document_title: Jackie Robinson

question_text: when did jackie robinson retire from the mlb

question_tokens: when did jackie robinson retire from the mlb

text: Jackie Robinson

text: Early life

text: Family and personal life

text: Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae.[8][9][10] His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died 25 days before Robinson was born.[11][12] After Robinson's father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California.[13][14][15]

text: The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena. Robinson's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family.[16] Growing up in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community, Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities.[17] As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it.[17][18][19]

text: John Muir High School

text: In 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School (Muir Tech).[20] Recognizing his athletic talents, Robinson's older brothers Mack (himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics)[19] and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports.[21][22]

text: At Muir Tech, Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them: football, basketball, track, and baseball.[15] He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. With the track and field squad, he won awards in the broad jump. He was also a member of the tennis team.[23]

text: In 1936, Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all-star team, which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon.[24] In late January 1937, the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson "for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir, starring in football, basketball, track, baseball and tennis."[25]

text: Pasadena Junior College

text: After Muir, Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College (PJC), where he continued his athletic career by participating in basketball, football, baseball, and track.[26] On the football team, he played quarterback and safety. He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team, and he broke school broad-jump records held by his brother Mack.[15] As at Muir High School, most of Jackie's teammates were white.[24] While playing football at PJC, Robinson suffered a fractured ankle, complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military.[27][28] In 1938, he was elected to the All-Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region's Most Valuable Player.[22][29]

text: That year, Robinson was one of 10 students named to the school's Order of the Mast and Dagger (Omicron Mu Delta), awarded to students performing "outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition."[30] Also while at PJC, he was elected to the Lancers, a student-run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities.[31]

text: An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist—a character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life. On January 25, 1938, he was arrested after vocally disputing the detention of a black friend by police.[32] Robinson received a two-year suspended sentence, but the incident—along with other rumored run-ins between Robinson and police—gave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism.[33] While at PJC, he was motivated by a preacher (the Rev. Karl Downs) to attend church on a regular basis, and Downs became a confidant for Robinson, a Christian.[34] Toward the end of his PJC tenure, Frank Robinson (to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers) was killed in a motorcycle accident. The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he could remain closer to Frank's family.[22][35]

text: UCLA and afterward

text: After graduating from PJC in spring 1939,[36] Robinson enrolled at UCLA, where he became the school's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track.[37][38]

text: He was one of four black players on the Bruins' 1939 football team; the others were Woody Strode, Kenny Washington, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the team's four backfield players.[39] At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football, this made UCLA college football's most integrated team.[40][41] They went undefeated with four ties at 6–0–4.[42]

text: In track and field, Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24 ft 10 1⁄4 in (7.58 m).[43] Belying his future career, Robinson's "worst sport" at UCLA was baseball; he hit .097 in his only season, although in his first game he went 4-for-4 and twice stole home.[44]

text: While a senior at UCLA, Robinson met his future wife, Rachel Isum (b.1922), a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson's athletic career at PJC.[45] He played football as a senior, but the 1940 Bruins won only one game.[46] In the spring, Robinson left college just shy of graduation, despite his mother's and Isum's reservations.[47] He took a job as an assistant athletic director with the government's National Youth Administration (NYA) in Atascadero, California.[48][49][50]

text: After the government ceased NYA operations, Robinson traveled to Honolulu in the fall of 1941 to play football for the semi-professional, racially integrated Honolulu Bears.[48][50] After a short season, Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League.[51] By that time, however, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place, drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson's nascent football career.[48]

text: Military career

text: In 1942, Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley, Kansas. Having the requisite qualifications, Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an Officer Candidate School (OCS) then located at Fort Riley. Although the Army's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race neutral, few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership.[52] As a result, the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months.[53] After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis (then stationed at Fort Riley) and the help of Truman Gibson (then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War),[54] the men were accepted into OCS.[48][53][55] The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis.[56][57] Upon finishing OCS, Robinson was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943.[38] Shortly afterward, Robinson and Isum were formally engaged.[53]

text: After receiving his commission, Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood, Texas, where he joined the 761st "Black Panthers" Tank Battalion. While at Fort Hood, Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Downs, President of Sam Huston College (now Huston-Tillotson University) in nearby Austin, Texas; Downs had been Robinson's pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC.[32][58]

text: An event on July 6, 1944 derailed Robinson's military career.[59] While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college, Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer's wife; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line, the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus.[60][61][62] Robinson refused. The driver backed down, but after reaching the end of the line, summoned the military police, who took Robinson into custody.[60][63] When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant, the officer recommended Robinson be court-martialed.[60][64] After Robinson's commander in the 761st, Paul L. Bates, refused to authorize the legal action,[65] Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion—where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses, including, among other charges, public drunkenness, even though Robinson did not drink.[60][66]

text: By the time of the court-martial in August 1944, the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning.[60] Robinson was acquitted by an all-white panel of nine officers.[60] The experiences Robinson was subjected to during the court proceedings would be remembered when he later joined MLB and was subjected to racist attacks.[67] Although his former unit, the 761st Tank Battalion, became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II, Robinson's court-martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas; thus, he never saw combat action.[68]

text: After his acquittal, he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944.[69] While there, Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League, who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout.[70] Robinson took the former player's advice and wrote to Monarchs' co-owner Thomas Baird.[71]

text: Post-military

text: After his discharge, Robinson briefly returned to his old football club, the Los Angeles Bulldogs.[51] Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Samuel Huston College in Austin, then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference.[72] The job included coaching the school's basketball team for the 1944–45 season.[58] As it was a fledgling program, few students tried out for the basketball team, and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games.[72][73] Although his teams were outmatched by opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach,[58] and drew the admiration of, among others, Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters.[74]

text: Playing career

text: Negro leagues and major league prospects

text: In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues.[58][75] Robinson accepted a contract for $400 per month.[48][76] Although he played well for the Monarchs, Robinson was frustrated with the experience. He had grown used to a structured playing environment in college, and the Negro leagues' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him.[77][78] The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum, with whom he could now communicate only by letter.[79] In all, Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs, hitting .387 with five home runs, and registering 13 stolen bases.[80] He also appeared in the 1945 Negro League All-Star Game, going hitless in five at-bats.[81]

text: During the season, Robinson pursued potential major league interests. No black man had played in the major leagues since Moses Fleetwood Walker in 1884, but the Boston Red Sox nevertheless held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16.[82][83] The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick.[84] Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets.[85] He left the tryout humiliated,[82] and more than fourteen years later, in July 1959, the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster.[86]

text: Other teams, however, had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer. In the mid-1940s, Branch Rickey, club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers' roster. Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn's International League farm club, the Montreal Royals.[87] Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him.[7][88] In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, 1945,[89] Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily—a concern given Robinson's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military.[48] Robinson was aghast: "Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?"[88][90] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player "with guts enough not to fight back."[88][90] After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to "turn the other cheek" to racial antagonism, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month, equal to $8,156 today.[91][92] Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs, instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts not containing a reserve clause.[93] Among those Rickey discussed prospects with was Wendell Smith, writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, who according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck "influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson, for which he's never completely gotten credit."[94]

text: Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being, Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1, 1945.[95] On October 23, it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season.[48][92][96] On the same day, with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present, Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals.[97] In what was later referred to as "The Noble Experiment",[48][98] Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s.[99] He was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues,[100] and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first.[101] Larry Doby, who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson, said, "One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player. The best was Josh Gibson. I think that's one of the reasons why Josh died so early – he was heartbroken."[102]

text:
Rickey's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides, and he went home to Pasadena.
That September, he signed with Chet Brewer's Kansas City Royals, a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League.[103] Later that off-season, he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team, while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City.[104] On February 10, 1946, Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev. Karl Downs.[48][105][106]

text: Minor leagues

text: In 1946, Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach, Florida, for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League (the designation of "AAA" for the highest level of minor league baseball was first used in the 1946 season). Clay Hopper, the manager of the Royals, asked Rickey to assign Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate, but Rickey refused.[107]

text: Robinson's presence was controversial in racially charged Florida. As he was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel, he lodged instead at the home of a local black politician.[108][109] Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility (the Dodger-controlled spring training compound in Vero Beach known as "Dodgertown" did not open until spring 1948),[110] scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright, another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers' organization in January. In Sanford, Florida, the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there; as a result, Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach.[111][112] In Jacksonville, the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day, by order of the city's Parks and Public Property director.[113][114] In DeLand, a scheduled day game was postponed, ostensibly because of issues with the stadium's electrical lighting.[115][116]

text: After much lobbying of local officials by Rickey himself, the Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach.[117][118] Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach's City Island Ballpark on March 17, 1946, in an exhibition game against the team's parent club, the Dodgers. Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s.[2]

text: Later in spring training, after some less-than-stellar performances, Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base, allowing him to make shorter throws to first base.[66] Robinson's performance soon rebounded. On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Royals, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs.[119] Pitching against Robinson was Warren Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California. During Robinson's first at bat, the Jersey City catcher, Dick Bouknight, demanded that Sandel throw at Robinson, but Sandel refused. Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat, Robinson ended up with four hits in his five trips to the plate; his first hit was a three-run home run in the game's third inning.[120] He also scored four runs, drove in three, and stole two bases in the Royals' 14–1 victory.[121] Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage,[21] and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player.[122] Although he often faced hostility while on road trips (the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour, for example),[66] the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson.[123][124] Whether fans supported or opposed it, Robinson's presence on the field was a boon to attendance; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946, an amazing figure by International League standards.[125] In the fall of 1946, following the baseball season, Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short-lived Los Angeles Red Devils.[126][127]

text: Major leagues

text: Breaking the color barrier (1947)

text: In 1947, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues six days before the start of the season. With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman.[88] On April 15, Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, more than 14,000 of whom were black.[128] Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 5–3 victory.[128] Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line.[129] Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning their Negro league teams.[101]

text: Robinson's promotion met a generally positive, although mixed, reception among newspapers and white major league players.[125][130] However, racial tension existed in the Dodger clubhouse.[131] Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson. The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson. Manager Leo Durocher informed the team, "I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays. What's more, I say he can make us all rich. And if any of you cannot use the money, I will see that you are all traded."[132]

text: Robinson was also derided by opposing teams. Some, notably the St. Louis Cardinals, threatened to strike if Robinson played, but also to spread the walkout across the entire National League. Existence of the plot was leaked by the Cardinals' team physician, Robert Hyland, to a friend, the New York Herald Tribune's Rutherford "Rud" Rennie. The reporter, concerned about protecting Hyland's anonymity and job, in turn leaked it to his Tribune colleague and editor, Stanley Woodward, whose own subsequent reporting with other sources protected Hyland.[133][134][135] The Woodward article made national headlines. After the threat was exposed, National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended. "You will find that the friends that you think you have in the press box will not support you, that you will be outcasts," threatened Chandler. "I do not care if half the league strikes. Those who do it will encounter quick retribution. All will be suspended and I don't care if it wrecks the National League for five years. This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another."[135][136][137][138] Woodward's article received the E. P. Dutton Award in 1947 for Best Sports Reporting.[135] New York Times columnist Red Smith turned to the Cardinals' 1947 racial strike in 1977, as a spate of commemorative articles appeared on the 30th anniversary of Robinson's signing with the Dodgers. Smith remembered his old Herald Tribune colleagues' part in exposing the players' strike conspiracy. It would have succeeded, wrote Smith, "…if Rud Rennie and Stanley Woodward hadn't exposed their intentions in the New York Herald Tribune."[139]

text: Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents (particularly the Cardinals). At one time, he received a seven-inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter.[140] On April 22, 1947, during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a "nigger" from their dugout and yelled that he should "go back to the cotton fields".[141][142] Rickey later recalled that Chapman "did more than anybody to unite the Dodgers. When he poured out that string of unconscionable abuse, he solidified and united thirty men."[143]

text: Robinson did, however, receive significant encouragement from several major league players. Robinson named Lee "Jeep" Handley, who played for the Phillies at the time, as the first opposing player to wish him well.[144] Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them."[145] In 1948, Reese put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Cincinnati.[146] A statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, 2005, commemorates this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson.[147] Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg, who had to deal with racial epithets during his career, also encouraged Robinson. Following an incident where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base, he "whispered a few words into Robinson's ear", which Robinson later characterized as "words of encouragement."[148] Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games.[148] Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby, who endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians, as the two spoke to one another via telephone throughout the season.[149]

text: Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers, with a batting average of .297, an on-base percentage of .383, and a .427 slugging percentage. He had 175 hits (scoring 125 runs) including 31 doubles, 5 triples, and 12 home runs, driving in 48 runs for the year. Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits, with 28, and in stolen bases, with 29.[150] His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949).[151]

text: MVP, Congressional testimony, and film biography (1948–1950)

text: Following Stanky's trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948, Robinson took over second base, where he logged a .980 fielding percentage that year (second in the National League at the position, fractionally behind Stanky).[152] Robinson had a batting average of .296 and 22 stolen bases for the season.[153] In a 12–7 win against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 29, 1948, he hit for the cycle—a home run, a triple, a double, and a single in the same game.[154] The Dodgers briefly moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948, but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series.[155]

text: Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues. Larry Doby (who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5, 1947, just 11 weeks after Robinson) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians, and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson.[152] In February 1948, he signed a $12,500 contract (equal to $127,320 today) with the Dodgers; while a significant amount, this was less than Robinson made in the off-season from a vaudeville tour, where he answered pre-set baseball questions, and a speaking tour of the South. Between the tours, he underwent surgery on his right ankle. Because of his off-season activities, Robinson reported to training camp 30 pounds (14 kg) overweight. He lost the weight during training camp, but dieting left him weak at the plate.[156] In 1948, Wendell Smith's book, Jackie Robinson: My Own Story, was released.[157]

text: In the spring of 1949, Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler, working as an advisor to the Dodgers, for batting help. At Sisler's suggestion, Robinson spent hours at a batting tee, learning to hit the ball to right field.[158] Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball, on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball.[158] Robinson also noted that "Sisler showed me how to stop lunging, how to check my swing until the last fraction of a second".[158] The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from .296 in 1948 to .342 in 1949.[158] In addition to his improved batting average, Robinson stole 37 bases that season, was second place in the league for both doubles and triples, and registered 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored.[88] For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League.[88] Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All-Star Game—the first All-Star Game to include black players.[159][160]

text: That year, a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson, "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball?", reached number 13 on the charts; Count Basie recorded a famous version.[161] Ultimately, the Dodgers won the National League pennant, but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series.[152]

text: Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson. In July, he was called to testify before the United States House of Representatives' Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) concerning statements made that April by black athlete and actor Paul Robeson. Robinson was reluctant to testify, but he eventually agreed to do so, fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined.[162]

text: In 1950, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133.[154] His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point: $35,000[163] ($356,003 in 2017 dollars[164]). He finished the year with 99 runs scored, a .328 batting average, and 12 stolen bases.[153] The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson's life, The Jackie Robinson Story, in which Robinson played himself,[165] and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael "Rae" (Isum) Robinson.[166] The project had been previously delayed when the film's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man.[167] The New York Times wrote that Robinson, "doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture's leading role, displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star."[168]

text: Robinson's Hollywood exploits, however, did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley, who referred to Robinson as "Rickey's prima donna".[169] In late 1950, Rickey's contract as the Dodgers' team President expired. Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley, and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers, Rickey cashed out his one-quarter financial interest in the team, leaving O'Malley in full control of the franchise.[170] Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey, whom he considered a father figure, stating, "Regardless of what happens to me in the future, it all can be placed on what you have done and, believe me, I appreciate it."[171][172][173]

text: Pennant races and outside interests (1951–1953)

text: Before the 1951 season, O'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals, effective at the end of Robinson's playing career. O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying, "Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post"—although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered.[174][175]

text: During the 1951 season, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row, with 137.[154] He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant. During the last game of the regular season, in the 13th inning, he had a hit to tie the game, and then won the game with a home run in the 14th. This forced a best-of-three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants.[176]

text: Despite Robinson's regular-season heroics, the Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson's famous home run, known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World, on October 3, 1951. Overcoming his dejection, Robinson dutifully observed Thomson's feet to ensure he touched all the bases. Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed "how much of a competitor Robinson was."[177] He finished the season with 106 runs scored, a batting average of .335, and 25 stolen bases.[153]

text: Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952.[178] He finished the year with 104 runs, a .308 batting average, and 24 stolen bases.[153] He did, however, record a career-high on-base percentage of .436.[153] The Dodgers improved on their performance from the year before, winning the National League pennant before losing the 1952 World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games. That year, on the television show Youth Wants to Know, Robinson challenged the Yankees' general manager, George Weiss, on the racial record of his team, which had yet to sign a black player.[179] Sportswriter Dick Young, whom Robinson had described as a "bigot", said, "If there was one flaw in Jackie, it was the common one. He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness."[180] The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base. Afterward, Robinson played variously at first, second, and third bases, shortstop, and in the outfield, with Jim Gilliam, another black player, taking over everyday second base duties.[153] Robinson's interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team. He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League, but according to the New York Post, Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request.[181]

text: In 1953, Robinson had 109 runs, a .329 batting average, and 17 steals,[153] leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant (and another World Series loss to the Yankees, this time in six games). Robinson's continued success spawned a string of death threats.[182] He was not dissuaded, however, from addressing racial issues publicly. That year, he served as editor for Our Sports magazine, a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson's old friend Joe Louis.[183][184] Robinson also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants that served the Dodger organization; a number of these establishments integrated as a result, including the five-star Chase Park Hotel in St. Louis.[140][185]

text: World Championship and retirement (1954–1956)

text: In 1954, Robinson had 62 runs scored, a .311 batting average, and 7 steals. His best day at the plate was on June 17, when he hit two home runs and two doubles.[153][154] The following autumn, Robinson won his only championship when the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the 1955 World Series. Although the team enjoyed ultimate success, 1955 was the worst year of Robinson's individual career. He hit .256 and stole only 12 bases. The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman, both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base.[186] Robinson, then 37 years old, missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series.[177] Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base. That season, the Dodgers' Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year.[187]

text: In 1956, Robinson had 61 runs scored, a .275 batting average, and 12 steals.[153] By then, he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball.[181] Robinson ended his major league career when he struck out to end Game 7 of the 1956 World Series.[188] After the season, Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch-rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35,000 cash (equal to $315,043 today). The trade, however, was never completed; unbeknownst to the Dodgers, Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o'Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company.[189] Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously,[189] his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine, instead of through the Dodgers organization.[190]

text: Legacy

text: Robinson's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball, known as the baseball color line.[129] After World War II, several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, where their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman's desegregation of the military in 1948.[191] Robinson's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter. Martin Luther King, Jr. said that he was "a legend and a symbol in his own time", and that he "challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration."[192] According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Robinson's "efforts were a monumental step in the civil-rights revolution in America ... [His] accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone's abilities."[193]

text: Beginning his major league career at the relatively advanced age of twenty-eight, he played only ten seasons from 1947 to 1956, all of them for the Brooklyn Dodgers.[194] During his career, the Dodgers played in six World Series, and Robinson himself played in six All-Star Games.[5] In 1999, he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.[195]

text: Robinson's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the post–"long ball" era in baseball, in which a reliance on raw power-hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning.[196] Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era. He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons (averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953), had a .311 career batting average, a .409 career on-base percentage, a .474 slugging percentage, and substantially more walks than strikeouts (740 to 291).[153][194][197] Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947–56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over .425 (Minnie Miñoso was the other).[198] He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total,[153] including 19 steals of home. None of the latter were double steals (in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time).[199] Robinson has been referred to by author David Falkner as "the father of modern base-stealing".[200]

text:
I'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being.
— Robinson, on his legacy[145]

tag: div

text: Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played.[201] After playing his rookie season at first base,[88] Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman.[202] He led the league in fielding among second basemen in 1950 and 1951.[203][204] Toward the end of his career, he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield, excelling at both.[201]

text: Assessing himself, Robinson said, "I'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being."[145] Regarding Robinson's qualities on the field, Leo Durocher said, "Ya want a guy that comes to play. This guy didn't just come to play. He come to beat ya. He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass."[205]

text: Portrayals on stage, film and television

text: Robinson portrayed himself in the 1950 motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story.[206] Other portrayals include:

text:
John Lafayette, in the 1978 ABC television special "A Home Run for Love" (broadcast as an ABC Afterschool Special).[207]
David Alan Grier, in the 1981 Broadway production of the musical The First.[208][209][210]
Michael-David Gordon, in the 1989 Off-Broadway production of the musical Play to Win.[211]
Andre Braugher, in the 1990 TNT television movie The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson.[212][213]
Blair Underwood, in the 1996 HBO television movie Soul of the Game.[214][215]
Antonio Todd in "Colors", a 2005 episode of the CBS television series Cold Case.[216]
Chadwick Boseman, in the 2013 motion picture 42.[217][218][219][220]

text: Robinson was also the subject of a 2016 PBS documentary, Jackie Robinson, which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice-over as Robinson.[221]

text: Post-baseball life

text: Robinson once told future Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that "the game of baseball is great, but the greatest thing is what you do after your career is over."[222] Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5, 1957.[223] Later that year, after he complained of numerous physical ailments, he was diagnosed with diabetes, a disease that also afflicted his brothers.[224] Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen, the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson's physical condition from the disease.[225]

text: In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962,[68] Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on-field qualifications, rather than his cultural impact on the game.[226] He was elected on the first ballot, becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum.[21]

text: In 1965, Robinson served as an analyst for ABC's Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts, the first black person to do so.[227] In 1966, Robinson was hired as general manager for the short-lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League.[228][229] In 1972, he served as a part-time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts.[230]

text: On June 4, 1972, the Dodgers retired his uniform number, 42, alongside those of Roy Campanella (39) and Sandy Koufax (32).[231] From 1957 to 1964, Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o'Nuts; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation.[21][232] Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry.[233] Robinson also chaired the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) million-dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957, and served on the organization's board until 1967.[232] In 1964, he helped found, with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin, Freedom National Bank—a black-owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem.[232] He also served as the bank's first chairman of the board.[234] In 1970, Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families.[232][235]

text: Robinson was active in politics throughout his post-baseball life. He identified himself as a political independent,[236][237] although he held conservative opinions on several issues, including the Vietnam War (he once wrote to Martin Luther King, Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration's military policy).[238] After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy, Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights.[239] Robinson was angered by conservative Republican opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, though a higher percentage of Democrats voted against it in both the House and Senate. He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller's unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the 1964 presidential election.[232] After the party nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona instead, Robinson left the party's convention commenting that he now had "a better understanding of how it must have felt to be a Jew in Hitler's Germany".[240] He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966.[232] Switching his allegiance to the Democrats, he subsequently supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968.[190]

text: Robinson protested against the major leagues' ongoing lack of minority managers and central office personnel, and he turned down an invitation to appear in an old-timers' game at Yankee Stadium in 1969.[242] He made his final public appearance on October 15, 1972, throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty-fifth anniversary of his MLB debut, but also commented, "I'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball."[243][244] This wish was only fulfilled after Robinson's death: following the 1974 season, the Cleveland Indians gave their managerial post to Frank Robinson (no relation to Jackie), a Hall of Fame-bound player who would go on to manage three other teams. Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players, the number of African-American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s.[245][246]

text: Family life and death

text: After Robinson's retirement from baseball, his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing. She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center.[247] She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990.[248] She and Jackie had three children: Jackie Robinson Jr. (1946–1971), Sharon Robinson (b. 1950), and David Robinson (b. 1952).[249]

text: Robinson's eldest son, Jackie Robinson Jr., had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age.[250] He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment, served in the Vietnam War, and was wounded in action on November 19, 1965.[251] After his discharge, he struggled with drug problems. Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour, Connecticut, and became a counselor at the institution.[252] On June 17, 1971, he was killed in an automobile accident at age 24.[253][254] The experience with his son's drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life.[255]

text: Robinson did not long outlive his son. Complications from heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age. On October 24, 1972, nine days after his appearance at the World Series, Robinson died of a heart attack at his home on 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford, Connecticut; he was 53 years old.[88][253] Robinson's funeral service on October 27, 1972, at Upper Manhattan's Riverside Church adjacent to Grant's Tomb in Morningside Heights, attracted 2,500 mourners.[256][257] Many of his former teammates and other famous baseball players served as pallbearers, and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy.[256] Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson's interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, where he was buried next to his son Jackie and mother-in-law Zellee Isum.[256] Twenty-five years after Robinson's death, the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory. This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson's gravesite.[258]

text: After Robinson's death, his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation, and she remains an officer as of 2018.[259] On April 15, 2008, she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan.[260] Robinson's daughter, Sharon, became a midwife, educator, director of educational programming for MLB, and the author of two books about her father.[261] His youngest son, David, who has six children, is a coffee grower and social activist in Tanzania.[262][263]

text: Awards and recognition

text: According to a poll conducted in 1947, Robinson was the second most popular man in the country, behind Bing Crosby.[264] In 1999, he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[265] Also in 1999, he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball's 100 Greatest Players[266] and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team as the top vote-getter among second basemen.[267] Baseball writer Bill James, in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field, noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career.[268] Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLA's Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984.[44] In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante included Robinson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[269] Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps, in 1982, 1999, and 2000.[270]

text: The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson in several ways. Brookside Park, situated next to the Rose Bowl, features a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field.[271] The city's Human Services Department operates the Jackie Robinson Center, a community outreach center that provides health services.[272] In 1997, a $325,000 bronze sculpture (equal to $495,450 today) by artists Ralph Helmick, Stu Schecter, and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine-foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue, across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project, which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family.[273][274]

text: Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death. In 1987, both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the "Jackie Robinson Award" in honor of the first recipient (Robinson's Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues).[275][276] On April 15, 1997, Robinson's jersey number, 42, was retired throughout Major League Baseball, the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues. Under the terms of the retirement, a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson, until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers.[277] This affected players such as the Mets' Butch Huskey and Boston's Mo Vaughn. The Yankees' Mariano Rivera, who retired at the end of the 2013 season,[278][279] was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis. Since 1997, only Wayne Gretzky's number 99, retired by the NHL in 2000, has been retired league-wide.[280] There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league-wide in honor of Roberto Clemente, a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family.[281] The Hispanics Across America advocacy group wants Clemente's number set aside the way the late Robinson's No. 42 was in 1997, but Sharon Robinson maintained the position that such an honor should remain in place for Jackie Robinson only.

text: As an exception to the retired-number policy, MLB began honoring Robinson by allowing players to wear number 42 on April 15, Jackie Robinson Day, which is an annual observance that started in 2004.[282][283] For the 60th anniversary of Robinson's major league debut, MLB invited players to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day in 2007.[282] The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey, Jr., who sought Rachel Robinson's permission to wear the number.[284] After receiving her permission, Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number, but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same.[285] Ultimately, more than 200 players wore number 42, including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Pittsburgh Pirates.[282] The tribute was continued in 2008, when, during games on April 15, all members of the Mets, Cardinals, Washington Nationals, and Tampa Bay Rays wore Robinson's number 42.[286][287] On June 25, 2008, MLB installed a new plaque for Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame commemorating his off-the-field impact on the game as well as his playing statistics.[226] In 2009, all uniformed personnel (players, managers, coaches, and umpires) wore number 42 on April 15.[288]

text: At the November 2006 groundbreaking for Citi Field, the new ballpark for the New York Mets, it was announced that the main entrance, modeled on the one in Brooklyn's old Ebbets Field, would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda. The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16, 2009.[289] It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number, 42, which has become an attraction in itself. Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that the Mets—in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation—will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center, located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square, along Canal Street in lower Manhattan. Along with the museum, scholarships will be awarded to "young people who live by and embody Jackie's ideals."[290][291][292] The museum hopes to open by 2019.[293] At Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017.[294]

text: Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the "Jackie Robinson Award".[295]

text: Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American.[232] President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984,[296] and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award, after Roberto Clemente.[297] On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento.[298]

text: A number of buildings have been named in Robinson's honor. The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium,[299] which, because of the efforts of Jackie's brother Mack, features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. Ellis.[300] The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14, 2013. City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach, Florida was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1990 and a statue of Robinson with two children stands in front of the ballpark. His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15. 1990.[301][302] A number of facilities at Pasadena City College (successor to PJC) are named in Robinson's honor, including Robinson Field, a football/soccer/track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack.[303] The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson,[304] and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him.[305] In 1976, his home in Brooklyn, the Jackie Robinson House, was declared a National Historic Landmark.[306] Brooklyn residents want to turn his home into a city landmark.[307] Robinson also has an asteroid named after him, 4319 Jackierobinson.[308] In 1997, the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar, and five-dollar gold coin.[309] That same year, New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor.

text: In 2011, the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson's Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball.[310] The house, at 8232 avenue de Gaspé near Jarry Park, was Robinson's residence when he played for the Montreal Royals during 1946. In a letter read during the ceremony, Rachel Robinson, Jackie's widow, wrote: "I remember Montreal and that house very well and have always had warm feeling for that great city. Before Jack and I moved to Montreal, we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida. In the end, Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start. We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there. The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man."[311]

text: On November 22, 2014, UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports, effective immediately. While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career, the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him.[312] The only sport this did not affect was men's basketball, which had previously retired the number for Walt Hazzard (although Kevin Love was actually the last player in that sport to wear 42, with Hazzard's blessing).[313][314][315][316] In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number, UCLA allowed three athletes (in women's soccer, softball, and football) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers. The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues.[312]

text: A jersey Robinson brought home with him in 1947 after his rookie season was sold at an auction for $2.05 million on November 19, 2017. The price was the highest ever paid for a post-World War II jersey.[317]


document_title: Household income in the United States

question_text: what percentage of american households make over 150k

root

text: Household income in the United States

text: Definition[edit]

text: A household's income can be calculated various ways but the US Census as of 2009 measured it in the following manner: the income of every resident of that house that is over the age of 15, including wages and salaries, as well as any kind of governmental entitlement such as unemployment insurance, disability payments or child support payments received, along with any personal business, investment, or other recurring sources of income.[5]

tag: p

text: The residents of the household do not have to be related to the head of the household for their earnings to be considered part of the household's income.[6] As households tend to share a similar economic context, the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted measures of income. That the size of a household is not commonly taken into account in such measures may distort any analysis of fluctuations within or among the household income categories, and may render direct comparisons between quintiles difficult or even impossible.[7]

text: Recent trends[edit]

text: The U.S. Census Bureau reported in September 2017 that real median household income was $59,039 in 2016, exceeding any previous year. This was the fourth consecutive year with a statistically significant increase by their measure. [10]

text: Changes in median income reflect several trends: the aging of the population, changing patterns in work and schooling, and the evolving makeup of the American family, as well as long- and short-term trends in the economy itself. For instance, the retirement of the Baby Boom generation should push down overall median income, as more persons enter lower-income retirement. However, analysis of different working age groups indicate a similar pattern of stagnating median income as well.[11]

text: Journalist Annie Lowrey wrote in September 2014: "The root causes [of wage stagnation] include technological change, the decline of labor unions, and globalization, economists think, though they disagree sharply on how much to weight each factor. But foreign-produced goods became sharply cheaper, meaning imports climbed and production moved overseas. And computers took over for humans in many manufacturing, clerical, and administrative tasks, eroding middle-class jobs growth and suppressing wages."[12]

text: Another line of analysis, known as "total compensation," presents a more complete picture of real wages. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a study in 2013 which shows that employer contributions to employee healthcare costs went up 78% from 2003 to 2013.[13] The marketplace has made a trade-off: expanding benefits packages vs. increasing wages.

text: Measured relative to GDP, total compensation and its component wages and salaries have been declining since 1970. This indicates a shift in income from labor (persons who derive income from hourly wages and salaries) to capital (persons who derive income via ownership of businesses, land and assets). This trend is common across the developed world, due in part to globalization.[14] Wages and salaries have fallen from approximately 51% GDP in 1970 to 43% GDP in 2013. Total compensation has fallen from approximately 58% GDP in 1970 to 53% GDP in 2013.[15]

text: However, as indicated by the charts below, household income has still increased significantly since the late 1970s and early 80s in real terms, partly due to higher individual median wages, and partly due to increased opportunities for women.

text: According to the CBO, between 1979 and 2011, gross median household income, adjusted for inflation, rose from $59,400 to $75,200, or 26.5%.[16] However, once adjusted for household size and looking at taxes from an after-tax perspective, real median household income grew 46%, representing significant growth.[17]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Use of individual household income: The government and organizations may look at one particular household's income to decide if a person is eligible for certain programs, such as nutrition assistance [18] or need-based financial aid,[19] among many others.

text: Use at the aggregate level: Summaries of household incomes across groups of people - often the entire country - are also studied as part of economic trends like standard of living and distribution of income and wealth. Household income as an economic measure can be represented as a median, a mean, a distribution, and other ways. Household income can be studied across time, region, education level, race/ethnicity, and many other dimensions. As an indicator of economic trends, it may be studied along with related economic measures such as disposable income, debt, household net worth (which includes debt and investments, durable goods like cars and houses), wealth, and employment statistics.

text: Median inflation-adjusted ("real") household income[edit]

text: Median inflation-adjusted ("real") household income generally increases and decreases with the business cycle, declining in each year during the periods 1979 through 1983, 1990 through 1993, 2000 through 2004 and 2008 through 2012, while rising in each of the intervening years.[16] Extreme poverty in the United States, meaning households living on less than $2 per day before government benefits, more than doubled from 636,000 to 1.46 million households (including 2.8 million children) between 1996 and 2011, with most of this increase occurring between late 2008 and early 2011.[20]

text: CBO income growth study[edit]

text: The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office conducted a study analyzing household income throughout the income distribution, by combining the Census and IRS income data sources. Unlike the Census measure of household income, the CBO showed income before and after taxes, and by also taking into account household size.[21] Also, the CBO definition of income is much broader, and includes in kind transfers as well as all monetary transfers from the government.[21] The Census' official definition of money income excludes food stamps and the EITC, for example, while CBO includes it.

text: Between 1979 and 2011, gross median household income, adjusted for inflation, rose from $59,400 to $75,200, or 26.5%. This compares with the Census' growth of 10%.[16] However, once adjusted for household size and looking at taxes from an after-tax perspective, real median household income grew 46%, representing significant growth.[17]

text: While median gross household income showed much stronger growth than depicted by the Census, inequality was shown to still have increased. The top 10% saw gross household income grow by 78%, versus 26.5% for the median. Interestingly, the bottom 10%, using the same measure, saw higher growth than the median (40%).[17]

text: Mean household income[edit]

text: Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income. Unlike the median household income, which divides all households in two halves, the mean income is the average income earned by American households. In the case of mean income, the income of all households is divided by the number of all households.[22] The mean income is usually more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top.[23] As a result, the mean tends to be higher than the median income, with the top earning households boosting it. Overall, the mean household income in the United States, according to the US Census Bureau 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, was $72,641.[24]

text: The US Census Bureau also provides a breakdown by self-identified ethnic groups as follows (as of March 2014):

text:
Mean Household Income by Ethnicity[24]

Ethnic Category
Mean Household Income

Asian alone
$90,752

White alone
$79,340

Hispanic or Latino
$54,644

Black
$49,629

tag: table

text: Mean vs. median household income[edit]

text: Median income is the amount which divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having income above that amount, and half having income below that amount. Mean income (average) is the amount obtained by dividing the total aggregate income of a group by the number of units in that group. The means and medians for households and families are based on all households and families. Means and medians for people are based on people 15 years old and over with income.

text: Aggregate income distribution[edit]

text: The aggregate income measures the combined income earned by all persons in a particular income group. In 2007, all households in the United States earned roughly $7.723 trillion.[25] One half, 49.98%, of all income in the US was earned by households with an income over $100,000, the top twenty percent. Over one quarter, 28.5%, of all income was earned by the top 8%, those households earning more than $150,000 a year. The top 3.65%, with incomes over $200,000, earned 17.5%. Households with annual incomes from $50,000 to $75,000, 18.2% of households, earned 16.5% of all income. Households with annual incomes from $50,000 to $95,000, 28.1% of households, earned 28.8% of all income. The bottom 10.3% earned 1.06% of all income.

text: Household income and demographics[edit]

text: Racial and ethnic groups[edit]

text: White Americans made up roughly 75.1% of all people in 2000,[26] 87.93% of all households in the top 5% were headed by a person who identified as being White alone. Only 4.75% of all household in the top 5% were headed by someone who identified as Hispanic or Latino of any race,[27] versus 12.5% of persons identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino in the general population.[26]

text: Overall, 86.01% of all households in the top two quintiles with upper-middle range incomes of over $55,331 were headed by someone identifying as White alone, while 7.21% were being headed by someone who identified as Hispanic and 7.37% by someone who identified as African American or Black.[27] Overall, households headed by Hispanics and African Americans were underrepresented in the top two quintiles and overrepresented in the bottom two quintiles. Households headed by people who identified as being Asian alone were also overrepresented among the top two quintiles. In the top five percent the percentage of Asians was nearly twice as high as the percentage of Asians among the general population. Whites were relatively even distributed throughout the quintiles only being underrepresented in the lowest quintile and slightly overrepresented in the top quintile and the top five percent.[27]

text: In terms of race in 2010 data, Asian American households had the highest median household income of $57,518, European-American households ranked second with $48,977, Hispanic or Latino households ranked third with $34,241. African-American or Black households had the lowest median household income of all races with $30,134.[28]

text:
Ethnic group
All households
Lowest fifth
Second fifth
Middle fifth
Fourth fifth
Highest fifth
Top 5%

White alone
Number in 1000s
92,702
16,940
18,424
18,978
19,215
19,721
5,029

Percentage
81.93%
74.87%
81.42%
83.87%
84.92%
87.16%
87.93%

Asian alone
Number in 1000s
4,140
624
593
786
871
1,265
366

Percentage
3.65%
2.76%
2.26%
3.47%
3.84%
5.59%
6.46%

Black
Number in 1000s
13,792
4,474
3,339
2,637
2,053
1,287
236

Percentage
12.19%
19.77%
14.75%
11.65%
9.07%
5.69%
4.17%

Hispanic or Latino
(of any race)
Number in 1000s
12,838
3,023
3,130
2,863
1,931
1,204
269

Percentage
11.33%
13.56%
13.83%
12.20%
8.53%
5.89%
4.75%

text: Source: US Census Bureau, 2004[27]

text: Education and gender[edit]

text: Household income as well as per capita income in the United States rise significantly as the educational attainment increases.[30] In 2005 graduates with a Master's in Business Administration (MBA) who accepted job offers were expected to earn a base salary of $88,626. They were also expected to receive an "average signing bonus of $17,428."[31]

text: According to the US Census Bureau persons with doctorates in the United States had an average income of roughly $81,400. The average for an advanced degree was $72,824, with men averaging $90,761 and women averaging $50,756 annually. Year-round full-time workers with a professional degree had an average income of $109,600 while those with a Master's degree had an average income of $62,300. Overall, "…[a]verage earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates and $99,300 for workers with professional degrees (M.D., D.P.T., D.P.M., D.O., J.D., Pharm.D., D.D.S., or D.V.M.).[32]

text: Individuals with graduate degrees have an average per capita income exceeding the median household income of married couple families among the general population ($63,813 annually).[32][33] Higher educational attainment did not, however, help close the income gap between the genders as the life-time earnings for a male with a professional degree were roughly forty percent (39.59%) higher than those of a female with a professional degree. The lifetime earnings gap between males and females was the smallest for those individuals holding an Associate degrees with male life-time earnings being 27.77% higher than those of females. While educational attainment did not help reduce the income inequality between men and women, it did increase the earnings potential of individuals of both sexes, enabling many households with one or more graduate degree householders to enter the top household income quintile.[32] These data were not adjusted for preferential differences among men and women whom attend college. For example, men often study fields of engineering while women often pursue social sciences. Since the difference between earnings in said fields of study are often quite large, it is natural for us to observe men earning more than women.[citation needed] That is to say, not all degrees are created equally.

text: Household income also increased significantly with the educational attainment of the householder. The US Census Bureau publishes educational attainment and income data for all households with a householder who was aged twenty-five or older. The biggest income difference was between those with some college education and those who had a Bachelor's degree, with the latter making $23,874 more annually. Income also increased substantially with increased post-secondary education. While the median annual household income for a household with a householder having an associate degree was $51,970, the median annual household income for householders with a bachelor's degree or higher was $73,446. Those with doctorates had the second highest median household with a median of $96,830; $18,289 more than that for those at the master's degree level, but $3,170 lower than the median for households with a professional degree holding householder.[29]

text:
Criteria
Overall
Less than 9th grade
Some high school
High school graduate
Some college
Associate degree
Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree or more
Master's degree
Professional degree
Doctoral degree

Median annual individual income
Male, age 25+
$33,517
$15,461
$18,990
$28,763
$35,073
$39,015
$50,916
$55,751
$61,698
$88,530
$73,853

Female, age 25+
$19,679
$9,296
$10,786
$15,962
$21,007
$24,808
$31,309
$35,125
$41,334
$48,536
$53,003

Both sexes, age 25+
$32,140
$17,422
$20,321
$26,505
$31,054
$35,009
$43,143
$49,303
$52,390
$82,473
$70,853

Median annual household income
$45,016
$18,787
$22,718
$36,835
$45,854
$51,970
$68,728
$73,446
$78,541
$100,000
$96,830

text: SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2003[29][34]

text: The change in median personal and household since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment. The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder. All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty-five or older. The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face.[29][34] Since 2003, median income has continued to rise for the nation as a whole, with the biggest gains going to those with associate degrees, bachelor's degree or more, and master's degrees. High-school dropouts fared worse with negative growth.

text:
Year
Overall Median
Less than 9th grade
Some high school
High school graduate
Some college
Associate degree
Bachelor's degree
Bachelor's degree or more
Master's degree
Professional degree
Doctoral degree

1991
$40,873
$17,414
$23,096
$37,520
$46,296
$52,289
$64,150
$68,845
$72,669
$102,667
$92,614

1993
$40,324
$17,450
$22,523
$35,979
$44,153
$49,622
$64,537
$70,349
$75,645
$109,900
$93,712

1995
$42,235
$18,031
$21,933
$37,609
$44,537
$50,485
$63,357
$69,584
$77,865
$98,302
$95,899

1997
$43,648
$17,762
$22,688
$38,607
$45,734
$51,726
$67,487
$72,338
$77,850
$105,409
$99,699

1999
$46,236
$19,008
$23,977
$39,322
$48,588
$54,282
$70,925
$76,958
$82,097
$110,383
$107,217

2001
$42,900
$18,830
$24,162
$37,468
$47,605
$53,166
$69,796
$75,116
$81,993
$103,918
$96,442

2003
$45,016
$18,787
$22,718
$36,835
$45,854
$56,970
$68,728
$73,446
$78,541
$100,000
$96,830

Average
$43,376
$18,183
$23,013
$37,620
$46,109
$51,934
$66,997
$72,376
$78,094
$104,368
$94,487

text: SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2003[29]

text: Age of householder[edit]

text: Household income in the United States varies substantially with the age of the person who heads the household. Overall, the median household income increased with the age of householder until retirement age when household income started to decline.[35] The highest median household income was found among households headed by working baby-boomers.[35]

text: Households headed by persons between the ages of 45 and 54 had a median household income of $61,111 and a mean household income of $77,634. The median income per member of household for this particular group was $27,924. The highest median income per member of household was among those between the ages of 54 and 64 with $30,544 [The reason this figure is lower than the next group is because pensions and Social Security add to income while a portion of older individuals also have work-related income.].[35]

text: The group with the second highest median household income, were households headed by persons between the ages 35 and 44 with a median income of $56,785, followed by those in the age group between 55 and 64 with $50,400. Not surprisingly the lowest income group was composed of those households headed by individuals younger than 24, followed by those headed by persons over the age of 75. Overall, households headed by persons above the age of seventy-five had a median household income of $20,467 with the median household income per member of household being $18,645. These figures support the general assumption that median household income as well as the median income per member of household peaked among those households headed by middle aged persons, increasing with the age of the householder and the size of the household until the householder reaches the age of 64. With retirement income replacing salaries and the size of the household declining, the median household income decreases as well.[35]

text: Household size[edit]

text: While median household income has a tendency to increase up to four persons per household, it declines for households beyond four persons. For example, in the state of Alabama in 2004, two-person households had a median income of $39,755, with $48,957 for three-person households, $54,338 for four-person households, $50,905 for five-person households, $45,435 for six-person households, with seven-or-more-person households having the second lowest median income of only $42,471.[36]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Considering other racial and geographical differences in regards to household income, it should come as no surprise that the median household income varies with race, size of household and geography. The state with the highest median household income in the United States as of the US Census Bureau 2009 is Maryland with $69,272, followed by New Jersey, Connecticut and Alaska, making the Northeastern United States the wealthiest area by income in the entire country.[37]

text: Regionally, in 2010, the Northeast reached a median income of $53,283, the West, $53,142, the South, $45,492, and the Midwest, $48,445.[38] Each figure represents a decline from the previous year.

text: Income by state[edit]

text: In 2010, the median household income by state ranged from $35,693 in Mississippi to $66,334 in Maryland. Despite having the highest median home price in the nation[39] and home prices that far outpaced incomes,[40] California ranked only ninth in income, with a median household income of $61,021.[41] While California's median income was not near enough to afford the average California home or even a starter home, West Virginia, which had one of the nation's lowest median household incomes, also had the nation's lowest median home price.[39][41]

text: By Census Bureau Region, of the 15 states with the highest median household income, only Minnesota is located in the Mid-West, while eight are in the Northeast (New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and New York) and the other six (Alaska, Hawaii, California, Washington, Colorado and Utah) are in the West.

text: The southern states had, on average, the lowest median household income, with nine of the country's fifteen poorest states located in the South. However, most of the poverty in the South is located in rural areas. Metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Raleigh, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, and Miami are areas within the southern states that have above average income levels. Overall, median household income tended to be the highest in the nation's most urbanized northeastern, upper midwestern and west coast states, while rural areas, mostly in the southern and mountain states (like New Mexico, Montana and Idaho), had the lowest median household income.[41]

text: As of 2015, the median household income ranged from $40,037 in Mississippi to $75,675 in New Hampshire.[42]

text:
Rank
State
2015[42][43]
2009
2008
2007
2004–2006

1
New Hampshire
$75,675
$60,567
$63,731
$62,369
$60,489

2
Alaska
$75,112
$66,953
$68,460
$64,333
$57,639

3
Maryland
$73,594
$69,272
$70,545
$68,080
$62,372

4
Connecticut
$72,889
$67,034
$68,595
$65,967
$59,972

5
District of Columbia
$70,071
$59,290
$57,936
$54,317
$47,221

6
Minnesota
$68,730
$55,616
$57,288
$55,082
$57,363

7
New Jersey
$68,357
$68,342
$70,378
$67,035
$64,169

8
Massachusetts
$67,861
$64,081
$65,401
$62,365
$56,236

9
Washington
$67,243
$56,548
$58,078
$55,591
$53,439

10
Colorado
$66,596
$55,430
$56,993
$55,212
$54,039

11
Utah
$66,258
$55,117
$56,633
$55,109
$55,179

12
Hawaii
$64,514
$64,098
$67,214
$63,746
$60,681

13
California
$63,636
$58,931
$61,021
$59,948
$53,770

14
Virginia
$61,486
$59,330
$61,233
$59,562
$55,108

15
Wyoming
$60,925
$52,664
$53,207
$51,731
$47,227

16
Iowa
$60,855
$48,044
$48,980
$47,292
$47,489

17
Oregon
$60,834
$48,457
$50,169
$48,730
$45,485

18
Nebraska
$60,747
$47,357
$49,693
$47,085
$48,126

19
Illinois
$60,413
$53,966
$56,235
$54,124
$49,280

20
Pennsylvania
$60,389
$49,520
$50,713
$48,576
$47,791

21
Vermont
$59,494
$51,618
$52,104
$49,907
$51,622

22
Missouri
$59,196
$45,229
$46,867
$45,114
$44,651

23
New York
$58,005
$54,659
$56,033
$53,514
$48,201

24
Delaware
$57,756
$56,860
$57,989
$54,610
$52,214

25
North Dakota
$57,415
$47,827
$45,685
$43,753
$43,753

26
Texas
$56,473
$48,259
$50,043
$47,548
$43,425

27
Rhode Island
$55,701
$54,119
$55,701
$53,568
$52,003

28
Wisconsin
$55,425
$49,993
$52,094
$50,578
$48,874

29
South Dakota
$55,065
$45,043
$46,032
$43,424
$44,624

30
Kansas
$54,865
$47,817
$50,177
$47,451
$44,264

31
Michigan
$54,203
$45,255
$48,591
$47,950
$47,064

32
Ohio
$53,301
$45,395
$47,988
$46,597
$45,837

33
Arizona
$52,248
$48,745
$50,958
$49,889
$46,729

34
Nevada
$52,008
$53,341
$56,361
$55,062
$50,819

35
Indiana
$51,983
$45,424
$47,966
$47,448
$44,806

36
Idaho
$51,624
$44,926
$47,576
$46,253
$46,395

37
Montana
$51,395
$42,322
$43,654
$43,531
$38,629

38
North Carolina
$50,797
$43,674
$46,549
$44,670
$42,061

39
Georgia
$50,768
$47,590
$50,861
$49,136
$46,841

40
Maine
$50,756
$45,734
$46,581
$45,888
$45,040

41
Florida
$48,825
$44,736
$47,778
$47,804
$44,448

42
Tennessee
$47,330
$41,725
$43,614
$42,367
$40,676

43
Oklahoma
$47,077
$41,664
$42,822
$41,567
$40,001

44
South Carolina
$46,360
$44,625
$43,329
$40,822
$39,454

45
Louisiana
$45,922
$42,492
$43,733
$40,926
$37,943

46
New Mexico
$45,119
$43,028
$43,508
$41,452
$40,827

47
Alabama
$44,509
$40,489
$42,666
$40,554
$38,473

48
West Virginia
$42,824
$37,435
$37,989
$37,060
$37,227

49
Arkansas
$42,798
$40,489
$41,393
$42,229
$41,679

50
Kentucky
$42,387
$40,072
$41,538
$40,267
$38,466

51
Mississippi
$40,037
$36,646
$37,790
$36,338
$35,261

text: Social class[edit]

text: Household income is one of the most commonly used measures of income and, therefore, also one of the most prominent indicators of social class. Household income and education do not, however, always reflect perceived class status correctly. Sociologist Dennis Gilbert acknowledges that "... the class structure... does not exactly match the distribution of household income" with "the mismatch [being] greatest in the middle..." (Gilbert, 1998: 92) As social classes commonly overlap, it is not possible to define exact class boundaries.

text: According to Leonard Beeghley[citation needed] a household income of roughly $95,000 would be typical of a dual-earner middle class household while $60,000 would be typical of a dual-earner working class household and $18,000 typical for an impoverished household. William Thompson and Joseph Hickey[citation needed] see common incomes for the upper class as those exceeding $500,000 with upper middle class incomes ranging from the high 5-figures to most commonly in excess of $100,000. They claim the lower middle class ranges from $35,000 to $75,000; $16,000 to $30,000 for the working class and less than $2,000 for the lower class.

text:
Academic class models

Dennis Gilbert, 2002
William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, 2005
Leonard Beeghley, 2004

Class
Typical characteristics
Class
Typical characteristics
Class
Typical characteristics

Capitalist class (1%)
Top-level executives, high-rung politicians, heirs. Ivy League education common.
Upper class (1%)
Top-level executives, celebrities, heirs; income of $500,000+ common. Ivy league education common.
The super-rich (0.9%)
Multi-millionaires whose incomes commonly exceed $350,000; includes celebrities and powerful executives/politicians. Ivy League education common.

Upper middle class[1] (15%)
Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees), most commonly salaried, professionals and middle management with large work autonomy.
Upper middle class[1] (15%)
Highly-educated (often with graduate degrees) professionals & managers with household incomes varying from the high 5-figure range to commonly above $100,000.
The rich (5%)
Households with net worth of $1 million or more; largely in the form of home equity. Generally have college degrees.

Middle class (plurality/
majority?; ca. 46%)
College-educated workers with considerably higher-than-average incomes and compensation; a man making $57,000 and a woman making $40,000 may be typical.

Lower middle class (30%)
Semi-professionals and craftsmen with a roughly average standard of living. Most have some college education and are white-collar.
Lower middle class (32%)
Semi-professionals and craftsmen with some work autonomy; household incomes commonly range from $35,000 to $75,000. Typically, some college education.

Working class (30%)
Clerical and most blue-collar workers whose work is highly routinized. Standard of living varies depending on number of income earners, but is commonly just adequate. High school education.

Working class (32%)
Clerical, pink- and blue-collar workers with often low job security; common household incomes range from $16,000 to $30,000. High school education.
Working class
(ca. 40–45%)
Blue-collar workers and those whose jobs are highly routinized with low economic security; a man making $40,000 and a woman making $26,000 may be typical. High school education.

Working poor (13%)
Service, low-rung clerical and some blue-collar workers. High economic insecurity and risk of poverty. Some high school education.

Lower class (ca. 14–20%)
Those who occupy poorly-paid positions or rely on government transfers. Some high school education.

Underclass (12%)
Those with limited or no participation in the labor force. Reliant on government transfers. Some high school education.
The poor (ca. 12%)
Those living below the poverty line with limited to no participation in the labor force; a household income of $18,000 may be typical. Some high school education.

References: Gilbert, D. (2002) The American Class Structure: In An Age of Growing Inequality. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, ISBN 0534541100. (see also Gilbert Model);

Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.

1 The upper middle class may also be referred to as "Professional class" Ehrenreich, B. (1989). The Inner Life of the Middle Class. NY, NY: Harper-Collins.

text: Distribution of household income[edit]

text: Distribution of household income in 2014 according to US Census data[edit]

text:
US Census Bureau figures for 2014

Income of Household
Number (thousands) [44]
Percentage
Percentile
Mean Income [44]
Mean number of earners [45]
Mean size of household [45]

Total
124,587
—
—
$75,738
1.28
2.54

Under $5,000
4571
3.67%
0
$1,080
0.20
1.91

$5,000 to $9,999
4320
3.47%
3.67th
$7,936
0.34
1.78

$10,000 to $14,999
6766
5.43%
7.14th
$12,317
0.39
1.71

$15,000 to $19,999
6779
5.44%
12.57th
$17,338
0.54
1.90

$20,000 to $24,999
6865
5.51%
18.01th
$22,162
0.73
2.07

$25,000 to $29,999
6363
5.11%
23.52th
$27,101
0.82
2.19

$30,000 to $34,999
6232
5.00%
28.63th
$32,058
0.94
2.27

$35,000 to $39,999
5857
4.70%
33.63th
$37,061
1.04
2.31

$40,000 to $44,999
5430
4.36%
38.33th
$41,979
1.15
2.40

$45,000 to $49,999
5060
4.06%
42.69th
$47,207
1.24
2.52

$50,000 to $54,999
5084
4.08%
46.75th
$51,986
1.32
2.54

$55,000 to $59,999
4220
3.39%
50.83th
$57,065
1.41
2.56

$60,000 to $64,999
4477
3.59%
54.22th
$62,016
1.46
2.64

$65,000 to $69,999
3709
2.98%
57.81th
$67,081
1.51
2.67

$70,000 to $74,999
3737
3.00%
60.79th
$72,050
1.57
2.73

$75,000 to $79,999
3484
2.80%
63.79th
$77,023
1.60
2.79

$80,000 to $84,999
3142
2.52%
66.58th
$81,966
1.63
2.79

$85,000 to $89,999
2750
2.21%
69.11th
$87,101
1.77
2.90

$90,000 to $94,999
2665
2.14%
71.31th
$92,033
1.82
2.96

$95,000 to $99,999
2339
1.88%
73.45th
$97,161
1.81
2.97

$100,000 to $104,999
2679
2.15%
75.33th
$101,921
1.79
3.01

$105,000 to $109,999
2070
1.66%
77.48th
$107,187
1.88
3.01

$110,000 to $114,999
1922
1.54%
79.14th
$112,069
1.93
3.12

$115,000 to $119,999
1623
1.30%
80.68th
$117,133
1.98
3.14

$120,000 to $124,999
1863
1.50%
81.99th
$122,127
1.93
3.09

$125,000 to $129,999
1452
1.17%
83.48th
$127,166
1.99
3.12

$130,000 to $134,999
1512
1.21%
84.65th
$131,863
2.00
3.18

$135,000 to $139,999
1219
0.98%
85.86th
$137,284
1.98
3.11

$140,000 to $144,999
1290
1.04%
86.84th
$142,199
1.97
3.03

$145,000 to $149,999
1024
0.82%
87.87th
$147,130
2.01
3.11

$150,000 to $154,999
1146
0.92%
88.70th
$151,940
1.85
3.12

$155,000 to $159,999
848
0.68%
89.62th
$157,177
2.08
3.15

$160,000 to $164,999
875
0.70%
90.30th
$162,019
2.02
3.13

$165,000 to $169,999
786
0.63%
91.00th
$167,101
2.10
3.16

$170,000 to $174,999
717
0.58%
91.63th
$172,169
2.17
3.21

$175,000 to $179,999
607
0.49%
92.21th
$177,187
2.19
3.28

$180,000 to $184,999
619
0.50%
92.69th
$182,055
2.03
3.19

$185,000 to $189,999
556
0.45%
93.19th
$187,299
2.03
3.20

$190,000 to $194,999
485
0.39%
93.64th
$192,241
2.19
3.29

$195,000 to $199,999
436
0.35%
94.03th
$197,211
2.23
3.27

$200,000 to $249,999
3249
2.61%
94.38th
$220,267
2.08
3.24

$250,000 and over
3757
3.02%
96.98th
$402,476