document_title: For Whom the Bell Tolls

question_text: where does the phrase for whom the bell tolls come from

text: For Whom the Bell Tolls

text: Background[edit]

text: Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana, Cuba; Key West, Florida; and Sun Valley, Idaho in 1939.[2][3] In Cuba, he lived in the Hotel Ambos-Mundos where he worked on the manuscript.[4][5] The novel was finished in July 1940 at the InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel in New York City[6] and published in October.[7][8] It is based on Hemingway's experiences during the Spanish Civil War and features an American protagonist, named Robert Jordan, who fights with Spanish soldiers for the Republicans.[9] The characters in the novel include those who are purely fictional, those based on real people but fictionalized, and those who were actual figures in the war. Set in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range between Madrid and Segovia, the action takes place during four days and three nights. For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book of the Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and became a literary triumph for Hemingway.[9] Published on 21 October 1940, the first edition print run was 75,000 copies priced at $2.75.[10]

text: Title[edit]

text: The book's title is taken from the metaphysical poet John Donne's series of meditations and prayers on health, pain, and sickness (written while Donne was convalescing from a nearly fatal illness) published in 1624 as Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, specifically Meditation XVII. Hemingway quotes part of the meditation (using Donne's original spelling) in the book's epigraph, which in turn refers to the practice of funeral tolling:

text: The point made by the choice of this title and epigraph is that the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, a major topic of debate in Western intellectual and political circles, is not of importance only to Spaniards; it matters to everyone. Furthermore, the title and epigraph can be interpreted as a reference to the themes of death within the novel, particularly between the characters of Robert Jordan and Anselmo.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The novel graphically describes the brutality of the civil war in Spain during this time. It is told primarily through the thoughts and experiences of the protagonist, Robert Jordan. It draws on Hemingway's own experiences in the Spanish Civil War as a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance.[citation needed]

text: Jordan is an American who has lived in Spain during the pre-war period, and fights in the International Brigades for the Republic against Francisco Franco's fascist forces. An experienced dynamiter, he is ordered by a Soviet general to travel behind enemy lines and destroy a bridge with the aid of a band of local anti-fascist guerrillas, in order to prevent enemy troops from responding to an upcoming offensive. On his mission, Jordan meets the rebel Anselmo who brings him to the hidden guerrilla camp and initially acts as an intermediary between Jordan and the other guerrilla fighters.

text: In the camp, Jordan encounters María, a young Spanish woman whose life had been shattered by her parents' execution and her rape at the hands of the Falangists (part of the fascist coalition) at the outbreak of the war. His strong sense of duty clashes with both the unwillingness of the guerrilla leader Pablo to commit to an operation that would endanger himself and his band, and Jordan's own new-found lust for life which arises from his love for María. Pablo's wife, Pilar, usurps Pablo's leadership and pledges the allegiance of the guerrillas to Jordan's mission. However, when another band of anti-fascist guerrillas, led by El Sordo, is surrounded and killed, Pablo steals the dynamite detonators and exploder, hoping to prevent the demolition and thereby avoid fascist reprisals. Although he disposes of the detonators and exploder by throwing them down a gorge into the river, Pablo regrets abandoning his comrades and returns to assist in the operation.

text: However, the enemy, apprised of the coming offensive, has prepared to ambush it in force and it seems unlikely that the blown bridge will do much to prevent a rout. Regardless of this, Jordan understands that he must still demolish the bridge in an attempt to prevent Fascist reinforcements from overwhelming his allies. Lacking the detonation equipment stolen by Pablo, Jordan plans an alternative method to explode the dynamite by using hand grenades with wires attached so that their pins can be pulled from a distance. This improvised plan is considerably more dangerous because the men must be nearer to the explosion. While Pablo, Pilar, and other guerrilla members attack the posts at the two ends of the bridge, Jordan and Anselmo plant and detonate the dynamite, costing Anselmo his life when he is hit by a piece of shrapnel. While escaping, Jordan is maimed when a tank shoots his horse out from under him. Knowing he would only slow his comrades down, he bids goodbye to María and ensures that she escapes to safety with the surviving guerrillas. He refuses an offer from Agustín to shoot him and lies in agony, hoping to kill an enemy officer and delay their pursuit of his comrades before dying. The narrative ends right before Jordan launches his ambush.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Robert Jordan – American university instructor of Spanish language and a specialist in demolitions and explosives.
Anselmo – Elderly guide to Robert Jordan.
Golz – Soviet officer who ordered the bridge's demolition.
Pablo – Leader of a group of anti-fascist guerrillas.
Rafael – Well-intentioned yet incompetent and lazy guerrilla, and a gypsy.
María – Robert Jordan's young lover.
Pilar – Pablo's wife. An aged but strong woman, she is the de facto leader of the guerrilla band.
Karkov – Soviet agent and journalist in Madrid, and a friend of Jordan's.
Agustín – Foul-mouthed, middle-aged guerrilla.
El Sordo – Leader of a fellow band of guerrillas.
Fernando – Middle-aged guerrilla.
Andrés and Eladio – Brothers and members of Pablo's band.
Primitivo – Young guerrilla in Pablo's band.
Joaquin – Enthusiastic teenaged communist, a member of Sordo's band.

text: Main themes[edit]

text: This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Death is a primary preoccupation of the novel. When Robert Jordan is assigned to blow up the bridge, he knows that he will not survive it. Pablo and El Sordo, leaders of the Republican guerrilla bands, see that inevitability also. Almost all of the main characters in the book contemplate their own deaths. Before the operation, Pilar reads Robert Jordan's palm, and after seeing it, refuses to comment on what she saw, foreshadowing his untimely demise.

text: Camaraderie and sacrifice in the face of death abound throughout the novel. Robert Jordan, Anselmo and others are ready to do "as all good men should" – that is, to make the ultimate sacrifice. The oft-repeated embracing gesture reinforces this sense of close companionship in the face of death. An incident involving the death of the character Joaquín's family serves as an example of this theme; having learned of this tragedy, Joaquín's comrades embrace and comfort him, saying they now are his family. Surrounding this love for one's comrades is the love for the Spanish soil. A love of place, of the senses, and of life itself is represented by the pine needle forest floor—both at the beginning and, poignantly, at the end of the novel—when Robert Jordan awaits his death feeling "his heart beating against the pine needle floor of the forest."

text: Suicide always looms as an alternative to suffering. Many of the characters, including Robert Jordan, would prefer death over capture and are prepared to kill themselves, be killed, or kill to avoid it. As the book ends, Robert Jordan, wounded and unable to travel with his companions, awaits a final ambush that will end his life. He prepares himself against the cruel outcomes of suicide to avoid capture, or inevitable torture for the extraction of information and death at the hands of the enemy. Still, he hopes to avoid suicide partly because his father, whom he views as a coward, committed suicide. Robert Jordan understands suicide but doesn't approve of it, and thinks that "you have to be awfully occupied with yourself to do a thing like that."[11]

text: The novel explores political ideology and the nature of bigotry. After noticing how he so easily employed the convenient catch-phrase "enemy of the people," Jordan moves swiftly into the subjects and opines, "To be bigoted you have to be absolutely sure that you are right and nothing makes that surety and righteousness like continence. Continence is the foe of heresy."[12] Later in the book, Robert Jordan explains the threat of fascism in his own country. "Robert Jordan, wiping out the stew bowl with bread, explained how the income tax and inheritance tax worked. 'But the big estates remain. Also, there are taxes on the land,' he said. 'But surely the big proprietors and the rich will make a revolution against such taxes. Such taxes appear to me to be revolutionary. They will revolt against the government when they see that they are threatened, exactly as the fascists have done here,' Primitivo said. 'It is possible.' 'Then you will have to fight in your country as we fight here.' 'Yes, we will have to fight.' 'But are there not many fascists in your country?' 'There are many who do not know they are fascists but will find it out when the time comes.'"[13] In the same conversation Robert Jordan is having with the others, he also realizes how there are populist policies right in America, namely homesteading which was widely used by American settlers to settle the West from 1863 onward:[14] "Robert Jordan explained the process of homesteading. He had never thought of it before as an agrarian reform. 'That is magnificent,' Primitivo said. 'Then you have a Communism in your country?' 'No. That is done under the Republic.'"[15]

text: Divination emerges as an alternative means of perception. Pilar, "Pablo's woman," is a reader of palms and more. When Robert Jordan questions her true abilities, she replies, "Because thou art a miracle of deafness.... It is not that thou art stupid. Thou art simply deaf. One who is deaf cannot hear music. Neither can he hear the radio. So he might say, never having heard them, that such things do not exist."[16]

text: Imagery[edit]

text: Hemingway frequently used images to produce the dense atmosphere of violence and death his books are renowned for; the main image of For Whom the Bell Tolls is the automatic weapon. As he had done in "A Farewell to Arms", Hemingway employs the fear of modern armament to destroy romantic conceptions of the ancient art of war: combat, sportsmanlike competition and the aspect of hunting. Heroism becomes butchery: the most powerful picture employed here is the shooting of María's parents against the wall of a slaughterhouse. Glory exists in the official dispatches only; here, the "disillusionment" theme of A Farewell to Arms is adapted.

text: The fascist planes are especially dreaded, and when they approach, all hope is lost. The efforts of the partisans seem to vanish and their commitment and their abilities become meaningless, especially the trench mortars that already wounded Lt. Henry ("he knew that they would die as soon as a mortar came up").[17] No longer would the best soldier win, but the one with the biggest gun. The soldiers using those weapons are simple brutes, they lack "all conception of dignity"[18] as Fernando remarked. Anselmo insisted, "We must teach them. We must take away their planes, their automatic weapons, their tanks, their artillery and teach them dignity."[18]

text: The novel also contains imagery of soil and earth.[19] This imagery appears rather famously at the start of chapter thirteen. Jordan and María have sex in a meadow in the forest. He feels "the earth move out and away from under them." Then afterwards he asks María, "Did thee feel the earth move?", to which she responds affirmatively. Variants of this phrase have become a cultural cliché,[20] often used humorously.[21]

text: Literary significance and critical reaction[edit]

text: Language[edit]

text: Since its publication, the prose style and dialogue in Hemingway's novel have been the source of controversy and some negative critical reaction. For example, Edmund Wilson, in a tepid review, noted the encumbrance of "a strange atmosphere of literary medievalism" in the relationship between Robert Jordan and Maria.[22] This stems in part from a distinctive feature of the novel, namely Hemingway's extensive use of archaisms, implied literal translations and false friends to convey the foreign (Spanish) tongue spoken by his characters. Thus, Hemingway uses the archaic "thou" (particularly in its oblique and possessive form) to highlight the differences in Spanish between the more formal and archaic, but popular "vos" (singular) and "vosotros" (plural) forms from the pronominal "tú" (familiar) and "Usted" (formal). Additionally, much of the dialogue in the novel is an implied direct translation from Spanish, producing an often strained English equivalent. For example, Hemingway uses the construction "what passes that",[23] which is an implied translation of the Spanish construction lo que pasa. This translation extends to the use of linguistic "false friends", such as "rare" (from raro) instead of "strange" and "syndicate" (from sindicato) instead of trade union.[24] In another odd stylistic variance, Hemingway referenced foul language (used with some frequency by different characters in the novel) with "unprintable" and "obscenity" and substitutes "muck" for fuck in the dialogue and thoughts of the characters, although foul language is used freely in Spanish even when its equivalent is censored in English (e.g. joder, me cago). The Spanish expression of exasperation me cago en la leche (which translates to "I shit in the milk") repeatedly recurs throughout the novel, translated by Hemingway as "I obscenity in the milk."

text: Narrative style[edit]

text: The book is written in the third person limited omniscient narrative mode. The action and dialogue are punctuated by extensive thought sequences told from the viewpoint of Robert Jordan. The novel also contains thought sequences of other characters, including Pilar and Anselmo. The thought sequences are more extensive than in Hemingway's earlier fiction, notably A Farewell to Arms, and are an important narrative device to explore the principal themes of the novel.

text: Pulitzer Prize controversy[edit]

text: In 1941 the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the prize for that year. The Pulitzer Board agreed. However, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University ex officio head of the Pulitzer board at that time, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination; no award was given for letters that year.[25]

text: Allusions/references to actual events[edit]

text: The novel takes place in late May 1937 during the second year of the Spanish Civil War.[26] References made to Valladolid, Segovia, El Escorial and Madrid suggest the novel takes place within the build-up to the Republican attempt to relieve the siege of Madrid.

text: The earlier battle of Guadalajara and the general chaos and disorder (and, more generally, the doomed cause of Republican Spain) serve as a backdrop to the novel: Robert Jordan notes, for instance, that he follows the Communists because of their superior discipline, an allusion to the split and infighting between anarchist and communist factions on the Republican side.

text: The famous and pivotal scene described in Chapter 10, in which Pilar describes the execution of various fascist figures in her village is drawn from events that took place in Ronda in 1936. Although Hemingway later claimed (in a 1954 letter to Bernard Berenson) to have completely fabricated the scene, he in fact drew upon the events at Ronda, embellishing the event by imagining an execution line leading up to the cliff face.[27] In Ronda, some 500 people, allegedly fascist sympathisers, were thrown into the surrounding gorge by a mob from a house that faced onto the cliffside.[citation needed]

text: A number of actual figures that played a role in the Spanish Civil War are also referenced in the book, including:

text:
Andreu Nin, one of the founders of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), the party mocked by Karkov in Chapter 18.
Mikhail Koltsov, soviet journalist was the Karkov character in the story
Indalecio Prieto, one of the leaders of the Republicans, is also mentioned in Chapter 18.
General José Miaja, in charge of the defense of Madrid in October 1936, and General Vicente Rojo, together with Prieto, are mentioned in Chapter 35
Dolores Ibárruri, better known as La Pasionaria, is extensively described in Chapter 32.
Robert Hale Merriman, leader of the American Volunteers in the International Brigades, and his wife Marion, were well known to Hemingway and served possibly as a model for Hemingway's own hero.[citation needed]
André Marty, a leading French Communist and political officer in the International Brigades, makes a brief but significant appearance in Chapter 42. Hemingway depicts Marty as a vicious intriguer whose paranoia interferes with Republican objectives in the war.

text: Adaptations and in popular culture[edit]

text:
A film adaptation of Hemingway's novel, directed by Sam Wood, was released in 1943 starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman. It was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Actress; however, only the Greek actress Katina Paxinou won an Oscar for her portrayal of Pilar.
In 1959, a television adaptation, directed by John Frankenheimer, was broadcast in two parts on CBS's Playhouse 90, starring Jason Robards and Maria Schell as Robert Jordan and Maria, with Nehemiah Persoff as Pablo, Maureen Stapleton as Pilar, and Eli Wallach as the gypsy Rafael.
In 1965, the BBC produced another adaptation, as a four-part serial (miniseries in American English).
In 1978, the Takarazuka Revue adapted the novel as a musical drama, produced by Star Troupe and starring Ran Ootori as Robert Jordan and Kurara Haruka as Maria. Cosmos Troupe revived the show in 2010.
Metallica's second album Ride the Lightning (1984), features a song entitled "For Whom the Bell Tolls," which can be seen as a lyrical adaptation of a particular scene from the book (chapter 27).
In 1988, the film of 1943 was rereleased with the inclusion of scenes cut from the original release.
American rapper Canibus's 2010 album is titled "For Whom the Beat Tolls".
The 2012 film Hemingway and Gellhorn depicts Hemingway's time in Spain during Spanish Civil War when he was completing work on For Whom the Bell Tolls, and his relationship with the American novelist, travel writer and war correspondent Martha Gellhorn,[28] who he credited with having inspired him to write the novel, and to whom he dedicated it.[29]
In October 2014 the novel was dramatised in a two part series on BBC Radio 4.
J. Cole's fourth album 4 Your Eyez Only (2016), features a song titled "For Whom The Bell Tolls".
In 2014, power metal band Sabaton, made a cover of the song originally created by Metallica.


document_title: Rikki-Tikki-Tavi

question_text: where does the final battle take place in rikki tikki tavi

root

text: Rikki-Tikki-Tavi

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The story follows the experiences of a mongoose named Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (for his chattering vocalizations) after he is adopted into a British family residing in India, as a pet and as protection against cobras.

tag: p

text: After becoming friendly with some of the other creatures inhabiting the garden, Rikki is warned of two cobras Nag and Nagaina, who are angered by the family's presence on their territory. Accordingly, Nag enters the house's bathroom before dawn but is attacked by Rikki. The struggle that ensues awakens the human family and the father kills Nag with a shotgun.

text: The grieving Nagaina attempts revenge against Rikki's humans, cornering them as they have breakfast on an outdoor veranda. While she is distracted by a female tailor bird, Rikki destroys the cobra's unhatched brood of eggs except for one. He carries it to where Nagaina is threatening to bite the child Teddy while his parents watch helplessly.

text: Nagaina recovers her egg, but is pursued by Rikki away from the house to the cobra's underground nest where an unseen final battle takes place. Rikki emerges triumphant from the hole declaring Nagaina dead. His subsequent role is to protect the family by keeping the garden free from any future intrusion by snakes.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: In 1965, in the Soviet Union, at the film studio "Soyuzmultfilm," the director Alexandra Snezhko-Blotskaya shot an animated short of the story, titled Рикки тикки тави (Rikki-Tikki-Tavi). Later, Aleksandr Zguridi and Nana Kldiashvili directed a live action feature film in 1975 titled Rikki-Tikki-Tavi. That same year, animator Chuck Jones adapted the story for a half hour television special in the United States.[2]

text: Literature[edit]

text: There have been numerous book adaptions,[3] including:

text:
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi and Other Animal Stories (1984), illustrated by Charles Keeping[4]
Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (1997), illustrated by Jerry Pinkney

tag: ul

text: Music[edit]

text: Three related songs are:

text:
Donovan's "Riki Tiki Tavi" on his album from 1970, Open Road, in which Donovan compares the little mongoose to large institutions, such as the church and the government.
"Rikki Tikki Tavi" is a song by alternative metal band Fair to Midland on their 2011 album Arrows and Anchors.
Boneske's song "Nagaina"


document_title: List of Call the Midwife characters

question_text: what happened to nurse jane on call the midwife

question_tokens: what happened to nurse jane on call the midwife

text: List of Call the Midwife characters

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Role
Series

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Jessica Raine
Jenny Lee
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Miranda Hart
Chummy Noakes
(Camilla Browne)
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Jenny Agutter
Sister Julienne
Sister-in-charge, midwife
Main

Judy Parfitt
Sister Monica Joan
Retired midwife
Main

Pam Ferris
Sister Evangelina †
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Bryony Hannah
Sister Mary Cynthia
(Cynthia Miller)
Nurse, midwife
Main
Does not appear

Helen George
Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin
Senior nurse, midwife
Main

Laura Main
Shelagh Turner
(Sister Bernadette)
Sister and Practice manager, practice midwife, Senior midwife (Nonnatus House) (Series 6-)
Main

Stephen McGann
Patrick Turner
General practitioner
Main

Cliff Parisi
Frederick "Fred" Buckle
Caretaker
Main

Ben Caplan
Peter Noakes
Police Sergeant
Main
Does not appear

Vanessa Redgrave
Voice of Jennifer Worth
Nurse, midwife
Main

Emerald Fennell
Patience "Patsy" Mount
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Guest
Main
Does not appear

Victoria Yeates
Sister Winifred
Midwife
Does not appear
Main

Jack Ashton
Tom Hereward
Curate
Does not appear
Main

Charlotte Ritchie
Barbara Hereward †
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Linda Bassett
Phyllis Crane
Nursing sister, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Annabelle Apsion
Violet Buckle
Wife of Fred Buckle
Does not appear
Recurring
Main

Kate Lamb
Delia Busby
Nurse
Does not appear
Recurring
Main
Does not appear

Jennifer Kirby
Valerie Dyer
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Leonie Elliott
Lucille Anderson
Nurse, midwife
Does not appear
Main

Max Macmillan
Timothy "Tim" Turner
Patrick Turner's son
Recurring

George Rainsford
James "Jimmy" Wilson
Friend of Jenny Lee
Recurring
Does not appear

Cheryl Campbell
Lady Browne †
Chummy's mother
Recurring
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Dorothy Atkinson
Jane Sutton
Medical orderly
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Leo Starr
Alec Jesmond †
Boyfriend of Jenny Lee
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Alice Brown
Angela Turner
Adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner
Does not appear
Recurring

Maxine Evans
Mrs Busby
Delia Busby's mother
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Harriet Walter
Sister Ursula
Sister-in-charge, midwife, nurse
Does not appear
Recurring
Does not appear

Jack Hawkins
Christopher Dockerill
Dentist
Does not appear
Recurring

Daniel Laurie
Reggie Jackson
Fred and Violet Buckle's ward
Does not appear
Recurring

Trevor Cooper
Sergeant Woolf
Police Sergeant
Does not appear
Recurring

Nina Yndis
Magda
The Turners' au pair
Does not appear
Recurring

tag: table

text: Characters[edit]

text: Sister Julienne[edit]

text:
Sister Julienne

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jenny Agutter

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Sister-in-charge, nun, midwife and nurse

text: By necessity, Sister Julienne conceals an iron fist in a velvet glove, managing both her charges and fellow sisters with a combination of tact, compassion, and no-nonsense advice.

text: Her steadfast, compassionate guidance makes her an anchor for her colleagues and in a very real way, it is she who holds the inhabitants of Nonnatus House together. She always offers comfort and help to the young midwives and also has a notably close, warm and maternal relationship with Sister Bernadette, serving as her chief mentor and confidante. Beginning with series 4, it becomes clear that the weight of always having to be "the wise one" takes a heavier toll on her than many would guess, and she is increasingly shown leaning on Shelagh (formerly Sister Bernadette) for counsel and support; nevertheless, her faith is not shaken and she remains a serene, guiding presence for all of Nonnatus House. Her pre-Order name was Louise.

text: In the sixth series after her return from Africa, Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister-in-Charge to Sister Ursula. Although Sister Ursula leaves in the third episode and Sister Julienne becomes sister in charge again.

text: Sister Monica Joan[edit]

text:
Sister Monica Joan

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Judy Parfitt

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nun, retired midwife and nurse

text: One of the UK's earliest registered nurses, and the last surviving founder of Nonnatus House, Sister Monica Joan (whose birth name was Antonia Cavill) retired from practice prior to the events of the series, who is suffering from the early stages of dementia and feeble body. Desperate to be of service and feel useful, she is given make-work tasks to keep her occupied, such as rolling bandages (which the nurses secretly unrolled beforehand). Sister Julienne expresses that it is now their privilege to care for her.

text: She has a very different nature from Sister Evangelina's and misses no opportunity to bait her. It is never entirely clear how much of Sister Monica Joan's eccentricity is due to the frailty of age, or (as Jenny and Sister Bernadette suspect) sheer wilful naughtiness. She has a habit of devouring all the cakes, leading everyone to try to hide them from her. She also knits woollen teddy bears and casts her horoscope in the stars and planets in order to tell her future. In the final episode of Series 1, after recovering from pneumonia, she is arrested for stealing trinkets from the market: some ribbons, a handkerchief, a china robin and several other things.

text: Later, she is suspected of stealing a ring, a bracelet and a pearl necklace, which were discovered by Jenny Lee; Sister Monica Joan then went to hide them in her knitting bag and they were found by Sister Evangelina and who called the constable. Mother Jesu Emanuel (Mother Superior of the order) testifies that Sister Monica Joan inherited those items from her mother and no crime was committed. In light of Monica Joan's age and moments of forgetfulness, she is acquitted of the trinket thefts. In Series 2, she reconciles with her nephew and his family, fears that she is useless, spends a lot of money on taxis to see her nephew, much to the chagrin of Sister Julienne, recovers from angina, escapes a holiday with Sister Evangelina to Chichester, judges a baby show, and pays for a child's funeral. Sister Monica Joan is very close to and gets on well with Jenny. In the 2015 Christmas special, she runs away from the convent after an argument with Sister Evangelina, returning to her childhood home with the belief that everyone should go back to their home, prompted by Barbara's comment that she wasn't allowed back to Liverpool for Christmas. She returns just in time for their appearance on the BBC.

text: Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin[edit]

text:
Beatrix "Trixie" Franklin

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Helen George

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Senior midwife and nurse

text: Trixie has a much more outgoing disposition than Jenny, but the two share the sense of adventure in their work and become firm friends. Trixie loves nothing more than gossiping with her colleagues and is quite nosey when it comes to other people's business.

text: She occasionally comes across as a bit rude, but she means no harm by it. When it comes to her friends, she takes great pleasure in teasing them about what is going on in their lives. She is caring but no-nonsense to her patients and is encouraging at hopeless times. She is light and carefree, jokes a lot, tries to set her colleagues up with boys and is generally a little boy-mad. Nevertheless, it is clear that work is first in her life, until Curate Tom Hereward proposes to her and she accepts. But their engagement breaks down when Trixie discovers that Tom has a placement in a slum in Newcastle, an industrial city in North East England. This makes her turn even more to alcohol for comfort, but after struggling with alcoholism, with Cynthia's help, she joins a support group. She shares a room with Nurse Patsy Mount.

text: Trixie's acceptance of male homosexuality is decades ahead of her time. Prior to the events of the series, she happily served as cover for a gay medical student, providing him the appearance of propriety. Her disgust of a young father arrested in a cottaging sting was entirely the result of his infidelity; with whom he cheated was immaterial to her.

text: Discovering that Barbara is going out with Tom gave her quite a shock and she finds it very difficult to accept, but after a talk with Tom and Barbara she finally accepts that she can no longer hold on to Tom and must let him go. She is now very close to Patsy, Delia, Barbara and Sister Mary Cynthia.

text: In January 1962, while seconded to a clinic in Africa and dozens of miles from a physician, Trixie becomes the only one of the midwives - lay or nuns - to have performed a cesarean section. She returns to Poplar a few months later as she stays on at the clinic returning via the Mother House, when it's realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing.

text: Later in 1962, she meets dentist Christopher Dockerill. When a turn of events leads to them delivering a baby, they grow close. But, later she suspects that she is being cheated on by Dockerhill, but learns that he actually has a child from a prior marriage, which he had not previously disclosed. She forgives him because he was scared to tell her fearing he would be rejected.

text: Shelagh Turner[edit]

text:
Shelagh Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Laura Main

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse (series 1–2, 4-), Medical Sister-in-charge (surgery) (Series 4-), nun, acting sister in charge (series 1–2), medical secretary (series 3–5), Senior midwife and nursing sister (Nonnatus House) (Series 7-)

showFamily

Husband
Patrick Turner

Children
Timothy Turner
Angela Turner
Edward Teddy Turner[1]

text: Sister Bernadette, as she is first known, is Scottish and in her early 30s – the closest in age to Jenny and the other lay midwives. She is the most educated of the nuns and tutors the other nurses whilst providing administrative assistance to Sister Julienne, sometimes covering as her deputy. She joined the order in July, 1948. A consummate professional, she has a fresh, uncomplicated approach to her work that means she connects well with Jenny and her other colleagues. In one episode, she is shown to remove her veil, take her hair down and take off her glasses, expressing her hidden desire to be free.

text: In series 2, it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette is lonely and unhappy, questioning whether the convent is her calling, and wishes to do what the other young midwives of her age are doing: going out to the cinema, dancing, etc. One scene shows Sister Bernadette looking in on the midwives' room while they are drinking and gossiping, but then the door closes; it is a life that cannot be opened to her while she remains a nun. In another, Sister Monica Joan points out that she spends most of her time praying for forgiveness. Sister Bernadette eventually breaks down and turns to Sister Julienne for help, confessing that what she really wants is a family and children of her own. As of the 2012 Christmas Special and from Series 2 onward, it becomes clear that Sister Bernadette has fallen in love with the local physician, Dr Turner.

text: After recovering from a short bout of tuberculosis, Sister Bernadette leaves the convent and reverts to her birth name of Shelagh (née Mannion). She becomes engaged to Dr Turner, who has also fallen in love with her. They marry in the 2013 Christmas Special and she becomes stepmother to his 11-year-old son Timothy. They later adopt a baby girl called Angela after a struggle with infertility. However, she still remains close to her faith, joining the Nuns at compline. At times she is struggling, in series four it becomes clear Shelagh desperately misses her nursing and midwifery so she returns to full-time work at the surgery and maternity home, first as a medical secretary, and then also as the sister-in-charge at the surgery after Dr Turner is taken ill. She is now the medical sister-in-charge at the surgery and works alongside the other midwives and nuns at the surgery, but still doesn't perform house calls. When at the clinic or being the acting Sister-in-charge at Nonnatus House in Sister Julienne's absence, Shelagh dons smart civilian dress, rather than uniform of the order's other lay nurses, although she eventually obtained a uniform to wear when serving in a nursing capacity at Dr. Turner's surgery.

text: Shelagh also feels guilty after thalidomide is prescribed for women suffering from morning sickness. When it's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months, she says she is as guilty as Patrick because she supported the drug being prescribed.

text: In series 6, Shelagh is overcome with joy when she falls pregnant with her first biological child. However, she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage, forcing Barbara and Phyllis to take over the running of the surgery. This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby.[2] But she gives birth to a son (Edward 'Teddy' Patrick Turner) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale.

text: After a year of materity leave Shelagh returns to Nonnatus House as senior midwife and nursing sister to cover for Barbara who is taken ill and eventually dies.

text: Sister Winifred[edit]

text:
Sister Winifred

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Victoria Yeates

Duration
2014–

First appearance
Series 3, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nun, midwife and nurse, former teacher (before 1959)

text: Sister Winifred arrives at Nonnatus House at the beginning of Series 3. Sister Winifred is the same age as Jenny, Trixie and Cynthia. She finds midwifery hard. She tries twice to make a harvest loaf for the Harvest Festival, stating 'my mother made it look so easy.' She eventually succeeds on the second attempt. She seems to be close to Patsy Mount. She is now close to Sister Mary Cynthia since she joined the order and is very passionate about her work in Poplar. In series 5 episode 3 it is revealed that Sister Winifred is missing teaching and takes a temporary job teaching a class replacing one of her patients who was fired due to pregnancy. In episode 4 she had returned to midwifery. She is seen to be close to Cynthia since she joined the order. In series 6 she sets about learning to drive with Phyllis' help.

text: Phyllis Crane[edit]

text:
Phyllis Crane

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Linda Bassett

Duration
2015–

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 2

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Senior nurse, midwife, Deputy Sister-in-charge (medical)

text: Phyllis is a veteran nurse who also arrives at Nonnatus House in mid-1960. When she pulls up in her sparkling car everybody knows that she's going to be a tiny bit snobby and she is. She is vegetarian and is not scared to put her ideas forward to improve Nonnatus House. She confides in Vaughan Seller, the father of a terminated baby, that she was born an illegitimate child, and to former street walker Roseanne Dawley that Phyllis' mother too was a prostitute. In series 5 it is seen that she has formed more of a relationship with Barbara and has taken quite a high role in Nonnatus House. Having discovered Patsy and Delia's relationship, she is supportive of heartbroken Delia when Patsy sails to Hong Kong to care for her dying father.

text: She is also very close to her roommate, Barbara, and serves as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague. In the sixth series after her return from Africa, Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister-in-Charge to Sister Ursula, meaning Phyllis is demoted to Nursing Sister. Although Sister Ursula leaves and Phyllis is reinstated as deputy sister in charge again.

text: Driving back from a successful delivery, Phyllis knocks over one of the family's other children with her car and is left devastated by the possible consequences. She faces suspension by the Central Midwives Board, over her actions and is told by Sister Julienne to focus on the administrative duties. But, the family ask Sergeant Noakes to drop the case.

text: When Shelagh is unwell and goes on maternity leave, it expected she will take over as acting sister in charge of the surgery. Following Patsy's departure she took over as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts.

text: In Series 7, Phyllis nearly dies after a fire destroys a local shop.

text: Valerie Dyer[edit]

text:
Valerie Dyer

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jennifer Kirby

Duration
2017–

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 2

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife

showFamily

Aunts
Jean
Florrie

text: Valerie first appears following an explosion in Episode 2 of series 6 coming to the aid of Shelagh following a fire in the docks. She was an Army nurse, but resigned her commission when she grew weary of the routinness of such nursing. A native of Poplar, she took a barmaid job while sorting out her ambitions.

text: In episode 4, she becomes a midwife at the Nonnatus House. Sister Monica Joan somehow immediately recognises Valerie as having been a baby whom she delivered, reciting the details as if it had been yesterday. But it's a baptism of fire as Valerie is caught up with a woman who had FGM which creates difficulties for the pregnancy and the woman is rushed to hospital. Later she finds out the woman had sent her younger sister to be cut in Somalia and with Barbara rushes to stop the girl from boarding the boat. But it's too late.

text: Frederick "Fred" Buckle[edit]

text:
Fred Buckle

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Cliff Parisi

Duration
2012-

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Handyman, Scout Leader, Civil Defence Corps Deputy Party Leader

showFamily

Wife
Mrs Buckle (deceased)
Violet Gee (1960-)

Daughters
Marlene Dooley
Dolly

Grandsons
Anthony

Granddaughters
Samantha

First cousins
Ivy Jackson

Other relatives
Reggie Jackson

text: Fred is the handyman at Nonnatus House since the end of the war.[3] In the evenings, he volunteers as a scout leader and as a deputy party leader[4] in charge of the neighbourhood Civil Defence Corps squad. He is friends with all of the midwives and often gives them help and advice. He's always got a new money-making scheme under his belt, but none of them is ever much good. Fred is the father of two daughters – Dolly, who lives in Australia with her husband and their two children, Anthony and Samantha; and Marlene, who is also married and has recently moved back to England after living in Canada for several years.

text: Before becoming the handyman at Nonnatus he was in the British Army, during which time his wife was killed leaving his daughters to be shuffled around between several of his family members, causing him great pain and temptation to desert. In series four, after twenty years of being a widower, Fred takes an interest in local shop owner Violet Gee; after several months of flirting during their community volunteering duties, Fred asks Violet to a charity dance. By the end of series four Fred proposes to Violet – and, after dealing with his clingy daughter Marlene – he and Violet marry.

text: Dr. Patrick Turner[edit]

text:
Patrick Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Stephen McGann

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
General practitioner

showFamily

Wife
Widowed
Shelagh Mannion (1958-)

Sons
Timothy Turner
Edward "Teddy" Turner[1]

Daughters
Angela Turner (adopted)

text: Dr Turner is Poplar's local physician, as well as being the GP to all the midwives and nuns. He works closely with the midwives, helping at clinics, deliveries and at the birthing hospital and is incredibly dedicated to his patients and to his work, including fighting bureaucratic red tape to save lives with a tuberculosis x-ray screening van. He is a widower and father to Timothy and does his best to juggle the demands of being a single parent with his responsibilities as a doctor. In Series 2, it becomes apparent that he has fallen in love with Sister Bernadette, but her vows stand in the way of that love. After her diagnosis with tuberculosis forces her to examine what she truly wants, he makes it quietly clear to her that while the decision is hers, he is in love with her and wishes to share his life with her. She leaves the convent and chooses a different path, accepting his proposal of marriage after she has overcome her tuberculosis.

text: When trying to adopt, it is revealed that he suffered mental health issues after the war. Overwork and a misdiagnosis in Series 4, drives him to illness forcing Shelagh and Patsy to take over the running of the practice. While in the next series the Turner's go on holiday, with a locom who puts a mother in danger. Also he had regularly prescribed thalidomid for women suffering from morning sickness. When it's linked to with birth deformities of the kind observed in recent months, he must deal with his guilt.

text: In series 6, Dr Turner is overcome with joy when Shelagh falls pregnant with her first biological child. However, she suffers complications and is taken ill during an inspection of the maternity home and rushed to hospital fearing a miscarriage. This puts her pregnancy in jeopardy and even after she is released from hospital she could have still lost the baby. But she gives birth to a son (Edward 'Teddy' Turner) with the help of Sister Julienne in the series finale, with Dr Turner in the room.

text: Tom Hereward[edit]

text:
Tom Hereward

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jack Ashton

Duration
2014–

First appearance
Series 3

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Curate

showFamily

Wife
Barbara Gilbert (deceased) (1962-1963)

text: Tom arrives in series 3 as the new Poplar curate. He lives just across the road from Nonnatus House and is shown to have a relationship with Trixie, whom he met when the two were working the same shift in a women's prison. Their engagement is broken off in series 4. Now he is seen doing a lot with the children's group and is getting a bit closer to Nurse Barbara Gilbert. Tom asks Barbara to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie. They are married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6, when Barbara learns that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea, so he can marry them.

text: Sadly, Tom later becomes a widower after Barbara dies from meningococcal septicemia.

text: Lucille Anderson[edit]

text:
Lucille Anderson

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Leonie Elliott

Duration
2018–

First appearance
Series 7

Classification
Present; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife

text: Nurse Anderson arrives at Nonnatus House in series 7 as their first West Indian nurse.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text: Timothy Turner[edit]

text:
Timothy Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Max Macillan

Duration
2012–

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Introduced by
Jenny Worth

Classification
Present; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Student

showFamily

Father
Patrick Turner

Mother
Shelagh Turner (step-mother)

text: Timothy is the son of Patrick Turner and stepson of Shelagh Turner. He is very smart and tall and goes to the local grammar school. In 2013 Christmas special he suffers from polio which affects his legs. He slowly recuperates and is now fully recovered. He is seen to have an interest in medicine, and in Series 5 he helps his mother and father out more in the surgery. Timothy sets off on a crusade to make his parents give up smoking after seeing the damage it's doing to their health. He is pleased when, in the following series, his stepmother gives birth to his brother.

text: Angela Turner[edit]

text:
Angela Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Alice Brown

Duration
2014–

First appearance
Series 3, Episode 8

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; recurring

showFamily

Father
Patrick Turner

Mother
Shelagh Turner

Brothers
Timothy Turner (half-brother), Edward "Teddy" Turner[1]

text: Angela is the adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner. She is first seen in the series 3 finale and is briefly seen in series 4 and 5 usually with Shelagh, Patrick or Timothy. She was born to a 16-year-old mother, and was put up for adoption after birth, when the Turners adopted her. It is mentioned in the series that she has a fear of squirrels.

text: Edward Turner[edit]

text:
Edward Turner

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
TBC

Duration
2017–

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 8

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; recurring

showFamily

Father
Patrick Turner

Mother
Shelagh Turner

text: Edward is the son of Shelagh and Patrick Turner, born in the final episode of series 6.

text: Violet Buckle[edit]

text:
Violet Buckle

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Annabelle Apsion

Duration
2015-

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 1

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Present; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Haberdashery owner, Girls' Brigade Leader

showFamily

Husband
Bert Gee (deceased)
Fred Buckle (1960-)

text: Violet Buckle is the second wife of Fred Buckle. She owns her own haberdashery called Violet Gee. She has a son who lives in Plymouth. She also had a previous husband called Bert who was killed in the war like Fred's deceased wife. She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls' Brigade, replacing Patsy when she returns to Hong Kong.

text: Christopher Dockerill[edit]

text:
Christopher Dockerill

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jack Hawkins

Duration
2017–

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 5

Classification
Present; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Dentist

showFamily

Wife
Moira (divorced)

Daughters
Alexandra Dockerill

text: Introduced in Series 6 when Trixie escorts a patient to see him who has a fear of dentists. After carrying out work on the woman which brings on her labour while he is in theatre, Trixie is forced to deliver the baby with his assistance after the general anaesthetic brings on labour. Later Trixie believes he's seeing another woman after he cancels a number of dates, but he tells her he has been looking after his daughter from a previous marriage.

text: Previous characters[edit]

text: Nurse Jenny Lee[edit]

text:
Jenny Lee

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Jessica Raine
Vanessa Redgrave (mature)

Duration
2012–14

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 4, Episode 0

Introduced by
Herself

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife, nursing sister (Series 3)

text: Nurse Jenny Lee arrives at Nonnatus House in 1957, at the age of 22, completely unaware of the world she is about to enter. Believing she has accepted a job with a small private hospital, she is somewhat surprised to find she's moving into a convent. Furthermore, the deprivation of the East End is a huge culture shock for the young woman who has enjoyed a privileged upbringing in the home counties and spent time in Paris before training as a nurse. However, although initially shocked by the conditions in which her patients live, Jenny comes to accept the material limitations of the world in which she works and to love the people who must live there.

text: She went to London to escape her forbidden love to a married man, Gerald. Her best friend Jimmy arrives and although he makes her feel more at ease, he also makes things more complicated by revealing that he's in love with her. She turns him down and they remain friends. She becomes good friends with all of her colleagues and patients and always tries to help those around her. Toward the end of Series 2 and halfway through Series 3, she starts dating Alec, a friend of Jimmy's. After Alec's death and her return to Nonnatus House after taking time off to grieve, Jenny decides to begin working at the London Hospital in the Maternity Ward although she leaves soon after, not liking the hospital's policy of requiring impersonal relationships between nurses and their patients.

text: At the end of Series 3, she meets Phillip Worth (her future husband), the cousin of an expectant mother for whom she is caring and begins a relationship with him. She eventually decides to pursue a career change to care for those with terminal illnesses; she leaves Nonnatus House to work at the Marie Curie Hospital in Hampstead. It is shown in the Series 3 Christmas Special that she eventually married Phillip and started a family, and still kept in contact with the friends she made at Nonnatus House.

text: Camilla "Chummy" Noakes (née Fortescue-Cholmondeley-Browne)[edit]

text:
Camilla "Chummy" Noakes

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Miranda Hart

Duration
2012–15

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 2

Last appearance
Series 4, Episode 8

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse, Matron Aston Lodge

showFamily

Family
Peter Noakes (husband), Fred Noakes (son), Lady Browne (mother)

text: By the end of Series 1, after a string of dates she marries Police Constable Peter Noakes. After clinic, she swaps her nursing uniform for a scouting one, as Akela of the local Wolf Cubs whom she leads with Fred - a role later taken on by Patsy. In Series 2, Chummy applies for a place as a CMS missionary in Sierra Leone, Africa. She is accepted and she and Peter move to Africa for six months. Upon their return, Chummy reveals that she is pregnant, much to the delight of her fellow nurses. In the final episode of Series 2 Chummy goes into labour and, despite complications, she gives birth to a son, Fred. Chummy once stated that she had never been happier than when she was at Nonnatus House. In series 4 Chummy, Peter and Freddie move to Aston Lodge mother and baby home, where Chummy is employed as the temporary, replacement matron.

text: Sister Evangelina[edit]

text:
Sister Evangelina

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Pam Ferris

Duration
2012–16

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 5, Episode 8

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nun, midwife and nurse

text: Sister Evangelina is the only one of the sisters who comes from the same tough, uncompromising background as the community they serve. Physically vigorous, she has a robust sense of humour. Her energy and drive make her extraordinarily effective at her job. However, she does not suffer fools gladly and her blunt speech and attitude often offend. She has a particularly contentious relationship with the aristocratic Sister Monica Joan, who often provokes her to breaking point. Growing up in poverty has toughened her up, making her a very comical character in the show.

text: Sister Evangelina knows a lot about the poverty and hardships in Poplar and often shares her insights with the young midwives. She is very close to Sister Julienne, to whom she often serves as a sounding board. In Series 3, it is revealed she has several siblings including an older brother who was killed on active service in a war and a younger brother, Vincent, who returns to her life after being absent for several years during her golden jubilee. It was seeing the birth of Vincent that inspired a young Sister Evangelina to become a nun during her formative years, a goal she achieved in 1909. In 1960 Sister Evangelina has to have an operation due to illness. Her pre-order name was Enid Atwood. In 1961, Sister Evangelina temporarily left Nonnatus House for an enclosed order. She returns in episode 7. She announces that she had a stroke 2 months after she left the convent and has now lost movement in her left arm. In episode 8, Sister Evangelina passes away following a second stroke.

text: Despite her gruff exterior and apparent lack of patience with others, she is deeply cherished and respected by not only her colleagues, but her Poplar community, a great many of whom she delivered—as evidenced by the masses who turned out to congratulate her on the occasion of her jubilee, and to pay their final respects two years later.

text: Sister Ursula[edit]

text:
Sister Ursula

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Harriet Walter

Duration
2017

First appearance
Series 6, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 4

Classification
Former; recurring

Profile

Occupation
Sister-in-charge, nun, midwife and nurse

text: Sister Ursula arrives to replace Sister Julienne when she went to South Africa, as the new sister in charge in 1962. She appears to have a strict running form when the staff return following their return, clashing with Shelagh over the way clinic is run and the behaviour of Sister Monica Joan. Patsy and Delia appear to be keen for her to return to the mother house. She orders Sister Mary Cynthia to return to the mother house, before being informed of her sexual assault. She returns to the mother house after she is deemed unfit to run Nonnatus House.

text: Sister Mary Cynthia[edit]

text:
Sister Mary Cynthia

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Bryony Hannah

Duration
2012–17

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 6

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Nurse, midwife; later nun (series 4-)

text: Nurse Cynthia Miller, like Trixie, is also a resident at Nonnatus House when Jenny arrives. She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls' Brigade.

text: Cynthia is the most sensitive of the young midwives, and gets very emotionally involved with some of her patients.

text: In Series 2, when a child she delivers dies, the people of Poplar suspect her of making a mistake that cost the baby its life. Cynthia begins to doubt her abilities, which takes a heavy toll on her work and health. She suffers a breakdown, but recovers with the help of Sister Julienne. An autopsy report confirms that the baby's death was due to lungs that never fully inflated. In the 2014 Christmas Special, Cynthia decides to become a postulant and leaves Nonnatus House for six months of training, promising Trixie and Patsy that she will return. In Series 4, Cynthia returns to Nonnatus House after her training is complete, having chosen the religious name of Sister Mary Cynthia. Though she now spends less time with her friends, she remains close to Trixie and ultimately convinces her to get help for her alcoholism. She is also close with Sister Winfred and Barbara.

text: In series 5 episode 6 Sister Mary Cynthia is violently attacked at the docks by a man. She thinks it is a test of faith but with the help of Sister Monica Joan, she goes to the police, and is able to return to her own quiet, kind religious self. But when Sister Ursula asks about her life vows, it becomes clear that the attack is still affecting her. In series 6, Sister Mary Cynthia is sent to the Mother House by Sister Ursula.

text: When Trixie returns to Poplar from South Africa, it is realised that Sister Mary Cynthia has gone missing from the Mother House. She is found in an asylum where she has been admitted as a patient, but it is apparent that she isn't getting the help she needs. Dr Turner and Sister Julienne work to get her discharged into their care, and send her to a community for mental health care. She reverts to her birth name Cynthia.

text: Peter Noakes[edit]

text:
Peter Noakes

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Ben Caplan

Duration
2012–2017

First appearance
Series 1, Episode 2

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 7

Introduced by
Jennifer Worth

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Police sergeant

text: Peter is a Police Constable, and later Sergeant, in Poplar. He is first introduced in Series 1, when he is run over by Chummy on her bicycle and takes an immediate shine to her. Throughout series 1, they go on a string of dates, eventually marrying in the series' final episode. In series 2, he follows Chummy to Sierra Leone while she fulfills her desire to be a missionary. In the final episode of that series, he and Chummy have a baby, whom they name Fred. During his service in the Second World War, he earned the 1939–1945 Star, Defence Medal, France and Germany Star, and War Medal 1939–1945, as shown on his uniform tunic.

text: Patience "Patsy" Mount[edit]

text:
Patience "Patsy" Mount

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Emerald Fennell

Duration
2013–17

First appearance
Series 2, Episode 3

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 8

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse

text: Patsy is first seen in Series 2, episode 3, as a nurse in the male surgical ward at the London Hospital. She then appears in Series 3, Episode 5 as a new midwife. She is tall elegant and favours slightly tailored clothes and becoming the first midwife to wear trousers. She has a very brisk manner but later reveals that at the age of 9 that she and her mother and sister were sent to a Japanese war camp, and that she was the only one to survive of the three of them. Like Chummy before her, Patsy works with Fred as a leader of the local Wolf Cub Scouts; she recruits Delia to help teach first aid. It is then seen in Series 4 that she has a very close friendship with veteran Nurse Trixie and new Nurse Barbara. She is also quite close to Sister Mary Cynthia and Sister Winifred. Patsy is seen to have a very close and romantic relationship with female surgical Nurse Delia Busby, with whom she had previously worked at the London. They plan to move into a flat together at the end of Series 4, but their future is shattered when Delia is involved in a cycling accident and suffers a serious head injury which results in amnesia, leaving her with no memory of Patsy. The amnesia is only temporary however and Patsy and Delia are reunited in Series 5 when Delia accepts an offer from Sister Julienne to live at Nonnatus House. Later in Series 5 Patsy and Delia go to the Gateways Club, a private club for lesbians. It is revealed in the Series 5 finale that Patsy and Delia are going to Paris together in Spring 1962. She shares a room with Nurse Trixie, replacing Jenny Lee. Series 6, sees her temporarily leave Nonnatus House after learning her father is dying in Hong Kong. Delia is upset that she can't go with her as support, as she is training to be a midwife. Following her father's death Patsy seemed to drop all correspondence with Delia, and it looked like she wouldn't return to Nonnatus House, but she came back to London on the day of Tom and Barbara's wedding.

text: Delia Busby[edit]

text:
Delia Busby

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Kate Lamb

Duration
2015–17

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 2

Last appearance
Series 6, Episode 8

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Staff nurse at the London (until 1961), trainee midwife, nurse, St John Ambulance volunteer

text: Originally from Wales, Delia is a very close friend of Patsy's, having worked together in the London Hospital's male surgical ward. She resides in the hospital's nurses home,[5] and volunteers evenings for St John Ambulance. In her St John capacity, she works with Patsy's and Fred's scouts, principally teaching them first aid. She is revealed to be in a romantic relationship with Patsy, but together they conceal their feelings due to society's view of homosexuality at the time. At the end of Series 4, just as the two of them have found a flat to share, she is involved in a cycling accident which leaves her with amnesia, leaving Patsy heartbroken. By the following Christmas, she has regained her memories of Patsy and their relationship, and at the start of Series 5, despite continued efforts from her mother to take her home to Wales, Delia accepts Sister Julienne's invitation to board at Nonnatus House when she returns to work at the London in the coming months. By the end of series 5, she appears to be quite close to Trixie and Barbara, and is delighted when Trixie confides in her that she attends Alcoholics Anonymous each week.

text: In the final episode of series five Busby considers additional training as a midwife after successfully talking a young mother through her delivery over the telephone earlier in the series. Busby undertakes training in the following series.

text: Barbara Hereward (neé Gilbert)[edit]

text:
Barbara Hereward

Call The Midwife character

Portrayed by
Charlotte Ritchie

Duration
2015–2018

First appearance
Series 4, Episode 1

Last appearance
Series 7, Episode 7

Introduced by
Heidi Thomas

Classification
Former; regular

Profile

Occupation
Midwife and nurse

showFamily

Father
Canon Arthur Gilbert

Sisters
Margaret

Husband
Tom Hereward (1962-1963)

text: Barbara Gilbert arrived in Poplar in the early 1960s still finding her feet in district nursing and midwifery. While she was educated and middle class, she was surprisingly in tune with the needs of the community she serves, having grown up the daughter of a Canon serving in an impoverished area of Liverpool. She was hard working, optimistic, and somewhat naïve. In addition to her nursing duties, she helped teach Sunday school at the local church. In series 5 she began a romantic relationship with Tom Hereward after they become close while working together in the parish. She was also quite close to her roommate, Nurse Phyllis Crane, who served as something of a surrogate mother figure to her much younger colleague. Tom asked her to marry him while they are out in South Africa after consulting with his former fiancée Trixie. They were married in a hurried wedding at the end of series 6, after Barbara learned that her father has accepted a three year missionary posting in New Guinea. In Series 7, Barbara dies after contracting meningococcal septicemia, leaving Tom, Nonnatus House and the rest of the Poplar community heartbroken and shattered.

text: Previous recurring characters[edit]

text: George Rainsford as James "Jimmy" Wilson (Series 1–2)

text: Jimmy is an old friend of Jenny's. In Series 1, Jimmy is madly in love with Jenny, even though she still pines for the married man, the reason she escaped to London. Jenny convinces Jimmy they are "just friends" and he stops pursuing her. In Series 2, the tables are turned when Jimmy returns, having graduated school and now working as a municipal surveyor/architect. Jenny sees Jimmy as a grown man for the first time which instantly turns her head, but unfortunately she discovers that Jimmy is engaged to pregnant Francine, whom Jenny met at the prenatal clinic. Jimmy and Francine marry and have a baby, Caroline.

text: Dorothy Atkinson as Jane Sutton (Series 2)

text: Jane is the medical orderly at Nonnatus House. She arrives to fill in for Chummy while she's in Africa. Jane is very shy and does not talk unless it is necessary. We later find out the reason for her being shy – her parents sent her to an asylum when she was young, leaving her with no self-esteem. Throughout the series, she grows in confidence and makes friends with her fellow nurses. She also finds love with Reverend Applebee-Thornton (Jason Watkins), a local Anglican priest. She does not return for Series 3, with a deleted scene from the 2013 Christmas special explaining that she has gone to nursing school.

text: Leo Staar as Alec Jesmond (Series 2–3)

text: Alec is a friend of Jimmy's who develops romantic feelings for Jenny. They eventually start dating after a long period in which Jenny continues to mourn her loss of Jimmy, but who encourages her to enjoy life and Alec. Alec and Jenny eventually date, but Jenny's abundant caution about affairs of the heart lead to a misunderstanding and argument. Castigating his co-worker in anger, Alec falls through an old staircase in the building they are renovating. In the hospital, his foot is amputated and he seems to be recovering. He later dies, thought to be because of a blood clot in his wounded leg, and his funeral is attended by a distraught Jenny and the other midwives and the nuns.

text: Cheryl Campbell as Lady Browne, Chummy's mother (Series 1, Series 3)

text: Lady Browne is Chummy's upper-class, snobby mother. She formerly lived in Madeira before she separated from Chummy's father. When she moved to Poplar she was diagnosed with TB and Cancer. In series 1 she was featured in the series finale before Chummy and Peter's wedding. She moved to Poplar in 1959 and was diagnosed with TB and cancer by Dr. Turner. She died peacefully in Chummy and Peter's bed in the series 3 finale.

text: Maxine Evans as Mrs. Busby, Delia's mother (Series 4–5)

text: Mrs. Busby is the mother of Delia Busby. Her first appearance was when Delia was in hospital with was the series finale of series 4, she was also seen in 1960 Christmas special, series 5, episode 1 and the series finale of series 5. She is still not happy that Delia has decided to stay in Poplar at the convent. She also seems not to accept her decision to become a midwife and doesn't really like Patsy. It is clear that, by the end of series 5, she is aware of Delia's and Patsy's sexual relationship and does not approve.


document_title: Madame Defarge

question_text: who killed madame defarge in a tale of two cities

text: Madame Defarge

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Madame Thérèse Defarge is a fictional character in the book A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. She is a tricoteuse, a tireless worker for the French Revolution, and the wife of Ernest Defarge.

text: She is one of the main villains of the novel, obsessed with revenge against the Evrémondes. She ruthlessly seeks revenge against the Evrémondes, including Charles Darnay, his wife, Lucie Manette, and their child, for crimes a prior generation of the Evrémonde family had committed. These crimes include the deaths of her nephew, sister, brother, father and brother-in-law. She refuses to accept the reality that Charles Darnay changed his ways by intending to renounce his title to the lands to give them to the peasants who worked on them, and his son Charles renounces his title to the lands which are given to the peasants; however, Charles' arrogant and snobbish uncle becomes the Marquis St. Evrémonde. His arrogance causes the death of an innocent child which makes him hated, and helps legitimize Defarge's rage. Her consuming need for revenge against the innocent Darnay and his wife brings about her fatal doom by her own weapon at the hands of Miss Pross.

text: Defarge symbolizes several themes. She represents one aspect of the Fates. The Moirai (the Fates as represented in Greek mythology) used yarn to measure out the life of a man, and cut it to end it; Defarge knits, and her knitting secretly encodes the names of people to be killed. Defarge also symbolizes the nature of the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution in which radical Jacobins engaged in mass political persecution of all real or supposed enemies of the Revolution who were executed on grounds of sedition to the new republic with the guillotine, particularly targeting people with aristocratic heritage.

text: Portrayals in film and theater[edit]

text:
In the 1935 film A Tale of Two Cities, Madame Defarge is played by Blanche Yurka.
In the 1958 film A Tale of Two Cities, Madame Defarge is played by Rosalie Crutchley.
In the 1980 TV movie A Tale of Two Cities, Madame Defarge is played by Billie Whitelaw.
In the 1981 Mel Brooks parody film, History of the World, Part I, Madame Defarge (played by Cloris Leachman) is the chief conspirator in the plot to overthrow King Louis XVI. She has become so poor, she has run out of wool, simply rubbing her knitting needles together.
In the 2008 Broadway musical adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities, Madame Defarge is played by Natalie Toro.

text: Influences[edit]

text: In the 2012 epic superhero film The Dark Knight Rises the character of Talia al Ghul played by Marion Cotillard was heavily influenced by the character of Madame Defarge. Also, in the same movie, the villain Bane can be seen sitting and knitting (like Madame DeFarge) in the audience of one of the "trials" presided over by Jonathan Crane, The Scarecrow.

text:
[hide]

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Charles Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities

Characters

Sydney Carton
Lucie Manette
Charles Darnay
Alexandre Manette
Monsieur Ernest Defarge
Madame Thérèse Defarge
Jarvis Lorry
Miss Pross
Marquis St. Evrémonde
John Barsad
Jerry Cruncher
Stryver
The Seamstress

Film

A Tale of Two Cities (1911)
A Tale of Two Cities (1917)
A Tale of Two Cities (1922)
The Only Way (1927)
A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
A Tale of Two Cities (1958)
A Tale of Two Cities (1980)

Musicals

Two Cities (2006)
A Tale of Two Cities (2007)

text:
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text: Fictional characters introduced in 1859A Tale of Two Cities charactersLiterary villainsFemale characters in literatureFemale characters in filmNovel character stubs

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2010All articles lacking sourcesAll stub articles


document_title: Anheuser-Busch brands

question_text: when did bud light lime a rita come out

question_tokens: when did bud light lime a rita come out

text: Anheuser-Busch brands

text: Budweiser[edit]

text: Budweiser is a 5.0% ABV Adjunct pale lager introduced in 1876 by Adolphus Busch and has become one of the best selling beers in the United States.[3] It is made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt.[4] Budweiser is produced in various breweries located around the United States and the rest of the world. It is a filtered beer available in draught and packaged forms. Lower strength versions are distributed in regions with restrictive alcohol laws.

text: Bud Light[edit]

text: Introduced in 1982 as Budweiser Light, Budweiser's flagship light beer with 4.2% ABV and 110 calories per 12 US fl oz (355 mL) serving (1,300 kJ/L).[5] From 1993 to 1998, Bud Light aired 30-second commercials featuring Rob and Laura from the CBS series The Dick Van Dyke Show.

text: Bud Light Platinum[edit]

text: A slightly sweeter, higher alcohol version of Bud Light launched in early 2012, with 6% ABV. This product is noted for being packaged in a new translucent blue glass bottle. Bud Light Platinum has 137 calories per 12 ounce serving, 8 fewer than a regular Budweiser.

text: Bud Light Apple[edit]

text: Bud Light with apple flavor added. It has 151 calories per 355 ml serving. Released in 2015 with 4.2% ABV.

text: Bud Light Lime[edit]

text: Bud Light with lime flavor added. It has 116 calories per 12 US fl oz serving (1,370 kJ/L). Released in May 2008 with 4.2% alcohol content, the same alcohol content as Bud Light.

text: Bud Light Lime-A-Ritas[edit]

text: Since April 2012, AB has released a line of 8% alcohol by volume (6% ABV in Canada[6])flavored malt beverages titled "Bud Light Lime Ritas," with its flagship flavor being the "Lime-a-Rita," a lime flavored beverage. The drinks are available in a twenty-five ounce can, as well as a twelve-pack of eight ounce cans. Since then, AB has released the strawberry-flavored "Straw-Ber-Rita," the mango flavored "Mang-o-Rita," and the raspberry flavored "Raz-Ber-Rita." For the winter 2013 season, AB released the cranberry-flavored "Cran-Brrr-Rita" as well, and wound up extending it through January and February 2014 due to strong sales.[7] After the release of the "Mang-o-Rita" and "Raz-Ber-Rita," A-B released an eighteen-pack case containing six "Lime-a-Ritas," four "Straw-Ber-Ritas," four "Mang-o-Ritas," and four "Raz-Ber-Ritas."

text: In August 2014, A-B released a new fall seasonal extension for their "Rita" line, "Apple-Ahh-Rita," an apple-flavored margarita sold until October 2014.

text: In February 2015, A-B released a new summer seasonal extension for their "Rita" line, "Lemon-Ade-Rita," a lemonade flavored margarita.

text: In summer 2016, A-B released the newest "rita" flavor of their line named "Water-melon-rita", a watermelon flavored margarita. A-B also released the "Grape-Ahh-Rita," a grape flavored margarita.

text: In fall 2016, A-B released the new "Cherry-Ahh-Rita," a cherry-flavored margarita.

text: In summer 2017, A-B released the new "Peach-A-Rita," a peach-flavored margarita. A-B also released the new "Orange-A-Rita," an orange-flavored margarita but only available in MI, OH, TX, FL, and GA. The "Grape-Ahh-Rita" was also renamed "Grape-A-Rita"

text: In summer 2017, A-B introduced "Splash by Lime-A-Rita," a line of lighter their Lime-A-Ritas with less alcohol, calories, and carbs available in three flavors; the existing "Straw-Ber-Rita" and the two new flavors "Pine-Apple-Rita" and "Coco-Nut-Rita."

text: Budweiser Select[edit]

text: Budweiser Select, or Bud Select, is a light pale lager that contains 4.3% ABV and 99 calories per 12 US fl oz serving (1,170 kJ/L).[8] Anheuser-Busch has aggressively promoted Budweiser Select. Its slogan was "The Real Deal". The company hired Jay-Z as a spokesman for the brand.

text: Budweiser Select 55[edit]

text: A version of Budweiser Select that contains 55 calories per 12 US fl oz serving (650 kJ/L) is "a direct counterstrike to Miller's MGD 64" according to Anheuser-Busch officials. Budweiser currently claims that it is the lightest beer in the world. The food energy in both Miller's MGD 64 and Budweiser's Select 55 have been reduced simply by lowering the fermentables content. MGD 64 has only 2.8% alcohol content and some Select 55 states "alcohol content not more than 3.2% by weight / 4% by volume", possibly to allow its sale in areas where that is the limit. The actual alcohol content of "55" is reported to be 2.4% ABV; by comparison, most American lagers have around 5%.

text: Budweiser 66[edit]

text: Budweiser Brew No. 66 is a 4% alcohol by volume lager that is brewed and distributed in the United Kingdom by InBev UK Limited. Launched in July 2010, Budweiser 66 has 84 Calories in a 300 ml serving (just over 10 oz).[9]

text: Budweiser 1933 Repeal Reserve[edit]

text: A 6% ABV amber lager style introduced in November 2017, inspired by a pre-prohibition recipe.

text: Bud Ice[edit]

text: Introduced in October 1993[10] as "Ice by Budweiser", it has more alcohol (5.5% ABV) than Budweiser. It is best known for an advertising campaign that involved a malevolent penguin that stalked Bud Ice drinkers and stole their beer, announcing its presence by singing the "doo-be-doo-be-doo" phrase from "Strangers in the Night".

text: Bud Extra[edit]

text: A beer with caffeine, ginseng, guarana and alcohol. It contains 6.6% ABV. It was marketed as a caffeinated malt beverage, similar to Sparks. On June 26, 2008, Anheuser-Busch announced that it would remove caffeine and guarana from the beverage in response to concerns that the product was being marketed to consumers under the age of 21.

text: Budweiser/Bud Light Chelada[edit]

text: A blend of Budweiser or Bud Light and Clamato. This beverage became available nationally in late 2007.[citation needed]

text: Budweiser Prohibition Brew[edit]

text: A non-alcoholic beer introduced into the Canadian market in 2016. It is anticipated to be available in the United States soon.[11] In 2015, AB InBev committed to ensuring that low-alcohol and nonalcoholic beers would represent at least 20% of its global beer volume by 2025.[12]

text: Budweiser NA[edit]

text: Non-alcoholic version of Budweiser developed for the Middle Eastern market. Also available in Green Apple and Tropical Fruits versions.

text: Discontinued[edit]

text: Budweiser American Ale[edit]

text: Budweiser American Ale debuted in September 2008. The beer claims to offer complex taste without much bitterness. American Ale has a distinctive hoppier flavor than other Anheuser-Busch beers, in an attempt to capture some of the American craft beer market, although most American craft beers are hoppier. American Ale is the first beer under the Budweiser name that is brewed with a top fermenting yeast. The beer's darker color is a departure from the other Budweiser brands. Production was discontinued prior to 2015.

text: Budweiser Brew Masters' Private Reserve[edit]

text: Budweiser Brew Masters' Private Reserve is an all-malt lager with a honey color and robust taste. It is based on a "Budweiser brewmaster holiday tradition of collecting the richest part of the batch which [clarification needed] is tapped to the brew kettles to toast the holiday season."[13]

text: Bud Dry[edit]

text: Bud Dry was introduced nationally in the U.S. in April 1990[14] with the slogan of "Why ask why? Try Bud Dry." It was originally successful in test markets and was expected to be a popular beer with the rise in light lager popularity. Dry beer is a form of pale lager where the sugars are more fully fermented to give a less sweet beer. It is also known as the Diät-Pils style. However, after the introduction of Bud Ice in 1994, Bud Dry was not heavily marketed. Production was discontinued in December 2010.

text: Bud Ice Light[edit]

text: Bud Ice Light contains 5.0% ABV and 115 calories per 12 US fl oz serving (1,360 kJ/L). It undergoes fractional freezing, which Bud Light does not undergo. It was discontinued in 2010.

text: Bud Light Golden Wheat[edit]

text: On October 5, 2009, Budweiser officially released Bud Light Golden Wheat, a response to the increase in the amount of wheat beers produced from craft brewers around the country. This beer had 118 calories per 12 US fl oz serving (1,390 kJ/L), 8.3 grams of carbohydrates and 4.1% alcohol by volume. It was an American Hefeweizen which is based on the classic German Hefeweizen style. Production was discontinued in 2012.[15]

text: Bud Silver[edit]

text: An attempt to appeal to the tastes of beer drinkers in the United Kingdom, this specially brewed beer contained 4.2% alcohol by volume. It was discontinued in 2006 after it failed to meet sales expectations.[16]

text: Michelob[edit]

text: Michelob is a 4.7% ABV pale lager developed by Adolphus Busch in 1896 as a "draught beer for connoisseurs".[17] In 1961, Anheuser-Busch produced a pasteurized version of Michelob which allowed legal shipment of the beer across state lines. Bottled beer began to be shipped soon after, and the brand was introduced in cans in 1966. Bottled Michelob was originally sold in a uniquely shaped bottle named the teardrop bottle because it resembled a water droplet. The teardrop bottle was awarded a medal from the Institute of Design in 1962. Five years later the bottle was redesigned for efficiency in the production line. This bottle was used until 2002 when it was dropped in favor of a traditional bottle. The teardrop bottle was used again from January 2007 to October 2008.

text: Brand variation[edit]

text: The company introduced Michelob Light in 1978. Michelob Classic Dark was made available in 1981 in kegs, with a bottled version following three years later. In 1991, Michelob Golden Draft was introduced to compete against Miller Genuine Draft in the Midwest.

text: 1997 saw the introduction of several specialty beers under the Michelob marquee. These include:

text:
Michelob Honey Lager
Michelob Pale Ale
Michelob Marzen
Michelob Pumpkin Spice Ale
Michelob Winter's Bourbon Cask Ale

text: AmberBock is a 5.1% ABV amber lager which uses roasted black barley malt in the ingredients, and which received a World Beer Cup Bronze Medal in 1998.

text: From the beginning, the specialty beers have had a very limited distribution. The chief outlet has been through a "holiday sampler pack" produced during the Christmas holiday season. Other specialty beers that are no longer in production include Michelob Hefeweizen and Michelob Black & Tan. Some (notably Michelob AmberBock) have subsequently gone into larger production, while others have not. The brewery continues to experiment with specialty beers—in 2005 an oak-aged vanilla beer was sold under the Michelob logo, available in single pints. In 2006 Michelob added a chocolate beer to the oak-aged vanilla Celebrate holiday season beer released a year earlier. Michelob also brewed Michelob Bavarian Style Wheat and Michelob Porter for its "holiday sampler pack". In 2007, Michelob launched its Seasonal Specialty Line. These include:

text:
Michelob Bavarian Wheat (summer)
Michelob Marzen (fall)
Michelob Porter (winter)
Michelob Pale Ale (spring)

text: The early 21st century saw in the U.S. a demand for diet beer similar to that of the early 1970s, and in 2002 the Michelob line responded with the introduction of Michelob Ultra, advertised as being low in carbohydrates. Later Michelob Ultra Amber, a darker, more flavorful beer, was added to this sub-line.

text: According to a report by Beer Marketer's Insights and published by USA Today on December 9, 2013, sales of Michelob Light declined by nearly 70% between 2007 and 2012. The article listed Michelob Light as one of "nine beers many Americans no longer drink."[18]

text: Michelob 5% alcohol; Michelob Golden Draft 4.7% alcohol; Michelob Golden Draft Light 4.3% alcohol; Michelob Ultra 4.2% alcohol; Michelob Ultra Amber 4.0% alcohol; Michelob: ULTRA Lime Cactus A fruit-infused light pilsner with natural lime flavor and a floral essence derived from the cactus; Michelob: ULTRA Pomegranate Raspberry A pilsner with a berry aroma, raspberry flavor, and a hint of pomegranate; Michelob: ULTRA Tuscan Orange Grapefruit A pilsner with fresh juicy orange notes and a slight pink-grapefruit finish.

text: All fruit flavors have the following nutrition content: 107 calories, 6.0g carbs, 0.5g protein and 0.0g fat, per 12 oz bottle.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Advertisements for Michelob Ultra feature people engaged in sporting activities. The Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill and Michelob Ultra Futures Players Championship, were sponsored by Michelob Ultra. Michelob Ultra serves as a presenting sponsor of the Tour of Missouri bicycle race and sponsors the King of the Mountains jersey. Michelob also sponsors the Rugby Super League, and many of its teams have shirt sponsorships with its AmberBock brand. PGA Tour player Sergio García is sponsored by Michelob. Lance Armstrong signed on October 6, 2009 a three-year agreement to become Michelob Ultra's new spokesperson and ambassador, but was dropped by the company in 2012 after being accused of using performance-enhancing drugs.[19]

text: Michelob sponsored several episodes of the Diggnation podcast. The hosts, Kevin Rose and Alex Albrecht, sampled the beer during the show and several episodes included interviews with the company's head brew-master to discuss the different products that can be found in the sampler packs. Also, an episode of the show was filmed inside the Michelob brewery.

text: Michelob is most notably famous for its late-1980s TV commercials that used the slogan, "The night belongs to Michelob", which centered on its "night" theme and used songs that had the word "night" or a form of the word "night" in its title, including "Move Better in the Night" by Roger Daltrey, "Tonight, Tonight, Tonight" by Genesis, "Don't You Know What the Night Can Do?" by Steve Winwood and a new recording of "After Midnight" by Eric Clapton. In the 1980s and 1990s, Michelob used the slogan "Some days are better than others".

text: Rolling Rock[edit]

text: Rolling Rock is a 4.5% ABV pale lager launched in 1939 by the Latrobe Brewing Company. In May, 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brand from InBev for $82 million and began brewing Rolling Rock at its Newark facility in mid July, 2006.[20] Other pale lagers marketed under the Rolling Rock brand name are Rock Green Light, 3.7% ABV, and Rock Light, 3.5%; the company also produces a 5% ABV amber lager, Rolling Rock Red. Ingredients are pale barley malt, rice, corn and hops.[21]

text: Busch[edit]

text: Busch Beer, a 4.3% ABV economy brand pale lager was introduced in 1955 as Busch Bavarian Beer;[22] the brand name was changed in 1979 to Busch Beer.[23] Other beers marketed under the Busch brand name are Busch Light, a 4.1% pale lager introduced in 1989, Busch Ice, a 5.9% ice beer introduced in 1995,[24] and Busch NA, a non-alcoholic brew. Ingredients are a mix of American-grown and imported hops and a combination of malt and corn.[25] At a slightly lower price point than flagship brand Budweiser, it serves as Anheuser-Busch's second most popular brand.

text: Shock Top[edit]

text: Shock Top is a 5.2% ABV Belgian-style wheat ale introduced under the name Spring Heat Spiced Wheat brewed in Fort Collins, Colorado as a seasonal beer in 2006, then all year from 2007.[26][27] The beer is brewed with wheat malt, two-row barley, orange, lemon, lime peel, coriander and Cascade and Willamette hops. Entering as the Spring Heat Spiced Wheat, Shock Top Belgian White won gold and bronze medals in the Belgian Wit (White) category at the 2006 and 2007 North American Beer Awards, earning the reputation as America's Beer respectively. The brand now includes some seasonals and specialties that have replaced the Michelob Seasonals. Such varieties include Shock Top Pumpkin Wheat, Shock Top Raspberry Wheat, Shock Top Wheat IPA, Shock Top Lemon Shandy, Shock Top Honeycrisp Apple Wheat, Shock Top Chocolate Wheat, Ginger Wheat, Pretzel Wheat and Shock Top End of the World Midnight Wheat.[28] It competes directly with the MillerCoors brand Blue Moon.

text: Natural[edit]

text: Natural Light is an economy brand 4.2% ABV reduced-calorie pale lager introduced in 1977.[29] The brand was originally called Anheuser-Busch Natural Light. In 2008 The Wall Street Journal listed it as the fifth largest selling beer in the U.S.[30] Natural Ice is an economy brand 5.9% ABV ice beer, introduced in 1995. Nearly two decades after the introduction of Natural Ice, a malt liquor, Natty Daddy (8% and 5.9ABV), was added to the market in 2012.

text: Johnny Appleseed[edit]

text: Johnny Appleseed is a 5.5% ABV cider produced by Anheuser-Busch subsidiary Brokenstraw Beverage LLC and introduced in April 2014. Brokenstraw Beverage was created by Anheuser-Busch in 2014 as a corporate identity to manufacture and distribute Johnny Appleseed out of their Baldwinsville, N.Y. brewery.[31]

text: LandShark Lager[edit]

text: LandShark Lager, brewed in Jacksonville, Florida, is a 4.6% ABV island-style lager launched in 2006 as the house lager for "Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville" restaurant chain. Under a sponsorship deal, Dolphin Stadium, home of the Miami Dolphins, Florida Marlins and the Miami Hurricanes, was renamed "Land Shark Stadium" for the 2009 football season. The contract ended in early 2010, and the stadium has been renamed "Sun Life Stadium" as of January 18, 2010, in time for both the 2010 NFL Pro Bowl and Super Bowl XLIV. The stadium was renamed Hard Rock Stadium in 2016.[32][33][34]

text: LandShark also has Bar & Grill locations in Pensacola, Florida, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina,[35] Atlantic City, New Jersey,[36] and Biloxi, Mississippi.

text: The name is derived from the Jimmy Buffett song "Fins", where men in a beach town trying to woo a vacationing woman are referred to as "sharks that can swim on the land".

text: Craft Ownership[edit]

text: Goose Island Brewery[edit]

text: Goose Island started in 1988 as a brewpub in Chicago, and opened a separate bottling plant there in 1995. The brewery and its beers were purchased by Anheuser-Busch InBev in 2011.[37] The Chicago brewery continues to produce and sell small batch beers while their national offerings are made in bulk at various Anheuser-Busch facilities.

text: Blue Point[edit]

text: On February 5, 2014, it was announced that Blue Point Brewing Company was being sold to Anheuser-Busch InBev for nearly $24 million. As of the time of sale, the brewery will continue to operate in its Patchogue, New York, location.[38]

text: 10 Barrel[edit]

text: in November 2014, it was reported that 10 Barrel Brewing, with brewpubs in Bend, Oregon, and Boise, Idaho, would be acquired by Anheuser-Busch. This was the second small brewing company acquired by the company in that calendar year.[39]

text: Elysian Brewing Company[edit]

text: Elysian was founded in Seattle, Washington, in 1995 by Dave Buhler, Joe Bisacca, and Dick Cantwell. On January 23, 2015, it was announced that Elysian would be sold to Anheuser-Busch in a deal expected to close within three months.[40]

text: Golden Road Brewing[edit]

text: The purchase of Golden Road Brewery in Los Angeles was announced on September 23, 2015.[41]

text: Four Peaks Brewery[edit]

text: Four Peaks announced on December 18, 2015, that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit.[42]

text: Breckenridge Brewery[edit]

text: Several days after acquiring the Four Peaks brand and assets, InBev announced the purchase of Breckenridge Brewery, with brewpubs based in Colorado.[43]

text: Devils Backbone Brewing Company[edit]

text: Devils Backbone announced on April 12, 2016, that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit.[44]

text: Karbach Brewing Company[edit]

text: Karbach Brewing Company announced on November 3, 2016, that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit.[45]

text: Wicked Weed Brewing[edit]

text: Wicked Weed Brewing announced on May 3, 2017, that it had been acquired by ABInbev as part of its High End unit.[46]

text: Malt liquors[edit]

text: King Cobra[edit]

text: King Cobra is a 6% alcohol by volume malt liquor introduced in 1984. It is brewed with a warmer fermentation than used for the company's pale lagers, and the ingredients include barley malt and corn.[47] Shortly after its launch, King Cobra was supported by an advertising campaign featuring actor, martial artist, and former American football player Fred Williamson and the tag-line "Don't let the smooth taste fool you!"

text: Hurricane[edit]

text: Hurricane High Gravity Lager is an 8.1% alcohol malt liquor beverage available primarily in the United States. It is available in 40 ounce bottles, as well as 12, 16, 24, and 25 ounce cans. Recently, Hurricane High Gravity 8.1% has gone from a Black Label to a Silver Label in all of its serving sizes. Hurricane also comes in a lower alcohol content just called Hurricane malt liquor usually sold in a 40-ounce bottle Emina with an ABV of 5.9%.

text: Spykes[edit]

text: The company introduced a flavored 12% ABV malt liquor under the name Spykes in 2007. It was sold in colorful, 2-ounce bottles. Available flavors included mango, lime, melon and chocolate.[48] It was withdrawn in the same year after criticism from alcohol industry watchdog groups that it was being marketed to underage customers, and the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau found that the labeling of Spykes was illegal.[49][50][51]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Tequiza was a 4.5% ABV fruit flavored pale lager introduced in 1998 in limited markets in the USA, then withdrawn in January 2009.[52] Tequiza Extra, with more Tequila flavor and less lime, was test-marketed in 2000
Green Valley Brewing Company, has a craft beer appearance; "Anheuser-Busch" does not appear on labels of its products.
O'Doul's, introduced in 1990, it is a low-alcohol beer of less than 0.5% ABV.
O'Doul's Amber, introduced in 1997.
Redbridge, a gluten-free beer made from sorghum.
Tilt, a line of fruit flavored malt beverages.
Wild Blue Lager, a strong lager with blueberries.
Ziegenbock, sold in Texas and nearby states.

text: Minority ownership brands[edit]

text: As of January 2013, Anheuser-Busch InBev had 32.2% ownership in the Craft Brew Alliance, a beer brewing company[53] that is composed of several beer and cider brands.

text:
Redhook Ale Brewery founded by Gordon Bowker and Paul Shipman in 1981 in Seattle, Washington;
Widmer Brothers Brewery founded by brothers Kurt and Rob Widmer in 1984 in Portland, Oregon;
Kona Brewing Company founded by father and son team Cameron Healy and Spoon Khalsa in 1994 in Kona, Hawaii;
Omission Beer developed internally in 2012 in Portland, Oregon; and
Square Mile Cider, launched in 2013

text: Craft beer distribution alliances[edit]

text: Beers made by smaller "craft" breweries which are co-distributed with A-B brands by select distributors:[54]

text:
Fordham Brewing Company
Old Dominion Brewing Company


document_title: 50 home run club

question_text: who hit the most home runs in a single season

text: 50 home run club

text: Members[edit]

text:
Key

Year
The year the player's 50 home run season occurred

Player (X)
Name of the player and number of 50 home run seasons they had accomplished at that point

Team
The player's team for his 50 home run season

HR
Number of home runs in that season

Career HR
The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career

^
Denotes single-season home run record progression

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

Player is active

text:
Members of the 50 home run club

Year
Player
Team
HR
Career HR
Ref

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth
New York Yankees
54^
714
[5]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (2)
New York Yankees
59^
714
[5]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (3)
New York Yankees
60^
714
[5]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth (4)
New York Yankees
54
714
[5]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson
Chicago Cubs
56
244
[29]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx
Philadelphia Athletics
58
534
[30]

1938
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx (2)
Boston Red Sox
50
534
[30]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg
Detroit Tigers
58
331
[31]

1947
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize
New York Giants
51
359
[32]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner
Pittsburgh Pirates
51
369
[33]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates
54
369
[33]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays
New York Giants
51
660
[34]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle
New York Yankees
52
536
[35]

1961
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle (2)
New York Yankees
54
536
[35]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
New York Yankees
61^
275
[36]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays (2)
San Francisco Giants
52
660
[34]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
Cincinnati Reds
52
348
[37]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
Detroit Tigers
51
319
[38]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Cleveland Indians
50
381
[39]

1996
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
Baltimore Orioles
50
210
[40]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
Oakland Athletics
52
583
[41]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
56
630
[42]

1997
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (2)
Oakland Athletics
St. Louis Cardinals
58
583
[41]

1998
Vaughn, GregGreg Vaughn
San Diego Padres
50
355
[43]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr. (2)
Seattle Mariners
56
630
[42]

1998
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
66
609
[44]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (3)
St. Louis Cardinals
70^
583
[41]

1999
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (2)
Chicago Cubs
63
609
[44]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire (4)
St. Louis Cardinals
65
583
[41]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (3)
Chicago Cubs
50
609
[44]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers
52
696
[45]

2001
Gonzalez, LuisLuis Gonzalez
Arizona Diamondbacks
57
354
[46]

2001
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa (4)
Chicago Cubs
64
609
[44]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
73^
762
[47]

2002
Thome, JimJim Thome
Cleveland Indians
52
612
[48]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2)
Texas Rangers
57
696
[45]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
Atlanta Braves
51
434
[49]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
Philadelphia Phillies
58
382
[8]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
Boston Red Sox
54
541
[50]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3)
New York Yankees
54
696
[45]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder[A]
Milwaukee Brewers
50
319
[52]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
Toronto Blue Jays
54
328
[53]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
Baltimore Orioles
53
261
[54]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
Miami Marlins
59
267
[55]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
New York Yankees
52
55
[56]