document_title: Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

question_text: what is the meaning of life hitchhikers guide

question_tokens: what is the meaning of life hitchhikers guide

text: Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything (42)[edit]

text: In the radio series and the first novel, a group of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings demand to learn the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything from the supercomputer, Deep Thought, specially built for this purpose. It takes Deep Thought 7½ million years to compute and check the answer, which turns out to be 42. Deep Thought points out that the answer seems meaningless because the beings who instructed it never actually knew what the Question was.[1]

text: When asked to produce The Ultimate Question, Deep Thought says that it cannot; however, it can help to design an even more powerful computer that can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It is revealed as being the planet Earth, with its pan-dimensional creators assuming the form of white lab mice to observe its running. The process is hindered after eight million years by the unexpected arrival on Earth of the Golgafrinchans and is then ruined completely, five minutes prior to completion, when the Earth is destroyed by the Vogons to make way for a new Hyperspace Bypass. In The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, this is revealed to have been a ruse: the Vogons had been hired to destroy the Earth by a consortium of psychiatrists, led by Gag Halfrunt, who feared for the loss of their careers when the ultimate question became known.[2]

text: Lacking a real question, the mice decide not to go through the whole thing again and settle for the out-of-thin-air suggestion "How many roads must a man walk down?" from Bob Dylan's song "Blowin' in the Wind".

text: At the end of the radio series, the television series and the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Arthur Dent, having escaped the Earth's destruction, potentially has some of the computational matrix in his brain. He attempts to discover The Ultimate Question by extracting it from his brainwave patterns, as abusively[3] suggested by Ford Prefect, when a Scrabble-playing caveman spells out forty two. Arthur pulls random letters from a bag, but only gets the sentence "What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"

text: "Six by nine. Forty two."

text: "That's it. That's all there is."

text: "I always thought something was fundamentally wrong with the universe"[2]

text: Six times nine is, of course, fifty-four. The answer is deliberately wrong. The program on the "Earth computer" should have run correctly, but the unexpected arrival of the Golgafrinchans on prehistoric Earth caused input errors into the system—computing (because of the garbage in, garbage out rule) the wrong question—the question in Arthur's subconscious being invalid all along.[2]

text: Quoting Fit the Seventh of the radio series, on Christmas Eve, 1978:

text: Narrator: There is a theory which states that if ever anyone discovers exactly what the Universe is for and why it is here, it will instantly disappear and be replaced by something even more bizarre and inexplicable.

text: There is another theory mentioned, which states that this has already happened.[4]

text: Some readers who were trying to find a deeper meaning in the passage soon noticed that 613 × 913 is actually 4213 (as (4 × 13) + 2 = 54, i.e. 54 in decimal is equal to 42 expressed in base 13).[4]:128 When confronted with this, the author claimed that it was a mere coincidence, stating that "I may be a sorry case, but I don't write jokes in base 13."[5]

text: In Life, the Universe and Everything, Prak, a man who knows all that is true, confirms that 42 is indeed The Answer, and confirms that it is impossible for both The Answer and The Question to be known in the same universe as they will cancel each other out and take the Universe with them—to be replaced by something even more bizarre (as described in the first theory) and that it may have already happened (as described in the second).[6] Though the question is never found, 42 is the table number at which Arthur and his friends sit when they arrive at Milliways at the end of the radio series. Likewise, Mostly Harmless ends when Arthur stops at a street address identified by his cry of, "There, number 42!" and enters the club Beta, owned by Stavro Mueller (Stavromula Beta). Shortly after, the Earth is destroyed in all existing incarnations.

text: The number 42[edit]

text: Douglas Adams was asked many times why he chose the number 42. Many theories were proposed, including that 42 is 101010 in binary code, that light refracts through a water surface by 42 degrees to create a rainbow, that light requires 10−42 seconds to cross the diameter of a proton.[7] Adams rejected them all. On 3 November 1993, he gave this answer[8] on alt.fan.douglas-adams:

text: The answer to this is very simple. It was a joke. It had to be a number, an ordinary, smallish number, and I chose that one. Binary representations, base thirteen, Tibetan monks are all complete nonsense. I sat at my desk, stared into the garden and thought '42 will do' I typed it out. End of story.

text: Adams described his choice as 'a completely ordinary number, a number not just divisible by two but also six and seven. In fact it's the sort of number that you could without any fear introduce to your parents.'[4]

text: While 42 was a number with no hidden meaning, Adams explained in more detail in an interview with Iain Johnstone of BBC Radio 4 (recorded in 1998 though never broadcast)[9] to celebrate the first radio broadcast's 20th anniversary. Having decided it should be a number, he tried to think what an "ordinary number" should be. He ruled out non-integers, then he remembered having worked as a "prop-borrower" for John Cleese on his Video Arts training videos. Cleese needed a funny number for the punchline to a sketch involving a bank teller (himself) and a customer (Tim Brooke-Taylor). Adams believed that the number that Cleese came up with was 42 and he decided to use it.[10]

text: Adams had also written a sketch for The Burkiss Way called "42 Logical Positivism Avenue", broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 12 January 1977[11] – 14 months before the Hitchhiker's Guide first broadcast "42" in Fit the Fourth, 29 March 1978.[4]

text:
Burkiss Way, "Logical Positivism" sketch excerpt

An excerpt from Douglas Adams' The Burkiss Way sketch, "Logical Positivism" excerpt

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: In January 2000, in response to a panelist's "Where does the number 42 come from?" on the radio show "Book Club", Adams explained that he was "on his way to work one morning, whilst still writing the scene, and was thinking about what the actual answer should be. He eventually decided that it should be something that made no sense whatsoever – a number, and a mundane one at that. And that is how he arrived at the number 42, completely at random."

text: Stephen Fry, a friend of Adams, claims that Adams told him "exactly why 42", and that the reason is "fascinating, extraordinary and, when you think hard about it, completely obvious."[12] However, Fry says that he has vowed not to tell anyone the secret, and that it must go with him to the grave. John Lloyd, Adams' collaborator on The Meaning of Liff and two Hitchhiker's fits, said that Adams has called 42 "the funniest of the two-digit numbers."[13]

text: The number 42 appears frequently in the work of Lewis Carroll, and some critics have suggested that this was an influence. They note, in particular, that Alice's attempt at her times tables (chapter two of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland) breaks down at 4 x 13 answered in base 42,[14][15] which virtually reverses the failure of 'the Question' ("What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"), in that the latter would equal "42" if calculated in base 13. They find further evidence of Carroll's influence in the fact that Adams entitled the episodes of the original radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy "fits", the word Carroll used to name the chapters of The Hunting of the Snark.

text: There is the persistent tale that 42 is Adams' tribute to the indefatigable paperback book, and is the average number of lines on an average page of an average paperback.[16] Another common guess is that 42 refers to the number of laws in cricket, a recurring theme of the books.[17]

text: The number 42 also happens to be the ASCII code for the asterisk '*' which is a wildcard character indicating any number of characters or even an empty string in programming. This could be interpreted as the answer 'anything you want it to be'.[18]

text: 42 Puzzle[edit]

text: The 42 Puzzle is a game devised by Douglas Adams in 1994 for the United States series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books. The puzzle is an illustration consisting of 42 multi-coloured balls, in 7 columns and 6 rows. Douglas Adams has said,

text: Everybody was looking for hidden meanings and puzzles and significances in what I had written (like 'is it significant that 6×9 = 42 in base 13?' As if.) So I thought that just for a change I would actually construct a puzzle and see how many people solved it. Of course, nobody paid it any attention. I think that's terribly significant.[19]

text: In the puzzle the question is unknown, but the answer is already known to be 42. This is similar to the book where the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" is known but not the question. The puzzle first appeared in The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later incorporated into the covers of all five reprinted "Hitchhiker's" novels in the United States.

text: Adams has described the puzzle as depicting the number 42 in ten different ways. Six possible questions are:[20]

text:
(1) How many spheres are in the diagram? (six rows of seven is 42)
(2) What position in the grid does the Earth occupy? (42)

(3) The barcode on one of the spheres is the number 42 as an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode

(4) Considering red-hued spheres (red, purple, orange, black) as a '1' and those without as a '0', what number does each line represent in decimal form? (In binary, each line reads '0101010', or '42' in decimal form.)
(5) What number do the blue-tinted spheres (blue, green, purple, black) spell out? (Similar to a colour blindness test.) (42)
(6) What number is represented by Roman numerals spelled out by the yellow-tinted spheres (yellow, orange, green, black) in the first three rows? (XLII = 42)

text: On the Internet and in software[edit]

text: The number 42 and the phrase, "Life, the universe, and everything" have attained cult status on the Internet. "Life, the universe, and everything" is a common name for the off-topic section of an Internet forum and the phrase is invoked in similar ways to mean "anything at all". Many chatbots, when asked about the meaning of life, will answer "42". Several online calculators are also programmed with the Question. Google Calculator will give the result to the answer to life the universe and everything as 42, as will Wolfram's Computational Knowledge Engine.[21] Similarly, DuckDuckGo also gives the result of the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything as 42.[22] In the online community Second Life, there is a section on a sim called "42nd Life." It is devoted to this concept in the book series, and several attempts at recreating Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, were made.

text: In OpenOffice.org software (prior to version 3.4) if =ANTWORT("Das Leben, das Universum und der ganze Rest") (German for =ANSWER("life, the universe and everything")) is typed into any cell of a spreadsheet, the result is 42.[23]

text: ISO/IEC 14519-2001/ IEEE Std 1003.5-1999, IEEE Standard for Information Technology – POSIX(R) Ada Language Interfaces – Part 1: Binding for System Application Program Interface (API) , uses the number 42 as the required return value from a process that terminates due to an unhandled exception. The Rationale says "the choice of the value 42 is arbitrary" and cites the Adams book as the source of the value.

text: The standard for Tagged Image File Format TIFF defines in its Image File Header bytes 2 and 3 to denominate a 'version number' 42. In revision 5.0 the specification explained the choice with "This number, 42 (2A in hex), is not to be equated with the current Revision of the TIFFspecification. In fact, the TIFF version number (42) has never changed, and probably never will. If it ever does, it means that TIFF has changed in some way so radical that a TIFF reader should give up immediately. The number 42 was chosen for its deep philosophical significance."[24] The later versions have eliminated the lengthy description, but kept the number fixed at 42 anyway.[25]

text: The random seed chosen to procedurally create the whole universe of the online multi-player computer game EVE Online was chosen as 42 by its lead game designer in 2002.[26]

text: In the computer game Gothic "42" is a code that deactivates all activated cheats. After typing "42" in a right place, text "What was the question?" appears.

text: The OpenSUSE team decided the next version will be based on SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop and named "Leap 42". The number 42 was chosen as a reference to the answer to life, the universe and everything.[27]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The Allen Telescope Array, a radio telescope used by SETI, has 42 dishes in homage to the Answer.[28]

text: In the American TV show Lost, 42 is the last of the mysterious numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42. In an interview with Lostpedia, producer David Fury confirmed this was a reference to Hitchhiker's.[29]

text: The British TV show The Kumars at No. 42 is so named because show creator Sanjeev Bhaskar is a Hitchhiker's fan.[30]

text: The band Coldplay's album Viva la Vida includes a song called "42". When asked by Q magazine if the song's title was Hitchhiker's-related, Chris Martin said, "It is and it isn't."[31]

text: The band Level 42 chose its name in reference to the book.[32]

text: The episode "42" of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who was named in reference to the Answer. Writer Chris Chibnall acknowledged that "it's a playful title".[33]

text: Ken Jennings, defeated along with Brad Rutter in a Jeopardy! match against IBM's Watson, writes that Watson's avatar which appeared on-screen for those games showed 42 "threads of thought," shown as colorful lines spinning around Watson's logo, and that the number was chosen in reference to this meme.[34]

text: The Hitchhiker knitting pattern, designed by Martina Behm, is a scarf with 42 teeth.[35]

text: In The Flash, Season 4, Episode 1, Cisco in trying to decipher what Barry is writing explicitly says that what Barry says might solve answer to the Life, the Universe and Everything, which Caitlin suggests is 42.[36]

text: In The X-Files, Fox Mulder lives in apartment 42. This has been acknowledged by the show's creator, Chris Carter, as a reference to Hitchhikers[37]

text: Don't Panic[edit]

text: In the series, Don't Panic is a phrase on the cover of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.[1] The novel explains that this was partly because the device "looked insanely complicated" to operate, and partly to keep intergalactic travellers from panicking.[38] "It is said that despite its many glaring (and occasionally fatal) inaccuracies, the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy itself has outsold the Encyclopedia Galactica because it is slightly cheaper, and because it has the words 'DON'T PANIC' in large, friendly letters on the cover."[1]

text: Arthur C. Clarke said Douglas Adams' use of "don't panic" was perhaps the best advice that could be given to humanity.[39]

text: On February 6, 2018 SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy rocket, carrying Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster which had "DON'T PANIC!" written on the screen on the dashboard.

text: Knowing where one's towel is[edit]

text: Somebody who can stay in control of virtually any situation is somebody who is said to know where his or her towel is. The logic behind this statement is presented in chapter 3 of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy thus:

text: ... a towel has immense psychological value. For some reason, if a strag (strag: nonhitchhiker) discovers that a hitchhiker has his towel with him, he will automatically assume that he is also in possession of a toothbrush, washcloth, soap, tin of biscuits, flask, compass, map, ball of string, gnat spray, wet-weather gear, space suit etc., etc. Furthermore, the strag will then happily lend the hitchhiker any of these or a dozen other items that the hitchhiker might accidentally have "lost". What the strag will think is that any man who can hitch the length and breadth of the galaxy, rough it, slum it, struggle against terrible odds, win through, and still knows where his towel is, is clearly a man to be reckoned with.

text: Adams got the idea for this phrase when he went travelling and found that his beach towel kept disappearing. In 'The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy -The Radio Scripts', his friends describe how he would always "mislay" his towel. On Towel Day, fans commemorate Adams by carrying towels with them.

text: Mostly Harmless[edit]

text: The only entry about Earth in the Guide used to be "Harmless", but Ford Prefect managed to change it a little before getting stuck on Earth. "Mostly Harmless" provoked a very upset reaction from Arthur when heard. (Those two words are not what Ford submitted as a result of his research—merely all that was left after his editors were done with it.) It is the title of the fifth book in the Hitchhiker series. Its popularity is such that it has become the definition of Earth in many standard works of sci-fi reference, like The Star Trek Encyclopedia. Additionally, "Harmless" and "Mostly Harmless" both feature as ranks in the computer game Elite. Also, in World of Warcraft, there is a rifle that fires (mostly) harmless pellets.[40] In the MMORPG RuneScape, there is an island called Mos Le Harmless (Mostly Harmless). Low-scoring players in the multiplayer version of the game Perfect Dark and GoldenEye 007 are awarded with the designation "mostly harmless". In the 2008 edition of the board game Cosmic Encounter, the Human race is given the attribute "Mostly Harmless". In the game Kerbal space program, there is an atomic rocket motor with the description "mostly harmless".

text: Not entirely unlike[edit]

text: In the novel The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, Arthur Dent tries to get a Nutrimatic drinks dispenser to produce a cup of tea. Instead, it invariably produces a concoction (which most people found unpleasant) that is "almost, but not quite, entirely unlike tea". One of the primary goals of the player, as Arthur Dent, in the computer game The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, is to thwart the machine and find some decent tea, a mission that the player is constantly reminded of by the inventory item "no tea". According to the Jargon File, the briefer "not entirely unlike" has entered hacker jargon.[41]

text: Share and Enjoy[edit]

text: "Share and Enjoy" is the slogan of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints Division. In the radio version, this phrase had its own song (sung in Fit the Ninth of the radio series), which was sung by a choir of robots during "special occasions". The Sirius Cybernetics Corporation tends to produce inherently faulty goods, which renders the statement ironic since few people would want to "Share and Enjoy" something that was defective. Among the design flaws is the choir of robots that perform this song: they sing a tritone out of tune with the accompaniment. The Guide relates that the words "Share and Enjoy" were displayed in illuminated letters three miles high near the Sirius Cybernetics Complaints Division, until their weight caused them to collapse through the underground offices of many young executives. The upper half of the sign that now protrudes translates in the local tongue as "Go stick your head in a pig", and is lit up only for special celebrations.

text: The episode Fit the Twentieth of the radio series features a personal computer OS booting sound (à la The Microsoft Sound) set to the tune of "Share and Enjoy". Furthermore, Fit the Twenty-First of the radio series, the last episode in the adaptation of the novel So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish, features a polyphonic ringtone version of the tune. The "Share and Enjoy" tune also is used in the TV series as the backing for a Sirius Cybernetics Corporation robot commercial (slogan: "Your plastic pal who's fun to be with!").

text: So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish[edit]

text: After mice, the second most intelligent species on Earth were the dolphins.

text: The dolphins had long known of the impending demolition of Earth and had made many attempts to alert mankind to the danger...The last ever dolphins message was misinterpreted as a surprisingly sophisticated attempt to do a double backward somersault through a hoop whilst whistling "The Star-Spangled Banner," but in fact the message was this: "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish."

text: The line was also the title of the fourth book in the trilogy, and appears in that book as a message inscribed on crystal bowls left as parting gifts from the dolphins to the human race. Its popularity was such that it was the title of the opening song for the 2005 movie The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

text: The phrase was spoofed for the NOFX album So Long, and Thanks for All the Shoes.[citation needed]

text: The phrase was also spoofed for the All Time Low track "So Long, and Thanks for All the Booze", from the appropriately-titled album Don't Panic.[citation needed]

text: When the air traffic control unit at Perth Airport (ICAO code: EGPT) in Scotland was closed following a downturn in commercial pilot training, for which the airport was best known, the final NOTAM (notice to airmen) issued by the unit via the AFTN stated, "This is Perth ATC signing off. So long and thanks for all the fish."[citation needed]


document_title: List of England cricket captains

question_text: current captain of the england mens test cricket team

root

text: List of England cricket captains

text: Men's Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the England cricket team for at least one Test match. It has been updated to the end of the third Test against West Indies in September 2017. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or was appointed by the home authority for a minor proportion in a series. The dagger classification follows that adopted by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.

tag: p

text:
English Test match captains[1]

Number

Name

Year

Report

Opposition

Location

Played

Won

Lost

Drawn

1
James Lillywhite
1876/7
Report
Australia
Australia
2
1
1
0

2

Lord Harris

1878/9
Report
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1880
Report
Australia
England
1
1
0
0

1884
Report
Australia
England
2
1
0
1

Total
4
2
1
1

3
Alfred Shaw
1881/2
Report
Australia
Australia
4
0
2
2

4

A N Hornby

1882
Report
Australia
England
1
0
1
0

1884 †
Report
Australia
England
1
0
0
1

Total
2
0
1
1

5
Honourable Ivo Bligh
1882/3
Report
Australia
Australia
4
2
2
0

6

Arthur Shrewsbury

1884/5
Report
Australia
Australia
5
3
2
0

1886/7
Report
Australia
Australia
2
2
0
0

Total
7
5
2
0

7

Allan Steel

1886
Report
Australia
England
3
3
0
0

1888†
Report
Australia
England
1
0
1
0

Total
4
3
1
0

8

Walter Read

1887/8
Report
Australia
Australia
1
1
0
0

1891/2
Report
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

Total
2
2
0
0

9

W G Grace

1888
Report
Australia
England
2
2
0
0

1890
Report
Australia
England
2
2
0
0

1891/2
Report
Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

1893
Report
Australia
England
2
1
0
1

1896
Report
Australia
England
3
2
1
0

1899†
Report
Australia
England
1
0
0
1

Total
13
8
3
2

10
C. Aubrey Smith
1888/9
Report
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

11
Monty Bowden[a]
1888/9†
Report
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

12

Andrew Stoddart

1893†
Report
Australia
England
1
0
0
1

1894/5
Report
Australia
Australia
5
3
2
0

1897/8
Report
Australia
Australia
2
0
2
0

Total
8
3
4
1

13
Sir Tim O'Brien
1895/6†
Report
South Africa
South Africa
1
1
0
0

14

Lord Hawke

1895/6
Report
South Africa
South Africa
2
2
0
0

1898/9
Report
South Africa
South Africa
2
2
0
0

Total
4
4
0
0

15

Archie MacLaren

1897/8†
Report
Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

1899
Report
Australia
England
4
0
1
3

1901/2

Australia
Australia
5
1
0
4

1902
Report
Australia
England
5
1
2
2

1909

Australia
England
5
1
2
2

Total
22
4
7
11

16

Plum Warner

1903/4
Report
Australia
Australia
5
3
2
0

1905/6

South Africa
South Africa
5
1
4
0

Total
10
4
6
0

17
Honourable Stanley Jackson
1905

Australia
England
5
2
0
3

18
Tip Foster
1907

South Africa
South Africa
3
1
0
2

19

Frederick Fane

1907/8†

Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

1909/10†

South Africa
South Africa
2
1
1
0

Total
5
2
3
0

20
Arthur Jones
1907/8

Australia
Australia
2
0
2
0

21
H D G Leveson-Gower
1909/10

South Africa
South Africa
3
1
2
0

22

Johnny Douglas

1911/2[b]

Australia
Australia
5
4
1
0

1913/4

South Africa
South Africa
5
4
0
1

1920/1

Australia
Australia
5
0
5
0

1921†

Australia
England
2
0
2
0

1924†

South Africa
England
1
0
0
1

Total
18
8
8
2

23

C B Fry

1912
Report
South Africa
England
3
3
0
0

1912
Report
Australia
England
3
1
0
2

Total
6
4
0
2

24
Honourable Lionel Tennyson
1921

Australia
England
3
0
1
2

25
Frank Mann[c]
1922/3

South Africa
South Africa
5
2
1
2

26

Arthur Gilligan[d]

1924

South Africa
England
4
3
0
1

1924/5

Australia
Australia
5
1
4
0

Total
9
4
4
1

27

Arthur Carr

1926

Australia
England
4
0
0
4

1929†

South Africa
England
2
1
0
1

Total
6
1
0
5

28

Percy Chapman

1926†

Australia
England
1
1
0
0

1928

West Indies
England
3
3
0
0

1928/9

Australia
Australia
4
4
0
0

1930

Australia
England
4
1
1
2

1930/1

South Africa
South Africa
5
0
1
4

Total
17
9
2
6

29
Rony Stanyforth
1927/8

South Africa
South Africa
4
2
1
1

30
Greville Stevens
1927/8†

South Africa
South Africa
1
0
1
0

31

Jack White

1928/9†

Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1929

South Africa
England
3
1
0
2

Total
4
1
1
2

32
Harold Gilligan [d]
1929/30[e]

New Zealand
New Zealand
4
1
0
3

33
Honourable Freddie Calthorpe
1929/30[e]

West Indies
West Indies
4
1
1
2

34

Bob Wyatt

1930†

Australia
England
1
0
1
0

1932/3†

New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1933†

West Indies
England
1
1
0
0

1934

Australia
England
4
1
1
2

1934/5

West Indies
West Indies
4
1
2
1

1935

South Africa
England
5
0
1
4

Total
16
3
5
8

35

Douglas Jardine

1931

New Zealand
England
3
1
0
2

1932

India
England
1
1
0
0

1932/3
Report
Australia
Australia
5
4
1
0

1932/3

New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

1933

West Indies
England
2
1
0
1

1933/4

India
India
3
2
0
1

Total
15
9
1
5

36
Cyril Walters
1934†

Australia
England
1
0
1
0

37

Gubby Allen

1936

India
England
3
2
0
1

1936/7

Australia
Australia
5
2
3
0

1947/8

West Indies
West Indies
3
0
2
1

Total
11
4
5
2

38
Walter Robins
1937

New Zealand
England
3
1
0
2

39

Wally Hammond

1938

Australia
England
4
1
1
2

1938/9

South Africa
South Africa
5
1
0
4

1939

West Indies
England
3
1
0
2

1946

India
England
3
1
0
2

1946/7

Australia
Australia
4
0
2
2

1946/7

New Zealand
New Zealand
1
0
0
1

Total
20
4
3
13

40

Norman Yardley

1946/7†

Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

1947

South Africa
England
5
3
0
2

1948

Australia
England
5
0
4
1

1950

West Indies
England
3
1
2
0

Total
14
4
7
3

41
Ken Cranston
1947/8†

West Indies
West Indies
1
0
0
1

42

George Mann[c]

1948/9

South Africa
South Africa
5
2
0
3

1949

New Zealand
England
2
0
0
2

Total
7
2
0
5

43

Freddie Brown

1949†

New Zealand
England
2
0
0
2

1950†

West Indies
England
1
0
1
0

1950/1

Australia
Australia
5
1
4
0

1950/1

New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

1951

South Africa
England
5
3
1
1

Total
15
5
6
4

44
Nigel Howard
1951/2

India
India
4
1
0
3

45
Donald Carr
1951/2†

India
India
1
0
1
0

46

Len Hutton

1952

India
England
4
3
0
1

1953

Australia
England
5
1
0
4

1953/4
Report
West Indies
West Indies
5
2
2
1

1954

Pakistan
England
2
0
1
1

1954/5

Australia
Australia
5
3
1
1

1954/5

New Zealand
New Zealand
2
2
0
0

Total
23
11
4
8

47
David Sheppard
1954†

Pakistan
England
2
1
0
1

48

Peter May

1955

South Africa
England
5
3
2
0

1956

Australia
England
5
2
1
2

1956/7

South Africa
South Africa
5
2
2
1

1957

West Indies
England
5
3
0
2

1958

New Zealand
England
5
4
0
1

1958/9

Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

1958/9

New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

1959

India
England
3
3
0
0

1959/60

West Indies
West Indies
3
1
0
2

1961

Australia
England
3
1
1
1

Total
41
20
10
11

49

Colin Cowdrey[f]

1959†

India
England
2
2
0
0

1959/1960†

West Indies
West Indies
2
0
0
2

1960

South Africa
England
5
3
0
2

1961†

Australia
England
2
0
1
1

1962†

Pakistan
England
1
1
0
0

1966

West Indies
England
3
0
2
1

1967/8

West Indies
West Indies
5
1
0
4

1968

Australia
England
4
1
1
2

1968/9

Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

Total
27
8
4
15

50

Ted Dexter

1961/2

Pakistan
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1961/2

India
India
5
0
2
3

1962

Pakistan
England
4
3
0
1

1962/3

Australia
Australia
5
1
1
3

1962/3

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
3
0
0

1963

West Indies
England
5
1
3
1

1964

Australia
England
5
0
1
4

Total
30
9
7
14

51

M. J. K. Smith

1963/4

India
India
5
0
0
5

1964/5

South Africa
South Africa
5
1
0
4

1965

New Zealand
England
3
3
0
0

1965

South Africa
England
3
0
1
2

1965/6

Australia
Australia
5
1
1
3

1965/6

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

1966†

West Indies
England
1
0
1
0

Total
25
5
3
17

52

Brian Close

1966†

West Indies
England
1
1
0
0

1967

India
England
3
3
0
0

1967

Pakistan
England
3
2
0
1

Total
7
6
0
1

53
Tom Graveney
1968†

Australia
England
1
0
0
1

54

Ray Illingworth[g]

1969

West Indies
England
3
2
0
1

1969

New Zealand
England
3
2
0
1

1970/1[h]

Australia
Australia
6
2
0
4

1970/1

New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

1971

Pakistan
England
3
1
0
2

1971

India
England
3
0
1
2

1972

Australia
England
5
2
2
1

1973

New Zealand
England
3
2
0
1

1973

West Indies
England
3
0
2
1

Total
31
12
5
14

55

Tony Lewis

1972/3

India
India
5
1
2
2

1972/3

Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
0
3

Total
8
1
2
5

56

Mike Denness

1973/4

West Indies
West Indies
5
1
1
3

1974

India
England
3
3
0
0

1974

Pakistan
England
3
0
0
3

1974/5

Australia
Australia
5
1
3
1

1974/5

New Zealand
New Zealand
2
1
0
1

1975†

Australia
England
1
0
1
0

Total
19
6
5
8

57
John Edrich
1974/5†

Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

58

Tony Greig

1975

Australia
England
3
0
0
3

1976

West Indies
England
5
0
3
2

1976/7

India
India
5
3
1
1

1976/7

Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
14
3
5
6

59

Mike Brearley

1977

Australia
England
5
3
0
2

1977/8

Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

1978

Pakistan
England
3
2
0
1

1978

New Zealand
England
3
3
0
0

1978/9

Australia
Australia
6
5
1
0

1979

India
England
4
1
0
3

1979/80

Australia
Australia
3
0
3
0

1979/80

India
India
1
1
0
0

1981

Australia
England
4
3
0
1

Total
31
18
4
9

60

Geoffrey Boycott

1977/8†

Pakistan
Pakistan
1
0
0
1

1977/8

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

Total
4
1
1
2

61

Ian Botham

1980

West Indies
England
5
0
1
4

1980

Australia
England
1
0
0
1

1980/1

West Indies
West Indies
4
0
2
2

1981†

Australia
England
2
0
1
1

Total
12
0
4
8

62

Keith Fletcher

1981/2

India
India
6
0
1
5

1981/2

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
1
0
0

Total
7
1
1
5

63

Bob Willis

1982

India
England
3
1
0
2

1982

Pakistan
England
2
2
0
0

1982/3

Australia
Australia
5
1
2
2

1983

New Zealand
England
4
3
1
0

1983/4

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
1
2

1983/4†

Pakistan
Pakistan
1
0
1
0

Total
18
7
5
6

64

David Gower

1982†

Pakistan
England
1
0
1
0

1983/4

Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
0
2

1984

West Indies
England
5
0
5
0

1984

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
0
1

1984/5

India
India
5
2
1
2

1985

Australia
England
6
3
1
2

1985/6

West Indies
West Indies
5
0
5
0

1986†

India
England
1
0
1
0

1989

Australia
England
6
0
4
2

Total
32
5
18
9

65

Mike Gatting

1986

India
England
2
0
1
1

1986

New Zealand
England
3
0
1
2

1986/7

Australia
Australia
5
2
1
2

1987

Pakistan
England
5
0
1
4

1987/8

Pakistan
Pakistan
3
0
1
2

1987/8

Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

1987/8

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

1988†

West Indies
England
1
0
0
1

Total
23
2
5
16

66
John Emburey
1988

West Indies
England
2
0
2
0

67
Chris Cowdrey[f]
1988†

West Indies
England
1
0
1
0

68

Graham Gooch

1988†

West Indies
England
1
0
1
0

1988

Sri Lanka
England
1
1
0
0

1989/90

West Indies
West Indies
2
1
0
1

1990

New Zealand
England
3
1
0
2

1990

India
England
3
1
0
2

1990/1

Australia
Australia
4
0
2
2

1991

West Indies
England
5
2
2
1

1991

Sri Lanka
England
1
1
0
0

1991/2

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

1992

Pakistan
England
5
1
2
2

1992/3

India
India
2
0
2
0

1993

Australia
England
4
0
3
1

Total
34
10
12
12

69

Allan Lamb

1989/90†

West Indies
West Indies
2
0
2
0

1990/1†

Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
3
0
3
0

70

Alec Stewart

1992/3†

India
India
1
0
1
0

1992/3

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
1
0

1998

South Africa
England
5
2
1
2

1998

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
1
0

1998/9

Australia
Australia
5
1
3
1

2000†

West Indies
England
1
1
0
0

2001†

Pakistan
England
1
0
1
0

Total
15
4
8
3

71

Michael Atherton

1993†

Australia
England
2
1
1
0

1993/4

West Indies
West Indies
5
1
3
1

1994

New Zealand
England
3
1
0
2

1994

South Africa
England
3
1
1
1

1994/5

Australia
Australia
5
1
3
1

1995

West Indies
England
6
2
2
2

1995/6

South Africa
South Africa
5
0
1
4

1996

India
England
3
1
0
2

1996

Pakistan
England
3
0
2
1

1996/7

Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
2
0
0
2

1996/7

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

1997

Australia
England
6
2
3
1

1997/8

West Indies
West Indies
6
1
3
2

2001†

Australia
England
2
0
2
0

Total
54
13
21
20

72

Nasser Hussain

1999

New Zealand
England
3
1
2
0

1999/2000

South Africa
South Africa
5
1
2
2

2000

Zimbabwe
England
2
1
0
1

2000

West Indies
England
4
2
1
1

2000/1

Pakistan
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

2000/1

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
2
1
0

2001

Pakistan
England
1
1
0
0

2001

Australia
England
3
1
2
0

2001/2

India
India
3
0
1
2

2001/2

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

2002

Sri Lanka
England
3
2
0
1

2002

India
England
4
1
1
2

2002/3
Report
Australia
Australia
5
1
4
0

2003

Zimbabwe
England
2
2
0
0

2003

South Africa
England
1
0
0
1

Total
45
17
15
13

73
Mark Butcher
1999†

New Zealand
England
1
0
0
1

74

Michael Vaughan

2003

South Africa
England
4
2
2
0

2003–04

Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2003–04

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
1
2

2003–04

West Indies
West Indies
4
3
0
1

2004

New Zealand
England
2
2
0
0

2004

West Indies
England
4
4
0
0

2004–05

South Africa
South Africa
5
2
1
2

2005
Report
Bangladesh
England
2
2
0
0

2005
Report
Australia
England
5
2
1
2

2005–06
Report
Pakistan
Pakistan
2
0
1
1

2007
Report
West Indies
England
3
3
0
0

2007
Report
India
England
3
0
1
2

2007–08

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
1
2

2007–08

New Zealand
New Zealand
3
2
1
0

2008

New Zealand
England
3
2
0
1

2008

South Africa
England
3
0
2
1

Total
51
26
11
14

75

Marcus Trescothick

2004†

New Zealand
England
1
1
0
0

2005–06†
Report
Pakistan
Pakistan
1
0
1
0

Total
2
1
1
0

76

Andrew Flintoff

2005–06
Report
India
India
3
1
1
1

2006

Sri Lanka
England
3
1
1
1

2006–07
Report
Australia
Australia
5
0
5
0

Total
11
2
7
2

77

Andrew Strauss

2006
Report
Pakistan
England
4
3
0
1

2007†
Report
West Indies
England
1
0
0
1

2008–09
Report
West Indies
West Indies
5
0
1
4

2009
Report
West Indies
England
2
2
0
0

2009
Report
Australia
England
5
2
1
2

2009–10
Report
South Africa
South Africa
4
1
1
2

2010
Report
Bangladesh
England
2
2
0
0

2010
Report
Pakistan
England
4
3
1
0

2010–11
Report
Australia
Australia
5
3
1
1

2011
Report
Sri Lanka
England
3
1
0
2

2011
Report
India
England
4
4
0
0

2011–12
Report
Pakistan
U.A.E.
3
0
3
0

2011–12
Report
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
1
1
0

2012
Report
West Indies
England
3
2
0
1

2012
Report
South Africa
England
3
0
2
1

Total
50
24
11
15

78

Kevin Pietersen

2008

South Africa
England
1
1
0
0

2008–09

India
India
2
0
1
1

Total
3
1
1
1

79

Alastair Cook

2009–10
Report
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
2
0
0

2012–13
Report
India
India
4
2
1
1

2012–13
Report
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
0
3

2013
Report
New Zealand
England
2
2
0
0

2013
Report
Australia
England
5
3
0
2

2013–14
Report
Australia
Australia
5
0
5
0

2014
Report
Sri Lanka
England
2
0
1
1

2014
Report
India
England
5
3
1
1

2014–15
Report
West Indies
West Indies
3
1
1
1

2015
Report
New Zealand
England
2
1
1
0

2015
Report
Australia
England
5
3
2
0

2015–16
Report
Pakistan
UAE
3
0
2
1

2015–16
Report
South Africa
South Africa
4
2
1
1

2016
Report
Sri Lanka
England
3
2
0
1

2016
Report
Pakistan
England
4
2
2
0

2016–17
Report
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
2
1
1
0

2016–17
Report
India
India
5
0
4
1

Total
59
24
22
13

80

Joe Root

2017
Report
South Africa
England
4
3
1
0

2017
Report
West Indies
England
3
2
1
0

2017–18
Report
Australia
Australia
5
0
4
1

2017–18
Report
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
1
1

2018

Report

Pakistan

England

2

1

1

0

2018
Report
India
England
3
2
1
0

Total
19
8
9
2

Grand Total
1002
359
298
345

tag: table

text:
Jump up ^ Monty Bowden, aged 23 years 144 days, became England's youngest captain on 25 March 1889.

Jump up ^ Plum Warner captained the touring party, but illness prevented him from appearing in any of the Tests

^ Jump up to: a b George Mann was the son of Frank Mann, making them the first father and son to both captain England.

^ Jump up to: a b Arthur Gilligan and Harold Gilligan were brothers: the first brothers to captain England.

^ Jump up to: a b England had two overlapping Test series in the winter of 1929/30. Their first Test against New Zealand started on 10 January 1930. Their first Test against the West Indies started on 11 January 1930, making the first time England had simultaneously played two Test matches at once.

^ Jump up to: a b Chris Cowdrey is the son of Colin Cowdrey, making them the second father and son to both captain England after George and Frank Mann.

Jump up ^ The 1970 South Africa tour to England was called off and a Rest of the World XI was arranged to play a 5 match series to replace it. The games were originally was regarded as Test matches, but were later stripped of Test status. The Rest of the World XI won the series 4–1, with Illingworth captaining England in each match.

Jump up ^ The third Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia in 1970/1 was abandoned without a ball being bowled and is excluded from these statistics. This is in line with the approach adopted by Wisden and most statisticians, although the match has been recognised as an official Test match by the Australian Board of Control.

tag: ol

text: Men's ODI captains[edit]

text: This is a complete list of every man who has captained England in at least one One Day International (up to the end of the ODI series against India in July 2018).

text: Nine men (Alan Knott, Norman Gifford, Adam Hollioake, Graham Thorpe, Paul Collingwood,  Eoin Morgan, Stuart Broad, James Taylor and Jos Buttler) have captained the England ODI side without ever captaining the Test team.

text:
English ODI captains[2]

Number

Name

Period of captaincy

Played

Won

Tied

Lost

No result

1
Ray Illingworth
1971–1973
3
1
0
1
1

2
Brian Close
1972
3
2
0
1
0

3
Mike Denness
1973–1975
12
7
0
4
1

4
John Edrich
1975
1
0
0
0
1

5
Alan Knott
1976
1
0
0
1
0

6
Tony Greig
1976
2
0
0
2
0

7
Mike Brearley
1977–1980
25
15
0
9
1

8
Geoffrey Boycott
1977–1978
2
2
0
0
0

9
Bob Willis
1978–1984
29
16
0
13
0

10
Ian Botham
1980–1981
9
4
0
5
0

11
Keith Fletcher
1981–1982
5
2
0
3
0

12
David Gower
1984–1989
24
10
1
13
0

13
Norman Gifford
1985
2
0
0
2
0

14
Mike Gatting
1986–1988
37
26
0
11
0

15
John Emburey
1987
4
2
0
2
0

16
Graham Gooch
1988–1993
50
24
0
23
3

17
Allan Lamb
1990
4
1
0
3
0

18
Alec Stewart
1992–2003
41
15
0
25
1

19
Mike Atherton
1994–1997
43
20
1
21
1

20
Nasser Hussain
1997–2003
56
28
0
27
1

21
Adam Hollioake
1997–1999
14
6
0
8
0

22
Graham Thorpe
2001
3
0
0
3
0

23
Marcus Trescothick
2001–2005
10
5
0
5
0

24
Michael Vaughan
2003–2007
60
32
2
22
4

25
Andrew Flintoff
2006–2007
14
4
0
10
0

26
Andrew Strauss
2006–2011
62
27
1
33
1

27
Paul Collingwood
2007–2009
25
11
1
12
1

28
Kevin Pietersen
2008
12
4
0
6
2

29
Alastair Cook
2010–2014
69
36
1
30
2

30
Eoin Morgan
2011–present
86
52
1
30
3

31
Stuart Broad
2014
3
2
0
1
0

32
James Taylor
2015
1
0
0
0
1

33
Jos Buttler
2016–2018
4
3
0
1
0

Grand total
716
357
8
324
24

text: Men's Twenty20 International captains[edit]

text: England played their first Twenty20 International in June 2005. Eoin Morgan holds the record for the most games as captain of the England T20I team, with 33. The most successful captain has been Paul Collingwood, who won 17 of his 30 games as captain, including the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 – England's only major limited overs trophy to date. The table is complete up to the end of the series against India in July 2018.

text:
English Twenty20 International captains[3]

No.

Name

Period

Played

Won

Tied

Lost

NR

1
Michael Vaughan
2005–2007
2
1
0
1
0

2
Andrew Strauss
2006–2009
3
0
0
3
0

3
Paul Collingwood
2007–2010
30
17
0
11
2

4
Alastair Cook
2009
1
0
0
1
0

5
Stuart Broad
2011–2014
27
11
0
15
1

6
Graeme Swann
2011
3
2
0
1
0

7
Eoin Morgan
2012–present
33
17
0
16
0

8
James Tredwell
2013
1
0
0
0
1

9
Jos Buttler
2015–2018
4
2
2
0
0

Grand total
104
50
0
50
4

text: Win totals include one game which finished with scores level, but England won the Super-over decider.

text: Other men's captains[edit]

text: England v Rest of the World, 1970[edit]

text: In 1970, the proposed South African tour of England was aborted. To replace the tour, a series of five games was played between a "Rest of the World" XI and the England Test team. At the time, these matches were thought of as Test matches. However, later they were stripped of Test status. England's captain in all five games was Ray Illingworth, who won one game, and lost the other four.

text:
English Rebel Test match captains

Number

Name

Year

Opposition

Location

Played

Won

Lost

Drawn

1
Ray Illingworth
1970
Rest of the World
England
5
1
4
0

Grand total
5
1
4
0

text: Rebel tours to South Africa[edit]

text: South Africa was banned from world cricket in the 1970s and 1980s because of the apartheid regime then operating in that country. In the 1980s, South Africa paid a number of leading cricketers to visit on private tours.[4] The visitors were identified by country, and they played matches that were called "Test matches" in South Africa. These games, however, have no official status.[5]

text:
English Rebel Test match captains

Number

Name

Year

Opposition

Location

Played

Won

Lost

Drawn

1
Graham Gooch
1981/2
South Africa
South Africa
3
0
1
2

2
Mike Gatting
1989/90
South Africa
South Africa
1
0
1
0

Grand total
4
0
2
2

text: They also played a number of One Day Internationals. Again, these do not have any official status.

text:
English Rebel ODI captains

Number

Name

Period of captaincy

Played

Won

Tied

Lost

No result

1
Graham Gooch
1981/2
3
0
0
3
0

2
Mike Gatting
1989/90
4
1
0
3
0

Grand total
7
1
0
6
0

text: Youth cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the English U-19 cricket team for at least one under-19 Test match. The table of results is complete to September 2014. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player was captain for a minor proportion in a series.

text:
English Under-19 Test match captains

Number

Name

Year

Opposition

Location

Played

Won

Lost

Drawn

1
Nigel Briers
1974
West Indies
England
3
0
1
2

2
Chris Cowdrey
1976
West Indies
England
1
1
0
0

3
Kevin Sharp
1978
West Indies
England
3
1
0
2

4
Nigel Felton
1978/9
Australia
Australia
2
0
0
2

5

Tim Boon

1979/80
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
2
1

1981
India
India
3
0
0
3

Total
6
0
2
4

6
Laurie Potter
1982
West Indies
England
3
0
2
1

7
Hugh Morris
1983
Australia
England
3
1
2
0

8
Neil Lenham
1984/5
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
2
1

9
Mike Roseberry
1986
Sri Lanka
England
3
1
0
2

10
Trevor Ward
1986/7†
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
0
1

11
Mike Atherton
1986/7
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

12
Mark Ramprakash
1989
New Zealand
England
2
0
1
1

13
Nick Knight
1989†
New Zealand
England
1
0
0
1

14

Wayne Noon

1989/90
Australia
Australia
3
0
1
2

1990
Pakistan
England
3
1
0
2

Total
6
1
1
4

15

John Crawley

1990/1
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
0
2
1

1991
Australia
England
3
1
1
1

Total
6
1
3
2

16

Phil Weston

1991/2
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
1
1
1

1992
Sri Lanka
England
3
1
0
2

Total
6
2
1
3

17

Matthew Walker

1992/3
India
India
3
1
1
1

1993
West Indies
England
3
1
0
2

Total
6
2
1
3

18

Michael Vaughan

1993/4
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
3
0
1
2

1994
India
England
3
0
1
2

Total
6
0
2
4

19

Marcus Trescothick

1994/5
West Indies
West Indies
3
0
1
2

1995
South Africa
England
3
2
0
1

Total
6
2
1
3

20

Alex Morris

1995/6
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
3
2
0
1

1996†
New Zealand
England
1
0
0
1

Total
4
2
0
2

21
Gareth Batty
1996
New Zealand
England
2
0
1
1

22

Andrew Flintoff

1996/7
Pakistan
Pakistan
3
1
0
2

1997
Zimbabwe
England
2
1
0
1

Total
5
2
0
3

23
Zac Morris
1997†
Zimbabwe
England
1
1
0
0

24
Paul Franks
1997/8
South Africa
South Africa
1
0
0
1

25

Owais Shah

1997/8†
South Africa
South Africa
1
0
0
1

1998
Pakistan
England
3
2
1
0

Total
4
2
1
1

26

Michael Gough

1998/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
1
1

1999
Australia
England
3
1
1
1

Total
6
2
2
2

27

Ian Bell

2000
Sri Lanka
England
2
1
1
0

2000/1
India
India
3
0
1
2

2001
West Indies
England
1
0
0
1

Total
6
1
2
3

28
Mark Wallace
2000†
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
1
0
1
0

29
Nicky Peng
2001†
West Indies
England
1
0
1
0

30

Joe Sayers

2001†
West Indies
England
1
0
0
1

2003†
South Africa
England
1
0
1
0

Total
2
0
1
1

31
Paul McMahon
2002
India
England
3
1
0
2

32

Bilal Shafayat

2002/3
Australia
Australia
3
1
2
0

2003
South Africa
England
2
0
1
1

Total
5
1
3
1

33

James Rothwell

2002/3
Australia
Australia
1
1
0
0

2003
South Africa
England
2
1

1

Total
3
2
0
1

34
Alastair Cook
2004
Bangladesh
England
3
2
0
1

35
Steven Davies
2004/5
India
India
3
0
3
0

35

Varun Chopra

2005
Sri Lanka
England
3
3
0
0

2006
India
England
3
0
1
2

Total
6
3
1
2

36
Ben Wright
2007
Pakistan
England
1
1
0
0

37
Rory Hamilton-Brown
2007
Pakistan
England
1
0
1
0

38
Tom Westley
2008
New Zealand
England
2
1
0
1

39
Hamza Riazuddin
2009
Bangladesh
England
2
1
0
1

40

Azeem Rafiq

2009/10
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1
0
1
0

2010
Sri Lanka
England
1
0
1
0

Total
2
0
2
0

41
Paul Best
2010†
Sri Lanka
England
1
1
0
0

42
Lewis Gregory
2011
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
2
0
0
2

43
Olly Stone
2013
South Africa
South Africa
2
1
1
0

44
Will Rhodes
2014
South Africa
South Africa
2
0
0
2

Grand total
137
34
39
64

text: Youth One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the English U-19 cricket team for at least one Under-19 One Day International. The table of results is complete to the end of the home series against South Africa in 2014.

text:
English Under-19 ODI captains

Number

Name

Year

Played

Won

Tied

Lost

No result

1
Chris Cowdrey
1976
1
1
0
0
0

2
Kevin Sharp
1977–1978
3
2
0
1
0

3
Nigel Felton
1978/9
1
0
0
1
0

4
Tim Boon
1981
1
1
0
0
0

5
Laurie Potter
1982
2
2
0
0
0

6
Hugh Morris
1983
2
1
0
1
0

7
Neil Lenham
1984/5
3
1
0
2
0

8
Mike Roseberry
1986
2
0
0
2
0

9
Mike Atherton
1986/7–1987/8
11
5
0
6
0

10
Mark Ramprakash
1989
3
3
0
0
0

11
Wayne Noon
1989/90–1990
4
1
0
3
0

12
John Crawley
1990/1–1991
4
0
0
4
0

13
Phil Weston
1991/2
3
0
0
3
0

14
Matthew Walker
1992/3–1993
5
2
0
3
0

15
Michael Vaughan
1993/4–1994
5
3
0
2
0

16
Marcus Trescothick
1994/5–1995
5
4
0
1
0

17
Alex Morris
1995/6
1
1
0
0
0

18
Owais Shah
1996–1998
14
7
0
6
1

19
Andrew Flintoff
1996/7–1997
3
3
0
0
0

20
Michael Gough
1998/9–1999
6
2
0
4
0

21
Alex Loudon
1999/2000
6
3
0
3
0

22
Ian Bell
2000–2001
9
5
0
4
0

23
Nicky Peng
2001/2
6
2
0
4
0

24
Paul McMahon
2002
3
0
0
3
0

25
Bilal Shafayat
2002/3
3
0
0
3
0

26
Samit Patel
2002/3–2003
4
1
0
2
1

27
Alastair Cook
2003/4–2004
8
6
0
2
0

28
Steven Davies
2004/5
5
1
0
4
0

29
Varun Chopra
2005–2005/6, 2006
12
2
0
9
1

30
Moeen Ali
2005/6
5
3
0
2
0

31
Greg Wood
2006/7
11
5
0
6
0

32
Rory Hamilton-Brown
2007
5
1
0
3
1

33
Alex Wakely
2007/8
8
3
0
5
0

34
Tom Westley
2007/8–2008
7
2
1
1
3

35
Liam Dawson
2008/9
5
2
0
3
0

36
Azeem Rafiq
2009-2009/10
14
4
0
9
1

37
Paul Best
2009/10-2010
8
4
0
3
1

38
Lewis Gregory
2010/11
3
0
0
2
1

39
Adam Ball
2011/12
27
13
0
13
1

40
Ben Duckett
2013
11
2
0
9
0

41
Jonathan Tattersall
2013
1
0
1
0
0

42
Lewis McManus
2013
1
0
1
0
0

43
Will Rhodes
2013/14
14
9
0
5
0

Grand total
255
105
1
138
11

text: Women's cricket[edit]

text: Test match captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the English women's cricket team for at least one women's Test match. The table of results is complete to the away Test against Australia  in November 2017. Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which she captained at least one Test, that denotes that player was captain for a minor proportion in a series.

text:
English women's Test match captains[6]

Number

Name

Year

Opposition

Location

Played

Won

Lost

Drawn

1

Betty Archdale

1934/5
Australia
Australia
3
2
0
1

1934/5
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

Total
4
3
0
1

2

Molly Hide

1937
Australia
England
3
1
1
1

1948/9
Australia
Australia
3
0
1
2

1948/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
1
1
0
0

1951†
Australia
England
1
1
0
0

1954
New Zealand
England
3
1
0
2

Total
11
4
2
5

3
Myrtle Maclagan
1951
Australia
England
2
0
1
1

4

Mary Duggan

1957/8
New Zealand
New Zealand
2
0
0
2

1957/8
Australia
Australia
2
0
0
2

1963
Australia
England
3
1
0
2

Total
7
1
0
6

5
Cecilia Robinson
1957/8†
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

6
Helen Sharpe
1960/1
South Africa
South Africa
4
1
0
3

7

Rachael Heyhoe-Flint

1966
New Zealand
England
3
0
0
3

1968/9
Australia
Australia
3
0
0
3

1968/9
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
2
0
1

1976
Australia
England
3
0
0
3

Total
12
2
0
10

8
Susan Goatman
1979
West Indies
England
3
2
0
1

9

Jan Southgate

1984
New Zealand
England
3
0
0
3

1984/5
Australia
Australia
5
1
2
2

Total
8
1
2
5

10

Carole Hodges

1986
India
England
3
0
0
3

1987
Australia
England
3
0
1
2

Total
6
0
1
5

11

Helen Plimmer

1991/2
New Zealand
New Zealand
3
1
0
2

1991/2
Australia
Australia
1
0
1
0

Total
4
1
1
2

12

Karen Smithies

1995/6
India
India
3
1
0
2

1996
New Zealand
England
3
0
0
3

1998
Australia
England
3
0
0
3

1999
India
England
1
0
0
1

Total
10
1
0
9

13

Clare Connor

2001
Australia
England
2
0
2
0

2001/2
India
India
1
0
0
1

2002
India
England
1
0
0
1

2002/3
Australia
Australia
2
0
1
1

2003
South Africa
England
2
1
0
1

2004
New Zealand
England
1
0
0
1

2005
Australia
England
2
1
0
1

Total
11
2
3
6

14

Charlotte Edwards

2005/6
India
India
1
0
0
1

2006
India
England
2
0
1
1

2007/8
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

2009
Australia
England
1
1
0
0

2010/1
Australia
Australia
1
1
0
0

2013
Australia
England
1
0
0
1

2013/4
Australia
Australia
1
1
0
0

2014
India
England
1
0
1
0

2015
Australia
England
1
0
1
0

Total
10
2
4
4

15

Heather Knight

2017/18
Australia
Australia
1
0
0
1

Grand total
94
20
14
60

text: Women's One-Day International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the English women's cricket team for at least one women's one-day international. The table of results is complete to the ODI series against New Zealand in July 2018.

text:
English women's ODI captains[7]

Number

Name

Year

Played

Won

Tied

Lost

No result

1
Rachael Heyhoe-Flint
1973–1976
9
7
0
2
0

2
Mary Pilling
1977/8
3
2
0
1
0

3
Susan Goatman
1979–1981/2
15
8
2
5
0

4
Jan Southgate
1984–1984/5
6
3
0
3
0

5
Carole Hodges
1986–1987
5
4
0
1
0

6
Jane Powell
1988/9–1990
16
13
0
3
0

7
Karen Smithies
1990–1999/2000
45
23
0
21
1

8
Helen Plimmer
1991–1991/2
8
5
0
2
1

9
Ella Donnison
1999
3
3
0
0
0

10
Clare Connor
2000–05
66
26
0
39
1

11
Arran Brindle
2001
3
2
0
1
0

12
Charlotte Edwards
2005–2016
117
72
0
38
7

13
Nicki Shaw
2007-10
4
3
0
1
0

14
Heather Knight
2016–present
31
23
0
8
0

15
Danielle Hazell
2016
1
1
0
0
0

16
Anya Shrubsole
2018
1
0
1
0
0

Grand total
333
195
2
126
10

text: Women's Twenty20 International captains[edit]

text: This is a list of cricketers who have captained the English women's cricket team for at least one women's Twenty20 International. The table of results is complete as of 1 July 2018.

text:
English women's Twenty20 International captains[8]

Number

Name

Year

Played

Won

Tied

Lost

No result

1
Clare Connor
2004–2005
2
0
0
2
0

2
Charlotte Edwards
2006–2016
93
68
1
23
1

3
Nicki Shaw
2007
1
0
0
1
0

4
Jenny Gunn
2010-2013
3
2
1
0
0

5
Heather Knight
2016–present
15
11
0
4
0

6
Danielle Hazell
2018
1
0
0
1
0

Grand total
115
81
2
31
1


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: record for most goals scored in a premier league season

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3
Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]
Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

tag: ul

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[4]
Most home points in a season: 55, joint record:[5]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)[7]
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[8]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[9]
Most points in a season while being relegated:
42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[10]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[10]
Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[11]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in total: 629, Manchester United[12]
Most wins in a season (38 games): 32, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[13]
Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[7]
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)
Most away wins in a season (19 games): 16, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[7][14][15]
Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)
Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[16][2]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[17]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[18][16]
Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)
Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[19]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Most defeats in total: 351, Everton[20]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[21]
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[22]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:
Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[23][24][25]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)[26][27][28]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[28][29][30][31][32]
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18)[33]
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)
Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[27][34]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[35]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[36]
Most defeats in a season (42 games or 38 games): 29, joint record:
Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)[37]
Most home defeats in a season (19 games): 14, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[38]
Most away defeats in a season (19 games): 17, Burnley (2009–10)[39]
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[40]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in total: 287, Everton[20]
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:
Manchester City (1993–94)[41]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:
Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)[41]
Sunderland (2014–15)[41]
Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:
Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[41]
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)[41]
Manchester United (2016–17)[41]
Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98, 2016–17)[41]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:
Manchester City (2008–09)[41]
Manchester United (2012–13)[41]
Chelsea (2016–17)[41]
Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:
Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96, 2014–15)[41]
Barnsley (1997–98)[41]
Chelsea (1997–98)[41]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[41]
Everton (2000–01)[41]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[41]
Portsmouth (2005–06, 2007–08)[41]
Burnley (2009–10)[41]
Liverpool (2011–12)[41]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[41]
Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:
Norwich City (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Manchester City (2009–10)[41]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[42]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[43]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Worst goal difference in a season: –69, Derby County (2007–08)[46]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[47]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[48]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[49]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43
Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[49]
Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[49]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[49]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8
Middlesbrough (1995–96)[49]
Southampton (1998–99)[49]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[49]
Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[49]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[49]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[50]
Most goals scored in total: 1,924, Manchester United[20]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,267, Tottenham Hotspur[20]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[51]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[52][53]
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)[54]
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)[54]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)[55]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[56]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[57]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[58]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[59]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[60]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[61]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[62]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[63]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[64]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[65]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[66]

text:
Rank

Name

Goals

Games

Goals per game

Playing position

First goal

Last goal

1

 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2

 Wayne Rooney
208
491
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3

 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4

 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5

 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6

 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7

 Jermain Defoe
162
492
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8

 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9

 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10

 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 32, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[69]
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 24, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[70]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[71]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:
20-team league:[69]
Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)
22-team league:[citation needed]
Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)
Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[72]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[73]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[74]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[75]
Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[76]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[77]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[78]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[79]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[80]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[66]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[83]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[84]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[85]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:
Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[86]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[87]
Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[88]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[89]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists (career)

Rank
Player
Assists

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 James Milner
78

9
 Teddy Sheringham
76

10
 David Silva
75

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[91]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[92]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[93]
Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton  v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[94]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets (career)

Rank
Player
Clean  sheets

1
 Petr Čech
201

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[95]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[96]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):
Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[97]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[98]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[99]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[100]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[101]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[55]
Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne
Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[67]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[102]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[103]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[104]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[105]

text:
Player

Date

Team

Age

Opposition

1

James Vaughan

10 April 2005

Everton

16 years, 270 days

Crystal Palace

2

James Milner

26 December 2002

Leeds United

16 years, 346 days

Sunderland

3

Wayne Rooney

19 October 2002

Everton

16 years, 351 days

Arsenal

4

Cesc Fàbregas

25 August 2004

Arsenal

17 years, 114 days

Blackburn Rovers

5

Michael Owen

6 May 1997

Liverpool

17 years, 144 days

Wimbledon

6

Andy Turner

5 September 1992

Tottenham

17 years, 166 days

Everton

7

Federico Macheda

5 April 2009

Manchester United

17 years, 226 days

Aston Villa

8

Raheem Sterling

20 October 2012

Liverpool

17 years, 317 days

Reading

9

Mikael Forssell

20 February 1999

Chelsea

17 years, 342 days

Nottingham Forest

10

Danny Cadamarteri

20 September 1997

Everton

17 years, 344 days

Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[106]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[106]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)
Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[107]
Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season
Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3
Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[108]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[109]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[110]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[111]
Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[112]
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[113]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[114]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:
Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[116]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[117]
Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:
Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[118]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[119]
Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:
Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[120]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[121]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[122]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[123]

text:
Pos.

Club

Seasons

Pld

Win

Draw

Loss

GF

GA

GD

Pts

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

Relegated

AvgPts

BestPos.

1
Manchester United

26
1000
629
215
156
1924
875
1049
2102
13
6
3
1

80.85
1

2
Arsenal

26
1000
544
253
203
1772
962
810
1885
3
6
5
7

72.50
1

3
Chelsea

26
1000
537
248
215
1707
963
744
1859
5
4
4
2

71.50
1

4
Liverpool

26
1000
499
255
246
1685
1024
661
1752

3
5
7

67.38
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur

26
1000
423
255
322
1480
1267
213
1524

1
2
2

58.62
2

6
Everton

26
1000
362
287
351
1303
1265
38
1373

1

52.81
4

7
Manchester City

21
810
359
194
257
1279
952
327
1271
3
2
2
1
2
60.52
1

8
Newcastle United

23
882
334
225
323
1207
1187
20
1227

2
2
1
2
53.35
2

9
Aston Villa

24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

10
West Ham United

22
844
275
221
348
1012
1214
−202
1046

2
47.55
5

11
Blackburn Rovers

18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton

19
734
229
202
303
892
1022
−130
889

1
46.79
6

13
Leeds United

12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough

15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[124]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland

16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham

13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers

13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City

12
460
142
129
189
572
670
−98
555
1

3
46.25
1

19
West Bromwich Albion

12
456
112
128
216
475
696
−221
464

4
38.67
8

20
Stoke City

10
380
116
109
155
398
525
−127
457

1
45.70
9

21
Coventry City

9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday

8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon

8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Crystal Palace

9
350
97
89
164
374
511
−137
380

4
42.22
10

25
Charlton Athletic

8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

26
Norwich City

8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

27
Wigan Athletic

8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Swansea City

7
266
82
66
118
306
383
−77
312

1
44.57
8

29
Queens Park Rangers

7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

30
Birmingham City

7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

31
Portsmouth

7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[125]

1
41.86
8

32
Derby County

7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.14
8

33
Nottingham Forest

5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town

5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Watford

5
190
45
43
102
188
318
−130
178

2
35.60
13

36
Hull City

5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

37
Burnley

4
152
40
37
75
145
229
−84
157

2
39.25
7

38
Wolverhampton Wanderers

4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

39
Sheffield United

3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

40
Bournemouth

3
114
34
30
50
145
195
−50
132

44.00
9

41
Reading

3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

42
Oldham Athletic

2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

43
Bradford City

2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Brighton & Hove Albion

1
38
9
13
16
34
54
–20
40

40.00
15

45
Blackpool

1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

46
Huddersfield Town

1
38
9
10
19
28
58
–30
37

37.00
16

47
Barnsley

1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

48
Cardiff City

1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

49
Swindon Town

1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

text: League or status at 2018–19:

text:
2018–19 Premier League teams

2018–19 EFL Championship teams

2018–19 EFL League One teams

2018–19 EFL League Two teams

Defunct teams

text: By a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[126][127]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[128]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[129]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018)[130]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006) (8 games)[131]


document_title: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

question_text: who played the role of arjun in mahabharat

text: Arjun (Firoz Khan)

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Arjun (Firoz Khan)
Arjun (Firoz Khan)Born
MumbaiResidence
IndiaOccupation
ActorYears active
1985–present

text: Arjun (Hindi: अर्जुन) (born Firoz Khan) is an Indian actor, best known for playing the hero character of Arjuna in B. R. Chopra's television serialisation of the ancient Indian epic work, the Mahabharata. His success in that production, and the precaution of not to get confused with a more famous actor of the same name, caused him to change his name to that of the character he portrayed.[1] He has also acted in a number of Hindi language movies.

text: He is an alumnus of Smt. MMK College of Commerce and Economics.[2]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Other notes

1984

Manzil Manzil

Rupesh

1985

Zabardast

Bikram Singh

1986

Swati

Manohar Joshi

1986

Mazloom

Rajan Vijay Singh

1987

Swayam Krushi

Chinna

Telugu Movie

1988

Kanwarlal

Jaggan Singh

1988

Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak

Ratan Singh

Guest Role

1988

Khatron Ke Khiladi

Arjun Singh

1988

Jungle Ki Beti

1988

Mahabharat

Arjun

TV Series (Notable Role) 1988 - 1990

1989

Ajeeb Itefaq

Singer

Guest Role

1990

Sher Dil

Rapist

1991

Naya Zaher

Inspector Vikram

1992

Kal Ki Awaz

DSP Singh

1992

Jigar

Duryodhan

1992

Tirangaa

Rasik Nath Gundaswamy

1993

Aadmi

Trikaal's Goon

1993

Phool Aur Angaar

Kaalicharan

1994

Mr. Azaad

Hiravat Mishra's Son

1994

Brahma

Sunder

1994

Aa Gale Lag Jaa

Sikander Khanna

1995

Kalyug Ke Avtaar

Vicky

1995

Karan Arjun

Naahar Singh

1996

Hum Hain Khalnayak

Film Producer (Role)

1996

Saajan Chale Sasural

Thakur's Son

1996

Rangbaaz

Goga

1996

Hello Daddy

Ji Jo

1997

Mohabbat

Goon

1997

Do Ankhen Barah Hath

Police Inspector

1997

Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat

Police Inspector Feroz Khan

Guest Role

1997

Vishwavidhaata

Goon

1997

Yug

Peter Gomes 'The Killer'

1997

Betaal Pachisi

1998

Barood

Singhal's Man

1998

Mehndi

Billoo (Eunuch/Hijra)

1998

Mafia Raaj

Jacky Jackal

1999

Maa Kasam

Inspector Gashal

2000

Dada

Goon

2000

Jwalamukhi

Nagarjuna

2001

Arjun Devaa

Jahangir Khan

2001

Rishtey

2001

Jodi No.1

Monty

2005

Chand Sa Roshan Chehra

2006

Yeh Raat

Yograj

2013

Yamla Pagla Deewana 2

Sikh Inspector in London

2016

I Don't Watch TV

Himself


document_title: There Will Be Blood (soundtrack)

question_text: who did the music for there will be blood

text: There Will Be Blood (soundtrack)

text:
There Will Be Blood
Soundtrack album by Jonny GreenwoodReleased
December 17, 2007Genre
Contemporary classical, avant-gardeLength
33:15Label
NonesuchProducer
Graeme StewartJonny Greenwood chronology

Bodysong(2003)

There Will Be Blood(2007)

The Master(2012)

text: There Will Be Blood is the soundtrack to the 2007 film There Will Be Blood and features an original orchestral score by Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood. The soundtrack was released on December 17, 2007 in the United Kingdom and on December 18, 2007 in the United States.

text: Although widely admired and thought of as a contender for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 2008 Academy Awards, it was ruled ineligible due to its use of pre-existing material. The score features elements from Greenwood's compositions 'Popcorn Superhet Receiver' and Bodysong (such as the track "Convergence", played atop the title track during the derrick fire sequence) and works from Arvo Pärt and Johannes Brahms.[1]

text: In December 2008, Greenwood's score was nominated for a Grammy in the category of "Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media" for the 51st Grammy Awards.[2]

text: Nonesuch Records offers a digital download of three bonus tracks upon the purchase of the soundtrack from its web site.[3]

text: Greenwood's wife, Israeli-born Sharona Katan, (credited as Shin Katan) is a visual artist whose work appears on the cover as well as the booklet. The Images were made with liquid photographic emulsion and oil paint, using the original anamorphic camera negatives from the film.

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[4]The A.V. ClubA-[5]Pitchfork8.1/10[6]Film Music MagazineA[7]PopMatters[8]Movie Music UK [9]Drowned In Sound7/10[10]musicOMH[11]Sputnikmusic4.5/5[12]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Jonny Greenwood. "Henry Plainview" and "Proven Lands" feature excerpts from "Popcorn Superhet Receiver" by Greenwood.

text: No.TitleLength1."Open Spaces"3:552."Future Markets"2:413."Prospectors Arrive"4:344."Eat Him by His Own Light"2:415."Henry Plainview"4:146."There Will Be Blood"2:057."Oil"3:068."Proven Lands"1:519."HW / Hope of New Fields"2:3010."Stranded the Line"2:2111."Prospectors Quartet"2:57

text: Bonus TracksNo.TitleLength12."HW / Hope of New Fields (Orchestral Version)"2:3213."Prospectors Quartet (Orchestral Version)"2:5614."De-Tuned Quartet"4:3215."Convergence (Jonny Greenwood)"4:26


document_title: Optic nerve

question_text: where does the optic nerve enter the eye

text: Optic nerve

text: Structure[edit]

text: The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain–Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.

text: The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex.

text: The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers,[3] which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.

text: The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species.[4] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.[1]

text: Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe) with fibers from the retina; 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit). 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).[2]

text: From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus[citation needed].

text: Function[edit]

text: The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision).[1]

text: The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.[1]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is diagnostically important. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general:

text:
Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage.
Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia). It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma. (see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia)

text: Damage to the optic tract, which is behind (posterior) to the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage (so if the left optic tract is cut, there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field).

text: Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, toxicity, inflammation, ischemia, infection (very rarely), or compression from tumors or aneurysms. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma, optic neuritis (especially in those younger than 50 years of age), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (usually in those older than 50).

text: Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve, it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve.

text: Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.

text: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head. There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.

text: Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye.

text: Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly, cerebral aneurysms (swelling of blood vessels) can also affect the nerve.

text: Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve [1]

text: Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve.

text: The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.

text: Regeneration[edit]

text: Similar to other CNS tracts, the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury. However, some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential.[5]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.

The ophthalmic artery and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)

Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.

Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.

Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.

Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.

Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.

The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.

Structures of the eye labeled

This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye

Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.

Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Human brain dura mater (reflections)

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Optic nerve

Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection

Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.


document_title: Bye, Felicia

question_text: where did the term goodbye felicia come from

text: Bye, Felicia

text: The phrase "Bye, Felicia" (actually spelled "Felisha" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, "Bye, Felicia" is "the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face'," and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The saying gained popularity and continues to be used, even by people who have never seen the film. In 2009, it entered the lexicon of RuPaul's Drag Race, an American reality competition television series. However, People said "even that wouldn't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday, Drag Race or both."[1] Furthermore, the magazine said of the phrase, "So when your square friend uses it, take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they're referencing a stoner comedy – or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy – even if they have no idea."[1]

text: In 2014, VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia, and American R&B-pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled #ByeFelicia.[1][2] According to Google Trends, the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015.[1]

text: On December 14, 2017, Robin Roberts, a host of ABC TV’s Good Morning America, used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman's departure from the Trump administration staff.[3]