document_title: Vatican City

question_text: when did vatican city become its own country

question_tokens: when did vatican city become its own country

text: Vatican City

text: Name[edit]

text: The name Vatican city was first used in the Lateran Treaty, signed on 11 February 1929, which established the modern city-state. The name is taken from Vatican Hill, the geographic location of the state. "Vatican" is derived from the name of an Etruscan settlement, Vatica or Vaticum meaning garden, located in the general area the Romans called vaticanus ager, "Vatican territory".[citation needed]

text: The official Italian name of the city is Città del Vaticano or, more formally, Stato della Città del Vaticano, meaning "Vatican City State". Although the Holy See (which is distinct from the Vatican City) and the Catholic Church use Ecclesiastical Latin in official documents, the Vatican City officially uses Italian. The Latin name is Status Civitatis Vaticanæ;[12][13] this is used in official documents by not just the Holy See, but in most official Church and Papal documents.

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The name "Vatican" was already in use in the time of the Roman Republic for a marshy area on the west bank of the Tiber across from the city of Rome. Under the Roman Empire, many villas were constructed there, after Agrippina the Elder (14 BC – 18 October AD 33) drained the area and laid out her gardens in the early 1st century AD. In AD 40, her son, Emperor Caligula (31 August AD 12–24 January AD 41; r. 37–41) built in her gardens a circus for charioteers (AD 40) that was later completed by Nero, the Circus Gaii et Neronis,[14] usually called, simply, the Circus of Nero.[15]

text: Even before the arrival of Christianity, it is supposed that this originally uninhabited part of Rome (the ager vaticanus) had long been considered sacred, or at least not available for habitation.[citation needed] A shrine dedicated to the Phrygian goddess Cybele and her consort Attis remained active long after the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter was built nearby.[16]

text: The particularly low quality of Vatican water, even after the reclamation of the area, was commented on by the poet Martial (40 – between 102 and 104 AD).[17] Tacitus wrote, that in AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, when the northern army that brought Vitellius to power arrived in Rome, "a large proportion camped in the unhealthy districts of the Vatican, which resulted in many deaths among the common soldiery; and the Tiber being close by, the inability of the Gauls and Germans to bear the heat and the consequent greed with which they drank from the stream weakened their bodies, which were already an easy prey to disease".[18]

text: The Vatican Obelisk was originally taken by Caligula from Heliopolis in Egypt to decorate the spina of his circus and is thus its last visible remnant.[19] This area became the site of martyrdom of many Christians after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Ancient tradition holds that it was in this circus that Saint Peter was crucified upside-down.[20]

text: Opposite the circus was a cemetery separated by the Via Cornelia. Funeral monuments and mausoleums and small tombs as well as altars to pagan gods of all kinds of polytheistic religions were constructed lasting until before the construction of the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's in the first half of the 4th century. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Constantinian basilica was built in 326 over what was believed to be the tomb of Saint Peter, buried in that cemetery.[21]

text: From then on, the area became more populated in connection with activity at the basilica. A palace was constructed nearby as early as the 5th century during the pontificate of Pope Symmachus (reigned 498–514).[22]

text: Papal States[edit]

text: Popes gradually came to have a secular role as governors of regions near Rome. They ruled the Papal States, which covered a large portion of the Italian peninsula, for more than a thousand years until the mid-19th century, when all the territory belonging to the papacy was seized by the newly created Kingdom of Italy.

text: For most of this time the popes did not live at the Vatican. The Lateran Palace, on the opposite side of Rome was their habitual residence for about a thousand years. From 1309 to 1377, they lived at Avignon in France. On their return to Rome they chose to live at the Vatican. They moved to the Quirinal Palace in 1583, after work on it was completed under Pope Paul V (1605–1621), but on the capture of Rome in 1870 retired to the Vatican, and what had been their residence became that of the King of Italy.

text: Italian unification[edit]

text: In 1870, the Pope's holdings were left in an uncertain situation when Rome itself was annexed by the Piedmont-led forces which had united the rest of Italy, after a nominal resistance by the papal forces. Between 1861 and 1929 the status of the Pope was referred to as the "Roman Question".

text: Italy made no attempt to interfere with the Holy See within the Vatican walls. However, it confiscated church property in many places. In 1871 the Quirinal Palace was confiscated by the king of Italy and became the royal palace. Thereafter the popes resided undisturbed within the Vatican walls, and certain papal prerogatives were recognized by the Law of Guarantees, including the right to send and receive ambassadors. But the Popes did not recognise the Italian king's right to rule in Rome, and they refused to leave the Vatican compound until the dispute was resolved in 1929; Pope Pius IX (1846–1878), the last ruler of the Papal States, was referred to as a "prisoner in the Vatican". Forced to give up secular power, the popes focused on spiritual issues.[23]

text: Lateran treaties[edit]

text: This situation was resolved on 11 February 1929, when the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy was signed by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III and by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri for Pope Pius XI.[10][11][24] The treaty, which became effective on 7 June 1929, established the independent state of Vatican City and reaffirmed the special status of Catholicism in Italy.[25]

text: World War II[edit]

text: The Holy See, which ruled Vatican City, pursued a policy of neutrality during World War II, under the leadership of Pope Pius XII. Although German troops occupied the city of Rome after the September 1943 Armistice of Cassibile, and the Allies from 1944, they respected Vatican City as neutral territory.[26] One of the main diplomatic priorities of the bishop of Rome was to prevent the bombing of the city; so sensitive was the pontiff that he protested even the British air dropping of pamphlets over Rome, claiming that the few landing within the city-state violated the Vatican's neutrality.[27] The British policy, as expressed in the minutes of a Cabinet meeting, was: "that we should on no account molest the Vatican City, but that our action as regards the rest of Rome would depend upon how far the Italian government observed the rules of war".[27]

text: After the American entry into the war, the US opposed such a bombing, fearful of offending Catholic members of its military forces, but said that "they could not stop the British from bombing Rome if the British so decided". The British uncompromisingly said "they would bomb Rome whenever the needs of the war demanded".[28] In December 1942, the British envoy suggested to the Holy See that Rome be declared an "open city", a suggestion that the Holy See took more seriously than was probably meant by the British, who did not want Rome to be an open city, but Mussolini rejected the suggestion when the Holy See put it to him. In connection with the Allied invasion of Sicily, 500 American aircraft bombed Rome on 19 July 1943, aiming particularly at the railway hub. Some 1,500 people were killed; Pius XII himself, who had been described in the previous month as "worried sick" about the possible bombing, went to the scene of the tragedy. Another raid took place on 13 August 1943, after Mussolini had been ousted from power.[29] On the following day, the new government declared Rome an open city, after consulting the Holy See on the wording of the declaration, but the British had decided that they would never recognize Rome as an open city.[30]

text: Post-war history[edit]

text: Pius XII had refrained from creating cardinals during the war. By the end of World War II, there were several prominent vacancies: Cardinal Secretary of State, Camerlengo, Chancellor, and Prefect for the Congregation for the Religious among them.[31] Pius XII created 32 cardinals in early 1946, having announced his intentions to do so in his preceding Christmas message.

text: The Pontifical Military Corps, except for the Swiss Guard, was disbanded by will of Paul VI, as expressed in a letter of 14 September 1970.[32] The Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a civilian police and security force.

text: In 1984, a new concordat between the Holy See and Italy modified certain provisions of the earlier treaty, including the position of Catholicism as the Italian state religion, a position given to it by a statute of the Kingdom of Sardinia of 1848.[25]

text: Construction in 1995 of a new guest house, Domus Sanctae Marthae, adjacent to St Peter's Basilica was criticised by Italian environmental groups, backed by Italian politicians. They claimed the new building would block views of the Basilica from nearby Italian apartments.[33] For a short while the plans strained the relations between the Vatican and the Italian government. The head of the Vatican's Department of Technical Services robustly rejected challenges to the Vatican State's right to build within its borders.[33]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The name "Vatican" predates Christianity and comes from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, meaning Vatican Mount.[34] The territory of Vatican City is part of the Mons Vaticanus, and of the adjacent former Vatican Fields. It is in this territory that St. Peter's Basilica, the Apostolic Palace, the Sistine Chapel, and museums were built, along with various other buildings. The area was part of the Roman rione of Borgo until 1929. Being separated from the city, on the west bank of the Tiber river, the area was an outcrop of the city that was protected by being included within the walls of Leo IV (847–855), and later expanded by the current fortification walls, built under Paul III (1534–1549), Pius IV (1559–1565) and Urban VIII (1623–1644).

text: When the Lateran Treaty of 1929 that gave the state its form was being prepared, the boundaries of the proposed territory were influenced by the fact that much of it was all but enclosed by this loop. For some tracts of the frontier, there was no wall, but the line of certain buildings supplied part of the boundary, and for a small part of the frontier a modern wall was constructed.

text: The territory includes St. Peter's Square, distinguished from the territory of Italy only by a white line along the limit of the square, where it touches Piazza Pio XII. St. Peter's Square is reached through the Via della Conciliazione which runs from close to the Tiber River to St. Peter's. This grand approach was constructed by Benito Mussolini after the conclusion of the Lateran Treaty.

text: According to the Lateran Treaty, certain properties of the Holy See that are located in Italian territory, most notably the Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo and the major basilicas, enjoy extraterritorial status similar to that of foreign embassies.[35][36] These properties, scattered all over Rome and Italy, house essential offices and institutions necessary to the character and mission of the Holy See.[36]

text: Castel Gandolfo and the named basilicas are patrolled internally by police agents of Vatican City State and not by Italian police. According to the Lateran Treaty (Art. 3) St. Peter's Square, up to but not including the steps leading to the basilica, is normally patrolled by the Italian police.[35]

text: There are no passport controls for visitors entering Vatican City from the surrounding Italian territory. There is free public access to Saint Peter's Square and Basilica and, on the occasion of papal general audiences, to the hall in which they are held. For these audiences and for major ceremonies in Saint Peter's Basilica and Square, tickets free of charge must be obtained beforehand. The Vatican Museums, incorporating the Sistine Chapel, usually charge an entrance fee. There is no general public access to the gardens, but guided tours for small groups can be arranged to the gardens and excavations under the basilica. Other places are open to only those individuals who have business to transact there.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Vatican City's climate is the same as Rome's: a temperate, Mediterranean climate Csa with mild, rainy winters from October to mid-May and hot, dry summers from May to September. Some minor local features, principally mists and dews, are caused by the anomalous bulk of St Peter's Basilica, the elevation, the fountains and the size of the large paved square.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Vatican City

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
19.8
(67.6)
21.2
(70.2)
26.6
(79.9)
27.2
(81)
33.0
(91.4)
37.8
(100)
39.4
(102.9)
40.6
(105.1)
38.4
(101.1)
30.0
(86)
25.0
(77)
20.2
(68.4)
40.6
(105.1)

Average high °C (°F)
11.9
(53.4)
13.0
(55.4)
15.2
(59.4)
17.7
(63.9)
22.8
(73)
26.9
(80.4)
30.3
(86.5)
30.6
(87.1)
26.5
(79.7)
21.4
(70.5)
15.9
(60.6)
12.6
(54.7)
20.4
(68.7)

Daily mean °C (°F)
7.5
(45.5)
8.2
(46.8)
10.2
(50.4)
12.6
(54.7)
17.2
(63)
21.1
(70)
24.1
(75.4)
24.5
(76.1)
20.8
(69.4)
16.4
(61.5)
11.4
(52.5)
8.4
(47.1)
15.2
(59.4)

Average low °C (°F)
3.1
(37.6)
3.5
(38.3)
5.2
(41.4)
7.5
(45.5)
11.6
(52.9)
15.3
(59.5)
18.0
(64.4)
18.3
(64.9)
15.2
(59.4)
11.3
(52.3)
6.9
(44.4)
4.2
(39.6)
10.0
(50)

Record low °C (°F)
−11.0
(12.2)
−4.4
(24.1)
−5.6
(21.9)
0.0
(32)
3.8
(38.8)
7.8
(46)
10.6
(51.1)
10.0
(50)
5.6
(42.1)
0.8
(33.4)
−5.2
(22.6)
−4.8
(23.4)
−11
(12.2)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
67
(2.64)
73
(2.87)
58
(2.28)
81
(3.19)
53
(2.09)
34
(1.34)
19
(0.75)
37
(1.46)
73
(2.87)
113
(4.45)
115
(4.53)
81
(3.19)
804
(31.65)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
7.0
7.6
7.6
9.2
6.2
4.3
2.1
3.3
6.2
8.2
9.7
8.0
79.4

Mean monthly sunshine hours
120.9
132.8
167.4
201.0
263.5
285.0
331.7
297.6
237.0
195.3
129.0
111.6
2,472.8

Source: Servizio Meteorologico,[37] data of sunshine hours[38]

text: In July 2007, the Vatican accepted a proposal by two firms based respectively in San Francisco and Budapest,[39] whereby it would become the first carbon neutral state by offsetting its carbon dioxide emissions with the creation of a Vatican Climate Forest in Hungary,[40] as a purely symbolic gesture[41] to encourage Catholics to do more to safeguard the planet.[42] Nothing came of the project.[43][44]

text: On 26 November 2008, the Vatican itself put into effect a plan announced in May 2007 to cover the roof of the Paul VI Audience Hall with solar panels.[45][46]

text: Gardens[edit]

text: Within the territory of Vatican City are the Vatican Gardens (Italian: Giardini Vaticani),[47] which account for more than half of this territory. The gardens, established during the Renaissance and Baroque era, are decorated with fountains and sculptures.

text: The gardens cover approximately 23 hectares (57 acres) which is most of the Vatican Hill. The highest point is 60 metres (200 ft) above mean sea level. Stone walls bound the area in the North, South and West.

text: The gardens date back to medieval times when orchards and vineyards extended to the north of the Papal Apostolic Palace.[48] In 1279 Pope Nicholas III (Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, 1277–1280) moved his residence back to the Vatican from the Lateran Palace and enclosed this area with walls.[49] He planted an orchard (pomerium), a lawn (pratellum) and a garden (viridarium).[49]

text: Governance[edit]

text:
Vatican City

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Vatican City

Sovereign[show]

Pope (list)

Francis

Law
Constitution

[show]

Law of Vatican City

Fundamental Law

Lateran Treaty

Executive[show]

Governorate

President: Giuseppe Bertello

Secretariat of State

Secretary: Pietro Parolin

Legislature[show]

Pontifical Commission

President: Giuseppe Bertello

Judiciary[show]

Court of Cassation

President: Dominique Mamberti

Court of Appeals

President: Pio Vito Pinto

Tribunale

President: G. di Sanguinetto

Elections[show]

Conclave
Recent conclaves

2013
2005
1978 (Oct)

See also[show]

Foreign relations
Financial Information Authority
Military
Corps of Gendarmerie

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute elective monarchy, in which the head of the Roman Catholic Church takes power. The Pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City (an entity distinct from the Holy See), which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy.[50]

text: Vatican City is one of the few widely recognized independent states that has not become a member of the United Nations.[51] The Holy See, which is distinct from Vatican City State, has permanent observer status with all the rights of a full member except for a vote in the UN General Assembly.

text: Political system[edit]

text: The government of Vatican City has a unique structure. The Pope is the sovereign of the state. Legislative authority is vested in the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, a body of cardinals appointed by the Pope for five-year periods. Executive power is in the hands of the President of that commission, assisted by the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary. The state's foreign relations are entrusted to the Holy See's Secretariat of State and diplomatic service. Nevertheless, the pope has absolute power in the executive, legislative and judicial branches over Vatican City. He is currently the only absolute monarch in Europe.

text: There are specific departments that deal with health, security, telecommunications, etc.[52]

text: The Cardinal Camerlengo presides over the Apostolic Camera to which is entrusted the administration of the property and protection of other papal temporal powers and rights of the Holy See during the period of the empty throne or Sede Vacante (papal vacancy). Those of the Vatican State remain under the control of the Pontifical Commission for the State of Vatican City. Acting with three other cardinals chosen by lot every three days, one from each order of cardinals (cardinal bishop, cardinal priest, and cardinal deacon), he in a sense performs during that period the functions of head of state of Vatican City.[citation needed] All the decisions these four cardinals take must be approved by the College of Cardinals as a whole.

text: The nobility that was closely associated with the Holy See at the time of the Papal States continued to be associated with the Papal Court after the loss of these territories, generally with merely nominal duties (see Papal Master of the Horse, Prefecture of the Pontifical Household, Hereditary officers of the Roman Curia, Black Nobility). They also formed the ceremonial Noble Guard. In the first decades of the existence of the Vatican City State, executive functions were entrusted to some of them, including that of Delegate for the State of Vatican City (now denominated President of the Commission for Vatican City). But with the motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968,[53] Pope Paul VI abolished the honorary positions that had continued to exist until then, such as Quartermaster general and Master of the Horse.[54]

text: Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See. The Holy See itself has existed continuously as a juridical entity since Roman Imperial times and has been internationally recognized as a powerful and independent sovereign entity since Late Antiquity to the present, without interruption even at times when it was deprived of territory (e.g. 1870 to 1929). The Holy See has the oldest active continuous diplomatic service in the world, dating back to at least AD 325 with its legation to the Council of Nicea.[55]

text: Head of state[edit]

text: The Pope is ex officio head of state[56] of Vatican City, functions dependent on his primordial function as bishop of the diocese of Rome. The term "Holy See" refers not to the Vatican state but to the Pope's spiritual and pastoral governance, largely exercised through the Roman Curia.[57] His official title with regard to Vatican City is Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City.

text: Pope Francis, born Jorge Mario Bergoglio in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was elected on 13 March 2013. His principal subordinate government official for Vatican City is the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, who since 1952 exercises the functions previously belonging to the Governor of Vatican City. Since 2001, the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State also has the title of President of the Governorate of the State of Vatican City. The current President is Italian Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, who was appointed on 1 October 2011.

text: Administration[edit]

text: Legislative functions are delegated to the unicameral Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State, led by the President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. Its seven members are cardinals appointed by the Pope for terms of five years. Acts of the commission must be approved by the Pope, through the Holy See's Secretariat of State, and before taking effect must be published in a special appendix of the Acta Apostolicae Sedis. Most of the content of this appendix consists of routine executive decrees, such as approval for a new set of postage stamps.

text: Executive authority is delegated to the Governorate of Vatican City. The Governorate consists of the President of the Pontifical Commission—using the title "President of the Governorate of Vatican City"—a general secretary, and a Vice general secretary, each appointed by the Pope for five-year terms. Important actions of the Governorate must be confirmed by the Pontifical Commission and by the Pope through the Secretariat of State.

text: The Governorate oversees the central governmental functions through several departments and offices. The directors and officials of these offices are appointed by the Pope for five-year terms. These organs concentrate on material questions concerning the state's territory, including local security, records, transportation, and finances. The Governorate oversees a modern security and police corps, the Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano.

text: Judicial functions are delegated to a supreme court, an appellate court, a tribunal (Tribunal of Vatican City State), and a trial judge. At the Vatican's request, sentences imposed can be served in Italy (see the section on crime, below).

text: The international postal country code prefix is SCV, and the only postal code is 00120 – altogether SCV-00120.[58]

text: Defense and security[edit]

text: As the Vatican City is an enclave within Italy, its military defence is provided by the Italian armed forces. However, there is no formal defence treaty with Italy, as the Vatican City is a neutral state. Vatican City has no armed forces of its own, although the Swiss Guard is a military corps of the Holy See responsible for the personal security of the Pope, and resident in the state. Soldiers of the Swiss Guard are entitled to hold Vatican City State passports and nationality. Swiss mercenaries were historically recruited by Popes as part of an army for the Papal States, and the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the pope's personal bodyguard and continues to fulfill that function. It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under "Holy See", not under "State of Vatican City". At the end of 2005, the Guard had 134 members. Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland. All recruits must be Catholic, unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct, be between the ages of 19 and 30, and be at least 174 cm (5 ft 9 in) in height. Members are equipped with small arms and the traditional halberd (also called the Swiss voulge), and trained in bodyguarding tactics. The Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard, the last armed forces of the Vatican City State, were disbanded by Pope Paul VI in 1970.[32] As Vatican City has listed every building in its territory on the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict theoretically renders it immune to armed attack.[59]

text: Civil defence is the responsibility of the Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State, the national fire brigade. Dating its origins to the early nineteenth century, the Corps in its present form was established in 1941. It is responsible for fire fighting, as well as a range of civil defence scenarios including flood, natural disaster, and mass casualty management. The Corps is governmentally supervised through the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence, which is also responsible for the Gendarmerie (see below).

text: The Gendarmerie Corps (Corpo della Gendarmeria) is the gendarmerie, or police and security force, of Vatican City and the extraterritorial properties of the Holy See.[60] The corps is responsible for security, public order, border control, traffic control, criminal investigation, and other general police duties in Vatican City including providing security for the Pope outside of Vatican City. The corps has 130 personnel and is a part of the Directorate for Security Services and Civil Defence (which also includes the Vatican Fire Brigade), an organ of the Governorate of Vatican City.[61][62]

text: Foreign relations[edit]

text: Vatican City State is a recognized national territory under international law, but it is the Holy See that conducts diplomatic relations on its behalf, in addition to the Holy See's own diplomacy, entering into international agreements in its regard. Vatican City thus has no diplomatic service of its own.

text: Because of space limitations, Vatican City is one of the few countries in the world that is unable to host embassies. Foreign embassies to the Holy See are located in the city of Rome; only during the Second World War were the staff of some embassies accredited to the Holy See given what hospitality was possible within the narrow confines of Vatican City—embassies such as that of the United Kingdom while Rome was held by the Axis Powers and Germany's when the Allies controlled Rome.

text: The size of Vatican City is thus unrelated to the large global reach exercised by the Holy See as an entity quite distinct from the state.[63]

text: However, Vatican City State itself participates in some international organizations whose functions relate to the state as a geographical entity, distinct from the non-territorial legal persona of the Holy See. These organizations are much less numerous than those in which the Holy See participates either as a member or with observer status. They include the following eight, in each of which Vatican City State holds membership:[64][65]

text:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat IGO)
International Grains Council (IGC)
International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS)
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
Interpol[66]
Universal Postal Union (UPU)

text: It also participates in:[64]

text:
World Medical Association
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

text: Economy[edit]

text: The Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican Museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales.[h] The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome.[67] Other industries include printing, the production of mosaics, and the manufacture of staff uniforms. There is a Vatican Pharmacy.

text: The Institute for Works of Religion (IOR, Istituto per le Opere di Religione), also known as the Vatican Bank, and with the acronym IOR (Istituto per le Opere di Religione), is a financial agency situated in the Vatican that conducts worldwide financial activities. It has multilingual ATMs with instructions in Latin, possibly the only ATM in the world with this feature.[68]

text: Vatican City issues its own coins and stamps. It has used the euro as its currency since 1 January 1999, owing to a special agreement with the European Union (council decision 1999/98). Euro coins and notes were introduced on 1 January 2002—the Vatican does not issue euro banknotes. Issuance of euro-denominated coins is strictly limited by treaty, though somewhat more than usual is allowed in a year in which there is a change in the papacy.[69] Because of their rarity, Vatican euro coins are highly sought by collectors.[70] Until the adoption of the Euro, Vatican coinage and stamps were denominated in their own Vatican lira currency, which was on par with the Italian lira.

text: Vatican City State, which employs nearly 2,000 people, had a surplus of 6.7 million euros in 2007 but ran a deficit in 2008 of over 15 million euros.[71]

text: In 2012, the U.S. State Department's International Narcotics Control Strategy Report listed Vatican City for the first time among the nations of concern for money-laundering, placing it in the middle category, which includes countries such as Ireland, but not among the most vulnerable countries, which include the United States itself, Germany, Italy and Russia.[72]

text: On 24 February 2014 the Vatican announced it was establishing a secretariat for the economy, to be responsible for all economic, financial and administrative activities of the Holy See and the Vatican City State, headed by Cardinal George Pell. This followed the charging of two senior clerics including a monsignor with money laundering offenses. Pope Francis also appointed an auditor-general authorized to carry out random audits of any agency at any time, and engaged a US financial services company to review the Vatican's 19,000 accounts to ensure compliance with international money laundering practices. The pontiff also ordered that the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See would be the Vatican's central bank, with responsibilities similar to other central banks around the world.[73]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Population and languages[edit]

text: Almost all of Vatican City's more than 450[74] citizens either live inside the Vatican's walls or serve in the Holy See's diplomatic service in embassies (called "nunciature"; a papal ambassador is a "nuncio") around the world. The Vatican citizenry consists almost entirely of two groups: clergy, most of whom work in the service of the Holy See, and a very few as officials of the state; and the Swiss Guard. Most of the 2,400 lay workers who comprise the majority of the Vatican workforce reside outside the Vatican and are citizens of Italy, while a few are citizens of other nations. As a result, all of the City's actual citizens are Catholic as are all the places of worship.

text: Vatican City has no formally enacted official language, but, unlike the Holy See which most often uses Latin for the authoritative version of its official documents, Vatican City uses only Italian in its legislation and official communications.[75] Italian is also the everyday language used by most of those who work in the state. In the Swiss Guard, Swiss German is the language used for giving commands, but the individual guards take their oath of loyalty in their own languages: German, French, Romansh or Italian. Vatican City's official website languages are Italian, English, French, German, and Spanish. (This site should not be confused with that of the Holy See, which uses all these languages, along with Portuguese, with Latin since 9 May 2008 and Chinese since 18 March 2009.)

text: Citizenship[edit]

text: Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis (birth from a citizen, even outside the state's territory) or on jus soli (birth within the territory of the state), citizenship of Vatican City is granted jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is extended also to the spouse, parents and descendants of a citizen, provided they are living with the person who is a citizen.[76][77] The Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City issues normal passports for its citizens.

text: Anyone who loses Vatican citizenship and does not possess other citizenship automatically becomes an Italian citizen as provided in the Lateran Treaty.[35]

text: As of 31 December 2005, there were, apart from the Pope himself, 557 people with Vatican citizenship, while there were 246 residents in the state who did not have its citizenship.

text: Of the 557 citizens, 74% were clergy:

text:
58 cardinals, resident in Rome, mostly outside the Vatican;
293 clergy, members of the Holy See's diplomatic missions, resident in other countries, and forming well over half the total of the citizens;
62 other clergy, working but not necessarily living in the Vatican.

text: The 101 members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard constituted 18% of the total, and there were only 55 other lay persons with Vatican citizenship.[78][79]

text: On 22 February 2011, Pope Benedict XVI promulgated a new "Law concerning citizenship, residency and access" to Vatican City, which became effective on 1 March. It replaced the 1929 "Law concerning citizenship and residence".[80] There are 16 articles in the new law, whereas the old law had 33 articles.[79] It updated the old law by incorporating changes made after 1929, such as the 1940 granting of Vatican City citizenship, durante munere, to the members of the Holy See's diplomatic service.[81] It also created a new category, that of official Vatican "residents", i.e., people living in Vatican City; these are not necessarily Vatican citizens.[79]

text: On 1 March 2011, only 220 of the over 800 people living in Vatican City were citizens. There was a total of 572 Vatican citizens, of whom 352 were not residents, mainly apostolic nuncios and diplomatic staff.[79]

text: As of 2013[update], there were about 30 female citizens.[82]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Vatican City is home to some of the most famous art in the world. St. Peter's Basilica, whose successive architects include Bramante, Michelangelo, Giacomo della Porta, Maderno and Bernini, is a renowned work of Renaissance architecture. The Sistine Chapel is famous for its frescos, which include works by Perugino, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Botticelli as well as the ceiling and Last Judgment by Michelangelo. Artists who decorated the interiors of the Vatican include Raphael and Fra Angelico.

text: The Vatican Apostolic Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites; it is the only one to consist of an entire state.[83] Furthermore, it is the only site to date registered with the UNESCO as a centre containing monuments in the "International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection" according to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.[83]

text: Sport[edit]

text: There is a football championship, called the Vatican City Championship, with eight teams, including, for example, the Swiss Guard's FC Guardia and police and museum guard teams.[85]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Vatican City has a reasonably well-developed transport network considering its size (consisting mostly of a piazza and walkways). A state that is 1.05 kilometres (0.65 miles) long and 0.85 kilometres (0.53 miles) wide,[86] it has a small transportation system with no airports or highways. The only aviation facility in Vatican City is the Vatican City Heliport. Vatican City is one of the few independent countries without an airport, and is served by the airports that serve the city of Rome, Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, and to a lesser extent Ciampino Airport.[87]

text: There is a standard gauge railway, mainly used to transport freight, connected to Italy's network at Rome's Saint Peter's station by an 852-metre-long (932 yd) spur, 300 metres (330 yd) of which is within Vatican territory.[87] Pope John XXIII was the first Pope to make use of the railway; Pope John Paul II rarely used it.[87]

text: The closest metro station is Ottaviano – San Pietro – Musei Vaticani.[88]

text: Communications[edit]

text: The City is served by an independent, modern telephone system named the Vatican Telephone Service,[89] and a postal system that started operating on 13 February 1929. On 1 August, the state started to release its own postal stamps, under the authority of the Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State.[90] The City's postal service is sometimes said to be "the best in the world",[91] and faster than the postal service in Rome.[91]

text: The Vatican also controls its own Internet TLD, which is registered as (.va). Broadband service is widely provided within Vatican City. Vatican City has also been given a radio ITU prefix, HV, and this is sometimes used by amateur radio operators.

text: Vatican Radio, which was organized by Guglielmo Marconi, broadcasts on short-wave, medium-wave and FM frequencies and on the Internet.[92] Its main transmission antennae are located in Italian territory, and exceed Italian environmental protection levels of emission. For this reason, the Vatican Radio has been sued. Television services are provided through another entity, the Vatican Television Center.[93]

text: L'Osservatore Romano is the multilingual semi-official newspaper of the Holy See. It is published by a private corporation under the direction of Roman Catholic laymen, but reports on official information. However, the official texts of documents are in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis, the official gazette of the Holy See, which has an appendix for documents of the Vatican City State.

text: Vatican Radio, the Vatican Television Center, and L'Osservatore Romano are organs not of the Vatican State but of the Holy See, and are listed as such in the Annuario Pontificio, which places them in the section "Institutions linked with the Holy See", ahead of the sections on the Holy See's diplomatic service abroad and the Diplomatic corps accredited to the Holy See, after which is placed the section on the State of Vatican City.

text: Recycling[edit]

text: In 2008, the Vatican began an "ecological island" for renewable waste and has continued the initiative throughout the papacy of Francis.

text: Crime[edit]

text: Crime in Vatican City consists largely of purse snatching, pickpocketing and shoplifting by outsiders.[94] The tourist foot-traffic in St. Peter's Square is one of the main locations for pickpockets in Vatican City.[95] If crimes are committed in Saint Peter's Square, the perpetrators may be arrested and tried by the Italian authorities, since that area is normally patrolled by Italian police.[96]

text: Under the terms of article 22 of the Lateran Treaty,[97] Italy will, at the request of the Holy See, punish individuals for crimes committed within Vatican City and will itself proceed against the person who committed the offense, if that person takes refuge in Italian territory. Persons accused of crimes recognized as such both in Italy and in Vatican City that are committed in Italian territory will be handed over to the Italian authorities if they take refuge in Vatican City or in buildings that enjoy immunity under the treaty.[97][98]

text: Vatican City has no prison system, apart from a few detention cells for pre-trial detention.[99] People convicted of committing crimes in the Vatican serve terms in Italian prisons (Polizia Penitenziaria), with costs covered by the Vatican.[100]


document_title: List of straight-chain alkanes

question_text: how many carbons are in the longest chain

root

text: List of straight-chain alkanes

text: The following is a list of straight-chain and branched alkanes and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms.

tag: p

text:
Number of C atoms

Number of isomers

Number of isomers including stereoisomers

Molecular Formula

Name of straight chain

Synonyms

1

1

1

CH4

methane

methyl hydride; natural gas

2

1

1

C2H6

ethane

dimethyl; ethyl hydride; methyl methane

3

1

1

C3H8

propane

dimethyl methane; propyl hydride

4

2

2

C4H10

n-butane

butyl hydride; methylethyl methane

5

3

3

C5H12

n-pentane

amyl hydride; Skellysolve A

6

5

5

C6H14

n-hexane

dipropyl; Gettysolve-B; hexyl hydride; Skellysolve B

7

9

11

C7H16

n-heptane

dipropyl methane; Gettysolve-C; heptyl hydride; Skellysolve C

8

18

24

C8H18

n-octane

dibutyl; octyl hydride

9

35

55

C9H20

n-nonane

nonyl hydride; Shellsol 140

10

75

136

C10H22

n-decane

decyl hydride

11

159

345

C11H24

n-undecane

hendecane

12

355

900

C12H26

n-dodecane

adakane 12; bihexyl; dihexyl; duodecane

13

802

7003241200000000000♠2412

C13H28

n-tridecane

14

7003185800000000000♠1858

7003656300000000000♠6563

C14H30

n-tetradecane

15

7003434700000000000♠4347

7004181270000000000♠18127

C15H32

n-pentadecane

16

7004103590000000000♠10359

7004506990000000000♠50699

C16H34

n-hexadecane

cetane

17

7004248940000000000♠24894

7005143255000000000♠143255

C17H36

n-heptadecane

18

7004605230000000000♠60523

7005408429000000000♠408429

C18H38

n-octadecane

19

7005148284000000000♠148284

7006117377000000000♠1173770

C19H40

n-nonadecane

20

7005366319000000000♠366319

7006339684400000000♠3396844

C20H42

n-icosane

didecyl icosane

21

7005910726000000000♠910726

7006989165000000000♠9891650

C21H44

n-henicosane

henicosane

22

7006227863800000000♠2278638

7007289720800000000♠28972080

C22H46

n-docosane

23

7006573158000000000♠5731580

7007852893900000000♠85289390

C23H48

n-tricosane

24

7007144902450000000♠14490245

7008252260276000000♠252260276

C24H50

n-tetracosane

tetrakosane

25

7007367975880000000♠36797588

7008749329719000000♠749329719

C25H52

n-pentacosane

paraffin wax

26

7007938394120000000♠93839412

7009223469503000000♠2234695030

C26H54

n-hexacosane

cerane; hexeikosane

27

7008240215803000000♠240215803

7009668889360300000♠6688893603

C27H56

n-heptacosane

28

7008617105614000000♠617105614

7010200892965540000♠20089296554

C28H58

n-octacosane

29

7009159050712100000♠1590507121

7010605265434800000♠60526543480

C29H60

n-nonacosane

30

7009411184676300000♠4111846763

7011182896187256000♠182896187256

C30H62

n-triacontane

31

7010106603077910000♠10660307791

7011554188210352000♠554188210352

C31H64

n-hentriacontane

untriacontane

32

7010277112537690000♠27711253769

7012168355760721100♠1683557607211

C32H66

n-dotriacontane

dicetyl

33

7010722140886600000♠72214088660

7012512681937135600♠5126819371356

C33H68

n-tritriacontane

34

7011188626236139000♠188626236139

7013156478553170800♠15647855317080

C34H70

n-tetratriacontane

35

7011493782952902000♠493782952902

7013478620491874470♠47862049187447

C35H72

n-pentatriacontane

36

7012129529758812800♠1295297588128

7014146691564302648♠146691564302648

C36H74

n-hexatriacontane

37

7012340449078016100♠3404490780161

7014450451875783866♠450451875783866

C37H76

n-heptatriacontane

38

7012896474747459500♠8964747474595

7015138572461528594♠1385724615285949

C38H78

n-octatriacontane

39

7013236474789339690♠23647478933969

7015427021791587840♠4270217915878409

C39H80

n-nonatriacontane

40

7013624818011473410♠62481801147341

7016131804461893261♠13180446189326135

C40H82

n-tetracontane

41

7014165351455535782♠165351455535782

7016407457513564218♠40745751356421890

C41H84

n-hentetracontane

42

7014438242894769226♠438242894769226

7017126146261761339♠126146261761339138

C42H86

n-dotetracontane

43

7015116316970788642♠1163169707886427

7017391089580997271♠391089580997271932

C43H88

n-tritetracontane

44

7015309146101183685♠3091461011836856

7018121411535755005♠1214115357550059889

C44H90

n-tetratetracontane

45

7015822716237222120♠8227162372221203

7018377397853359443♠3773978533594435261

C45H92

n-pentatetracontane

46

7016219218340866834♠21921834086683418

7019117454670000000♠1.1745467×1019

C46H94

n-hexatetracontane

47

7016584818066219870♠58481806621987010

7019365973630000000♠3.6597363×1019

C47H96

n-heptatetracontane

48

7017156192366474590♠156192366474590639

7020114160680000000♠1.1416068×1020

C48H98

n-octatetracontane

49

7017417612400765382♠417612400765382272

7020356492610000000♠3.5649261×1020

C49H100

n-nonatetracontane

50

7018111774365174695♠1117743651746953270

7021111437889999999♠1.1143789×1021

C50H102

n-pentacontane

51

7018299466000000000♠2.99466×1018

C51H104

n-henpentacontane

52

7018803107999999999♠8.03108×1018

C52H106

n-dopentacontane

53

7019215578000000000♠2.15578×1019

C53H108

n-tripentacontane

54

7019579192000000000♠5.79192×1019

C54H110

n-tetrapentacontane

55

7020155745000000000♠1.55745×1020

C55H112

n-pentapentacontane

56

7020419149999999999♠4.1915×1020

C56H114

n-hexapentacontane

57

7021112894000000000♠1.12894×1021

C57H116

n-heptapentacontane

58

7021304304000000000♠3.04304×1021

C58H118

n-octapentacontane

59

7021820862000000000♠8.20862×1021

C59H120

n-nonapentacontane

60

7022221586999999999♠2.21587×1022

C60H122

n-hexacontane

61

7022598581000000000♠5.98581×1022

C61H124

n-henhexacontane

62

7023161806000000000♠1.61806×1023

C62H126

n-dohexacontane

63

7023437671999999999♠4.37672×1023

C63H128

n-trihexacontane

64

7024118462000000000♠1.18462×1024

C64H130

n-tetrahexacontane

65

7024320829000000000♠3.20829×1024

C65H132

n-pentahexacontane

66

7024869413000000000♠8.69413×1024

C66H134

n-hexahexacontane

67

7025235738000000000♠2.35738×1025

C67H136

n-heptahexacontane

68

7025639552000000000♠6.39552×1025

C68H138

n-octahexacontane

69

7026173603000000000♠1.73603×1026

C69H140

n-nonahexacontane

70

7026471485000000000♠4.71485×1026

C70H142

n-heptacontane

71

7027128115000000000♠1.28115×1027

C71H144

n-henheptacontane

72

7027348297000000000♠3.48297×1027

C72H146

n-doheptacontane

73

7027947345000000000♠9.47345×1027

C73H148

n-triheptacontane

74

7028257793000000000♠2.57793×1028

C74H150

n-tetraheptacontane

75

7028701832000000000♠7.01832×1028

C75H152

n-pentaheptacontane

76

7029191156000000000♠1.91156×1029

C76H154

n-hexaheptacontane

77

7029520873999999999♠5.20874×1029

C77H156

n-heptaheptacontane

78

7030141991000000000♠1.41991×1030

C78H158

n-octaheptacontane

79

7030387228000000000♠3.87228×1030

C79H160

n-nonaheptacontane

80

7031105645000000000♠1.05645×1031

C80H162

n-octacontane

81

7031288336000000000♠2.88336×1031

C81H164

n-henoctacontane

82

7031787256000000000♠7.87256×1031

C82H166

n-dooctacontane

83

7032215028000000000♠2.15028×1032

C83H168

n-trioctacontane

84

7032587532000000000♠5.87532×1032

C84H170

n-tetraoctacontane

85

7033160590999999999♠1.60591×1033

C85H172

n-pentaoctacontane

86

7033439100000000000♠4.39100×1033

C86H174

n-hexaoctacontane

87

7034120102999999999♠1.20103×1034

C87H176

n-heptaoctacontane

88

7034328612999999999♠3.28613×1034

C88H178

n-octaoctacontane

89

7034899409999999999♠8.99410×1034

C89H180

n-nonaoctacontane

90

7035246244999999999♠2.46245×1035

C90H182

n-nonacontane

91

7035674392000000000♠6.74392×1035

C91H184

n-hennonacontane

92

7036184752000000000♠1.84752×1036

C92H186

n-dononacontane

93

7036506282000000000♠5.06282×1036

C93H188

n-trinonacontane

94

7037138778999999999♠1.38779×1037

C94H190

n-tetranonacontane

95

7037380517999999999♠3.80518×1037

C95H192

n-pentanonacontane

96

7038104363999999999♠1.04364×1038

C96H194

n-hexanonacontane

97

7038286312999999999♠2.86313×1038

C97H196

n-heptanonacontane

98

7038785684999999999♠7.85685×1038

C98H198

n-octanonacontane

99

7039215660000000000♠2.15660×1039

C99H200

n-nonanonacontane

100

7039592107000000000♠5.92107×1039

C100H202

n-hectane

101

7040162608000000000♠1.62608×1040

C101H204

n-henihectane

102

7040446671000000000♠4.46671×1040

C102H206

n-dohectane

103

7041122727000000000♠1.22727×1041

C103H208

n-trihectane

104

7041337282000000000♠3.37282×1041

C104H210

n-tetrahectane

105

7041927143000000000♠9.27143×1041

C105H212

n-pentahectane

106

7042254918000000000♠2.54918×1042

C106H214

n-hexahectane

107

7042701051000000000♠7.01051×1042

C107H216

n-heptahectane

108

7043192839000000000♠1.92839×1043

C108H218

n-octahectane

109

7043530557000000000♠5.30557×1043

C109H220

n-nonahectane

110

7044146003000000000♠1.46003×1044

C110H222

n-decahectane

111

7044401866000000000♠4.01866×1044

C111H224

n-undecahectane

112

7045110633960000000♠1.1063396×1045

C112H226

n-dodecahectane

113

7045304791860000000♠3.0479186×1045

C113H228

n-tridecahectane

114

7045838999940000000♠8.3899994×1045

C114H230

n-tetradecahectane

115

7046231229360000000♠2.3122936×1046

C115H232

n-pentadecahectane

116

7046636751550000000♠6.3675155×1046

C116H234

n-hexadecahectane

117

7047175553880000000♠1.7555388×1047

C117H236

n-heptadecahectane

118

7047483616670000000♠4.8361667×1047

C118H238

n-octadecahectane

119

7048133381829999999♠1.3338183×1048

C119H240

n-nonadecahectane

120

7048367574020000000♠3.6757402×1048

C120H242

n-icosahectane

...

tag: table


document_title: List of British supercentenarians

question_text: who is the oldest person in the uk alive

text: List of British supercentenarians

text: 100 oldest British people ever[edit]

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 24 November 2017

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Country of birth
Country of death

1
Charlotte Hughes[2]
F
000000001877-08-01-00001 August 1877
000000001993-03-17-000017 March 1993
7004422310000000000♠115 years, 228 days
England
England

2
Annie Jennings[2]
F
000000001884-11-12-000012 November 1884
000000001999-11-20-000020 November 1999
7004420100000000000♠115 years, 8 days
England
England

3
Eva Morris[2]
F
000000001885-11-08-00008 November 1885
000000002000-11-02-00002 November 2000
7004419970000000000♠114 years, 360 days
England
England

4
Ethel Lang[1]
F
000000001900-05-27-000027 May 1900
000000002015-01-15-000015 January 2015
7004418710000000000♠114 years, 233 days
England
England

5
Anna Eliza Williams[2]
F
000000001873-06-02-00002 June 1873
000000001987-12-27-000027 December 1987
7004418450000000000♠114 years, 208 days
England
Wales

6
Lucy Jane Askew[2]
F
000000001883-09-08-00008 September 1883
000000001997-12-09-00009 December 1997
7004417300000000000♠114 years, 92 days
England
England

7
Florrie Baldwin[4]
F
000000001896-03-31-000031 March 1896
000000002010-05-08-00008 May 2010
7004416750000000000♠114 years, 38 days
England
England

8
Amy Hulmes[2]
F
000000001887-10-05-00005 October 1887
000000002001-10-27-000027 October 2001
7004416600000000000♠114 years, 22 days
England
England

9
Grace Jones[2]
F
000000001899-12-07-00007 December 1899
000000002013-11-14-000014 November 2013
7004416150000000000♠113 years, 342 days
England
England

10
Rosa Ann Comfort[2]
F
000000001879-01-21-000021 January 1879
000000001992-11-06-00006 November 1992
7004415620000000000♠113 years, 290 days
England
England

11
Lucy d'Abreu[2]
F
000000001892-05-24-000024 May 1892
000000002005-12-07-00007 December 2005
7004414690000000000♠113 years, 197 days
India[a]
Scotland

12
Gladys Hooper[2]
F
000000001903-01-18-000018 January 1903
000000002016-07-09-00009 July 2016
7004414460000000000♠113 years, 173 days
England
England

13
Daisy Adams[2]
F
000000001880-06-30-000030 June 1880
000000001993-12-08-00008 December 1993
7004414330000000000♠113 years, 161 days
England
England

14
Bessie Camm[3]
F
20 June 1904
Living
7004414300000000000♠113 years, 157 days
England
Living in England

15
Olive Boar[3]
F
29 September 1904
Living
7004413290000000000♠113 years, 56 days
England
Living in England

16
Henry Allingham[5]
M
000000001896-06-06-00006 June 1896
000000002009-07-18-000018 July 2009
7004413140000000000♠113 years, 42 days
England
England

17
Annie Scott[2]
F
000000001883-03-15-000015 March 1883
000000001996-04-21-000021 April 1996
7004413100000000000♠113 years, 37 days
Ireland[b]
Scotland

18
Ruby Gilliam[2]
F
000000001885-09-21-000021 September 1885
000000001998-10-22-000022 October 1998
7004413030000000000♠113 years, 31 days
England
England

19
Rebecca Hewison[2]
F
000000001881-10-19-000019 October 1881
000000001994-09-22-000022 September 1994
7004412450000000000♠112 years, 338 days
England
England

20
John Evans[2]
M
000000001877-08-19-000019 August 1877
000000001990-06-10-000010 June 1990
7004412020000000000♠112 years, 295 days
Wales
Wales

21
Alice Ducat[3]
F
8 May 1905
Living
7004411080000000000♠112 years, 200 days
Scotland
Living in England

22
Nellie Bradley[2]
F
000000001889-09-12-000012 September 1889
000000002002-03-11-000011 March 2002
7004410870000000000♠112 years, 180 days
England
England

Violet Wood[6]
F
000000001899-09-02-00002 September 1899
000000002012-02-29-000029 February 2012
7004410870000000000♠112 years, 180 days
England
England

24
Gladys Ivy Hawley[2]
F
000000001891-12-18-000018 December 1891
000000002004-04-28-000028 April 2004
7004410390000000000♠112 years, 132 days
England
England

25
Annie Butler[3]
F
000000001897-06-04-00004 June 1897
000000002009-09-28-000028 September 2009
7004410230000000000♠112 years, 116 days
England
England

26
Kathleen McManners[1]
F
000000001901-07-06-00006 July 1901
000000002013-09-20-000020 September 2013
7004409840000000000♠112 years, 76 days
England
England

27
Florence Pittaway[3]
F
000000001902-10-15-000015 October 1902
000000002014-12-21-000021 December 2014
7004409750000000000♠112 years, 67 days
England
England

28
Mary Ann Hebden[2]
F
000000001893-10-04-00004 October 1893
000000002005-11-30-000030 November 2005
7004409640000000000♠112 years, 57 days
England
England

29
Edith Ingamells[2]
F
000000001894-01-12-000012 January 1894
000000002006-03-01-00001 March 2006
7004409550000000000♠112 years, 48 days
England
England

30
Alice Stevenson[2]
F
000000001861-07-10-000010 July 1861
000000001973-08-18-000018 August 1973
7004409460000000000♠112 years, 39 days
England
England

31
Jeanetta Thomas[2]
F
000000001869-12-02-00002 December 1869
000000001982-01-05-00005 January 1982
7004409410000000000♠112 years, 34 days
Wales
Wales

32
Margaret Fish[7]
F
000000001899-03-07-00007 March 1899
000000002011-03-12-000012 March 2011
7004409120000000000♠112 years, 5 days
England
England

33
Annie Price[2]
F
000000001886-01-12-000012 January 1886
000000001997-12-26-000026 December 1997
7004408900000000000♠111 years, 348 days
Wales
England

34
Annie Turnbull[3]
F
000000001898-09-21-000021 September 1898
000000002010-09-03-00003 September 2010
7004408890000000000♠111 years, 347 days
Scotland
Scotland

Ellen Watson[7]
F
000000001900-01-03-00003 January 1900
000000002011-12-16-000016 December 2011
7004408890000000000♠111 years, 347 days
England
England

36
Ellaline Redmond[1]
F
000000001901-03-20-000020 March 1901
000000002013-02-27-000027 February 2013
7004408870000000000♠111 years, 344 days
England
England

37
Ada Roe[2]
F
000000001858-02-06-00006 February 1858
000000001970-01-11-000011 January 1970
7004408810000000000♠111 years, 339 days
England
England

38
Eunice Bowman[3]
F
000000001898-08-23-000023 August 1898
000000002010-07-26-000026 July 2010
7004408790000000000♠111 years, 337 days
England
England

39
Helen Haward[2]
F
000000001884-11-24-000024 November 1884
000000001996-10-23-000023 October 1996
7004408750000000000♠111 years, 334 days
England
England

40
Dorothy Baldwin[3]
F
000000001902-02-08-00008 February 1902
000000002014-01-01-00001 January 2014
7004408700000000000♠111 years, 327 days
England
England

41
Mary Ann Fewster[2]
F
000000001878-02-06-00006 February 1878
000000001989-12-26-000026 December 1989
7004408650000000000♠111 years, 323 days
England
England

42
Florence Pannell[2]
F
000000001868-12-26-000026 December 1868
000000001980-10-20-000020 October 1980
111 years, 299 days
England
England

Edith Kaufmann[3]
F
000000001903-12-12-000012 December 1903
000000002015-10-07-00007 October 2015
111 years, 299 days
Czech Republic[c]
England

44
Rose Hart[2]
F
000000001878-03-20-000020 March 1878
000000001990-01-05-00005 January 1990
7004408330000000000♠111 years, 291 days
England
England

45
Ivy Frampton[3]
F
000000001903-11-22-000022 November 1903
000000002015-09-05-00005 September 2015
7004408300000000000♠111 years, 287 days
England
England

46
Elsie Steele[4]
F
000000001899-01-06-00006 January 1899
000000002010-10-18-000018 October 2010
7004408270000000000♠111 years, 285 days
England
England

47
John Mosely Turner[2]
M
000000001856-06-15-000015 June 1856
000000001968-03-21-000021 March 1968
7004408210000000000♠111 years, 280 days
England
England

48
Dorothy Peel[3]
F
000000001902-09-28-000028 September 1902
000000002014-06-24-000024 June 2014
7004408120000000000♠111 years, 269 days
England
England

49
Irene Pearce[6]
F
000000001901-01-05-00005 January 1901
000000002012-09-06-00006 September 2012
7004407870000000000♠111 years, 245 days
England
England

50
Kate Begbie[2]
F
000000001877-01-09-00009 January 1877
000000001988-09-05-00005 September 1988
7004407810000000000♠111 years, 240 days
England
Scotland

51
Hermione Cock[3]
F
000000001904-03-01-00001 March 1904
000000002015-10-24-000024 October 2015
7004407790000000000♠111 years, 237 days
England
England

52
Louisa Aspland[2]
F
000000001888-03-05-00005 March 1888
000000001999-10-21-000021 October 1999
7004407710000000000♠111 years, 230 days
England
England

53
Gladys Good[7]
F
000000001900-03-12-000012 March 1900
000000002011-10-24-000024 October 2011
7004407680000000000♠111 years, 226 days
England
Wales

54
Annie Bannell[2]
F
000000001882-02-12-000012 February 1882
000000001993-09-10-000010 September 1993
7004407520000000000♠111 years, 210 days
England
England

55
Elizabeth Jones[2]
F
000000001888-08-20-000020 August 1888
000000002000-03-10-000010 March 2000
7004407440000000000♠111 years, 203 days
England
England

56
Florence Reeves[2]
F
000000001894-02-17-000017 February 1894
000000002005-08-28-000028 August 2005
7004407340000000000♠111 years, 192 days
England
England

57
Margaret Cooke[6]
F
000000001900-09-15-000015 September 1900
000000002012-03-18-000018 March 2012
7004407270000000000♠111 years, 185 days
England
England

58
Victoria Southan[7]
F
000000001900-05-24-000024 May 1900
000000002011-11-22-000022 November 2011
7004407240000000000♠111 years, 182 days
England
England

59
Florence Deuchar[2]
F
000000001882-02-18-000018 February 1882
000000001993-08-16-000016 August 1993
7004407210000000000♠111 years, 179 days
England
England

Mabel Frary[2]
F
000000001892-09-16-000016 September 1892
000000002004-03-13-000013 March 2004
7004407200000000000♠111 years, 179 days
England
England

61
Annie Knight[2]
F
000000001895-06-06-00006 June 1895
000000002006-11-27-000027 November 2006
7004407160000000000♠111 years, 174 days
Scotland
Scotland

62
Emmeline Brice[2]
F
000000001895-03-09-00009 March 1895
000000002006-07-26-000026 July 2006
7004406810000000000♠111 years, 139 days
England
England

63
Aida Mason[2]
F
000000001895-09-24-000024 September 1895
000000002007-02-09-00009 February 2007
7004406800000000000♠111 years, 138 days
England
England

64
Emily Calvert[2]
F
000000001893-08-30-000030 August 1893
000000002005-01-13-000013 January 2005
7004406780000000000♠111 years, 136 days
England
England

65
Annie Meston[3]
F
000000001903-11-12-000012 November 1903
000000002015-03-22-000022 March 2015
7004406730000000000♠111 years, 130 days
England
England

66
Louisa Shephard[3]
F
000000001898-09-14-000014 September 1898
000000002010-01-19-000019 January 2010
7004406690000000000♠111 years, 127 days
Wales
Wales

67
Constance Shepherd[2]
F
000000001893-02-16-000016 February 1893
000000002004-06-19-000019 June 2004
7004406650000000000♠111 years, 124 days
England
England

68
Rose Heeley[2]
F
000000001864-08-25-000025 August 1864
000000001975-12-24-000024 December 1975
7004406620000000000♠111 years, 121 days
England
England

69
Annie Townsend[2]
F
000000001883-05-20-000020 May 1883
000000001994-09-11-000011 September 1994
7004406560000000000♠111 years, 114 days
England
England

70
Jane Redpath[2]
F
000000001889-03-03-00003 March 1889
000000002000-06-16-000016 June 2000
7004406470000000000♠111 years, 105 days
Scotland
Scotland

71
Alma Rayward[3]
F
000000001903-10-03-00003 October 1903
000000002015-01-15-000015 January 2015
7004406470000000000♠111 years, 104 days
England
England

72
Doris Prater[2]
F
000000001893-10-26-000026 October 1893
000000002005-01-21-000021 January 2005
7004406290000000000♠111 years, 87 days
England
England

73
Catherine Masters[7]
F
000000001899-11-23-000023 November 1899
000000002011-02-14-000014 February 2011
7004406250000000000♠111 years, 83 days
Scotland
England

74
Maud Ellis[6]
F
000000001901-09-28-000028 September 1901
000000002012-12-14-000014 December 2012
7004406200000000000♠111 years, 77 days
England
England

Grace Jones[8][9]
F
16 September 1906
Living
7004406120000000000♠111 years, 69 days
Unknown
England

75
Elsie Ward[4]
F
000000001899-07-24-000024 July 1899
000000002010-09-21-000021 September 2010
7004406010000000000♠111 years, 59 days
England
England

76
Harry Patch[5]
M
000000001898-06-17-000017 June 1898
000000002009-07-25-000025 July 2009
7004405800000000000♠111 years, 38 days
England
England

77
Maria Pettigrew[10]
F
000000001893-10-27-000027 October 1893
000000002004-11-26-000026 November 2004
7004405720000000000♠111 years, 30 days
Scotland
Scotland

78
Alice Brewster[2]
F
000000001871-09-16-000016 September 1871
000000001982-10-09-00009 October 1982
7004405650000000000♠111 years, 23 days
England
England

79
Sarah Morgan[2]
F
000000001867-01-23-000023 January 1867
000000001978-02-12-000012 February 1978
7004405620000000000♠111 years, 20 days
England
England

80
Isabella Brown[7]
F
000000001900-01-29-000029 January 1900
000000002011-01-24-000024 January 2011
7004405370000000000♠110 years, 360 days
Ireland[b]
England

Florence Ivy Cook[11]
F
8 December 1906
Living
7004405290000000000♠110 years, 351 days
England
England

81
Florence Green[6]
F
000000001901-02-19-000019 February 1901
000000002012-02-04-00004 February 2012
7004405270000000000♠110 years, 350 days
England
England

82
Margaret Ann Neve[2]
F
000000001792-05-18-000018 May 1792
000000001903-04-04-00004 April 1903
7004404960000000000♠110 years, 321 days
Guernsey
Guernsey

83
Winifred Pettit[2]
F
000000001887-11-01-00001 November 1887
000000001998-09-10-000010 September 1998
7004404900000000000♠110 years, 313 days
England
England

84
Charlotte Gibson[2]
F
000000001896-04-02-00002 April 1896
000000002007-02-05-00005 February 2007
7004404850000000000♠110 years, 309 days
England
England

85
Vera Kift[2]
F
000000001894-04-08-00008 April 1894
000000002005-01-26-000026 January 2005
7004404700000000000♠110 years, 293 days
England
England

86
Elsie Day[2]
F
000000001885-12-16-000016 December 1885
000000001996-09-26-000026 September 1996
7004404610000000000♠110 years, 285 days
England
England

87
Jessamine Nicholls[2]
F
000000001892-01-25-000025 January 1892
000000002002-10-30-000030 October 2002
7004404550000000000♠110 years, 278 days
England
England

88
Christina Morrison[2]
F
000000001895-10-22-000022 October 1895
000000002006-07-25-000025 July 2006
7004404530000000000♠110 years, 276 days
Scotland
Scotland

89
Ethel Gale[2]
F
000000001888-04-26-000026 April 1888
000000001999-01-26-000026 January 1999
7004404510000000000♠110 years, 275 days
England
England

90
Ethel Tuck[2]
F
000000001881-08-16-000016 August 1881
000000001992-05-15-000015 May 1992
7004404490000000000♠110 years, 273 days
England
England

91
Constance Young[12]
F
000000001869-11-01-00001 November 1869
000000001980-07-27-000027 July 1980
7004404450000000000♠110 years, 269 days
England
England

92
Sarah Ann Raw[2]
F
000000001873-12-20-000020 December 1873
000000001984-09-10-000010 September 1984
7004404410000000000♠110 years, 265 days
England
England

93
Kate Jones[2]
F
000000001880-04-03-00003 April 1880
000000001990-12-22-000022 December 1990
7004404390000000000♠110 years, 263 days
England
England

94
Florence Cox[2]
F
000000001895-10-24-000024 October 1895
000000002006-07-07-00007 July 2006
7004404330000000000♠110 years, 256 days
England
England

95
Mary Ann Poole[2]
F
000000001887-05-31-000031 May 1887
000000001998-02-02-00002 February 1998
7004404240000000000♠110 years, 247 days
England
England

96
Jean Einstein[2]
F
000000001896-04-11-000011 April 1896
000000002006-12-08-00008 December 2006
7004404170000000000♠110 years, 241 days
Wales
England

97
Janet Roberts[6]
F
000000001901-08-13-000013 August 1901
000000002012-04-06-00006 April 2012
7004404140000000000♠110 years, 237 days
Scotland
Scotland

98
Elizabeth Watkins[2]
F
000000001863-03-10-000010 March 1863
000000001973-10-31-000031 October 1973
7004404120000000000♠110 years, 235 days
Ireland[b]
Northern Ireland

99
Mary Brown[13]
F
000000001897-09-05-00005 September 1897
000000002008-04-24-000024 April 2008
7004404080000000000♠110 years, 232 days
Scotland
England

100
Ethel Wood[7]
F
000000001901-01-16-000016 January 1901
000000002011-08-19-000019 August 2011
7004403920000000000♠110 years, 215 days
Guernsey
England

text: British emigrant supercentenarians age 113+[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Country of birth
Country of death

1
Grace Clawson[2]
F
15 November 1887
28 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
England
United States

2
Miriam Carpelan[14]
F
8 July 1882
22 June 1996
113 years, 350 days
England
United States

3
Florence Finch[2]
F
22 December 1893
10 April 2007
113 years, 109 days
England
New Zealand

4
Betsy Baker[2]
F
20 August 1842
24 October 1955
113 years, 65 days
England
United States

5
Alice Sjöquist[14]
F
25 October 1878
7 November 1991
113 years, 13 days
England
Canada

text: Chronological list of the oldest living person in the United Kingdom since 1963[edit]

text:
From
To
Name
Sex
Age(s) when oldest
Lifespan
Place of death

?
8 October 1963
Ellen Dart[15]
F
? – 108
1 November 1854 – 8 October 1963
108 years, 341 days
Paignton, England

8 October 1963
6 March 1965
(7002515000000000000♠1 year, 149 days)
Elizabeth Kensley[2]
F
108 – 109
12 May 1855 – 6 March 1965
109 years, 298 days
St Pancras, England

6 March 1965
10 January 1966
(7002310000000000000♠310 days)
Hannah Smith[2]
F
109 – 110
7 January 1856 – 10 January 1966
110 years, 3 days
Sheffield, England

10 January 1966
21 March 1968
(7002801000000000000♠2 years, 71 days)
John Mosely Turner[2]
M
109 – 111
15 June 1856 – 21 March 1968
111 years, 280 days
Tottenham, England

21 March 1968
11 January 1970
(7002661000000000000♠1 year, 296 days)
Ada Roe[2]
F
110 – 111
6 February 1858 – 11 January 1970
111 years, 339 days
Lowestoft, England

11 January 1970
18 August 1973
(7003131500000000000♠3 years, 219 days)
Alice Stevenson[2]
F
108 – 112
10 July 1861 – 18 August 1973
112 years, 39 days
Sutton, England

18 August 1973
31 October 1973
(7001740000000000000♠74 days)
Elizabeth Watkins[2]
F
110
10 March 1863 – 31 October 1973
110 years, 235 days
Belfast, Northern Ireland

31 October 1973
9 March 1974
(7002129000000000000♠129 days)
Frederick Butterfield[2]
M
109 – 110
28 February 1864 – 9 March 1974
110 years, 9 days
Harrogate, England

9 March 1974
24 December 1975
(7002655000000000000♠1 year, 290 days)
Rose Heeley[2]
F
109 – 111
25 August 1864 – 24 December 1975
111 years, 121 days
Droitwich, England

24 December 1975
12 March 1976
(7001790000000000000♠79 days)
Agnes Helyar[2]
F
109
19 September 1866 – 12 March 1976
109 years, 175 days
Abbots Langley, England

12 March 1976
12 February 1978
(7002702000000000000♠1 year, 337 days)
Sarah Morgan[2]
F
109 – 111
23 January 1867 – 12 February 1978
111 years, 20 days
Tonbridge, England

12 February 1978
12 February 1979
(7002365000000000000♠1 year, 0 days)
Lilias Williams[2]
F
109 – 110
30 November 1868 – 12 February 1979
110 years, 74 days
Launceston, England

12 February 1979
20 October 1980
(7002616000000000000♠1 year, 251 days)
Florence Pannell[2]
F
110 – 111
26 December 1868 – 20 October 1980
111 years, 299 days
Kensington, England

20 October 1980
5 January 1982
(7002442000000000000♠1 year, 77 days)
Jeanetta Thomas[2]
F
110 – 112
2 December 1869 – 5 January 1982
112 years, 34 days
Cowbridge, Wales

5 January 1982
9 October 1982
(7002277000000000000♠277 days)
Alice Brewster[2]
F
110 – 111
16 September 1871 – 9 October 1982
111 years, 23 days
Bath, England

9 October 1982
27 December 1987
(7003190500000000000♠5 years, 79 days)
Anna Eliza Williams[2]
F
109 – 114
2 June 1873 – 27 December 1987
114 years, 208 days
Swansea, Wales

27 December 1987
5 September 1988
(7002253000000000000♠253 days)
Kate Begbie[2]
F
110 – 111
9 January 1877 – 5 September 1988
111 years, 240 days
Dundee, Scotland

5 September 1988
17 March 1993
(7003165400000000000♠4 years, 193 days)
Charlotte Hughes[2]
F
111 – 115
1 August 1877 – 17 March 1993
115 years, 228 days
Redcar, England

17 March 1993
8 December 1993
(7002266000000000000♠266 days)
Daisy Adams[2]
F
112 – 113
30 June 1880 – 8 December 1993
113 years, 161 days
Church Gresley, England

8 December 1993
22 September 1994
(7002288000000000000♠288 days)
Rebecca Hewison[2]
F
112
19 October 1881 – 22 September 1994
112 years, 338 days
Grimsby, England

22 September 1994
21 April 1996
(7002577000000000000♠1 year, 212 days)
Annie Scott[2]
F
111 – 113
15 March 1883 – 21 April 1996
113 years, 37 days
Reay, Scotland

21 April 1996
9 December 1997
(7002597000000000000♠1 year, 232 days)
Lucy Jane Askew[2]
F
112 – 114
8 September 1883 – 9 December 1997
114 years, 92 days
Loughton, England

9 December 1997
20 November 1999
(7002711000000000000♠1 year, 346 days)
Annie Jennings[2]
F
113 – 115
12 November 1884 – 20 November 1999
115 years, 8 days
Chesterfield, England

20 November 1999
2 November 2000
(7002348000000000000♠348 days)
Eva Morris[2]
F
114
8 November 1885 – 2 November 2000
114 years, 360 days
Stone, England

2 November 2000
27 October 2001
(7002359000000000000♠359 days)
Amy Hulmes[2]
F
113 – 114
5 October 1887 – 27 October 2001
114 years, 22 days
Bury, England

27 October 2001
11 March 2002
(7002135000000000000♠135 days)
Nellie Bradley[2]
F
112
12 September 1889 – 11 March 2002
112 years, 180 days
Keighley, England

11 March 2002
28 April 2004
(7002779000000000000♠2 years, 48 days)
Gladys Ivy Hawley[2]
F
110 – 112
18 December 1891 – 28 April 2004
112 years, 132 days
Chesterfield, England

28 April 2004
7 December 2005
(7002588000000000000♠1 year, 223 days)
Lucy d'Abreu[2]
F
111 – 113
24 May 1892 – 7 December 2005
113 years, 197 days
Stirling, Scotland

7 December 2005
1 March 2006
(7001840000000000000♠84 days)
Edith Ingamells[2]
F
111 – 112
12 January 1894 – 1 March 2006
112 years, 48 days
Enfield, England

1 March 2006
26 July 2006
(7002147000000000000♠147 days)
Emmeline Brice[2]
F
110 – 111
9 March 1895 – 26 July 2006
111 years, 139 days
Leighton Buzzard, England

26 July 2006
27 November 2006
(7002124000000000000♠124 days)
Annie Knight[2]
F
111
6 June 1895 – 27 November 2006
111 years, 174 days
Aberdeen, Scotland

27 November 2006
9 February 2007
(7001740000000000000♠74 days)
Aida Mason[2]
F
111
24 September 1895 – 9 February 2007
111 years, 138 days
Upton, England

9 February 2007
8 May 2010
(7003118400000000000♠3 years, 88 days)
Florrie Baldwin[2]
F
110 – 114
31 March 1896 – 8 May 2010
114 years, 38 days
Leeds, England

8 May 2010
16 July 2010
(7001690000000000000♠69 days)
Eunice Bowman[16]
F
111
23 August 1898 – 16 July 2010
111 years, 327 days
Gateshead, England

16 July 2010
3 September 2010
(7001490000000000000♠49 days)
Annie Turnbull[17]
F
111
21 September 1898 – 3 September 2010
111 years, 347 days
Edinburgh, Scotland

3 September 2010
18 October 2010
(7001450000000000000♠45 days)
Elsie Steele[18]
F
111
6 January 1899 – 18 October 2010
111 years, 285 days
Repton, England

18 October 2010
12 March 2011
(7002145000000000000♠145 days)
Margaret Fish[19]
F
111 – 112
7 March 1899 – 12 March 2011
112 years, 5 days
Wilstead, England

12 March 2011
29 February 2012
(7002354000000000000♠354 days)
Violet Wood[20]
F
111 – 112
2 September 1899 – 29 February 2012
112 years, 180 days
Whitstable, England

29 February 2012
14 November 2013
(7002624000000000000♠1 year, 259 days)
Grace Jones[20]
F
112 – 113
7 December 1899 – 14 November 2013
113 years, 342 days
Bermondsey, England

14 November 2013
15 January 2015
(7002427000000000000♠1 year, 62 days)
Ethel Lang[21]
F
113 – 114
27 May 1900 – 15 January 2015
114 years, 233 days
Barnsley, England

15 January 2015
9 July 2016
(7002541000000000000♠1 year, 176 days)
Gladys Hooper[22]
F
111 – 113
18 January 1903 – 9 July 2016
113 years, 173 days
Ryde, England

9 July 2016
Present
(7002503000000000000♠1 year, 138 days)
Bessie Camm[23]
F
112 – 113*
born 20 June 1904
age 7004414300000000000♠113 years, 157 days
Living in Rotherham, England

text: Biographies[edit]

text: Jeanetta Thomas[edit]

text: Jeanetta Jane Thomas (2 December 1869 – 5 January 1982)[2] of Llantrisant, Wales was a British supercentenarian and was mentioned in the Guinness Book of Records in the 1980s. Thomas spent her youth in London working as a seamstress. At the age of around 40, she returned to Wales to open a drapery shop, which she ran until the age of 98.[24] She was also the oldest living person in the United Kingdom from 20 October 1980 until her death, at the age of 112 years and 34 days.

text: From the age of 107, Thomas resided at a nursing home at Cowbridge, Wales.[24] A photograph of her, which was taken the day before her 112th birthday, appeared in The Times. Had Thomas lived another six days, she would have broken the British longevity record which at that time was held by Alice Stevenson. Thomas still holds the record for the oldest Welsh-born woman ever, although Welshman John Evans and English-born Anna Eliza Williams (who died in Wales) both lived longer.

text: Daisy Adams[edit]

text: Daisy Irene Adams (née Woodward; 30 June 1880 – 8 December 1993) was for about nine months the oldest person in the UK, between 17 March 1993 and her death on 8 December 1993. She was from Church Gresley, Derbyshire. She died at the age of 113 years and 161 days, and outlived her husband and three of her five children. Her husband died at the first day of the Battle of the Somme, meaning that she was widowed in her thirties. Adams was a teetotaler and ate little. Her son Ted put her longevity down to "living a quiet life".[25]

text: Rebecca Hewison[edit]

text: Rebecca Hewison (née Ramsdale; 19 October 1881 – 22 September 1994) was a British supercentenarian and the oldest person living in Britain until her death aged 112 years, 338 days.[26] Born in Grimsby, Hewison was the fourth child of six born to Will, a timber merchant, and Betsy-Ann Ramsdale. She married George Hewison, a stonemason, in Grimsby in 1905. In 1938 she moved to be with her daughter Frances in North London. Later in 1963 the family moved to Berrynarbor in Devon until Hewison was 105 when she returned to her hometown of Grimsby. In 1990 she met the Queen Mother at RAF Scampton. She also was a supporter of Grimsby Town football club and met the team in 1991, the year she turned 110 and also the year that the team completed a second successive promotion. Hewison was also taken for flights in aeroplanes and helicopters at Humberside Airport.

text: Lucy Jane Askew[edit]

text: Lucy Jane Askew (8 September 1883 – 9 December 1997) was an English supercentenarian and the oldest person in Europe at the time of her death at the age of 114 years and 92 days. Askew was born and died in Loughton, Essex. She was born to Arthur George Askew and Susan Elizabeth Askew née Ellis, prosperous landowners. Lucy had five other siblings, all of whom she outlived, although three of them also lived past 100. Askew never married and was a devout Christian. Askew moved into a nursing home when she was 106 and survived a leg operation at 108. She was in good health until shortly before her death when she died peacefully in her sleep. She attributed her longevity to a modest lifestyle.[27][28]

text: Amy Hulmes[edit]

text: Amy Isabel Hulmes née Matthews (5 October 1887 – 27 October 2001)[29] from Bury, Greater Manchester, England was a British supercentenarian who became the oldest person in Britain after the death of Eva Morris in November 2000, until her death at the age of 114 years and 22 days.[29] She was also thought to be the oldest person in the world, before the discovery of Maude Farris-Luse who was nine months older. Hulmes was the youngest of nine children, and gave up smoking at the age of 84. She could reportedly still touch her toes at the age of 105.[30][31]

text: Edith Ingamells[edit]

text: Edith 'Judy' Ingamells (née Gude; 12 January 1894 – 1 March 2006)[32] was the oldest living person in the United Kingdom, following the death of 113-year-old Lucy d'Abreu on 7 December 2005, until her death aged 112 years 48 days. Judy's successor as the UK's oldest living person was Emmeline Brice.[33]

text: Born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, Ingamells, nicknamed "Judy", moved to Enfield, London at the beginning of the Second World War, where she married a florist, Percy, who worked for a family firm based in Covent Garden. She lived in other areas around England, and worked as a milliner before coming back to settle in Enfield in 1990. Ingamells had three daughters, five grandchildren, four great-grand children and two great-great-grandchildren. When serenaded with wartime songs on her 112th birthday, Ingamells responded "I don't like war songs. Who wants to remember something as horrible as the war?".[32] The secret to Ingamells' longevity, said daughter Pat Bull at the time of her 111th birthday, was to "never look back, always look forward, which she is certainly doing".[34]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ d'Abreu was born in Dharwar, which was then part of the British Raj. It is now in India.
^ Jump up to: a b c Partition of Ireland, Northern Ireland did not exist before 1921.
Jump up ^ Kaufmann was born in a part of Austria-Hungary, which is now located in the Czech Republic.

tag: ol


document_title: Blackpool Tower

question_text: when did blackpool tower circus stop using animals

text: Blackpool Tower

text: Background[edit]

text: The Blackpool Tower Company was founded by London-based Standard Contract & Debenture Corporation in 1890, when it bought an aquarium on Central Promenade with the intention of building a replica Eiffel Tower on the site. John Bickerstaffe, a former Mayor of Blackpool, was asked to become chairman of the new company and its shares went on sale in July 1891. The Standard Corporation kept 30,000 £1 shares and offered £150,000 worth of shares to the public, although initially only two-thirds were taken up forcing the company to ask for more cash contributions from its existing shareholders, but the poor financial situation of the company, exacerbated by the falling share price, rendered it unable to pay. Bickerstaffe, to avoid the potential collapse of the venture bought any available shares until his original holding of £500 amounted to £20,000. He also released the Standard Corporation from its share commitments. When the tower opened in 1894 its success justified the investment of nearly £300,000, and the company made a £30,000 profit in 1896.[3]

text: Two Lancashire architects, James Maxwell and Charles Tuke, designed the tower and oversaw the laying of its foundation stone[4] on 29 September 1891.[5] By the time the Tower finally opened on 14 May 1894, both men had died.[4] Heenan & Froude of Worcester were appointed structural engineers, supplying and constructing both the tower, the electric lighting and the steel front pieces for the aquariums. A new system of hydraulic riveting was used, based on the technology of Fielding & Platt of Gloucester.[6]

text: The total cost for the design and construction of the tower and buildings was about £290,000.[7] Five million Accrington bricks, 2,500 tonnes (2,800 tons) of iron and 93 tonnes (103 tons) of cast steel were used to construct the tower.[8] Unlike the Eiffel Tower, Blackpool Tower is not free-standing. Its base is hidden by the building which houses Blackpool Tower Circus. The building occupies a total of 5,050 square metres (54,400 sq ft).[2] At the summit of the tower there is a flagpole;[9][10] A time capsule is buried beneath the foundation.[7]

text: The tower's design was ahead of its time. As a writer for the BBC noted: "In heavy winds the building will gently sway, what a magnificent Victorian engineering masterpiece."[10]

text: History[edit]

text: When the tower opened, 3,000 customers took the first rides to the top.[4] Tourists paid sixpence for admission, sixpence more for a ride in the lifts to the top, and a further sixpence for the circus.[7] The first members of the public to ascend the tower had been local journalists in September 1893 using constructors' ladders.[11] In 1897 the top of the tower caught fire, and the platform was seen on fire from up to fifty miles away.[5]

text: The tower was not painted properly during the first thirty years and became corroded, leading to discussions about demolishing it. However, it was decided to rebuild it instead, and between 1921 and 1924 all the steelwork in the structure was replaced and renewed.[8]

text: On 22 December 1894 Norwegian ship Abana was sailing from Liverpool to Savannah, Georgia but was caught up in a storm, and mistook the recently built Blackpool Tower for a lighthouse. Abana was first seen off North Pier, and later drifted to Little Bispham where she was wrecked, and can still be seen at low tide. The ship's bell still hangs in St Andrews Church in Cleveleys.[12]

text: In 1940, during the Second World War, the crow's-nest was removed to allow the structure to be used as a Royal Air Force radar station known as RAF Tower,[9] which proved unsuccessful.

text: In 1949 a post box was opened at the top of the tower.[11] The hydraulic lifts to the top of the tower were replaced in 1956–57 and the winding-gear replaced by electric.[2]

text: The top of the tower was painted silver in 1977 as part of Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee celebrations.[2] A giant model of King Kong was placed on the side of the tower in 1984.[2] In 1985 escapologist Karl Bartoni and his bride were married suspended in a cage from the tower.[11]

text: The lifts and winding gear were again replaced in 1992.[2] The same year the tower complex was renamed Tower World and was opened by Diana, Princess of Wales.[13] The tower is usually painted in dark red, except for its centenary year in 1994 when it was painted gold by abseiling painters.[2][9] In 1998 a "Walk of Faith" glass floor panel was opened at the top of the tower. Made up of two sheets of laminated glass, it weighs half a tonne and is two inches thick.[11] In October 2007 a laser beam installed on the tower for the duration of the annual Illuminations was criticised by astronomer Sir Patrick Moore, presenter of The Sky at Night television programme, who said, "Light pollution is a huge problem. I am not saying we should turn all the lights out, that is not practical, but there are some things which are very unnecessary. The Blackpool Tower light is certainly something I do not think we should be doing. I very much oppose it." The beam could be seen 30 miles (48 km) away; Moore called for it to be stopped. The Centre for Astrophysics at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston said the laser has added to a spiralling problem affecting astronomy.[14]

text: The tower has transmitters for local FM station Radio Wave 96.5 and some non-broadcast services.

text: The tower continued to be owned by the Bickerstaffe family until 1964, when the Blackpool Tower Company was sold to EMI.[15] Since then it has been owned by Trust House Forte, First Leisure and Leisure Parcs Ltd, owned by Trevor Hemmings.[16] In March 2010 it was announced that Blackpool Council had bought Blackpool Tower and the Merlin Entertainment Group would manage it and add various attractions including a new Dungeon attraction[17] and a new observation deck called Blackpool Tower Eye will operate at the top of the tower.[18] The company will also manage the Blackpool Louis Tussauds waxwork museum to be rebranded as Madame Tussauds.[19]

text: Blackpool Tower Eye[edit]

text: The top of the tower is currently known as the Blackpool Tower Eye. At a height of 380 feet (120 m), the Eye is the highest observation deck in North West England. It was previously known simply as the Tower Top, until it reopened on September 2011. Reopening after major renovation, new owner Blackpool Council brought in Merlin Entertainments to manage the attractions, with Merlin deciding to incorporate the tower into its range of "Eye" branded attractions.

text: Before the lift, guests watch a 4-D film about Blackpool and the local area. The film shows a young boy who is inspired with the tower and goes to the ballroom and circus of the tower. Then, with his goggles he is wearing, makes the tower blast off like a rocket. The film also shows the history of the tower. The film is accompanied by the song "All the Lovers" by Kylie Minogue, a song commonly used to promote Blackpool. The visitors then go into the refurbished waiting area, where memorabilia and newspaper pages about Blackpool Tower are on display, before being taken to the Eye itself.

text: There are four levels in the Blackpool Tower Eye:

text:
The enclosed area includes the main "Eye" attraction, which consists of a row of glass floor and wall along the west side of the tower, providing panoramic views of Blackpool seafront.
The second and third levels are outdoors, and the third level is the highest level accessible to the general public.
The crow's nest is only accessible to employees.

tag: ul

text: Tower Ballroom[edit]

text: The original ballroom, the Tower Pavilion, opened in August 1894. It was smaller than the present ballroom and occupied the front of the tower complex.[20] The Tower Ballroom was built between 1897 and 1898 to the designs of Frank Matcham, who also designed Blackpool Grand Theatre, and it opened in 1899. It was commissioned by the Tower company in response to the opening of the Empress Ballroom in the Winter Gardens. The ballroom floor is 120 ft × 120 ft (37 m × 37 m) and is made up of 30,602 blocks of mahogany, oak and walnut.[20] Above the stage is the inscription, "Bid me discourse, I will enchant thine ear" from the poem Venus and Adonis by William Shakespeare. Each crystal chandelier in the ballroom can be lowered to the floor to be cleaned which takes over a week.[21]

text: From 1930 until his retirement in 1970 the resident organist was Reginald Dixon, known affectionately worldwide as "Mr. Blackpool". The first Wurlitzer organ was installed in 1929, but it was replaced in 1935 by one designed by Reginald Dixon. Ernest Broadbent took over as resident organist in 1970 until he retired due to ill health in 1977. The current resident organist is Phil Kelsall who has been playing the organ at the Tower since 1975 when he started in the circus. Kelsall became resident in the ballroom in 1977, he was awarded an MBE like Dixon in 2010 for services to music. Wurlitzer organs such as this one were manufactured in Buffalo New York in the United States of America.

text: The ballroom was damaged by fire in December 1956, and the dance floor was destroyed along with the restaurant underneath the ballroom. Restoration took two years and cost £500,000, with many of the former designers and builders coming out of retirement to assist, the restaurant then became the Tower Lounge.[21]

text: The BBC series Come Dancing was televised from the Tower Ballroom for many years[22] and it has also hosted shows from Strictly Come Dancing, including the grand finals of the second and ninth series, on 11 December 2004, and 17 December 2011 respectively.[23]

text: The Blackpool Junior Dance Festival ("Open to the World") has been held each year in the ballroom since 1964.[20] Also the World Modern Jive Championships are held annually.

text: Dancing was not originally allowed on Sundays; instead, sacred music was played. The ballroom also originally had very strict rules including:

text:
"Gentlemen may not dance unless with a Lady" and
"Disorderly conduct means immediate expulsion".[21]

text: The ballroom has had a number of resident dance bands including Bertini and his band, and Charlie Barlow.[24][25] Other smaller dance bands have also appeared as residents including the Eric Delaney Band[26] and the Mike James Band.[27]

text: Under the management of Leisure Parcs, and the direction of bandleader Greg Francis, the Blackpool Tower Big Band was reformed in 2001 after an absence of 25 years. The New Squadronaires, The Memphis Belle Swing Orchestra and The Glenn Miller Tribute Orchestra also performed.[28] Themed nights were also introduced along with the sixteen piece orchestra, with resident singers, including Tony Benedict, Lynn Kennedy, and Mark Porter.[citation needed] In 2005 the Empress Orchestra became resident in the ballroom alongside the specially created and smaller Empress Dance Band.[29]

text: The Tower's orchestrion is now in the collection of Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum.[30] The ballroom, together with the Tower, Circus and Roof Garden, were designated a Grade I listed building in 1973.[31]

text: Tower Circus[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Tower Circus is positioned at the base of the tower, between its four legs. The circus first opened to the public on 14 May 1894 and has not missed a season since.

text: The present interior was designed by Frank Matcham and was completed in 1900.

text: The circus ring can be lowered into a pool of water and holds 42,000 imperial gallons (190,000 L) at a depth of up to 4 ft 6 in (1.37 m), which allows for Grand Finales with Dancing Fountains. The Tower Circus is one of four left in the world that can do this.

text: The clown Charlie Cairoli appeared at the tower for 39 years. Britain's best-known ringmaster Norman Barrett worked the ring for 25 years.

text: Animals appeared in the circus until 1990. It was planned to close the circus at the end of the 1990 season and replace it with an animatronic attraction. Public opinion and the fact the animatronics were not ready meant that the circus continued.

text: Today, the circus is produced and directed by Hungarian Laci Endresz, who is married to Maureen, one of the Roberts family who have a long association with the Tower Circus. A live band (sometimes accompanied by Mooky the Clown) provides all the music for the show, often dynamically syncing with the performers' movements. The circus band play a variety of different songs, usually Latin for the acts. In the winter the circus stages a pantomime instead of the regular show.

text: Menagerie and Aquarium[edit]

text: Dr. Cocker's Aquarium, Aviary and Menagerie had existed on the site since 1873.[32] It was kept open to earn revenue while the tower building went up around it, and then became one of the tower's major attractions. The aquarium was modelled on the limestone caverns in Derbyshire. It housed 57 different species of fresh water and salt water fish and the largest tank held 32,000 litres (7,000 imp gal; 8,500 US gal) of salt water.[33] The menagerie and aviary were regarded as one of the finest collections in the country and included lions, tigers, and polar bears.[34]

text: The menagerie continued until 1973,[32] when it was closed following the opening of Blackpool Zoo near Stanley Park. Due to the tower being run By Merlin Entertainments who also run the nearby Sea Life Centre, The aquarium closed in 2010 and was remodelled to make way for a new "Dungeons" attraction.[35][36].

text: Other attractions[edit]

text: Jungle Jim's Children's Indoor Play is a large indoor children's adventure playground situated within the tower. It is a £3 million interactive play scheme covering over 2,500 square metres (27,000 sq ft). Based on a lost city, children can tackle a series of adventures in search of hidden treasure.[37]

text: The Tower Lounge Bar was a large pub with a capacity of 1,700, but staff usually limited occupancy to 1,400 for a more relaxed atmosphere. It closed down in 2014 and has since reopened as a Harry Ramsden's fish and chip restaurant.

text: The Blackpool Tower Dungeon is part of an international chain of Dungeon experiences operated by Merlin Entertainments. Opened in 2011, it incorporates elements of history with fear and gallows humour based shows. It also features "Drop Dead", a 26 ft (7.9 m) drop tower that simulates being executed by hanging. As an addition to the Dungeon brand Merlin introduced the first ever Dungeon themed Escape Room in 2017. [38]

text: In March 2018 Merlin Entertainments launched Dino Mini Golf, an indoor crazy golf course with "9 holes of prehistoric fun". It has been described by Aaron Edgar, the Blackpool Tower Operations manager as "65 years in the making".[39]

text: Tower maintenance[edit]

text: Painting the tower structure takes seven years to complete,[10][16] and the workers who maintain the structure are known as "Stick Men". There are 563 steps from the roof of the tower building to the top of the tower which the maintenance teams use for the structure's upkeep. If the wind speed exceeds 72 km/h (45 mph; 39 kn; 20 m/s), the top of the tower is closed as a safety precaution.[40] There are 8 kilometres (5 mi) of cables to feed the 10,000 light bulbs which are used to illuminate the tower.[16] In April 2002 the Tower maintenance team was featured in the BBC One programme, Britain’s Toughest Jobs.[41]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Blackpool Tower is referred to several times in the humorous monologues written by Marriott Edgar, as performed by Stanley Holloway and others:[42][43]

In Three Ha'pence a Foot (1932), Sam Oglethwaite escapes the consequences of declining a bargain with Noah by standing on the top of Blackpool Tower, up to his neck in floodwater, finally exclaiming "The sky's took a turn since this morning: I think it'll brighten up yet."
In The Lion and Albert (1932)[44] and The Return of Albert (1934), Albert Ramsbottom is swallowed whole, then eventually disgorged, by a lion called "Wallace". The incident takes place in the Blackpool Tower Menagerie,[45] which did indeed have lions.

Artists who have performed at the tower include Arthur Askey, Duke Ellington, Paderewski, Dame Clara Butt, Cleo Laine, Peter Dawson and the band Busted.[13]
Comedian Peter Kay performed his show on 10 and 11 April 2000 in the Circus Arena, later released as Live at the Top of the Tower on DVD.
The film Dick Barton Strikes Back (1947) featured a fight scene on the tower.[2]
The film Forbidden (1949) features the tower in a climactic scene.
In the Goon Show episode The Thing on the Mountain (1958), Neddie Seagoon is accidentally catapulted to the top of Blackpool Tower without a ticket.
The song "Up the 'pool" from Jethro Tull's 1972 album Living in the Past briefly mentions the tower. ("The iron tower smiles down upon the silver sea...")
The film Funny Bones (1995) features the tower in several key scenes.
In April 2007, punk rock band, Revisit performed on the Walk of Faith at the top of the tower.[46]

text:
Throughout Coronation Street's run, Blackpool has been the feature of many storylines and the tower as a main filming location, the first being in June 1961, the most recent being in October 2013 which the tower's ballroom was visited by characters Roy Cropper and Hayley Cropper.
2016 Tim Burton's film Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children has its climax and last scenes surrounding Blackpool's Tower.
The Killers filmed the music video for the song "Here with Me" in Blackpool. The music video starred Winona Ryder and Craig Roberts and included various scenes in Blackpool Pleasure Beach and Ryder and Roberts dancing in the Tower Ballroom whilst the band perform on stage.

text: Blackpool is a popular seaside resort, and the beach-front tower is still a major attraction. It is lit during the annual Illuminations, when the town and seafront are decorated with colourful illuminated displays for 6 miles (10 km) along the promenade.


document_title: A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride

question_text: where was a very merry daughter of the bride filmed

text: A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride

text: Plot[edit]

text: A wedding planner named Roxanne (García) tries to foil her mother's plans to get married to a man she just met by sabotaging their Christmas wedding. But she soon finds herself falling in love just as quickly as her mother did.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Luke Perry as Charlie
JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Roxanne
Helen Shaver as Rose
Kenneth Welsh as Jack
Lucas Bryant as Dylan
Chantal Perron as Tish
Luke Perry as Charlie

text: Production[edit]

text: A Very Merry Daughter of the Bride was filmed in Calgary, Alberta, Canada