document_title: Winter

question_text: when does winter occur in the northern hemisphere

text: Winter

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The English word "winter" comes from the Proto-Indo-European root "wend," relating to water.[1]

text: Cause[edit]

text: The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbital plane plays a large role in the formation of weather. The Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.44° to the plane of its orbit, causing different latitudes to directly face the Sun as the Earth moves through its orbit. This variation brings about seasons. When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun more directly and thus experiences warmer temperatures than the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, winter in the Southern Hemisphere occurs when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted more toward the Sun. From the perspective of an observer on the Earth, the winter Sun has a lower maximum altitude in the sky than the summer Sun.

text: During winter in either hemisphere, the lower altitude of the Sun causes the sunlight to hit that hemisphere at an oblique angle. In regions experiencing winter, the same amount of solar radiation is spread out over a larger area. This effect is compounded by the larger distance that the light must travel through the atmosphere, allowing the atmosphere to dissipate more heat. Compared with these effects, the changes in the distance of the earth from the sun are negligible.

text: The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone parallels is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation. A case in point is Canada, a country normally associated with tough winters. Winnipeg on the Great Plains at a relative distance from large bodies of water has a January high of −11.3 °C (11.7 °F) and a low of −21.4 °C (−6.5 °F).[2] In comparison, Vancouver on the coast with a marine influence from moderating Pacific winds has a January low of 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) with days well above freezing at 6.9 °C (44.4 °F).[3] Both areas are on the 49th parallel north and in the same western half of the continent. A similar effect, although with less extreme differentials, is found in Europe where in spite of the northerly latitude of the islands, the British Isles has not a single non-mountain weather station with a below-freezing mean temperature.[4]

text: Meteorological reckoning[edit]

text: Meteorological Reckoning is the method of measuring the winter season used by meteorologists based on "sensible weather patterns" for record keeping purposes,[5] so the start of meteorological winter varies with latitude.[6] Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in the Northern Hemisphere, and June, July and August in the Southern Hemisphere. The coldest average temperatures of the season are typically experienced in January or February in the Northern Hemisphere and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. Nighttime predominates in the winter season, and in some regions winter has the highest rate of precipitation as well as prolonged dampness because of permanent snow cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures, precluding evaporation. Blizzards often develop and cause many transportation delays. Diamond dust, also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching −40 °F (−40 °C) due to air with slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder, surface based air.[7] They are made of simple ice crystals that are hexagonal in shape.[8] The Swedish meteorological institute (SMHI) define winter as when the daily mean temperatures go below 0 °C (32 °F) for five consecutive days.[9] According to the SMHI, winter in Scandinavia is more pronounced when Atlantic low–pressure systems take more southerly and northerly routes, leaving the path open for high–pressure systems to come in and cold temperatures to occur. As a result, the coldest January on record in 1987 was also the sunniest in Stockholm.[10][11]

text: Accumulations of snow and ice are commonly associated with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, due to the large land masses there. In the Southern Hemisphere, the more maritime climate and the relative lack of land south of 40°S makes the winters milder; thus, snow and ice are less common in inhabited regions of the Southern Hemisphere. In this region, snow occurs every year in elevated regions such as the Andes, the Great Dividing Range in Australia, and the mountains of New Zealand, and also occurs in the southerly Patagonia region of South America. Snow occurs year-round in Antarctica.

text: Astronomical and other calendar-based reckoning[edit]

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, some authorities define the period of winter based on astronomical fixed points (i.e. based solely on the position of the Earth in its orbit around the sun), regardless of weather conditions. In one version of this definition, winter begins at the winter solstice and ends at the vernal equinox.[12] These dates are somewhat later than those used to define the beginning and end of the meteorological winter – usually considered to span the entirety of December, January, and February in the Northern Hemisphere and June, July, and August in the Southern.[13]

text: Astronomically, the winter solstice, being the day of the year which has fewest hours of daylight, ought to be in the middle of the season,[14][15] but seasonal lag means that the coldest period normally follows the solstice by a few weeks. In some cultures, the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the following equinox[16][17] – in the Northern Hemisphere, depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 21 or 22 December and 19, 20 or 21 March. In the UK, meteorologists consider winter to be the three coldest months of December, January and February.[18]

text: In Scandinavia, winter in one tradition begins on 14 October and ends on the last day of February.[19] In Russia, currently calendar winter starts on 1 December and lasts through to the end of February, though traditionally it was reckoned from the Christmas (25 December in Julian calendar, or 7 January in Gregorian) until the Annunciation (25 March in Julian).[20] In many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, including Australia,[21][22] New Zealand and South Africa, winter begins on 1 June and ends on 31 August. In Celtic nations such as Ireland (using the Irish calendar) and in Scandinavia, the winter solstice is traditionally considered as midwinter, with the winter season beginning 1 November, on All Hallows, or Samhain. Winter ends and spring begins on Imbolc, or Candlemas, which is 1 or 2 February. This system of seasons is based on the length of days exclusively. (The three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar radiation occurs during November, December and January in the Northern Hemisphere and May, June and July in the Southern Hemisphere.)

text: Also, many mainland European countries tend to recognize Martinmas or St. Martin's Day (11 November), as the first calendar day of winter.[23] The day falls at midpoint between the old Julian equinox and solstice dates. Also, Valentine's Day (14 February) is recognized by some countries as heralding the first rites of spring, such as flowers blooming.

text: In Chinese astronomy and other East Asian calendars, winter is taken to commence on or around 7 November, with the Jiéqì (known as 立冬 lì dōng—literally, "establishment of winter").

text: The three-month period associated with the coldest average temperatures typically begins somewhere in late November or early December in the Northern Hemisphere and lasts through late February or early March. This "thermological winter" is earlier than the solstice delimited definition, but later than the daylight (Celtic) definition. Depending on seasonal lag, this period will vary between climatic regions.

text: Cultural influences such as Christmas creep may have led to the winter season being perceived as beginning earlier in recent years, although high latitude countries like Canada are usually well into their real winters before the December solstice.

text: Ecological reckoning and activity[edit]

text: Ecological reckoning of winter differs from calendar-based by avoiding the use of fixed dates. It is one of six seasons recognized by most ecologists who customarily use the term hibernal for this period of the year (the other ecological seasons being prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, and autumnal).[24] The hibernal season coincides with the main period of biological dormancy each year whose dates vary according to local and regional climates in temperate zones of the Earth. The appearance of flowering plants like the crocus can mark the change from ecological winter to the prevernal season as early as late January in mild temperate climates.

text: To survive the harshness of winter, many animals have developed different behavioral and morphological adaptations for overwintering:

text:
Migration is a common effect of winter upon animals, notably birds. However, the majority of birds do not migrate—the cardinal and European robin, for example. Some butterflies also migrate seasonally.
Hibernation is a state of reduced metabolic activity during the winter. Some animals "sleep" during winter and only come out when the warm weather returns; e.g., gophers, frogs, snakes, and bats.
Some animals store food for the winter and live on it instead of hibernating completely. This is the case for squirrels, beavers, skunks, badgers, and raccoons.
Resistance is observed when an animal endures winter but changes in ways such as color and musculature. The color of the fur or plumage changes to white (in order to be confused with snow) and thus retains its cryptic coloration year-round. Examples are the rock ptarmigan, Arctic fox, weasel, white-tailed jackrabbit, and mountain hare.
Some fur-coated mammals grow a heavier coat during the winter; this improves the heat-retention qualities of the fur. The coat is then shed following the winter season to allow better cooling. The heavier coat in winter made it a favorite season for trappers, who sought more profitable skins.
Snow also affects the ways animals behave; many take advantage of the insulating properties of snow by burrowing in it. Mice and voles typically live under the snow layer.

text: Some annual plants never survive the winter. Other annual plants require winter cold to complete their life cycle, this is known as vernalization. As for perennials, many small ones profit from the insulating effects of snow by being buried in it. Larger plants, particularly deciduous trees, usually let their upper part go dormant, but their roots are still protected by the snow layer. Few plants bloom in the winter, one exception being the flowering plum, which flowers in time for Chinese New Year. The process by which plants become acclimated to cold weather is called hardening.

text: Exceptionally cold winters[edit]

text:
1683–1684, "The Great Frost", when the Thames, hosting the River Thames frost fairs, was frozen all the way up to the London Bridge and remained frozen for about two months. Ice was about 27 cm (11 in) thick in London and about 120 cm (47 in) thick in Somerset. The sea froze up to 2 miles (3.2 km) out around the coast of the southern North Sea, causing severe problems for shipping and preventing use of many harbours.
1739–1740, one of the most severe winters in the UK on record. The Thames remained frozen-over for about 8 weeks. The Irish famine of 1740–1741 claimed the lives of at least 300,000 people.[25]
1816 was the Year Without a Summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The unusual coolness of the winter of 1815–1816 and of the following summer was primarily due to the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, in April 1815. There were secondary effects from an unknown eruption or eruptions around 1810, and several smaller eruptions around the world between 1812 and 1814. The cumulative effects were worldwide, but were especially strong in the Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Europe. Frost formed in May in New England, killing many newly planted crops, and the summer never recovered. Snow fell in New York and Maine in June, and ice formed in lakes and rivers in July and August. In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in food shortages and the worst famine of the 19th century.
1887–1888, there were record cold temperatures in the Upper Midwest, heavy snowfalls worldwide, and amazing storms, including the Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 (in the Midwest in January), and the Great Blizzard of 1888 (in the Eastern US and Canada in March).
In Europe, the winters of early 1947,[26] February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold. The UK winter of 1946–1947 started out relatively normal, but became one of the snowiest UK winters to date, with nearly continuous snowfall from late January until March.
In the eastern United States and Canada, the winter of 2013–2014 and the second half of February 2015 were abnormally cold. However, the winter of 2014–2015 did have a balmy December and a normal January.

text: Other historically significant winters[edit]

text:
1310–1330, many severe winters and cold, wet summers in Europe – the first clear manifestation of the unpredictable weather of the Little Ice Age that lasted for several centuries (from about 1300 to 1900). The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).
1600–1602, extremely cold winters in Switzerland and Baltic region after eruption of Huaynaputina in Peru in 1600.
1607–1608, in North America, ice persisted on Lake Superior until June. Londoners held their first frost fair on the frozen-over River Thames.
1622, in Turkey, the Golden Horn and southern section of Bosphorus froze over.
1690s, extremely cold, snowy, severe winters. Ice surrounded Iceland for miles in every direction.
1779–1780, Scotland's coldest winter on record, and ice surrounded Iceland in every direction (like in the 1690s). In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at −20 °F (−29 °C) at Hartford, Connecticut, and −16 °F (−27 °C) in New York City. Hudson River and New York's harbor froze over.
1783–1786, the Thames partially froze, and snow remained on the ground for months. In February 1784, the North Carolina was frozen in Chesapeake Bay.
1794–1795, severe winter, with the coldest January in the UK and lowest temperature ever recorded in London: −21 °C (−6 °F) on 25 January. The cold began on Christmas Eve and lasted until late March, with a few temporary warm-ups. The Severn and Thames froze, and frost fairs started up again. The French army tried to invade the Netherlands over its frozen rivers, while the Dutch fleet was stuck in its harbor. The winter had Easterlies (from Siberia) as its dominant feature.
1813–1814, severe cold, last freeze-over of Thames, and last frost fair. (Removal of old London Bridge and changes to river's banks made freeze-overs less likely.)
1883–1888, colder temperatures worldwide, including an unbroken string of abnormally cold and brutal winters in the Upper Midwest, related to the explosion of Krakatoa in August 1883. There was snow recorded in the UK as early as October and as late as July during this time period.
1976–1977, one of the coldest winters in the US in decades.
1985, Arctic outbreak in US resulting from shift in polar vortex, with many cold temperature records broken.
2002–2003 was an unusually cold winter in the Northern and Eastern US.
2010–2011, persistent bitter cold in the entire eastern half of the US from December onward, with few or no mid-winter warm-ups, and with cool conditions continuing into spring. La Niña and negative Arctic oscillation were strong factors. Heavy and persistent precipitation contributed to almost constant snow cover in the Northeastern US which finally receded in early May.
2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.
2011–2012, one of the warmest winters. Christmas Day 2011 was the warmest Christmas in Ireland, as observed by the Armagh Observatory.[27]

text: Humans and winter[edit]

text: Humans evolved in tropical climates, and met cold weather as they migrated into Eurasia, although earlier populations certainly encountered Southern Hemisphere winters in Southern Africa. Micro-evolution in Caucasian, Asiatic and Inuit people show some adaptation to the climate.

text: Winter and human health[edit]

text: Humans are sensitive to cold, see hypothermia. Snowblindness, norovirus, seasonal depression, slipping on black ice and falling icicles are other health concerns associated with cold and snowy weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is not unusual for homeless people to die from hypothermia in the winter.

text: One of the most common diseases associated with winter is influenza. Symptoms include: headache, fever, muscle pains, sinus infection, fatigue, dizziness, cough, and loss of appetite.

text: Mythology[edit]

text: In Persian culture, the winter solstice is called Yaldā (meaning: birth) and it has been celebrated for thousands of years. It is referred to as the eve of the birth of Mithra, who symbolised light, goodness and strength on earth.

text: In Greek mythology, Hades kidnapped Persephone to be his wife. Zeus ordered Hades to return her to Demeter, the goddess of the Earth and her mother. However, Hades tricked Persephone into eating the food of the dead, so Zeus decreed that Persephone would spend six months with Demeter and six months with Hades. During the time her daughter is with Hades, Demeter became depressed and caused winter.

text: In Welsh mythology, Gwyn ap Nudd abducted a maiden named Creiddylad. On May Day, her lover, Gwythr ap Greidawl, fought Gwyn to win her back. The battle between them represented the contest between summer and winter.

text:
Old Man Winter
Jack Frost
Ded Moroz
Snegurochka
Vetrright
Sinterklaas etc.

text: Festivals[edit]


document_title: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

question_text: where was o brother where art thou filmed

root

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou?

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three convicts, Ulysses Everett McGill, Pete Hogwallop, and Delmar O'Donnell, escape from a chain gang and set out to retrieve a supposed treasure Everett buried before the area is flooded to make a lake. The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railway. He tells them, among other prophecies, that they will find a fortune but not the one they seek. The trio make their way to the house of Wash, Pete's cousin. They sleep in the barn, but Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley, who, along with his men, torches the barn. Wash's son helps them escape.

tag: p

text: They pick up Tommy Johnson, a young black man, who claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for the ability to play guitar. In need of money, the four stop at a radio broadcast tower where they record a song as The Soggy Bottom Boys. That night, the trio part ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police. Unbeknownst to them, the recording becomes a major hit.

text: Near a river, the group hears singing. They see three women washing clothes and singing. The women drug them with corn whiskey and they lose consciousness. Upon waking, Delmar finds Pete's clothes lying next to him, empty except for a toad. Delmar is convinced the women were Sirens and transformed Pete into the toad. Later, one-eyed Bible salesman Big Dan Teague invites them for a picnic lunch, then mugs them and kills the toad.

text: Everett and Delmar arrive in Everett's home town. Everett confronts his wife Penny, who changed her last name and told his daughters he was dead. He gets into a fight with Vernon T. Waldrip, her new "suitor." They later see Pete working on a chain gang. Later that night, they sneak into Pete's holding cell and free him. As it turns out, the women had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities. Under torture, Pete gave away the treasure's location to the police. Everett then confesses that there is no treasure. He made it up to convince the guys he was chained with to escape with him in order to stop his wife from getting married. Pete is enraged at Everett, because he had two weeks left on his original sentence, and must serve fifty more years for the escape.

text: The trio stumble upon a Ku Klux Klan rally, who are planning to hang Tommy. The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy. However, Big Dan, a Klan member, reveals their identities. Chaos ensues, and the Grand Wizard reveals himself as Homer Stokes, a candidate in the upcoming gubernatorial election. The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross, leaving it to fall on Big Dan.

text: Everett convinces Pete, Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back. They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner she is attending, disguised as musicians. The group begins a performance of their radio hit. The crowd recognizes the song and goes wild. Homer recognizes them as the group who humiliated his mob. When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views, the crowd runs him out of town on a rail. Pappy O'Daniel, the incumbent candidate, seizes the opportunity, endorses the Soggy Bottom Boys and grants them full pardons. Penny agrees to marry Everett with the condition that he find her original ring.

text: The next morning, the group sets out to retrieve the ring, which is at a cabin in the valley, which Everett earlier claimed was the location of his treasure. The police, having learned of the place from Pete, arrest the group. Dismissing their claims of receiving pardons, Sheriff Cooley orders them hanged. Just as Everett prays to God, the valley is flooded and they are saved. Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by, and they return to town. However, when Everett presents the ring to Penny, it turns out it wasn't her ring, and she doesn't even remember where she put it.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill, a man who is imprisoned for practicing law without a license. He claims to have escaped from prison so he can find a stash of money he had hidden, though in reality it is so he can get back to his family before his wife remarries. He corresponds to Odysseus (Ulysses) in the Odyssey.[10]
John Turturro, as Pete Hogwallop, a fellow criminal who reveals little about his past. He believes in being true to one's kin, even when his cousin Washington B. Hogwallop betrays him. He dreams of moving out west and opening a fine restaurant, where he will be the maître d'. He agreed to go along with the breakout, though he only had two weeks left on his sentence.
Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell, a small-time crook imprisoned for robbing a Piggly Wiggly in Yazoo City; he initially claims innocence but later admits he is guilty. Delmar says he will spend his share of Everett's nonexistent money buying back his family farm, believing, "You ain't no kind of man if you ain't got land."
Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson, a skilled blues musician. He is the accompanying guitarist in the Soggy Bottom Boys. He claims he sold his soul to the devil in exchange for his skill on the guitar. He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson, a blues musician with a mysterious past, who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads (a story more often attributed to Robert Johnson).[11][12]
Frank Collison as Washington B. "Wash" Hogwallop, Pete's paternal cousin. He removes the escapees' chains but later betrays the men to the police.
John Goodman as Daniel "Big Dan" Teague, a one-eyed man who masquerades as a Bible salesman and mugs Everett and Delmar. He later reveals the identity of the trio when they are disguised at a Ku Klux Klan rally, but they kill him by cutting loose a burning cross, which falls on him and the Klansmen. He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey.[10]
Holly Hunter as Penny, Everett's ex-wife, who is fed up with Everett's wheeling and dealing. She divorces him while he is in prison, telling their children he was hit by a Louisville & Nashville train. She is engaged to Vernon T. Waldrip until Everett wins her back. She corresponds to Penelope in the Odyssey.[10] (Penelope is an icon of the faithful wife, as she rejected her many suitors, stalling for time while awaiting Odysseus' return.)
Charles Durning as Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the incumbent Governor of Mississippi. He is frequently seen berating his son and his campaign managers, who are depicted as simpletons. The character is based on Texas governor W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel.[13] (Flensted-Jensen elaborates on the connection between the fictional and the real Pappy O'Daniel.)[10] He corresponds to Menelaus in the Odyssey.
Daniel von Bargen as Sheriff Cooley, a ruthless rural sheriff who, with his bloodhound, pursues the trio for the duration of the film. It is implied several times that he is the devil incarnate, and Cooley fits Tommy Johnson's description of Satan: Cooley's sunglasses evoke Satan's "big empty eyes." He eventually ambushes the escapees after they have been pardoned by the governor. He intends to hang them nonetheless, but when the valley is flooded, he, his men, and his dog all drown. He corresponds to Poseidon in the Odyssey.[10] He has been compared to Boss Godfrey in Cool Hand Luke.[14]
Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes, the reform candidate in the upcoming election for Governor. He travels the countryside with a dwarf, who depicts the "little man", and a broom, with which he promises to "sweep this state clean". He is secretly an Imperial Wizard in the Ku Klux Klan. He falsely identifies Everett, Pete, and Delmar as people of color because they are dirty.
Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip, Penny's bona fide suitor and the manager of Homer Stokes's election campaign. It has been suggested that his name is a nod to novelist Howard Waldrop, whose novella A Dozen Tough Jobs is one of the inspirations for the film.[15] He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey.[10]
Michael Badalucco as George Nelson, a bipolar bank robber who dislikes being called "Baby Face". The real George Nelson died in 1934, three years before the story is set. Nelson died in a shootout known as the Battle of Barrington rather than by electric chair, as suggested in the film.
Stephen Root as Mr. Lund, the blind radio station manager who records Everett's story in the song "Man of Constant Sorrow" and makes him known throughout the state. He corresponds to Homer.[10]
Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer, a mysterious railroad man who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio's adventure as well as several other incidents. He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey.[10]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The idea of O Brother, Where Art Thou? arose spontaneously. Work on the script began long before the start of production in December 1997 and was at least half-written by May 1998. Despite the fact that Ethan described the Odyssey as "one of my favorite storyline schemes", neither of the brothers had read the epic and were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture.[16] According to the brothers, Nelson (who has a degree in classics from Brown University)[17][18] was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey.[19]

text: The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film Sullivan's Travels, in which the protagonist (a director) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother, Where Art Thou?[5] that will be a "commentary on modern conditions, stark realism, and the problems that confront the average man". Lacking any experience in this area, the director sets out on a journey to experience the human suffering of the average man but is sabotaged by his anxious studio. The film has some similarity in tone to Sturges's film, including scenes with prison gangs and a black church choir. The prisoners at the picture show scene is also a direct homage to a nearly identical scene in Sturges's film.[20]

text: Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he came to Phoenix, Arizona, to offer the lead role to Clooney. Clooney agreed to do the role immediately, without reading the script. He stated that he liked even the Coens' least successful films.[21] Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack who lived in Kentucky and asked him to read the entire script into a tape recorder.[22] Unknown to Clooney, in his recording, Jack, a devout Baptist, omitted all instances of the words "damn" and "hell" from the Coens' script, which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him in the middle of shooting.[22]

text: This was the fourth film of the brothers in which John Turturro has starred. Other actors in O Brother, Where Art Thou? who had worked previously with the Coens include John Goodman (three films), Holly Hunter (two), Michael Badalucco and Charles Durning (one film each).

text: The Coens used digital color correction to give the film a sepia-tinted look.[8] Joel stated this was because the actual set was "greener than Ireland." [22] Cinematographer Roger Deakins stated, "Ethan and Joel favored a dry, dusty Delta look with golden sunsets. They wanted it to look like an old hand-tinted picture, with the intensity of colors dictated by the scene and natural skin tones that were all shades of the rainbow."[23] Initially the crew tried to perform the color correction using a physical process, however after several tries with various chemical processes proved unsatisfactory, it became necessary to perform the process digitally.[22]

text: This was the fifth film collaboration between the Coen Brothers and Deakins, and it was slated to be shot in Mississippi at a time of year when the foliage, grass, trees, and bushes would be a lush green.[23] It was filmed near locations in Canton, Mississippi and Florence, South Carolina in the summer of 1999.[24] After shooting tests, including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques, Deakins suggested digital mastering be used.[23] Deakins subsequently spent 11 weeks fine-tuning the look, mainly targeting the greens, making them a burnt yellow and desaturating the overall image in the digital files.[8] This made it the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means, narrowly beating Nick Park's Chicken Run.[8]

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou? was the first time a digital intermediate was used on the entirety of a first-run Hollywood film that otherwise had very few visual effects. The work was done in Los Angeles by Cinesite using a Spirit DataCine for scanning at 2K resolution, a Pandora MegaDef to adjust the color, and a Kodak Lightning II recorder to put out to film.[25]

text: A major theme of the film is the connection between old-time music and political campaigning in the Southern U.S. It makes reference to the traditions, institutions, and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century.

text: The Ku Klux Klan, at the time a political force of white populism, is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance. The character Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour, is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel,[26] one-time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state.[27] W. Lee O'Daniel was in the flour business, and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show.[28] In one campaign, W. Lee O'Daniel carried a broom,[29] an oft-used campaign device in the reform era, promising to sweep away patronage and corruption.[29] His theme song had the hook, "Please pass the biscuits, Pappy", emphasizing his connection with flour.[28]

text: While the film borrows from real-life politics, differences are obvious between the characters in the film and historical political figures. The O'Daniel of the movie used "You Are My Sunshine" as his theme song (which was originally recorded by real-life Governor of Louisiana James Houston "Jimmie" Davis[30]) and Homer Stokes, as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel, portrays himself as the "reform candidate", using a broom as a prop.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music in the film was originally conceived as a major component of the film, not merely as a background or a support. Producer and musician T-Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases, and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced.[31]

text: Much of the music used in the film is period-specific folk music,[6] including that of Virginia bluegrass singer Ralph Stanley.[7] The musical selection also includes religious music, including Primitive Baptist and traditional African American gospel, most notably the Fairfield Four, an a cappella quartet with a career extending back to 1921 who appear in the soundtrack and as gravediggers towards the film's end. Selected songs in the film reflect the possible spectrum of musical styles typical of the old culture of the American South: gospel, delta blues, country, swing and bluegrass.[32][33]

text: The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music[34] ("O Death", "Lonesome Valley", "Angel Band", "I Am Weary") in contrast to bright, cheerful songs ("Keep On the Sunny Side", "In the Highways") in other parts of the film.

text: The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski (lead vocal on "Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright.[35] The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year[35] and a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, both for the song "Man of Constant Sorrow".[9] Tim Blake Nelson sang the lead vocal on "In the Jailhouse Now".[5]

text: "Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the film, one in the music video, and two in the soundtrack album. Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse.[36] Though the song received little significant radio airplay,[37] it reached #35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002.[38] The version of "I'll Fly Away" heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch (as it is on the CD and concert tour), but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long-neck five-string banjo, recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records.[39]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered at the AFI Film Festival on October 19, 2000.[1] It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide[3] off its $26 million budget.[2]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 77% based on 147 reviews and an average score of 7.1/10. The consensus reads: "Though not as good as Coen brothers' classics such as Blood Simple, the delightfully loopy O Brother, Where Art Thou? is still a lot of fun."[40] The film holds an average score of 69/100 on Metacritic based on 30 reviews.[41]

text: Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film, saying all the scenes in the film were "wonderful in their different ways, and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied".[42]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was selected into the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival.[43]

text: The film also received two Academy Award nominations at the 73rd Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Cinematography. Cinematographer Roger Deakins was recognized with both Academy Award and ASC Outstanding Achievement Award nominations for his work on the film.[23]

text: For his portrayal of Ulysses Everett McGill, George Clooney received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. The film was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.

text: Soggy Bottom Boys[edit]

text: The Soggy Bottom Boys, the musical group that the main characters form, serve as accompaniment for the film. The name is an homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys, a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs.[44] In the film, the songs credited to the band are lip-synched by the actors, except that Tim Blake Nelson does sing his own vocals on "In the Jailhouse Now." The actual musicians are Dan Tyminski (guitar and lead vocals), Harley Allen, and Pat Enright.[45][46] The band's hit single is Dick Burnett's "Man of Constant Sorrow," a song that had already enjoyed much success in real life.[47] After the film's release, the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians who were dubbed into the film, such as Ralph Stanley, John Hartford, Alison Krauss, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Chris Sharp, and others, all got together and performed the music from the film in a Down from the Mountain concert tour which was filmed for TV and DVD.[6]


document_title: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)

question_text: who played savannah on law and order svu

text: Production[edit]

text: Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a sixteenth season on May 7, 2014, by NBC.[2][3] and premiered on September 24, 2014.[4] Production on the season commenced on May 22, with the shooting of first episode,[5] entitled "Girls Disappeared", completed in early June.[6] A second episode was also completed during June with the third scheduled episode being pushed back until after the production hiatus to give rest to the cast and crew.[7][8]

text: Executive producer Warren Leight revealed that the sixteenth season will follow the events of the previous season finale, with Detective Nick Amaro (Danny Pino) "sent to the bowels of Queens to do traffic stops".[9] Prior to the conclusion of the fifteenth season and hence Sergeant Olivia Benson's (Mariska Hargitay) fostering of baby Noah Porter, Raúl Esparza (Rafael Barba) revealed that, "Benson has a very big, life-changing event take place for her, which I think is gonna last for a while...she might make some choices that are really gonna change her life."[10][11]

text: NBC President Robert Greenblatt announced that Chicago PD, Chicago Fire, and also Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, could continue to have crossover episodes during the 2014–15 season.[12] The episode entitled "Chicago Crossover" aired on November 12, 2014, as part of a crossover between Chicago P.D., Chicago Fire, and SVU.[13] Additionally, the episode entitled "Daydream Believer", served as the second crossover with the three aforementioned shows.[14][15]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Mariska Hargitay as Sergeant Olivia Benson
Danny Pino as Detective Nick Amaro
Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins
Ice-T as Detective Fin Tutuola
Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi, Jr.
Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Bronwyn Reed as Lucy Huston
Robert John Burke as Lieutenant Ed Tucker
Peter Gallagher as Deputy Chief William Dodds
Jefferson Mays as ME Dr. Carl Rudnick
Delaney Williams as Defense Attorney John Buchanan
Peter Hermann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan
Michael Kostroff as Defense Attorney Evan Braun
Jenna Stern as Judge Elana Barth
Thedra Porter as Chantal Jackson
Jamila Velazquez as Pilar Morenas
Nikki M. James as Detective Gail Dunbar
Myk Watford as Atlanta P.D. Captain Sam Reynolds
Elizabeth Marvel as Defense Attorney Rita Calhoun
Harry Hamlin as Atlanta P.D. Deputy Chief Charles Patton
Aida Turturro as Judge Felicia Catano
Charles Halford as Johnny "D" Drake
Lili Taylor as Martha Thornhill
Danika Yarosh as Ariel Thornhill
Hoda Kotb as herself
Jessica Phillips as ADA Pippa Cox
Stephen C. Bradbury as Judge Colin McNamara
Steve Rosen as Defence Attorney Michael Guthrie
Tabitha Holbert as ADA Rose Callier

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner
Jason Beghe as Sergeant Hank Voight
Sophia Bush as Detective Erin Lindsay
Jesse Lee Soffer as Detective Jay Halstead
Donal Logue as Lieutenant Declan Murphy
Marina Squerciati as Officer Kim Burgess
Brian Geraghty as Officer Sean Roman
Stella Maeve as Nadia Decotis
Dann Florek as Captain Donald Cragen

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Peter Scanavino joined, originally in a recurring capacity, as Detective Dominick "Sonny" Carisi Jr., beginning with the season premiere episode "Girls Disappeared". Detective Carisi is "going to come in [to SVU] and shake things up...a guy who maybe needs a little bit of refining".[9][16] Starting with the fifth episode of the season, Scanavino was upgraded to a regular cast member. Scanavino previously appeared in the season fourteen episode "Monster's Legacy" as another character.

text: Peter Gallagher joins this season, in a recurring capacity, as Deputy Chief William Dodds, the tough-as-nails head of all the Special Victims Units in New York City.[17]

text: Teri Polo of the ABC Family series The Fosters guest stars in the second episode, "American Disgrace", as Cordelia. Polo previously appeared in the season ten episode "Confession" as another character. Stacy Keach, Henry Simmons and Sandy Duncan also guest star.[18]

text: Ron Rifkin returns to SVU portraying defense attorney Marvin Exley in an episode which aired in October, "Producer’s Backend". Exley represents Tensley (portrayed by Stevie Lynn Jones), a young Hollywood celebrity in conflict with the law. Brian d'Arcy James stars as the top-level producer who gave Tensley a score. Dana Wheeler-Nicholson also guest stars as Tensley's mother.[19]

text: Delaney Williams returns to SVU as Counselor John Buchanan in the episode, "Pornstar's Requiem". Buchanan represents a student accused of raping a pornstar. Buchanan may have a difficult case but there are certain elements that play in his and his clients favor. He makes a further appearance in "Forgiving Rollins" and "Devastating Story".

text: Chicago P.D.'s Sophia Bush (Det. Erin Lindsay), Jesse Lee Soffer (Det. Jay Halstead), and Jason Beghe (Sgt. Hank Voight) take part in a crossover event between Chicago Fire, Chicago P.D. and SVU in the November episode "Chicago Crossover". Specifically, they are involved in a joint case involving child sex internet ring.[20] Additionally, Bush and Soffer, with Marina Squerciati (Ofc. Burgess), Brian Geraghty (Ofc. Roman) and Stella Maeve (Nadia Decotis), also took part in the second crossover event between the three shows ("Daydream Believer"). In this episode, SVU works with Chicago Intelligence on a rape/murder case connected to an apartment fire in the Chicago Fire episode "We Called Her Jellybean" and pursue the suspect they're forced to let go in the Chicago P.D. episode "The Number of Rats".[14][15]

text: Harry Hamlin guest starred in an episode that aired on December 10, "Pattern Seventeen" as Rollins' previous commanding-officer in Atlanta, Deputy Chief Patton. Peter Hermann also guest starred in this episode as defense attorney Trevor Langan.[21] Hamlin made a further appearance in the January 7 episode "Forgiving Rollins", alongside Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 actress Dreama Walker. Walker portrays Reese Taymor, a detective from Atlanta who attends a law enforcement conference in New York, with Patton and accuses the latter of rape.[22]

text: "Agent Provocateur" features guest appearances from Tony Award winner Patti LuPone alongside of former Smash star and Tony nominee Jeremy Jordan.[23] LuPone plays a Hollywood agent and Jordan her newest star who both become involved when their actor colleague is accused of rape. Jordan previously appeared in the 2008 episode "Streetwise", while LuPone made appearances on the original Law & Order series.

text: Armand Assante guest starred in "Padre Sandunguero" as Nicholas, Detective Amaro's father. The episode also featured the second appearance of Tony winner Nikki M. James as a detective. James previously appeared as a 911 Operator in the 2012 episode "Father Dearest".

text: Tamara Tunie returned after a long absence as Dr. Melinda Warner in the February 18 episode "Undercover Mother", alongside Donal Logue as lieutenant Declan Murphy after his five episode arc last season. Tunie later appeared in "Daydream Believer".[24]

text: In "December Solstice", Marcia Cross portrays Charmaine Briggs, the sixth wife of celebrity author Walter Briggs (played by Robert Vaughn), who is accused of sexually abusing her husband, by their step-daughters. This episode marks Cross' first television appearance since the 2012 finale of Desperate Housewives, of which she was part of the cast from 2004 to 2012.[25][26] The episode marks Vaughn's final television prior to his death on November 11, 2016.

text: Andre Braugher returned to SVU as his season 13–14 recurring character defense attorney Bayard Ellis in the episode entitled "Perverted Justice". Ellis tried and set a jailed-father accused of raping his daughter, free, after she recants her testimony against him. House's Robert Sean Leonard guest stars as ADA Kenneth O’Dwyer, who goes head-to-head with Ellis in court over the case.[27][28] Alongside Braugher and Leonard, Dann Florek made a guest appearance in the same episode as Don Cragen. Cragen, previously a main character, who served as Captain of SVU from 1999 until the fifteenth season, assists Benson in re-opening the case and gathering evidence.[29][30]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

344
1
"Girls Disappeared"
Alex Chapple
Teleplay by: Robert Brooks Cohen & Kevin Fox
Story by: Warren Leight & Julie Martin
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
1601
10.07[31]

Detective Amaro, now working as a beat cop in Queens, arrests an underage prostitute who reveals she was a witness to the murder of Ellie Porter, the mother of Sergeant Benson's foster son Noah. Benson asks Amaro to go undercover, which sets off a series of events that puts everyone involved in danger – including baby Noah. Meanwhile, Benson meets the new addition to the squad, Detective Carisi (Peter Scanavino), who starts off on the wrong foot.

345
2
"American Disgrace"
Arthur W. Forney
Warren Leight & Julie Martin
October 1, 2014 (2014-10-01)
1602
7.73[32]

Orion Bay clothing line press rep Carla Cannon (Kelley Missal) tells reporters she was raped by basketball superstar Shakir "The Shark" Wilkins (Henry Simmons). However, the authenticity of her story and the stories of other women is questioned by Carisi and leaves ADA Barba with a shaky case. As the trial begins, the case starts to fall apart and more than just family secrets of Orion Bay's billionaire owner Orion Bauer (Stacey Keach) and his daughter (Teri Polo) are revealed.

346
3
"Producer's Backend"
Michael Pressman
Teleplay by: Jill Abbinanti & Brianna Yellen
Story by: Julie Martin & Warren Leight
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
1603
7.55[33]

Amaro reports to the scene of a car crash where Hollywood starlet Tensley Evans (Stevie Lynn Jones) tries to flirt her way out of trouble. Amaro's by-the-book handling allows for him to be transferred back to the SVU team, just in time to investigate Evans for the statutory rape of a 15-year-old boy. As Barba pushes forward with her trial for rape, Benson begins to suspect underlying issues that led to Evans' actions, which leads the squad to a producer (Brian d'Arcy James) who has a troubling history.

347
4
"Holden's Manifesto"
Jean de Segonzac
Teleplay by: Julie Martin & Warren Leight
Story by: Kevin Fox
October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)
1604
7.16[34]

Holden March (John Karna), a lovelorn, socially awkward young man, begins to exact revenge on the women he believes have wronged him, which soon escalates to murder. When Detectives Amaro and Rollins find Holden with hostages at a local school, they soon find out how dangerous a desperate man can be. Meanwhile, Benson deals with pressure from the newly appointed Deputy Chief William Dodds (Peter Gallagher) while Noah is hospitalized.

Episode inspired by the Elliot Rodger murders.

348
5
"Pornstar's Requiem"
Jennifer Getzinger
Teleplay by: Robert Brooks Cohen & Céline C. Robinson
Story by: Kevin Fox & Warren Leight
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
1605
7.19[35]

Evie Barnes (Hannah Marks) answers a modeling ad hoping to make money for college tuition, but it quickly turns into pornography. When college students discover her double life, they force themselves on Evie at a party, resulting in their arrest for rape. Although she is not the one on trial, Benson and Barba fight to prove her innocence in the courtroom.

349
6
"Glasgowman's Wrath"
Jean de Segonzac
Teleplay by: Brianna Yellen & Jill Abbinanti
Story by: Julie Martin & Warren Leight
November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)
1606
7.00[36]

When a babysitter's ghost stories lead to two girls going missing and another severely injured, Benson and the SVU detectives work to locate a suspect and decipher fact from fiction.

350
7
"Chicago Crossover"
Steve Shill
Teleplay by: Ed Zuckerman
Story by: Dick Wolf & Warren Leight
November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)
1607
10.01[37]

Benson and SVU get a new lead on a missing child pornography victim from Sergeant Hank Voight (Jason Beghe) of the Chicago Police Department. When things become personal for CPD Detective Erin Lindsay (Sophia Bush), she and her partner (Jesse Lee Soffer) travel to New York to lend a hand in the investigation.
This episode continues a crossover with Chicago Fire and Chicago P.D. that begins on "Nobody Touches Anything" and concludes on "They'll Have to Go Through Me". It is included on the Chicago Fire Season 3 and Chicago P.D. Season 2 DVD sets.

351
8
"Spousal Privilege"
Sharat Raju
Teleplay by: Julie Martin & Samantha Corbin-Miller
Story by: Warren Leight & Julie Martin
November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)
1608
7.93[38]

Detective Tutuola discovers security camera footage of a domestic dispute between a famous sportscaster (Chad Coleman) and his girlfriend (Meagan Good). While Fin and Benson dive into the couple's life, Barba tries to convince the woman to press charges.

352
9
"Pattern Seventeen"
Martha Mitchell
Kevin Fox
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
1609
6.90[39]

When a series of young girls are assaulted, Rollins connects the pattern to cases she worked in Atlanta, but discovers that none of the rape kits were tested. Returning to Atlanta to interview a victim believed to have been assaulted by their suspect, she has an awkward reunion with her former boss, Atlanta Deputy Chief Charles Patton (Harry Hamlin). While the detectives connect the pattern to other cities with untested rape kits, Benson faces scrutiny at CompStat from Deputy Chief Dodds and the NYPD brass.

353
10
"Forgiving Rollins"
Michael Slovis
Julie Martin & Warren Leight
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
1610
7.76[40]

Atlanta Deputy Chief Patton and his new detective, Reese Taymor (Dreama Walker), visit New York for a sex crimes conference. After the conference, Taymor reports being raped in her hotel, leading Benson and SVU to question her fellow visiting Atlanta police officers. When Rollins discovers a personal connection to Taymor, Barba seeks Rollins' help in court, which forces her to disclose a secret she has worked hard to hide.

354
11
"Agent Provocateur"
Alex Chapple
Samantha Corbin-Miller
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
1611
6.68[41]

A young woman (Madison Grace) sneaks out to attend a party with her celebrity crush, Scott Russo. Things take a turn for the worst when the teenager is found sexually assaulted and left for dead in an alley. Russo and his manager (Patti LuPone) are then suspects when security footage of the party goes missing, only to turn up on a gossip website. When the website's CEO refuses to hand over the footage to the squad, Barba fights to get the truth by having the man arrested for withholding evidence.

355
12
"Padre Sandunguero"
Mariska Hargitay
Teleplay by: Peter Blauner
Story by: Peter Blauner & Warren Leight
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
1612
6.77[42]

Amaro's father, Nicolas (Armand Assante), invites his estranged family to his wedding with a 28-year-old woman. When Amaro declines the invitation, a fight ignites at the wedding, causing Nicolas to become arrested for assault. Amaro and the SVU squad become entangled in the investigation, with IAB keeping an eye on Amaro's involvement. Barba takes the case and requires Amaro to stand as a witness, which forces him to reveal family secrets and face the possibility of tearing his family apart.

356
13
"Decaying Morality"
Michael Pressman
Kevin Fox & Brianna Yellen
February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)
1613
6.20[43]

Benson and Rollins treat a rape victim, (Haley Lu Richardson), found with her clothes torn, who claims to have been raped in a pizzeria bathroom. With a criminal record and a pending lawsuit against the NYPD, the precinct is short on evidence and the suspect is released. Enraged, Jenna's father (Jamie McShane) conducts his own investigation, which could change the family's lives and make SVU's job harder.

357
14
"Intimidation Game"
Jean de Segonzac
Teleplay by: Céline C. Robinson & Robert Brooks Cohen
Story by: Julie Martin & Céline C. Robinson & Robert Brooks Cohen
February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11)
1614
6.12[44]

Video game developer Raina Punjabi (Mouzam Makkar) ignores warnings from online predators as the release date of her game arrives. When a female employee is soon assaulted at a game convention, the detectives ask Punjabi to halt the game's release. When she refuses, Fin and SVU must race to protect her from technically skilled predators that want to see Punjabi out of the gaming business.

358
15
"Undercover Mother"
Steve Shill
Warren Leight & Julie Martin
February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)
1615
6.45[45]

While undercover to destroy a sex trafficking ring, Carisi encounters Martha Thornhill (Lili Taylor). She explains she has been disguising herself as a madame in the organization in order to try to find and save her daughter, Ariel, who had been kidnapped. She eventually gives up working alone and asks SVU to help her. As a team, they try to break down the pimp and his cohorts, while Ariel remains missing, and discover they may have some help on the inside from an old friend. Meanwhile, Dr. Warner discovers that the pimp is Noah's biological father and alerts Benson.

359
16
"December Solstice"
Sharat Raju
Ed Zuckerman
February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25)
1616
7.72[46]

Walter Briggs (Robert Vaughn), a celebrity author, is put in the middle of a feud between his sixth wife, Charmaine (Marcia Cross), and his daughters over his welfare, sparked by an accusation that Charmaine has been sexually abusing her husband by giving him erectile dysfunctional medication without his knowledge. When Walter is hospitalized for a heart attack, Charmaine removes him from the hospital against medical advice before any tests can be conducted. A subsequent heart attack causes Walter's death, prompting Barba to pursue manslaughter charges against Charmaine. During the trial, a video tape that Walter recorded prior to his dementia is released, revealing his feelings and wishes for his family. Meanwhile, Barba struggles with his decision to put his grandmother in a retirement home.

360
17
"Parole Violations"
Jean de Segonzac
Jill Abbinanti
March 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)
1617
5.92[47]

Carisi's sister is preparing for the birth of her child with her fiancé, Tommy, but events take a turn for the worst when Tommy returns to old habits and accuses his parole officer of rape. With the help of Benson and the detectives, Carisi investigates Tommy's allegation, but Barba faces an uphill battle convincing a jury that a woman can rape a man.

361
18
"Devastating Story"
Michael Slovis
Samantha Corbin-Miller
April 1, 2015 (2015-04-01)
1618
6.25[48]

Skip Peterson (Rob Morrow), a television host, broadcasts an interview with Heather Manning, a college student, who claims to have been gang raped in a fraternity house. Manning's story goes viral and the case quickly turns into a she-said, they-said dilemma, with pressure on SVU to open a real investigation. The lack of evidence, the shakiness of the victim and several suspects prove convincing a jury of the crime difficult.

362
19
"Granting Immunity"
Holly Dale
Teleplay By: Brianna Yellen & A. Zell Williams
Story By: Julie Martin & Warren Leight
April 8, 2015 (2015-04-08)
1619
7.31[49]

Savannah Biel's (Hayden Tweedie) pornographic photos quickly go viral in Tribeca High School after an underage sex party. A measles outbreak stops Barba's attempts to arrest the suspects and Benson is hit with reality when Noah contracts the illness. While dealing with Noah's situation, Benson investigates the group of mothers who have lied about their children's medical records. Meanwhile, Amaro learns some worrisome news about his son.

363
20
"Daydream Believer"
Martha Mitchell
Teleplay By: Julie Martin & Ed Zuckerman
Story By: Warren Leight & Matt Olmstead
April 29, 2015 (2015-04-29)
1620
9.28[50]

Benson and CPD Sgt. Voight lead their teams in the investigation of a rape-murder case that is frighteningly similar to a case from New York a decade ago. While searching for the suspect, one of Chicago's own is kidnapped, intensifying SVU's mission to help Voight's team locate the man.
This episode concludes a crossover with Chicago Fire and Chicago P.D. that begins on "We Called Her Jellybean" and continues on "The Number of Rats". It is included on the Chicago Fire Season 3 and Chicago P.D. Season 2 DVD sets.

364
21
"Perverted Justice"
Alex Chapple
Teleplay by: Robert Brooks Cohen & Céline C. Robinson
Story by: Warren Leight & Julie Martin
May 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)
1621
6.11[51]

Bayard Ellis (Andre Braugher) asks the SVU squad to reopen the investigation of a man who was convicted of incest and rape when the man's daughter (Samira Wiley), a recovering addict, recants her original testimony, claiming it was all a lie that her mother forced her to say in court. When the original motion to vacate the charges is denied, the squad turns to retired Captain Cragen (Dann Florek) for insight in the case and uncover evidence that was never presented during the original trial.

365
22
"Parents' Nightmare"
Jean de Segonzac
Kevin Fox & Brendan Feeney
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)
1622
6.82[52]

Owen Farhidi, an 8-year-old boy, is kidnapped at school. After receiving a ransom request, Owen's mother, Dana, contacts SVU for help. Amaro works with the mother and her ex-husband, Sam, when footage proves the victim knew his abductor. The strain between the estranged couple threatens the investigation until Benson and Amaro convince one spouse to turn against the other. Meanwhile, pressure from One Police Plaza for a higher-ranking commanding officer at SVU leads Benson to consider taking the Lieutenant's exam.

366
23
"Surrendering Noah"
Michael Slovis
Julie Martin & Warren Leight
May 20, 2015 (2015-05-20)
1623
6.96[53]

After expressing interest in taking the upcoming Sergeant's exam, Amaro learns from Benson that One Police Plaza does not want to promote him as he is considered "damaged goods" due to his involvement in several past incidents. As Johnny D's (Charles Halford) criminal case finally goes to trial, Benson goes against Barba's advice by disclosing that Johnny is the biological father of Noah, endangering the final stages of the adoption. A disruption during the trial grants Johnny the opportunity to grab an officer's gun; he kills one court officer and wounds Amaro, the judge, and another officer, but Amaro returns fire and kills him. Realizing that he is unlikely to advance within the NYPD and that the department may use his injuries to force him into early retirement, Amaro resigns in order to move to California so he can be closer to his children.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Ratings/Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
18-49
DVR Viewers
(millions)
Total
18-49
Total Viewers
(millions)
Rank (week)

1
"Girls Disappeared"
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
2.2/6[31]
10.07[31]
1.3[54]
3.13[54]
3.4[54]
13.2[54]
23[55]

2
"American Disgrace"
October 1, 2014 (2014-10-01)
1.8/5[32]
7.73[32]
1.2[54][56]
3.07[54][56]
3.0[54][56]
10.8[54][56]
N/A

3
"Producer's Backend"
October 8, 2014 (2014-10-08)
1.7/5[33]
7.61[33]
1.1[57]
2.75[57]
2.8[57]
10.36[57]
N/A

4
"Holden's Manifesto"
October 15, 2014 (2014-10-15)
1.7/5[34]
7.16[34]
1.1[56]
2.9[56]
2.8[56]
10.04[56]
N/A

5
"Pornstar's Requiem"
October 22, 2014 (2014-10-22)
1.6/5[35]
7.19[35]
1.2[58]
2.4[58]
2.8[58]
9.6[58]
N/A

6
"Glasgowman's Wrath"
November 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)
1.6/5[36]
7.00[36]
1.3[59]
3.13[59]
2.9[59]
10.12[59]
N/A

7
"Chicago Crossover"
November 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)
2.4/7[37]
10.01[37]
1.2[60]
3.1[60]
3.6[60]
13.1[60]
19[61]

8
"Spousal Privilege"
November 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)
1.8/5[38]
7.93[38]
1.1[62]
N/A
2.9[62]
N/A
N/A

9
"Pattern Seventeen"
December 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)
1.4/4[39]
6.90[39]
0.83[63]
2.3[63]
2.26[63]
9.2[63]

10
"Forgiving Rollins"
January 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)
1.7/5[40]
7.76[40]
0.9[64]
1.1[64]
2.56[64]
9.9[64]

11
"Agent Provocateur"
January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)
1.4/4[41]
6.68[41]
0.7[65]
1.9[65]
2.1[65]
8.6[65]

12
"Padre Sandunguero"
January 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)
1.3/4[42]
6.77[42]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

13
"Decaying Morality"
February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)
1.3/4[43]
6.20[43]
0.8[66]
2.2[66]
2.1[66]
8.4[66]

14
"Intimidation Game"
February 11, 2015 (2015-02-11)
1.4/4[44]
6.12[44]
0.8[67]
2.3[67]
2.2[67]
8.4[67]

15
"Undercover Mother"
February 18, 2015 (2015-02-18)
1.6/5[45]
6.45[45]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

16
"December Solstice"
February 25, 2015 (2015-02-25)
1.7/4[68]
7.72[68]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

17
"Parole Violations"
March 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)
1.3/4[47]
5.92[47]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

18
"Devastating Story"
April 1, 2015 (2015-04-01)
1.5/5[48]
6.25[48]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

19
"Granting Immunity"
April 8, 2015 (2015-04-08)
1.8/5[49]
7.31[49]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
25[69]

20
"Daydream Believer"
April 29, 2015 (2015-04-29)
2.1/7[50]
9.28[50]
1.5[70]
3.97[70]
3.5[70]
13.22[70]
10[71]

21
"Perverted Justice"
May 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)
1.2/4[51]
6.11[51]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

22
"Parents' Nightmare"
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)
1.6/5[52]
6.82[52]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

23
"Surrendering Noah"
May 20, 2015 (2015-05-20)
1.4/5[53]
6.96[53]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A