥοδία).[11]

text: Mythology[edit]

text: According to Hesiod's Theogony (seventh century BC), they were daughters of Zeus, king of the gods, and Mnemosyne, Titan goddess of memory. For Alcman and Mimnermus, they were even more primordial, springing from the early deities Ouranos and Gaia. Gaia is Mother Earth, an early mother goddess who was worshipped at Delphi from prehistoric times, long before the site was rededicated to Apollo, possibly indicating a transfer to association with him after that time.

text: Sometimes the Muses are referred to as water nymphs, associated with the springs of Helicon and with Pieris. It was said that the winged horse Pegasus touched his hooves to the ground on Helicon, causing four sacred springs to burst forth, from which the Muses were born.[12] Athena later tamed the horse and presented him to the Muses (compare the Roman inspiring nymphs of springs, the Camenae, the Völva of Norse Mythology and also the apsaras in the mythology of classical India).

text: Classical writers set Apollo as their leader, Apollon Mousagetēs ("Apollo Muse-leader").[13] In one myth, the Muses judged a contest between Apollo and Marsyas. They also gathered the pieces of the dead body of Orpheus, son of Calliope, and buried them in Leivithra. In a later myth, Thamyris challenged them to a singing contest. They won and punished Thamyris by blinding him and robbing him of his singing ability.

text: According to a myth from Ovid's Metamorphoses—alluding to the connection of the Muses with Pieria — Pierus, king of Macedon, had nine daughters he named after the nine Muses, believing that their skills were a great match to the Muses. He thus challenged the Muses to a match, resulting in his daughters, the Pierides, being turned into chattering magpies for their presumption.[14]

text: Pausanias records a tradition of two generations of Muses; the first are the daughters of Ouranos and Gaia, the second of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Another, rarer genealogy is that they are daughters of Harmonia (the daughter of Aphrodite and Ares), which contradicts the myth in which they were dancing at the wedding of Harmonia and Cadmus.

text: Emblems[edit]

text:
Muse
Domain
Emblem

Calliope
Epic poetry
Writing tablet, Stylus, Lyre

Clio
History
Scrolls, Books, Cornet, Laurel wreath

Euterpe
Music, Song, and Lyric Poetry
Aulos (an ancient Greek musical instrument like a flute), panpipes, laurel wreath

Erato
Love poetry
Cithara (an ancient Greek musical instrument in the lyre family)

Melpomene
Tragedy
Tragic mask, Sword (or any kind of blade), Club, Kothornos (boots)

Polyhymnia
Hymns
Veil, Grapes (referring to her as an agricultural goddess)

Terpsichore
Dance
Lyre, Plectrum

Thalia
Comedy
Comic mask, Shepherd's crook (the vaudeville act of pulling someone off the stage with a hook is a reference to Thalia's crook), Ivy wreath

Urania
Astronomy
Globe and compass

tag: table

text: Some Greek writers give the names of the nine Muses as Kallichore, Helike, Eunike, Thelxinoë, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Eukelade, Dia, and Enope.[15]

text: In Renaissance and Neoclassical art, the dissemination of emblem books such as Cesare Ripa's Iconologia (1593 and many further editions) helped standardize the depiction of the Muses in sculpture and painting, so they could be distinguished by certain props. These props, or emblems, became readily identifiable by the viewer, enabling one immediately to recognize the Muse and the art with which she had become associated. Here again, Calliope (epic poetry) carries a writing tablet; Clio (history) carries a scroll and books; Euterpe (song and elegiac poetry) carries a flute, the aulos; Erato (lyric poetry) is often seen with a lyre and a crown of roses; Melpomene (tragedy) is often seen with a tragic mask; Polyhymnia (sacred poetry) is often seen with a pensive expression; Terpsichore (choral dance and song) is often seen dancing and carrying a lyre; Thalia (comedy) is often seen with a comic mask; and Urania (astronomy) carries a pair of compasses and the celestial globe.

text: Functions[edit]

text: In society[edit]

text: Greek mousa is a common noun as well as a type of goddess: it literally means "art" or "poetry". According to Pindar, to "carry a mousa" is "to excel in the arts". The word derives from the Indo-European root men-, which is also the source of Greek Mnemosyne and mania, English "mind", "mental" and "monitor", Sanskrit mantra and Avestan Mazda.[16]

text: The Muses, therefore, were both the embodiments and sponsors of performed metrical speech: mousike (whence the English term "music") was just "one of the arts of the Muses". Others included Science, Geography, Mathematics, Philosophy, and especially Art, Drama, and inspiration. In the archaic period, before the widespread availability of books (scrolls), this included nearly all of learning. The first Greek book on astronomy, by Thales, took the form of dactylic hexameters, as did many works of pre-Socratic philosophy. Both Plato and the Pythagoreans explicitly included philosophy as a sub-species of mousike.[17] The Histories of Herodotus, whose primary medium of delivery was public recitation, were divided by Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses.

text: For poet and "law-giver" Solon,[18] the Muses were "the key to the good life"; since they brought both prosperity and friendship. Solon sought to perpetuate his political reforms by establishing recitations of his poetry—complete with invocations to his practical-minded Muses—by Athenian boys at festivals each year. He believed that the Muses would help inspire people to do their best.

text: Invoking the Muse in literature[edit]

text: Ancient authors and their imitators invoke Muses when writing poetry, hymns or epic history. The invocation occurs near the beginning of their work. It asks for help or inspiration from the Muses, or simply invites the Muse to sing directly through the author.

text: Originally, the invocation of the Muse was an indication that the speaker was working inside the poetic tradition, according to the established formulas. For example:

text: Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns

text: driven time and again off course, once he had plundered the hallowed heights of Troy.

text: O Muse! the causes and the crimes relate;

text: What goddess was provok'd, and whence her hate; For what offense the Queen of Heav'n began To persecute so brave, so just a man; [...]

text: Besides Homer and Virgil, other famous works that included an invocation of the Muse are the first of the carmina by Catullus, Ovid's Metamorphoses and Amores, Dante's Inferno (Canto II), Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde (Book II), Shakespeare's Henry V (Act 1, Prologue), his 38th sonnet, and Milton's Paradise Lost (opening of Book 1).

text: From cults to modern museums[edit]

text: When Pythagoras arrived at Croton, his first advice to the Crotoniates was to build a shrine to the Muses at the center of the city, to promote civic harmony and learning. Local cults of the Muses often became associated with springs or with fountains. The Muses themselves were sometimes called Aganippids because of their association with a fountain called Aganippe. Other fountains, Hippocrene and Pirene, were also important locations associated with the Muses. Some sources occasionally referred to the Muses as "Corycides" (or "Corycian nymphs") after a cave on Mount Parnassos, called the Corycian Cave. Pausanias referred to the Muses by the surnames "Ardalides" or "Ardaliotides", because of a sanctuary to them at Troezen said to have been built by the mythical Ardalus.

text: The Muses were venerated especially in Boeotia, in the Valley of the Muses near Helicon, and in Delphi and the Parnassus, where Apollo became known as Mousagetes ("Muse-leader") after the sites were rededicated to his cult.

text: Often Muse-worship was associated with the hero-cults of poets: the tombs of Archilochus on Thasos and of Hesiod and Thamyris in Boeotia all played host to festivals in which poetic recitations accompanied sacrifices to the Muses. The Library of Alexandria and its circle of scholars formed around a mousaion (i. e. "museum" or shrine of the Muses) close to the tomb of Alexander the Great. Many Enlightenment figures sought to re-establish a "Cult of the Muses" in the 18th century. A famous Masonic lodge in pre-Revolutionary Paris was called Les Neuf Soeurs ("The Nine Sisters", that is, the Nine Muses); Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Danton, and other influential Enlightenment figures attended it. As a side-effect of this movement the word "museum" (originally, "cult place of the Muses") came to refer to a place for the public display of knowledge.

text: Modern use[edit]

text: Not only are the Muses explicitly used in modern English to refer to an artistic inspiration, as when one cites one's own artistic muse, but they also are implicit in words and phrases such as "amuse", "museum" (Latinised from mouseion—a place where the Muses were worshipped), "music", and "musing upon".[19] In current literature, the influential role that the Muse plays has been extended to the political sphere.[20] Along with a majority of the Greek Gods, five of the Muses (Thalia, Clio, Calliope, Melpomene and Terpsicore) appeared in the Walt Disney animated film Hercules (based on Hercules), where they narrate the film through gospel-inspired song and dance. These versions of the Muses are modeled after African American Gospel singers. All nine muses appear in the 1980 film Xanadu, with actress Olivia Newton-John as Terpsicore. All nine Muses appeared in several paintings in the 72-piece art collection of Dante's Inferno by Dino Di Durante, which is printed in books titled Inferno: The Art Collection and available in 33 languages. This said collection was also featured in the medium length film Dante's Hell Animated by Boris Acosta. In New Orleans, Louisiana, there are streets named for all nine Muses, although their names are commonly anglicized in an unusual manner.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Terpsichore

Erato

Clio

Thalia

Polyhymnia

Calliope

Apollo and the Muses

Euterpe

Parnassus

Urania and Melpomene

tag: ul


document_title: Getty Villa

question_text: what is the getty villa a replica of

question_tokens: what is the getty villa a replica of

text: Getty Villa

text: History[edit]

text: In 1954, oil tycoon J. Paul Getty opened a gallery adjacent to his home in Pacific Palisades.[3][4][5] Quickly running out of room, he built a second museum, the Getty Villa, on the property down the hill from the original gallery.[4][6] The villa design was inspired by the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum[6] and incorporated additional details from several other ancient sites. It was designed by architects Robert E. Langdon, Jr. and Ernest C. Wilson, Jr. in consultation with archeologist Norman Neuerburg.[7][8] It opened in 1974,[9] but was never visited by Getty, who died in 1976.[5] Following his death, the museum inherited $661 million[10] and began planning a much larger campus, the Getty Center, in nearby Brentwood. The museum overcame neighborhood opposition to its new campus plan by agreeing to limit the total size of the development on the Getty Center site.[11] To meet the museum's total space needs, the museum decided to split between the two locations with the Getty Villa housing the Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities.[11] In 1993, the Getty Trust selected Rodolpho Machado and Jorge Silvetti to design the renovation of the Getty Villa and its campus.[11] In 1997, portions of the museum's collection of Greek, Roman and Etruscan antiquities were moved to the Getty Center for display, and the Getty Villa was closed for renovation.[12] The collection was restored during the renovation.[9]

text: Starting in 2004, the museum and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) hold summer institutes in Turkey, studying the conservation of Middle Eastern Art.[13]

text: Reopened on January 28, 2006, the Getty Villa shows Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities within Roman-inspired architecture and surrounded by Roman-style gardens.[14] The art is arranged by themes, e.g., Gods and Goddesses, Dionysos and the Theater, and Stories of the Trojan War.[14] The new architectural plan surrounding the Villa – which was conceived by Boston architects Machado and Silvetti Associates (who were also responsible for the plans for the renovated museum) – is designed to simulate an archaeological dig. Architectural Record has praised their work on the Getty Villa as "a near miracle – a museum that elicits no smirks from the art world.... a masterful job... crafting a sophisticated ensemble of buildings, plazas, and landscaping that finally provides a real home for a relic of another time and place."[15]

text: In 2016–18 the collection was reinstalled in a chronological arrangement emphasizing art-historical themes.[16]

text: There has been controversy surrounding the Greek and Italian governments' claim that objects in the collection were looted and should be repatriated.[17] In 2006, the Getty returned or promised to return four looted objects to Greece: a stele (grave marker), a marble relief, a gold funerary wreath, and a marble statue.[18] In 2007, the Getty signed an agreement to return 40 looted items to Italy.[19][20]

text: Facility and programs[edit]

text: Admission to the Getty Villa is free, but timed tickets must be obtained in advance via phone or the museum's website. As of June 2010, there is a $15.00 charge for parking during the day, but parking is free for evening performances. The museum is open Wednesday to Monday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. It is closed Tuesday and on New Year's Day (January 1), July 4, Thanksgiving and Christmas (December 25).[21]

text: The Getty Villa hosts live performances in both its indoor auditorium and its outdoor theatre. Indoor play-readings included The Trojan Women, Aristophanes' The Frogs, and Euripides' Helen.[22] Indoor musical performances, which typically relate to art exhibits, included: Musica Angelica, De Organographia, and Songs from the Fifth Age: Sones de México in Concert.[23] The auditorium also held a public reading of Homer's Iliad.[24] Outdoor performances included Aristophanes' Peace, Aeschylus's Agamemnon, and Sophocles' Elektra.[25] The Getty Villa also hosts visiting exhibitions beyond its own collections. For example, in March 2011 "In Search of Biblical Lands" was a photographic exhibition which included scenes of the Middle East dating back to the 1840s.[26]

text: The Getty Villa offers special educational programs for children. A special Family Forum gallery offers activities including decorating Greek vases and projecting shadows onto a screen that represents a Greek urn. The room also has polystyrene props from Greek and Roman culture for children to handle and use to cast shadows. The Getty Villa also offers children's guides to the other exhibits.[27][28]

text: The Getty Conservation Institute offers a Master’s Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation in association with the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. Classes and research are conducted in the museum wing of the ranch house. The program was the first of its kind in the United States.[29]

text: Campus[edit]

text: The Villa self-identifies with Malibu as it is located just east of the city limits of Malibu in the city of Los Angeles in the community of Pacific Palisades.[12][30][31][32][33][34] The 64 acres (26 ha) museum complex sits on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean, which is about 100 feet (30 m) from the entrance to the property. An outdoor 2,500-square-foot (230 m2) entry pavilion is also built into the hill near the 248-car, four story, South Parking garage at the southern end of the Outer Peristyle.[35] The Outer Peristyle is a formal garden with roses and English ivy that includes a number of Roman sculptures. To the west of the Outer Peristyle is an herb garden. Beneath the Outer Peristyle is the Central Parking Garage. To the west of the Museum is a 450-seat outdoor Greek theater where evening performances are staged, named in honor of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman.[35] The theater faces the west side of the Villa and uses its entrance as a stage.[36] To the northwest of the theatre is a three-story, 15,500-square-foot (1,440 m2) building built into the hill that contains the museum store on the lower level, a cafe on the second level, and a private dining room on the top level.[37] North of the Villa is a 10,000 sq ft (930 m2) indoor 250 seat auditorium.[35] On the hill above the museum are Getty's original private ranch house and the museum wing that Getty added to his home in 1954. They are now used for curatorial offices, meeting rooms and as a library.[4] Although not open to the public, the campus includes J. Paul Getty's grave on the hill behind his ranch house.[38] A 200-car North Parking Garage is behind the ranch complex. The 105,500-square-foot (9,800 m2) museum building is arranged in a square opening into the Inner Peristyle courtyard. The 2006 museum renovation added 58 windows facing the Inner Peristyle and a retractable skylight over the atrium.[15] It also replaced the terrazzo floors in the galleries and added seismic protection with new steel reinforcing beams and new isolators in the bases of statues and display cases.[9] The museum has 48,000 sq ft (4,500 m2) of gallery space.[35][39]

text: Architectural critic Calum Storrie describes the overall effect:

text: What the Getty Villa achieves, first by seclusion, then by control of access, and ultimately through the architecture, is a sense of detachment from its immediate environment.[40]

text: Collection[edit]

text: The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD,[41] of which approximately 1,400 are on view.[42]

text: Among the outstanding items is Victorious Youth, one of few life-size Greek bronze statues to have survived to modern times.[6][43] The Lansdowne Heracles is a Hadrianic Roman sculpture in the manner of Lysippus.[44] The Villa also has jewelry and coin collections[17] and an extensive 20,000 volume library of books covering art from these periods.[45] The Villa also displays the Getty kouros, which the museum lists as "Greek, about 530 B.C., or modern forgery" because scientific analysis is inconclusive as to whether the marble statue can be dated to Greek times.[36][46] If genuine, the Getty kouros is one of only twelve remaining intact lifesize kouroi.[47] The Marbury Hall Zeus is a 81 in (2.1 m) tall marble statue that was recovered from ruins at Tivoli near Rome.[48]

text: GettyGuide[edit]

text: Detailed information about the J. Paul Getty Museum’s collection at the Getty Villa is provided on "GettyGuide". This is available both at the Museum, at various points known as "GettyGuide stations", and externally on its website.[49]

text: Photographs[edit]

text:
Gallery within the Villa

Inner Peristyle

The Lansdowne Herakles, part of the museum's collection

Getty kouros, part of the museum's collection

Marbury Hall Zeus, King of the Gods, at the Getty Villa

Athena, Goddess of war, civilization, wisdom, strength, strategy, crafts, justice and skill

Outer Peristyle

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Visitor Figures 2016" (PDF). The Art Newspaper Review. April 2017. p. 14. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "About the Museum (Getty Museum)". www.getty.edu. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
Jump up ^ Storrie at p. 186.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Architecture". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
^ Jump up to: a b Bird, Cricket (June 10, 1976). "Getty Never Saw Fabulous Museum". Lewiston [Maine] Evening Journal. p. 10. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ray, Derek (February 11, 2011). "The Getty Center and the Getty Villa". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
Jump up ^ Myrna Oliver, Robert Langdon Jr., 86; Designed 1st Getty Museum, The Los Angeles Times, August 25, 2004
Jump up ^ Grad student unearths architect’s drawings for Getty exhibition, USC School of Architecture: School News, July 05, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c Moltesen at p. 155.
Jump up ^ Lenzner, Robert. The great Getty: the life and loves of J. Paul Getty, richest man in the world. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985. ISBN 0-517-56222-7
^ Jump up to: a b c Filler at 215.
^ Jump up to: a b Schultz, Patricia (2003). One thousand places to see before you die. Workman Publishing. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-7611-0484-1.
Jump up ^ "UCLA and Getty Museum Hold Summer Institute in Turkey". UCLA. 2004-09-23. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Moltesen at 157.
^ Jump up to: a b Pearson, Clifford A. (May 2006). "Machado and Silvetti creates an elaborate new setting that shows off the renovated Getty Villa without irony or apologies". Architectural Record. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
Jump up ^ Potts, Timothy (April 2, 2018). "A New Vision for the Collection at the Getty Villa". The Getty Iris. J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Rogers, John (January 27, 2006). "Getty Museum reopening its much renovated villa". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
Jump up ^ Carassava, Anthee. Greeks Hail Getty Museum’s Pledge to Return Treasures. New York Times, December 12, 2006. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ Povoledo, Elisabetta. Italy and Getty Sign Pact on Artifacts. New York Times, September 26, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ Filler at p. 221–23.
Jump up ^ "Hours, Directions, Parking". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Villa Play–Reading Series". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Concerts at the Villa". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Public Reading of Homer's Iliad". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Getty Villa Outdoor Theater Production". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Calendar Picks and Clicks". Jewish Journaldate=March 1, 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Family Forum". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
Jump up ^ Moltesen at p. 156.
Jump up ^ "Getty Villa Press Kit" (PDF). Getty Trust. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
Jump up ^ E.g., Storrie at p. 186; Moltesen at p. 155.
Jump up ^ Greenberg, Mark (December 2005). Guide to the Getty Villa. Getty Trust. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-89236-828-0.
Jump up ^ "Visit the Getty". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-03-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.getty.edu/visit/ reads "The Getty Villa in Malibu…"
Jump up ^ Jaffee, Matthew (May 2007). "Posh Pacific Palisades". Sunset magazine. Archived from the original on November 24, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fact Sheet" (PDF). Getty Trust. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Filler at p. 221.
Jump up ^ Filler at p. 220
Jump up ^ Patricia Brooks, Jonathan Brooks (2006). Laid to Rest in California: A Guide to the Cemeteries and Grave Sites of the Rich and Famous. Globe Pequot. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-7627-4101-4. Retrieved 2011-03-08. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Map & Guide to the Getty Villa, Getty Trust, May 2010
Jump up ^ Storrie at p. 187
Jump up ^ "Art (Visit the Getty Villa)". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2018-04-13.
Jump up ^ Spier, Jeffrey (April 11, 2018). "What's New to Explore in the Reinstalled Getty Villa Galleries". The Getty Iris. J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Victorious Youth". Getty Trust. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Lansdowne Herakles". Getty Trust. Archived from the original on 2011-05-04. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Research Libraries". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Statue of a Kouros". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ Robert Bianchi, "Saga of The Getty Kouros", Archaeology (May/June 1994).
Jump up ^ "Marbury Hall Zeus". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
Jump up ^ GettyGuide - Getty.edu Retrieved September 3, 2008.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game assists leaders

question_text: what is the most assists in a nba game

question_tokens: what is the most assists in a nba game

text: This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Myasuda (talk | contribs) at 13:08, 2 June 2017 (rv unsourced changes). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

text: This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have recorded 23 or more assists in a game.

text: 22 different players have recorded 23 or more assists in a game. It has occurred 39 times in the regular season and five times in the playoffs.

text: John Stockton has performed the feat the most times (10), followed by Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Kevin Porter (6).

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

Min
Minutes played
Pts
Points
Reb
Rebounds

Stl
Steals
Blk
Blocks
Tov
Turnovers

Team FG%
Rest of team's field goal percentage (subtracting player's own shooting)

text:
Assists
Player
Team
Score
Opponent
Date
Min
Pts
Reb
Stl
Blk
Tov
Team FG%
Led the league in assists
Notes

30
Skiles, ScottScott Skiles
Orlando Magic
155–116
Denver Nuggets
000000001990-12-30-0000December 30, 1990
44
22
6
2
0
4
.574 (54–94)
No
[a]

29
Porter, KevinKevin Porter
New Jersey Nets
126–112
Houston Rockets
000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978
48
14
5

.557 (44–79)
Yes
[b]

28
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Boston Celtics
173–139
Minneapolis Lakers
000000001959-02-27-0000February 27, 1959
45
31
5
–
–
–
.496 (62–125)
Yes
[c]

28
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers*
San Francisco Warriors
109–114
St. Louis Hawks
000000001963-03-14-0000March 14, 1963
48
14
5
–
–
–
.588 (40–68)
Yes
[d]

28
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
Utah Jazz
124–102
San Antonio Spurs
000000001991-01-15-0000January 15, 1991
39
20
3
8
0
5
.543 (44–81)
Yes
[e]

27
Huston, GeoffGeoff Huston
Cleveland Cavaliers
110–106
Golden State Warriors
000000001982-01-27-0000January 27, 1982
46
24
1

No

27
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (2)
Utah Jazz
107–115
New York Knicks
000000001989-12-19-0000December 19, 1989
36
18
3
2
0
2
.582 (39–67)
Yes
[f]

26
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (3)
Utah Jazz
123–128
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001988-04-14-0000April 14, 1988
45
17
3
2
0
2
.566 (47–83)
Yes

25
DiGregorio, ErnieErnie DiGregorio
Buffalo Braves
120–119
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001974-01-01-0000January 1, 1974
48
20
9

–

Yes
[g]

25
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (2)
Detroit Pistons
160–119
Boston Celtics
000000001979-03-09-0000March 9, 1979
37
30
3

Yes

25
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (3)
Detroit Pistons
105–116
Phoenix Suns
000000001979-04-01-0000April 1, 1979
46
13
3

Yes

25
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
Detroit Pistons
124–119
Dallas Mavericks
000000001985-02-13-0000February 13, 1985
41
23
5
2
0
5
.533 (48–90)
Yes
[h]

25
McMillan, NateNate McMillan
Seattle SuperSonics
124–112
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001987-02-23-0000February 23, 1987
41
8
8
1
4
3
.449 (44–98)
No
[i]

25
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
Phoenix Suns
107–95
San Antonio Spurs
000000001994-04-06-0000April 6, 1994
41
16
3
0
0
4
.535 (38–71)
No

25
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
Dallas Mavericks
136–133
Utah Jazz
000000001996-02-08-0000February 8, 1996
49
20
4
4
0
5
.591 (39–66)
No
[j]

24
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers* (2)
Chicago Bulls
110–107
New York Knicks
000000001966-12-21-0000December 21, 1966

18

–
–
–

Yes

24
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (4)
Washington Bullets
119–114
Detroit Pistons
000000001980-03-23-0000March 23, 1980
44
12
1

.562 (50–89)
No

24
Lucas, JohnJohn Lucas
San Antonio Spurs
157–154
Denver Nuggets
000000001984-04-15-0000April 15, 1984
28
0
0
2
0
2
.641 (66–103)
No
[k]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson*
Los Angeles Lakers
118–102
Phoenix Suns
000000001984-05-15-0000May 15, 1984
38
6
7
5
2
4
.586 (51–87)
–
[l]

24
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* (2)
Detroit Pistons
126–128
Washington Bullets
000000001985-02-07-0000February 7, 1985
50
25
10
2
1
2
.495 (48–97)
Yes
[m]

24
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (4)
Utah Jazz
109–111
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001988-05-17-0000May 17, 1988
48
23
3
5
0
3
.515 (34–66)
–
[n]

24
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (5)
Utah Jazz
102–104
Houston Rockets
000000001989-01-03-0000January 3, 1989
45
26
1
6
0
1
.508 (31–61)
Yes
[o]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (2)
Los Angeles Lakers
119–105
Denver Nuggets
000000001989-11-17-0000November 17, 1989
40
24
8
6
1
3
.533 (40–75)
No
[p]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (3)
Los Angeles Lakers
118–121
Phoenix Suns
000000001990-01-09-0000January 9, 1990
45
24
6
2
2
4
.452 (38–84)
No
[q]

24
Sessions, RamonRamon Sessions^
Milwaukee Bucks
135–151
Chicago Bulls
000000002008-04-14-0000April 14, 2008
44:27
20
8
1
1
2
.573 (43–75)
No
[r]

24
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
Boston Celtics
105–101
New York Knicks
000000002010-10-29-0000October 29, 2010
45:20
10
10
1
0
7
.506 (40–79)
No
[s]

23
West, JerryJerry West*
Los Angeles Lakers
143–133
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-02-01-0000February 1, 1967

24
6
–
–
–
.567 (51–90)
No
[t]

23
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (5)
Detroit Pistons
131–119
Houston Rockets
000000001978-12-27-0000December 27, 1978
41
20
3

Yes

23
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (6)
Detroit Pistons
113–124
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001979-03-30-0000March 30, 1979
43
15
3

Yes

23
Archibald, Nate "Tiny"Nate "Tiny" Archibald*
Boston Celtics
145–144
Denver Nuggets
000000001982-02-05-0000February 5, 1982
38
15
4

No
[u]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (4)
Los Angeles Lakers
128–112
Seattle SuperSonics
000000001984-02-21-0000February 21, 1984
36
9
5
2
0
3
.628 (54–86)
Yes
[v]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (5)
Los Angeles Lakers
130–126
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001985-05-03-0000May 3, 1985
41
13
7
1
0
6
.566 (43–76)
–
[w]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (6)
Los Angeles Lakers
114–107
Dallas Mavericks
000000001988-04-20-0000April 20, 1988
42
8
10
0
1
8
.632 (43–68)
No
[x]

23
Lever, Lafayette "Fat"Lafayette "Fat" Lever
Denver Nuggets
139–121
Golden State Warriors
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
42
15
13
5
0
1
.579 (55–95)
No
[y]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (6)
Utah Jazz
107–104
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001990-04-12-0000April 12, 1990
44
15
4
3
0
3
.521 (37–71)
Yes
[z]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (7)
Utah Jazz
105–95
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001990-12-08-0000December 8, 1990
41
27
3
4
0
1
.492 (31–63)
Yes
[aa]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (8)
Utah Jazz
135–108
Golden State Warriors
000000001991-11-29-0000November 29, 1991
36
21
2
2
1
4
.608 (48–79)
Yes

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (9)
Utah Jazz
120–106
Minnesota Timberwolves
000000001992-04-17-0000April 17, 1992
36
9
2
5
0
4
.569 (41–72)
Yes

23
Blaylock, Daron "Mookie"Daron "Mookie" Blaylock
Atlanta Hawks
139–118
Utah Jazz
000000001993-03-06-0000March 6, 1993
37
11
0
4
0
2
.545 (48–88)
No

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* 10 !(10)
Utah Jazz
110–102
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001996-04-25-0000April 25, 1996
41
11
2
0
0
1
.581 (36–62)
–
[ab]

23
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
Los Angeles Lakers
95–82
Vancouver Grizzlies
000000001997-01-05-0000January 5, 1997
44
8
8
1
0
2
.500 (34–68)
No
[ac]

23
Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
Indiana Pacers
110–103
Washington Wizards
000000002001-11-22-0000November 22, 2001
45
19
11
1
1
5
.541 (40–74)
No
[ad]

23
Nash, SteveSteve Nash^
Phoenix Suns
113–100
Los Angeles Lakers
000000002007-04-29-0000April 29, 2007
39:05
17
1
2
1
3
.493 (35–71)
–
[ae]

23
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (2)
Boston Celtics
105–103
San Antonio Spurs
000000002011-01-05-0000January 5, 2011
43:30
12
10
6
1
5
.615 (40–65)
No
[af]


document_title: America's Team

question_text: when were the cowboys named america's team

question_tokens: when were the cowboys named america 's team

text: America's Team

text: History[edit]

text: Bob Ryan, now Vice President and editor-in-chief of NFL Films, coined this for the Cowboys while preparing and editing the team’s 1978 season highlight film.[6] He was quoted as saying:

text: I wanted to come up with a different twist on their team highlight film. I noticed then, and had noticed earlier, that wherever the Cowboys played, you saw people in the stands with Cowboys jerseys and hats and pennants. Plus, they were always the national game on television.

text: Ryan told the NFL Network for their Top Ten Nicknames show:

text: I saw all these fans in away stadiums. Hey, they're the most popular team in the country.  How can I use that?  Why don't we call them "America's Team"? [1]

text: During the Cowboys' first game of the 1979 season, a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals (Dallas won 22-21), the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America’s Team and the name just stuck.

text: Dallas' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America's Team. He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder. Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name.[7] The nickname was coined at the height of Landry's then-NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak, during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games (counting the 1966-67 league championships) and five Super Bowls, and was exemplified on the field by the iconic Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach, but the team's popularity has continued over the decades during periods of both mediocrity and dynastic success.[8]

text: Records and media[edit]

text:
NFL Films The Dallas Cowboys
The Dallas Cowboys: The Complete History of America's Team 1960-2003 DVD CoverDirected by
NFL FilmsStarring
The Dallas CowboysDistributed by
Warner Home VideoRelease date
November 25, 2003Running time
73:00Language
English

text: In 2003, NFL Films released a DVD collection chronicling the Dallas Cowboys franchise entitled The Dallas Cowboys: The Complete History of America's Team 1960-2003. In 2008, NFL Films would release an updated DVD of The History of the Dallas Cowboys.

text: The popularity of the Cowboys as America's Team has been supported by such NFL records as "Team with Most Consecutive Sold Out Games", a streak of 160 home and away games (including playoffs) that began on December 23, 1990, at Philadelphia's Veterans Stadium and came to an end on December 24, 1999, in a Christmas Eve game against the New Orleans Saints in the Louisiana Superdome.[9] Other examples are the NFL games featuring the Cowboys that result in record-breaking ratings at the time of broadcast, such as 7 of the 8 Super Bowl games featuring the Cowboys and the NFC Championship Game between the Cowboys and 49ers, the only non-Super Bowl NFL game to be ranked in the Top 45 Primetime Telecasts of All Time. Dallas is the only NFL team that distributes its own merchandise, which remains among the league's top selling even during losing seasons. As of 2012 the Cowboys were the most valuable American sports franchise at $2.1 billion.[10]  Among the many Cowboys innovations that have contributed to their distinct reputation are their professional, overtly beautiful, all female cheerleader squad, nicknamed "America's Sweethearts", that has since been copied around the NFL but still stands out as singularly iconic, and has been the subject of multiple movies, has made numerous national television appearances, routinely tours with the USO, makes other appearances around the world, and has been featured in its own long running reality show on CMT.

text: In 2012 an ESPN poll found that the Cowboys are the most popular NFL team, a result consistently echoed in annual Harris polling.[11]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Franchises with long successful histories and large nationwide fan bases are occasionally referred to as America's Team.

text: The Atlanta Braves laid claim to the name due to their games being broadcast on cable television systems nationwide on WTBS, building a fan base in areas of the United States far removed from a Major League Baseball team.  A 1982 issue of Sports Illustrated had referred to the Braves as "America's Team II".[12]

text: As a jab against the Cowboys before Super Bowl XXVII, Buffalo Bills coach Marv Levy proclaimed his team to be America's Team because they would be "wearing red, white, and blue".[13] The Cowboys, whose team colors are navy blue, silver and white, went on to defeat the Bills 52-17.

text: Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney dismissed the suggestion that the Steelers were "America's Team." "'We didn't want that,' Rooney said. 'We're Pittsburgh's team. We feel strongly about that.'"[14]

text: In an ESPN.com article titled, "The Great Debate: 'America's Team'," four sports writers stated their case as to why three other teams besides the Cowboys could lay claim to the nickname of America's Team.[15]

text:
James Walker said the name should be given to the Pittsburgh Steelers since they have the most Super Bowl wins at six.
Kevin Seifert said that the Green Bay Packers could be considered America's Team due to their unique ownership situation. They "are now owned by 112,120 shareholders who possess about 4.75 million shares of stock. A seven-member executive committee, elected by the board of directors and comprised mostly of local residents, operates the team."
Tim Graham said the New England Patriots have a right at the name since they dominated the NFL for the entire first decade of the new millennium, by virtue of their team name and colors (red, white and blue) and having been formed in Boston, the "Cradle of Liberty".

text: Following their win in Super Bowl XLIV, a few media writers referred to the New Orleans Saints as "America's Team", as their successful bid to win the Super Bowl was seen by many to represent the city's resurgence after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina ("for one game, the Saints are America's Team").[16]

text: After several "Cinderella" runs in the NCAA tournament, the Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team has been called "America's Team" as well.[17][18][19]

text: During their ArenaBowl XXII championship run in 2008, Philadelphia Soul owner Ron Jaworski referred to the Soul as "America's Team" of the Arena Football League.[20]


document_title: Pitching wedge

question_text: what do you use a pitching wedge for

question_tokens: what do you use a pitching wedge for

text: Pitching wedge

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A pitching wedge is a wedge used to hit a shot with higher and shorter trajectory than a 9-iron and a lower and longer trajectory than a gap wedge.

text: Design/history[edit]

text: Though technically a wedge, pitching wedges are generally treated as if they were numbered irons. This is for a number of reasons: first, before the term "wedge" became common for high-loft short irons, the pitching wedge was actually numbered as the "10-iron" of a matched set, and to this day it follows the normal loft progression of the numbered irons. Also, even though it has been named a wedge, many matched iron sets for retail sale include the pitching wedge even when not including other wedges. Finally, the loft of modern irons has been reduced compared to older designs. This is both to compensate for cavity-back iron designs that launch the ball higher for a given loft, and to increase the distance carried by each club for the average golfer's clubhead speed. (Professionals now also use similar designs, preserving the gap in hitting distance between the amateur golfer and the pro.) As a result the loft of the pitching wedge decreased along with the numbered irons from a traditional loft of between 48–54° to between 45–50°, similar to that of an older 8-iron. Many pitching wedges have a loft close to 50°.

text: Usage[edit]

text: The pitching wedge is a very versatile club. Being on the cusp between numbered irons and wedges, the pitching wedge has generally accepted uses falling into either class. Used with a "full swing" similar to a short iron, a golfer can produce a high-trajectory shot that carries between 80–130 yards (73–119 m) (depending on a variety of factors such as swing and club design), then "bites" with little or no roll after initial impact. Used with an abbreviated "chipping" motion, the club can produce short (25–45 yd (23–41 m)) "lob" or "approach" shots. And with a "putting" motion, the club can lift the ball over rough or fringe onto the putting green from a short distance to the pin (10–25 yd (9.1–22.9 m)). This last kind of stroke is commonly called a "bump and run" and can be done with many other irons, generally with a loft equal or higher than a 7-iron.

text: These clubs are most commonly used with a full swing to produce high-altitude shots such as approaches to the green or lifting the ball over trees. They are also commonly used to "lay up" in front of a hazard or to create a better lie for the next shot, and for recovery from firmer rough or sometimes from sand when the ball is lying on top of the surface. The loft of a particular pitching wedge follows the progression of the numbered irons of the same set, and these sets can have subtle differences in the loft progression and starting loft of the set, so the loft of pitching wedges can vary widely between sets. The loft of a pitching wedge generally falls between 42 and 49 degrees, but the launch angle and the average carry distance of the club between sets are typically similar. Pitching wedges can also have between zero and 10 degrees of bounce, though most pitching wedges have very low bounce (only 2 or 3 degrees) as other wedges like gap wedges or sand wedges are more traditionally suited for play out of hazards or soft lies where high bounce is desired.


document_title: History of Microsoft Office

question_text: when was office version 1.0 for windows released

text: History of Microsoft Office

text: Office versions[edit]

text:
Release date
Title
Components
Notes

November 19, 1990[2]
Office 1.0
Word 1.1, Excel 2.0, PowerPoint 2.0[3]

March 4, 1991[4]
Office 1.5
Word 1.1, Excel 3.0, PowerPoint 2.0

July 8, 1991[5]
Office 1.6
Word 1.1, Excel 3.0, PowerPoint 2.0, Mail 2.1
Last version to support Windows 3.0

August 30, 1992
Office 3.0
Word 2.0c, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0, Mail 3.0
Later rebranded as Office 92

January 17, 1994
Office 4.0
Word 6.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0, Mail 3.1

June 2, 1994
Office 4.3
Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Mail 3.2, Access 2.0
This is the last 16-bit version. This means that it is also the last version to support Windows 3.x, Windows NT 3.1

July 3, 1994
Office for NT 4.2
Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Office Manager
Runs on Windows NT 3.5

August 24, 1995
Office 95 (7.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Schedule+, Binder, Access, Bookshelf
Coincided with the Windows 95 operating system release. Works only on Windows 95 as well as Windows NT 3.51 and later. This is the first Office version to have the same version number (7.0, inherited from Word 6.0) for all major component products (Word, Excel and so on).

November 19, 1996
Office 97 (8.0)
Word 97, Word 98, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Access, BookShelf Basics, Publisher 97, Publisher 98, Small Business Financial Manager 97, Small Business Financial Manager 98, Automap Street Plus, Direct Mail Manager, Expedia Streets 98
Was published on CD-ROM as well as on a set of 45 3½-inch floppy disks, became Y2K-safe with Service Release 2, and was the last version to support Windows NT 3.51.

June 20, 1997
Office 97 Powered by Word 98 (8.5)
Was released only in Japanese and Korean editions. First version to contain Outlook 98 in all editions and Publisher 98 in the Small Business Edition, as well as the first version of Office 97 to support Windows 98 Second Edition.

June 7, 1999
Office 2000 (9.0)
Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Publisher, Small Business Tools, Access, FrontPage, PhotoDraw
First Version to Support Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and last version to support Windows 95. Office 2000 is also the last version not to include Product Activation and not covered by Office Genuine Advantage, although on individual installs, the Office Update website still required the presence of original install media for updates to install.

May 31, 2001
Office XP (10.0)
Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Access, Publisher, FrontPage, Small Business Tools
Last version to support Windows 98, Windows ME and Windows NT 4.0. Improved support for working in user accounts without administrative privileges on Windows 2000 and Windows XP.

October 21, 2003
Office 2003 (11.0)
Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Publisher, Access, InfoPath
First version to introduce Windows XP style icons. Last version to support Windows 2000. Last version to have legacy menus.

January 30, 2007
Office 2007 (12.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Publisher, Access, InfoPath, Communicator, Groove, OneNote, Visio Viewer, OCT
Broadly released alongside Windows Vista. First version to use the new Ribbon user interface with tabbed menus.

June 15, 2010[6]
Office 2010 (14.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, Access, InfoPath, SharePoint Workspace, Visio Viewer, OCT, Lync
This is the first version to ship in 32-bit and 64-bit. Last version to support Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista. Version 13.0 was skipped because of the fear of the number 13.[7]

January 29, 2013
Office 2013 (15.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, Access, Lync, Skype for Business, Visio Viewer
Lync is replaced with Skype for Business after an update.

September 22, 2015
Office 2016 (16.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, OneNote, Outlook, Publisher, Access, Skype for Business, Visio Viewer
Last version to support Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2012.

text: Microsoft Office 95[edit]

text:
Comparison of Office 95 editions

Application
Standard Edition
Professional Edition

Word[8]
Yes
Yes

Excel[9]
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint[10]
Yes
Yes

Schedule+[11]
Yes
Yes

Binder[12]
Yes
Yes

Access[13]
No
Yes

Bookshelf[14]
No
On CD-ROM version only

text: Microsoft Office 97[edit]

text:
Comparison of Microsoft Office 97 editions

Office programs
Standard Edition
Professional Edition
Small Business Edition
Small Business Edition 2.0[15]
Developer
Edition

Word 97
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel 97
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook 97
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes[a]
Yes

PowerPoint 97
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes

Access 97
No
Yes
No
No
Yes

Bookshelf Basics
No
Yes
No
No
Yes

Developer Tools and SDK
No
No
No
No
Yes

Publisher 97
No
No
Yes
No
No

Small Business Financial Manager 97
No
No
Yes
No
No

Automap Streets Plus 1997
No
No
Yes
No
No

Publisher 98
No
No
No
Yes
No

Small Business Financial Manager 98
No
No
No
Yes
No

Direct Mail Manager
No
No
No
Yes
No

Expedia Streets 98
No
No
No
Yes
No

text: Microsoft Office 2000[edit]

text:
Comparison of Microsoft Office 2000 editions

Office programs
Standard
Small Business
Professional
Premium
Developer

Word 2000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel 2000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook 2000
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint 2000
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher 2000
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Small Business Tools
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Access 2000
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

FrontPage 2000
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

PhotoDraw 2000
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

Developer Tools and SDK[16]
No
No
No
No
Yes

Visio 2000
No
No
No
No
No

Project 2000
No
No
No
No
No

MapPoint 2000
No
No
No
No
No

Vizact 2000
No
No
No
No
No

text: Microsoft Office 2000 Personal was an additional SKU, solely designed for the Japanese market, that included Word 2000, Excel 2000 and Outlook 2000.[17] This compilation would later become widespread as Microsoft Office 2003 Basic.

text: Microsoft Office XP[edit]

text:
Comparison of Microsoft Office XP editions

Features
Standard for
Students and Teachers
Standard
Professional
Small Business
Professional
with Publisher
Developer

Licensing scheme
Academic
Retail
Retail and volume
OEM
OEM
Retail, MSDN

Word 2002
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel 2002
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook 2002
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint 2002
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

Access 2002
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

Publisher 2002
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No

FrontPage 2002
No
No
No
No
No
Yes

Developer tools
No
No
No
No
No
Yes

Small Business Tool 2002
No
No
No
Yes
No
No

Visio 2002
No
No
No
No
No
No

Project 2002
No
No
No
No
No
No

text: Microsoft Office 2003[edit]

text:
Comparison of Microsoft Office 2003 editions

Application
Office
Basic
Student and
Teacher Edition
Standard
Small Business
Professional Edition

Word
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
with Business Contact Manager[18]
Yes
with Business Contact Manager[18]

PowerPoint
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

Access
No
No
No
No
Yes

InfoPath
No
No
No
No
Volume edition only

OneNote
No
No
No
No
No

FrontPage
No
No
No
No
No

Visio
No
No
No
No
No

Project
No
No
No
No
No

text: Microsoft Office 2007[edit]

text:
Comparison of Microsoft Office 2007 editions [19][20]

Programs and Features
Basic
Home and Student
Standard
Small Business
Professional
Professional Plus
Ultimate
Enterprise

Licensing scheme
OEM
OEM and retail
Retail and volume
OEM, retail, and volume
OEM and retail
Volume
Retail
Volume

Word
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint
Viewer only
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Access
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

InfoPath
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Communicator
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes

Groove
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

OneNote
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

Project
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

SharePoint Designer
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Visio
Viewer only
Viewer only
Viewer only
Viewer only
Viewer only
Viewer only
Viewer only
Viewer only

Office Customization Tool (OCT)1
No
No
Volume licensing only[21]
Volume licensing only[21]
No
Yes[21]
No
Yes[21]

text: Microsoft Office 2010[edit]

text:
Comparison of Microsoft Office 2010 editions[22][23][24][25]

Suites[26][27]
As an individual product
Starter
Office Online
Personal1
Home and Student2
Home and Business3
Standard
Professional3
Professional Academic4
University
Professional Plus5

Licensing scheme
Varies
OEM
Free
Retail and OEM
Retail
Retail
Retail and Volume
Academic and Retail
Retail and Volume

Word
Yes
Starter edition
Basic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel
Yes
Starter edition
Basic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint
Yes
Viewer (Separate)
Basic
Viewer (Separate)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

OneNote
Yes
No
Basic
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Access
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes

InfoPath
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes

SharePoint Workspace
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes

SharePoint Designer
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Project
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Visio
Yes
Viewer (Separate)
No
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer (Separate)
Viewer
Viewer

Lync
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Volume channel only

Office Customization Tool (OCT)6
No
No
No
No
No
No
Volume channel only
No
Volume channel only

text: Microsoft Office 2013[edit]

text:
Comparison of Office 2013 suites

As an
individual
product
Traditional editions[33][34][35]
Office 365 subscriptions[33][36]

Office RT
Home & Student
Home & Business
Standard
Professional
Professional Plus
Personal[37]
Home
University[38]
Small Business Premium
ProPlus
Enterprise

Availability
Varies
Windows RT
Retail, OEM
Retail, OEM
Volume licensing
Retail, OEM
Volume licensing
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services

Maximum users
1
1
1
1
As licensed
1
As licensed
1
all users in one household[39]
1
10
25[40]
Unlimited

Devices per user
1
1
1
1
As licensed
1
As licensed
1 computer and 1 mobile
5 shared among all users[39]
2 computers and 2 mobiles
5
5[40]
5

Commercial use allowed?
Yes
Separate2
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No[41]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Word
Yes
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel
Yes
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint
Yes
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

OneNote
Yes3
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook
Yes
Yes1
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Access
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

InfoPath
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No4
Yes
Yes

Lync
Yes3
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

SharePoint Designer
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Project
Has multiple editions
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

Visio
Has multiple editions
Yes
No
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer

text: Microsoft Office 2016[edit]

text: As with previous versions, Office 2016 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2016 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer.[46][47]

text: Five traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Windows:

text:
Home & Student: This retail suite includes the core applications only.[46]
Home & Business: This retail suite includes the core applications and Outlook.[46]
Standard: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes the core applications, as well as Outlook and Publisher.[48]
Professional: This retail suite includes the core applications, as well as Outlook, Publisher and Access.[46]
Professional Plus: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes the core applications, as well as Outlook, Publisher, Access and Skype for Business.[48]

text: Three traditional editions of Office 2016 were released for Mac:

text:
Home & Student: This retail suite includes the core applications only.[47]
Home & Business: This retail suite includes the core applications and Outlook.[47]
Standard: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes the core applications and Outlook.[48]

text: Mac versions[edit]

text:
Release date
Title
Contents
Notes

January 23, 1990
Office 1
Word 1, etc.

August 1, 1990
Office 1.1
Word 3, etc.

1992
Office 2
Word 4, etc.

1993
Office 3
Word 5, Excel 4, PowerPoint 3, etc.

1994
Office 4.2
Word 6, Excel 5, PowerPoint 4, etc.

1994
Office 4.2.1
Word 6, Excel 5, PowerPoint 4, etc.
first release designed for the PPC, final release for 68K

March 15, 1998
Office 98 (8.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint 98

October 11, 2000
Office 2001 (9.0
Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Entourage 2001
final release for Mac OS 9, latest update 9.0.6.[49]

November 19, 2001
Office v. X (10.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage X
first release for Mac OS X, latest update 10.1.9[50]

February 12, 2004
Office 2004 (11.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage 2004
latest update 11.6.4[51]

January 15, 2008
Office 2008 (12.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Entourage 2008
the first release that runs natively on both PPC and Intel without the use of the Rosetta emulation layer, latest update 12.3.0.[52] Does NOT support VBA macros.

October 26, 2010
Office 2011 (14.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook 2011
first release for Intel only, latest update 14.1.2.[53] Support for VBA re-instated to this version.

July 09, 2015
Office 2016 (16.0)
Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, OneNote 2016
Released on macOS on 9 July 2015, Microsoft added integration with Mac capabilities such as Multi-Touch, Full Screen, and Retina optimization with a focus on cloud-connected capability.[54]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Can be upgraded to Outlook 98 via coupon or download


document_title: Bible translations into English

question_text: who was the first person to translate the bible into english

text: Bible translations into English

text: Old English[edit]

text: Although John Wycliffe is often credited with the first translation of the Bible into English, there were, in fact, many translations of large parts of the Bible centuries before Wycliffe's work. The English Bible was first translated from the Latin Vulgate into Old English by a few select monks and scholars. Such translations were generally in the form of prose or as interlinear glosses (literal translations above the Latin words). Very few complete translations existed during that time. Rather, most of the books of the Bible existed separately and were read as individual texts. Thus, the sense of the Bible as history that often exists today did not exist at that time. Instead, an allegorical rendering of the Bible was more common and translations of the Bible often included the writer’s own commentary on passages in addition to the literal translation.

text: Toward the end of the 7th century, the Venerable Bede began a translation of scripture into Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon). Aldhelm (c. 639–709) translated the complete Book of Psalms and large portions of other scriptures into Old English.

text: In the 10th century an Old English translation of the Gospels was made in the Lindisfarne Gospels: a word-for-word gloss inserted between the lines of the Latin text by Aldred, Provost of Chester-le-Street.[3] This is the oldest extant translation of the Gospels into the English language.[3]

text: The Wessex Gospels (also known as the West-Saxon Gospels) are a full translation of the four gospels into a West Saxon dialect of Old English. Produced in approximately 990, they are the first translation of all four gospels into English without the Latin text.

text: In the 11th century, Abbot Ælfric translated much of the Old Testament into Old English. The Old English Hexateuch is an illuminated manuscript of the first six books of the Old Testament without lavish illustrations and including a translation of the Book of Judges in addition to the 5 books of the Pentateuch.

text: Middle English[edit]

text: The Ormulum is in Middle English of the 12th century. Like its Old English precursor from Ælfric, an Abbot of Eynsham, it includes very little Biblical text, and focuses more on personal commentary. This style was adopted by many of the original English translators. For example, the story of the Wedding at Cana is almost 800 lines long, but fewer than 40 lines are the actual translation of the text. An unusual characteristic is that the translation mimics Latin verse, and so is similar to the better known and appreciated 14th-century English poem, Cursor Mundi.

text: Richard Rolle (1290–1349) wrote an English Psalter. Many religious works are attributed to Rolle, but it has been questioned how many are genuinely from his hand. Many of his works were concerned with personal devotion, and some were used by the Lollards.[4]

text: The 14th century theologian John Wycliffe is credited with translating what is now known as Wycliffe's Bible, though it is not clear how much of the translation he himself did.[5] This translation came out in two different versions. The earlier text is characterised by a strong adherence to the word order of Latin, and might have been difficult for the layperson to comprehend. The later text made more concessions to the native grammar of English.

text: Modern English[edit]

text: (Note the error in the inscription since Miles Coverdale's Bible, 1535 pre-dated this).

text: Early Modern English Bible translations are of between about 1500 and 1800, the period of Early Modern English. This, the first major period of Bible translation into the English language, began with the introduction of the Tyndale Bible. The first complete edition of his New Testament was in 1526. Tyndale used the Greek and Hebrew texts of the New Testament (NT) and Old Testament (OT) in addition to Jerome's Latin translation. He was the first translator to use the printing press – this enabled the distribution of several thousand copies of his New Testament translation throughout England. Tyndale did not complete his Old Testament translation. The first printed English translation of the whole bible was produced by Miles Coverdale in 1535, using Tyndale's work together with his own translations from the Latin Vulgate or German text. After much scholarly debate it is concluded that this was printed in Antwerp and the colophon gives the date as 4th October 1535. This first edition was adapted by Coverdale for his first "authorised version", known as the Great Bible, of 1539. Other early printed versions were the Geneva Bible (1560), notable for being the first Bible divided into verses; the Bishop's Bible (1568), which was an attempt by Elizabeth I to create a new authorised version; and the Authorized King James Version of 1611.

text: The first complete Roman Catholic Bible in English was the Douay–Rheims Bible, of which the New Testament portion was published in Rheims in 1582 and the Old Testament somewhat later in Douay in Gallicant Flanders. The Old Testament was completed by the time the New Testament was published, but due to extenuating circumstances and financial issues was not published until nearly three decades later, in two editions, the first released in 1609, and the rest of the OT in 1610. In this version, the seven deuterocanonical books are mingled with the other books, rather than kept separate in an appendix.

text: While early English Bibles were generally based on a small number of Greek texts, or on Latin translations, modern English translations of the Bible are based on a wider variety of manuscripts in the original languages (Greek and Hebrew). The translators put much scholarly effort into cross-checking the various sources such as the Septuagint, Textus Receptus, and Masoretic Text. Relatively recent discoveries such as the Dead Sea scrolls provide additional reference information. There is some controversy over which texts should be used as a basis for translation, as some of the alternate sources do not include phrases (or sometimes entire verses) which are found only in the Textus Receptus. Some[who?] say the alternate sources were poorly representative of the texts used in their time, whereas others[who?] claim the Textus Receptus includes passages that were added to the alternate texts improperly. These controversial passages are not the basis for disputed issues of doctrine, but tend to be additional stories or snippets of phrases. Many modern English translations, such as the New International Version, contain limited text notes indicating where differences occur in original sources.[6] A somewhat greater number of textual differences are noted in the New King James Bible, indicating hundreds of New Testament differences between the Nestle-Aland, the Textus Receptus, and the Hodges edition of the Majority Text. The differences in the Old Testament are less well documented, but do contain some references to differences between consonantal interpretations in the Masoretic Text, the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the Septuagint. Even with these hundreds of differences, however, a more complete listing is beyond the scope of most single volume Bibles (see Critical Translations below).

text: Modern translations take different approaches to the rendering of the original languages of approaches. The approaches can usually be considered to be somewhere on a scale between the two extremes:

text:
Formal equivalence translation (sometimes literal translation or formal correspondence) in which the greatest effort is made to preserve the meaning of individual words and phrases in the original, with relatively less regard for its understandability by modern readers.
Dynamic equivalence, sometimes called Paraphrastic translation, in which the translator attempts to render the sense and intent of the original. Examples of these versions include Tree of Life Bible, The Living Bible and The Message.

text: Some translations have been motivated by a strong theological distinctive, such as the conviction that God's name be preserved in a Semitic form, seen in Sacred Name Bibles. The Purified Translation of the Bible was done to promote the idea that Jesus and early Christians did not drink wine, but grape juice. Also, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was partially motivated by a conviction that Jesus was not divine, and was translated accordingly. This translation uses the name Jehovah even in places where the Greek text does not use it, but where the passage is quoting a passage from the Hebrew Old Testament.

text: Individual translations[edit]

text:
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text: While most translations are made by committees of scholars in order to avoid bias or idiosyncrasy, translations are sometimes made by individuals. The translation of J.B. Phillips (1958), The Bible in Living English (1972) by Stephen T. Byington, J.N. Darby's Darby Bible (1890), Heinz Cassirer's translation (1989), R.A. Knox (1950), Gerrit Verkuyl's Berkeley Version (1959), The Complete Jewish Bible (1998) by Dr. David H. Stern, Robert Young's Literal Translation (1862), Jay P.Green's Literal Translation (1985), The Emphatic Diaglott by Benjamin Wilson (1864), Noah Webster's Bible Translation (1833), The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English (2010) by David Bauscher, American King James Version (1999) by Michael Engelbrite, The Living Bible (1971) by Kenneth N. Taylor, The Modern Reader's Bible (1914) by Richard Moulton, The Five Pauline Epistles, A New Translation (1900) by William Gunion Rutherford, Joseph Bryant Rotherham's Emphasized Bible (1902), Professor S. H. Hooke's The Bible in Basic English (1949), The Holy Name Bible containing the Holy Name Version of the Old and New Testaments (1963) by Angelo Traina, and Eugene H. Peterson's The Message (2002) are largely the work of individual translators. Others, such as Robert Alter, N. T. Wright and Dele Ikeorha have translated portions of the Bible.

text: Alternative approaches[edit]

text: Most translations make the translators' best attempt at a single rendering of the original, relying on footnotes where there might be alternative translations or textual variants. An alternative is taken by the Amplified Bible. In cases where a word or phrase admits of more than one meaning the Amplified Bible presents all the possible interpretations, allowing the reader to choose one. For example, the first two verses of the Amplified Bible read:

text: In the beginning God (Elohim) created [by forming from nothing] the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and void or a waste and emptiness, and darkness was upon the face of the deep [primeval ocean that covered the unformed earth]. The Spirit of God was moving (hovering, brooding) over the face of the waters.[7]

text: Single source translations[edit]

text: While most translations attempt to synthesize the various texts in the original languages, some translations also translate one specific textual source, generally for scholarly reasons. A single volume example for the Old Testament is The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible (ISBN 0-06-060064-0) by Martin Abegg, Peter Flint and Eugene Ulrich.

text: The Comprehensive New Testament (ISBN 978-0-9778737-1-5) by T. E. Clontz and J. Clontz presents a scholarly view of the New Testament text by conforming to the Nestle-Aland 27th edition and extensively annotating the translation to fully explain different textual sources and possible alternative translations.[8][9]

text: A Comparative Psalter (ISBN 0-19-529760-1) edited by John Kohlenberger presents a comparative diglot translation of the Psalms of the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, using the Revised Standard Version and the New English Translation of the Septuagint.

text: R. A. Knox's Translation of the Vulgate into English is another example of a single source translation.

text: Jewish translations[edit]

text: Jewish English Bible translations are modern English Bible translations that include the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) according to the masoretic text, and according to the traditional division and order of Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim.

text: Jewish translations often also reflect traditional Jewish interpretations of the Bible, as opposed to the Christian understanding that is often reflected in non-Jewish translations. For example, Jewish translations translate עלמה ‘almâh in Isaiah 7:14 as young woman, while many Christian translations render the word as virgin.

text: While modern biblical scholarship is similar for both Christians and Jews, there are distinctive features of Jewish translations, even those created by academic scholars. These include the avoidance of Christological interpretations, adherence to the Masoretic Text (at least in the main body of the text, as in the new Jewish Publication Society (JPS) translation) and greater use of classical Jewish exegesis. Some translations prefer names transliterated from the Hebrew, though the majority of Jewish translations use the Anglicized forms of biblical names.

text: The first English Jewish translation of the Bible into English was by Isaac Leeser in the 19th century.

text: The JPS produced two of the most popular Jewish translations, namely the JPS The Holy Scriptures of 1917 and the NJPS Tanakh (first printed in a single volume in 1985, second edition in 1999).

text: Since the 1980s there have been multiple efforts among Orthodox publishers to produce translations that are not only Jewish, but also adhere to Orthodox norms. Among these are The Living Torah and Nach by Aryeh Kaplan and others, the Torah and other portions in an ongoing project by Everett Fox, and the ArtScroll Tanakh.

text: Popularity[edit]

text: The evangelical Christian Booksellers Association lists the most popular versions of the Bible sold by their members in the United States. Through 29 December 2012, the top 5 best selling translations (based on both dollar and unit sales) are as follows:[10]

text:
New International Version
King James Version
New Living Translation
New King James Version
English Standard Version

text: Sales are affected by denomination and religious affiliation. For example, the most popular Jewish version would not compete with rankings of a larger audience. Sales data can be affected by the method of marketing. Some translations are directly marketed to particular denominations or local churches, and many Christian booksellers only offer Protestant Bibles, so Catholic and Orthodox Bibles may not appear as high on the CBA rank.

text: A study published in 2014 by The Center for the Study of Religion and American Culture at Indiana University and Purdue University found that Americans read versions of the Bible as follows:[11][12]:12–15

text:
King James Version (55%)
New International Version (19%)
New Revised Standard Version (7%)
New American Bible (6%)
The Living Bible (5%)
Other Translations (8%)