document_title: Chris Traeger

question_text: who does chris marry in parks and rec

question_tokens: who does chris marry in parks and rec

text: Chris Traeger

text: Character biography[edit]

text: Background and personality[edit]

text: Portrayed by Rob Lowe, Chris Traeger begins the show as an auditor working for the Indiana state government in Indianapolis,[3] but eventually becomes the acting city manager of Pawnee, the fictional Indiana city where Parks and Recreation is set.[4] Originally from Wisconsin, he is an excessively positive and optimistic person, who is constantly upbeat and extremely energetic.[5][6][7] As a baby, Chris was diagnosed with a rare blood disorder and was not expected to live longer than three weeks, but miraculously survived. As a result, he sees every day he is alive as a gift, which results in his intensely cheerful and enthusiastic personality.[5] He has a stepbrother who lives in London.[8]

text: Chris is extremely health-conscious and exercises constantly; he runs 10 miles during his lunch break alone,[7][9] and considers a 15 km run to be "light" exercise.[10] He avoids eating red meat and fatty foods in favor of dishes like lean turkey burgers and vegetable loaf sweetened with fruit reduction,[11][12][13] and takes a huge assortment of unusual vitamins.[14][15] Chris always stays extremely well-hydrated,[16] and as a result of his extreme exercise regimen has only 2.8% body fat,[10][17] which makes him very susceptible to illness due to a weakened immune system.[10][17] His ambition is to become the first human being to live 150 years.[18] Chris always greets people with a firm handshake and direct eye contact, and to remember their names often points directly at people and repeats their names upon first meeting them.[19][20] His constant desire to make everyone around him happy means Chris hates having to deliver bad news, a task he often assigns to his subordinates, usually Ben Wyatt.[9][21] He often declares things to be "literally" the best thing he's ever seen or done, strongly emphasizing the word and pronouncing it "littrally".[1] He is very specific about his needs, giving long, drawn out requests, often making only one point per sentence; in the episode "Ron & Tammy: Part Two", he orders a beer by saying, "I would like a local beer... I'd like it in a bottle... and I'd like that bottle to be cold."

text: Season two[edit]

text: Starting in the penultimate second season episode "The Master Plan", Chris Traeger and fellow state auditor Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) are sent to Pawnee to help solve the city's crippling budget deficit.[21][22] Despite the seriousness of the problems, Chris presents the situation in an extremely positive light and tries to make all the city hall employees around him happy, leaving the hard decisions and delivery of bad news up to Ben.[20] Due to the poorly managed Pawnee government, Chris and Ben need to slash every city budget by up to 50 percent, much to the disappointment of deputy parks and recreation director Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler).[21]

text: During an outing at a bar, Chris meets Leslie's best friend Ann Perkins (Rashida Jones), who is drunk and experiencing conflicting emotions following her recent breakup with Mark Brendanawicz (Paul Schneider). Ann makes out with Chris and, although she was too drunk to even remember the incident the next day, he develops romantic feelings for her. Ann rebuffs his requests for dates, and finds him too intense, but the ever-optimistic Chris does not become discouraged and insists he will continue courting her.[14] Meanwhile, in "Freddy Spaghetti", Chris and Ben reveal Pawnee's budget problems are worse than anticipated, which would require the government to be temporarily shut down, much to the horror of Leslie, but the delight of parks and recreation director Ron Swanson (Nick Offerman), an anti-government libertarian. Chris and Ben even consider firing Leslie to save money, but Ron persuades them otherwise.[23]

text: Season three[edit]

text: In "Go Big or Go Home", after three months of closure, the Pawnee government reopens in a limited capacity, but Chris and Ben insist the parks and recreation department's budget can only sustain existing park maintenance. Leslie, however, wants to offer better programs and services for the Pawnee citizens. She asks Ann to go on a date with Chris, then try to convince him to increase the budget. Ann reluctantly agrees to the plan, but as the date progresses, she finds she actually enjoys herself and develops feelings for Chris. When Leslie accidentally gives away her secret plan, Chris is hurt and disparaged by Ann's ulterior motive. The next day, however, Ann apologizes and asks to continue dating Chris, who happily accepts.[5]

text: Ann finds she likes Chris very much, but is intimidated because she cannot find a single flaw with him, which causes her to act socially awkwardly around him. However, when a flu outbreak strikes Pawnee in "Flu Season", Chris becomes severely ill, as due to his extreme workout regimen, he has a poor immune system and low body fat. He suffers a complete physical breakdown and becomes delirious from fever, which causes Ann (who works as a local nurse and treats his illness) to feel less intimidated by him.[10][24] Later, when he recovers, Chris and Ben are called back to Indianapolis for another assignment, but Chris requests an extension to stay in Pawnee, seemingly due to his feelings for Ann.[17]

text: In "Ron & Tammy: Part Two", Ann begins to question why Chris has not asked her to move with him to Indianapolis when he eventually returns there, especially after he offers for Ron's assistant April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza) to come there to work for him.[6] After Ann insists they need to decide what their future holds,[25] Chris breaks up with Ann. However, he does so in such a positive and upbeat way that she does not actually realize they have broken up. When Chris returns to Indianapolis, Ann becomes confused about why they have had such little contact and suspects he is cheating on her. In the episode "Indianapolis", Ann confronts Chris about her suspicions, only to become humiliated to learn he had actually intended to break up with her.[26]

text: In the episode "Camping" a few months later, Chris returns to Pawnee to work as acting city manager after former manager Paul Iaresco (Phil Reeves) suffers a major heart attack. A still devastated Ann meets with him to try and clear the air. However, Chris is once again so optimistic while discussing their break-up that she falsely believes they have gotten back together and tries to kiss him, thus embarrassing herself further.[4][27] Meanwhile, Chris offers Ben a full-time job working at the Pawnee government, which Ben accepts.[11]

text: Chris proves to be an energetic city manager, encouraging Leslie to pursue ambitious, grand-scale projects like the harvest festival she organized before he returned to Pawnee.[28] In "Soulmates", he also attempts to combat Pawnee's notorious obesity problem by enacting a government-wide health initiative.[12] In that same episode, when he sees Leslie kiss fellow employee Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari) and falsely believes they are dating, Chris warns her he maintains a strict policy against workforce dating and insists she could be fired if she engages such a relationship.[13] He is unaware, however, that Leslie and Ben actually have romantic feelings for each other, and eventually start dating without his knowledge.[29]

text: During the season finale "Li'l Sebastian", Chris learns he has tendinitis. Although it is not particularly serious, it terrifies the health-conscious Chris and makes him begin to ponder his own mortality. He is eventually comforted by Ann, who now works part-time at city hall as the health department's public relations director. Chris feels better and appears to begin developing feelings again for her.[30]

text: Season four[edit]

text: In "Ron and Tammys", Chris helps Ann shoot a health-related PSA. His determination to make it perfect, filming take after take, reminds Ann of some of her reasons not to date him. In "Pawnee Rangers", Chris meets Jerry's daughter Millicent (Sarah Wright). The two start dating and Chris makes sure that it is okay with Jerry. Jerry says that he is fine with the two of them dating, much to Chris' delight. Chris and Millicent go together to April and Andy's Halloween party, with Chris dressing as Sherlock Holmes, his favorite character.  After Chris starts to lose contact with Millie, he enlists Jerry, Donna, and Ann to help him, against Jerry's wishes. Ann tells him that he is too accessible and needs to back off a little bit so he can continue dating Millie. In "Bowling for Votes", Millie dumps Chris, leaving him depressed.  In "Operation Ann", Leslie convinces Chris that he is still a likable person and that Millecent's opinion does not mean anything.  He immediately loses his depression.  In "Dave Returns", Chris discovers Tom's relationship with Ann and confronts Tom about it, making Chris realize that he has to "...adjust."  He then freezes and stares sadly into space.  In the same episode, when Andy asks Chris to sing for him (since he is working as a backing vocalist on Andy's song for the campaign), he sings "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" out of tune and with the wrong lyrics, causing everyone else there to wince. Chris helps Leslie's campaign however he can, even taking on a large amount of busy work to distract him from his loneliness "Bus Tour". He has a brief liaison with Bobby Newport's campaign manager, which cheers him up.

text: Season five[edit]

text: In season five, Chris is still working as Pawnee's City Manager. He is no longer depressed, but is continuously seeing a therapist. He is also asked to be the father of Ann Perkins' child via in vitro fertilization. He is hesitant at first and turns to Ben and others to help him make a decision. After "Bailout", he tells Ann that he will be the father and the two begin parenting compatibility testing to see how well they will work together with raising a child. During "Jerry's Retirement", they get back together but Ann is not sure if they should continue their relationship the way they are now.

text: Season six[edit]

text: With Ann pregnant at the beginning of season six, Chris is preparing to be a father. In addition, when Ann expresses interest in leaving Pawnee to be closer to her family in Michigan, Chris decides to go with her. Some time after the pair leaves, Ann gives birth to their son Oliver Perkins-Traeger.

text: Season seven[edit]

text: Chris and Ann, now married, return for a guest appearance in the series finale in order to advise Leslie in 2025. It is revealed that after Oliver, the couple had a second child, a daughter named Leslie.

text: Development[edit]

text:
What I love about Chris Traeger is his unrelenting enthusiasm. He is the most positive person in the world. And he is also very, very intense and specific. So whether he's ordering how he would like his water or describing the kind of colors he wants on a graph, everything means the world to him.
– Rob Lowe[31]

tag: div

text: Shortly following his departure from the ABC drama series Brothers & Sisters, Rob Lowe accepted the role of Chris Traeger on Parks and Recreation. He made his first appearance on the show in "The Master Plan", the penultimate episode of the second season. The character debuted the same episode that Adam Scott began his role as Ben Wyatt. Originally, Chris Traeger was only meant to be a guest role, with Lowe portraying him in the final two episodes of the second season and the first six episodes of the third season before departing the series.[32][33] However, Lowe instead became a regular cast member starting with the third season,[34][35] and signed a multi-year contract to remain on the show.[2][36] The idea of Chris as a state auditor visiting Pawnee, and the subsequent government shutdown, was inspired by news reports at the time of a number of states that were considering a shut down of schools, parks and other services due to the global financial crisis.[19][37]

text: Parks and Recreation co-creator Michael Schur said Chris' habit of pointing directly into the faces of people he meets and repeating their names was one of the first elements of his character that the writing staff conceived. Chris' desire to live 150 years was inspired by Schur's wife, J. J. Philbin, who had read an article which stated that scientists believe the first human who will live 150 years has already been born, and felt it applied to the Chris Traeger character.[18] Lowe's first day of filming on the series was his birthday (March 17, 2010), which was the day his kiss scene with Rashida Jones in "The Master Plan" was shot.[38][39] Lowe said he loved his character's "unrelenting enthusiasm" and the fact that he is not a romantic lead, but rather a "big, fat nerd".[31] Parks and Recreation star Amy Poehler said of Chris Traeger: "It's a really fun character to play against because what you’ll see start to happen is Chris doesn’t want to deliver any bad news, but he’s actually like the Bad News Bear."[38] Like much of the rest of the cast, Lowe occasionally improvises lines and actions for his character that are not included in the script.[40] The writers hoped to use Ann Perkins' breakup with Chris, and the drastic changes in her behavior afterward, as a way of tapping into more comedic potential of her character rather than having her fill the role of straight man as she had in the past. Schur said: "Ann is a very intelligent and attractive woman, and it's hard to knock someone like that off balance. And the way to knock that person off balance is to get Rob Lowe in a relationship with you."[41]

text: Once Lowe joined the permanent cast, Chris' role changed into more of an authority figure concerned with integrity and efficiency, although he continued to maintain his positive attitude and personality. Schur said of this second role: "He doesn’t like frayed ends or controversies – he wants the body politic to be as clean-running and organic as his own human body. Part of the design of the character was to give the other characters a true boss – an actual authority figure whose rules and regulations meant they had to toe certain lines, even while his endlessly cheery disposition made it hard to argue with him."[42] As a result, Chris Traeger changed in minor ways once he became a regular character. In his earlier episodes, Chris avoided associating himself with anything negative and constantly made Ben report bad news to people. As city manager in later episodes as a regular, however, Chris started imposing rules or changes around the office that were not popular and seemed less resistant about enforcing them.[42] For example, Chris began to enforce his strict no-dating policy around city hall. Additionally, in the episode "Jerry's Painting", Chris forcefully orders Leslie to destroy a painting when it proves to be controversial, and becomes angry with her when she tries to resist those orders.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
I knew going into his stint on the show that Rob Lowe can be funny, but this may be the most I've ever enjoyed him. They've moved Chris right up to the edge of cartoon and Lowe is embracing that with his goofy running style and his shameless pandering whenever Chris has to pass the baton to bad cop Ben.
– television critic Alan Sepinwall[44]

text: The Chris Traeger character has received critical acclaim. Rick Porter of Zap2it described him as "one of the great comedic creations of the past couple years",[1] and Hitfix writer Alan Sepinwall called it "one of the funniest performances of [Rob Lowe's] career".[2][44] David Hinckley of the New York Daily News said both Lowe and Adam Scott were excellent additions to the cast,[19] and Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com said Chris was "exactly what the show needed to push itself to another level of silliness".[45] Some reviewers believed Chris' over-the-top personality would be funny in the short run, but that the character would not prove three-dimensional enough to have long-term sustainability. New York magazine writer Steve Kandell initially described him as "funny, but sorta one-note",[15] and Eric Hochberger of TV Fanatic first found Chris funny, but likewise said he was "not sure how great he'll be long term".[7] Matt Fowler of IGN expressed the same sentiments after earlier episodes, but by the third season said Chris proved to be a great addition to the show.[24]

text: The relationship between Chris and Ann was described by Sundermann as "one of the most interesting parts of the show and the reason, specifically, is Chris".[25] Likewise, Porter said Lowe and Rashida Jones had developed a "fantastic dynamic".[4] Joel Keller of TV Squad said he found Chris "a little two-dimensional",[46] and believed the relationship was poorly handled because it made Ann too passive.[27] Lowe received particularly strong praise for his role in "Flu Season", in which Chris became extremely ill and hallucinatory when infected with the flu.[24][47][48] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said Lowe's character seemed well-integrated into the cast by the episode "Flu Season", and added "If you've never believed Lowe can make you laugh out loud, pay attention to that episode."[49] Steve Kandell said Lowe stole the show from the usual Parks powerhouses of Nick Offerman and Chris Pratt, and called one scene, when Lowe tries to will away his flu by yelling to himself in the mirror "Stop...pooping!", the "single greatest self-effacingly comic moment of his long, handsome career".[50]

text: Parks and Recreation has traditionally experienced poor Nielsen ratings, and NBC officials hoped the addition of Lowe to the cast would help increase viewership. His premiere on the second season episode "The Master Plan" was heavily publicized in commercials with the hopes of drawing new viewers.[20][22] However, ratings continued to be low after he joined the show, and his appearances only resulted in what HitFix writer Daniel Fienberg called "a statistically irrelevant bump" in the ratings.[51]

text: Following actor Charlie Sheen's departure from the CBS comedy series Two and a Half Men in March 2011, rumors began to circulate that Rob Lowe might leave Parks and Recreation to take Sheen's place on that show. People magazine reported that Two and a Half Men creator Chuck Lorre was "seriously discussing the possibility" of signing Lowe, and Sheen himself said he would be a "fabulous" successor.[52] Those rumors proved unfounded, however, and were flatly denied by Michael Schur, who called it "complete gibberish".[2][36] Although widely considered a supporting role, Lowe's performance as Chris Traeger was submitted for a 2011 Primetime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series category.[53][54]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-season records

question_text: who has the most saves in a mlb season

question_tokens: who has the most saves in a mlb season

root

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Home runs
Season

Barry Bonds

San Francisco Giants

73

2001

Mark McGwire

St. Louis Cardinals

70

1998

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs

66

1998

Mark McGwire

St. Louis Cardinals

65

1999

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs

64

2001

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs

63

1999

Roger Maris

New York Yankees

61

1961

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees

60

1927

tag: table

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Hits
Season

Ichiro Suzuki

Seattle Mariners

262

2004

George Sisler

St. Louis Browns

257

1920

Bill Terry

New York Giants

254

1930

Lefty O'Doul

Philadelphia Phillies

254

1929

text: Batting average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Average
Season

Nap Lajoie

Philadelphia Athletics

.426

1901

Rogers Hornsby

St. Louis Cardinals

.424

1924

George Sisler

St. Louis Browns

.420

1922

Ty Cobb

Detroit Tigers

.420

1911

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Team
RBIs
Season

Hack Wilson

Chicago Cubs

191

1930

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

184

1931

Hank Greenberg

Detroit Tigers

183

1937

Jimmie Foxx

Boston Red Sox

175

1938

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

175

1927

text: Hitting streak[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Streak
Season

Joe DiMaggio

New York Yankees

56

1941

Pete Rose

Cincinnati Reds

44

1978

Bill Dahlen

Chicago Colts

42

1894

George Sisler

St. Louis Browns

41

1922

Ty Cobb

Detroit Tigers

40

1911

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Runs
Season

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees

179

1921

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

167

1936

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

163

1931

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees

163

1928

Chuck Klein

Philadelphia Phillies

158

1930

text: Doubles[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Doubles
Season

Earl Webb

Boston Red Sox

67

1931

George Burns

Cleveland Indians

64

1926

Joe Medwick

St. Louis Cardinals

64

1936

Hank Greenberg

Detroit Tigers

63

1934

Paul Waner

Pittsburgh Pirates

62

1932

text: Triples[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Triples
Season

Chief Wilson

Pittsburgh Pirates

36

1912

Sam Crawford

Detroit Tigers

26

1914

Kiki Cuyler

Pittsburgh Pirates

26

1925

Joe Jackson

Cleveland Naps

26

1912

text: At bats[edit]

text:
Player
Team
At bats
Season

Jimmy Rollins

Philadelphia Phillies

716

2007

Willie Wilson

Kansas City Royals

705

1980

Ichiro Suzuki

Seattle Mariners

704

2004

Juan Samuel

Philadelphia Phillies

701

1984

Dave Cash

Philadelphia Phillies

699

1975

Juan Pierre

Chicago Cubs

699

2006

text: Stolen bases[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Stolen bases
Season

Rickey Henderson

Oakland Athletics

130

1982

Lou Brock

St. Louis Cardinals

118

1974

Vince Coleman

St. Louis Cardinals

110

1985

Vince Coleman

St. Louis Cardinals

109

1987

Rickey Henderson

Oakland Athletics

108

1983

text: Pitching records[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Jack Chesbro

New York Yankees

41

1904

Ed Walsh

Chicago White Sox

40

1908

Christy Mathewson

New York Giants

37

1908

Walter Johnson

Washington Senators

36

1913

Joe McGinnity

New York Giants

35

1904

text: Live-ball era (post-1920)[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Lefty Grove

Philadelphia Athletics

31

1931

Denny McLain

Detroit Tigers

31

1968

Dizzy Dean

St. Louis Cardinals

30

1934

Hal Newhouser

Detroit Tigers

29

1944

Dazzy Vance

Brooklyn Dodgers

28

1924

Lefty Grove

Philadelphia Athletics

28

1930

Dizzy Dean

St. Louis Cardinals

28

1935

Robin Roberts

Philadelphia Phillies

28

1952

text: Earned run average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
ERA
Season

Dutch Leonard

Boston Red Sox

0.96

1914

Mordecai Brown

Chicago Cubs

1.04

1906

Bob Gibson

St. Louis Cardinals

1.12

1968

text: Strikeouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Strikeouts
Season

Nolan Ryan

California Angels

383

1973

Sandy Koufax

Los Angeles Dodgers

382

1965

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

372

2001

Nolan Ryan

California Angels

367

1974

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

364

1999

text: Shutouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Shutouts
Season

Jack Coombs

Philadelphia Athletics

13

1910

Bob Gibson

St. Louis Cardinals

13

1968

Pete Alexander

Philadelphia Phillies

12

1915

text: Saves[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Saves
Season

Francisco Rodríguez

Los Angeles Angels

62

2008

Bobby Thigpen

Chicago White Sox

57

1990

John Smoltz

Atlanta Braves

55

2002

Éric Gagné

Los Angeles Dodgers

55

2003

text: Balks[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Balks
Season

Dave Stewart

Oakland Athletics

16

1988

John Dopson

Boston Red Sox

15

1989

Bob Welch

Oakland Athletics

13

1988

John Candelaria

New York Yankees

12

1988

Juan Guzmán

Texas Rangers

12

1988

text: Wild pitches[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wild pitches
Season

Red Ames

New York Giants

30

1905

Tony Cloninger

Atlanta Braves

27

1966

Larry Cheney

Chicago Cubs

26

1914

Juan Guzmán

Toronto Blue Jays

26

1993

text: Team records[edit]

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Team
Hits
Season

Philadelphia Phillies

1,783

1930

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Team
Home runs
Season

Seattle Mariners

264

1997

Texas Rangers

260

2005

Toronto Blue Jays

257

2010

Baltimore Orioles

257

1996

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Batted In
Season

Chicago Cardinals

934

1936

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Scored
Season

New York Yankees

1,067

1931

text:
showvteMajor League Baseball recordsBaseball statistics (types of records)General
Record holders
Single-game records
Single-season records
Record breakers by season
Records considered unbreakable
Titles leaders
BattingleadersCareer
Batting average
On-base percentage
Times on base
Slugging percentage
OPS
Hits
3,000 club
Progressive
Singles
Doubles
Triples
Home runs
500 club
Progressive
Extra base hits
RBIs
Total bases
Walks
Intentional
HBP
Strikeouts
Games played
At-bats
Plate appearances
Annual
 Batting average
Doubles
Triples
Home runs
RBI
Season
Batting average
Triples
Home run
Progressive
Game
Home runs
Hitting for the cycle
Grand slams
RBI
Game
Inning
Hits
Misc
Consecutive game hitting streak
On-base plus slugging
Hits
Home runs
Doubles
Triples
RBIs
BaserunningleadersCareer
Runs
Stolen bases
Annual
Runs
Stolen bases
Game
Runs
Misc
Runs
Stolen bases
PitchingleadersCareer
Wins
300 club
Losses
Games started
Games finished
Innings pitched
Strikeouts
3,000 club
Saves
Complete games
Shutouts
ERA
WHIP
Walks
Hit batsmen
Wild pitches
Batters faced
Annual
Wins
Saves
Shutouts
Strikeouts
ERA
Game
No-hitters
Perfect games
Strikeouts
Game
Inning
Immaculate innings
Misc
Wins
FieldingleadersCareer
Putouts
C
1B
2B
SS
3B
OF
LF
CF
RF
P
Errors
C
1B
2B
SS
3B
OF
LF
Assists
Passed balls
Annual
Putouts
Errors
Managingrecords
Wins and winning percentage
Multiple statrecords
Triple Crown
20–20–20 club
30–30 club
40–40 club
Other
Consecutive games played
Longest winning streaks
Longest losing streaks
Individual streaks
Titles streaks

text:
showvteRecordsWorld record
Category: World records
Guinness World Records
Limca Book of Records
Unique World Records
Asia Book of Records
People
Heaviest
Oldest
Tallest
Shortest
Sporting records
Chess
Cricket
Test
One Day International
Twenty20 International
Cycling
FIBA Basketball World Cup records
FIFA World Cup records
Formula One motorsport
constructors
drivers
Juggling
World Rally Championship
Speed skating
Figure skating
Swimming
Athletics: World records
progressions
Olympic records
National records
In Australia: List of NRL records
List of AFL records
In the US:
NBA
Regular season
Post-season
NFL
individual
team
NHL
individual
team
MLB
MLS
Track and field
In India: ISL records
National records
Japan
Palestinian territories
Philippines
Motion recordsSpeed
Air
Transcontinental
Land speed record
Railed
Production car
Motorcycle land-speed record
Production motorcycle
Wheel-driven
British
Water speed record
Underwater
Sailing
Sound barrier
Speed of light
Distance
Flight distance record
Flight altitude record
Ocean depth record
Flight endurance record
Boundary of space
Other
Spaceflight records
FAI records
Man-made objects
Tallest structures
Category on tallest structures
Physical phenomena
Solar System Extremes
Extremes on Earth
Extreme points of Earth
List of weather records
Organisms
List of longest-living organisms
Smallest organisms
Largest organisms

text: Major League Baseball records

tag: ul

text: Use mdy dates from July 2013Articles lacking sources from August 2018All articles lacking sources


document_title: Circular mil

question_text: what is the circular mil area of 12 awg

question_tokens: what is the circular mil area of 12 awg

text: Circular mil

text: Equivalence to other units of area[edit]

text: As a unit of area, the circular mil can be converted to other units such as square inches. A 0000 AWG solid wire is defined to have a diameter of exactly 0.46 inch.

tag: p

text: Formula 1: Circular Mil

text: Formula 2: Square Mil

text: Formula 3: Square Inch

text: Formula 4: Solving for Circular Mil

text: Formula 5: Solving for Square Mil

text: Therefore, the following conversions apply:

text:
To obtain square mils   ⇒ (# of circular mils) × π ÷ 4
To obtain square inches ⇒ (# of circular mils) × π ÷ 4,000,000
To obtain circular mils ⇒ (# of square mils)   × 4 ÷ π
To obtain circular mils ⇒ (# of square inches) × 4,000,000 ÷ π

text: 1 circular mil is approximately equal to:

text:
0.7854 square mils (1 square mil is about 1.273 circular mils)
7.854×10−7 square inches (1 square inch is about 1.273 million circular mils)
5.067×10−10 square metres
5.067×10−4 square millimetres
506.7 μm²

text: 1000 circular mils = 1 MCM or 1 kcmil, and is (approximately) equal to:

text: 0.5067 mm², so 2 kcmil ≈ 1 mm² (a 1.3% error)

text: Therefore, for practical purposes such as wire choice, 2 kcmil ≈ 1 mm² is a reasonable rule of thumb for many applications.

text: 1_circular_mil = π × (1/2 × 25.4)2 = 506.7×10−6mm2

text: 1_MCM = 1000 circular_mil = 506.7×10−3mm2

text: When large diameter wire sizes such as the widely used 250 kcmil and 350 kcmil wires are specified in kcmil, the wire's diameter can be easily determined with the following formula:

text: Formula 6: diameter

text: Thus, this wire would have a diameter of a half inch or 12.7 mm.

text: AWG circular mil formula[edit]

text: The formula to calculate the circular mil for any given AWG (American Wire Gauge) size is as follows. An represents the circular mil area for the AWG size n.

text: For example, a number 12 gauge wire would use n = 12; and the calculated result would be 6530 circular mils

text: Sizes with multiple zeros are successively larger than the number 0 gauge size and can be denoted using "number of zeros/0"; for example 4/0 for the number 0000 gauge. For an m/0 AWG wire size, use

text: For example, the number 0000 gauge or 4/0 gauge, would use n = −3; and the calculated result would be 211,600 circular mils.

text: Standard sizes[edit]

text: Standard sizes are from 250 to 400 in increments of 50 kcmil, 400 to 1000 in increments of 100 kcmil, and from 1000 to 2000 in increments of 250 kcmil.[3]

text: The diameter in the table below is that of a solid rod with the given conductor area in circular mils. Stranded wire is around 5% larger in diameter to allow for gaps between the strands, depending on the number and size of strands.

text:
Standard kcmil wire sizes
& solid copper equivalents

kcmil
MCM
mm²
Diameter
NEC copper wire
ampacity with
60/75/90 °C
insulation (A)[4]

in.
mm

250
126.7
0.500
12.70
215 / 255 / 290

300
152.0
0.548
13.91
240 / 285 / 320

350
177.3
0.592
15.03
260 / 310 / 350

400
202.7
0.632
16.06
280 / 335 / 380

500
253.4
0.707
17.96
320 / 380 / 430

600
304.0
0.775
19.67
355 / 420 / 475

700
354.7
0.837
21.25
385 / 460 / 520

750
380.0
0.866
22.00
400 / 475 / 535

800
405.4
0.894
22.72
410 / 490 / 555

900
456.0
0.949
24.10
435 / 520 / 585

1000
506.7
1.000
25.40
455 / 545 / 615

1250
633.4
1.118
28.40
495 / 590 / 665

1500
760.1
1.225
31.11
520 / 625 / 705

1750
886.7
1.323
33.60
545 / 650 / 735

2000
1013.4
1.414
35.92
560 / 665 / 750

text: Note: For smaller wires, consult the Table of AWG wire sizes article.

text: Circular inch[edit]

text: Cardarelli has asserted that the "circular inch" (cin) was used as a unit for the measurement of wire sizes, with a conversion of 1 circular inch = 1 million circular mil.[5] The Oxford English Dictionary has an entry for "circular mil", but not for "circular inch".[6]


document_title: Premier League Player of the Month

question_text: who won epl player of the month august 2017

text: Premier League Player of the Month

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Contents

1994–95 · 1995–96 · 1996–97 · 1997–98 · 1998–99 · 1999–2000
2000–01 · 2001–02 · 2002–03 · 2003–04 · 2004–05 · 2005–06 · 2006–07 · 2007–08 · 2008–09 · 2009–10
2010–11 · 2011–12 · 2012–13 · 2013–14 · 2014–15 · 2015–16 · 2016–17 · 2017–18

text:
Key

Award was shared with another player

GK
Goalkeeper

DF
Defender

MF
Midfielder

FW
Forward

text:
Month
Year[nb 2]
Nationality
Player
Team
Position
Ref

5 !August
1994.51994
 Germany
Klinsmann, JürgenJürgen Klinsmann
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[7]

6 !September
1994.61994
 England
Lee, RobRob Lee
Newcastle United
E !MF
[7]

7 !October
1994.71994
 England
Ince, PaulPaul Ince
Manchester United
E !MF
[7]

8 !November
1994.81994
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer†
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[7]

8 !November
1994.81994
 England
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton†
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[7]

9 !December
1994.91994
 England
Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
E !MF
[7]

1 !January
1995.11995
 England
Waddle, ChrisChris Waddle
Sheffield Wednesday
E !MF
[7]

2 !February
1995.21995
 Scotland
Ferguson, DuncanDuncan Ferguson
Everton
FW
[7]

3 !March
1995.31995
 Ghana
Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
Leeds United
FW
[7]

4 !April
1995.41995
 England
Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman
Arsenal
A !GK
[7]

5 !August
1995.51995
 France
Ginola, DavidDavid Ginola
Newcastle United
E !MF
[11]

6 !September
1995.61995
 Ghana
Yeboah, TonyTony Yeboah
Leeds United
FW
[11]

7 !October
1995.71995
 England
Sinclair, TrevorTrevor Sinclair
Queens Park Rangers
E !MF
[11]

8 !November
1995.81995
 England
Lee, RobRob Lee
Newcastle United
E !MF
[11]

9 !December
1995.91995
 England
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
Liverpool
FW
[11]

1 !January
1996.11996
 England
Collymore, StanStan Collymore†
Liverpool
FW
[11]

1 !January
1996.11996
 England
Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler†
Liverpool
FW
[11]

2 !February
1996.21996
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Aston Villa
FW
[11]

3 !March
1996.31996
 France
Cantona, EricEric Cantona
Manchester United
FW
[11]

4 !April
1996.41996
 Russia
Kanchelskis, AndreiAndrei Kanchelskis
Everton
E !MF
[11]

5 !August
1996.51996
 England
Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham
Manchester United
E !MF
[12]

6 !September
1996.61996
 Czech Republic
Berger, PatrikPatrik Berger
Liverpool
E !MF
[12]

7 !October
1996.71996
 England
Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
E !MF
[12]

8 !November
1996.81996
 England
Wright, IanIan Wright
Arsenal
FW
[12]

9 !December
1996.91996
 Italy
Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
Chelsea
FW
[12]

1 !January
1997.11997
 England
Flowers, TimTim Flowers
Blackburn Rovers
A !GK
[12]

2 !February
1997.21997
 Jamaica
Earle, RobbieRobbie Earle
Wimbledon
E !MF
[12]

3 !March
1997.31997
 Brazil
Juninho Paulista, Juninho Paulista
Middlesbrough
E !MF
[12]

4 !April
1997.41997
 Ireland
Evans, MickeyMickey Evans
Southampton
FW
[12]

5 !August
1997.51997
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[13]

5 !September
1997.61997
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[13]

7 !October
1997.71997
 Costa Rica
Wanchope, PauloPaulo Wanchope
Derby County
FW
[13]

8 !November
1997.81997
 England
Cole, AndyAndy Cole†
Manchester United
FW
[13]

8 !November
1997.81997
 England
Davies, KevinKevin Davies†
Southampton
FW
[13]

9 !December
1997.91997
 England
McManaman, SteveSteve McManaman
Liverpool
E !MF
[13]

1 !January
1998.11998
 England
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Coventry City
FW
[13]

2 !February
1998.21998
 England
Sutton, ChrisChris Sutton
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[13]

3 !March
1998.31998
 Austria
Manninger, AlexAlex Manninger
Arsenal
A !GK
[13]

4 !April
1998.41998
 France
Petit, EmmanuelEmmanuel Petit
Arsenal
E !MF
[13]

5 !August
1998.51998
 England
Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
Liverpool
FW
[14]

6 !September
1998.61998
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[14]

7 !October
1998.71998
 Ireland
Keane, RoyRoy Keane
Manchester United
E !MF
[14]

8 !November
1998.81998
 England
Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Aston Villa
FW
[14]

9 !December
1998.91998
 France
Ginola, DavidDavid Ginola
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[14]

1 !January
1999.11999
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Manchester United
FW
[14]

2 !February
1999.21999
 France
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Arsenal
FW
[14]

3 !March
1999.31999
 England
Parlour, RayRay Parlour
Arsenal
E !MF
[14]

4 !April
1999.41999
 England
Campbell, KevinKevin Campbell
Everton
FW
[14]

5 !August
1999.51999
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Coventry City
FW
[15]

6 !September
1999.61999
 Turkey
Izzet, MuzzyMuzzy Izzet
Leicester City
E !MF
[15]

7 !October
1999.71999
 England
Phillips, KevinKevin Phillips
Sunderland
FW
[15]

8 !November
1999.81999
 Finland
Hyypiä, SamiSami Hyypiä
Liverpool
DF
[15]

9 !December
1999.91999
 Ireland
Keane, RoyRoy Keane
Manchester United
E !MF
[15]

1 !January
2000.12000
 England
Southgate, GarethGareth Southgate
Aston Villa
DF
[15]

2 !February
2000.22000
 England
Merson, PaulPaul Merson
Aston Villa
E !MF
[15]

3 !March
2000.32000
 Trinidad and Tobago
Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Manchester United
FW
[15]

4 !April
2000.42000
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[15]

5 !August
2000.52000
 England
Smith, AlanAlan Smith
Leeds United
FW
[16]

6 !September
2000.62000
 England
Flowers, TimTim Flowers
Leicester City
A !GK
[16]

7 !October
2000.72000
 England
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Manchester United
FW
[16]

8 !November
2000.82000
 England
Robinson, PaulPaul Robinson
Leeds United
A !GK
[16]

9 !December
2000.92000
 England
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
Southampton
FW
[16]

1 !January
2001.12001
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Leeds United
FW
[16]

2 !February
2001.22001
 England
Pearce, StuartStuart Pearce
West Ham United
DF
[16]

3 !March
2001.32001
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[16]

4 !April
2001.42001
 Scotland
McAllister, GaryGary McAllister
Liverpool
E !MF
[16]

5 !August
2001.52001
 France
Saha, LouisLouis Saha
Fulham
FW
[17]

6 !September
2001.62001
 Argentina
Verón, Juan SebastiánJuan Sebastián Verón
Manchester United
E !MF
[17]

7 !October
2001.72001
 England
Ferdinand, RioRio Ferdinand
Leeds United
DF
[17]

8 !November
2001.82001
 England
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Liverpool
E !MF
[18]

9 !December
2001.92001
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[17]

1 !January
2002.12002
 England
Bent, MarcusMarcus Bent
Ipswich Town
FW
[17]

2 !February
2002.22002
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[17]

3 !March
2002.32002
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
FW
[19]

4 !April
2002.42002
 Sweden
Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg
Arsenal
E !MF
[17]

5 !August
2002.52002
 France
Wiltord, SylvainSylvain Wiltord
Arsenal
FW
[20]

6 !September
2002.62002
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[20]

7 !October
2002.72002
 Italy
Zola, GianfrancoGianfranco Zola
Chelsea
FW
[21]

8 !November
2002.82002
 England
Beattie, JamesJames Beattie
Southampton
FW
[20]

9 !December
2002.92002
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[20]

1 !January
2003.12003
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[20]

2 !February
2003.22003
 France
Pirès, RobertRobert Pirès
Arsenal
E !MF
[20]

3 !March
2003.32003
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[20]

4 !April
2003.42003
 Netherlands
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
FW
[20]

5 !August
2003.52003
 England
Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Portsmouth
FW
[22]

6 !September
2003.62003
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[22]

7 !October
2003.72003
 England
Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Newcastle United
FW
[22]

8 !November
2003.82003
 Nigeria
Okocha, Jay-JayJay-Jay Okocha
Bolton Wanderers
E !MF
[22]

9 !December
2003.92003
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[22]

1 !January
2004.12004
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[22]

2 !February
2004.22004
 Netherlands
Bergkamp, DennisDennis Bergkamp†
Arsenal
FW
[22]

2 !February
2004.22004
 Brazil
Edu, Edu†
Arsenal
E !MF
[22]

3 !March
2004.32004
 Finland
Forssell, MikaelMikael Forssell
Birmingham City
FW
[22]

4 !April
2004.42004
 France
Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
FW
[22]

5 !August
2004.52004
 Spain
Reyes, José AntonioJosé Antonio Reyes
Arsenal
FW
[23]

6 !September
2004.62004
 England
King, LedleyLedley King
Tottenham Hotspur
DF
[23]

7 !October
2004.72004
 England
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Crystal Palace
FW
[23]

8 !November
2004.82004
 Netherlands
Robben, ArjenArjen Robben
Chelsea
E !MF
[23]

9 !December
2004.92004
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[24]

1 !January
2005.12005
 England
Terry, JohnJohn Terry
Chelsea
DF
[23]

2 !February
2005.22005
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[23]

3 !March
2005.32005
 England
Cole, JoeJoe Cole
Chelsea
E !MF
[23]

4 !April
2005.42005
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[23]

5 !August
2005.52005
 England
Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
Charlton Athletic
FW
[25]

6 !September
2005.62005
 England
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Charlton Athletic
E !MF
[25]

7 !October
2005.72005
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[25]

8 !November
2005.82005
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[25]

9 !December
2005.92005
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[26]

1 !January
2006.12006
 England
Ferdinand, AntonAnton Ferdinand
West Ham United
DF
[25]

2 !February
2006.22006
 England
Nolan, KevinKevin Nolan
Bolton Wanderers
E !MF
[25]

3 !March
2006.32006
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[25]

4 !April
2006.42006
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[27]

5 !August
2006.52006
 Wales
Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
E !MF
[28]

6 !September
2006.62006
 England
Johnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
Everton
FW
[29]

7 !October
2006.72006
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[29]

8 !November
2006.82006
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[29]

9 !December
2006.92006
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[8]

1 !January
2007.12007
 Spain
Fabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
E !MF
[30]

2 !February
2007.22007
 Wales
Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
E !MF
[31]

3 !March
2007.32007
 Czech Republic
Cech, PetrPetr Čech
Chelsea
A !GK
[32]

4 !April
2007.42007
 Bulgaria
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov†
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[33]

4 !April
2007.42007
 Ireland
Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane†
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[33]

5 !August
2007.52007
 England
Richards, MicahMicah Richards
Manchester City
DF
[34]

6 !September
2007.62007
 Spain
Fabregas, CescCesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
E !MF
[35]

7 !October
2007.72007
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[36]

8 !November
2007.82007
 England
Agbonlahor, GabrielGabriel Agbonlahor
Aston Villa
FW
[37]

9 !December
2007.92007
 Paraguay
Santa Cruz, RoqueRoque Santa Cruz
Blackburn Rovers
FW
[38]

1 !January
2008.12008
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[39]

2 !February
2008.22008
 Spain
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
Liverpool
FW
[40]

3 !March
2008.32008
 Portugal
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
E !MF
[41]

4 !April
2008.42008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[42]

5 !August
2008.52008
 Portugal
Deco, Deco
Chelsea
E !MF
[43]

6 !September
2008.62008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[44]

7 !October
2008.72008
 England
Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
Chelsea
E !MF
[45]

8 !November
2008.82008
 France
Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Chelsea
FW
[46]

9 !December
2008.92008
 England
Young, AshleyAshley Young
Aston Villa
E !MF
[9]

1 !January
2009.12009
 Serbia
Vidić, NemanjaNemanja Vidić
Manchester United
DF
[47]

2 !February
2009.22009
 England
Jagielka, PhilPhil Jagielka
Everton
DF
[48]

3 !March
2009.32009
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
E !MF
[49]

4 !April
2009.42009
 Russia
Arshavin, AndreiAndrei Arshavin
Arsenal
E !MF
[1]

5 !August
2009.52009
 England
Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[50]

6 !September
2009.62009
 Spain
Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
Liverpool
FW
[51]

7 !October
2009.72009
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[52]

8 !November
2009.82009
 England
Bullard, JimmyJimmy Bullard
Hull City
E !MF
[53]

9 !December
2009.92009
 Argentina
Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
Manchester City
FW
[54]

1 !January
2010.12010
 England
Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Manchester United
FW
[55]

2 !February
2010.22010
 Australia
Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer
Fulham
A !GK
[56]

3 !March
2010.32010
 France
Malouda, FlorentFlorent Malouda
Chelsea
E !MF
[57]

4 !April
2010.42010
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[58]

5 !August
2010.52010
 England
Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
E !MF
[59]

6 !September
2010.62010
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[60]

7 !October
2010.72010
 Netherlands
van der Vaart, RafaelRafael van der Vaart
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[61]

8 !November
2010.82010
 Sweden
Elmander, JohanJohan Elmander
Bolton Wanderers
FW
[62]

9 !December
2010.92010
 France
Nasri, SamirSamir Nasri
Arsenal
E !MF
[63]

1 !January
2011.12011
 Bulgaria
Berbatov, DimitarDimitar Berbatov
Manchester United
FW
[64]

2 !February
2011.22011
 England
Parker, ScottScott Parker
West Ham United
E !MF
[65]

3 !March
2011.32011
 Brazil
Luiz, DavidDavid Luiz
Chelsea
DF
[66]

4 !April
2011.42011
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[67]

5 !August
2011.52011
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Dzeko, EdinEdin Džeko
Manchester City
FW
[68]

6 !September
2011.62011
 Spain
Silva, DavidDavid Silva
Manchester City
E !MF
[69]

7 !October
2011.72011
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal
FW
[70]

8 !November
2011.82011
 England
Parker, ScottScott Parker
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[71]

9 !December
2011.92011
 Senegal
Ba, DembaDemba Ba
Newcastle United
FW
[72]

1 !January
2012.12012
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
E !MF
[73]

2 !February
2012.22012
 Nigeria
Odemwingie, PeterPeter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
FW
[74]

3 !March
2012.32012
 Iceland
Sigurðsson, GylfiGylfi Sigurðsson
Swansea City
E !MF
[75]

4 !April
2012.42012
 Croatia
Jelavić, NikicaNikica Jelavić
Everton
FW
[76]

6 !September
2012.62012
 Scotland
Fletcher, StevenSteven Fletcher
Sunderland
FW
[77]

6 !October
2012.62012
 Spain
Mata, JuanJuan Mata
Chelsea
MF
[78]

8 !November
2012.82012
 Belgium
Fellaini, MarouaneMarouane Fellaini
Everton
MF
[79]

9 !December
2012.92012
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Manchester United
FW
[80]

1 !January
2013.12013
 England
Fondre, Adam leAdam le Fondre
Reading
FW
[81]

2 !February
2013.22013
 Wales
Bale, GarethGareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[82]

3 !March
2013.32013
 Belgium
Vertonghen, JanJan Vertonghen
Tottenham Hotspur
DF
[83]

4 !April
2013.42013
 Netherlands
van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Manchester United
FW
[84]

5 !August
2013.52013
 England
Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
Liverpool
FW
[85]

6 !September
2013.62013
 Wales
Ramsey, AaronAaron Ramsey
Arsenal
MF
[86]

7 !October
2013.72013
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[87]

8 !November
2013.82013
 Netherlands
Krul, TimTim Krul
Newcastle United
GK
[88]

9 !December
2013.92013
 Uruguay
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Liverpool
FW
[89]

1 !January
2014.12014
 England
Johnson, AdamAdam Johnson
Sunderland
FW
[90]

2 !February
2014.22014
 England
Sturridge, DanielDaniel Sturridge
Liverpool
FW
[91]

3 !March
2014.32014
 England
Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
MF
[10]

3 !March
2014.32014
 Uruguay
Suárez, LuisLuis Suárez
Liverpool
FW
[10]

4 !April
2014.12014
 England
Wickham, ConnorConnor Wickham
Sunderland
FW
[92]

8 !August
2014.12014
 Spain
Costa, DiegoDiego Costa
Chelsea
FW
[93]

9 !September
2014.12014
 Italy
Pellè, GrazianoGraziano Pellè
Southampton
FW
[94]

10 !October
2014.12014
 Senegal
Sakho, DiafraDiafra Sakho
West Ham United
FW
[95]

11 !November
2014.12014
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[96]

12 !December
2014.22014
 England
Austin, CharlieCharlie Austin
Queens Park Rangers
FW
[97]

1 !January
2014.22015
 England
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[98]

2 !February
2014.22015
 England
Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[99]

3 !March
2014.22015
 France
Giroud, OlivierOlivier Giroud
Arsenal
FW
[100]

4 !April
2014.22015
 Belgium
Benteke, ChristianChristian Benteke
Aston Villa
FW
[101]

4 !August
2014.22015
 Ghana
Ayew, AndréAndré Ayew
Swansea City
FW
[102]

September
2015
 France
Anthony Martial
Manchester United
FW
[103]

October
2015
 England
Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
FW
[104]

November
2015
 England
Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
FW
[105]

December
2015
 Nigeria
Odion Ighalo
Watford
FW
[106]

January
2016
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[107]

February
2016
 England
Fraser Forster
Southampton
GK
[108]

March
2016
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[109]

April
2016
 Argentina
Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
FW
[110]

August
2014.22016
 England
Raheem Sterling
Manchester City
MF
[111]

September
2014.22016
 South Korea
Son Heung-Min
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[112]

October
2014.22016
 Belgium
Eden Hazard
Chelsea
MF
[113]

November
2014.22016
 Spain
Diego Costa
Chelsea
FW
[114]

December
2014.22016
 Sweden
Zlatan Ibrahimović
Manchester United
FW
[115]

January
2014.22017
 England
Dele Alli
Tottenham Hotspur
MF
[116]

February
2014.22017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[117]

March
2014.32017
 Belgium
Romelu Lukaku
Everton
FW
[117]

April
2014.22017
 South Korea
Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[117]

August
2017
 Senegal
Sadio Mané
Liverpool
FW
[117]

September
2017
 England
Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
FW
[118]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: The below table lists those who have won on more than one occasion.

text:
Indicates current Premier League player

Italics
Indicates players still playing professional football

text:
Rank
Player
Wins

1st
Steven Gerrard[nb 3]
6

2nd
Wayne Rooney
5

Robin van Persie

Harry Kane

4th
Sergio Agüero
4

Dennis Bergkamp[nb 4]

Thierry Henry

Frank Lampard

Cristiano Ronaldo

Paul Scholes

Alan Shearer[nb 5]

11th
Robbie Keane[nb 6]
3

Peter Odemwingie

Ruud van Nistelrooy

Gareth Bale

Dwight Yorke

Ashley Young

18th
Nicolas Anelka
2

James Beattie

Dimitar Berbatov

Dion Dublin

Cesc Fàbregas

Diego Costa

Tim Flowers

Robbie Fowler[nb 7]

Ryan Giggs

David Ginola

Andrew Johnson

Roy Keane

Matthew Le Tissier

Rob Lee

Danny Murphy

Scott Parker

Teddy Sheringham

Daniel Sturridge

Son Heung-min

Luis Suárez[nb 8]

Chris Sutton[nb 9]

Fernando Torres

Jamie Vardy

Tony Yeboah

Gianfranco Zola

text: Awards won by position[edit]

text:
Position
Wins

Forward
7002111000000000000♠111[nb 10]

Midfielder
7001750000000000000♠75[nb 11]

Defender
7001120000000000000♠12

Goalkeeper
9

text: Awards won by nationality[edit]

text:
Country
Wins

 England
7001940000000000000♠94[nb 12]

 France
7001170000000000000♠17

 Netherlands
7001150000000000000♠15[nb 13]

 Spain
7000900000000000000♠9

 Ireland
7000600000000000000♠6[nb 14]

 Wales
7000600000000000000♠6

 Argentina
7000600000000000000♠6

 Belgium
7000500000000000000♠5

 Nigeria
7000500000000000000♠5

 Portugal
7000500000000000000♠5

 Brazil
7000400000000000000♠4[nb 15]

 Italy
7000300000000000000♠3

 Scotland
7000300000000000000♠3

 Sweden
7000300000000000000♠3

 Trinidad and Tobago
7000300000000000000♠3

 Ghana
7000300000000000000♠3

 Senegal
7000300000000000000♠3

 Bulgaria
7000200000000000000♠2[nb 16]

 Czech Republic
7000200000000000000♠2

 Finland
7000200000000000000♠2

 Russia
7000200000000000000♠2

 South Korea
7000200000000000000♠2

 Uruguay
7000200000000000000♠2

 Australia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Austria
7000100000000000000♠1

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7000100000000000000♠1

 Costa Rica
7000100000000000000♠1

 Croatia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Germany
7000100000000000000♠1

 Iceland
7000100000000000000♠1

 Jamaica
7000100000000000000♠1

 Paraguay
7000100000000000000♠1

 Serbia
7000100000000000000♠1

 Turkey
7000100000000000000♠1

text: Awards won by club[edit]

text:
Club
Wins

Manchester United
7001340000000000000♠34[nb 17]

Arsenal
7001280000000000000♠28[nb 18]

Liverpool
7001230000000000000♠23[nb 19][nb 20]

Tottenham Hotspur
7001210000000000000♠21[nb 21]

Chelsea
7001180000000000000♠18

Manchester City
7001130000000000000♠13

Aston Villa
7000900000000000000♠9

Newcastle United
7000800000000000000♠8

Southampton
7000800000000000000♠8[nb 22]

Everton
7000700000000000000♠7

Leeds United
7000600000000000000♠6

Blackburn Rovers
7000500000000000000♠5[nb 23]

Sunderland
7000500000000000000♠5

Leicester City
7000400000000000000♠4

West Ham United
7000400000000000000♠4

Bolton Wanderers
7000300000000000000♠3

West Bromwich Albion
7000300000000000000♠3

Charlton Athletic
7000200000000000000♠2

Coventry City
7000200000000000000♠2

Fulham
7000200000000000000♠2

Queens Park Rangers
7000200000000000000♠2

Swansea City
7000200000000000000♠2

Birmingham City
7000100000000000000♠1

Crystal Palace
7000100000000000000♠1

Derby County
7000100000000000000♠1

Hull City
7000100000000000000♠1

Ipswich Town
7000100000000000000♠1

Middlesbrough
7000100000000000000♠1

Portsmouth
7000100000000000000♠1

Reading
7000100000000000000♠1

Sheffield Wednesday
7000100000000000000♠1

Wimbledon
7000100000000000000♠1


document_title: List of Miami Dolphins seasons

question_text: when was the last time miami dolphins made playoffs

text: List of Miami Dolphins seasons

text: This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.

text: Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL, from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL–NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league, playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6. Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons, in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL. Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995.

text: After Shula retired in 1995, the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt, but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times, reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since. In 2007, they nearly suffered an imperfect season, winning only one game in overtime.

text: For complete team history, see History of the Miami Dolphins.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)

Conference Champions

Division Champions

Wild Card Berth

One-Game Playoff Berth

text:
Franchise records according to Pro-Football Reference.com[1]

Season

Team

League

Conference

Division

Regular Season

Post Season Results

Awards

Head coaches

Finish

Wins

Losses

Ties

1966

1966

AFL

Eastern

5th

3

11

0

George Wilson

1967

1967

AFL

Eastern

4th

4

10

0

1968

1968

AFL

Eastern

3rd

5

8

1

1969

1969

AFL

Eastern

5th

3

10

1

1970

1970

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

10

4

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 14–21

Don Shula

1971

1971

NFL

AFC

East

1st

10

3

1

Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chiefs) 27–24 (2 OT)Won Conference Championship (Colts) 21–0Lost Super Bowl VI (vs. Cowboys) 3–24

1972

1972

NFL

AFC

East

1st

14

0

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 20–14Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 21–17Won Super Bowl VII (1) (vs. Redskins) 14–7

Don Shula (COY)  Jake Scott (SB MVP)  Earl Morrall (CBPOY)

1973

1973

NFL

AFC

East

1st

12

2

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Bengals) 34–16Won Conference Championship (Raiders) 27–10Won Super Bowl VIII (2) (vs. Vikings) 24–7

Dick Anderson (DPOY) Larry Csonka (SB MVP) Garo Yepremian (PB MVP)

1974

1974

NFL

AFC

East

1st

11

3

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 26–28

1975

1975

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

10

4

0

1976

1976

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

6

8

0

1977

1977

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

10

4

0

A. J. Duhe (DROY)

1978

1978

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

11

5

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 9–17

1979

1979

NFL

AFC

East

1st

10

6

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 14–34

Larry Csonka (CBPOY)

1980

1980

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

1981

1981

NFL

AFC

East

1st

11

4

1

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 38–41 (OT)

1982

1982

NFL

AFC

2nd1

7

2

0

Won First Round (Patriots) 28–13Won Second Round (Chargers) 34–13Won Conference Championship (Jets) 14–0Lost Super Bowl XVII (vs. Redskins) 17–27

1983

1983

NFL

AFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Lost Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 20–27

Doug Betters (DPOY)

1984

1984

NFL

AFC

East

1st

14

2

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 31–10Won Conference Championship (Steelers) 45–28Lost Super Bowl XIX (vs. 49ers) 16–38

Dan Marino (MVP, OPOY)

1985

1985

NFL

AFC

East

1st

12

4

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 24–21Lost Conference Championship (Patriots) 14–31

Dwight Stephenson (WPMOY)

1986

1986

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

1987

1987

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

7

0

Troy Stradford (OROY)

1988

1988

NFL

AFC

East

5th

6

10

0

1989

1989

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

1990

1990

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

12

4

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 17–16Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 34–44

1991

1991

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

1992

1992

NFL

AFC

East

1st

11

5

0

Won Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 31–0Lost Conference Championship (Bills) 10–29

1993

1993

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

9

7

0

1994

1994

NFL

AFC

East

1st

10

6

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 27–17Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 21–22

Tim Bowens (DROY)Dan Marino (CBPOY)

1995

1995

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

9

7

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Bills) 22–37

1996

1996

NFL

AFC

East

4th

8

8

0

Jimmy Johnson

1997

1997

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

9

7

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Patriots) 3–17

1998

1998

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

10

6

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bills) 24–17Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 3–38

Dan Marino (WPMOY)

1999

1999

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

9

7

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Seahawks) 20–17Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Jaguars) 7–62

2000

2000

NFL

AFC

East

1st

11

5

0

Won Wild Card Playoffs (Colts) 23–17 (OT) Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 0–27

Dave Wannstedt

2001

2001

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

11

5

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 3–20

2002

2002

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

9

7

0

Ricky Williams (PB MVP)

2003

2003

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

10

6

0

2004

2004

NFL

AFC

East

4th

4

12

0

Dave Wannstedt (1–8)  Jim Bates (3–4)

2005

2005

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

9

7

0

Nick Saban

2006

2006

NFL

AFC

East

4th

6

10

0

Jason Taylor (DPOY)

2007

2007

NFL

AFC

East

4th

1

15

0

Jason Taylor (WPMOY)

Cam Cameron

2008

2008

NFL

AFC

East

1st

11

5

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 9–27

Chad Pennington (CBPOY)

Tony Sparano

2009

2009

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

7

9

0

2010

2010

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

7

9

0

2011

2011

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

6

10

0

Brandon Marshall (PB MVP)

Tony Sparano (4–9)  Todd Bowles (2–1)

2012

2012

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

7

9

0

Joe Philbin

2013

2013

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

2014

2014

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

8

8

0

2015

2015

NFL

AFC

East

4th

6

10

0

Joe Philbin (1–3)  Dan Campbell (5–7)

2016

2016

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

10

6

0

Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 12–30

Adam Gase

2017

2017

NFL

AFC

East

3rd

6

10

0

2018

2018

NFL

AFC

East

2nd

4

4

0

Totals

449

355

4

All-time regular season record (1960–2017)

20

21

0

All-time postseason record (1960–2017)

469

376

4

All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2017)

text: Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2017 NFL season.

text: 1 Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.


document_title: Trobriand cricket

question_text: from whom did the trobriand islanders' learn to play cricket

question_tokens: from whom did the trobriand islanders ' learn to play cricket

text: Trobriand cricket

text: Historical background[edit]

text: Cricket was introduced to the Trobriand Islands in 1903 by the British Methodist missionary William Gillmore, who hoped to reduce tribal rivalry and fighting. The modern-day version is very different from the game introduced by Gillmore, as new rules and traditions have been integrated.

text: Anthropological analysis[edit]

text: This section  possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Trobriand Islands, kayasa is a form of obligatory, competitive activity done traditionally in the form of ritual warfare. Warfare with spears was replaced by cricket, as a peaceful way of continuing kayasa.

text: Trobriand cricket has been altered such that the home team is always the winner. There are no restrictions on the number of players on a team; thus, a team can have as many as 40 or 50 players.

text: Before the match, the ball and bats are given to a local spiritual leader who blesses the equipment for good luck. Also, this leader works on ensuring good weather. Before the match, each team practices chants and dances to be performed at various times throughout the game. Each out is followed by a celebratory dance, choreographed by the opposing team. These dances often have special meaning, commenting on the prowess of the team, their superior skills, or mocking the other team. These dances may also have sexual innuendos and erotic themes.

text: Bowling is done underarm (as in softball), rather than overarm as in international cricket. This change came about because underhanded-bowled balls are less painful if they contact with a player.[2]

text: There are ritual entrance and exit dances. One team had a mascot dressed as a tourist (dressed in bright colors, stopping in front of the performances to get a “close-up” view with his pretend binoculars).  At the end of the match, there is an exchange of food, with the home team putting on the feast.

text: Other Trobriand changes to cricket include the following:

text:
The visiting team bats first
The bat and ball are not regular
Teams bowl alternately from each end of the pitch
Scoring varies considerably — for example, six runs are scored by a lost ball or by hitting the ball over a tree (compare to the standard boundary rules)
The umpire is from the batting side, and when sides change the umpire does as well
Rather than with the awarding of trophies, games conclude with a feast put on by the home team.

text: Today, cricket holds special meaning for the local population of the Trobriands. It has evolved to take on warlike aspects. For example, players’ bodies are decorated in bright colors and designs, similar to those displayed by warriors. The field entry and exit dances take on a warlike formation.

text: Trobriand cricket is an example of syncretism. Usually, syncretic cultures or traditions take elements from both the existing, “traditional” culture and elements from “outsiders” such as colonists, occupiers, or missionaries.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Trobriand cricket was featured in an episode of the 2007 BBC series Last Man Standing.[3]

text: In the song "Steak n' Sabre", written by Frank Black and recorded by Frank Black and the Catholics, and which Black has stated is about alternate realities, he references "Trobriander" cricket:[4] "Like Trobrianders / Don't you understand that's a different kind of world."


document_title: OSI model

question_text: the tcp and udp protocols both exist at what layer of the osi model

text: OSI model

text: History[edit]

text: In the late 1970s, one project was administered by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), while another was undertaken by the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT, from French: Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique). These two international standards bodies each developed a document that defined similar networking models.

text: In 1983, these two documents were merged to form a standard called The Basic Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. The standard is usually referred to as the Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, the OSI Reference Model, or simply the OSI model. It was published in 1984 by both the ISO, as standard ISO 7498, and the renamed CCITT (now called the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union or ITU-T) as standard X.200.

text: OSI had two major components, an abstract model of networking, called the Basic Reference Model or seven-layer model, and a set of specific protocols.

text: The concept of a seven-layer model was provided by the work of Charles Bachman at Honeywell Information Services. Various aspects of OSI design evolved from experiences with the ARPANET, NPLNET, EIN, CYCLADES network and the work in IFIP WG6.1. The new design was documented in ISO 7498 and its various addenda. In this model, a networking system was divided into layers. Within each layer, one or more entities implement its functionality. Each entity interacted directly only with the layer immediately beneath it, and provided facilities for use by the layer above it.

text: Protocols enable an entity in one host to interact with a corresponding entity at the same layer in another host. Service definitions abstractly described the functionality provided to an (N)-layer by an (N-1) layer, where N was one of the seven layers of protocols operating in the local host.

text: The OSI standards documents are available from the ITU-T as the X.200-series of recommendations.[1] Some of the protocol specifications were also available as part of the ITU-T X series. The equivalent ISO and ISO/IEC standards for the OSI model were available from ISO. Not all are free of charge.[2]

text: Description of OSI layers[edit]

text: The recommendation X.200 describes seven layers, labeled 1 to 7. Layer 1 is the lowest layer in this model.

text:
OSI Model

Layer

Protocol data unit (PDU)

Function[3]

Hostlayers

7. Application

Data

High-level APIs, including resource sharing, remote file access

6. Presentation

Translation of data between a networking service and an application; including character encoding, data compression and encryption/decryption

5. Session

Managing communication sessions, i.e. continuous exchange of information in the form of multiple back-and-forth transmissions between two nodes

4. Transport

Segment, Datagram

Reliable transmission of data segments between points on a network, including segmentation, acknowledgement and multiplexing

Medialayers

3. Network

Packet

Structuring and managing a multi-node network, including addressing, routing and traffic control

2. Data link

Frame

Reliable transmission of data frames between two nodes connected by a physical layer

1. Physical

Symbol

Transmission and reception of raw bit streams over a physical medium

text: At each level N, two entities at the communicating devices (layer N peers) exchange protocol data units (PDUs) by means of a layer N protocol. Each PDU contains a payload, called the service data unit (SDU), along with protocol-related headers or footers.

text: Data processing by two communicating OSI-compatible devices is done as such:

text:
The data to be transmitted is composed at the topmost layer of the transmitting device (layer N) into a protocol data unit (PDU).
The PDU is passed to layer N-1, where it is known as the service data unit (SDU).
At layer N-1 the SDU is concatenated with a header, a footer, or both, producing a layer N-1 PDU. It is then passed to layer N-2.
The process continues until reaching the lowermost level, from which the data is transmitted to the receiving device.
At the receiving device the data is passed from the lowest to the highest layer as a series of SDUs while being successively stripped from each layer's header or footer, until reaching the topmost layer, where the last of the data is consumed.

tag: ol

text: Some orthogonal aspects, such as management and security, involve all of the layers (See ITU-T X.800 Recommendation[4]). These services are aimed at improving the CIA triad - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - of the transmitted data. In practice, the availability of a communication service is determined by the interaction between network design and network management protocols. Appropriate choices for both of these are needed to protect against denial of service.[citation needed]

text: Layer 1: Physical Layer[edit]

text: The physical layer is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium. It converts the digital bits into electrical, radio, or optical signals. Layer specifications define characteristics such as voltage levels, the timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and physical connectors. This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and frequency for wireless devices. Bit rate control is done at the physical layer and may define transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. The components of a physical layer can be described in terms of a network topology. Bluetooth, Ethernet, and USB all have specifications for a physical layer.

text: Layer 2: Data Link Layer[edit]

text:
The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two directly connected nodes.  It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer.
It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control between them.

text: IEEE 802 divides the data link layer into two sublayers:[5]

text:
Medium access control (MAC) layer – responsible for controlling how devices in a network gain access to a medium and permission to transmit data.
Logical link control (LLC) layer – responsible for identifying and encapsulating network layer protocols, and controls error checking and frame synchronization.

text: The MAC and LLC layers of IEEE 802 networks such as 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 Wi-Fi, and 802.15.4 ZigBee operate at the data link layer.

text: The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link layer protocol that can operate over several different physical layers, such as synchronous and asynchronous serial lines.

text: The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), includes a complete data link layer that provides both error correction and flow control by means of a selective-repeat sliding-window protocol.

text: Layer 3: Network Layer[edit]

text: The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences (called packets) from one node to another connected in "different networks". A network is a medium to which many nodes can be connected, on which every node has an address and which permits nodes connected to it to transfer messages to other nodes connected to it by merely providing the content of a message and the address of the destination node and letting the network find the way to deliver the message to the destination node, possibly routing it through intermediate nodes. If the message is too large to be transmitted from one node to another on the data link layer between those nodes, the network may implement message delivery by splitting the message into several fragments at one node, sending the fragments independently, and reassembling the fragments at another node. It may, but does not need to, report delivery errors.

text: Message delivery at the network layer is not necessarily guaranteed to be reliable; a network layer protocol may provide reliable message delivery, but it need not do so.

text: A number of layer-management protocols, a function defined in the management annex, ISO 7498/4, belong to the network layer. These include routing protocols, multicast group management, network-layer information and error, and network-layer address assignment. It is the function of the payload that makes these belong to the network layer, not the protocol that carries them.[6]

text: Layer 4: Transport Layer[edit]

text: The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while maintaining the quality of service functions.

text: The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control, segmentation/desegmentation, and error control. Some protocols are state- and connection-oriented. This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and re-transmit those that fail delivery. The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred. The transport layer creates segments out of the message received from the application layer. Segmentation is the process of dividing a long message into smaller messages.

text: OSI defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols ranging from class 0 (which is also known as TP0 and provides the fewest features) to class 4 (TP4, designed for less reliable networks, similar to the Internet). Class 0 contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0-4 classes are shown in the following table:[7]

text:
Feature name

TP0
TP1
TP2
TP3
TP4

Connection-oriented network

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Connectionless network

No
No
No
No
Yes

Concatenation and separation

No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Segmentation and reassembly

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Error recovery

No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Reinitiate connectiona

No
Yes
No
Yes
No

Multiplexing / demultiplexing over single virtual circuit

No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Explicit flow control

No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Retransmission on timeout

No
No
No
No
Yes

Reliable transport service

No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes

a If an excessive number of PDUs are unacknowledged.

text: An easy way to visualize the transport layer is to compare it with a post office, which deals with the dispatch and classification of mail and parcels sent. A post office inspects only the outer envelope of mail to determine its delivery. Higher layers may have the equivalent of double envelopes, such as cryptographic presentation services that can be read by the addressee only. Roughly speaking, tunneling protocols operate at the transport layer, such as carrying non-IP protocols such as IBM's SNA or Novell's IPX over an IP network, or end-to-end encryption with IPsec. While Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) might seem to be a network-layer protocol, if the encapsulation of the payload takes place only at the endpoint, GRE becomes closer to a transport protocol that uses IP headers but contains complete Layer 2 frames or Layer 3 packets to deliver to the endpoint. L2TP carries PPP frames inside transport segments.

text: Although not developed under the OSI Reference Model and not strictly conforming to the OSI definition of the transport layer, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) of the Internet Protocol Suite are commonly categorized as layer-4 protocols within OSI.

text: Layer 5: Session Layer[edit]

text: The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes checkpointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session checkpointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls.

text: Layer 6: Presentation Layer[edit]

text: The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation protocol data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units and passed down the protocol stack.

text: This layer provides independence from data representation by translating between application and network formats. The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts. This layer formats data to be sent across a network. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.[8] The presentation layer can include compression functions.[9] The Presentation Layer negotiates the Transfer Syntax.

text: The original presentation structure used the Basic Encoding Rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1), with capabilities such as converting an EBCDIC-coded text file to an ASCII-coded file, or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML.  ASN.1 effectively makes an application protocol invariant with respect to syntax.

text: Layer 7: Application Layer[edit]

text: The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component. Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model. Application-layer functions typically include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability, and synchronizing communication. When identifying communication partners, the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit. The most important distinction in the application layer is the distinction between the application-entity and the application. For example, a reservation website might have two application-entities: one using HTTP to communicate with its users, and one for a remote database protocol to record reservations. Neither of these protocols have anything to do with reservations. That logic is in the application itself.  The application layer per se has no means to determine the availability of resources in the network.

text: Cross-layer functions[edit]

text: Cross-layer functions are services that are not tied to a given layer, but may affect more than one layer. Examples include the following:

text:
Security service (telecommunication)[4] as defined by ITU-T X.800 recommendation.
Management functions, i.e. functions that permit to configure, instantiate, monitor, terminate the communications of two or more entities: there is a specific application-layer protocol, common management information protocol (CMIP) and its corresponding service, common management information service (CMIS), they need to interact with every layer in order to deal with their instances.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) MPLS, ATM, and X.25 are 3a protocols. OSI divides the Network Layer into 3 roles: 3a) Subnetwork Access, 3b) Subnetwork Dependent Convergence and 3c) Subnetwork Independent Convergence. It was designed to provide a unified data-carrying service for both circuit-based clients and packet-switching clients which provide a datagram-based service model. It can be used to carry many different kinds of traffic, including IP packets, as well as native ATM, SONET, and Ethernet frames. Sometimes one sees reference to a Layer 2.5.
ARP determines the mapping of an IPv4 address to the underlying MAC address. This is not a translation function. If it were IPv4 and the MAC address would be at the same layer. The implementation of the MAC protocol decodes the MAC PDU and delivers the User-Data to the IP-layer. Because Ethernet is a multi-access media, a device sending a PDU on an Ethernet frame needs to know what IP address maps to what MAC address.
DHCP assigns IPv4 addresses to new systems joining a network. There is no means to derive or obtain an IPv4 address from an Ethernet address.
Domain Name Service is an Application Layer service which is used to look up the IP address of a given domain name.  Once a reply is received from the DNS server, it is then possible to form a Layer 4 connection or flow to the desired host. There are no connections at Layer 3.
Cross MAC and PHY Scheduling is essential in wireless networks because of the time varying nature of wireless channels. By scheduling packet transmission only in favorable channel conditions, which requires the MAC layer to obtain channel state information from the PHY layer, network throughput can be significantly improved and energy waste can be avoided.[10]

text: Interfaces[edit]

text: Neither the OSI Reference Model nor OSI protocols specify any programming interfaces, other than deliberately abstract service specifications. Protocol specifications precisely define the interfaces between different computers, but the software interfaces inside computers, known as network sockets are implementation-specific.

text: For example, Microsoft Windows' Winsock, and Unix's Berkeley sockets and System V Transport Layer Interface, are interfaces between applications (layer 5 and above) and the transport (layer 4). NDIS and ODI are interfaces between the media (layer 2) and the network protocol (layer 3).

text: Interface standards, except for the physical layer to media, are approximate implementations of OSI service specifications.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Layer

OSI protocols

TCP/IP protocols

SignalingSystem 7[11]

AppleTalk

IPX

SNA

UMTS

Miscellaneous examples

No.
Name

7

Application

FTAMX.400X.500DAPROSERTSEACSE[12]CMIP[13]

INAPMAPTCAPISUPTUP

AFPZIPRTMPNBP

SAP

APPC

HL7ModbusHTTP

6

Presentation

ISO/IEC 8823X.226ISO/IEC 9576-1X.236

MIMESSLTLSXDR

AFP

TDIASCIIEBCDICMIDIMPEG

5

Session

ISO/IEC 8327X.225ISO/IEC 9548-1X.235

Sockets (session establishment in TCP / RTP / PPTP)

ASPADSPPAP

NWLink

DLC?

Named pipesNetBIOSSAPhalf duplexfull duplexsimplexRPCSOCKS

4

Transport

ISO/IEC 8073TP0TP1TP2TP3TP4 (X.224)ISO/IEC 8602X.234

TCPUDPSCTPDCCP

DDPSPX

NBF

3

Network

ISO/IEC 8208X.25 (PLP) ISO/IEC 8878X.223ISO/IEC 8473-1CLNP X.233ISO/IEC 10589IS-IS

IPIPsecICMPIGMPOSPFRIP

SCCPMTP

ATP (TokenTalk / EtherTalk)

IPX

RRC / BMC

NBFQ.931NDPIS-IS

2

Data link

ISO/IEC 7666X.25 (LAPB)Token BusX.222ISO/IEC 8802-2LLC (type 1 / 2)[14]

PPPSBTVSLIP

MTPQ.710

LocalTalkARAPPP

IEEE 802.3 framingEthernet II framing

SDLC

PDCP[15]LLCMAC

ARPARQATMBit stuffingCDPCRCDOCSISFDDIFDPFibre ChannelFrame RelayHDPHDLCIEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n (Ethernet MAC and LLC)IEEE 802.1Q (VLAN)ISLITU-T G.hn DLLLinux interface bondingPPPQ.921Token Ring

1

Physical

X.25 (X.21bisEIA/TIA-232EIA/TIA-449EIA-530G.703)[14]

MTPQ.710

RS-232RS-422PhoneNet

Twinax

UMTS air interfaces

RS-232Full duplexRJ45 (8P8C)V.35V.34I.430I.431T1E110BASE-T100BASE-TX1000BASE-TPOTSSONETSDHDSL802.11a/b/g/n PHYITU-T G.hn PHYCAN busDOCSISDWDMOTN

text: Comparison with TCP/IP model[edit]

text: The design of protocols in the TCP/IP model of the Internet does not concern itself with strict hierarchical encapsulation and layering.[16] RFC 3439 contains a section entitled "Layering considered harmful".[17] TCP/IP does recognize four broad layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained protocols: the scope of the software application; the end-to-end transport connection; the internetworking range; and the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local network.[18]

text: Despite using a different concept for layering than the OSI model, these layers are often compared with the OSI layering scheme in the following way:

text:
The Internet application layer includes the OSI application layer, presentation layer, and most of the session layer.
Its end-to-end transport layer includes the graceful close function of the OSI session layer as well as the OSI transport layer.
The internetworking layer (Internet layer) is a subset of the OSI network layer.
The link layer includes the OSI data link layer and sometimes the physical layers, as well as some protocols of the OSI's network layer.

text: These comparisons are based on the original seven-layer protocol model as defined in ISO 7498, rather than refinements in such things as the internal organization of the network layer document.[citation needed]

text: The presumably strict layering of the OSI model as it is usually described does not present contradictions in TCP/IP, as it is permissible that protocol usage does not follow the hierarchy implied in a layered model. Such examples exist in some routing protocols (for example OSPF), or in the description of tunneling protocols, which provide a link layer for an application, although the tunnel host protocol might well be a transport or even an application-layer protocol in its own right.[citation needed]


document_title: Dirty Dancing (2017 film)

question_text: who played dr houseman in the remake of dirty dancing

text: Dirty Dancing (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In late summer 1963, affluent, college-bound Frances "Baby" Houseman visits Kellerman's Catskills resort with her family and falls in love with working-class dance instructor Johnny Castle. The film closely follows the plot of the original film; the following are notable changes:

text: Baby plans to study medicine, rather than economics.

text: The role of Marjorie Houseman is significantly expanded. Feeling alienated by Jake's lack of attention and affection, despite her active efforts to engage him, Marjorie contacts a divorce lawyer and suggests she and Jake live apart. As Kellerman's is where Marjorie and Jake met and fell in love, Jake romances Marjorie and they have sex, reconciling.

text: The role of Vivian Pressman is also expanded; now a divorcee who visits Kellerman's alone, she tells Marjorie of her intense loneliness at night. When Johnny is accused of theft, the stolen property is no longer Vivian's husband's wallet, but instead her ex-husband's watch, which Johnny earlier rejected as a gift and which Vivian apparently planted among his belongings.

text: Lisa rejects Robbie much earlier in the film. She befriends a new character, Marco, the resort's African-American pianist. Over his boss Tito's objections, Marco teaches Lisa to play the ukulele and performs with her in the talent show. Tito and Max acknowledge that the world is changing for the better.

text: A frame story is added. In 1975, Frances attends "Dirty Dancing," a Broadway show choreographed by Johnny and inspired by a book Frances wrote. Frances' faith in Johnny gave him the confidence to pursue a career. Frances is married and has a daughter. Frances takes a weekly dance lesson; she and Johnny encourage each other to continue dancing.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Abigail Breslin as Frances "Baby" Houseman
Colt Prattes as Johnny Castle
Debra Messing as Marjorie Houseman
Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Jake Houseman
Nicole Scherzinger as Penny
Sarah Hyland as Lisa Houseman
Tony Roberts as Max Kellerman
Trevor Einhorn as Neil Kellerman
Shane Harper as Robbie Gould
J. Quinton Johnson as Marco
Casper Smart as Billy Kostecki
Katey Sagal as Vivian Pressman
Billy Dee Williams as Tito Suarez

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2011, Lionsgate announced that Kenny Ortega, the choreographer of the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, would direct its remake; however, the project was shelved the following year.[5] In December 2015, ABC and Lionsgate Television announced a three-hour remake of the movie which will not be live and would be in the same vein as The Rocky Horror Picture Show: Let's Do the Time Warp Again, a remake of the 1975 film of the same name. The remake was directed by Wayne Blair and the screenplay was written by Jessica Sharzer. Allison Shearmur was attached to the project as executive producer.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Abigail Breslin had been officially attached as Baby, while the studio would green-light the project after further casting.[7] In January 2016, ABC officially green-lit the project after Debra Messing was cast as Baby's mother.[7] The following month, after a lengthy audition process, dancer Colt Prattes was announced as Johnny, the role originally played by Patrick Swayze.[8] In March 2016, it was announced that Nicole Scherzinger would co-star as Penny, Johnny's dance partner,[9] alongside Sarah Hyland as Lisa Houseman, Baby's sister,[10] and Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father.[11] Billy Dee Williams as Tito, the band leader,[12] Shane Harper as Robbie,[13] joined the cast of the movie alongside Beau “Casper” Smart and J. Quinton Johnson.[14] Later that month, Trevor Einhorn was tapped to play Neil Kellerman.[15] In April 2016, Katey Sagal and Tony Roberts were respectively cast as Vivian Pressman and Max Kellerman.[16][17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming was based in Hendersonville, North Carolina. Most of the filming locations were across western North Carolina including Asheville, Cashiers and Saluda, with filming taking place in April and May 2016.[18][19] People living in the Hendersonville area served as crew members, extras and dancers, and they were invited to provide cars from the 1960s. Much of the filming took place at High Hampton Inn in Cashiers.[20] It created an estimated 1,225 jobs, including 900 extras, 30 cast members and 225 crew positions to support the project.[21]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The official poster was unveiled in March 2017, and features Breslin and Prattes in an embrace from their final dance in the movie.[22] A 30-second teaser trailer was released a month before the television movie's release.[23]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Dirty Dancing: Original Television Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)

Length
50:28

Label

Virgin
Deepwell

text:
Dirty Dancing: Original Television Soundtrack[24]

No.
Title
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Be My Baby"
Bea Miller
2:44

2.
"Big Girls Don't Cry"
Karmin
2:20

3.
"Love Man"
J. Quinton Johnson
2:19

4.
"Do You Love Me"
Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger & Johnson
2:45

5.
"Fever"
Katey Sagal & Prattes
3:21

6.
"When I’m Alone"
Johnson
2:44

7.
"Wipe Out"
American Authors featuring Lindsey Stirling
2:31

8.
"Hungry Eyes"
Greyson Chance
3:42

9.
"Hey Baby"
Lady Antebellum
2:24

10.
"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"
Scherzinger & Abigail Breslin
3:07

11.
"Cry To Me"
Seal
2:50

12.
"They Can't Take That Away From Me"
Debra Messing
2:29

13.
"Love Is Strange"
Breslin & Prattes
3:01

14.
"They Can’t Take That Away (Reprise)"
Bruce Greenwood
2:00

15.
"She's Like the Wind"
Calum Scott
3:25

16.
"Don’t Think Twice It’s Alright"
Sarah Hyland & Johnson
3:39

17.
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life"
The Cast of Dirty Dancing featuring Prattes, Breslin, Johnson, Scherzinger, Messing & Greenwood
5:07

Total length:
50:28

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film has received negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 22% "Rotten" based on 17 reviews.[3] On Metacritic, the film was given a score of 39 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[4]

text: Kimberly Roots of TVLine gave Dirty Dancing a D, stating: "By adding unnecessary elements and turning Dirty Dancing into a musical, ABC proves that it wouldn't know what made the original film special if it hit them in the pachanga."[25]

text: Mae Abdulbaki of theyoungfolks.com gave Dirty Dancing a 3 (out of 10), stating "Remaking one of the most popular and beloved movies in the history of cinema feels almost disrespectful on many levels. Going into the TV movie remake of Dirty Dancing with a clear and open mind, I figured that if at least the dancing was good, then there was something to enjoy. However, the updated version doesn't even meet the lowest of expectations and blows past mediocre to land at downright terrible. The film is slow and dull, the lead actors have absolutely no chemistry, and the musical aspect doesn't add anything to the film."[26]

text: Sonia Saraiya of Variety stated in her negative review: "An ill-conceived remake of the 1987 film retains none of the passion, skill, or fun of the original."[27]

text: Viewership[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing averaged a 1.3 rating in adults 18-49 and 6.6 million viewers, airing from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. The remake gave ABC its most-watched Wednesday in nearly seven months.[28][29]


document_title: Symantec Endpoint Protection

question_text: what is the current version of symantec endpoint protection

text: Symantec Endpoint Protection

text: Version history[edit]

text: The first release of Symantec Endpoint Protection was published in September 2007 and named version 11.0.[4] Endpoint Protection is the result of merger of several security software products, including Symantec Antivirus Corporate Edition 10.0, Client Security, Network Access Control, and Sygate Enterprise Edition.[4] Endpoint Protection also includes new features.[4] For example, it can block data transfers to unauthorized device types, such as USB flash drives or Bluetooth devices.[4]

text: At the time, Symantec Antivirus Corporate Edition was widely criticized as having become bloated and unwieldy.[2] Endpoint Protection 11.0 was intended to address these criticisms.[2] The disk footprint of Symantec Corporate Edition 10.0 is 100 MB, whereas Endpoint Protection's is 20 MB.[2]

text: In 2009, Symantec introduced a managed service, whereby Symantec staff deploy and manage Symantec Endpoint Protection installations remotely.[5] A Small Business Edition with a faster installation process was released in 2010.[6] In February 2011, Symantec released version 12.0 of Endpoint Protection.[7] Version 12 incorporated a cloud-based database of malicious files called Symantec Insight.[7] Insight was intended to combat malware that generates mutations of its files to avoid detection by signature-based anti-malware software.[7] In late 2012, Symantec released version 12.1.2, which supports VMware vShield.[8]

text: A cloud-version of Endpoint Protection was released in September 2016.[9] This was followed by version 14 that November.[10] Version 14 incorporates machine learning technology to find patterns in digital data that may be indicative of the presence of a cyber-security threat.[10] It also incorporates memory exploit mitigation and performance improvements.[3]

text: Features[edit]

text: Symantec Endpoint Protection is a security software suite that includes intrusion prevention, firewall, and anti-malware features.[11] According to SC Magazine, Endpoint Protection also has some features typical of data loss prevention software.[12] It is typically installed on a server running Windows, Linux, or macOS.[13] Version 14 is the only currently-supported release.[14]

text: Endpoint Protection regularly scans computers for security threats.[11] It is used to prevent unapproved programs from running,[11] and to apply firewall policies that block or allow network traffic.[15] It attempts to identify and block malicious traffic in a corporate network or coming from a web browser.[16] It uses aggregate information from users to identify malicious software.[12] Symantec claims to use data from 175 million devices that have installed Endpoint Security in 175 countries.[12]

text: Endpoint Protection has an administrative console that allows the IT department to modify security policies for each department,[11] such as which programs or files to exclude from antivirus scans.[12] It does not manage mobile devices directly, but treats them as peripherals when connected to a computer and protects the computer from any malicious software on the mobile device.[12]

text: Vulnerabilities[edit]

text: In early 2012, source code for Symantec Endpoint Protection was stolen and published online.[17] A hacker group called "The Lords of Dharmaraja" claimed credit, alleging the source code was stolen from Indian military intelligence.[18] The Indian government requires vendors submit source code of any computer program being sold to the government, to ensure that they are not being used for espionage.[17] In July 2012, an update to Endpoint Protection caused compatibility issues, triggering a Blue Screen of Death on Windows XP machines running certain third-party file system drivers.[19] In 2014, Offensive Security discovered an exploit in Symantec Endpoint Protection during a penetration test of a financial services organization.[20] The exploit in the Application and Device control driver allowed a logged-in user to get system access.[20] It was patched that August.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: According to Gartner, Symantec Endpoint Protection 14 is one of the more comprehensive endpoint security products available and regularly scores well in independent tests.[3] However, a common criticism is that customers are "fatigued" by "near constant changes" in the product and company direction.[3] SC Magazine said Enpoint Protection 14 was the "most comprehensive tool of its type . . . with superb installation and documentation."[12] The review said EndPoint Protection had a "no-brainer setup and administration," but it does have a "wart" that support fees are "a bit steep."[12]

text: Forrester said version 12.1 was the most complete endpoint security software product on the market, but the different IT security functions of the software were not well-integrated.[21] The report speculated the lack of integration would be addressed in version 14.[21] Network World ranked Symantec Endpoint Protection sixth in endpoint security products, based on data from NSS Labs testing.[22]