document_title: 1936 NFL Draft

question_text: who was the first person ever drafted in the nfl

text: 1936 NFL Draft

text:
1936 NFL Draft

General Information

Date(s)
February 8, 1936

Location
Ritz-Carlton Hotel
in Philadelphia, PA

Overview

81 total selections  in 9 rounds

First selection
Jay Berwanger, HB
Philadelphia Eagles

Last selection
Phil Flanagan, G
New York Giants

Most selections (9)
each team selected nine players

Fewest selections (9)
each team selected nine players

Hall of Famers
4

NFL Drafts
1937 →

text: The 1936 National Football League Draft was the first draft of the National Football League (NFL). It took place on February 8, 1936, at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[1][2][3] The draft was instituted in an effort to equalize strength amongst the league's teams. The last place team from the previous season would get the first selection, and the process would continue in reverse order of the standings. Under this structure the Philadelphia Eagles, who finished 1935 at 2–9, would select first.[4]

text: This was the only draft to have nine rounds; the number increased to ten for the 1937 draft. The first player ever drafted, Jay Berwanger, who had previously been awarded the initial Heisman Trophy, never played in the NFL. His rights were traded by the Philadelphia Eagles to the Chicago Bears, as the Eagles felt they would be unable to meet Berwanger's reported demand of $1000 per game.[4] The Eagles received tackle Art Buss from the Bears in exchange for Berwanger's rights.[5] George Halas was unable to convince Berwanger to sign with the Bears. Riley Smith, the second pick, was the first player drafted to play in the NFL.

text: Breakdown of players selected[edit]

text: The following is the breakdown of the 81 players selected:

text:
28 Backs
15 Ends
14 Tackles

12 Guards
6 Centers
4 Fullbacks

2 Blocking backs
1 Tailback
1 Wingback

text: Player selections[edit]

text:
Jump to round: 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9

†
= Pro Bowler[6]

‡
= Hall of Famer[7]

Positions key

B
Back

BB
Blocking back

C
Center

E
End
FB
Fullback
G
Guard

T
Tackle
TB
Tailback
WB
Wingback

text:
Rnd.
Pick #
NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes

1
1
Philadelphia Eagles
Berwanger, JayJay Berwanger
HB
Chicago

First winner of the Heisman Trophy award in 1935[8]

1
2
Boston Redskins
Smith, RileyRiley Smith
QB
Alabama
SEC

1
3
Pittsburgh Pirates
Shakespeare, BillBill Shakespeare
B
Notre Dame
Ind.

1
4
Brooklyn Dodgers
Crayne, DickDick Crayne
FB
Iowa
Big Ten

1
5
Chicago Cardinals
Lawrence, JimJim Lawrence †
WB
Texas Christian
SWC

1
6
Chicago Bears
Stydahar, JoeJoe Stydahar†
T
West Virginia
Ind.

1
7
Green Bay Packers
Letlow, RussRuss Letlow †
G
San Francisco (CA)
Ind. (Div. II)

1
8
Detroit Lions
Wagner, SidSid Wagner
G
Michigan State
Ind.

1
9
New York Giants
Lewis, Art "Pappy"Art "Pappy" Lewis
T
Ohio
Buckeye

2
10
Philadelphia Eagles
McCauley, JohnJohn McCauley
B
Rice
SWC

2
11
Boston Redskins
Topping, KeithKeith Topping
E
Stanford
PCC

2
12
Pittsburgh Pirates
Barnum, LenLen Barnum
B
West Virginia Wesleyan
WVIAC

2
13
Brooklyn Dodgers
LeVoir, Vernal "Babe"Vernal "Babe" LeVoir
B
Minnesota
Big Ten

2
14
Chicago Bears
Michaels, EdEd Michaels
G
Villanova
Ind.

2
15
Chicago Cardinals
Jones, GomerGomer Jones
C
Ohio State
Big Ten

2
16
Green Bay Packers
Wheeler, J.W. "Dub"J.W. "Dub" Wheeler
T
Oklahoma
MVIAA

2
17
Detroit Lions
Cheshire, ChuckChuck Cheshire
B
UCLA
PCC

2
18
New York Giants
Leemans, Alphonse "Tuffy"Alphonse "Tuffy" Leemans†
FB
George Washington
Ind.

3
19
Philadelphia Eagles
Muller, WesWes Muller
C
Stanford
PCC

3
20
Boston Redskins
Smith, EdEd Smith
BB
NYU
Ind.

3
21
Pittsburgh Pirates
Grayson, BobbyBobby Grayson
B
Stanford
PCC

3
22
Brooklyn Dodgers
Jorgensen, WagnerWagner Jorgensen
C
St. Mary's (CA)
Ind.

3
23
Chicago Cardinals
Erdelatz, EddieEddie Erdelatz
E
St. Mary's (CA)
Ind.

3
24
Chicago Bears
Roscoe, GeorgeGeorge Roscoe
B
Minnesota
Big Ten

3
25
Green Bay Packers
Scherer, BernieBernie Scherer
E
Nebraska
MVIAA

3
26
Detroit Lions
Pilney, AndyAndy Pilney
B
Notre Dame
Ind.

3
27
New York Giants
Loebs, Frank "Butch"Frank "Butch" Loebs
E
Purdue
Big Ten

4
28
Philadelphia Eagles
Wallace, BillBill Wallace
B
Rice
SWC

4
29
Boston Redskins
Tangora, PaulPaul Tangora
G
Northwestern
Big Ten

4
30
Pittsburgh Pirates
Spain, TrumanTruman Spain
T
SMU
SWC

4
31
Brooklyn Dodgers
Bryant, Paul "Bear"Paul "Bear" Bryant
E
Alabama
SEC

4
32
Chicago Bears
Allman, BobBob Allman
E
Michigan State
Ind.

4
33
Chicago Cardinals
Brett, EdEd Brett
E
Washington State University
PCC

4
34
Green Bay Packers
Ward, TheronTheron Ward
B
Idaho
PCC

4
35
Detroit Lions
Beise, SheldonSheldon Beise
B
Minnesota
Big Ten

4
36
New York Giants
Rose, GeneGene Rose
E
Tennessee
SEC

5
37
Philadelphia Eagles
Shuford, HarryHarry Shuford
B
SMU
SWC

5
38
Boston Redskins
Groseclose, WilsonWilson Groseclose
T
Texas Christian
SWC

5
39
Pittsburgh Pirates
Sandefur, DickDick Sandefur
FB
Purdue
Big Ten

5
40
Brooklyn Dodgers
Wilson, BobBob Wilson
TB
SMU
SWC

5
41
Chicago Cardinals
Riordan, StanStan Riordan
E
Oregon
PCC

5
42
Chicago Bears
Oech, VernVern Oech
G
Minnesota
Big Ten

5
43
Green Bay Packers
Lester, DarrellDarrell Lester
C
Texas Christian
SWC

5
44
Detroit Lions
Francis, KavanaughKavanaugh Francis
C
Alabama
SEC

5
45
New York Giants
Jontos, EdEd Jontos
G
Syracuse
Ind.

6
46
Philadelphia Eagles
Barabas, AlAl Barabas
B
Columbia
Ind.

6
47
Boston Redskins
Lutz, LarryLarry Lutz
T
California
PCC

6
48
Pittsburgh Pirates
Orr, MauriceMaurice Orr
T
SMU
SWC

6
49
Brooklyn Dodgers
Maniaci, JoeJoe Maniaci †
B
Fordham
Ind.

6
50
Chicago Bears
Christofferson, TedTed Christofferson
B
Washington State
PCC

6
51
Chicago Cardinals
Antonini, EttoreEttore Antonini
E
Indiana
Big Ten

6
52
Green Bay Packers
Reynolds, BobBob Reynolds
T
Stanford
PCC

6
53
Detroit Lions
Mickal, AbeAbe Mickal
B
LSU
SEC

6
54
New York Giants
Durner, GusGus Durner
T
Duke
SoCon

7
55
Philadelphia Eagles
Weller, JacJac Weller
G
Princeton
Ind.

7
56
Boston Redskins
Irwin, DonDon Irwin
FB
Colgate
Ind.

7
57
Pittsburgh Pirates
Peters, MartyMarty Peters
E
Notre Dame
Ind.

7
58
Brooklyn Dodgers
Schreiber, HerbHerb Schreiber
B
St. Mary's (CA)
Ind.

7
59
Chicago Cardinals
Dennis, TackTack Dennis
B
Tulsa
MVC

7
60
Chicago Bears
Smith, DickDick Smith
T
Minnesota
Big Ten

7
61
Green Bay Packers
Fromhart, WallyWally Fromhart
B
Notre Dame
Ind.

7
62
Detroit Lions
Wasicek, CharlesCharles Wasicek
T
Colgate
Ind.

7
63
New York Giants
Peeples, BobBob Peeples
T
Marquette
Ind.

8
64
Philadelphia Eagles
Constable, PepperPepper Constable
B
Princeton
Ind.

8
65
Boston Redskins
Millner, WayneWayne Millner
E
Notre Dame
Ind.

8
66
Pittsburgh Pirates
Karpowich, EdEd Karpowich
T
Catholic University

8
67
Brooklyn Dodgers
Hamilton, Bob "Bones"Bob "Bones" Hamilton
B
Stanford
PCC

8
68
Chicago Bears
Sylvester, JohnJohn Sylvester
E
Rice
SWC

8
69
Chicago Cardinals
Carter, RossRoss Carter
G
Oregon
PCC

8
70
Green Bay Packers
Cruice, WallyWally Cruice
B
Northwestern
Big Ten

8
71
Detroit Lions
Rennebohm, DaleDale Rennebohm
C
Minnesota
Big Ten

8
72
New York Giants
Heekin, DaleDale Heekin
B
Ohio State
Big Ten

9
73
Philadelphia Eagles
Pauk, PaulPaul Pauk
B
Princeton
Ind.

9
74
Boston Redskins
Saunders, MarcelMarcel Saunders
G
Loyola (CA)
Ind.

9
75
Pittsburgh Pirates
Meglen, JoeJoe Meglen
B
Georgetown
Ind.

9
76
Brooklyn Dodgers
Moscrip, Jim "Monk"Jim "Monk" Moscrip
E
Stanford
PCC

9
77
Chicago Cardinals
Larsen, NielsNiels Larsen
T
Stanford
PCC

9
78
Chicago Bears
Fortmann, DanDan Fortmann†
G
Colgate
Ind.

9
79
Green Bay Packers
Wetsel, J. C.J. C. Wetsel
G
SMU
SWC

9
80
Detroit Lions
Train, Bob "Choo Choo"Bob "Choo Choo" Train
E
Yale
Ind.

9
81
New York Giants
Flanagan, PhilPhil Flanagan
G
Holy Cross
Ind.

text: Hall of Famers[edit]

text: Dan Fortmann, guard from Colgate taken 9th round 78th overall by the Chicago Bears.

text: Joe Stydahar, tackle from West Virginia taken 1st round 6th overall by the Chicago Bears.

text: Wayne Millner, end from Notre Dame taken 8th round 65th overall by the Boston Redskins.

text: Alphonse "Tuffy" Leemans, back from George Washington University taken 2nd Round 18th overall by the New York Giants.

text: Notable undrafted players[edit]

text:
†
= Pro Bowler[6] -->

text:
Original NFL team
Player
Pos.
College
Conf.
Notes

Chicago Bears
Nolting, RayRay Nolting
RB
Cincinnati
Buckeye

Philadelphia Eagles
Smukler, DavidDavid Smukler
FB
Temple
Ind.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Schools with multiple draft selections[edit]

text:
Selections
Schools

7
Stanford

6
Minnesota

5
Notre Dame, SMU

3
Alabama, Colgate, Princeton, Rice, St. Mary's, TCU

2
Michigan State, Northwestern, Ohio State, Oregon, Purdue, Washington State


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh

question_text: who is newly elected chief minister of himachal pradesh

root

text:
Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh
(Himachal Pradesh Mukhya Mantri)

Incumbent
Jai Ram Thakur
since 27 December 2017

Residence
Oakover, Shimla

Appointer
Governor of Himachal Pradesh

Inaugural holder
Yashwant Singh Parmar

Formation
8 March 1952

tag: table

text: The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh is the chief executive of the north Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

tag: p

text: Since 1952, five people have been Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh. Three of these belonged to the Indian National Congress party, including inaugural office-holder Yashwant Singh Parmar. After his first term ended in 1956, Himachal Pradesh was made a union territory, and the office of Chief Minister ceased to exist. In 1963, Parmar once again became Chief Minister, and during his reign, in 1971, Himachal regained full statehood. Until March 2015, when he was surpassed by Virbhadra Singh, Parmar was the state's longest-serving chief minister. Since 1993, the chief ministership has changed hands every five years between Virbhadra Singh of the Congress and Prem Kumar Dhumal of the Bharatiya Janata Party. The current incumbent is Jai Ram Thakur of the Bharatiya Janata Party having been sworn in on 27 December 2017.

text: Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh[edit]

text:
No[a]
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Party[b]
Days in office

1
Yashwant Singh Parmar
MLA for Pachhad

8 March 1952
31 October 1956
Indian National Congress

1699 Days

Office abolished, 1956–63

(1)
Yashwant Singh Parmar
MLA for Renuka

1 July 1963
28 January 1977
Indian National Congress

4961 Days [Total 6660 Days]

2
Thakur Ram Lal
MLA for Jubbal Kotkhai

28 January 1977
30 April 1977
93 Days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)

30 April 1977
22 June 1977
N/A

3
Shanta Kumar
MLA for Sullah
–
22 June 1977
14 February 1980
Janata Party

968 Days

(2)
Thakur Ram Lal [2]
MLA for Jubbal Kotkhai

14 February 1980
7 April 1983
Indian National Congress

1148 Days [Total 1241 Days]

4
Virbhadra Singh
MLA for Jubbal Kotkhai

8 April 1983
8 March 1985
700 Days

8 March 1985
5 March 1990
1824 Days

(3)
Shanta Kumar [2]
MLA for Palampur

5 March 1990
15 December 1992
Bharatiya Janata Party

1017 Days [Total 1985 Days]

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)

15 December 1992
3 December 1993
N/A

(4)
Virbhadra Singh [3]
MLA for Rohru

3 December 1993
23 March 1998
Indian National Congress

1572 Days

5
Prem Kumar Dhumal [1]
MLA for Bamsan

24 March 1998
5 March 2003
Bharatiya Janata Party

1807 Days

(4)
Virbhadra Singh [4]
MLA for Rohru

6 March 2003
30 December 2007
Indian National Congress

1761 Days

(5)
Prem Kumar Dhumal [2]
MLA for Bamsan

30 December 2007
25 December 2012
Bharatiya Janata Party

1817 Days [Total 3624 Days]

(4)
Virbhadra Singh [5]
MLA for Shimla Rural

25 December 2012
27 December 2017
Indian National Congress

1828 Days
[Total 7680 Days]

6
Jai Ram Thakur
MLA for Seraj

27 December 2017
Incumbent
Bharatiya Janata Party

124 Days

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[2]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Himachal Pradesh as well.
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.


document_title: List of Grace and Frankie episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season three of grace and frankie

text: List of Grace and Frankie episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

4
13
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The End"
Tate Taylor
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace Hanson and Frankie Bergstein are brought to dinner by their lawyer husbands, Robert and Sol, under the assumption that the men are going to announce they are retiring, but the women are shocked when their husbands reveal they are actually leaving them, for each other, and want to get married now that same-sex marriage is legal. The men also reveal that they have been having an affair with each other for more than 20 years. The news quickly spreads to their horrified children. Despite their stark personality differences, Grace and Frankie strike up a bond when they both seek escape at the beach house the couples share.

2
2
"The Credit Cards"
Scott Winant
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace and Frankie are adjusting to living with each other, but the discovery that Robert and Sol have cut off their credit cards leaves them fuming. Frankie contemplates moving back to her home, since Sol is living with Robert, but eventually decides to stay with Grace at the beach house so they can continue supporting one another. Grace and Robert's daughter Mallory is caught between her parents when she picks up some things from Robert's for Grace, and later she bumps into Frankie and Sol's son, Coyote, with whom she has a troubled history.

3
3
"The Dinner"
Bryan Gordon
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Robert and Sol host a dinner party for their children, but they object to having to keep it a secret from Grace and Frankie. Meanwhile, the women have decided to take their minds off the impending divorce by returning to work; unfortunately, Grace and Robert's daughter Brianna, who now operates Grace's cosmetics company, refuses to let her return for fear of being overshadowed, and Frankie's attempt to apply for an art teacher position is derailed due to a misunderstanding. Mallory has to come to terms with being in the same room as Coyote but they eventually decide to put their troubles behind them.

4
4
"The Funeral"
Tim Kirkby
Alexa Junge
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

When Robert and Sol's law partner dies, both they and Grace and Frankie attend the funeral, which is the first function in which Robert and Sol have are to be an out and about couple together. Frankie is upset when Grace ditches her to spend time with Lydia, Robert's sister, and later Grace fears that Frankie has overheard her say that she is 'stuck with her.' Robert is surprised to find that he misses Grace almost as much as Sol misses Frankie.

5
5
"The Fall"
Betty Thomas
Billy Finnegan
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Sometime after the funeral, Brianna visits with the intention of having Grace set up an online dating profile, but winds up getting high with Frankie. They convince Grace to take them to get frozen yogurt, where Grace takes a nasty fall and breaks her hip. A series of comical and concerning events follow at the hospital, culminating in Grace's realization of how much Frankie means to her.

6
6
"The Earthquake"
Tristram Shapeero
Jacquelyn Reingold
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

A minor earthquake sets off Frankie's seismophobia, prompting Sol to drop everything to comfort her. Frankie questions how things with Sol started, and it is obvious there are still unresolved feelings between them. Grace goes on an online date but takes a face to one of Frankie's troublesome students when the date goes disastrously wrong. Meanwhile, Coyote attempts to give Mallory a gift, but bumps into Mallory's aggressive husband Mitch, who is far from thrilled to see him.

7
7
"The Spelling Bee"
Tim Kirkby
Julieanne Smolinski
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Frankie and Sol are both excited to watch the national spelling bee, but are disappointed to find that Grace and Robert aren't interested. Grace is saved from a disastrous date by Guy, an old friend of Robert's who is looking to give up his life of adventure. Brianna gets a dog as an escape from her disastrous dating life, but finds herself with the hots for the dog's foster owner.

8
8
"The Sex"
Dennie Gordon
David Budin & Brendan McCarthy
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace is ready to take things to the next level with Guy, but finds herself uncomfortable with the idea of being intimate after years of (not) sleeping with Robert. However, Frankie is on hand with her homemade organic lube. Frankie realizes her friend Jacob is flirting with her. Sol and Robert clear out Brianna's old room but Sol is terrified of Brianna. Bud and Coyote have a brotherly talk.

9
9
"The Invitation"
Matt Shakman
Billy Finnegan
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Frankie is upset when Grace gets an invitation to Sol and Robert's wedding and she doesn't, but soon realizes that she needs to set boundaries with her ex-husband. Robert discovers Grace and Guy are dating and gatecrashes an afternoon golfing. Looking for a new angle for her business, Brianna discovers Frankie's homemade lube and, after making all her colleagues experiment with it, realizes its potential.

10
10
"The Elevator"
Miguel Arteta
Laura Jacqmin
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Frankie, Grace, Sol, Robert and Bud become trapped in an elevator after signing their divorce papers, and remember a pivotal weekend spent at the beach house five years previously. Sol and Robert attempt to tell Grace and Frankie about their affair but are interrupted by the arrival of the kids, including a heavily pregnant Mallory and a Coyote in the height of his drug addiction. As events escalate, Mallory gives birth, Grace decides Brianna should take over her business, and Bud discovers his father's relationship with Robert but decides to keep quiet.

11
11
"The Secrets"
Andrew McCarthy
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Grace is thrown when coming face to face with the student of Frankie's who she kissed during the earthquake, and confides in Frankie, but is upset when Frankie tells Sol, who tells Robert, and then Guy finds out. Sol is furious to discover that Robert slept with another man 10 years ago when they had stopped seeing each other. Brianna gets closer with her co-worker but their date is gatecrashed by Coyote and Bud.

12
12
"The Bachelor Party"
Julie Anne Robinson
Jacquelyn Reingold
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

Coyote and Bud enlist Brianna and Mallory's help with arranging a bachelor party for Robert and Sol but there are differing opinions on what they would like. Things get worse when Robert's conservative old boss arrives. Grace and Frankie hit the town for a "yes night" in an attempt to cheer Frankie up during her Sol purge.

13
13
"The Vows"
Dean Parisot
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris & Alexa Junge
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

It's the week before Robert and Sol's wedding, and Robert is struggling to write vows that match Sol's natural emotive words. Frankie is forced to break her purge from Sol to help him clear out their old house, but old memories reemerge and they end up sleeping with each other. Grace is furious with Sol when she finds out and orders him to tell Robert. She comforts Frankie, who finally recognizes her marriage is over. Meanwhile, Grace realizes she needs to break up with Guy, but runs into unexpected difficulties in doing so. The episode ends with Grace and Frankie walking down the beach together wrapped in a blanket comforting each other and Sol going home, but it's not clear whether he tells Robert.

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

14
1
"The Wish"
Dean Parisot
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Robert is rushed to hospital after having a heart attack, stopping Sol's plans to tell him about his affair with Frankie. With life-threatening surgery looming, Robert convinces Sol to marry him, and Grace and Frankie are forced to help, despite their own guilt about the infidelity. It's not long before the children find out as well. Mallory reveals some big news.

15
2
"The Vitamix"
Rebecca Asher
Alexa Junge
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace and Frankie agree to go to Robert and Sol's house ahead of them coming home, but it brings up bitter memories for both of them. Brianna, Mallory and Bud help Sol deal with Robert's health insurance, while Mallory breaks the news to her father that she is pregnant with twins.

16
3
"The Negotiation"
Trent O'Donnell
Billy Finnegan
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Negotiations between Frankie and Brianna over her Yam lube get tough, while Frankie also reconnects with her former flame Jacob. Grace competes with her rival granny for Mallory's children's affection.

17
4
"The Road Trip"
Arlene Sanford
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Frankie convinces Grace to track down her former flame, Phil, who Grace had an affair with many years earlier. However, the reunion doesn't go well. Sol is racked with guilt as he continues to lie to Robert.

18
5
"The Test"
Andy Ackerman
John Hoffman
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Frankie struggles with trying and failing to pass her driving test. Grace attempts to reconnect with old friends, but realizes that she has moved on from that part of her life now.

19
6
"The Chicken"
Jann Turner
Julie Durk
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Unable to keep his lie any longer, Sol admits to Robert that he slept with Frankie, and the latter furiously throws his new husband out. Grace coaches a young bartender in trying to get her a job at Brianna's business. Frankie is conflicted over Jacob's desire for romance.

20
7
"The Boar"
Michael Showalter
Julieanne Smolinski
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

When Sol turns up at the beach house having been kicked out by Robert, Frankie instead turns to Jacob and opens up about how she feels. Grace is panicked when she gets a message from Phil, despite their bad reunion.

21
8
"The Anchor"
Melanie Mayron
David Budin & Brendan McCarthy
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Frankie takes a furious stand against Brianna and her non-eco-friendly plans for her Yam lube. Phil and Grace go for lunch, but he drops the bombshell that he is still married, though his wife is very ill. Robert continues to reject a despairing Sol.

22
9
"The Goodbyes"
Jason Ensler
Nancy Fichman & Jennifer Hoppe-House
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Coyote's birth mother arrives in town, and a family lunch with Frankie and Sol goes disastrously wrong. Grace is adamant she can't be with a married Phil, but her desire gets the better of her. Robert meets a new friend at the dog park.

23
10
"The Loophole"
Lee Rose
Billy Finnegan
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace and Phil enjoy a passionate night together, but complications arise as his wife goes missing. When Grace is forced to face the woman she has betrayed more than once, it becomes too much for her and she ends things. Sol and Robert square off against each other when they get involved in Frankie and Brianna's lube battle.

24
11
"The Bender"
Alex Hardcastle
Brooke Wied & Alex Burnett
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace goes on a massive bender after her painful breakup with Phil, and crosses a line when Frankie tries to help her. Coyote and Bud meet Jacob. Frankie is reunited with Babe, an old friend, but she drops a bombshell; she has terminal cancer. Robert and Sol discuss how to move forward now that they are back together.

25
12
"The Party"
Wendey Stanzler
Alexa Junge
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Grace is shocked when Frankie reveals Babe has asked her to help her die after a party to end all parties. Can a dying Babe reunite the warring women? Sol and Robert decide to sell their house to start afresh.

26
13
"The Coup"
Rebecca Asher
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

Gifts from a departed Babe prompt Grace and Frankie to reevaluate their lives. After a disastrous birthday party for Bud when they are once again faced with their ex-husbands' incompetence, they announce they are going into business making vibrators - much to the horror of their children.

text: Season 3 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

27
1
"The Art Show"
Marta Kauffman
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie have trouble applying for a business loan. Robert and Sol provide a tour of their new house to their children. Frankie is nervous that her paintings will not sell from her art show. Sol shows up at Frankie's art show, with Frankie less than pleased. Bud brings his new date to the art show, and his siblings make fun of her eccentricity. Brianna and Barry discuss their own intentions and interpretations of their relationship. A special guest also shows up to Frankie's art show.

28
2
"The Incubator"
Arlene Sanford
Billy Finnegan
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie head to a business incubator in an attempt to get funding for their new venture. However, Frankie obtains the funding from an unknown source. Robert and Sol ponder the thought of retirement.

29
3
"The Focus Group"
Ken Whittingham
Wil Calhoun
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about retirement. Both are persuaded to audition for a local play, with mixed results. Grace and Frankie host an open house to introduce their product, but they come across a particular clientele.

30
4
"The Burglary"
Alex Hardcastle
Brendan McCarthy & David Budin
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie come home from a night out, only to find they have been robbed. The ladies take a class to better protect themselves. Sol is upset that he is not invited to happy hour with Robert and his theater friends. Robert compromises and hosts an awkward happy hour at their home.

31
5
"The Gun"
Rebecca Asher
Julie Durk
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Frankie learns the truth about Grace owning a gun. Sharing her displeasure, Frankie wants the gun removed from the house. Robert discusses his plans of coming out to his mother. Mallory and Brianna go out clubbing, and Brianna picks up a guy. Grace finds out the truth about the source of their business venture.

32
6
"The Pot"
Andy Ackerman
Julieanne Smolinski
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace is upset at Brianna over providing the business loan to Frankie. Frankie and Coyote barge in on Bud and Allison. Robert and Sol attempt to have an intimate night together, but Robert is haunted by his mother. Grace and Frankie's children reunite the women to try and patch things up between the two.

33
7
"The Floor"
Rebecca Asher
Alexa Junge
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Coyote informs Bud that he is looking for a place of his own. Grace and Frankie injure themselves and put their business meeting in jeopardy. Robert discusses the vision of his mother with Sol and his friend John.

34
8
"The Alert"
Melanie Mayron
John Hoffman
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace and Frankie are excited about the website launch for their new product. Bud brings a questionable gift to Grace and Frankie, after their recent injury. Grace and Frankie conduct a business meeting with one of Grace's longtime friends. Brianna and Mallory have dinner out, and they encounter Brianna's escort. Brianna finds out more about her escort's personal life. Sol and his secretary have a more in depth talk about retirement, only to find out it's more of a two-way conversation about the subject at hand.

35
9
"The Apology"
Ken Whittingham
Alex Kavallierou & Sara Lohman
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Robert and Sol begin to enjoy their retirement together with various activities. Robert gets news about his mother. Frankie entertains Jacob by cooking dinner. Jacob shares news about his future plans, which upsets Frankie. Brianna and Mallory discuss the reason why Mallory cancelled her getaway vacation with Mitch.

36
10
"The Labels"
Arlene Sanford
Alex Burnett & Brooke Wied
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Coyote celebrates his sobriety birthday with his family present. Allison brings over a surprise to Bud to enhance their relationship. Grace and Frankie's business is taking off, and they recruit their ex-husbands for assistance. The ladies encounter a possible competitor on the market. Frankie is nervous when it comes to telling Grace about going to Santa Fe with Jacob in the future.

37
11
"The Other Vibrator"
Rebecca Asher
Billy Finnegan
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace is not handling Frankie's revelation well. Robert and Sol each encounter an anti-LGBT protest outside the theater where Robert is performing. However, each has a different experience. Grace is going to meet with a business competitor who she feels is trying to rip off her product. Robert is nervous over opening night. Frankie accuses Grace of moving on without her, and before she can share all her thoughts, she is unable to speak.

38
12
"The Musical"
Arlene Sanford
Wil Calhoun
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Opening night has arrived for Robert's theater performance, but the protestors make their way inside to disrupt the show. However, Frankie's medical episode has caused her family to leave during the show. Frankie eventually goes to the hospital where she learns her diagnosis. Allison reveals some surprising news to Bud.

39
13
"The Sign"
Rebecca Asher
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

Grace shares her concerns to Frankie about her health. Grace receives news that she's being served from her competitor, but she finds an ulterior motive behind the papers. Robert and Sol have conflicting ideas about handling anti-LGBT protestors. Brianna travels to Baltimore to win back her ex Barry. Frankie makes a decision about moving to Santa Fe with Jacob. Mallory announces her separation from Mitch.

text: Season 4 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

40
1
"The Lodger"
Alex Hardcastle
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Frankie returns from Santa Fe to find Grace lodging with manicurist Sheree (Lisa Kudrow). Sol is upset when Robert wants to stop attending rallies for gay rights with him. Bud and Allison throw a party to find out the sex of their unborn child.

41
2
"The Scavengender Hunt"
Ken Whittingham
Marta Kauffman & Howard J. Morris
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Frankie admits how unhappy she is in Santa Fe as her jealousy towards Sheree concerns Grace. A 'scavengender' hunt to find out the sex of Bud's baby goes awry.

42
3
"The Tappys"
Rebecca Asher
Billy Finnegan
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace and Frankie break into Sheree's former home to help prove her claim of ownership. Sol encourages Robert to use an award acceptance speech as a platform for activism.

43
4
"The Expiration Date"
Alex Hardcastle
John Hoffman
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace has to deal with her newfound relationship with Nick. Frankie goes to the bank and has an unpleasant surprise.

44
5
"The Pop-Ups"
Rebecca Asher
Julia Durk
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Declared legally dead, Frankie begins to think about where her life has taken her. Grace worries about how her age might affect her relationship with Nick, with surprising results. When Sol and Robert meet their eccentric next door neighbors, they disagree about the best course of action.

45
6
"The Hinge"
Ken Whittingham
Julieanne Smolinski
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Frankie tries to reconnect with her estranged sister. Grace wants to fix a broken window in the house. Robert invites Sol to a folk music cruise. Bud wants Coyote and Allison to be friends.

46
7
"The Landline"
Randall Keenan Winston
Michael Platt & Barry Safchik
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Sol and Frankie team up to try and get Frankie declared "undead" as Grace faces some realities about herself and her life after attending a friend's funeral with Robert.

47
8
"The Lockdown"
Gail Lerner
David Budin & Brendan McCarthy
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

After multiple false alarms, Allison decides to have an at home water birth and wants Frankie(to Bud's horror) to deliver the baby. Robert and Sol agree to let Grace stay with them while she recovers from knee surgery. The past is confronted when the former couples (along with Robert and Sol's new neighbors) are forced into lockdown when a local zoo orangutan escapes.

48
9
"The Knee"
Rebecca Asher
Gretchen Enders
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace undergoes knee surgery and Nick wants to show her his ability to care for people in need. Frankie is enjoying her new role as a grandmother, but Jacob is feeling tired of coming in second in her life and makes a startling revelation.

49
10
"The Death Stick"
Ken Whittingham
Brooke Wied
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Robert and Sol begin therapy. Grace and Frankie gets a surprise when they bring gifts to a fan of their vibrators. Brianna's nemesis makes an offer.

50
11
"The Tub"
Rebecca Asher
Alex Burnett
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace is looking for a contractor to fix the house after the bathtub accident. Sol meets with his folk music cruise friend, Roy. Frankie takes Faith on a car ride.

51
12
"The Rats"
Alan Poul
Sara Lohman & Alex Kavallierou
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

Grace and Frankie discover that in addition to having their pipes stolen they have a rat infestation. Bud has doubts whether Frankie should be allowed to babysit again. Robert's musical opens.

52
13
"The Home"
Marta Kauffman
Melissa DiNicola & Billy Finnegan
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

The children suggest Grace and Frankie should live in an assisted living community. Sol and Robert realize something about their relationship.


document_title: Martha MacKenzie

question_text: who did martha from home and away run away with

text: Martha MacKenzie

text: Casting[edit]

text: The role of Martha was originally played by Burcin Kapkin upon her introduction in 1988.[3] In 2005 the character returned to the show, played by the model Jodi Gordon. Gordon took acting lessons before successfully auditioning for the role.[4][5] Gordon later revealed that she was initially nervous about auditioning due to her lack of acting experience. However, producers gave her two months prior to filming so she could learn her scripts and gain more acting skills.[6] Gordon said, "I'd never done any acting. So I did a few little acting course things and then I kind of fluked the part".[7]

text: During March 2007, Gordon was written out of the show indefinitely after her partner, Chris Burkhardt, died from cancer.[8] The Home and Away writers had previously rewritten several scripts to allow Gordon to spend as much time as possible with Burkhardt.[8]

text: In 2009, Gordon became the center of media attention due to a series of scandals in her private life.[9] The serial's home network Channel Seven decided to support Gordon through the ordeals.[9] The scandals cast doubt over whether Gordon would be staying with the serial and it was reported that she wanted to leave Australia for other roles.[10] However, it was later confirmed she would be staying with the show and a spokesperson said, "Jodi is looking forward, not backward, and is hard at work on the set of Home and Away".[11] Gordon was backed by her fellow cast members and fans of her character, who voiced their support for her.[11] At the time Gordon was signed to appear in the serial for another two years after she had signed to a three-year contract.[12]

text: In January 2010, it was announced that Gordon had decided to leave the show.[13] She asked Channel Seven to release her two years early from her contract.[12] Producers and network executives had urged her to stay with the show because her character was popular with viewers.[13] Gordon said, "I've had a wonderful five years with Channel Seven and Home and Away—it's been an amazing experience to be a part of this incredible show. I've learnt so much."[14] Gordon filmed her final scenes at the end of February.[14] Fellow Actor Ray Meagher who plays Martha's grandfather Alf Stewart backed her decision to leave the show, but said he was sad that his character would be left on-screen without any blood relatives.[15]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text: Channel Seven described Martha as being "Friendly, straight down the line, and with a great enthusiasm for life",[16] and Jetstar magazine called Martha "a feisty addition to the Stewart family".[17] Gordon described Martha's persona stating: "Martha's pretty feisty all of the time but in the sense of always fighting for what's right and keeping up a strong perspective on where I want to go, things like that."[18] Gordon says that she feels Martha always makes bad choices when it comes to her love life, because she never knows what she wants.[19] Gordon said that Martha is "messed up" but with a "warm side" to her persona, and that overall Martha is "fun loving, easy going girl-next-door" type character.[19] Of her portrayal, Gordon says that she enjoys the challenge of playing Martha because she gets to shout a lot when showing her crazy and fun side.[6] Gordon later said that "There will always be a little bit of trouble attached to Martha. She will always be a little bit mischievous".[7] On the character's appearance, RTÉ said "Martha was a self-confessed tomboy, loving sport and anything physical. Now she has grown into a stylish woman with great taste in clothes which range from shorts and strappy tops to gorgeous summer dresses."[20]

text: Relationship with Jack Holden[edit]

text: Most of Martha's storylines were central to her on-off relationship with Jack Holden (Paul O'Brien). Viewers saw the couple go through marriage, divorce, a second marriage and Martha being widowed. Holy Soap said that Martha and Jack proved to be one of the "best loved couples", before they married for the first time.[21] However, their marriage does not last long and they split.[21] Martha and Jack start to lead separate lives, but Jack is there for Martha after she has an abortion. Martha is feeling low at this point and kisses him; Jack's girlfriend Sam Tolhurst (Jessica Chapnik) sees this.[22] O'Brien stated: "I think Jack felt like 'Oh this is nice, but I've moved on, I've finally moved on and found someone', but deep down he still wants Martha."[22] Martha is left "shattered" after Jack plans to marry Sam. Martha was caught trying on Sam's wedding dress as she tried to figure out if she still had feelings for Jack.[7] Gordon said that from day one, Jack and Martha have wanted to be together, but "they're never in the same headspace".[7] O'Brien added that he believes Jack was always in love with Martha, even whilst he was in a relationship with Sam. Both O'Brien and Gordon agreed that when Jack and Martha first broke up it was a bad time for Jack, as his life was spiraling out of control, he needed her, but she left him when he needed her the most.[22] They later become friends; O'Brien believed it was hard to understand how Jack could be so forgiving toward her.[22]

text: Although the characters were separated on screen, they had gained a fan base on the Internet that believed Martha should be with Jack and wanted the pair to reunite.[6] Gordon herself backed the pairing, stating that she believed they should be together. She said: "I actually love Jack and Martha together, I'm a sucker for romance so, I want want them to be together [...] I want them to continue on, [...] the timing is not right, they are not mature enough. Jack's in a relationship with someone else as Martha is, there just seems to be things getting in the way of them getting back together all the time."[6] Gordon also hoped for a happy ending for the two characters if they were to ever leave the serial adding: "If I had it my way, and I got to write the scripts then I'd make it happily ever after, Martha and Jack riding off into the sunset."[6] Gordon has spoken of her understanding from the audiences point of view, that together Jack and Martha are "the ultimate couple".[18] She also reiterated her belief that it would be to tough at the time of Martha's downward spiral for them to work together, but if Martha is to get through her troubles and have a happy ending, that it would be with Jack.[18] The Daily Telegraph commented on the Martha and Jack situation, saying it is played out in a "classic soapie technique". They said "Bring the characters together, push them apart, but always leave open the possibility that they could get back together. It has worked for Days of Our Lives' John Black and Marlena Evans".[7]

text: On-screen Jack and Martha later reconcile, after he helps her through her hard times. Gordon believed that their relationship was at its strongest peak whilst Martha had breast cancer. She added that Martha would do anything to avoid jeopardising their happiness.[23]

text: Downward spiral and stripping[edit]

text: One of the most notable story lines for Martha was her secret life as a pole dancer and subsequent road into alcoholism. This was a result of her abortion and failed relationships with Jack and Ash Nader (Ben Geurens) along with her new relationship with Cameron "Cam" Reynolds (Ashley Lyons), who was leading her astray.[19] The story line began playing out from the 2006 "cliffhanger" episode, when Ash reveals that he is married with children and leading a double life.[24] Gordon branded Martha as ignorant to the situation she has got herself into: "I think she is so naive, she wants to believe that she's found a great guy and she keeps giving him second chances. She wants to make it work."[24] Martha fails to cope with the situation, as Gordon describes: "It's this whole emotional roller-coaster that, if you don't deal with your life, can be terrible."[24] Their relationship falls apart after Martha aborts Ash's child, causing Martha to begin her transition into a party girl. Gordon commented that "I think everyone in this show begins as a scruffy bum and gradually they turn you into a glamour puss."[24]

text:
I think Martha was attracted to Cam because he is this older guy, Martha's never really gone out with older guys ... Cam's powerful, he owns a club, he's got a lot of money and he owns a car ... He had this power and he kind of came along and scooped her up and just took her on this wild ride and Martha's just not in a state where she has got her head screwed on properly, she's just gone along on this ride and not thinking about anything she's doing and I think Cam's been pretty good at manipulating her.

—Gordon interviewed by Yahoo in 2007[22]

tag: div

text: Martha begins a downward spiral and is manipulated by new boyfriend Cam,[19] who has a hold over her due to his power and money, and her vulnerable state[22] - he "swept her off her feet".[18] Cam always got the better of Martha because "The worse it got with her family, the better it got with Cam."[22] O'Brien, who played Jack, said that he felt that Martha was trying to reinvent herself as a different person.[22]

text: Gordon pointed out that Martha was not stripping, just pole dancing. Gordon took pole dancing lessons for a period of a few weeks funded by Channel Seven, and found the experience embarrassing and physically challenging.[18][19] She found it hard dancing in front of her fellow cast members, commenting that "There's even one scene when all of the boys turn up at the club and they're looking at me – it's like having your mates seeing you half naked. It's not very nice, a bit intimidating but it's always exciting to have a challenging story line like that. It's worth while in the end knowing that you've put everything into it."[18] Gordon believed that the storyline was a turning point in Martha's development, as she has to hit rock bottom to realise who she is and what she really wants from life.[18]

text: After everyone finds out about Martha's situation, they try to stop her working in the club. Kate Ritchie who plays on-screen friend Sally Fletcher discussed how Martha would not take any advice from those closest to her and how Sally and Alf have to pick up the pieces for her in the end.[25] She compared Martha's pole dancing to many real life experiences ordinary people go through.[25] Sally's interference made Martha's situation worse, of this Ritche added: "It's been hard for Sally to realise and Alf as well, just that you just have to stand back and let it run its course and be there at the end."[25] Of Martha's downward spiral and pushing her friends away, Gordon stated: "Now she's found herself in this hole, she ruined all these relationships with her family, her friends, Jack, everyone's trying to help her and she's really against everyone, she's in a really bad place at the moment".[19]

text: The broadcast scenes proved to be controversial in Australia after broadcasting regulator ACMA felt the scenes featured sexual content. They noted that "ACMA determined that pole-dancing scenes contained in the programmes contained visual depictions of sexual behaviour, that their impact was higher than very mild, and that the episodes were not suitable for children to watch without supervision."[26] Channel Seven defended the scenes and stated that whereas most episodes of the serial are PG rated they would take extra care to inform viewers of G rated episodes and to include material more suitable for children.[26] Two years after the storyline aired, Gordon was reported to be a regular visitor to strip clubs as a result of her earlier visits whilst filming the storyline.[27]

text: Pregnancy and breast cancer[edit]

text: In 2008, viewers saw Martha coming to terms with a second pregnancy. The storyline began after Martha left old boyfriend Roman Harris (Conrad Coleby) for Jack. She was unsure of the child's paternity, but kept it a secret from Jack. Gordon said this is "Because she doesn't think he ever needs to know. Roman's said he doesn't want to be involved and he wants to say it's Jack's. And so does Martha..."[23] After Martha has a miscarriage scare, Roman wanted to know if the baby was his. Gordon explained that "Roman says he needs to know if he is or isn't the baby's father and Martha has to agree to do a DNA test. [...] They wait till Jack's out of the room then quickly arrange it. Martha's so scared of losing Jack she wants the facts before deciding her next step."[23] Martha's relationship with Jack was at its strongest at that time, but Gordon was concerned about Martha's lies: "Martha and Jack have been through more than most and right now their relationship is as solid as it could be. But she's taking a big chance not being honest about her pregnancy."[23] She described Roman being the baby's father as "Martha's worst nightmare".[23]

text: During the pregnancy storyline, Martha was also diagnosed with breast cancer.[28] The storyline was introduced just over a year after Gordon's partner, Chris Burkhardt, died from acute myeloid leukemia at the age of 23.[28] Gordon drew on her experience with Burkhardt to take on the storyline.[28] Home and Away's producer, Cameron Welsh, approached Gordon about the storyline and asked her if she would be comfortable doing it. Gordon called it an "amazing opportunity to be given".[29] Gordon said "The producer asked me if I wanted to do this storyline and made sure I was comfortable doing it based on what I had been through, I definitely think this one tops all of them".[28] Gordon added that anyone going through Martha's ordeal would find it hard, but "you just look to your friends and family and do your best in that situation and then move on".[28]

text: Gordon and the writers researched the condition and made sure that the storyline "was pretty precise when it came to the medical and physical issues".[30] A couple of months before they started filming, everyone got together to discuss the storyline and map out the journey it would take.[29] Viewers saw the character discovering a lump in her breast, going against doctors' advice about terminating her pregnancy and subsequently going through with treatment for the cancer. Gordon later admitted that she found it "very tough".[30]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: After falling pregnant by Brett Macklin (Gerry Sont), Ruth Stewart (Justine Clarke) gave birth to Martha. However, she decided to give Martha up for adoption to a family called the MacKenzies.[31] Martha grew up on her new family's farm. Her adoptive parents died, leaving Martha with the farm and her adoptive brothers. Martha then went in search of her biological parents. Brett did not want to know her, but she managed to form a relationship with Ruth and went to live with her in New York. Her grandfather, Alf, and her great aunt, Morag (Cornelia Frances), came to visit and Martha chose to return to Australia to live with her relatives.[31]

text: Martha stays in Summer Bay with Alf and she gets to know him and her cousin Ric Dalby (Mark Furze). She begins dating Jesse McGregor (Ben Unwin), but it does not last. She starts feuding with Jack Holden and they realise they are falling in love with each other. They later begin a relationship. Martha plays a joke on Jack, which goes wrong and he hits his head. At the hospital, Jack is told he is deaf. Jack blames Martha for the accident and they split up.

text: Martha then begins a relationship with Jack's best friend, Corey Henderson (Adam Saunders), after he saves her from a violent man. Corey begins a hate campaign against Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger) and starts poisoning her with mercury, leading to her being sectioned. Martha finds out the truth about Corey and he chases her through the outback and holds her hostage. Jack saves her and Corey is sent to prison.

text: Martha becomes best friends with Tasha Andrews (Isabel Lucas). Tasha gets involved in a cult called "The Believers" and she is later raped. Martha tries to help save Tasha but Jonah Abraham (James Mitchell) kidnaps her. Jonah is later sent to prison for kidnapping and rape. Jack and Martha get back together, become engaged and marry. At their wedding reception, Eve Jacobsen (Emily Perry) causes an explosion. Most of the guests are injured and they are rushed to the hospital. Martha is part of a group with serious burns, that are taken by a helicopter, which crashes in the outback.[31] Martha and the others are lost in the bush for days, but they are eventually found. Not long after, Martha's marriage to Jack breaks down.[21]

text: Martha meets and sleeps with a man called Ash. Jack decides he wants Martha back, but when Martha reveals she has slept with Ash, Jack is heartbroken because Ash turns out to be his former best friend. As Martha and Ash take their relationship further she is shocked to find out he is married with children. He tells Martha he has left his wife, but Martha finds out that his wife is pregnant with their third child. Martha ends their relationship and she finds out that she is pregnant. Martha has an abortion, which leads her to start drinking heavily.

text: Martha starts dating Cam Reynolds and he encourages her to work at his pole dancing club. Martha becomes the star pole dancer at the venue after Cam manipulates her. Peter Baker (Nicholas Bishop) has a stag night at the venue and Martha is caught pole dancing by Jack, Ric and Tony Holden (Jon Sivewright). Jack is annoyed with Martha's new life and tries to convince her to leave Cam. Cam sets fire to his club and Martha is left trapped inside until Jack saves her. Jack and Martha become good friends once more, until they sign their divorce papers. Jack then begins a relationship with Sam Tolhurst which devastates Martha.[7]

text: Martha bumps into Jonah, who is now going by the name of Michael. Martha tries to get him out of town, vandalises his van and verbally abuses him. She falls into a mine shaft with him and he saves her. They grow closer and later they start a relationship, which no one approves of. Martha looks after Jack while he is in a coma after he is shot. Jack reveals he still loves her, but he decides to stand by Sam. Martha realises she loves Jack as well as Michael. She and Michael leave town, but Martha returns days later to stop Jack and Sam's wedding, but she fails.

text: Sam commits suicide by taking heroin and Martha is suspected of her murder, but she is later proved innocent. Jack and Martha grow close again, but Martha begins seeing Roman. Martha and Jack later get back together and decide to marry. Martha discovers she is pregnant, but she is not sure if the father is Jack or Roman. Following a paternity test, it is revealed that the baby is Roman's. Martha is diagnosed with breast cancer and is told she needs a termination for her own health. She decides not to and Jack is angry because it means she might die. Jack and Martha decide to get married again.[32] Martha collapses and has to be resuscitated. She also discovers that she has lost the baby. Martha begins to recover and later goes into remission.[31]

text: Martha then suffers the pain of losing Jack when he is accidentally shot by Angelo Rosetta (Luke Jacobz).[31] Whilst grieving, Jack's cousins, Xavier (David Jones-Roberts) and Hugo Austin (Bernard Curry) arrive in Summer Bay for the funeral and she takes them into her home. Martha later falls for Hugo and they begin a relationship. A few months later, Martha is led to believe that Hugo is going to propose to her, but instead he ends their relationship, leaving Martha confused and upset. Martha is then kidnapped by Hugo's ex-wife Suzy Sudiro (Tasneem Roc).[33] Angelo saves Martha and she assists him with the capture and arrest of Derrick Quaid (John Atkinson).

text: Martha discovers that Hugo is part of a people smuggling racket and she tells him that she wants nothing more to do with him. Martha then believes that she has witnessed Hugo's murder. She later discovers that he is alive and that he went into a witness protection programme. Some criminals come after Hugo and his family. Martha, Xavier and Gina Austin (Sonia Todd) are captured and held hostage. Hugo and Tony manage to overcome the criminals and the others manage to free themselves from drowning in a tank at Martha's farm.

text: Detective Gordon Eaves (Lewis Fitz-Gerald) is sent to the Bay. Hugo, who is hiding at Martha's farm, overhears him and recognises him as the cop that he and the others paid off when he was involved in the people smuggling racket. Martha makes this aware to Angelo who agrees to go to Martha's farm with Eaves. On the way, Eaves threatens Angelo to go along with his plans. Eaves shoots Hugo and then flees the scene. Hugo is rushed indoors and Martha phones local doctor, Rachel Armstrong (Amy Mathews). Eaves is caught by Angelo, Tony and Charlie Buckton (Esther Anderson). Angelo then arrests both Hugo and Martha. As Angelo is driving them to the police station, he suddenly stops and lets them out. He tells Hugo to punch him to make it look like he and Martha had overpowered him and escaped. Martha thanks Angelo for letting them leave together. Hugo and Martha use Angelo's police car to escape and they flee the Bay, leaving behind their family and friends.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Gordon has earned various awards nominations for her portrayal of Martha. In 2006, Gordon won a Logie Award for "Most Popular New Female Talent".[5] The 2009 ceremony saw Gordon nominated for "Most Popular Actress".[34] Gordon was nominated for the "Best Newcomer" Award and "Best Couple" with co-star Paul O'Brien at the 2006 Inside Soap Awards.[35] Gordon was nominated for "Sexiest Female" and "Best Storyline" for Jack and Martha's wedding day at the 2007 Inside Soap Awards.[36] The following year, Gordon was again nominated for "Sexiest Female", she was also nominated for "Best Couple" along with co-star Paul O'Brien once more.[37] Gordon was once again nominated for "Sexiest Female" in 2009.[38] At the first Digital Spy Soap Awards, Gordon was nominated for "Sexiest Female" and "Best On-Screen Partnership" with O'Brien.[39] At the 2009 Australian Cosmopolitan "Fun, Fearless Female Women of the Year awards", Gordon was nominated in the TV category.[40]

text: Holy Soap describe Martha's most memorable moments as finding out she has cancer and that Jack (whom in their opinion was her true love) had been shot.[41] Martha and Jack were included in Virgin Media's feature on the "Soaps' sexiest couples".[42] Virgin Media said that the couple "loved getting hitched so much that they did it twice", and that they "had more hurdles to overcome than an Olympic athlete".[42]

text: Jaci Stephen of British newspaper, the Daily Mail was negative towards Matha's love life, saying on one occasion "Guys get involved with Martha at their peril".[43] She later said that "Martha forms an attachment with anything".[44] In February 2010, Stephen commented on Martha's brief romance with Liam Murphy (Axle Whitehead). She said that Martha wastes no time in recovering from her personal tragedies, as she asks Liam to move in with her after he works on some fencing. Stephen added "It’s lucky women like Martha weren’t around when the Great Wall of China was being built. They’d still be on phase one".[45] After Martha is blown up, lost in the bush and kidnapped; Stephen said "oh, for goodness sake, this is ridiculous - how much can one woman take?"[46]

text: In 2010, it was announced that an episode of Home and Away featuring Martha and Liam had been was deemed too "raunchy" for New Zealand television.[47] The Broadcasting Standards Authority decided to uphold a complaint about a scene between the characters, which saw them sharing a passionate kiss before Martha showed her bra.[47] The scene was said to be too "sexually charged" for its G rating. This was the first time that a complaint about Home and Away's sexual content had been upheld.[47] Ray Meagher later defended the scenes stating he didn't understand what all the fuss was about, branding it as tame compared to the scenes involving guns that aired previously.[48]


document_title: Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny

question_text: who played the devil in pick of destiny

question_tokens: who played the devil in pick of destiny

text: Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny

text: Plot[edit]

text: As a young man, JB (Jack Black) leaves his religious family and oppressive Midwestern town for Hollywood on a quest to form the world's most awesome rock band. There he meets acoustic guitarist KG (Kyle Gass), who is performing on the street, and begins worshipping him as a rock god because of his skills and attitude. KG feeds JB's fantasy by pretending to be famous with a self-named band ("The Kyle Gass Project"), and exploits him to do work such as cleaning his apartment and buying him weed (under the promise that JB can audition for his fictitious band.) After JB learns KG is actually unemployed and living off his parents, the two become equal, and KG apologizes to JB by giving him a brand-new guitar. They create their own band: Tenacious D, named for birthmarks found on their buttocks. (JB has a birthmark which says: "Tenac", and KG has a mark which reads: "ious D".)

text: Soon JB and KG learn the deepest secret of rock: all the rock legends used the same guitar pick, The Pick of Destiny, which has supernatural powers. It was created by a dark wizard from a piece of Satan's tooth, as a gift to a blacksmith who saved his life from the great demon. The pick gives its holder unnatural abilities with stringed instruments. Infatuated by the prospect of becoming the next great rock star, JB immediately sets Tenacious D on a quest to steal the Pick of Destiny from a rock history museum. Along the way, the band briefly splits up, when KG decides that sex comes first in "sex, drugs and rock 'n' roll", while JB wants to stick to the mission at hand.

text: But soon, JB and KG come back together when they realize they need each other as friends. The two manage to steal the Pick of Destiny due to incompetent security at the rock museum. Armed with this supernatural pick, they plan to use the winnings from a local bar's talent contest to pay their rent, but before they can go on stage, they argue over who gets to use the pick first, snapping it in half accidentally. After a pep-talk from the bar's owner, they decide they are good enough to go onto the contest without the pick, not knowing that the owner is Satan in human form, looking for his missing tooth piece. Coming back outside (deciding they can both use half of the pick), they are confronted by Satan, who is "complete" when he places the Pick of Destiny back on his broken tooth, giving him the ability to use his supernatural powers on Earth. He threatens to make Tenacious D his first victim.

text: To save their lives, Tenacious D challenge Satan to a "rock-off", which he cannot deny, as the "demon code" strictly forbids him from declining such a challenge. As the bargain goes, if Tenacious D wins, Satan must return to hell on his own and pay their rent. But if Satan wins, he gets to take KG back with him as a sex slave. Ultimately, they lose (KG sings, "That was a masterpiece! / He rocks too hard because he's not a mortal man."), and Satan attempts to shoot KG with a bolt of energy. JB jumps in the way, and the bolt bounces off his guitar, blowing off a piece of Satan's horn. JB is able to send him back to Hell with a magical incantation. (As explained earlier, should Satan become "incomplete", he can be banished from the Earth with said incantation.)

text: The two turn Satan's horn into the "Bong of Destiny" and the movie closes with the two smoking from it as they write new songs.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jack Black as Jack "Jables/JB" Black

Troy Gentile as young JB

Kyle Gass as Kyle "Kage/KG" Gass
JR Reed as Lee
Ronnie James Dio as himself
Dave Grohl as Satan
Ben Stiller as Guitar Center Guy
Paul F. Tompkins as Open Mic Host
Tim Robbins as The Stranger
John C. Reilly as Sasquatch
Meat Loaf as Bud Black
Cynthia Ettinger as Betty Black
Andrew Caldwell as Billy Black
Amy Poehler as Truck Stop Waitress
Colin Hanks as Drunk Frat Dude
Amy Adams as Gorgeous Woman
Gregg Turkington as Stand Up Comic (credited as Neil Hamburger)
Evie Peck as KG's Mother
Jason Segel as Frat Boy #1
David Krumholtz as Frat Boy #2
Fred Armisen as Security Guard #1
Ned Bellamy as Security Guard #2
Jay Johnston as Gang Member #1
John Ennis as Gang Member #2
David Koechner as Surplus Store Clerk (deleted scene)

tag: ul

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film performed poorly at the box office, only grossing a total of $8.2 million in the United States. It debuted with a mere $3 million during its opening weekend at number eleven.[2]

text: Jack Black's salary[edit]

text: Jack Black agreed to a paycut from his standard $12 million fee to $1 million that was then split between Black and Kyle Gass.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny received mixed reviews from critics with a 54% rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with several commentators impressed by the film's low-brow humor; the site's consensus states, "Tenacious D fan will find this movie hilarious; everybody else will see only a low-brow concept movie and a small assembly of jokes stretched past the 100 minute mark."[4] Michael Phillips criticized the frequency of the drug-use by saying: "This may be the problem. Pot rarely helped anybody's comic timing."[5] Stephen Holden of The New York Times suggested that the film could be viewed as a "jolly rock 'n' roll comedy", but he also described the progression of the film as being a "garish mess."

text: Home video[edit]

text: Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny was released by New Line Home Video on February 27, 2007 on DVD. A version sold by retail chain Best Buy came with an extra disc with exclusive footage. Wal-Mart customers received a copy of the CD More Rocktastic Music from the Film bundled with the DVD. In Japan there was a box deluxe edition released which came with a t-shirt.

text: A few years after the main release came out, in 2008, the movie was re-released and bundled with Run, Fat Boy, Run and Dumb And Dumber in a three disc set for the United States and Canada whereas for the UK there was a three disc set with Fracture and The Alibi. The Australian re-release featured the movie with Be Kind Rewind in a two disc set as well as another set with the film being bundled with Grandma's Boy.

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack, the band's second studio album, includes vocals by Ronnie James Dio and Meat Loaf. Dave Grohl plays drums on the album, as he did on their first album, Tenacious D (2001). Grohl also contributes his vocals on "Beelzeboss (The Final Showdown)", as Satan. An edited version of the album was also released, replacing all of the profanity with made-up nonsense words.

text: The score by Andrew Gross, John King and Trainwreck, More Rocktastic Music from the Film, was released in limited quantities to Wal-Mart stores. They have made an original soundtrack from the movie also. The score was orchestrated by Richard Bronskill and Tony Blondal, and recorded with a large orchestra and choir at the Sony Scoring Stage, in Culver City, Ca.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In their 2012 album Rize of the Fenix, Tenacious D reference the film's relative unpopularity with the opening lyrics "When The Pick Of Destiny was released, it was a bomb". The 2012 EP Jazz also references the film, when Jack Black sings, "Who put Beelzeboss into my jazz?"[6]

text: In 2016, ten years after the release of the movie, Tenacious D performed at the Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals in June, and at the Bråvalla and Roskilde festivals in July. All shows featured a large Pick of Destiny backdrop during the performance.[7]


document_title: Agriculture in the United States

question_text: what is the most important food crop in the united states

text: Agriculture in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: Corn, turkeys, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, and sunflower seeds constitute some of the major holdovers from the agricultural endowment of the Americas.

text: European agricultural practices greatly affected the New England landscape. Colonists brought livestock over from Europe which caused many changes to the land. Grazing animals required a lot of land and food and the act of grazing itself destroyed native grasses, which were being replaced by European species. New species of weeds were introduced and began to thrive as they were capable of withstanding the grazing of animals, whereas native species could not.[4]

text: The practices associated with keeping livestock also contributed to the deterioration of the forests and fields. Colonists would cut down the trees and then allow their cattle and livestock to graze freely in the forest and never plant more trees. The animals trampled and tore up the ground so much as to cause long-term destruction and damage.[4]

text: Soil exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture. Farming with oxen did allow the colonist to farm more land but it increased erosion and decreased soil fertility. This was due to deeper plow cuts in the soil that allowed the soil more contact with oxygen causing nutrient depletion. In grazing fields, the large number of cattle in the New England, the soil was being compacted by the cattle and this did not give the soil enough oxygen to sustain life.[4]

text: In the United States, farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled, leading to a "wheat frontier" that moved westward over the course of years. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising hogs, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place. Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle. In the early colonial south, raising tobacco and cotton was common, especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War. In the northeast, slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century.[citation needed] In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787.

text: The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid-19th century contributed to economic growth in the United States. This development was facilitated by the Morrill Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 which established in each state a land-grant university (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state.

text: Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and by 1942 it became the world's largest soybean producer, due in part to World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fats, oils, and meal". Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean production grew from 3% to 47%, and by 1969 it had risen to 76%. By 1973 soybeans were the United States' "number one cash crop, and leading export commodity, ahead of both wheat and corn".[5]

text: Significant areas of farmland were abandoned during the Great Depression and incorporated into nascent national forests. Later, "Sodbuster" and "Swampbuster" restrictions written into federal farm programs starting in the 1970s reversed a decades-long trend of habitat destruction that began in 1942 when farmers were encouraged to plant all possible land in support of the war effort. In the United States, federal programs administered through local Soil and Water Conservation Districts provide technical assistance and partial funding to farmers who wish to implement management practices to conserve soil and limit erosion and floods.

text: Major agricultural products[edit]

text: Tonnes of United States agriculture production, as reported by the FAO in 2003 and 2013 (ranked roughly in order of value):[6]

text:
Millions of Tonnes in
2003
2013

Corn
256.0
354.0

Cattle meat
12.0
11.7

Cow's milk, whole, fresh
77.0
91.0

Chicken meat
14.7
17.4

Soybeans
67.0
89.0

Pig meat
9.1
10.5

Wheat
64.0
58.0

Cotton lint
4.0
2.8

Hen eggs
5.2
5.6

Turkey meat
2.5
2.6

Tomatoes
11.4
12.6

Potatoes
20.8
19.8

Grapes
5.9
7.7

Oranges
10.4
7.6

Rice, paddy
9.1
8.6

Apples
3.9
4.1

Sorghum
10.4
9.9

Lettuce
4.7
3.6

Cottonseed
6.0
5.6

Sugar beets
30.7
29.8

text: The only other crops to ever appear in the top 20 in the last 40 years were, commonly: tobacco, barley, and oats, and, rarely: peanuts, almonds, and sunflower seeds. Alfalfa and hay would both be in the top ten in 2003 if they were tracked by FAO.

text: Crops[edit]

text: Value of production[edit]

text:
Major Crops in the U.S.

1997(in US$ billions)

2014(in US$ billions)

Corn
$24.4
$52.4

Soybeans
$17.7
$40.3

Wheat
$8.6
$11.9

Alfalfa
$8.3
$10.8

Cotton
$6.1
$5.1

Hay, (non-Alfalfa)
$5.1
$8.4

Tobacco
$3.0
$1.8

Rice
$1.7
$3.1

Sorghum
$1.4
$1.7

Barley
$0.9
$0.9

Source

1997 USDA – NASS reports,[7]

2015 USDA-NASS reports,[8]

text: Note alfalfa and hay are not tracked by the FAO and the production of tobacco in the United States has fallen 60% between 1997 and 2003.

text: Yield[edit]

text: Heavily mechanized, U.S. agriculture has a high yield relative to other countries. As of 2004:[9]

text:
Corn for grain, average of 160.4 bushels harvested per acre (10.07 t/ha)
Soybean for beans, average of 42.5 bushels harvested per acre (2.86 t/ha)
Wheat, average of 43.2 bushels harvested per acre (2.91 t/ha, was 44.2 bu/ac or 2.97 t/ha in 2003)

text: Livestock[edit]

text: The major livestock industries in the United States:

text:
Dairy cattle
Beef cattle
Pig
Poultry
Seafood
Sheep

text:
U.S. livestock and poultry inventory[10][11][12]

Type

1997

2002

2007

2012

Cattle and calves

99,907,017

95,497,994

96,347,858

89,994,614

Hogs and pigs

61,188,149

60,405,103

67,786,318

66,026,785

Sheep and lambs

8,083,457

6,341,799

5,819,162

5,364,844

Broilers& other meat chickens

1,214,446,356

1,389,279,047

1,602,574,592

1,506,276,846

Laying hens

314,144,304

334,435,155

349,772,558

350,715,978

text: Goats, horses, turkeys and bees are also raised, though in lesser quantities. Inventory data is not as readily available as for the major industries. For the three major goat-producing states—Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas—there were 1.2 million goats at the end of 2002. There were 5.3 million horses in the United States at the end of 1998. There were 2.5 million colonies of bees at the end of 2002.

text: Farm type or majority enterprise type[edit]

text: Farm type is based on which commodities are the majority crops grown on a farm. Nine common types include:[13][14][15]

text:
Cash grains includes corn, soybeans and other grains (wheat, oats, barley, sorghum), dry edible beans, peas, and rice.
Tobacco
Cotton
Other field crops includes peanuts, potatoes, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, broomcorn, popcorn, sugar beets, mint, hops, seed crops, hay, silage, forage, etc. Tobacco and cotton can be included here if not in their own separate category.
High-value crops includes fruits, vegetables, melons, tree nuts, greenhouse, nursery crops, and horticultural specialties.
Cattle
Hogs
Dairy
Poultry and eggs

text: Governance[edit]

text: Agriculture in the United States is primarily governed by periodically renewed U.S. farm bills. Governance is both a federal and a local responsibility with the United States Department of Agriculture being the federal department responsible. Government aid includes research into crop types and regional suitability as well as many kinds of subsidies, some price supports and loan programs. U.S. farmers are not subject to production quotas and some laws are different for farms compared to other workplaces.

text: Labor laws prohibiting children in other workplaces provide some exemptions for children working on farms with complete exemptions for children working on their family's farm. Children can also gain permits from vocational training schools or the 4-H club which allow them to do jobs they would otherwise not be permitted to do.

text: A large part of the U.S. farm workforce is made up of migrant and seasonal workers, many of them recent immigrants from Latin America. Additional laws apply to these workers and their housing which is often provided by the farmer.

text: Employment[edit]

text: In 1870, almost 50 percent of the U.S. population was employed in agriculture.[16] As of  2008[update], less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture.[17][18]

text: In 2012, there were 3.2 million farmers,[19] ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US. Animal breeders accounted for 11,500 of those workers with the rest categorized as miscellaneous agricultural workers. The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year.[20] In 2009, about 519,000 people under age 20 worked on farms owned by their family. In addition to the youth who lived on family farms, an additional 230,000 youth were employed in agriculture.[21] In 2004, women made up approximately 24% of farmers; that year, there were 580,000 women employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing.[22]

text: From 1999–2009, roughly 50% of hired crop farmworkers in the U.S. were noncitizens working without legal authorization.[23] Large farms rely on new immigrants (such as Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Pakistani, and Mexican) that do not have many other options to work for extremely low wages. The legal status of the worker has been shown to impact the wage received for a job. An agricultural worker with no documentation earns an average of 15% less than one with amnesty or green card.[24] Moreover, it has been found that undocumented workers have decreased mobility in the agricultural industry because they are less able to have high-skill and high-earning jobs (jobs that are similar to their documented counterparts).[25] These first generation immigrants may remain as farm laborers seasonally for ten years. As they age, they grow poorer due to less skills, resources, and education.[26] The United States passed a special provision in 1986 called the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) under which the Special Agricultural Worker (SAW) program granted amnesty to some agricultural laborers because of the importance of these workers to the industry. Though this slightly improved the lives of some workers, many more live in poverty and without benefits today. For example, though these workers face many occupational hazards, they are not insured nor protected by government provisions such as the Affordable Care Act. Instead, SAWs rely on Community and Migrant Health Centers that are built to serve this population (though these also suffer from lack of funding and healthcare workers).[27]

text: Occupational safety and health[edit]

text: Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries due to the use of chemicals and risk of injury.[28][29] Farmers are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries (general traumatic injury and musculoskeletal injury), work-related lung diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, chemical-related illnesses, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure.[29][30][31] In an average year, 516 workers die doing farm work in the U.S. (1992–2005). Every day, about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost-work-time injuries, and about 5% of these result in permanent impairment.[32] Tractor overturns are the leading cause of agriculture-related fatal injuries, and account for over 90 deaths every year. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends the use of roll over protection structures on tractors to reduce the risk of overturn-related fatal injuries.[32]

text: Farming is one of the few industries in which families (who often share the work and live on the premises) are also at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Agriculture is the most dangerous industry for young workers, accounting for 42% of all work-related fatalities of young workers in the U.S. between 1992 and 2000. In 2011, 108 youth, less than 20 years of age, died from farm-related injuries.[21] Unlike other industries, half the young victims in agriculture were under age 15.[33] For young agricultural workers aged 15–17, the risk of fatal injury is four times the risk for young workers in other workplaces[34] Agricultural work exposes young workers to safety hazards such as machinery, confined spaces, work at elevations, and work around livestock. The most common causes of fatal farm-related youth injuries involve machinery, motor vehicles, or drowning. Together these three causes comprise more than half of all fatal injuries to youth on U.S. farms.[35] Women in agriculture (including the related industries of forestry and fishing) numbered 556,000 in 2011.[29]

text: Agriculture in the U.S. makes up approximately 75% of the country's pesticide use. Agricultural workers are at high risk for being exposed to dangerous levels of pesticides, whether or not they are directly working with the chemicals.[31]

text: Research centers[edit]

text: Some U.S. research centers are focused on the topic of health and safety in agricultural practices. These centers not only conduct research on the subject of occupational disease and injury prevention, but also promote agricultural health and safety through educational outreach programs. Most of these groups are funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the US Department of Agriculture, or other state agencies.[36] Centers include:

text:
Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE [37]
Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA[38]
High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO[39]
National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, Marshfield, WI[40]
Northeast Center for Agricultural and Occupational Health, New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health, Cooperstown, NY[41]
Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA[42]
Southeast Center for Agricultural Health and Injury Prevention, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY[43]
Southwest Center for Agricultural Health, Injury Prevention and Education, University of Texas, Tyler, TX[44]
Upper Midwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center, a collaboration between the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN and the National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield, WI with Migrant Clinicians Network, Salisbury, MD[45]
Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, University of California, Davis, CA[46]

text: Women in U.S. agriculture[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out  into another article titled Women In Agriculture - United States. (Discuss) (November 2016)

text: Women who work in agriculture face different occupational hazards than men. Women in agriculture are poisoned by pesticides at twice the rate of their male counterparts. Exposure to pesticides can also affect fertility; women exposed to pesticides take longer to conceive (men are unaffected). Women are also at risk for bronchitis from exposure to grain, pesticides, and dust.[31]

text: Pesticide exposure[edit]

text: In many developing countries worldwide, women make up a significant proportion of agricultural workers, accounting for between 44–75% of agricultural workers, depending on which country is being examined.[47] In developed countries, approximately 36% of the entire agricultural workforce are women, with approximately one in five agricultural workers in the United States being women.[47] Women agricultural workers in the United States are exposed to various categories of pesticides, which include insecticides, fungicides, disinfectants, herbicides, and fumigants. These pesticides are applied in order to protect a multitude of crops, including but not limited to, fruits, vegetables, grains, and fiber crops.[48] The exposures can occur via application as well as residues left in the soil and on the crops after application has occurred; pesticide may also be present in ambient air.[47] Women may acquire acute pesticide poisoning, which has classified as being based on three criteria. These criteria include the strength of evidence that a pesticide exposure occurred, whether adverse health effects were observed by a healthcare professional, and if there is sufficient evidence that the known toxicology of the agent was consistent with the observed health effects.[49] The WHO defines acute pesticide poisoning as any illness or health effect resulting from suspected or confirmed exposure to a pesticide within 48 hours.[50] Female agricultural workers are less likely to wear Personal Protective Equipment, which is made of chemical resistance material that prevents chemicals from coming in contact with skin for a limited period of time,.[51][52] Only 51% of women pesticide handlers utilize PPE, while 26% of women non-handlers use PPE; this is significantly less than male workers in the agricultural field and is largely a result of ill-fitting equipment, including glasses, gloves, respirators, and protective outerwear.[53][54][55]

text: Health effects[edit]

text:
Surveillance for occupational pesticide-related illnesses and injuries are tracked by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the SENSOR-Pesticides program.[56] The EPA estimates between 10,000–20,000 physician related pesticide poisonings are reported among hired US agricultural workers each year.[56] "While poisonings comprise a relatively small portion of total agricultural worker occupational illness, this is likely underestimated due to inadequate state surveillance programs, lack of physician training to recognize poisonings, lack of health insurance among farm workers, worker reluctance to report poisonings, and the transient nature of agricultural workers".[57]
Female agricultural workers face the same potential acute exposure and chronic conditions as do their male counterparts.

text: Acute exposure conditions: dizziness; confusion; abnormal skin sensations; contact dermatitis;  eye irritation; chest tightness; gastrointestinal problems; vomiting; convulsions; and even death in cases of acute exposure.[58]

text: Chronic conditions: dermatological sensitivity; respiratory disease including lung fibrosis and chronic bronchitis; asthma-like syndromes; cancer; and neurological symptoms.[59]

text: The issue of preconceptional prenatal exposure is another factor in the health of female agricultural workers. It has been documented in the literature that pesticide exposure before or during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of infertility,[60] perinatal death,[61] spontaneous abortion/stillbirth,[62] premature birth,[63] and congenital malformations.[64] These health ramifications not only impact the physical and mental health of women but also future generations.

text: Epigenetic effects[edit]

text:
The female agricultural workers are not the only ones that suffer damage from pesticide exposure. Husbands of the agricultural worker as well as the children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren are also affected. This is due to exposure to organophosphorus pesticides because they have been shown to cause damage to DNA in sperm cells.[65] When DNA damage is done in gamete cells (sperm and egg cells) then the future generations will all be affected. The damage may not cause any noticeable abnormalities in the development of the child born to a father with sperm cell DNA damage. However, it could lead to such serious complications as autism (caused by chromosomal abnormalities) or leukemia.[66]
Female agricultural workers that are exposed to pesticides can expose their family members by bringing home some of the pesticides from work on their clothes, or skin.[67] The husband's DNA can be compromised through this exposure pathway, as well as any other children already born and living in the house.

text: Scientific limitations[edit]

text:
The two most common limitations in studying the health effects of pesticide exposure in women are the small sample sizes and the lack of toxicological data.[68][69] Ensuring that the proper exposure is measured relies heavily on the study participants not moving residences throughout the study period. However, this is nearly impossible because migrant workers and seasonal employees do not typically live in the same place throughout the year.[70] Scientific studies require consistency within the group of participants being studied so that confounders are adjusted for, and transient residents do not make for very consistent study participants.
Such living arrangements also make agricultural workers difficult to get in contact with. The most common methods for scientific researchers to find a person's contact information are not available for these populations. Health insurance information is not available and contact information left with an employer may not be correct year-round.[71]
Additionally, there is a very limited amount of quantifiable data on the pesticides the study participants are exposed to.[72] The specific names of the pesticides may not be available.[73] The units of pesticide applied per field may not accurately represent the units that a worker is exposed to.[74] The number of days or hours that an agricultural worker is exposed is rarely recorded. This is due to the inconsistencies in the end of an agricultural work day practices – such as removing work clothing before going home, showering before going home, etc. Additionally, the proximity of agricultural workers' homes to the fields they harvest results in more exposure to the pesticides, and the amount of exposure at home is even more difficult to measure.

text: Occupational safety[edit]

text: In addition to the scientific limitations regarding pesticide exposure data, a variety of challenges exist in the industry for female farmworkers. Occupational safety measures are not always well defined and rarely enforced. This means that not all laborers are subject to safety training through their provider. Furthermore, as many as 35% of female farmworkers do not know of any health risks associated with pesticide spraying at all.[75] When workers are unaware of best practices in pesticide application and the subsequent health risks, they are unable to protect themselves and their families appropriately from pesticide exposure.  One of the first steps of protection against exposure is through personal protective equipment (PPEs). However, PPEs are not regularly used and rarely includes all the recommended protective measures such as goggles and gloves.[76] Some women also report not having the necessary equipment to mix the pesticides and ultimately resort to using household items like broomsticks or even their hands.[76]

text: Home safety[edit]

text: Home safety provides its own challenges for women. It is possible for non-laborers to be exposed to pesticides through clothing contamination. In order to maintain a safe home environment, clothing from spraying pesticides should be cleaned and stored separately from other clothing in the household.[77] Exposure can also be limited by having workers shower within 15 minutes of returning home at the end of the work day.[75] The pesticides used in the agricultural industry in the United States often have a strong odor that helps to remind families of the presence of toxins which makes it more likely that they PPEs and equipment will be stored appropriately.[78] Family members are also subject to contamination through food and water supplies.[75] Many people reported reusing pesticide containers for laundry or to carry water.[76]

text: Social determinants of health[edit]

text: Finally, all of these factors are compounded by social determinants affecting agricultural workers. Studies have shown that as many as 97% of female farm laborers take their children with them to work, thereby directly exposing them to pesticide contamination.[79] Farm workers have literacy rates significantly lower than the rest of the population. This negatively impacts health outcomes because employees that have not received safety training are not able to read the warning labels and instructions on the pesticides. In one study, "Only 85 (23.2%) of the women could read English and 69 (18.9%) reported ever reading the pesticide labels.".[76] Housing is usually cramped without adequate laundry or bathroom facilities to wash and store equipment.[80] Such dwellings are often occupied by multiple laborers thereby multiplying the overall contaminants. Lastly, women in the agricultural industry report accessing prenatal health care services at nearly half the rate of the national average, 42% vs. 76%, respectively.[81]

text: Socioeconomic challenges[edit]

text: Female farm workers may often face social challenges and adverse mental health effects while working, with one of the biggest challenges being social inequality. The number of women working in agriculture has risen and the 2002 census of agriculture recorded a 40% increase in the number of female farm workers.[82] Inequality and respect are common issues for these workers, as many have reported that they are not being respected, listened to, or taken seriously due to traditional views of women as housewives and caretakers.[83]

text: Women may also face resistance when attempting to advance to higher positions. Other issues reported by female farm workers include receiving less pay than their male counterparts and a refusal or reluctance by their employers to offer their female workers the same additional benefits given to male workers such as housing.[84] This inequality in pay can cause some women to seek off-farm jobs, which can be difficult if the women are older or have no education or related experience.[82] The risk of injury for farm workers is high. Studies have shown that safety recautions and regulations tend to focus on the male's work because of the traditional idea that the male farm workers work is more dangerous and risky than the females, despite women also engaging in equally risky work such as caring for farm animals or using farming machinery.[85]

text: Women in the farming industry are more likely than men to experience depression and women who experience higher rates of depression are more likely to have been through traumatic events such as sexual abuse and stress due to gender inequality.[86] They are also at a disadvantage when beginning farm work due to some female workers lacking knowledge about the chemical hazards on farms, which can pose issues for pregnant farm workers who are exposed to chemicals that can harm the pregnancy.[87] Some farm workers may also be immigrants who may not be educated on the importance of prenatal care, especially when being exposed to harmful chemicals, which can cause them to experience complications during pregnancy and have children born with birth defects.[88][87]

text: Policy implications[edit]

text: Protection of women's reproductive health is needed for female agricultural workers. Farm work is one of three most dangerous occupations in the United States.[89]  According to the National Agricultural Workers Survey (1994–1995), the proportion of women in farming declined from 25% in the 1980s to less than 20% in the 1990s.[90]   As a result of "a larger portion of the farm worker population being U.S. born (1994–1995) which means that every third U.S. born farm worker was a woman while only one in eight foreign-born farm workers was a woman.[91]"  Due to their occupation, women and their families are at risk to higher exposure from pesticides than the general population from direct contact and pesticide drift as result of their housing proximity to agricultural lands.[92] To ensure the safety and health of women, they need additional surveillance and monitoring for any toxic effects caused by working and living in close proximity to commercial spraying operations,.[92][93]  Moreover, this is important to women's reproductive health,[94][95] because the quality of healthcare they receive in the United States during their lifespan has a direct impact on their reproductive health and well-being and that of their US-born children,.[96][97] Furthermore, "U.S. born workers, women tended to be older than their male counterparts (32 and 25 years old, respectively) while among the foreign-born farm workers, there was no meaningful difference in age between men and women (29 and 30 years old, respectively).[98]" The key issues confronting women in agriculture's healthcare are: access to health care;[99] lack of affordable health insurance;[92] and lack of a medical home due to the seasonality of the work which forces migrant workers to follow the crops.

text: Increased enforcement and compliance of existing EPA’s Worker Protection Standards[100] is needed to protect women workers from pesticide exposures as well as new policies that specifically address women's reproductive health and to their families and unborn children.[100] This is complicated due to the composition of the workforce which consists primarily of migrants with a mixed immigrant status and the United States government's policies[101] about not providing nonemergency health care to nonresidents. This includes prenatal care[94] for undocumented workers whose child born in the United States is considered an American by the 14 Amendment of the US Constitution or the Citizenship Clause. Additional work on compliance onsite by OSHA.[102]