document_title: List of literary awards

question_text: mystery writers award named after american writer and poet crossword

text: List of literary awards

text: International awards[edit]

text: All nationalities eligible (in chronological order)[edit]

text:
Nobel Prize in Literature - since 1901
Golden Wreath of Struga Poetry Evenings - since 1966
Neustadt International Prize for Literature - since 1970
America Award - since 1994
Franz Kafka Prize - since 2001
Man Booker International Prize - since 2005
The Warwick Prize for Writing - since 2008
Jan Michalski Prize for Literature - since 2009
International Rubery Book Award - since 2010
KONS International Literary Award - since 2011
Grand Prix of Literary Associations - since 2013
Windham–Campbell Literature Prizes - since 2013

text: Other[edit]

text:
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for children's and youth literature – since 2003
Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award for poets and translators – since 1997
The Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year – since 1978
Candide Preis – since 1995
Common Wealth Award of Distinguished Service – since 1979
Dayton Literary Peace Prize – since 2006
Goethe Prize – since 1927
Hans Christian Andersen Award for children's literature – since 1956
International Botev Prize – since 1972
International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award – since 1996
Jerusalem Prize – since 1963
Kiriyama Prize – since 1996
Montreal International Poetry Prize – since 2011
NSK Neustadt Prize for Children's Literature – since 2003
Ovid Prize – since 2002
Paris Literary Prize – since 2010
Prince of Asturias Awards – since 1981
Premio Iberoamericano Planeta-Casa de América de Narrativa – since 2007
Sydney Taylor Book Award – for Jewish children's and teen literature, since 1968

text: Awards by language[edit]

text: Arabic[edit]

text:
Etisalat Award for Arabic Children's Literature
International Prize for Arabic Fiction
Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature
Sheikh Zayed Book Award

text: Bengali[edit]

text:
Rabindra Puraskar
Bankim Puraskar
Ananda Puraskar
Sahitya Akademi Award to Bengali Writers
Bangla Academy Award

text: Chinese[edit]

text:
Bing Xin Children's Literature Award
Dream of the Red Chamber Award
Lu Xun Literary Prize
Mao Dun Literature Prize
Newman Prize for Chinese Literature

text: German[edit]

text:
Georg Büchner Prize – for the overall literary oeuvre
Sigmund Freud Prize – for scientific prose
German Book Prize – for the best German language novel of the year
Leipzig Book Fair Prize – in three categories: fiction, non-fiction, and translation
Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
Aspekte-Literaturpreis (Aspekte Literature Prize) – for the best debut novel written in German
Kleist Prize – (first awarded in 1912)

text: Gujarati[edit]

text:
Kumar Suvarna Chandrak
Narmad Suvarna Chandrak
Premanand Suvarna Chandrak
Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak
Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar
Yuva Gaurav Puraskar (conferred to young authors)

text: Hebrew[edit]

text:
Bialik Prize
Sapir Prize
Tchernichovsky Prize (for translation)

text: Malayalam[edit]

text:
Edasseri Award
Ezhuthachan Puraskaram
Kerala Sahitya Academy Award
Muttathu Varkey Award
Odakkuzhal Award
Padmarajan Award
Vallathol Award
Vayalar Award

text: Odia[edit]

text: Odisha Sahitya Academy Award

text: Portuguese[edit]

text:
Camões Prize
Prémio Leya
Portugal Telecom Prize for Literature (from 2007 onwards)
Prémio Literário José Saramago
São Paulo Prize for Literature

text: Spanish[edit]

text:
Miguel de Cervantes Prize
Rómulo Gallegos Prize
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz Prize – female authors
Premio Planeta
Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja
Premio Iberoamericano Planeta-Casa de América de Narrativa
Joaquín Gallegos Lara National Fiction Prize

text: Awards by region[edit]

text: African[edit]

text:
Babishai Niwe Poetry Foundation
Brunel University African Poetry Prize
Caine Prize
Etisalat Prize for Literature
Golden Baobab Prize
Grand prix littéraire d'Afrique noire
Lotus Prize for Literature (discontinued)
Noma Award for Publishing in Africa (discontinued)
Tchicaya U Tam'si Prize for African Poetry
Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa

text: Asian[edit]

text:
Man Asian Literary Prize
DSC Prize for South Asian Literature
SAARC Literary Award

text: Caribbean literature[edit]

text:
Casa de las Américas Prize
OCM Bocas Prize for Caribbean Literature

text: Commonwealth[edit]

text:
Man Booker Prize - winners and shortlisted authors
Commonwealth Short Story Prize
Commonwealth Writers' Prize (discontinued)
Encore Award - since 1990
John Llewellyn Rhys Prize

text: European Union[edit]

text: European Union Prize for Literature - since 2009

text: Nordic[edit]

text: Nordic Council's Literature Prize

text: Awards by country[edit]

text: American literature[edit]

text:
Aga Khan Prize for Fiction
Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry
Ambassador Book Award
American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medals in Belles Lettres, Criticism and Essays
American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Drama
American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction, Novels, Short Stories
American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry
American Book Awards
Anisfield-Wolf Book Award
Arab American Book Award
Arthur Rense Prize
Asian American Literary Awards
Asian/Pacific American Awards for Literature
Autumn House Press Poetry Prize for a full-length book manuscript
Autumn House Press Fiction Prize for a full-length book manuscript
Bancroft Prize
Banipal Prize for Arabic Literary Translation
The Best American Poetry series
Best Translated Book Award
Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry
Bollingen Prize
Bram Stoker Award
Center for Fiction First Novel Prize
Christopher Hewitt Award
Colorado Book Award
The Dana Award
Donna J. Stone National Literary Awards
Dos Passos Prize
Edgar Allan Poe Award
Edward Lewis Wallant Award
Fabri Literary Prize
Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction
Frost Medal
Goldsmith Book Prize
Gregory Kolovakos Award
Harold Morton Landon Translation Award
Helen and Kurt Wolff Translator's Prize
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award
Hispanic Heritage Award for Literature
Hopwood Award
Hugo Award
James Duval Phelan Award
James Jones First Novel Award
James Laughlin Award
Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize
The John Esten Cooke Fiction Award
Joseph Henry Jackson Award
Kate Tufts Discovery Award
Kingsley Tufts Poetry Award
Lambda Literary Award
Lannan Literary Awards
Los Angeles Times Book Prize
Mary Tanenbaum Award for Nonfiction
Michael Braude Award for Light Verse
Minnesota Book Award
National Book Award
National Book Critics Circle Award
National Hispanic Cultural Center Literary Award
National Jewish Book Award, Jewish Book Council
National Outdoor Book Award
National Poetry Series
National Translation Award
Native Writers' Circle of the Americas
Nautilus Book Awards
Nebula Award for Science Fiction
Newbery Medal
The New Criterion Poetry Prize
O. Henry Awards (for short stories)
Outstanding Latino/a Cultural Award in Literary Arts or Publications
Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award
PEN Award for Poetry in Translation
PEN/Book-of-the-Month Club Translation Prize
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
PEN/Malamud Award (for short stories)
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award (for diversity and multi-cultural work)
PEN/Open Book Award (formerly PEN/Beyond Margins, for writers of color)
PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation
PEN Translation Fund Grants
Poets' Prize
Premio Aztlán Literary Prize – emerging Chicana/o writers
Publishing Innovation Award – ebooks and related technology
Pulitzer Prize for

History
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
General Non-Fiction

Pushcart Prize
Quill Awards
Raiziss/de Palchi Translation Awards
Robert Olen Butler Prize
Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize
Scott Moncrieff Prize
Sherwood Anderson Foundation Award
Short Story Award
Spur Award
St. Francis College Literary Prize
St. Louis Literary Award
Stone Award for Lifetime Literary Achievement
Stonewall Book Award
The Story Prize
Tomás Rivera Mexican American Children's Book Award
Wallace Stevens Award
Walt Whitman Award
William Faulkner - William Wisdom Creative Writing Competition
Whiting Awards
Willis Barnstone Translation Prize

text: Australian literature[edit]

text:
Aurealis Award awarded annually for Australian science fiction, fantasy and horror fiction
The Australian/Vogel Literary Award for unpublished manuscripts by writers under the age of 35
Miles Franklin Award for the best Australian published novel or play portraying Australian life in any of its phases
New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards
Patrick White Award
Queensland Premier's Literary Awards
Western Australian Premier's Book Awards
Victorian Premier's Literary Award

text: Austrian literature[edit]

text:
Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
Feldkircher Lyrikpreis
Erich Fried Prize
Franz Kafka Prize
Austrian State Prize for European Literature
Anton Wildgans Prize

text: Bangla literature[edit]

text: Bangla Academy Award

text: Botswana literature[edit]

text: Bessie Head Literature Awards

text: Brazilian literature[edit]

text:
Prêmio Jabuti
Prêmio Machado de Assis
São Paulo Prize for Literature

text: British literature[edit]

text:
Author's Club First Novel Award
Betty Trask Award
Booker Prize
British Book Awards – the "Nibbies"
Chancellor's Gold Medal
Commonwealth Short Story Prize
Commonwealth Writers' Prize
Dundee International Book Prize
Duff Cooper Prize
Forward Prize
Hawthornden Prize
Hessell-Tiltman Prize
International Rubery Book Award
James Tait Black Memorial Prize – for biography
James Tait Black Memorial Prize – for fiction
John Llewellyn Rhys Prize
Meyer-Whitworth Award
Newdigate prize
Orange Prize for Fiction
Orwell Prize
Samuel Johnson Prize
SI Leeds Literary Prize
Somerset Maugham Award
T. S. Eliot Prize
Waverton Good Read Award
Costa Book Awards
Marsh Biography Award – awarded biennially for the best biography written by a British author first published in the UK during the two preceding years.
Marsh Award for Children's Literature in Translation – recognises the best translation of a children’s book from a foreign language into English and published in the UK.

text: Bulgarian literature[edit]

text: Vick Prize

text: Canadian literature[edit]

text:
Arthur Ellis Award
Atlantic Book Awards & Festival
Booker Prize
Burt Award for First Nations, Métis and Inuit Literature
Canadian Jewish Book Awards
Carol Bolt Award
Commonwealth Writers' Prize
Danuta Gleed Literary Award
Dayne Ogilvie Prize
Doug Wright Award
Edna Staebler Award
Geoffrey Bilson Award
Gerald Lampert Award
Griffin Poetry Prize
Governor General's Award
Herman Voaden Playwriting Competition
Innis-Gérin Medal
John Glassco Translation Prize
Journey Prize
Kobzar Literary Award
Lane Anderson Award
Lorne Pierce Medal
McNally Robinson Aboriginal Book of the Year Award
McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award
Matt Cohen Award: In Celebration of a Writing Life
Milton Acorn People's Poetry Award
Norma Fleck Award
Pat Lowther Award
Percy Janes First Novel Award
Prix Anne-Hébert
Prix Athanase-David
Prix du Cercle du livre de France
Prix Ringuet
RBC Bronwen Wallace Award for Emerging Writers
ReLit Awards
Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize
Ryerson Fiction Award (discontinued)
Scotiabank Giller Prize. In 2005, the Giller prize was renamed to the Scotiabank Giller Prize.
Shaughnessy Cohen Award
Stephen Leacock Award
Sunburst Award
TD Canadian Children's Literature Award
Thomas Head Raddall Award
Trillium Award
Vicky Metcalf Award for Children's Literature
Winterset Award
Wright Awards
Writers' Trust Distinguished Contribution Award
Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award
Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction

text: Chilean literature[edit]

text: Chilean National Prize for Literature

text: Chinese literature[edit]

text: Costa Rican literature[edit]

text: Premio Editorial Costa Rica

text: Croatian language[edit]

text:
Croatia rediviva: Ča, Kaj, Što - baštinski dani
Nagrada Ksaver Šandor Gjalski
Nagrada Matice Hrvatske

text: Czech literature[edit]

text: Magnesia Litera Prize

text: Ecuadorian literature[edit]

text:
Joaquín Gallegos Lara National Fiction Prize
Premio Eugenio Espejo

text: Finnish literature[edit]

text:
Finlandia Prize for literature
Helsingin Sanomat Literature Prize
Runeberg Prize for literature
Thanks for the Book Award for literature

text: French literature[edit]

text:
Grand prix du roman de l'Académie française
Prix Alain-Fournier
Prix Décembre
Prix de Flore
Prix des Deux-Magots
Prix Femina
Prix Fénéon
Prix du roman Fnac
Prix Goncourt
Prix Interallié
Prix Littéraire Valery Larbaud
Prix Médicis
Prix Renaudot
Candide Preis (the only German-French Literary award)

text: Georgian literature[edit]

text: Shota Rustaveli State Prize

text: German literature[edit]

text:
Bertelsmann-Preisausschreiben
Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis
Candide Preis – German-French literary award in memory of Voltaire's novella Candide
Carl Zuckmayer Medal, an annual literary prize awarded by the state of Rhineland Palatinate in memory of Carl Zuckmayer
Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis
German Book Prize – awarded annually during the Frankfurt Book Fair for the best German language novel of the year
Georg Büchner Prize – awarded annually by the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung in memory of Georg Büchner
Goethe Prize – awarded triennially by the city of Frankfurt in memory of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Hanseatic Goethe Prize
Heinrich Heine Prize
Hermann-Hesse-Preis
Hans Fallada Prize – biennial literary prize in memory of Hans Fallada
Heinrich Mann Prize
Hermann Kesten Medal
Ingeborg Bachmann Prize (Austrian)
Kassel Literary Prize
Kleist Prize
Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis – annual science fiction award in memory of Kurd Laßwitz, inspired by the American Nebula Award
Leipzig Book Fair Prize
Nelly Sachs Prize
Roswitha Prize
Schiller Memorial Prize
Toucan Prize

text: Hungarian literature[edit]

text:
Balint Balassi Memorial Sword Award
Baumgarten Prize
Kossuth Prize

text: Icelandic literature[edit]

text: Icelandic Literary Prize

text: Indian literature[edit]

text:
Jnanpith Award
Sahitya Akademi Award
Pampa Award
Saraswati Samman
Yuva Puraskar (conferred to young authors)

text: Indonesian literature[edit]

text: Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition

text: Iranian literature[edit]

text:
Jalal Al-e Ahmad Literary Awards
Persian Speculative Art and Literature Award

text: Irish literature[edit]

text:
Irish Book Awards
The Francis MacManus Award

text: Israeli literature[edit]

text:
Bialik Prize
Geffen Award
Jerusalem Prize
Sapir Prize
Yitzhak Sadeh Prize

text: Italian literature[edit]

text:
Bagutta Prize
Premio Bancarella
Premio Campiello
Premio Strega
Premio Urania
Viareggio Prize
Flaiano Prize

text: Japanese literature[edit]

text:
Akutagawa Prize
Bungei Prize
Dazai Osamu Prize
Edogawa Rampo Prize
Honkaku Mystery Award
Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature (Izumi Kyōka Bungaku Shō)
Kikuchi Kan Prize (Kan Kikuchi Shō)
Mishima Yukio Prize
Mystery Writers of Japan Award
Naoki Prize (Naoki Sanjūgo Shō)
Noma Prize for Literature
Ōe Kenzaburō Prize
Tanizaki Prize
Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize
Yomiuri Prize for Literature

text: Luxembourgian literature[edit]

text:
Batty Weber Prize
Servais Prize

text: Mexican literature[edit]

text:
Premio Nacional de Lingüística y Literatura
Xavier Villaurrutia Award
FIL Literary Award in Romance Languages

text: Nepalese Literature[edit]

text: Madan Puraskar

text: New Zealand literature[edit]

text:
Esther Glen Award – for children's literature
Joy Cowley Award – for children's literature
Sir Julius Vogel Award – for science fiction and fantasy
New Zealand Post Book Awards
Ngaio Marsh Award
Margaret Mahy Award
Prime Minister's Awards for Literary Achievement

text: Nigerian literature[edit]

text: Engineer Mohammed Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing – for works in the Hausa language

text: Norwegian literature[edit]

text:
Halldis Moren Vesaas Prize
NBU-prisen
Norwegian Academy Prize in memory of Thorleif Dahl
Norwegian Academy of Literature and Freedom of Expression
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature

text: Philippine literature[edit]

text:
Palanca Award
Philippine National Book Awards

text: Polish literature[edit]

text:
Janusz A. Zajdel Award for science fiction
Found in Translation Award
Gdynia Literary Prize
Kościelski Award
Nautilus Award
Nike Award
Paszport Polityki for Literature
Śląkfa Award

text: Portuguese literature[edit]

text: Prémio Camões

text: Russian literature[edit]

text:
Solzhenitsyn Prize
Russian Booker Prize
Pushkin Prize
Yasnaya Polyana Literary Award

text: Serbian literature[edit]

text:
Isidora Sekulić Award
NIN Award

text: Slovene literature[edit]

text:
Fabula Award
Jenko Award
KONS International Literary Award
Kresnik Award
Levstik Award
Prešeren Award
Prešeren Foundation Award
Rožanc Award
Veronika Award
Vilenica Prize

text: South African literature[edit]

text:
Alan Paton Award
Alba Bouwer Prize
Amstel Playwright of the Year Award
ATKV Prose Prize
Barry Ronge Fiction Prize
C.P. Hoogenhout Award
Central News Agency Literary Award
David Higham Prize for Fiction
Dinaane Debut Fiction Award
Exclusive Books Boeke Prize
Eugène Marais Prize
Hertzog Prize
Ingrid Jonker Prize
M-Net Literary Awards
Maskew Miller Longman Literature Awards
Media24 Books Literary Awards
Olive Schreiner Prize
Percy FitzPatrick Award
Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation
South African Literary Awards
The Cape Tercentenary Foundation
Thomas Pringle Award
University of Johannesburg Prize
W.A Hofmeyr Prize

text: South Korean literature[edit]

text:
Dong-in Literary Award
Manhae Prize
Yi Sang Literary Award
So-Wol Poetry Prize
Park Kyung-ni Prize
Ho-Am Prize in the Arts

text: Spanish literature[edit]

text:
Miguel de Cervantes Prize
Premio Nadal
Premio Planeta
Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja
Rómulo Gallegos Prize
Premio Nacional de Literatura
Premio Azorín
Premio de la Crítica
Premi Prudenci Bertrana
Prince of Asturias Awards

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text:
Gratiaen Prize
State Literary Award

text: Swedish literature[edit]

text:
Augustpriset
De Nios Stora Pris
Best Swedish Crime Novel Award – awarded by Swedish Crime Writers' Academy

text: Swiss literature[edit]

text:
Solothurner Literaturpreis
Swiss Book Prize

text: Thai literature[edit]

text:
S.E.A.Write Award
Sriburapha Award

text: Turkish literature[edit]

text:
Erdal Oz Literature Award
Orhan Kemal Literature Award
Sait Faik Abasıyanık Literature Award
Sedat Simavi Literature Award
Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu Literature Award

text: Ukrainian literature[edit]

text: Shevchenko National Prize since 1961

text: Venezuelan literature[edit]

text: Adriano González León Biennial Novel Prize

text: Awards by genres[edit]

text: Children's literature[edit]

text:
Newbery Medal and Newbery Honor (USA) – since 1922
Carnegie Medal (UK) – since 1936
Caldecott Medal and Caldecott Honor (USA) for illustration – since 1938
Children's Book Council of Australia Awards (Australia) – since 1946
Governor General's Award for English language children's literature (Canada) – since 1949
Jane Addams Children's Book Award (USA) – since 1953
Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal (USA) – since 1954
Hans Christian Andersen Award (International) – since 1956
Kate Greenaway Medal for illustration (UK) – since 1956
Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award (USA) – since 1957
Guardian Award (UK) – since 1967
Coretta Scott King Award for African-American Literature (USA) – since 1970
Tir na n-Og Awards (Wales, UK) – since 1976
Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (UK) – 1985–2007
Prix Sorcières (France) – since 1986
Governor General's Award for French language children's literature (Canada) – since 1987
Bisto Book of the Year Awards (Ireland) – since 1990
Gelett burgess children's book award (USA) – since 2010
Anne V. Zarrow Award for Young Readers' Literature (USA) – since 1991
The Eilis Dillon Award (Ireland) – since 1995
Angus Book Award (UK) – since 1996
Pura Belpré Award for Latino literature (USA) – since 1996
Marsh Award for Children’s Literature in Translation (UK) – since 1996
Children's Laureate (UK) – since 1999
Michael L. Printz Award for young adult literature (USA) – since 2000
Sibert Medal for informational books (USA) – since 2001
Mildred L. Batchelder Award (USA)
Super Dash Novel Rookie of the Year Award (Japan) – since 2001
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award (international) – since 2003

text: Food and drink[edit]

text: Langhe Ceretto Prize (international) – since 1991

text: History[edit]

text:
Cundill Prize for historical non-fiction – since 2008
Duff Cooper Prize — since 1956
Wolfson History Prize – since 1972

text: Horror fiction[edit]

text:
Bram Stoker Award – for superior achievement in horror writing, since 1987
Lord Ruthven Award – for the best fiction on vampires and the best academic work on the study of the vampire figure in culture and literature – since 1989

text: Military fiction and military history[edit]

text:
Colby Award for a first work of fiction or non-fiction – since 1999
Pritzker Military Literature Award for Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing – since 2007
W.Y. Boyd Literary Award for Excellence in Military Fiction – since 1997

text: Mystery: crime fiction and detective fiction[edit]

text:
Agatha Award
Agatha Christie Award (Japan)
Anthony Award
Arthur Ellis Awards by the Crime Writers of Canada
Ayukawa Tetsuya Award
Barry Award
Best Swedish Crime Novel Award – awarded by Swedish Crime Writers' Academy
Crime Writers' Association awards:

Cartier Diamond Dagger
Dagger in the Library
Dagger of Daggers
Duncan Lawrie International Dagger
Gold Dagger
Ian Fleming Steel Dagger
Short Story Award

Glass Key award
Grand Prix de Littérature Policière
Hammett Prize
Honkaku Mystery Award – awarded by Honkaku Mystery Writers Club of Japan
Japan Adventure Fiction Association Prize
Left Coast Crime awards

Lefty award
The Bruce Alexander Memorial Historical Mystery

Macavity Award
Martin Beck Award
Mephisto Prize
Mystery Writers of America awards:

Edgar Award

Mystery Writers of Japan awards:

Mystery Writers of Japan Award
Edogawa Rampo Prize

Shamus Award
Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award

text: Romance Fiction[edit]

text: RITA Award

text: Speculative fiction (science fiction and fantasy)[edit]

text:
Hugo Award – since 1955
Nebula Award – since 1965
Ditmar Award (Australia) – since 1969
BSFA award – since 1970
Seiun Award – since 1970
Locus Award – since 1971
Mythopoeic Awards – awards for the best of mythic fantasy, following in the tradition of J. R. R. Tolkien and C.S. Lewis – since 1971
Prix Tour-Apollo Award – since 1972
John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel – since 1973
John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in Science Fiction – since 1973
World Fantasy Award – since 1975
Paul Harland Prize (Netherlands) – since 1976
Prometheus Award – best Libertarian SF – since 1979
Nihon SF Taisho Award – since 1980
Prix Aurora Award (Canada) – since 1980
Prix Rosny-Aîné (France) – since 1980
Kurd-Laßwitz-Preis (Germany) – since 1981
Philip K. Dick Award – since 1982
Compton Crook Award – best first time novel in genre in a year, since 1983
Janusz A. Zajdel Award (Poland) – since 1984
Writers of the Future – contest for new authors, since 1985
Tähtivaeltaja Award (Finland) – since 1986
Arthur C. Clarke Award – since 1987
Japan Fantasy Novel Award – since 1989
Sir Julius Vogel Award (New Zealand) – since 1989
Urania Award (Italy) – since 1989
SFRA Pioneer Award – best critical essay-length work, since 1990
Tiptree award – since 1991
Chandler Award (Australia) – since 1992
Sidewise Award for Alternate History – since 1995
Aurealis Award (Australia) – since 1995
Thomas D. Clareson Award for Distinguished Service – promotion of SF teaching and study, etc., since 1996
Endeavour Award (Pacific Northwest) – since 1999
Nautilus Award (Poland) – since 2003
WSFA Small Press Award – since 2007
Tähtifantasia Award (Finland) – since 2007
Kitschies (UK) – since 2009

text: Sports[edit]

text:
William Hill Sports Book of the Year (UK)
British Sports Book Awards (UK)
PEN/ESPN Award for Literary Sports Writing (US)

text:
CASEY Award (US)
Jerry Malloy Book Prize (US)
Seymour Medal (US)
Dave Moore Award (US)

text: Biography[edit]

text: Marsh Biography Award – awarded biennially for the best biography written by a British author and first published in the UK during the two preceding years.

text: Awards for Literary Translation[edit]

text:
PEN Translation Prize - awarded annually for a translation from any language into English.
Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize - awarded annually for a book-length translation from any language into English.
Rossica Translation Prize - awarded biennially by Academia Rossica[1] to a translation from Russian into English.
National Translation Award - an annual prize awarded by the American Literary Translators Association[2]
Popescu Prize - awarded biennially for a translation of poetry from a European language into English. Awarded by the Poetry Society.
Willis Barnstone Translation Prize - annually awarded to a translation of a poem from any language into English.
Scott Moncrieff Prize - awarded annually for French to English translation.
Banipal Prize for Arabic Literary Translation - awarded annually for Arabic to English literary translation.
Sol Plaatje Prize for Translation - awarded for a translation of prose or poetry into English from any other of the South African official languages.
Rossica Young Translators Prize - open to submissions from translators aged under 25, awarded annually for the translation of a passage of contemporary fiction from Russian into English.[3]
Harvill Secker Young Translators Prize - open to submissions from translators aged between 18 and 34, awarded annually, focusing on a different language every year.[4]


document_title: Pong

question_text: when did pong become playable on the television

root

text: Pong

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Pong is a two-dimensional sports game that simulates table tennis. The player controls an in-game paddle by moving it vertically across the left or right side of the screen. They can compete against either a computer-controlled opponent or another player controlling a second paddle on the opposing side. Players use the paddles to hit a ball back and forth. The goal is for each player to reach eleven points before the opponent; points are earned when one fails to return the ball to the other.[1][2][3]

tag: p

text: Development and history[edit]

text: Pong was the first game developed by Atari.[4][5] After producing Computer Space, Bushnell decided to form a company to produce more games by licensing ideas to other companies. The first contract was with Bally Manufacturing Corporation for a driving game.[3][6] Soon after the founding, Bushnell hired Allan Alcorn because of his experience with electrical engineering and computer science; Bushnell and Dabney also had previously worked with him at Ampex. Prior to working at Atari, Alcorn had no experience with video games.[7] To acclimate Alcorn to creating games, Bushnell gave him a project secretly meant to be a warm-up exercise.[7][8] Bushnell told Alcorn that he had a contract with General Electric for a product, and asked Alcorn to create a simple game with one moving spot, two paddles, and digits for score keeping.[7] In 2011, Bushnell stated that the game was inspired by previous versions of electronic tennis he had played before; Bushnell played a version on a PDP-1 computer in 1964 while attending college.[9] However, Alcorn has claimed it was in direct response to Bushnell's viewing of the Magnavox Odyssey's Tennis game.[7] In May 1972, Bushnell had visited the Magnavox Profit Caravan in Burlingame, California where he played the Magnavox Odyssey demonstration, specifically the table tennis game.[10][11] Though he thought the game lacked quality, seeing it prompted Bushnell to assign the project to Alcorn.[9]

text: Alcorn first examined Bushnell's schematics for Computer Space, but found them to be illegible. He went on to create his own designs based on his knowledge of transistor–transistor logic and Bushnell's game. Feeling the basic game was too boring, Alcorn added features to give the game more appeal. He divided the paddle into eight segments to change the ball's angle of return. For example, the center segments return the ball a 90° angle in relation to the paddle, while the outer segments return the ball at smaller angles. He also made the ball accelerate the longer it remained in play; missing the ball reset the speed.[3] Another feature was that the in-game paddles were unable to reach the top of screen. This was caused by a simple circuit that had an inherent defect. Instead of dedicating time to fixing the defect, Alcorn decided it gave the game more difficulty and helped limit the time the game could be played; he imagined two skilled players being able to play forever otherwise.[7]

text: Three months into development, Bushnell told Alcorn he wanted the game to feature realistic sound effects and a roaring crowd.[7][12] Dabney wanted the game to "boo" and "hiss" when a player lost a round. Alcorn had limited space available for the necessary electronics and was unaware of how to create such sounds with digital circuits. After inspecting the sync generator, he discovered that it could generate different tones and used those for the game's sound effects.[3][7] To construct the prototype, Alcorn purchased a $75 Hitachi black-and-white television set from a local store, placed it into a 4-foot (1.2 m) wooden cabinet, and soldered the wires into boards to create the necessary circuitry. The prototype impressed Bushnell and Dabney so much that they felt it could be a profitable product and decided to test its marketability.[3]

text: In August 1972, Bushnell and Alcorn installed the Pong prototype at a local bar, Andy Capp's Tavern.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] They selected the bar because of their good working relation with the bar's manager, Bill Gaddis;[27] Atari supplied pinball machines to Gaddis.[5] Bushnell and Alcorn placed the prototype on one of the tables near the other entertainment machines: a jukebox, pinball machines, and Computer Space. The game was well received the first night and its popularity continued to grow over the next one and a half weeks. Bushnell then went on a business trip to Chicago to demonstrate Pong to executives at Bally and Midway Manufacturing;[27] he intended to use Pong to fulfill his contract with Bally, rather than the driving game.[3][4] A few days later, the prototype began exhibiting technical issues and Gaddis contacted Alcorn to fix it. Upon inspecting the machine, Alcorn discovered that the problem was the coin mechanism was overflowing with quarters.[27]

text: After hearing about the game's success, Bushnell decided there would be more profit for Atari to manufacture the game rather than license it, but the interest of Bally and Midway had already been piqued.[4][27] Bushnell decided to inform each of the two groups that the other was uninterested—Bushnell told the Bally executives that the Midway executives did not want it and vice versa—to preserve the relationships for future dealings. Upon hearing Bushnell's comment, the two groups declined his offer.[27] Bushnell had difficulty finding financial backing for Pong; banks viewed it as a variant of pinball, which at the time the general public associated with the Mafia. Atari eventually obtained a line of credit from Wells Fargo that it used to expand its facilities to house an assembly line.[28] The company announced Pong on 29 November 1972.[29][30] Management sought assembly workers at the local unemployment office, but was unable to keep up with demand. The first arcade cabinets produced were assembled very slowly, about ten machines a day, many of which failed quality testing. Atari eventually streamlined the process and began producing the game in greater quantities.[28] By 1973, they began shipping Pong to other countries with the aid of foreign partners.[31]

text: Home version[edit]

text: After the success of Pong, Bushnell pushed his employees to create new products.[4][32] In 1974, Atari engineer Harold Lee proposed a home version of Pong that would connect to a television: Home Pong. The system began development under the codename Darlene, named after an attractive female employee at Atari. Alcorn worked with Lee to develop the designs and prototype, and based them on the same digital technology used in their arcade games. The two worked in shifts to save time and money; Lee worked on the design's logic during the day, while Alcorn debugged the designs in the evenings. After the designs were approved, fellow Atari engineer Bob Brown assisted Alcorn and Lee in building a prototype. The prototype consisted of a device attached to a wooden pedestal containing over a hundred wires, which would eventually be replaced with a single chip designed by Alcorn and Lee; the chip had yet to be tested and built before the prototype was constructed. The chip was finished in the latter half of 1974, and was, at the time, the highest-performing chip used in a consumer product.[32]

text: Bushnell and Gene Lipkin, Atari's vice-president of sales, approached toy and electronic retailers to sell Home Pong, but were rejected. Retailers felt the product was too expensive and would not interest consumers.[33] Atari contacted the Sears Sporting Goods department after noticing a Magnavox Odyssey advertisement in the sporting goods section of its catalog. Atari staff discussed the game with a representative, Tom Quinn, who expressed enthusiasm and offered the company an exclusive deal. Believing they could find more favorable terms elsewhere, Atari's executives declined and continued to pursue toy retailers. In January 1975, Atari staff set up a Home Pong booth at a toy trade fair in New York City, but was unsuccessful in soliciting orders due to the fact that they did not know that they needed a private showing.[32][33]

text: While at the show, they met Quinn again, and, a few days later, set up a meeting with him to obtain a sales order. In order to gain approval from the Sporting Goods department, Quinn suggested Atari demonstrate the game to executives in Chicago. Alcorn and Lipkin traveled to the Sears Tower and, despite a technical complication in connection with an antenna on top of the building which broadcast on the same channel as the game, obtained approval. Bushnell told Quinn he could produce 75,000 units in time for the Christmas season; however, Quinn requested double the amount. Though Bushnell knew Atari lacked the capacity to manufacture 150,000 units, he agreed.[32] Atari acquired a new factory through funding obtained by venture capitalist Don Valentine. Supervised by Jimm Tubb, the factory fulfilled the Sears order.[34] The first units manufactured were branded with Sears' "Tele-Games" name. Atari later released a version under its own brand in 1976.[35]

text: Lawsuit from Magnavox[edit]

text: The success of Pong attracted the attention of Ralph Baer, the inventor of the Magnavox Odyssey, and his employer, Sanders Associates. Sanders had an agreement with Magnavox to handle the Odyssey's sublicensing, which included dealing with infringement on its exclusive rights. However, Magnavox had not pursued legal action against Atari and numerous other companies that released Pong clones.[36] Sanders continued to apply pressure, and in April 1974 Magnavox filed suit against Atari, Allied Leisure, Bally Midway and Chicago Dynamics.[37] Magnavox argued that Atari had infringed on Baer's patents and his concept of electronic ping-pong based on detailed records Sanders kept of the Odyssey's design process dating back to 1966. Other documents included depositions from witnesses and a signed guest book that demonstrated Bushnell had played the Odyssey's table tennis game prior to releasing Pong.[36][38] In response to claims that he saw the Odyssey, Bushnell later stated that, "The fact is that I absolutely did see the Odyssey game and I didn't think it was very clever."[39]

text: After considering his options, Bushnell decided to settle with Magnavox out of court. Bushnell's lawyer felt they could win; however, he estimated legal costs of US$1.5 million, which would have exceeded Atari's funds. Magnavox offered Atari an agreement to become a licensee for US$700,000. Other companies producing "Pong clones"—Atari's competitors—would have to pay royalties. In addition, Magnavox would obtain the rights to Atari products developed over the next year.[36][38] Magnavox continued to pursue legal action against the other companies, and proceedings began shortly after Atari's settlement in June 1976. The first case took place at the district court in Chicago, with Judge John Grady presiding.[36][38][40] To avoid Magnavox obtaining rights to its products, Atari decided to delay the release of its products for a year, and withheld information from Magnavox's attorneys during visits to Atari facilities.[38]

text: Impact and legacy[edit]

text: The Pong arcade games manufactured by Atari were a great success. The prototype was well received by Andy Capp's Tavern patrons; people came to the bar solely to play the game.[4][27] Following its release, Pong consistently earned four times more revenue than other coin-operated machines.[41] Bushnell estimated that the game earned US$35–40 per day, which he described as nothing he'd ever seen before in the coin-operated entertainment industry at the time.[9] The game's earning power resulted in an increase in the number of orders Atari received. This provided Atari with a steady source of income; the company sold the machines at three times the cost of production. By 1973, the company had filled 2,500 orders, and, at the end of 1974, sold more than 8,000 units.[41] The arcade cabinets have since become collector's items with the cocktail-table version being the rarest.[42] Soon after the game's successful testing at Andy Capp's Tavern, other companies began visiting the bar to inspect it. Similar games appeared on the market three months later, produced by companies like Ramtek and Nutting Associates.[43] Atari could do little against the competitors as they had not initially filed for patents on the solid state technology used in the game. When the company did file for patents, complications delayed the process. As a result, the market consisted primarily of "Pong clones"; author Steven Kent estimated that Atari had produced less than a third of the machines.[44] Bushnell referred to the competitors as "Jackals" because he felt they had an unfair advantage. His solution to competing against them was to produce more innovative games and concepts.[43][44]

text: Home Pong was an instant success following its limited 1975 release through Sears; around 150,000 units were sold that holiday season.[45][46] The game became Sears' most successful product at the time, which earned Atari a Sears Quality Excellence Award.[46] Similar to the arcade version, several companies released clones to capitalize on the home console's success, many of which continued to produce new consoles and video games. Magnavox re-released their Odyssey system with simplified hardware and new features, and would later release updated versions. Coleco entered the video game market with their Telstar console; it features three Pong variants and was also succeeded by newer models.[45] Nintendo released the Color TV Game 6 in 1977, which plays six variations of electronic tennis. The next year, it was followed by an updated version, the Color TV Game 15, which features fifteen variations. The systems were Nintendo's entry into the home video game market and the first to produce themselves—they had previously licensed the Magnavox Odyssey.[47] The dedicated Pong consoles and the numerous clones have since become varying levels of rare; Atari's Pong consoles are common, while APF Electronics' TV Fun consoles are moderately rare.[48] Prices among collectors, however, vary with rarity; the Sears Tele-Games versions are often cheaper than those with the Atari brand.[45]

text: Several publications consider Pong the game that launched the video game industry as a lucrative enterprise.[8][35][49] Video game author David Ellis sees the game as the cornerstone of the video game industry's success, and called the arcade game "one of the most historically significant" titles.[4][42] Kent attributes the "arcade phenomenon" to Pong and Atari's games that followed it, and considers the release of the home version the successful beginning of home video game consoles.[43][46] Bill Loguidice and Matt Barton of Gamasutra referred to the game's release as the start of a new entertainment medium, and commented that its simple, intuitive gameplay made it a success.[35] In 1996 Next Generation named it one of the "Top 100 Games of All Time", recounting that "Next Generation staff ignor[ed] hundreds of thousands of dollars of 32-bit software to play Pong for hours when the Genesis version was released."[50] Entertainment Weekly named Pong one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013.[51] Many of the companies that produced their own versions of Pong eventually became well-known within the industry. Nintendo entered the video game market with clones of Home Pong. The revenue generated from them—each system sold over a million units—helped the company survive a difficult financial time, and spurred them to pursue video games further.[47] After seeing the success of Pong, Konami decided to break into the arcade game market and released its first title, Maze. Its moderate success drove the company to develop more titles. Pong has also been used in programming classrooms to teach the fundamentals of languages such as Java and C++.[52]

text: Bushnell felt that Pong was especially significant in its role as a social lubricant, since it was multiplayer-only and did not require each player to use more than one hand: "It was very common to have a girl with a quarter in hand pull a guy off a bar stool and say, 'I'd like to play Pong and there's nobody to play.' It was a way you could play games, you were sitting shoulder to shoulder, you could talk, you could laugh, you could challenge each other ... As you became better friends, you could put down your beer and hug. You could put your arm around the person. You could play left-handed if you so desired. In fact, there are a lot of people who have come up to me over the years and said, 'I met my wife playing Pong,' and that's kind of a nice thing to have achieved."[53]

text: Sequels and remakes[edit]

text: Bushnell felt the best way to compete against imitators was to create better products, leading Atari to produce sequels in the years followings the original's release: Pong Doubles, Super Pong, Ultra Pong, Quadrapong, and Pin-Pong.[2] The sequels feature similar graphics, but include new gameplay elements; for example, Pong Doubles allows four players to compete in pairs, while Quadrapong—also released by Kee Games as Elimination—has them compete against each other in a four way field.[54][55] Bushnell also conceptualized a free-to-play version of Pong to entertain children in a Doctor's office. He initially titled it Snoopy Pong and fashioned the cabinet after Snoopy's doghouse with the character on top, but retitled it to Puppy Pong and altered Snoopy to a generic dog to avoid legal action. Bushnell later used the game in his chain of Chuck E. Cheese's restaurants.[2][56][57][58][59] In 1976, Atari released Breakout, a single-player variation of Pong where the object of the game is to remove bricks from a wall by hitting them with a ball.[60] Like Pong, Breakout was followed by numerous clones that copied the gameplay, such as Arkanoid, Alleyway, and Break 'Em All.[61]

text: Atari remade the game on numerous platforms. In 1977, Pong and several variants of the game were featured in Video Olympics, one of the original release titles for the Atari 2600. Pong has also been included in several Atari compilations on platforms including the Sega Genesis, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and personal computer.[62][63][64][65][66] Through an agreement with Atari, Bally Gaming and Systems developed a slot machine version of the game.[67] The Atari published TD Overdrive includes Pong as an extra game which is played during the loading screen.[68][69] In 1999, the game was remade for home computers and the PlayStation with 3D graphics and power-ups.[70][71] In 2012, Atari celebrated the 40th anniversary of Pong by releasing Pong World.[72]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The game is featured in episodes of television series: That '70s Show,[73] King of the Hill,[74] and Saturday Night Live.[75] In 2006, an American Express commercial featured Andy Roddick in a tennis match against the white, in-game paddle.[76] Other video games have also referenced and parodied Pong; for example Neuromancer for the Commodore 64 and Banjo-Kazooie: Nuts and Bolts for the Xbox 360.[77][78] The concert event Video Games Live has performed audio from Pong as part of a special retro "Classic Arcade Medley".[79] Frank Black's song "Whatever Happened to Pong?" on the album Teenager of the Year references the game's elements.[80]

text: Dutch design studio Buro Vormkrijgers created a Pong-themed clock as a fun project within their offices. After the studio decided to manufacture it for retail, Atari took legal action in February 2006. The two companies eventually reached an agreement in which Buro Vormkrijgers could produce a limited number under license.[81] In 1999, French artist Pierre Huyghe created an installation entitled "Atari Light", in which two people use handheld gaming devices to play Pong on an illuminated ceiling. The work was shown at the Venice Biennale in 2001, and the Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León in 2007.[82] The game was included in the London Barbican Art Gallery's 2002 Game On exhibition meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history, development, and culture.[83]