document_title: TI MSP430

question_text: 3. how many address words can the msp 430 address

question_tokens: 3 . how many address words can the msp 430 address

text: TI MSP430

text: Applications[edit]

text: The MSP430 can be used for low powered embedded devices. The current drawn in idle mode can be less than 1 µA. The top CPU speed is 25 MHz. It can be throttled back for lower power consumption. The MSP430 also uses six different low-power modes, which can disable unneeded clocks and CPU. Additionally, the MSP430 is capable of wake-up times below 1 microsecond, allowing the microcontroller to stay in sleep mode longer, minimizing its average current consumption. The device comes in a variety of configurations featuring the usual peripherals: internal oscillator, timer including PWM, watchdog, USART, SPI, I²C, 10/12/14/16/24-bit ADCs, and brownout reset circuitry. Some less usual peripheral options include comparators (that can be used with the timers to do simple ADC), on-chip op-amps for signal conditioning, 12-bit DAC, LCD driver, hardware multiplier, USB, and DMA for ADC results. Apart from some older EPROM (MSP430E3xx) and high volume mask ROM (MSP430Cxxx) versions, all of the devices are in-system programmable via JTAG (full four-wire or Spy-Bi-Wire) or a built in bootstrap loader (BSL) using UART such as RS232, or USB on devices with USB support.

text: There are, however, limitations that preclude its use in more complex embedded systems. The MSP430 does not have an external memory bus, so it is limited to on-chip memory (up to 512 KB flash memory and 66 KB RAM) which may be too small for applications that require large buffers or data tables. Also, although it has a DMA controller, it is very difficult to use it to move data off the chip due to a lack of a DMA output strobe.[2]

text: MSP430 part numbering[edit]

text: An MSP430 part number such as "MSP430F2618ATZQWT-EP" consists of the following pieces:

text:
MSP430: Standard prefix.
F: Indicates a memory type or specialized application. "F" indicating flash memory is by far the most popular. Other options for memory type include "C" for masked ROM, "FR" for FRAM, "G" for Flash Value Line, and "L" as in the MSP430L09x series, which indicates a RAM-only part; it must remain continuously powered to retain its programming. A second letter (except for "FR") indicates a specialized application for the part. For example, "G" is an optional specialization letter indicating hardware support for a specialized use. "E" indicates special electricity meter functions, "G" devices are designed for medical instrumentation, and "W" devices include a special "scan interface" designed for flow meters. An exception is the MSP430FG2xx devices, which are considered a separate generation.
2: The generation of device. There can be significant changes to core peripherals (clock generators, UARTs, etc.) in different generations. These are not in chronological order, but rather higher values roughly indicate greater size, complexity and cost. For example, generations 3 and 4 include LCD controllers which the others do not.
6: The model within the generation. This indicates the mixture of on-board peripheral devices and number of pins.
18: One or two digits indicating the amount of memory on the device. The numbering is (mostly) consistent throughout the MSP430 series. Not all suffixes are valid with all models; most models are available in 3–6 memory sizes, chosen to match the other capabilities of the device. Larger numbers indicate increasing amounts of memory, but sometimes one type of memory (RAM or ROM) is sacrificed to fit more of the other.

text:
MSP430 Memory configurations

Suffix
RAM
ROM

Suffix
RAM
ROM

0
128
1 K
10
5 K
32 K

1
128
2 K
11
10 K
48 K

2
256
4 K
12
5 K
55/56 K

3
256
8 K
13

4
512
12 K
14

5
512
16 K
15

6
1 K
24 K
16
4 K
92 K

7
1 K
32 K
17
8 K
92 K

8
2 K
48K
18
8 K
116 K

9
2 K
60K
19
4 K
120 K

text:
An optional suffix digit indicating a variant device, adding or deleting some analog peripherals. For example, a "1" suffix may indicate the addition of a comparator or deletion of an ADC. If the memory size is "1", this suffix can be confused with part of the memory size, but no single model is available in both "1" and "10" (or greater) memory sizes.
An optional "A" suffix indicating an upward-compatible revised version. The MSP430F11x1A has an additional 256 bytes of data flash not present in the plain 'F11x1.

text: Trailing suffix letters indicate options not visible to software:

text:
T: Indicates a temperature range of −40 °C to +105 °C.
ZQW: Indicates the package the part is kept in. "ZQW" is a TI-specific name for a ball grid array.
T: Indicates that the parts are shipped in small reel (7-inch) packaging.
-EP: Indicates an additional feature. "-Q1" specifies that the part is automotive qualified. "-EP" and "-HT" indicate extended temperature products. Enhanced products, "-EP", have a temperature range from -40 °C to 125 °C, and extreme temperature parts, "-HT", have a temperature range from -56 °C to 150 °C.

text: MSP430 generations[edit]

text: There are six general generations of MSP430 processors. In order of development, they were the '3xx generation, the '1xx generation, the '4xx generation, the '2xx generation, the '5xx generation, and the '6xx generation. The digit after the generation identifies the model (generally higher model numbers are larger and more capable), the third digit identifies the amount of memory on board, and the fourth, if present, identifies a minor model variant. The most common variation is a different on-chip analog-to-digital converter.

text: The 3xx and 1xx generations were limited to a 16-bit address space. In the later generations this was expanded to include '430X' instructions that allow a 20-bit address space. As happened with other processor architectures (e.g. the processor of the PDP-11), extending the addressing range beyond the 16-bit word size introduced some peculiarities and inefficiencies for programs larger than 64 kBytes.

text: In the following list, it helps to think of the typical 200 mA·Hr capacity of a CR2032 lithium coin cell as 200,000 μA·Hr, or 22.8 μA·year. Thus, considering only the CPU draw, such a battery could supply a 0.7 μA current draw for 32 years. (In reality, battery self-discharge would reduce this number.)

text: The significance of the 'RAM retention' vs the 'real-time clock mode' is that in real time clock mode the CPU can go to sleep with a clock running which will wake it up at a specific future time. In RAM retention mode, some external signal is required to wake it, e.g. I/O pin signal or SPI slave receive interrupt.

text: MSP430x1xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430x1xx Series is the basic generation without an embedded LCD controller. They are generally smaller than the '3xx generation. These flash- or ROM-based ultra-low-power MCUs offer 8 MIPS, 1.8–3.6 V operation, up to 60 KB flash, and a wide range of analog and digital peripherals.

text:
Power specification overview, as low as:

0.1 μA RAM retention
0.7 μA real-time clock mode
200 μA / MIPS active
Features fast wake-up from standby mode in less than 6 µs.

text:
Device parameters

Flash options: 1–60 KB
ROM options: 1–16 KB
RAM : 128 B–10 KB
GPIO options: 14, 22, 48 pins
ADC options: Slope, 10 & 12-bit SAR
Other integrated peripherals: 12-bit DAC, up to 2 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, brown-out reset, SVS, USART module (UART, SPI), DMA, 16×16 multiplier, Comparator_A, temperature sensor

text: MSP430F2xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430F2xx Series are similar to the '1xx generation, but operate at even lower power, support up to 16 MHz operation, and have a more accurate (±2%) on-chip clock that makes it easier to operate without an external crystal. These flash-based ultra-low power devices offer 1.8–3.6 V operation. Includes the very-low power oscillator (VLO), internal pull-up/pull-down resistors, and low-pin count options.

text:
Power specification overview, as low as:

0.1 μA RAM retention
0.3 μA standby mode (VLO)
0.7 μA real-time clock mode
220 μA / MIPS active
Feature ultra-fast wake-up from standby mode in less than 1 μs

text:
Device parameters

Flash options: 1–120 KB
RAM options: 128 B – 8 KB
GPIO options: 10, 11, 16, 24, 32, and 48 pins
ADC options: Slope, 10 & 12-bit SAR, 16 & 24-bit Sigma Delta
Other integrated peripherals: operational amplifiers, 12-bit DAC, up to 2 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, brown-out reset, SVS, USI module (I²C, SPI), USCI module, DMA, 16×16 multiplier, Comparator_A+, temperature sensor

text: MSP430G2xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430G2xx Value Series features flash-based Ultra-Low Power MCUs up to 16 MIPS with 1.8–3.6 V operation. Includes the Very-Low power Oscillator (VLO), internal pull-up/pull-down resistors, and low-pin count options, at lower prices than the MSP430F2xx series.

text:
Ultra-Low Power, as low as (@2.2 V):

0.1 μA RAM retention
0.4 μA Standby mode (VLO)
0.7 μA real-time clock mode
220 μA / MIPS active
Ultra-Fast Wake-Up From Standby Mode in <1 μs

text:
Device parameters

Flash options: 0.5–56 KB
RAM options: 128 B–4 KB
GPIO options: 10, 16, 24, 32 pins
ADC options: Slope, 10-bit SAR
Other integrated peripherals: Capacitive Touch I/O, up to 3 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, brown-out reset, USI module (I²C, SPI), USCI module, Comparator_A+, Temp sensor

text: MSP430x3xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430x3xx Series is the oldest generation, designed for portable instrumentation with an embedded LCD controller. This also includes a frequency-locked loop oscillator that can automatically synchronize to a low-speed (32 kHz) crystal. This generation does not support EEPROM memory, only mask ROM and UV-eraseable and one-time programmable EPROM. Later generations provide only flash memory and mask ROM options. These devices offer 2.5–5.5 V operation, up to 32 KB ROM.

text:
Power specification overview, as low as:

0.1 μA RAM retention
0.9 μA real-time clock mode
160 μA / MIPS active
Features fast wake-up from standby mode in less than 6 µs.

text:
Device parameters:

ROM options: 2–32 KB
RAM options: 512 B–1 KB
GPIO options: 14, 40 pins
ADC options: Slope, 14-bit SAR
Other integrated peripherals: LCD controller, multiplier

text: MSP430x4xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430x4xx Series are similar to the '3xx generation, but include an integrated LCD controller, and are larger and more capable. These flash or ROM based devices offers 8–16 MIPS at 1.8–3.6 V operation, with FLL, and SVS. Ideal for low power metering and medical applications.

text:
Device parameters:

Flash/ROM options: 4 – 120 KB
RAM options: 256 B – 8 KB
GPIO options: 14, 32, 48, 56, 68, 72, 80 pins
ADC options: Slope, 10 & 12-bit SAR, 16-bit Sigma Delta
Other integrated peripherals: SCAN_IF, ESP430, 12-bit DAC, Op Amps, RTC, up to 2 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, basic timer, brown-out reset, SVS, USART module (UART, SPI), USCI module, LCD Controller, DMA, 16×16 & 32x32 multiplier, Comparator_A, temperature sensor, 8 MIPS CPU Speed

text: MSP430x5xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430x5xx Series are able to run up to 25 MHz, have up to 512 KB flash memory and up to 66 KB RAM. This flash-based family features low active power consumption with up to 25 MIPS at 1.8–3.6 V operation (165 uA/MIPS). Includes an innovative power management module for optimal power consumption and integrated USB.[3]

text:
Power specification overview, as low as:

0.1 μA RAM retention
2.5 μA real-time clock mode
165 μA / MIPS active
Features fast wake-up from standby mode in less than 5 µs.

text:
Device parameters:

Flash options: up to 512 KB
RAM options: up to 66 KB
ADC options: 10 & 12-bit SAR
GPIO options: 29, 31, 47, 48, 63, 67, 74, 87 pins
Other integrated peripherals: High resolution PWM, 5 V I/O's, USB, backup battery switch, up to 4 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, Real-Time Clock, brown-out reset, SVS, USCI module, DMA, 32x32 multiplier, Comp B, temperature sensor

text: MSP430x6xx series[edit]

text: The MSP430x6xx Series are able to run up to 25 MHz, have up to 512 KB flash memory and up to 66 KB RAM. This flash-based family features low active power consumption with up to 25 MIPS at 1.8–3.6 V operation (165 uA/MIPS). Includes an innovative power management module for optimal power consumption and integrated USB.

text:
Device parameters:

Flash options: up to 512 KB
RAM options: up to 66 KB
ADC options: 12-bit SAR
GPIO options: 74 pins
Other integrated peripherals: USB, LCD, DAC, Comparator_B, DMA, 32x32 multiplier, power management module (BOR, SVS, SVM, LDO), watchdog timer, RTC, Temp sensor

text: RF SoC (CC430) series[edit]

text: The RF SoC (CC430) Series provides tight integration between the microcontroller core, peripherals, software, and RF transceiver. Features <1 GHz RF transceiver, with 1.8 V–3.6 V operation.

text:
Power specification overview, as low as:

1 μA RAM retention
1.7 μA real-time clock mode
180 μA / MIPS active

text:
Device parameters:

Speed options: up to 20 MHz
Flash options: up to 32 KB
RAM options: up to 4 KB
ADC options: 12-bit SAR
GPIO options: 30 & 44 pins
Other integrated peripherals: LCD Controller, up to 2 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, RTC, power management module (BOR, SVS, SVM, LDO), USCI module, DMA, 32x32 multiplier, Comp B, temperature sensor

text: FRAM series[edit]

text: The FRAM Series from Texas Instruments provides unified memory with dynamic partitioning and memory access speeds 100 times faster than flash. FRAM is also capable of zero power state retention in all power modes, which means that writes are guaranteed, even in the event of a power loss. With a write endurance of over 100 trillion cycles, EEPROM is no longer required. Active power consumption at less than 100μA/MHz.

text:
Power specification overview, as low as:

320 nA RAM retention
0.35 μA real-time clock mode
82 μA / MIPS active

text:
Device parameters:

Speed options: 8 to 24 MHz
FRAM options: 4 to 128 KB
RAM options: 0.5 to 2 KB
ADC options: 10 or 12-bit SAR
GPIO options: 17 to 83 GPIO pins
Other possible integrated peripherals: MPU, up to 6 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, RTC, power management module (BOR, SVS, SVM, LDO), USCI module, DMA, multiplier, Comp B, temperature sensor, LCD driver, I2C and UART BSL, Extended Scan Interface, AES, IR modulation

text: Low voltage series[edit]

text: The Low Voltage Series include the MSP430C09x and MSP430L092 parts. These 2 series of low voltage 16 bit microcontrollers have configurations with two 16-bit timers, an 8-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, an 8-bit digital-to-analog (D/A) converter, and up to 11 I/O pins.

text:
Device parameters:

Speed options: 4 MHz
ROM options: 1–2 kB
SRAM options: 2 kB
ADC options: 8-bit SAR
GPIO options: 11 pins
Other integrated peripherals: up to 2 16-bit timers, watchdog timer, brown-out reset, SVS, comparator, temperature sensor

text: Other MSP430 families[edit]

text: Additional families within MSP430 include Fixed Function, Automotive, and Extended Temp parts.

text: Fixed Function: The MSP430BQ1010 16-bit microcontroller is an advanced fixed-function device that forms the control and communications unit on the receiver side for wireless power transfer in portable applications. MSP430BQ1010 complies with the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) specification. For more information, see Contactless Power.

text: Automotive: Automotive MSP430 microcontrollers (MCUs) from Texas Instruments (TI) are 16-bit, RISC-based, mixed-signal processors that are AEC-Q100 qualified and suitable for automotive applications in environments up to 105 °C ambient temperature. LIN compliant drivers for the MSP430 MCU provided by IHR GmbH.

text: Extended Temp: MSP430 devices are very popular in harsh environments such as industrial sensing for their low power consumption and innovative analog integration. Some harsh environment applications include transportation/automotive, renewable energy, military/space/avionics, mineral exploration, industrial, and safety & security.

text:
Device Definitions:

HT: -55 °C to 150 °C
EP: Enhanced products -55 °C to 125 °C
Q1: Automotive Q100 qualified -40 °C to 105 °C
T: Extended temperature -40 °C to 105 °C applications

text: Note that when the flash size is over 64K words (128 KBytes), instruction addresses can no longer be encoded in just two bytes. This change in pointer size causes some incompatibilities with previous parts.

text: Peripherals[edit]

text: The MSP430 peripherals are generally easy to use, with (mostly) consistent addresses between models, and no write-only registers (except for the hardware multiplier).

text: General purpose I/O ports 0–10[edit]

text: As is standard on microcontrollers, most pins connect to a more specialized peripheral, but if that peripheral is not needed, the pin may be used for general purpose I/O. The pins are divided into 8-bit groups called "ports", each of which is controlled by a number of 8-bit registers. In some cases, the ports are arranged in pairs which can be accessed as 16-bit registers.

text: The MSP430 family defines 11 I/O ports, P0 through P10, although no chip implements more than 10 of them. P0 is only implemented on the '3xx family. P7 through P10 are only implemented on the largest members (and highest pin count versions) of the '4xx and '2xx families. The newest '5xx and '6xx families has P1 through P11, and the control registers are reassigned to provide more port pairs. Each port is controlled by the following registers. Ports which do not implement particular features (such as interrupt on state change) do not implement the corresponding registers.

text: Ports 0–2 can produce interrupts when inputs change. Additional registers configure this ability:

text: Some pins have special purposes either as inputs or outputs. (For example, timer pins can be configured as capture inputs or PWM outputs.) In this case, the PxDIR bit controls which of the two functions the pin performs when the PxSEL bit is set. If there is only one special function, then PxDIR is generally ignored. The PxIN register is still readable if the PxSEL bit is set, but interrupt generation is disabled. If PxSEL is clear, the special function's input is frozen and disconnected from the external pin. Also, configuring a pin for general purpose output does not disable interrupt generation.

text:
General purpose I/O register address map

'1xx–'4xx families

PxIN
PxOUT
PxDIR
PxSEL
PxIES
PxIE
PxIFG
PxREN

P0
0x10
0x11
0x12

0x13
0x14
0x15

P1
0x20
0x21
0x22
0x26
0x24
0x25
0x23
0x27

P2
0x28
0x29
0x2a
0x2e
0x2c
0x2d
0x2b
0x2f

P3
0x18
0x19
0x1a
0x1b

0x10

P4
0x1c
0x1d
0x1e
0x1f

0x11

P5
0x30
0x31
0x32
0x33

0x12

P6
0x34
0x35
0x36
0x37

0x13

PA
P7
0x38
0x3a
0x3c
0x3e

0x14

P8
0x39
0x3b
0x3d
0x3f

0x15

PB
P9
0x08
0x0a
0x0c
0x0e

0x16

P10
0x09
0x0b
0x0d
0x0f

0x17

'5xx–'6xx & '0xx families

PxIN
PxOUT
PxDIR
PxREN
PxDS
PxSEL
PxIV
PxIES
PxIE
PxIFG

PA
P1
0x200
0x202
0x204
0x206
0x208
0x20A
0x20E
0x218
0x21A
0x21C

P2
0x201
0x203
0x205
0x207
0x209
0x20B
0x21E
0x219
0x21B
0x21D

PB
P3
0x220
0x222
0x224
0x226
0x228
0x22A

P4
0x221
0x223
0x225
0x227
0x229
0x22B

PC
P5
0x240
0x242
0x244
0x246
0x248
0x24A

P6
0x241
0x243
0x245
0x247
0x249
0x24B

PD
P7
0x260
0x262
0x264
0x266
0x268
0x26A

P8
0x261
0x263
0x265
0x267
0x269
0x26B

PE
P9
0x280
0x282
0x284
0x286
0x288
0x28A

P10
0x281
0x283
0x285
0x287
0x289
0x28B

P11
0x2A0
0x2A2
0x2A4
0x2A6
0x2A8
0x2AA

PJ
0x320
0x322
0x324
0x326
0x328
4 bits only; shared with JTAG pins.

text: Integrated peripherals[edit]

text: Analog-to-digital converter

text: Analog pool

text: Comparator A, A+

text: Op Amps

text: Sigma Delta (SD)

text: Basic timer (BT)

text: Real-Time Clock

text: 16-bit timers

text: Watchdog (WDT+)

text: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

text: Brown-Out Reset (BOR)

text: Direct Memory Access (DMA) Controller

text: Enhanced Emulation Module (EEM)

text: Hardware multiplier

text:
Address
Name
Function

0x130
MPY
Operand1 for unsigned multiply

0x132
MPYS
Operand1 for signed multiply

0x134
MAC
Operand1 for unsigned multiply-accumulate

0x136
MACS
Operand1 for signed multiply-accumulate

0x138
OP2
Second operand for multiply operation

0x13A
ResLo
Low word of multiply result

0x13C
ResHi
High word of multiply result

0x13E
SumExt
Carry out of multiply-accumulate

text: Memory Protection Unit (MPU)

text: Power management module (PMM)

text: Supply-Voltage Supervisor (SVS)

text: Capacitive Touch Sense I/Os

text: General Purpose I/Os

text: Sub-GHz RF Front End

text: USART (UART, SPI, I²C)

text: USB

text: USCI (UART, SPI, I²C, LIN, IrDA)

text: USI (SPI, I²C)

text: Infrared Modulation

text: ESP430 (integrated in FE42xx devices)

text: Scan Interface (SIF)

text: Software development environment[edit]

text: Texas Instruments provides various hardware experimenter boards that support large (approximately two centimeters square) and small (approximately one millimeter square) MSP430 chips. TI also provides software development tools, both directly, and in conjunction with partners (see the full list of compilers, assemblers, and IDEs). One such toolchain is the IAR C/C++ compiler and Integrated development environment, or IDE. A Kickstart edition can be downloaded for free from TI or IAR; it is limited to 8 KB of C/C++ code in the compiler and debugger (assembly language programs of any size can be developed and debugged with this free toolchain).

text: TI also combines a version of its own compiler and tools with its Eclipse-based Code Composer Studio IDE ("CCS"). It sells full-featured versions, and offers a free version for download which has a code size limit of 16 KB. CCS supports in-circuit emulators, and includes a simulator and other tools; it can also work with other processors sold by TI.

text: For those who are more comfortable with the Arduino, there is also another software Energia, an open source electronics prototyping platform with the goal to bring the Wiring and Arduino framework to the Texas Instruments MSP430 based LaunchPad where Arduino code can be exported for programming MSP430 chips. The latest release of Energia supports the MSP-EXP430G2xxx, MSP-EXP430FR5739, MSP-EXP430FR5969, MSP-EXP430F5529LP, Stellaris EK-LM4F120XL, Tiva-C EK-TM4C123GXL, Tiva-C EK-TM4C1294XL, CC3200 WiFi LaunchPad.[5]

text: The open source community produces a freely available software development toolset based on the GNU toolset. The GNU compiler is currently declined in three versions:

text: (MSPGCC)

text: (MSPGCC Uniarch)

text: TI consulted with RedHat to provide official support for the MSP430 architecture to the GNU Compiler Collection C/C++ compiler. This msp430-elf-gcc compiler is supported by TI's Code Composer Studio version 6.0 and higher.

text: There is a very early llvm-msp430 project, which may eventually provide better support for MSP430 in LLVM.

text: Other commercial development tool sets, which include editor, compiler, linker, assembler, debugger and in some cases code wizards, are available. VisSim, a block diagram language for model based development, generates efficient fixed point C-Code directly from the diagram.[6] VisSim generated code for a closed loop ADC+PWM based PID control on the F2013 compiles to less than 1 KB flash and 100 bytes RAM.[7] VisSim has on-chip peripheral blocks for the entire MSP430 family I²C, ADC, SD16, PWM.

text: Low cost development platforms[edit]

text: The MSP430F2013 and its siblings are set apart by the fact that (except for the MSP430G2 Value Line) it is the only MSP430 part that is available in a dual in-line package (DIP). Other variants in this family are only available in various surface-mount packages. TI has gone to some trouble to support the eZ430 development platform by making the raw chips easy for hobbyists to use in prototypes.

text: TI has tackled the low-budget problem by offering a very small experimenter board, the eZ430-F2013, on a USB stick. This makes it easy for designers to choose the MSP430 chip for inexpensive development platforms that can be used with a computer. The eZ430-F2013 contains an MSP430F2013 microcontroller on a detachable prototyping board, and accompanying CD with development software. It is helpful[citation needed] for schools, hobbyists and garage inventors. It is also welcomed[citation needed] by engineers in large companies prototyping projects with capital budget problems.

text: MSP430 Launchpad[edit]

text: Texas Instruments released the MSP430 Launchpad in July 2010. The MSP430 Launchpad has an onboard flash emulator, USB, 2 programmable LEDs, and 1 programmable push button.[8] As an addition to experimentation with the Launchpad a shield board is available.

text: TI has since provided several new LaunchPads based on the MSP430 platform:

text:
MSP-EXP430F5529LP features the MSP430F5529 USB device-capable MCU with 128KB flash and 8KB SRAM
MSP-EXP430FR5969 features the MSP430FR5969 FRAM MCU with 64KB FRAM and 2KB SRAM
MSP-EXP430FR4133 features the MSP430FR4133 FRAM MCU with 16KB FRAM, 2KB SRAM and on-board LCD

text: All three of these LaunchPads include an eZ-FET JTAG debugger with backchannel UART capable of 1Mbit/s speeds. The FRAM LaunchPads (MSP-EXP430FR5969, MSP-EXP430FR4133) include EnergyTrace, a feature supported by TI's Code Composer Studio IDE for monitoring and analyzing power consumption.

text: Debugging interface[edit]

text: In common with other microcontroller vendors, TI has developed a two-wire debugging interface found on some of their MSP430 parts that can replace the larger JTAG interface. The eZ430 Development Tool contains a full USB-connected flash emulation tool ("FET") for this new two-wire protocol, named "Spy-Bi-Wire" by TI. Spy-Bi-Wire was initially introduced on only the smallest devices in the 'F2xx family with limited number of I/O pins, such as the MSP430F20xx, MSP430F21x2, and MSP430F22x2. The support for Spy-Bi-Wire has been expanded with the introduction of the latest '5xx family, where all devices have support Spy-Bi-Wire interface in addition to JTAG.

text: The advantage of the Spy-Bi-Wire protocol is that it uses only two communication lines, one of which is the dedicated _RESET line. The JTAG interface on the lower pin count MSP430 parts is multiplexed with general purpose I/O lines. This makes it relatively difficult to debug circuits built around the small, low-I/O-budget chips, since the full 4-pin JTAG hardware will conflict with anything else connected to those I/O lines. This problem is alleviated with the Spy-Bi-Wire-capable chips, which are still compatible with the normal JTAG interface for backwards compatibility with the old development tools.

text: JTAG debugging and flash programming tools based on OpenOCD and widely used in the ARM community are not available for the MSP430. Programming tools specially designed for the MSP430 are marginally less expensive than JTAG interfaces that use OpenOCD. However, should a project discover midstream that more MIPS, more memory, and more I/O peripherals are needed, those tools will not transfer to a processor from another vendor.

text: MSP430 CPU[edit]

text: The MSP430 CPU uses a von Neumann architecture, with a single address space for instructions and data. Memory is byte-addressed, and pairs of bytes are combined little-endian to make 16-bit words.

text: The processor contains 16 16-bit registers,[9] of which 4 are dedicated to special purposes: R0 is the program counter, R1 is the stack pointer, R2 is the status register, and R3 is a special register called the constant generator, providing access to 6 commonly used constant values without requiring an additional operand. R3 always reads as 0 and writes to it are ignored. R4 through R15 are available for general use.

text: The instruction set is very simple; there are 27 instructions in three families. Most instructions are available in .B (8-bit byte) and .W (16-bit word) suffixed versions, depending on the value of a B/W bit: the bit is set to 1 for 8-bit and 0 for 16-bit. A missing suffix is equivalent to .W. Byte operations to memory affect only the addressed byte, while byte operations to registers clear the most significant byte.

text:
MSP430 instruction set

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Instruction

0
0
0
1
0
0
opcode
B/W
As
register
Single-operand arithmetic

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
B/W
As
register
RRC Rotate right (1 bit) through carry

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
As
register
SWPB Swap bytes

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
B/W
As
register
RRA Rotate right (1 bit) arithmetic

0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
As
register
SXT Sign extend byte to word

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
B/W
As
register
PUSH Push value onto stack

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
As
register
CALL Subroutine call; push PC and move source to PC

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
RETI Return from interrupt; pop SR then pop PC

0
0
1
condition
10-bit signed offset
Conditional jump; PC = PC + 2×offset

0
0
1
0
0
0
10-bit signed offset
JNE/JNZ Jump if not equal/zero

0
0
1
0
0
1
10-bit signed offset
JEQ/JZ Jump if equal/zero

0
0
1
0
1
0
10-bit signed offset
JNC/JLO Jump if no carry/lower

0
0
1
0
1
1
10-bit signed offset
JC/JHS Jump if carry/higher or same

0
0
1
1
0
0
10-bit signed offset
JN Jump if negative

0
0
1
1
0
1
10-bit signed offset
JGE Jump if greater or equal

0
0
1
1
1
0
10-bit signed offset
JL Jump if less

0
0
1
1
1
1
10-bit signed offset
JMP Jump (unconditionally)

opcode
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
Two-operand arithmetic

0
1
0
0
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
MOV Move source to destination

0
1
0
1
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
ADD Add source to destination

0
1
1
0
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
ADDC Add source and carry to destination

0
1
1
1
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
SUBC Subtract source from destination (with carry)

1
0
0
0
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
SUB Subtract source from destination

1
0
0
1
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
CMP Compare (pretend to subtract) source from destination

1
0
1
0
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
DADD Decimal add source to destination (with carry)

1
0
1
1
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
BIT Test bits of source AND destination

1
1
0
0
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
BIC Bit clear (dest &= ~src)

1
1
0
1
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
BIS Bit set (logical OR)

1
1
1
0
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
XOR Exclusive or source with destination

1
1
1
1
source
Ad
B/W
As
destination
AND Logical AND source with destination (dest &= src)

text: Instructions are 16 bits, followed by up to two 16-bit extension words. Addressing modes are specified by the 2-bit As field and the 1-bit Ad field. Some special versions can be constructed using R0, and modes other than register direct using R2 (the status register) and R3 (the constant generator) are interpreted specially. Ad can use only a subset of the addressing modes for As.

text: Indexed addressing modes add a 16-bit extension word to the instruction. If both source and destination are indexed, the source extension word comes first. x refers to the next extension word in the instruction stream in the table below.

text:
MSP430 addressing modes

As
Ad
Register
Syntax
Description

00
0
n
Rn
Register direct. The operand is the contents of Rn.

01
1
n
x(Rn)
Indexed. The operand is in memory at address Rn+x.

10
—
n
@Rn
Register indirect. The operand is in memory at the address held in Rn.

11
—
n
@Rn+
Indirect autoincrement. As above, then the register is incremented by 1 or 2.

Addressing modes using R0 (PC)

01
1
0 (PC)
ADDR
Symbolic. Equivalent to x(PC). The operand is in memory at address PC+x.

11
—
0 (PC)
#x
Immediate. Equivalent to @PC+. The operand is the next word in the instruction stream.

Addressing modes using R2 (SR) and R3 (CG), special-case decoding

01
1
2 (SR)
&ADDR
Absolute. The operand is in memory at address x.

10
—
2 (SR)
#4
Constant. The operand is the constant 4.

11
—
2 (SR)
#8
Constant. The operand is the constant 8.

00
—
3 (CG)
#0
Constant. The operand is the constant 0.

01
—
3 (CG)
#1
Constant. The operand is the constant 1. There is no index word.

10
—
3 (CG)
#2
Constant. The operand is the constant 2.

11
—
3 (CG)
#−1
Constant. The operand is the constant −1.

text: Instructions generally take 1 cycle per word fetched or stored, so instruction times range from 1 cycle for a simple register-register instruction to 6 cycles for an instruction with both source and destination indexed.

text: The MSP430X extension with 20-bit addressing adds additional instructions that can require up to 10 clock cycles. Setting or clearing a peripheral bit takes two clocks. A jump, taken or not takes two clocks. With the 2xx series 2 MCLKs is 125 ns at 16 MHz.

text: Moves to the program counter are allowed and perform jumps. Return from subroutine, for example, is implemented as MOV @SP+,PC.

text: When R0 (PC) or R1 (SP) are used with the autoincrement addressing mode, they are always incremented by two. Other registers (R4 through R15) are incremented by the operand size, either 1 or 2 bytes.

text: The status register contains 4 arithmetic status bits, a global interrupt enable, and 4 bits that disable various clocks to enter low-power mode. When handling an interrupt, the processor saves the status register on the stack and clears the low-power bits. If the interrupt handler does not modify the saved status register, returning from the interrupt will then resume the original low-power mode.

text: Pseudo-operations[edit]

text: A number of additional instructions are implemented as aliases for forms of the above. For example, there is no specific "return from subroutine" instruction, but it is implemented as "MOV @SP+,PC". Emulated instructions are:

text:
MSP430 Emulated instructions

Emulated
Actual
Description

ADC.x dst
ADDC.x #0,dst
Add carry to destination

BR dst
MOV dst,PC
Branch to destination

CLR.x dst
MOV.x #0,dst
Clear destination

CLRC
BIC #1,SR
Clear carry bit

CLRN
BIC #4,SR
Clear negative bit

CLRZ
BIC #2,SR
Clear zero bit

DADC.x dst
DADD.x #0,dst
Decimal add carry to destination

DEC.x dst
SUB.x #1,dst
Decrement

DECD.x dst
SUB.x #2,dst
Double decrement

DINT
BIC #8,SR
Disable interrupts

EINT
BIS #8,SR
Enable interrupts

INC.x dst
ADD.x #1,dst
Increment

INCD.x dst
ADD.x #2,dst
Double increment

INV.x dst
XOR.x #−1,dst
Invert

NOP
MOV #0,R3
No operation

POP dst
MOV @SP+,dst
Pop from stack

RET
MOV @SP+,PC
Return from subroutine

RLA.x dst
ADD.x dst,dst
Rotate left arithmetic (shift left 1 bit)

RLC.x dst
ADDC.x dst,dst
Rotate left through carry

SBC.x dst
SUBC.x #0,dst
Subtract borrow (1−carry) from destination

SETC
BIS #1,SR
Set carry bit

SETN
BIS #4,SR
Set negative bit

SETZ
BIS #2,SR
Set zero bit

TST.x dst
CMP.x #0,dst
Test destination

text: Note that the immediate constants −1 (0xffff), 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 can be specified in a single-word instruction without needing a separate immediate operand.

text: MSP430X 20-bit extension[edit]

text: The basic MSP430 cannot support more memory (ROM + RAM + peripherals) than its 64K address space. In order to support this, an extended form of the MSP430 uses 20-bit registers and a 20-bit address space, allowing up to 1 MB of memory. This uses the same instruction set as the basic form, but with two extensions:

text:
A limited number of 20-bit instructions for common operations, and
A general prefix-word mechanism that can extend any instruction to 20 bits.

text: The extended instructions include some additional capabilities, notably multi-bit shifts and multi-register load/store operations.

text: 20-bit operations use the length suffix "A" (for address) instead of .B or .W. .W is still the default. In general, shorter operations clear the high-order bits of the destination register.

text: The new instructions are as follows:

text:
MSP430X extended instructions

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Second word
Instruction

0
0
0
0
source
0
0
opcode
destination

Extended memory-register moves

0
0
0
0
src
0
0
0
0
dst
—
MOVA @Rsrc,Rdst

0
0
0
0
src
0
0
0
1
dst
—
MOVA @Rsrc+,Rdst

0
0
0
0
addr[19:16]
0
0
1
0
dst
addr[15:0]
MOVA &abs20,Rdst

0
0
0
0
src
0
0
1
1
dst
x[15:0]
MOVA x(Rsrc),Rdst

0
0
0
0
n−1
op.
0
1
0
W/A
destination

Bit shifts (1–4 bit positions)

0
0
0
0
n−1
0
0
0
1
0
W/A
dst
—
RRCM.x #n,Rdst (Rotate right through carry.)

0
0
0
0
n−1
0
1
0
1
0
W/A
dst
—
RRAM.x #n,Rdst (Rotate right arithmetic, a.k.a. shift right signed.)

0
0
0
0
n−1
1
0
0
1
0
W/A
dst
—
RLAM.x #n,Rdst (Rotate left arithmetic, a.k.a. shift left.)

0
0
0
0
n−1
1
1
0
1
0
W/A
dst
—
RRUM.x #n,Rdst (Rotate right unsigned, a.k.a. shift right logical.)

0
0
0
0
source
0
1
1
op.
destination

Extended register-memory moves

0
0
0
0
src
0
1
1
0
addr[19:16]
addr[15:0]
MOVA Rsrc,&abs20

0
0
0
0
src
0
1
1
1
dst
x[15:0]
MOVA Rsrc,x(Rdst)

0
0
0
0
source
1
opcode
destination

Extended ALU operations

0
0
0
0
imm[19:16]
1
0
0
0
dst
imm[15:0]
MOVA #imm20,Rdst

0
0
0
0
imm[19:16]
1
0
0
1
dst
imm[15:0]
CMPA #imm20,Rdst

0
0
0
0
imm[19:16]
1
0
1
0
dst
imm[15:0]
ADDA #imm20,Rdst

0
0
0
0
imm[19:16]
1
0
1
1
dst
imm[15:0]
SUBA #imm20,Rdst

0
0
0
0
src
1
1
0
0
dst
—
MOVA Rsrc,Rdst

0
0
0
0
src
1
1
0
1
dst
—
CMPA Rsrc,Rdst

0
0
0
0
src
1
1
1
0
dst
—
ADDA Rsrc,Rdst

0
0
0
0
src
1
1
1
1
dst
—
SUBA Rsrc,Rdst

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
op.
mode
varies

CALLA

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
RETI (Same as MSP430)

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
As
register

CALLA source

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
abs[19:16]
abs[15:0]
CALLA &abs20

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
x[19:16]
x[15:0]
CALLA x(PC)

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
—
—
(reserved)

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
imm[19:16]
imm[15:0]
CALLA #imm20

0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
—
—
(reserved)

0
0
0
1
0
1
dir
W/A
n−1
register

Push/pop n registers ending with specified

0
0
0
1
0
1
0
W/A
n−1
src
—
PUSHM.x #n,Rsrc  Push Rsrc, R(src−1), ... R(src−n+1)

0
0
0
1
0
1
1
W/A
n−1
dst−n+1
—
POPM.x #n,Rdst  Pop R(dst−n+1), R(dst−n+2), ... Rdst

text: All other instructions can have a prefix word added which extends them to 20 bits. The prefix word contains an additional operand size bit, which is combined with the existing B/W bit to specify the operand size. There is one unused size combination; there are indications that this might be used in future for a 32-bit operand size.[10]

text: The prefix word comes in two formats, and the choice between them depends on the instruction which follows. If the instruction has any non-register operands, then the simple form is used, which provides 2 4-bit fields to extend any offset or immediate constant in the instruction stream to 20 bits.

text: If the instruction is register-to-register, a different extension word is used. This includes a "ZC" flag which suppresses carry-in (useful for instructions like DADD which always use the carry bit), and a repeat count. A 4-bit field in the extension word encodes either a repeat count (0–15 repetitions in addition to the initial execution), or a register number which contains a 4-bit repeat count.

text:
MSP430X prefix words

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Instruction

0
0
0
1
1
—
A/L
0
0
—
Extension word

0
0
0
1
1
src[19:16]
A/L
0
0
dst[19:16]
Memory operand extension

0
0
0
1
1
0
0
ZC
0
A/L
0
0
n−1
Register operand extension (immediate repeat count)

0
0
0
1
1
0
0
ZC
1
A/L
0
0
Rn
Register operand extension (register repeat count)

text: MSP430 address space[edit]

text: The general layout of the MSP430 address space is:

text: A few models include more than 2048 bytes of RAM; in that case RAM begins at 0x1100. The first 2048 bytes (0x1100–0x18FF) is mirrored at 0x0200–0x09FF for compatibility. Also, some recent models bend the 8-bit and 16-bit peripheral rules, allowing 16-bit access to peripherals in the 8-bit peripheral address range.

text: There is a new extended version of the architecture (called MSP430X) which allows a 20-bit address space. It allows additional program ROM beginning at 0x10000.

text: The '5xx series has a greatly redesigned address space, with the first 4K devoted to peripherals, and up to 16K of RAM.


document_title: Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk

question_text: how many soldiers can a blackhawk helicopter carry

question_tokens: how many soldiers can a blackhawk helicopter carry

root

text: Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk

text: Development[edit]

text: Initial requirement[edit]

text: In the late 1960s, the United States Army began forming requirements for a helicopter to replace the UH-1 Iroquois, and designated the program as the Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS). The Army also initiated the development of a new, common turbine engine for its helicopters that would become the General Electric T700. Based on experience in Vietnam, the Army required significant performance, survivability and reliability improvements from both UTTAS and the new powerplant.[3] The Army released its UTTAS request for proposals (RFP) in January 1972.[4] The RFP also included air transport requirements. Transport aboard the C-130 limited the UTTAS cabin height and length.[5]

tag: p

text: The UTTAS requirements for improved reliability, survivability and lower life-cycle costs resulted in features such as dual-engines with improved hot and high altitude performance, and a modular design (reduced maintenance footprint); run-dry gearboxes; ballistically tolerant, redundant subsystems (hydraulic, electrical and flight controls); crashworthy crew (armored) and troop seats; dual-stage oleo main landing gear; ballistically tolerant, crashworthy main structure; quieter, more robust main and tail rotor systems; and a ballistically tolerant, crashworthy fuel system.[6]

text: Four prototypes were constructed, with the first YUH-60A flying on 17 October 1974. Prior to delivery of the prototypes to the US Army, a preliminary evaluation was conducted in November 1975 to ensure the aircraft could be operated safely during all testing.[7] Three of the prototypes were delivered to the Army in March 1976, for evaluation against the rival Boeing-Vertol design, the YUH-61A, and one was kept by Sikorsky for internal research. The Army selected the UH-60 for production in December 1976. Deliveries of the UH-60A to the Army began in October 1978 and the helicopter entered service in June 1979.[8]

text: Upgrades and variations[edit]

text: After entering service, the helicopter was modified for new missions and roles, including mine laying and medical evacuation. An EH-60 variant was developed to conduct electronic warfare and special operations aviation developed the MH-60 variant to support its missions.[9]

text: Due to weight increases from the addition of mission equipment and other changes, the Army ordered the improved UH-60L in 1987. The new model incorporated all of the modifications made to the UH-60A fleet as standard design features. The UH-60L also featured more power and lifting capability with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines and a stronger gearbox, both developed for the SH-60B Seahawk.[10] Its external lift capacity increased by 1,000 lb (450 kg) up to 9,000 lb (4,100 kg). The UH-60L also incorporated the automatic flight control system (AFCS) from the SH-60 for better flight control due to handling issues with the more powerful engines.[11] Production of the L-model began in 1989.[10]

text: Development of the next improved variant, the UH-60M, was approved in 2001, to extend the service life of the UH-60 design into the 2020s. The UH-60M incorporates upgraded T700-GE-701D engines, improved rotor blades, and state of the art electronic instrumentation, flight controls and aircraft navigation control. After the U.S. DoD approved low-rate initial production of the new variant,[12] manufacturing began in 2006,[13] with the first of 22 new UH-60Ms delivered in July 2006.[14] After an initial operational evaluation, the Army approved full-rate production and a five-year contract for 1,227 helicopters in December 2007.[15] By March 2009, 100 UH-60M helicopters had been delivered to the Army.[16] In November 2014, US military ordered 102 aircraft of various H-60 types, worth $1.3 billion.[17]

text: Following an operation in May 2011, it emerged that the 160th SOAR used a secret version of the UH-60 modified with low-observable technology which enabled it to evade Pakistani radar. Analysis of the tail section, the only remaining part of the aircraft which crashed during the operation,[18][19] revealed extra blades on the tail rotor and other noise reduction measures, making the craft much quieter than conventional UH-60s. The aircraft appeared to include features like special high-tech materials, harsh angles, and flat surfaces found only in stealth jets.[Nb 1][20] Low observable versions of the Black Hawk have been studied as far back as the mid-1970s.[21]

text: In September 2012, Sikorsky was awarded a Combat Tempered Platform Demonstration (CTPD) contract to further improve the Black Hawk's durability and survivability. The company is to develop new technologies such as a zero-vibration system, adaptive flight control laws, advanced fire management, a more durable main rotor, full-spectrum crashworthiness, and damage tolerant airframe; then they are to transition them to the helicopter. Improvements to the Black Hawk are to continue until the Future Vertical Lift program is ready to replace it.[22][23]

text: In December 2014, the 101st Airborne Division began testing of new resupply equipment called the Enhanced Speed Bag System (ESBS). Soldiers pinned down in the field requiring quick resupply have depended on speed bags, bags filled with items airdropped from a UH-60. However, all systems were ad-hoc with bags not made to keep things secure from impacts, so up to half of the airdropped items would be damaged upon hitting the ground. Started in 2011, the ESBS sought to standardize the airdrop resupply method and keep up to 90 percent of supplies intact. The system includes a hands-free reusable linear brake and expendable speed line and multipurpose cargo bag; when the bag is deployed, the brake applies friction to the rope, slowing it down enough to keep the bag oriented down on the padded base, a honeycomb and foam kit inside to dissipate energy. The ESBS not only better protects helicopter-dropped supplies, it allows the Black Hawk to fly higher above the ground, 100 ft (30 m) up from 10 feet, while traveling 20 knots (23 mph; 37 km/h), limiting exposure to ground fire. Each bag can weigh 125–200 lb (57–91 kg) and up to six can be deployed at once, dropping 40–50 feet per second (12–15 m/s). Since supplies can be delivered more accurately and the system can be automatically released on its own, the ESBS can enable autonomous resupply from unmanned helicopters.[24][25][26]

text: Design[edit]

text: The UH-60 features four-blade main and tail rotors, and is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines.[27] The main rotor is fully articulated and has elastomeric bearings in the rotor head. The tail rotor is canted and features a rigid crossbeam.[28] The helicopter has a long, low profile shape to meet the Army's requirement for transporting aboard a C-130 Hercules, with some disassembly.[27] It can carry 11 troops with equipment, lift 2,600 pounds (1,200 kg) of cargo internally or 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) of cargo (for UH-60L/M) externally by sling.[15]

text: The Black Hawk helicopter series can perform a wide array of missions, including the tactical transport of troops, electronic warfare, and aeromedical evacuation. A VIP version known as the VH-60N is used to transport important government officials (e.g., Congress, Executive departments) with the helicopter's call sign of "Marine One" when transporting the President of the United States.[29] In air assault operations, it can move a squad of 11 combat troops or reposition a 105 mm M119 howitzer with 30 rounds ammunition, and a four-man crew in a single lift.[15] The Black Hawk is equipped with advanced avionics and electronics for increased survivability and capability, such as the Global Positioning System.

text: The UH-60 can be equipped with stub wings at the top of fuselage to carry fuel tanks or various armaments. The initial stub wing system is called External Stores Support System (ESSS).[30] It has two pylons on each wing to carry two 230 US gal (870 L) and two 450 US gal (1,700 L) tanks in total.[11] The four fuel tanks and associated lines and valves form the external extended range fuel system (ERFS).[31] U.S. Army UH-60s have had their ESSS modified into the crashworthy external fuel system (CEFS) configuration, replacing the older tanks with up to four total 200 US gal (760 L) crashworthy tanks along with self-sealing fuel lines.[32] The ESSS can also carry 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) of armament such as rockets, missiles and gun pods.[11][33] The ESSS entered service in 1986. However, it was found that the four fuel tanks obstruct the field of fire for the door guns; thus, the external tank system (ETS), carrying two fuel tanks on the stub wings, was developed.[11]

text: The unit cost of the H-60 models varies due to differences in specifications, equipment and quantities. For example, the unit cost of the Army's UH-60L Black Hawk is $5.9 million while the unit cost of the Air Force HH-60G Pave Hawk is $10.2 million.[34]

text: Operational history[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australia has 34 Black Hawks as of 2015. It has deployed the aircraft to East Timor[35] and the Solomon Islands.[36] It did not deploy Black Hawks to Afghanistan because Angus Houston, the then-defence chief, advised the government that the aircraft lacked armour and self-defence systems.[37]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil received four UH-60L helicopters in 1997, for the Brazilian Army peacekeeping forces. It received six UH-60Ls configured for special forces, and search and rescue use in 2008. It ordered ten more UH-60Ls in 2009; deliveries began in March 2011.[38]

text: China (People's Republic of China)[edit]

text: In December 1983, examples of the Aerospatiale AS-332 Super Puma, Bell 214ST SuperTransport and Sikorsky S-70A-5 (N3124B) were airlifted to Lhasa for testing. These demonstrations included take-offs and landings at altitudes to 17,000 feet (5,200 m) and en route operations to 24,000 feet (7,300 m). At the end of this testing, the People's Liberation Army Air Force purchased 24 S-70C-2s, equipped with more powerful GE T700-701A engines for improved high-altitude performance.[39] While designated as civil variants of the S-70 for export purposes, they are operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force.

text: Taiwan (Republic of China)[edit]

text: Taiwan operated S-70C-1/1A after the Republic of China Air Force received ten S-70C-1A and four S-70C-1 Bluehawk helicopters in June 1986, for Search And Rescue.[40] Four further S-70C-6s were received in April 1998. The ROC Navy received the first of ten S-70C(M)-1s in July 1990. 11 S-70C(M)-2s were received beginning April 2000.[41] In January 2010, the US announced a Foreign Military Sale of 60 UH-60Ms to Taiwan for the ROC Army.[42]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: Colombia first received UH-60s from the United States in 1987. The Colombian National Police, Colombian Air Force, and Colombian Army use UH-60s to transport troops and supplies to places which are difficult to access by land for counter-insurgency (COIN) operations against drug and guerrilla organizations, for search and rescue, and for medical evacuation. Colombia also operates a militarized gunship version of the UH-60, with stub wings, locally known as Arpía (English: Harpy).[43][44]

text: The Colombian Army became the first worldwide operator of the S-70i with Terrain Awareness and Warning Capability (HTAWS) after taking delivery of the first two units on 13 August 2013.[45]

text: In March 2017, the National Police of Colombia ordered 10 additional UH-60 helicopters that will increase their total to 19 helicopters in operation.[46]

text: Israel[edit]

text: The Israeli Air Force (IAF) received 10 surplus UH-60A Black Hawks from the United States in August 1994.[47] Named Yanshuf (English: Owl) by the IAF,[48] the UH-60A began replacing Bell 212 utility helicopters.[47] The IAF first used the UH-60s in combat during 1996 in southern Lebanon[47] in Operation "Grapes of Wrath" against the Hezbollah.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The Mexican Air Force ordered its first two UH-60Ls in 1991, to transport special forces units, and another four in 1994.[49] In July and August 2009, the Federal Police used UH-60s in attacks on drug traffickers.[50][51] In August 2011, the Mexican Navy received three upgraded and navalized UH-60M.[52] On 21 April 2014, the U.S. State Department approved the sale of 18 UH-60Ms to Mexico pending approval from Congress.[53] In September 2014, Sikorsky received a $203.6 million firm-fixed-price contract modification for the 18 UH-60 designated for the Mexican Air Force.[54]

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: In February 2015, the U.S. State Department approved a possible Foreign Military Sale of nine UH-60Ms with associated equipment and support to Slovakia and sent to Congress for its approval.[55][56] In April 2015, Slovakia's government approved the procurement of nine UH-60Ms along with training and support.[57][58] In September 2015, Sikorsky was contracted for four UH-60Ms and equipment for Slovakia.[59] In June 2017 the first 2 UH-60Ms were delivered. By late 2019 Slovakia is to have 9 UH-60Ms in total that will replace the old Soviet Mil Mi-17s.[60][61]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Sweden requested 15 UH-60M helicopters by Foreign Military Sale in September 2010.[62] The UH-60Ms were ordered in May 2011, and deliveries began in January 2012.[63] In March 2013, Swedish ISAF forces began using Black Hawks in Afghanistan for MEDEVAC purposes.[64] The UH-60Ms are to be fully operational by 2017.[65]

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Turkey has operated the UH-60 during NATO deployments to Afghanistan and the Balkans. The UH-60 has also been used in counter-terror/internal security operations.[citation needed]

text: The Black Hawk competed against the AgustaWestland AW149 in the Turkish General Use Helicopter Tender, to order up to 115 helicopters and produce many of them indigenously, with Turkish Aerospace Industries responsible for final integration and assembly.[66][67] On 21 April 2011, Turkey announced the selection of Sikorsky's T-70.[68][69][70]

text: In the course of the coup d'état attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, eight Turkish military personnel of various ranks landed in Greece′s northeastern city of Alexandroupolis on board the Black Hawk helicopter and claimed political asylum in Greece.[71] The helicopter was returned to Turkey shortly thereafter.[72]

text: United States[edit]

text: The UH-60 entered service with the U.S. Army's 101st Combat Aviation Brigade of the 101st Airborne Division in June 1979.[73] The U.S. military first used the UH-60 in combat during the invasion of Grenada in 1983, and again in the invasion of Panama in 1989. During the Gulf War in 1991, the UH-60 participated in the largest air assault mission in U.S. Army history with over 300 helicopters involved. Two UH-60s (89-26214 and 78-23015) were shot down, both on 27 February 1991, while performing Combat Search and Rescue of other downed aircrews, an F-16C pilot and the crew of a MEDEVAC UH-1H that were shot down earlier that day.[74]

text: In 1993, Black Hawks featured prominently in the assault on Mogadishu in Somalia. Black Hawks also saw action in the Balkans and Haiti in the 1990s.[11] U.S. Army UH-60s and other helicopters conducted many air assault and other support missions during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The UH-60 has continued to serve in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.[11]

text: Customs and Border Protection Office of Air and Marine (OAM) uses the UH-60 in its operations specifically along the southwest border. The Black Hawk has been used by OAM to interdict illegal entry into the U.S. Additionally, OAM regularly uses the UH-60 in search and rescue operations.

text: Highly modified H-60s were employed during the U.S. Special Operations mission that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden on 1 May 2011.[20][75] One such MH-60 helicopter crash-landed during the operation, and was destroyed by the team before it departed in the other MH-60 and a backup MH-47 Chinook with bin Laden's remains. Two MH-47s were used for the mission to refuel the two MH-60s and as backups.[76] News media reported that the Pakistani government granted the Chinese military access to the wreckage of the crashed 'stealth' UH-60 variant in Abbotabad;[77][78][79] Pakistan and China denied the reports,[77][78] and the U.S. Government has not confirmed Chinese access.[78]

text: Other and potential users[edit]

text: The United Arab Emirates requested 14 UH-60M helicopters and associated equipment in September 2008, through Foreign Military Sale.[80] It had received 20 UH-60Ls by November 2010.[81] Bahrain ordered nine UH-60Ms in 2007.[82][83]

text: In November 2009, the Iraqi government requested the sale of up to 27 light and medium utility helicopters, including 12 UH-60Ms.[citation needed]

text: In December 2011, the Royal Brunei Air Force ordered twelve S-70i helicopters, which are similar to the UH-60M; four aircraft had been received by December 2013.[84] On 12 June 2012, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency notified Congress that Qatar requested the purchase of twelve UH-60Ms, engines, and associated equipment.[85]

text: On 25 February 2013, the Indonesian Army announced its interest in buying UH-60 Black Hawks as part of its effort to modernize its weaponry. The army wants them for combating terrorism, transnational crime, and insurgency to secure the archipelago.[86]

text: On 27 May 2014, Croatian Defence Minister Ante Kotromanović announced the beginning of negotiations with the US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel for the purchase of 15 used Black Hawks; the deal is expected to be completed by 2017.[87]

text: Tunisia requested 12 armed UH-60M helicopters in July 2014 through Foreign Military Sale.[88] In August 2014, the U.S. ambassador stated that the U.S. "will soon make available" the UH-60Ms to Tunisia.[89]

text: On 23 January 2015, the Malaysian Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein confirmed that Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) is receiving S-70A Blackhawks from the Brunei government. These helicopters, believed to be four in total, were expected to be transferred to Malaysia by September with M134D miniguns added. The four Blackhawks were delivered to Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAF) in 1999[90] are currently operated by the 4th Squadron.[citation needed]

text: Variants[edit]

text: The UH-60 comes in many variants, and many different modifications. The U.S. Army variants can be fitted with the stub wings to carry additional fuel tanks or weapons.[11] Variants may have different capabilities and equipment to fulfill different roles.

text: Utility variants[edit]

text:
YUH-60A: Initial test and evaluation version for U.S. Army. First flight on 17 October 1974; three built.
UH-60A Black Hawk: Original U.S. Army version, carrying a crew of four and up to 11 equipped troops.[91] Equipped with T700-GE-700 engines.[92] Produced 1977–1989. U.S. Army is equipping UH-60As with more powerful T700-GE-701D engines and also upgrading A-models to UH-60L standard.[93]
UH-60C Black Hawk: Modified version for Command and control (C2) missions.[11][92]
CH-60E: Proposed troop transport variant for the U.S. Marine Corps.[94]
UH-60L Black Hawk: UH-60A with upgraded T700-GE-701C engines, improved durability gearbox, and updated flight control system.[11] Produced 1989–2007.[95] UH-60Ls are also being equipped with the GE T700-GE-701D engine.[93]
UH-60V Black Hawk: Upgraded version of the UH-60L with the electronic displays (glass cockpit) of the UH-60M. Upgrades performed by Northrop Grumman featuring a centralized processor with a partitioned, modular operational flight program enabling capabilities to be added as software-only modifications.[96]
UH-60M Black Hawk: Improved design wide chord rotor blades, T700-GE-701D engines (max 2,000 shp or 1,500 kW each), improved durability gearbox, Integrated Vehicle Health Management System (IVHMS) computer, and new glass cockpit. Production began in 2006.[97] Planned to replace older U.S. Army UH-60s.[98]
UH-60M Upgrade Black Hawk: UH-60M with fly-by-wire system and Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) cockpit suite. Flight testing began in August 2008.[99][100]

tag: ul

text: Special purpose[edit]

text:
EH-60A Black Hawk: UH-60A with modified electrical system and stations for two electronic systems mission operators. All examples of type have been converted back to standard UH-60A configuration.[92]
YEH-60B Black Hawk: UH-60A modified for special radar and avionics installations, prototype for stand-off target acquisition system.[92]
EH-60C Black Hawk: UH-60A modified with special electronics equipment and external antenna.[92] (All examples of type have been taken back to standard UH-60A configuration.)
EUH-60L (no official name assigned): UH-60L modified with additional mission electronic equipment for Army Airborne C2.[92]
EH-60L Black Hawk: EH-60A with major mission equipment upgrade.[92]
UH-60Q Black Hawk: UH-60A modified for medical evacuation.[92][101] The UH-60Q is named DUSTOFF for "dedicated unhesitating service to our fighting forces".[102]
HH-60L (no official name assigned): UH-60L extensively modified with medical mission equipment.[92] Components include an external rescue hoist, integrated patient configuration system, environmental control system, on-board oxygen system (OBOGS), and crashworthy ambulatory seats.[101]
HH-60M Black Hawk: UH-60M with medical mission equipment (medevac version) for U.S. Army.[92][103]
HH-60U: USAF UH-60M version modified with an electro-optical sensor and rescue hoist. Three in use by Air Force pilots and special mission aviators since 2011. Has 85% commonality with HH-60W.[104]
HH-60W: Modified version of the UH-60M for the U.S. Air Force as a Combat Rescue Helicopter to replace HH-60G Pave Hawks with greater fuel capacity and more internal cabin space, dubbed the "60-Whiskey". Deliveries to begin in 2019.[105]

text:
MH-60A Black Hawk: 30 UH-60As modified with additional avionics, night vision capable cockpit, FLIR, M134 door guns, internal auxiliary fuel tanks and other Special Operations mission equipment in early 1980s for U.S. Army.[106][107] Equipped with T700-GE-701 engines.[92] Variant was used by the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. The MH-60As were replaced by MH-60Ls beginning in the early 1990s and passed to the Air National Guard.[94][108]
MH-60K Black Hawk: Special operations modification first ordered in 1988 for use by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers").[94] Equipped with the in-flight refueling probe,[109] and T700-GE-701C engines. More advanced than MH-60L, the K-model also includes an integrated avionics system (glass cockpit), AN/APQ-174B terrain-following radar, color weather map, improved weapons capability, and various defensive systems.[109][110]
MH-60L Black Hawk: Special operations modification, used by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment ("Night Stalkers"), based on the UH-60L with T700-701C engines. It was developed as an interim version in the late 1980s pending fielding of the MH-60K.[111] Equipped with many of the systems used on MH-60K, including FLIR, color weather map, auxiliary fuel system, and laser rangefinder/designator.[111][112] A total of 37 MH-60Ls were built and some 10 had received an in-flight refueling probe by 2003.[111]
MH-60L DAP: The Direct Action Penetrator (DAP) is a special operations modification of the baseline MH-60L, operated by the U.S. Army's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment.[113] The DAP is configured as a gunship, with no troop-carrying capacity. The DAP is equipped with ESSS or ETS stub wings, each capable of carrying configurations of the M230 Chain Gun 30 mm automatic cannon, 19-shot Hydra 70 rocket pod, AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles, GAU-19 gun pods, and M134 minigun pods,[114] M134D miniguns are used as door guns.[107] which are typically fixed forward for firing during strafing runs.[citation needed]
MH-60M Black Hawk: Special operations version of UH-60M for U.S. Army. Features the Rockwell Collins Common Avionics Architecture System (CAAS) glass cockpit and more powerful YT706-GE-700 engines.[115][116] All special operations Black Hawks to be moderized to MH-60M standard by 2015.[117]
MH-60 Black Hawk stealth helicopter: One of two (known) specially modified MH-60s used in the raid on Osama bin Laden's hideout in Pakistan on 1 May 2011 was damaged in a hard landing, and was subsequently destroyed by U.S. forces.[118][119] Subsequent reports state that the Black Hawk destroyed was a previously unconfirmed, but rumored, modification of the design with reduced noise signature and stealth technology.[19][20] The modifications are said to add several hundred pounds to the base helicopter including edge alignment panels, special coatings and anti-radar treatments for the windshields.[20]

text:
UH-60A RASCAL: NASA-modified version for the Rotorcraft-Aircrew Systems Concepts Airborne Laboratory; a US$25M program for the study of helicopter maneuverability in three programs, Superaugmented Controls for Agile Maneuvering Performance (SCAMP), Automated Nap-of-the-Earth (ANOE) and Rotorcraft Agility and Pilotage Improvement Demonstration (RAPID).[120][121] The UH-60A RASCAL performed a fully autonomous flight on 5 November 2012. U.S. Army personnel were on board, but the flying was done by the helicopter. During a two-hour flight, the Black Hawk featured terrain sensing, trajectory generation, threat avoidance, and autonomous flight control. It was fitted with a 3D-LZ laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system. The autonomous flight was performed between 200 and 400 feet. Upon landing, the onboard technology was able to pinpoint a safe landing zone, hover, and safely bring itself down.[122]
OPBH: On 11 March 2014, Sikorsky successfully conducted the first flight demonstration of their Optionally Piloted Black Hawk (OPBH), a milestone part of the company's Manned/Unmanned Resupply Aerial Lifter (MURAL) program to provide autonomous cargo delivery for the U.S. Army. The helicopter used the company's Matrix technology (software to improve features of autonomous, optionally-piloted VTOL aircraft) to perform autonomous hover and flight operations under the control of an operator using a man-portable Ground Control Station (GCS). The MURAL program is a cooperative effort between Sikorsky, the US Army Aviation Development Directorate (ADD), and the US Army Utility Helicopters Project Office (UH PO). The purpose of creating an optionally-manned Black Hawk is to make the aircraft autonomously carry out resupply missions and expeditionary operations, while increasing sorties and maintaining crew rest requirements and leaving pilots to focus more on sensitive operations.[123][124]
VH-60D Night Hawk: VIP-configured HH-60D, used for Presidential transport by USMC. T700-GE-401C engines.[92] Variant was later redesignated VH-60N.[125]
VH-60N White Hawk: Modified UH-60A with some features from the SH-60B/F Seahawks.[126] It is used for Presidential and VIP transport by USMC. It entered service in 1988 and nine were delivered.[126]

text: Export versions[edit]

text:
UH-60J Black Hawk: Variant for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force produced under license by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Also known as the S-70-12.[127]
UH-60JA Black Hawk: Variant for the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It is license produced by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.[127]
AH-60L Arpía: Export version for Colombia developed by Elbit, Sikorsky, and the Colombian Air Force. It is Counter-insurgency (COIN) attack version with improved electronics, firing system, FLIR, radar, light rockets and machine guns.[11][128]
AH-60L Battle Hawk: Export armed version unsuccessfully tendered for Australian Army[11] project AIR87, similar to AH-60L Arpía III. Sikorsky has also offered a Battlehawk armed version for export in the form of armament kits and upgrades. Sikorsky's Armed Black hawk demonstrator has tested a 20 mm turreted cannon, and different guided missiles.[129][130] The United Arab Emirates ordered Battlehawk kits in 2011.[131]
UH-60P Black Hawk: Version for South Korea army, based on UH-60L with some improvements.[94] Around 150 were produced under license by Korean Air.[92][132][133]

text: Sikorsky military model for the export market:

text:
S-70A-1 Desert Hawk: Export version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
S-70A-L1 Desert Hawk: Aeromedical evacuation version for the Royal Saudi Land Forces.
S-70A-5 Black Hawk: Export version for the Philippine Air Force.
S-70A-6 Black Hawk: Export version for Thailand.
S-70A-9 Black Hawk: Export version for Australia, assembled under licence by Hawker de Havilland. First eight delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force, subsequently transferred to the Australian Army; remainder delivered straight to the Army after rotary-wing assets divested by the Air Force in 1989.[134]
S-70A-11 Black Hawk: Export version for the Royal Jordanian Air Force.
S-70A-12 Black Hawk: Search and rescue model for the Japanese Air Self Defense Force and Maritime Self Defense Force. Also known as the UH-60J.
S-70A-14 Black Hawk: Export version for Brunei.
S-70A-16 Black Hawk: Engine test bed for the Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca RTM 332.
S-70A-17 Black Hawk: Export version for Turkey.
S-70A-18 Black Hawk: UH-60P and HH-60P for South Korea built under license.[135]
Sikorsky/Westland S-70-19 Black Hawk: This version is built under license in the United Kingdom by Westland. Also known as the WS-70.
S-70A-20 Black Hawk: VIP transport version for Thailand.
S-70A-21 Black Hawk: Export version for Egypt.
S-70A-22 Black Hawk: VH-60P for South Korea built under license. Used for VIP transport by the Republic of Korea Air Force. Its fuselage is tipped with white to distinguish from normal HH-60P.[136]
S-70A-24 Black Hawk: Export version for Mexico.
S-70A-26 Black Hawk: Export version for Morocco.
S-70A-27 Black Hawk: Search and rescue version for the Hong Kong Government Flying Service; three built.
S-70A-30 Black Hawk: Export version for Argentine Air Force, used as a VIP transport helicopter by the Presidential fleet; one built.[137]
S-70A-33 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Brunei Air Force.
S-70A-39 Black Hawk: VIP transport version for Chile; one built.
S-70A-42 Black Hawk: Export version for Austria.
S-70A-43 Black Hawk: Export version for Royal Thai Army.
S-70A-50 Black Hawk: Export version for Israel; 15 built.
S-70C-2 Black Hawk: Export version for People's Republic of China; 24 built.[39]
S-70i Black Hawk: International military version assembled by Sikorsky's subsidiary, PZL Mielec in Poland.[138]

text: Military operators[edit]

text: Afghan Air Force - 4 as of 2017[139][140]

text: Australian Army Aviation – 34 as of 2016[141]

text: Austrian Air Force – 9 (3 more on order) as of 2016[141]

text: Royal Bahraini Air Force – 8 as of 2016[141]

text:
Brazilian Air Force – 16 as of 2016[141]
Brazilian Army – 3 as of 2016[141]
Brazilian Navy (see SH-60 Seahawk)

text: Royal Brunei Air Force – 12 (see S-70i) as of 2016[141]

text: Chilean Air Force – 1 as of 2017,[142][143] with 6 more S-70i helicopters on order, to be delivered in 2018 and 2019.[144]

text: People's Liberation Army – 23 (see S-70) as of 2016[141]

text:
Colombian Air Force – 24 as of 2016[141]
Colombian Army – 55 as of 2016[141]

text:
Egyptian Air Force – 2 as of 2016[141]

Unit 777

text: Israeli Air Force – 48 as of 2016[141]

text:
Japan Air Self-Defence Force – 35 UH-60J (see Mitsubishi H-60) as of 2016[141]

Air Rescue Wing

Japan Ground Self-Defence Force – 36 UH-60JA (see Mitsubishi H-60) as of 2016[141]
Japan Maritime Self-Defence Force – 112 SH-60J/K (see Mitsubishi H-60) as of 2016[141]

text: Royal Jordanian Air Force – 10 as of 2016[141]

text: Royal Malaysian Air Force (former operator) as of 2016[145][146]

text:
Mexican Air Force – 4 as of 2016[141]
Mexican Navy – 3 as of 2016[141]

text: Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie – 2[147]

text: Philippine Air Force (former operator) as of 2016[141][148][149]

text:
Republic of Korea Air Force – 29 as of 2016[141]
Republic of Korea Army – 68 as of 2016[141]
Republic of Korea Navy – 8 as of 2016[141]

text:
Royal Saudi Land Forces – 43 as of 2016[141]
Saudi Arabian National Guard – 20 as of 2016[141]

text: Slovak Air Force – 2 UH-60Ms delivered as of 2017 with 7 remaining on order[59][150][151]

text: Swedish Air Force – 15 as of 2016[141]

text:
Republic of China Air Force – 13 as of 2016[141]
Republic of China Army – 8 as of 2016[141] (24 more on order)[152]
Republic of China Navy – 18 as of 2016[141]

text: Royal Thai Army – 10 as of 2016[141]

text: Tunisian Air Force - 4 UH-60M delivered as of 2017 (8 more on order)[153]

text:
Turkish Air Force (6 T-70s on order) as of 2016[141]
Turkish Army 58 with 31 more T-70s on order as of 2016[141]

text: United Arab Emirates Air Force – 59 as of 2016[141]

text:
United States Air Force – (see HH-60 Pave Hawk)
United States Army – 2,146 as of 2016[141]
United States Marine Corps (VH-60 "White Hawk", see Marine One and HMX-1)

text: Accidents[edit]

text: On 14 April 1994 two US Army UH-60 Black Hawks in northern Iraq were shot down by mistake by US Air Force F-15s patrolling the northern no-fly zone that had been imposed after the 1991 Gulf War. 26 crew and passengers were killed.[154]

text: On 12 June 1996, the Australian Special Air Service Regiment was conducting counter terrorist training in the High Range area near Townsville, North Queensland, Australia. During night insertion exercises with 5 Aviation Regiment, two S-70A-9 Black Hawks collided and three army air crew and fifteen SAS Regiment personnel were killed.[155]

text: On 10 March 2015, a UH-60 from Eglin Air Force Base crashed off the coast of the Florida Panhandle near the base. All 11 on board were believed killed.[156]

text: Specifications (UH-60L)[edit]

text: Data from Encyclopedia of Modern Warplanes,[157] International Directory,[158] Black Hawk[159]

text: General characteristics

text:
Crew: 2 pilots (flight crew) with 2 crew chiefs/gunners
Capacity: 2,640 lb (1,200 kg) of cargo internally, including 11 troops or 6 stretchers, or 9,000 lb (4,100 kg) (UH-60L) of cargo externally
Length: 64 ft 10 in (19.76 m)
Fuselage length: 50 ft 1 in (15.27 m)
Fuselage width: 7 ft 9 in (2.36 m))
Rotor diameter: 53 ft 8 in (16.36 m)
Height: 16 ft 10 in (5.13 m)
Disc area: 2,260 ft² (210 m²)
Empty weight: 10,624 lb (4,819 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 23,500 lb (10,660 kg)
Rotational speed: Engine 20,900 RPM, main rotor 258 RPM (gear ratio 81:1)[160]
Powerplant: 2 × General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshaft, 1,890 hp (1,410 kW) each

text: Performance

text:
Never exceed speed: 193 knots (222 mph; 357 km/h)
Maximum speed: 159 kn (183 mph; 294 km/h)
Cruise speed: 150 kn (170 mph; 280 km/h)
Combat radius: 368 mi (320 nmi; 592 km)
Ferry range: 1,380 mi[157] (1,200 nmi; 2,220 km) with ESSS stub wings and external tanks[159]
Service ceiling: 19,000 ft (5,790 m)
Rate of climb: 1,315 ft/min[161] (4.5 m/s)
Disc loading: 7.19 lb/ft² (35.4 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.192 hp/lb (158 W/kg)

text: Armament

text:
Guns:

2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) M240 machine guns[162]
2 × 7.62 mm (0.30 in) M134 minigun[159] or
2 × 0.50 in (12.7 mm) GAU-19 gatling guns[159]

Hardpoints: 4, 2 per ESSS stub wings  and provisions to carry combinations of:

Rockets: 70 mm (2.75 in) Hydra 70 rockets[159]
Missiles: AGM-114 Hellfire laser guided missiles, AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles[114][159]
Other: 7.62 mm (0.30 in), 12.7 mm (0.50 in), 20 mm (0.787 in), or 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 gun pods[159]

Bombs: Can be equipped with VOLCANO minefield dispersal system.[159] See UH-60 Armament Subsystems for more information.