document_title: Israel (name)

question_text: what is the biblical meaning of the name israel

text: Israel (name)

text:
Israel

Pronunciation
/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/
Hebrew: [jisʁaˈʔel]

Gender
Male

Origin

Word/name
Hebrew

Meaning
'God Contended',[1] 'Wrestles with God',[2] 'Triumphant with God'

Other names

Related names
Izzy, Isaac, Rae

tag: table

text: Look up Israel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Israel is a Biblical given name. The patriarch Jacob was given the name Israel (Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל, Standard Yisraʾel Tiberian Yiśrāʾēl; "Triumphant with God", "who prevails with God"[3]) after he wrestled with an "angel" (Genesis 32:28 and 35:10). The name already occurs in Eblaite and Ugaritic texts as a common name.[4] Commentators differ on the original literal meaning. Some say the name comes from the verb śarar ("to rule, be strong, have authority over"), thereby making the name mean "God rules" or "God judges".[5] Other possible meanings include "the prince of God" (from the King James Version) or "El fights/struggles".[6] "The Jewish Study Bible" of Oxford University Press says on page 68 "The scientific etymology of Israel is uncertain, a good guess being '[The God] El rules.'"[7] Jacob's descendants came to be known as the Israelites, eventually forming the tribes of Israel and ultimately the kingdom of Israel, whence came the name of modern-day State of Israel.

text: In Israel, the name "Israel Israeli" is sometimes used to mean someone whose name is unknown or unspecified.

text: Israel was a common name among Chaldeans till recent times. A famous Chaldean author is Bishop Israel Audo, famous for authoring a book about the Chaldean Genocide.

text: In Nazi Germany, male Jews who did not have "typically Jewish" given names were forced to add "Israel" as of January 1939. This decree was revoked by the Allies in 1945.

text: Given name[edit]

text:
Israel (Bishop of Caucasian Albania), 7th century CE
Israel Alter (also: Yisraʾel Alter, 1901-1979), Jewish composer and last chief cantor in Hanover, Germany
Israel Asper (1932–2003), Canadian media magnate
Israel of Axum, Emperor of Ethiopia in the 6th century CE
Israel Baline (1888–1989), the birth name of American composer Irving Berlin
Israel Cruz (born 1983), Australian singer
Israel Dagg (born 1988), New Zealand rugby player
Israel ben Eliezer (1698–1760), Jewish mystical rabbi
Israel Folau (born 1989), Australian rugby player
Israel Gelfand (1913–2009), Russian mathematician
Israel Gigato (born 1987), Spanish football player
Israel the Grammarian, 10th century European scholar
Israel Hands, 18th Century pirate
Israel Houghton (born 1971), American singer and Christian worship leader
Israel Idonije (born 1980), Nigeria-born Canadian player of American football
Israel Kamakawiwoʻole (1959–1997), Hawaiian singer and spiritual leader
Israel Kirzner (born 1930), American economist
Israel of Krems, 14th-15th century Austrian rabbi
Israel "Izzy" Lang, American football running back
Israel Machado (born 1960), Brazilian basketball player
Israel Ochoa (born 1964), Colombian cyclist
Israel Putnam (1718–1790), American general
Israel Raybon (born 1973), American football player
Israel Regardie (1907–1985), British occultist
Israel B. Richardson (1815–1862), Union major general in the American Civil War
Israel Ruiz, Jr. (born 1943), New York politician
Israel Shahak (1933–2001), Israeli author
Israel Shamir (born 1947), Swedish anti-Zionist writer
Israel Vázquez (born 1977), Mexican boxer
Yisrael Meir Lau (born 1937), former Chief Rabbi of Israel

text: Surname[edit]

text:
Al Israel, American actor
Dan Israel, American musician
Edward Israel (1859–1884), American astronomer and polar explorer
Elizabeth Israel (1875–2003), Dominican supercentenarian
Jonathan Israel (born 1946), British historian
Märt Israel (born 1983), Estonian discus thrower
Melvin Israel, later known as Mel Allen (1913–1996), American sportscaster
Menasseh ben Israel (1604–1657), Portuguese rabbi and scholar
Rinus Israël (born 1942), Dutch football player and manager
Robert Decatur Israel, San Diego pioneer, keeper of the Old Point Loma lighthouse
Steve Israel (born 1958), American politician
Steve Israel (American football) (born 1969), American football player
Yuri Izrael (1930–2014), Russian scientist and vice-chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change


document_title: 13 Reasons Why

question_text: when does justin appear in 13 reasons why 2

root

text: 13 Reasons Why

text: Premise

text: In season one, seventeen year old Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box on his porch. Inside he discovers seven cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker, his deceased classmate and unrequited love, who committed suicide two weeks earlier. On the tapes, Hannah unfolds an intensely emotional audio diary, detailing why she decided to end her life. It appears each person who receives this package of old-style tapes is fundamentally related to why she killed herself. Clay is not the first to receive the tapes, but there is implied detail as to how he should pass the tapes on after hearing them. There appears to be an order to distribution of the tapes, with an additional copy held by an overseer should the plan go awry. Each tape recording refers to a different person involved in Hannah's life contributing to a reason for her suicide. The tapes refer to both friends and enemies.

tag: p

text: In season two, months after Hannah's suicide, Clay and the other people mentioned on the tapes, as well as close friends and Hannah's family members, become embroiled in a civil legal battle between Hannah's parents and Liberty High School. Alleging negligence on the part of the school, Hannah's mother pursues her perception of justice, while her reluctance to settle pre-trial and her personal circumstances eventually break up her marriage with Hannah's father. The story unfolds with narratives illustrating Hannah's story told by those who present in court at trial.

text: Clay, who perceives himself as Hannah's failed protector, embarks on an investigation using whatever evidence he can find in an effort to impact on the civil case between Hannah's parents and the school. Clay also endeavours to expose the corrupted culture of the High School and its favour of wealthy, sports savvy male students over the average student, which especially compromises the integrity of young girls such as Hannah.

text: Throughout season two, Clay appears to be communicating with the ghost of Hannah as a plot narrative device.

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen, a close friend of Hannah who becomes obsessed with finding out what happened to her.[3]
Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker, a teenager whose suicide and recorded audio cassettes spark the events of the series.[3] (seasons 1–2)
Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla, Clay's best friend at Liberty High who tries to help him deal with Hannah's death.[3]
Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis, a student who starts attending Liberty High at the same time as Hannah.[3]
Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley, a student at Liberty High who comes from an abusive family and is in a relationship with Jessica.[3]
Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker, a student from a rich family and the captain of the football team at Liberty High.[3]
Miles Heizer as Alex Standall, a student at Liberty High, the ex-boyfriend of Jessica and a former friend of Hannah.[3]
Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey, a cowardly but kindhearted friend of Justin and Bryce at Liberty High.[3]
Devin Druid as Tyler Down, a bullied student at Liberty High and an avid photographer.[3]
Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen, Clay's attorney mother.[4]
Derek Luke as Kevin Porter, a guidance counselor at Liberty High.[5]
Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker, Hannah's mother, who is determined to uncover the truth about the events leading to her daughter's suicide.[5]
Brian d'Arcy James as Andy Baker, Hannah's father and Olivia's husband.[6] (season 2; recurring season 1)

tag: ul

text: Recurring

text: Introduced in season one

text:
Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen, Clay's father, a psychologist.
Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen, a closeted student at Liberty High who is responsible for spreading rumors about Hannah to protect the secret of her own sexual orientation. In season 2, she comes out on the stand during the trial of Hannah Baker, confessing her actions against Hannah that landed her on the tapes.
Steven Silver as Marcus Cole, the self-centered student body president at Liberty High, who is responsible for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah on a date. In season 2, he is suspended from school after lying on the stand during the trial and following the leaked release of the tapes soon after.
Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland, a student and cheerleader at Liberty High who forms a bond with Clay but is also on the tapes when her actions result in Jeff's accidental death.
Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver, a student at Liberty High who betrayed Hannah's trust.
Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller, an estranged friend of Clay. In the second season, Skye and Clay date for while before she leaves for a "fresh start", following another self-harm incident which resulted in her bipolar disorder diagnosis.
Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz, a bully who is a student at Liberty High. In season 2, he secretly terrorizes a number of individuals testifying at Hannah Baker's trial.
Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins, a student at Liberty High and friend of Clay, who died in a tragic car accident.
Steven Weber as Gary Bolan, the principal at Liberty High.
Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley, the Communications teacher at Liberty High.
Mark Pellegrino as Deputy Bill Standall, Alex's father, a police officer.
Joseph C. Phillips as Greg Davis, Jessica's father, a member of the Air Force.
Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey, Zach's mother.
Henry Zaga as Brad, Tony's boyfriend. In season 2, it is revealed that the couple broke up sometime between the events of season 1 and 2.
Giorgia Whigham as Kat, a friend of Hannah and her former next-door neighbor.
Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen, one of Courtney's fathers.
Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez, the lawyer representing Hannah's parents at the end of season 1 and during season 2.

text: Introduced in season two

text:
Jake Weber as Barry Walker, Bryce's father.[7]
Brenda Strong as Nora Walker, Bryce's mother.[7]
Meredith Monroe as Carolyn Standall, Alex's mother.[7]
R.J. Brown as Caleb, Tony's boxing trainer and boyfriend.[7]
Anne Winters as Chlöe Rice, a smart, clueless, popular girl at Liberty High and the new head cheerleader who is also Bryce's girlfriend.[8] At the end of season 2, it is revealed that she is pregnant.
Bryce Cass as Cyrus, an edgy, cynical mischief maker who serves as an unexpected champion of the downtrodden. He befriends Tyler and the two together embark on smear campaigns against bullies.[8]
Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie, Cyrus' sister, an artsy and witty girl who is not afraid to speak her mind. In season 2, she briefly develops a relationship with Tyler, though the latter breaks it up.[8]
Allison Miller as Sonya Struhl, a smart and ambitious young litigator, who defends the school during the Hannah Baker trial.[8]
Brandon Butler as Scott Reed, a student at Liberty High who is on the baseball team.[8]
Samantha Logan as Nina Jones, a well-respected track star who befriends Jessica over shared sexual assault pasts.[8]
Kelli O'Hara as Jackie, a passionate advocate for victims of bullying.[8]
Ben Lawson as Rick Wlodimierz, the baseball coach at Liberty High, who supports and protects his players.[8]

text: Episodes

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally released113March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)213May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"Tape 1, Side A"Tom McCarthyBrian YorkeyMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep. He plays the first in his father's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker, before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother. Clay steals his friend Tony's Walkman to continue listening. Clay listens to the first tape, in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide. She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss, with Justin Foley, who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide. Clay is revealed, through numerous short flashbacks, to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater. It is revealed in this episode that Hannah has put her friend Tony in charge of the tapes.

Tape subject: Justin Foley, for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter.
22"Tape 1, Side B"Tom McCarthyBrian YorkeyMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students: Jessica, who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force, and Alex, whom they met at a coffee shop. Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah. When Alex breaks up with Jessica, she very publicly blames Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia, finds a note in her daughter's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied. Clay asks Jessica about the tapes, which results in Bryce Walker's circle of peers meeting to discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah's recordings.

Tape subject: Jessica Davis, for mistakenly blaming Hannah for her breakup with Alex.
33"Tape 2, Side A"Helen ShaverDiana SonMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
As Clay attempts to pursue a romantic relationship with Hannah, her relationships are threatened by a "best/worst list" made by Alex Standall, who has put a "target" on Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia Baker, seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery. In the midst of his investigation, Clay turns to Alex for answers, who not only feels regret for his actions on the tapes, but also warns Clay against trusting Tony, whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange with his brothers. As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump, Bryce strong-arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway.

Tape subject: Alex Standall, for listing Hannah's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and for destroying her friendship with Jessica.
44"Tape 2, Side B"Helen ShaverThomas HigginsMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah hears someone outside her window, and confesses to her friend, Courtney, that she has a stalker. Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act. While waiting for the stalker to arrive, they play an alcohol-fueled game of truth or dare that leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah's bed. The stalker, school photographer Tyler Down, takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school. This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph. In the present, Clay goes to Hannah's house and talks to her mother, though is unable to admit how close he and Hannah were. He also confronts Tony about the incident with his brothers. Tony responds that "people have to make their own justice" and proves he has an extra set of tapes. Inspired by this, Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge.

Tape subject: Tyler Down, for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney's kiss around the school.
55"Tape 3, Side A"Kyle Patrick AlvarezJulia BicknellMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Courtney, afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality, spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura, an openly lesbian classmate. Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin, worsening Hannah's poor reputation. In the present, Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah's grave. She leaves, not ready to face her involvement in the loss of her classmate or be more open about her sexuality. Tony arrives with Clay's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal. Later, Justin, Zach and Alex force Clay into the car with them by stealing his bike and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit. They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex's father. Clay denies knowing Hannah to his mother, who has been asked to represent the school in the lawsuit the Bakers are bringing.

Tape subject: Courtney Crimsen, for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah.
66"Tape 3, Side B"Kyle Patrick AlvarezNic SheffMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah's date on Valentine's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is promiscuous. In the present, Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both must appear before the student honor board. Clay helps Sheri on an assignment, and they nearly hook up, but Sheri reveals she is only there because she is on the tapes and wants Clay to like her despite her role in Hannah's death.

Tape subject: Marcus Cole, for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date.
77"Tape 4, Side A"Gregg ArakiElizabeth BenjaminMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach, he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project. Zach removes compliments from Hannah's box, affecting her self-confidence. In the present, Clay hears Zach's tape and keys his car in an act of revenge, but things turn out to be different than they appeared. Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day, including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school's intercom system. He returns the tapes to Tony, unable to continue listening.

Tape subject: Zach Dempsey, for stealing the "positive notes" destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help.
88"Tape 4, Side B"Gregg ArakiKirk MooreMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver, and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club, a place where people write and perform their own poetry, and listen and critique others. Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her. Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine. Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious, but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it, not realizing Hannah is the author. In the present day, Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah's death, and Clay takes back the tapes. Clay later gives the poem to Hannah's mother.

Tape subject: Ryan Shaver, for stealing a poem Hannah wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent.
99"Tape 5, Side A"Carl FranklinHayley TylerMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
While hiding in Jessica's room during a party, Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica. In the present, Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come and again attempts to scare him into silence about the tapes, this time by planting drugs in his backpack to get him suspended from school. Clay finally admits to his mother that he and Hannah were close. After getting suspicious legal advice from his mother, he goes to Justin's apartment to retrieve his bike and talk about getting justice for Jessica. Justin finally admits that what happened in the tapes is real, and claims it is better if Jessica does not know the truth.

Tape subject: Justin Foley (and seemingly Hannah Baker herself), for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica.
1010"Tape 5, Side B"Carl FranklinNathan Louis JacksonMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After the party, Hannah gets a ride home from her classmate, cheerleader Sheri Holland. They have what appears to be a minor accident, knocking over a stop sign. While Hannah wants to call the police to report it, Sheri refuses to do so, because she is afraid she will get in trouble. While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities, the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection, resulting in the death of Clay's friend Jeff Atkins, which was incorrectly considered a drunk driving accident. When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign, he pushes her away, thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic. In the present, Jessica's behavior becomes more erratic. Clay finds out that Sheri is trying to make up for her mistake in her own way, and he tells Jeff's parents that Jeff was sober when he died.

Tape subject: Sheri Holland, for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign, which ultimately caused the death of another student.
1111"Tape 6, Side A"Jessica YuDiana SonMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
With Tony's support, Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt to the point of contemplating his own suicide because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah's death. Tony manages to calm him down. Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce's home. He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party, causing her to break up with him. Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes, although she does not know what the list means.

Tape subject: Ostensibly Clay Jensen, for complying with Hannah's request to leave her alone at Jessica's party. However, Hannah is explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list, but is there because he must be, as he is part of the story.
1212"Tape 6, Side B"Jessica YuElizabeth BenjaminMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
After accidentally losing her parents' store's earnings, a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce. The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him, and he rapes her in his hot tub. This leads Hannah to create a list of people (the one that her mother found in the previous episode) who she feels were responsible for leading her to her current circumstances, which becomes the inspiration for the creation of the tapes. In the present, everyone on Hannah's list is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school. The subjects of the tapes disagree over what to do. Tyler eventually suggests they pin everything on Bryce, but Alex refuses and says they should tell the truth. Sheri turns herself in. Clay goes to Bryce's house, on the pretext of buying marijuana, to confront him about the events of the night he raped Hannah. Clay provokes Bryce to attack him and is badly beaten. However, Clay has been secretly recording their conversation and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah. An unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head is treated by paramedics.

Tape subject: Bryce Walker, for raping Hannah in his hot tub.
1313"Tape 7, Side A"Kyle Patrick AlvarezBrian YorkeyMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
Hannah begins to record the tapes and then visits Mr. Porter to tell him about her rape. Hannah secretly records the conversation, hoping he will help her. When he does not, she heads home and takes her own life. In the present, Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy. He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day. He also hands over the tapes, including the additional tape containing Bryce's confession. Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape. The depositions begin, Marcus and Courtney deny their involvement in Hannah's death as much as possible. Zach and Jessica admit their mistakes. Before his deposition, Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room, and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview. Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound; he is in critical condition at the hospital. Justin leaves town out of guilt, but not before telling Bryce about the tapes. Jessica finally tells her father about her rape. At school, Clay reaches out to Skye Miller, his former friend, to avoid repeating the same mistakes he made with Hannah.

Tape subject: Mr. Porter, for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help.

text: Season 2 (2018)

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date141"The First Polaroid"Gregg ArakiBrian YorkeyMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Five months after the events of the first season, Hannah's trial moves to court. Tyler is the first to testify in the trial and does so truthfully. Skye and Clay are dating, but Clay starts to hallucinate Hannah. Mr Porter confronts Bryce in the bathroom about raping Hannah. Jessica returns to school, as does Alex who survived his suicide attempt, but has lost much of his memory from before it, including the contents of Hannah's tapes. Tony is given the note Hannah left him the night she died, and is later seen burning it. Clay finds a Polaroid photograph in his locker, with a note saying "Hannah wasn't the only one".

Testified: Tyler Down, who talks about taking photos of Hannah and attempting to befriend her.
152"Two Girls Kissing"Gregg ArakiThomas HigginsMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Courtney reveals that she is a lesbian and had feelings for Hannah during her testimony. A group of protesters gather at the court to demand justice for Hannah, but Jessica and Alex are both threatened to avoid revealing anything incriminating when they testify. Skye and Clay fight over her suspicion that Clay is still in love with Hannah, and Skye is hospitalized soon after leaving Clay's house. Meanwhile, Tyler befriends a classmate named Cyrus.

Testified: Courtney Crimsen, who talks about her feelings towards Hannah and their kiss.
163"The Drunk Slut"Karen MoncrieffMarissa Jo CerarMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Clay, riding home on his bicycle, is hit intentionally by a car, injuring him slightly. He visits Skye in hospital, but she breaks up with him. Clay and Alex try to encourage Jessica to reveal information about Bryce during her testimony, but she fails after seeing incriminating pictures of her stuck to the board in a classroom. Olivia asks her afterwards if she was the girl on the ninth tape, but Jessica does not answer. After discovering Jessica had been contacted by Justin, Clay finds him homeless in Oakland with Tony's help. With no other option, Clay lets Justin stay in his bedroom with him. Skye's parents move her to a psychiatric facility, and tell Clay not to contact her. Tyler meets the rest of Cyrus' friends while Bryce is asked to testify.

Testified: Jessica Davis, who talks about the hot-or-not list and hers and Hannah's friendship.
174"The Second Polaroid"Karen MoncrieffHayley TylerMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Marcus lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out on Valentine's Day during his testimony (in order to protect his reputation) and briefly mentions Bryce, angering him. Cyrus and Tyler hear of Marcus' lies and prank him, going to a nearby field afterwards to shoot guns. Clay finds out that Justin has been taking heroin and he and Sheri help him onto the path to sobriety. Jessica shows the threatening note she was left before her testimony to Mr Porter. Alex continues to be frustrated about not being able to remember anything and asks Clay for the tapes, who sends them to him. Jessica and Alex skip school and share a kiss. Clay also finds a second Polaroid photograph in his locker, which shows Bryce having sex with an unconscious girl, alongside a note saying "he won't stop".

Testified: Marcus Cole, who lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out.
185"The Chalk Machine"Eliza HittmanNic SheffMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Tyler is confronted by Mr Porter, who suspects he was behind the pictures of Jessica found in the classroom before her testimony, but he denies involvement. Ryan testifies and talks about Hannah's poems, saying they were written about Justin and that she and Justin maintained contact even after falling out. Afterwards, Olivia invites Ryan to help her decipher Hannah's poems for additional clues, but Ryan soon leaves after Olivia mentions missing pages in Hannah's journal, which Ryan had torn out. Clay realizes the Polaroid photos were taken at school and attempts to find out where. Chlöe meets with Bryce's parents and his mother notices bruises on her. Jessica attends her first group therapy session. Mr Porter finds a brick thrown through his car window, with a threatening note attached; he later confronts Justin's mother and is arrested after a violent incident with her boyfriend.

Testified: Ryan Shaver, who talks about the poems he wrote with Hannah and who she wrote them about.
196"The Smile at the End of the Dock"Eliza HittmanJulia BicknellMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Zach testifies and reveals that he and Hannah had a romantic relationship the summer before she died, but they kept it secret. After the testimony, Clay reacts angrily and confronts Zach, ignoring his apologies, while Bryce teases Zach about his relationship, prompting a small fight between them. Justin returns to school and talks to Jessica, but she asks him to leave. He then faints after seeing Bryce, and on his return to Clay's house, has to hide as someone breaks in, at which point Clay's parents find out he has been staying there, but allow it to continue.

Testified: Zach Dempsey, who talks about his relationship with Hannah the summer before she died.
207"The Third Polaroid"Michael MorrisBrian YorkeyMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
During Clay's testimony, he is forced to reveal he and Hannah did drugs at a small party one night and spent the night together, and Clay ignored a comment Hannah made the next morning about wanting to die. Alex's birthday party is derailed after a number of arguments break out. When Clay leaves the birthday party, he finds a Polaroid photograph left on his car, with a note reading "The Clubhouse". After reading comments posted online about his testimony, Clay anonymously uploads Hannah's tapes to the Internet. Meanwhile, Bryce is seen having sex with Chlöe without getting proper consent.

Testified: Clay Jensen, who talks about his friendship with Hannah.
218"The Little Girl"Michael MorrisFelischa MaryeMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
After the release of the tapes, Bryce returns to school to find his locker vandalized and his "confession tape" Clay recorded being shared among students. After Marcus is blackmailed, he calls Bryce a rapist during a speech at a ceremony, in front of a large group of parents and students, in order to protect his own reputation. Clay finally contacts Skye again and meets with her at the psychiatric facility, but she tells him she is moving to a different state. Justin overdoses on heroin, but Alex saves his life - he then returns to his mother's home.

Testified: Andy and Olivia Baker, who talk about Hannah's life and the bullying at Liberty High.
229"The Missing Page"Kat CandlerRohit KumarMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
When testifying, Mr Porter reveals that since Hannah's death he has come to believe that Hannah was raped by Bryce. He then emotionally apologizes to Hannah's mother for the part he played in her suicide. Justin steals money from his mother's boyfriend, and when confronted by his mother, leaves her some suggesting she leaves too in order to escape the relationship. Bryce confronts and threatens Clay under the assumption that it was Clay who blackmailed Marcus into publicly accusing Bryce of rape. Later, Clay is violently beaten at school by four masked students. He is then approached by Cyrus who invites him to join him and Tyler in vandalizing the school that evening, but when he does, he sees a group of students entering a storage shed next to the baseball field, which he correctly guesses that it's the location of The Clubhouse. He texts Justin and they reconvene. Meanwhile, Olivia contacts a girl, Sarah, and her mother and asks them not to testify.

Testified: Pam Bradley, who talks about the atmosphere at Liberty High and Kevin Porter, who talks about the day Hannah asked help from him.
2310"Smile, Bitches!"Kat CandlerKirk MooreMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Tony is asked to testify, but chooses not to reveal that Hannah left him her tapes because he owed her a favor after she helped him evade arrest. During Sarah's testimony, she reveals Hannah was part of a trio of girls who bullied her at another high school. After an argument between Tyler and Mackenzie, his friendship with Cyrus breaks down. Offering marijuana, Sheri tempts some male students into taking her to The Clubhouse, where Bryce takes a picture of her and two other boys on a Polaroid camera, placing the photograph in a box filled with many others. She learns the code to unlock the door and shares it with Clay and Justin. During a baseball game, Zach confronts Bryce, tells him he knows Hannah was not lying, and quits the game. He goes to The Clubhouse to find Clay and Justin there, and hands Clay the box of Polaroid photographs taken in the Clubhouse, confessing that it was him who had given Clay the first three photographs. Clay reviews the photographs at home with Justin and Sheri, and they find a pair of photographs which show Bryce raping Chlöe. Clay also finds a picture of Hannah.

Testified: Sarah, who talks about Hannah bullying her and Tony Padilla, who talks about his friendship with Hannah.
2411"Bryce and Chloe"Jessica YuMarissa Jo Cerar & Thomas HigginsMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Bryce testifies and says that he and Hannah had a casual sexual relationship, and that she falsely accused him of rape after he brought an end to it. When Bryce returns to school, Justin approaches him and a fight breaks out, which evolves into a mass brawl. Jessica shows Chlöe the two pictures of Bryce and her in The Clubhouse, and Chlöe confesses that it was her who stuck up the pictures in the classroom before Jessica testified. Olivia, her legal team, and Jessica ask Chlöe to testify, and she agrees, but in the courtroom she reports that she remembers Bryce having sex with her and remembers consenting. The box of Polaroid photographs taken from The Clubhouse is stolen from Clay's car, and Alex is sent a package containing a gun and a threatening letter. Bryce's mother later asks him whether he was telling the truth in his testimony, and, after being pressed, he confesses to raping Hannah. Through a series of flashbacks, it is revealed Bryce wanted a relationship with Hannah and was rejected himself. Clay becomes mentally tormented by hallucinations of Hannah, to the point where he contemplates both murdering Bryce and killing himself.

Testified: Bryce Walker, who lies about raping Hannah, and Chloe Rice, who talks about the clubhouse but also lies about being raped by Bryce.
2512"The Box of Polaroids"Jessica YuHayley Tyler & Brian YorkeyMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
Justin receives a death threat before going to testify, but he tells of Bryce raping Jessica during his testimony nonetheless. Montgomery is confronted by Alex, Clay, Justin, Tony, Zach, and Scott after Alex realizes he is responsible for intimidating people during the trial, and admits to stealing the box of Polaroid photos. However, after taking Alex to their location, he reveals he was lying and escapes. As a result, Jessica is encouraged by a group of her friends to report her case of sexual assault to the police. After the trial concludes and the jury find the school district not responsible for Hannah's death, both Bryce and Justin are arrested outside the courtroom for their involvement in Jessica's rape. Mr. Porter is fired after a performance review, and Tyler is placed on a diversion program after one of his social media posts reveals it was him who vandalized the school.

Testified: Justin Foley, who talks about his relationship with Hannah and confesses about Bryce raping her.
2613"Bye"Kyle Patrick AlvarezBrian YorkeyMay 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
One month later, after Jessica's sexual assault trial, Bryce is convicted but sentenced to only three months' probation.  Justin is sentenced to six months' probation and can only be released to one of his parents, neither of whom can be found. This leads to Clay's family adopting him, which Clay reveals to Justin after a funeral service for Hannah. Clay discovers he was included on a list of eleven "reasons why not" Hannah had written before her death. Tyler returns to school, but is savagely beaten and sexually assaulted by Montgomery and two of his friends. It is revealed that Justin is secretly shooting up heroin, and that Nina possesses the box of Polaroids, which she burns. The following night, at a school dance, Jessica and Justin share an intimate encounter, and Chlöe tells Jessica she is pregnant. Tyler arrives at the dance planning to orchestrate a mass school shooting, but Clay learns of his plan and confronts him, encouraging him not to do it. He peacefully disarms Tyler before Tony arrives to drive Tyler away in his car. The episode ends with sirens of the approaching police cars being heard, with Clay holding Tyler's assault rifle in front of the school.

text: Production

text: Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker.[9] On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.[10][11] Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes.[12] The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.[12]

text: Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016.[13][14] The 13-episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[15][16]

text: Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.[17]

text: On May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season.[18][19] Filming for the second season began on June 12, 2017,[20] but was briefly halted in October in response to the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed.[21] Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017.[22] The second season was released on May 18, 2018.[23]

text: On June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which is set to be released in 2019.[24]

text: Reception

text: Audience viewership

text: The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18% increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which "analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company’s U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season.[25]

text: Critical response

text: Season 1

text: The first season has received positive reviews from critics, with much of the praise for the show being aimed at its acting, directing, story, visuals, improvements upon its source material, and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 80% approval rating with an average rating of 7.2/10, based on 51 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu."[26] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.[27]

text: Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why, giving it a 9.2 out of 10, "Amazing", stating that the show is "a very powerful and hard-hitting series" and "ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century".[28] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show, saying, "The drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking."[29] Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show "is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful" and called it "simply essential viewing".[30] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the show "a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world".[31] Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show, calling it "an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation", and citing its performances, direction, relevance and maturity as some of the show's strongest points.[32]

text: The acting, particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, was frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews. Schedeen of IGN praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford, stating: "Langford shines in the lead role... [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role."[28] Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another". Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."[32]

text: Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads, but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, which Ryan describes as "career-best work".[30] Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances of Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire, who enjoyed the show and gave it a positive score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.[30][28][32][33]

text: Another aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the show's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter. This was favorably reviewed by critics, such as Miller of Indiewire, particularly her statement that "the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth."[33] Miller, and Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter, also stated that the show can be difficult to watch at times,[32] while Schedeen of IGN states that it is "an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place."[28]

text: Numerous critics also praised several other aspects of the show. Feinberg highlighted the show's directors, saying: "A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative",[33] while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling: "The storytelling techniques are powerful... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer."[29]

text: Conversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review, writing, "the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement." He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: "It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already."[34]

text: Writing for The Guardian, Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, "a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me". Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So-Called Life: "It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening."[35]

text: Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review, finding 13 Reasons Why "contrived" and implausible: "There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours – a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny." He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes "a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story ... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub."[36]

text: David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly Hannah. He praised Langford's "stunning performance" but noted, "There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there." He noted that overall, the series worked: "The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy."[37]

text: Season 2

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text: The second season received largely mixed to negative reviews from critics, with criticism aimed at the poor execution of its topics; many declared it unnecessary.[38][39] Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 27% with an average rating of 5.5/10, based on 25 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, "By deviating from its source material, 13 Reasons Why can better explore its tenderly crafted characters; unfortunately, in the process, it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place."[40] On Metacritic the season has an average score of 49 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[41]

text: A scene in which the character Tyler gets viciously attacked and sexually assaulted during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series, with some describing it as "unnecessary" and "traumatizing".[42] The series' showrunner has defended the scene, saying that it was included in an attempt to "[tell] truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can".[43]

text: Social impact

text: The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self-harm, prompting Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first, twelfth, and thirteenth episodes. School psychologists and educators expressed concern about the series.

text: The superintendent of Palm Beach County, Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self-harming behavior from students, and that some of those students "have articulated associations of their at-risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series".[45]

text: The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series, due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show's release in the country. Netflix however, demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system, by branding the series as "MA15+" when streamed via its own interface. They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice, and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode, even including an Australian accent in the voice over for those referrals every fifth episode. The "MA15+" rating in Australia requires a guardian to accompany a minor to an Australian cinema to allow admission of those under 18 years of age. "MA15+" also prohibits the admission of anyone under the age of 15, requiring proof-of-age identification.[46][47][48]

text: In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34[a] OECD countries during 2009 to 2012,[50][51] the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating, "RP18", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.[52][53]

text:
We stayed very true to the book and that's initially what [author] Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic, complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that's what we wanted to do ... We wanted to do it justice and, yeah, [the backlash is] gonna come no matter what. It's not an easy subject to talk about, but I'm very fortunate with how it's doing.
—Executive producer Selena Gomez, in defense of the controversy surrounding the series[54]

tag: div

text: In April 2017, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) in the United States released a statement regarding the series, saying: "Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide."[55] NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television show.[56] The following month, the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth. They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide.[57] The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources, and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional, such as a clinical child psychologist, using evidence-based practice.

text: Similarly, clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion.[58][59][60] However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that "it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide."[55] Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction, in order to not encourage copycat suicides.[61] The season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard.[62] Nic Sheff, a writer for the show, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides "quietly drift off", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.[63]

text: The NASP statement also criticized the show's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms. Alex Moen, a school counselor in Minneapolis, took issue with the show's entire plotline as "...essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have—that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live."[62] Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations, but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that, to being unethical and possibly illegal. "It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police", she told Slate.[62]

text: In May 2017, the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP. CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, particularly in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the American Association of Suicidology. CMHA and CASP did praise the show for raising awareness about "...this preventable health concern," adding that, "Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide." Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to CMHA and CASP, include the following: "They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson."[64][65]

text: One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide-related searches in the United States, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide," an 18% increase for "commit suicide," and a 9% increase for "how to kill yourself."[66] A review, however, found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide.[67]

text: Accolades

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2017

Gold Derby Awards

Breakthrough Performer of the Year

Katherine Langford

Nominated

[68]

2018

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actress – Television Series Drama

Katherine Langford

Nominated

[69]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards

Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama

Season Kent

Won

[70]

Imagen Awards

Best Actor – Television

Christian Navarro

Pending

[71]

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Show

13 Reasons Why

Nominated

[72]

Best Performance in a Show

Katherine Langford

Nominated

NAACP Image Awards

Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series

Carl Franklin for "Tape 5, Side B"

Won

[73]

Satellite Awards

Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series

Katherine Langford

Nominated

[74]

Best Drama Series

13 Reasons Why

Nominated

Television Academy Honors

Television with a Conscience

13 Reasons Why

Won

[75]

text: Beyond the Reasons

text: With the release of the first season of the series, Netflix also released 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, an aftershow documentary television film. The 29-minute documentary featured cast and crew of the series, and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the show and dealing with difficult issues, including bullying, depression and sexual assault. A second Beyond the Reasons special was released with the second season of the series.[76][77][78]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ The 2009–2012 data exclude Latvia, which became the 35th OECD member country on July 1, 2016.[49]

tag: ol


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan

question_text: who is the longest serving chief minister of rajasthan

text: List of Chief Ministers of Rajasthan

text:
Chief Minister of Rajasthan

Incumbent
Vasundhara Raje
since 13 December 2013

Appointer
Governor of Rajasthan

Inaugural holder
Heera Lal Shastri

Formation
7 April 1949

text: The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, a north Indian state, is the head of the Government of Rajasthan. As per the Constitution of India, the Governor of Rajasthan is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: From 1949, 13 people have been Chief Minister of Rajasthan. Mohan Lal Sukhadia was the longest serving Chief Minister of Rajasthan. After securing majority in 2013 assembly election, Vasundhara Raje of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the incumbent Chief Minister.

text: Chief Ministers of Rajasthan[edit]

text:
No
Name
Took office
Left office
Party[a]
Tenure

1
Heera Lal Shastri
7 April 1949
5 January 1951
Indian National Congress

639 days

2
C. S. Venkatachari
6 January 1951
25 April 1951
110 days

3
Jai Narayan Vyas
26 April 1951
3 March 1952
313 days

4
Tika Ram Paliwal
MLA for Mahuwa
3 March 1952
31 October 1952
243 days

(3)
Jai Narayan Vyas [2]
MLA for Kishangarh
1 November 1952
12 November 1954
742 days
(total 1055 days)

5
Mohan Lal Sukhadia
MLA for Udaipur
13 November 1954
13 March 1967
4503 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
13 March 1967
26 April 1967

(5)
Mohan Lal Sukhadia [2]
MLA for Udaipur
26 April 1967
9 July 1971
Indian National Congress

1535 days
(total 6380 days)

6
Barkatullah Khan
MLA for Tijara
9 July 1971
11 August 1973
765 days

7
Hari Dev Joshi
MLA for Banswara
11 August 1973
29 April 1977
1389 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
29 April 1977
22 June 1977
N/A

8
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
MLA for Chhabra
22 June 1977
16 February 1980
Janata Party

970 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
16 February 1980
6 June 1980
N/A

9
Jagannath Pahadia
MLA for Weir
6 June 1980
13 July 1981
Indian National Congress

403 days

10
Shiv Charan Mathur
MLA for Mandalgarh
14 July 1981
23 February 1985
1320 days

11
Hira Lal Devpura
MLA for Kumbhalgarh
23 February 1985
10 March 1985
16 days

(7)
Hari Dev Joshi [2]
MLA for Banswara
10 March 1985
20 January 1988
1046 days

(10)
Shiv Charan Mathur [2]
MLA for Mandalgarh
20 January 1988
4 December 1989
684 days
(total 2004 days)

(7)
Hari Dev Joshi [3]
MLA for Banswara
4 December 1989
4 March 1990
91 days
(total 2526 days)

(8)
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat [2]
MLA for Chhabra
4 March 1990
15 December 1992
Bharatiya Janata Party

1017 days

–
Vacant[b]
(President's rule)
15 December 1992
4 December 1993
N/A

(8)
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat [3]
MLA for Bali
4 December 1993
29 November 1998
Bharatiya Janata Party

1821 days
(total 3808 days)

12
Ashok Gehlot
MLA for Sardarpura
1 December 1998
8 December 2003
Indian National Congress

1834 days

13
Vasundhara Raje
MLA for Jhalrapatan
8 December 2003
11 December 2008
Bharatiya Janata Party

1831 days

(12)
Ashok Gehlot [2]
MLA for Sardarpura
12 December 2008
13 December 2013
Indian National Congress

1822 days
(total 3656 days)

(13)
Vasundhara Raje [2]
MLA for Jhalrapatan
13 December 2013
Incumbent
Bharatiya Janata Party

1622 days

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c d President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[2]

text:
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Rajasthan as well.
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.


document_title: Wounded Warrior Project

question_text: who is the founder of the wounded warrior project

text: Wounded Warrior Project

text: History[edit]

text: Wounded Warrior Project was founded in 2003[1] in Roanoke, Virginia,[6] by John Melia.[7][8] Melia had been severely wounded in a helicopter crash while serving in Somalia in 1992.[6]

text: Melia assembled backpacks distributed to injured veterans at the former Bethesda Naval Hospital (Walter Reed National Military Medical Center) and Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The WWP Backpacks program continues to remain a central activity of WWP, evidenced by the 16,992 backpacks they had distributed as of August 1, 2013.[9]

text: Wounded Warrior Project initially operated as a division of the United Spinal Association of New York,[7][10] which adopted WWP as a program in November 2003. The WWP continued to support injured service members by providing them with free WWP Backpacks filled with comfort items

text: In September 2005, The United Spinal Association granted $2.7 million to WWP to "develop into a stand-alone charity with its own identity and programs," with the intent to expand its services from providing immediate comfort items to providing longer-term support for returning wounded veterans via compensation, education, health care, insurance, housing, employment, etc.[11]

text: In 2016 WWP's CEO, Steven Nardizzi, and its COO, Al Giordano, were fired after they had been revealed as spending massive amounts of the company's money on lavish things for themselves and company retreats.[12][13][14] Several former employees alleged that they were fired because they raised concerns over the mismanagement.[15]

text: Incorporation[edit]

text: Wounded Warrior Project registered for incorporation on February 23, 2005. WWP was granted accreditation as of September 10, 2008 by the Veterans Affairs Secretary as a Veterans Service Organization (VSO) "recognized by the Secretary for the purpose of preparation, presentation, and prosecution of claims under laws administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs." [16] The Veterans Administration's online List of Representatives for Accredited Organizations includes contact information for WWP's accredited service officers.[17] as well as a search tool to access information about other VSOs.[18]

text: In July 2006, WWP's headquarters were moved to Jacksonville, Florida. WWP Founder John Melia cited a strong local veteran community, access to Jacksonville International Airport, and support from the local business community, specifically the PGA Tour, as the reason for the move. The WWP headquarters will be undergoing a major $1.3 million renovation according to the Jacksonville Business Journal.[19]

text: Lawsuits[edit]

text: On May 27, 2014, WWP filed a lawsuit against Dean Graham, a disabled veteran with PTSD, and his Help Indiana Vets, Inc. organization.[20] After a court ruling, Graham retracted the allegations he leveled against Wounded Warrior Project and folded his direct-aid non-profit.[20][verification needed]

text: WWP filed a lawsuit in October 2014 seeking damages and court costs against a Blandon, Pennsylvania non-profit Keystone Wounded Warriors claiming confusing similarities between Keystone's and WWP's logos; Hampton Roads, VA Channel 3 TV covered the Keystone story on April 30, 2015,[21] and Nonprofit Quarterly covered the story with a title asking, is WWP "a 'Neighborhood Bully' among Veterans Groups?".[21] Tim Mak also covered the suit for the Daily Beast.[22][23]

text: After a reporter for the Tacoma, Washington News Tribune informed disabled veteran Airman Alex Graham, a blogger at the conspiracy website Veterans Today, of a pending lawsuit against him by the WWP, he removed his articles critical of their policies, later retracting his criticisms and issuing a public apology.[24]

text: Title 38[edit]

text: In March 2014, WWP testified before Congress that they strongly supported the bill "To amend title 38, United States Code, to provide veterans with counseling and treatment for sexual trauma that occurred during inactive duty training (H.R. 2527; 113th Congress)". The bill would extend a VA program of counseling and care and services for veterans for military sexual trauma that occurred during active duty or active duty for training to veterans who experienced such trauma during inactive duty training.[25] The bill would alter current law, which allows access to such counseling only to active duty members of the military, so that members of the Reserves and National Guard would be eligible.[26]

text: The WWP did a study of its alumni and found that, "almost half of the respondents indicated accessing care through VA for MST-related conditions was 'very difficult'. And of those who did not seek VA care, 41% did not know they were eligible for such care."[27] The WWP also testified that in addition to expanding access to MST care, the VA needed to improve care itself, because veterans report "inadequate screening, providers who were either insensitive or lacked needed expertise and facilities ill-equipped to appropriately care for MST survivors."[27]

text: Donations and Spending[edit]

text: In 2012, WWP spent US $114,817,090 on programs in support of wounded veterans, the families, and caregivers.[28]

text: In 2013, a new employee mistakenly declined to accept a donation from Liberty Baptist Church in Fort Pierce, Florida, and issued this inadvertent statement to the church leaders in an email, "We must decline the opportunity to be the beneficiary of your event due to our fundraising event criteria, which doesn't allow community events to be religious in nature." [29] Shortly after the church received this letter, a WWP spokesperson apologized and said that it was a miscommunication.[30]

text: In June 2015, the Daily Beast reported that the WWP sells its donor information to third parties. It also alleged that WWP distributed what it deemed an insubstantial percentage of donations to actual wounded warriors, and that it overpaid its executive staff.[31]

text: In January 2016, The New York Times reported that only 60 percent of the revenue of the Wounded Warrior Project is spent on programs to help veterans; the remaining 40 percent was overhead. It also reported claims of work environment of coercion, and multiple terminations.[32] That same month, CBS News disclosed that the WWP had grown to spend millions of dollars annually on team-building events.[33]

text: In March 2016, Wounded Warrior Project's board of directors dismissed the charity's top two executives, Steven Nardizzi and Al Giordano, after hiring the law firm Simpson Thacher & Bartlett to perform an independent review of spending issues related to the company's funds. Board chairman Anthony Odierno was announced as temporarily taking control of the charity.[34]

text: In October 2016, Charity Navigator dropped Wounded Warrior Project from its "watch list," and later boosted the nonprofit's score to a four star rating (out of four stars).[35]

text: In February 2017, the Better Business Bureau released a report clearing Wounded Warrior Project of the "lavish spending" allegations, and "found the organization’s spending to be consistent with its programs and mission."[36]

text: Charity ratings[edit]

text: According to a 2013 article in 'Nonprofit Quarterly',"Depending on the rater, the Wounded Warriors Project seems to have scored low (Charity Watch), high (BBB Wise Giving Alliance) or somewhere in the middle (Charity Navigator)."[37], however, for the fiscal year ended 30 September 2016, Charity Watch has assigned WWP a C+ rating (up from a D originally) and Charity Navigator published its rating for WWP on 1 February 2017 as "four out of four stars" (up from three). According to Charity Navigator, WWP allocates 75.1 percent of its revenue to program expenses and 24.7 percent to fundraising and administrative expenses.[38] In January 2017 The Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance renewed its accreditation of WWP, for the next two years, as meeting the 20 standards for charity accountability.[39]


document_title: Dada

question_text: berlin dada artists created a variation on collage called

text: Dada

text: Overview[edit]

text: Dada was an informal international movement, with participants in Europe and North America. The beginnings of Dada correspond to the outbreak of World War I. For many participants, the movement was a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests, which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war, and against the cultural and intellectual conformity—in art and more broadly in society—that corresponded to the war.[11]

text: Avant-garde circles outside France knew of pre-war Parisian developments. They had seen (or participated in) Cubist exhibitions held at Galeries Dalmau, Barcelona (1912), Galerie Der Sturm in Berlin (1912), the Armory Show in New York (1913), SVU Mánes in Prague (1914), several Jack of Diamonds exhibitions in Moscow and at De Moderne Kunstkring, Amsterdam (between 1911 and 1915). Futurism developed in response to the work of various artists. Dada subsequently combined these approaches.[9][12]

text: Many Dadaists believed that the 'reason' and 'logic' of bourgeois capitalist society had led people into war. They expressed their rejection of that ideology in artistic expression that appeared to reject logic and embrace chaos and irrationality.[4][5] For example, George Grosz later recalled that his Dadaist art was intended as a protest "against this world of mutual destruction."[4]

text: According to Hans Richter Dada was not art: it was "anti-art."[11] Dada represented the opposite of everything which art stood for. Where art was concerned with traditional aesthetics, Dada ignored aesthetics. If art was to appeal to sensibilities, Dada was intended to offend.

text: As Hugo Ball expressed it, "For us, art is not an end in itself ... but it is an opportunity for the true perception and criticism of the times we live in."[13]

text: A reviewer from the American Art News stated at the time that "Dada philosophy is the sickest, most paralyzing and most destructive thing that has ever originated from the brain of man." Art historians have described Dada as being, in large part, a "reaction to what many of these artists saw as nothing more than an insane spectacle of collective homicide."[14]

text: Years later, Dada artists described the movement as "a phenomenon bursting forth in the midst of the postwar economic and moral crisis, a savior, a monster, which would lay waste to everything in its path... [It was] a systematic work of destruction and demoralization... In the end it became nothing but an act of sacrilege."[14]

text: To quote Dona Budd's The Language of Art Knowledge,

text: Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of the First World War. This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the name Dada is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word. Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artists Tristan Tzara's and Marcel Janco's frequent use of the words "da, da," meaning "yes, yes" in the Romanian language. Another theory says that the name "Dada" came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French–German dictionary happened to point to 'dada', a French word for 'hobbyhorse'.[5]

text: The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestos, art theory, theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.

text: History[edit]

text: Zürich[edit]

text: In 1916, Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Jean Arp, Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Sophie Taeuber, and Hans Richter, along with others, discussed art and put on performances in the Cabaret Voltaire expressing their disgust with the war and the interests that inspired it.

text: Some sources state that Dada coalesced on October 6 at the Cabaret Voltaire. Other sources state that Dada did not originate fully in a Zürich literary salon but grew out of an already vibrant artistic tradition in Eastern Europe, particularly Romania, that transposed to Switzerland when a group of Jewish modernist artists (Tzara, Janco, Arthur Segal, and others) settled in Zürich. In the years prior to the First World War similar art had already risen in Bucharest and other Eastern European cities; it is likely that Dada's catalyst was the arrival in Zürich of artists like Tzara and Janco.[15]

text: Having left Germany and Romania during the Great War, the artists found themselves in Switzerland, a country recognized for its neutrality. Inside this space of political neutrality they decided to use abstraction to fight against the social, political, and cultural ideas of that time. The Dadaists believed those ideas to be a byproduct of bourgeois society, a society so apathetic it would rather fight a war against itself than challenge the status quo.[16]

text: Janco recalled, "We had lost confidence in our culture. Everything had to be demolished. We would begin again after the tabula rasa. At the Cabaret Voltaire we began by shocking common sense, public opinion, education, institutions, museums, good taste, in short, the whole prevailing order." [17]

text: The Cabaret closed its doors in early July and then at the first public soirée at Waag Hall[18] on July 14, 1916, Ball recited the first manifesto. In 1917, Tzara wrote a second Dada manifesto considered one of the most important Dada writings, which was published in 1918. Other manifestos followed.

text: A single issue of the magazine Cabaret Voltaire was the first publication to come out of the movement.

text: After the cabaret closed down, Dada activities moved on to a new gallery, and Hugo Ball left for Bern. Tzara began a relentless campaign to spread Dada ideas. He bombarded French and Italian artists and writers with letters, and soon emerged as the Dada leader and master strategist. The Cabaret Voltaire re-opened, and is still in the same place at the Spiegelgasse 1 in the Niederdorf.

text: Zürich Dada, with Tzara at the helm, published the art and literature review Dada beginning in July 1917, with five editions from Zürich and the final two from Paris.

text: Other artists, such as André Breton and Philippe Soupault, created “literature groups to help extend the influence of Dada.”[19]

text: After the fighting of the First World War had ended in the armistice of November 1918, most of the Zürich Dadaists returned to their home countries, and some began Dada activities in other cities. Others, such as the Swiss native Sophie Taeuber, would remain in Zürich into the 1920s.

text: Berlin[edit]

text: "Berlin was a city of tightened stomachers, of mounting, thundering hunger, where hidden rage was transformed into a boundless money lust, and men's minds were concentrating more and more on questions of naked existence... Fear was in everybody's bones "- Richard Hülsenbeck

text: The groups in Germany were not as strongly anti-art as other groups. Their activity and art were more political and social, with corrosive manifestos and propaganda, satire, public demonstrations and overt political activities. The intensely political and war-torn environment of Berlin had a dramatic impact on the ideas of Berlin Dadaists. Conversely, New York's geographic distance from the war spawned its more theoretically-driven, less political nature.[20]

text: In February 1918, while the Great War was approaching its climax, Huelsenbeck gave his first Dada speech in Berlin, and he produced a Dada manifesto later in the year. Following the October Revolution in Russia, by then out of the war, Hannah Höch and George Grosz used Dada to express communist sympathies. Grosz, together with John Heartfield, Höch and Hausmann developed the technique of photomontage during this period.

text: After the war, the artists published a series of short-lived political magazines and held the First International Dada Fair, 'the greatest project yet conceived by the Berlin Dadaists', in the summer of 1920.[21] As well as work by the main members of Berlin Dada – Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, Hannah Höch, Johannes Baader, Huelsenbeck and Heartfield – the exhibition also included the work of Otto Dix, Francis Picabia, Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Rudolf Schlichter, Johannes Baargeld and others.[21] In all, over 200 works were exhibited, surrounded by incendiary slogans, some of which also ended up written on the walls of the Nazi's Entartete Kunst exhibition in 1937. Despite high ticket prices, the exhibition lost money, with only one recorded sale.[22]

text: The Berlin group published periodicals such as Club Dada, Der Dada, Everyman His Own Football, and Dada Almanach.

text: Cologne[edit]

text: In Cologne, Ernst, Baargeld, and Arp launched a controversial Dada exhibition in 1920 which focused on nonsense and anti-bourgeois sentiments. Cologne's Early Spring Exhibition was set up in a pub, and required that participants walk past urinals while being read lewd poetry by a woman in a communion dress. The police closed the exhibition on grounds of obscenity, but it was re-opened when the charges were dropped.[23]

text: New York[edit]

text: Like Zürich, New York City was a refuge for writers and artists from the First World War. Soon after arriving from France in 1915, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia met American artist Man Ray. By 1916 the three of them became the center of radical anti-art activities in the United States. American Beatrice Wood, who had been studying in France, soon joined them, along with Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. Arthur Cravan, fleeing conscription in France, was also in New York for a time. Much of their activity centered in Alfred Stieglitz's gallery, 291, and the home of Walter and Louise Arensberg.

text: The New Yorkers, though not particularly organized, called their activities Dada, but they did not issue manifestos. They issued challenges to art and culture through publications such as The Blind Man, Rongwrong, and New York Dada in which they criticized the traditionalist basis for museum art. New York Dada lacked the disillusionment of European Dada and was instead driven by a sense of irony and humor. In his book Adventures in the arts: informal chapters on painters, vaudeville and poets Marsden Hartley included an essay on "The Importance of Being 'Dada'".

text: During this time Duchamp began exhibiting "readymades" (everyday objects found or purchased and declared art) such as a bottle rack, and was active in the Society of Independent Artists. In 1917 he submitted the now famous Fountain, a urinal signed R. Mutt, to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition but they rejected the piece. First an object of scorn within the arts community, the Fountain has since become almost canonized[dubious – discuss] by some as one of the most recognizable modernist works of sculpture. Art world experts polled by the sponsors of the 2004 Turner Prize, Gordon's gin, voted it "the most influential work of modern art".[24][25] As recent scholarship documents, the work is likely more collaborative than it has been given credit for in twentieth-century art history. Duchamp indicates in a 1917 letter to his sister that a female friend was centrally involved in the conception of this work. As he writes: "One of my female friends who had adopted the pseudonym Richard Mutt sent me a porcelain urinal as a sculpture."[26] The piece is more in line with the scatological aesthetics of Duchamp's friend and neighbour, the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, than Duchamp's.[27] In an attempt to "pay homage to the spirit of Dada" a performance artist named Pierre Pinoncelli made a crack in a replica of The Fountain with a hammer in January 2006; he also urinated on it in 1993.

text: Picabia's travels tied New York, Zürich and Paris groups together during the Dadaist period. For seven years he also published the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, New York City, Zürich, and Paris from 1917 through 1924.

text: By 1921, most of the original players moved to Paris where Dada had experienced its last major incarnation.

text: Paris[edit]

text: The French avant-garde kept abreast of Dada activities in Zürich with regular communications from Tristan Tzara (whose pseudonym means "sad in country," a name chosen to protest the treatment of Jews in his native Romania), who exchanged letters, poems, and magazines with Guillaume Apollinaire, André Breton, Max Jacob, Clément Pansaers, and other French writers, critics and artists.

text: Paris had arguably been the classical music capital of the world since the advent of musical Impressionism in the late 19th century. One of its practitioners, Erik Satie, collaborated with Picasso and Cocteau in a mad, scandalous ballet called Parade. First performed by the Ballets Russes in 1917, it succeeded in creating a scandal but in a different way than Stravinsky's Le Sacre du printemps had done almost five years earlier. This was a ballet that was clearly parodying itself, something traditional ballet patrons would obviously have serious issues with.

text: Dada in Paris surged in 1920 when many of the originators converged there. Inspired by Tzara, Paris Dada soon issued manifestos, organized demonstrations, staged performances and produced a number of journals (the final two editions of Dada, Le Cannibale, and Littérature featured Dada in several editions.)[28]

text: The first introduction of Dada artwork to the Parisian public was at the Salon des Indépendants in 1921. Jean Crotti exhibited works associated with Dada including a work entitled, Explicatif bearing the word Tabu. In the same year Tzara staged his Dadaist play The Gas Heart to howls of derision from the audience. When it was re-staged in 1923 in a more professional production, the play provoked a theatre riot (initiated by André Breton) that heralded the split within the movement that was to produce Surrealism. Tzara's last attempt at a Dadaist drama was his "ironic tragedy" Handkerchief of Clouds in 1924.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands the Dada movement centered mainly around Theo van Doesburg, best known for establishing the De Stijl movement and magazine of the same name. Van Doesburg mainly focused on poetry, and included poems from many well-known Dada writers in De Stijl such as Hugo Ball, Hans Arp and Kurt Schwitters. Van Doesburg and Thijs Rinsema (nl) (a cordwainer and artist in Drachten) became friends of Schwitters, and together they organized the so-called Dutch Dada campaign in 1923, where van Doesburg promoted a leaflet about Dada (entitled What is Dada?), Schwitters read his poems, Vilmos Huszár demonstrated a mechanical dancing doll and Nelly van Doesburg (Theo's wife), played avant-garde compositions on piano.

text: Van Doesburg wrote Dada poetry himself in De Stijl, although under a pseudonym, I.K. Bonset, which was only revealed after his death in 1931. 'Together' with I.K. Bonset, he also published a short-lived Dutch Dada magazine called Mécano (1922–3). Another Dutchman identified by K. Schippers in his study of the movement in the Netherlands[29] was the Groningen typographer H. N. Werkman, who was in touch with van Doesburg and Schwitters while editing his own magazine, The Next Call (1923–6). Two more artists mentioned by Schippers were German-born and eventually settled in the Netherlands. These were Otto van Rees, who had taken part in the liminal exhibitions at the Café Voltaire in Zürich, and Paul Citroen.

text: Georgia[edit]

text: Although Dada itself was unknown in Georgia until at least 1920, from 1917 until 1921 a group of poets called themselves "41st Degree" (referring both to the latitude of Tbilisi, Georgia and to the temperature of a high fever) organized along Dadaist lines. The most important figure in this group was Iliazd, whose radical typographical designs visually echo the publications of the Dadaists. After his flight to Paris in 1921, he collaborated with Dadaists on publications and events.

text: Yugoslavia[edit]

text: In Yugoslavia there was significant Dada activity between 1920 and 1922, run mainly by Dragan Aleksić and including work by Mihailo S. Petrov, Zenitism's two brothers Ljubomir Micić and Branko Ve Poljanski.[30] Aleksić used the term "Yougo-Dada" and is known to have been in contact with Raoul Hausmann, Kurt Schwitters, and Tristan Tzara.[31]

text: Italy[edit]

text: The Dada movement in Italy, based in Mantua, was met with distaste and failed to make a significant impact in the world of art. It published a magazine for a short time and held an exhibition in Rome, featuring paintings, quotations from Tristan Tzara, and original epigrams such as "True Dada is against Dada". The most notable member of this group was Julius Evola, who went on to become an eminent scholar of occultism, as well as a right-wing philosopher and an assistant to Benito Mussolini.[32]

text: Japan[edit]

text: A prominent Dada group in Japan was Mavo, founded in July 1923 by Tomoyoshi Murayama and Yanase Masamu (de; ja). Other prominent artists were Jun Tsuji, Eisuke Yoshiyuki, Shinkichi Takahashi and Katsue Kitasono.

text: In the Tsuburaya Productions's Ultra Series, an alien named Dada was designed after the Dadaism movement, with said character first appearing in episode 28 of the 1966 tokusatsu series, Ultraman, and was designed by character artist Toru Narita. Dada's design is primarily monochromatic, and features numerous sharp lines and alternating black and white stripes, as a reference to the movement. On May 19, 2016, in celebration to the 100 year anniversary of Dadaism in Tokyo, the Ultra Monster was invited to meet the Swiss Ambassador Urs Bucher.[33][34]

text: Russia[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dada in itself was relatively unknown in Russia, however, avant-garde art was widespread due to the Bolshevik's revolutionary agenda. The Nichevoki (ru), a literary group sharing Dadaist ideals achieved infamy after one of its members suggested that Vladimir Mayakovsky should go to the "Pampushka" (Pameatnik Pushkina – Pushkin monument) on the "Tverbul" (Tverskoy Boulevard) to clean the shoes of anyone who desired it, after Mayakovsky declared that he was going to cleanse Russian literature.

text: Poetry, music and sound[edit]

text: Dada was not confined to the visual and literary arts; its influence reached into sound and music. Kurt Schwitters developed what he called sound poems, while Francis Picabia and Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes composed Dada music performed at the Festival Dada in Paris on 26 May 1920. Other composers such as Erwin Schulhoff, Hans Heusser and Alberto Savinio all wrote Dada music, while members of Les Six collaborated with members of the Dada movement and had their works performed at Dada gatherings. Erik Satie also dabbled with Dadaist ideas during his career, although he is primarily associated with musical Impressionism.

text: In the very first Dada publication, Hugo Ball describes a "balalaika orchestra playing delightful folk-songs." African music and jazz were common at Dada gatherings.[citation needed]

text: Marc Lowenthal, in I Am a Beautiful Monster: Poetry, Prose, and Provocation, writes:

text: Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry, a starting point for performance art, a prelude to postmodernism, an influence on pop art, a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho-political uses in the 1960s and the movement that laid the foundation for Surrealism.[35]

text: Musician Frank Zappa was a self-proclaimed Dadaist after learning of the movement:

text: In the early days, I didn't even know what to call the stuff my life was made of. You can imagine my delight when I discovered that someone in a distant land had the same idea—AND a nice, short name for it.[36]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: While broadly based, the movement was unstable. By 1924 in Paris, Dada was melding into Surrealism, and artists had gone on to other ideas and movements, including Surrealism, social realism and other forms of modernism. Some theorists argue that Dada was actually the beginning of postmodern art.[37]

text: By the dawn of the Second World War, many of the European Dadaists had emigrated to the United States. Some (Otto Freundlich, Walter Serner) died in death camps under Adolf Hitler, who actively persecuted the kind of "degenerate art" that he considered Dada to represent. The movement became less active as post-war optimism led to the development of new movements in art and literature.

text: Dada is a named influence and reference of various anti-art and political and cultural movements, including the Situationist International and culture jamming groups like the Cacophony Society. Upon breaking up in July 2012, anarchist pop band Chumbawamba issued a statement which compared their own legacy with that of the Dada art movement.[38]

text: At the same time that the Zürich Dadaists were making noise and spectacle at the Cabaret Voltaire, Lenin was planning his revolutionary plans for Russia in a nearby apartment. Tom Stoppard used this coincidence as a premise for his play Travesties (1974), which includes Tzara, Lenin, and James Joyce as characters. French writer Dominique Noguez imagined Lenin as a member of the Dada group in his tongue-in-cheek Lénine Dada (1989).

text: The former building of the Cabaret Voltaire fell into disrepair until it was occupied from January to March 2002, by a group proclaiming themselves Neo-Dadaists, led by Mark Divo.[39] The group included Jan Thieler, Ingo Giezendanner, Aiana Calugar, Lennie Lee, and Dan Jones. After their eviction, the space was turned into a museum dedicated to the history of Dada. The work of Lee and Jones remained on the walls of the new museum.

text: Several notable retrospectives have examined the influence of Dada upon art and society. In 1967, a large Dada retrospective was held in Paris. In 2006, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City mounted a Dada exhibition in partnership with the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. The LTM label has released a large number of Dada-related sound recordings, including interviews with artists such as Tzara, Picabia, Schwitters, Arp, and Huelsenbeck, and musical repertoire including Satie, Ribemont-Dessaignes, Picabia, and Nelly van Doesburg.[40]

text: Art techniques developed[edit]

text: Collage[edit]

text: The Dadaists imitated the techniques developed during the cubist movement through the pasting of cut pieces of paper items, but extended their art to encompass items such as transportation tickets, maps, plastic wrappers, etc. to portray aspects of life, rather than representing objects viewed as still life.

text: Cut-up technique[edit]

text: Cut-up technique is an extension of collage to words themselves, Tristan Tzara describes this in the Dada Manifesto:[41]

text:
TO MAKE A DADAIST POEM
Take a newspaper.
Take some scissors.
Choose from this paper an article of the length you want to make your poem.
Cut out the article.
Next carefully cut out each of the words that makes up this article and put them all in a bag.
Shake gently.
Next take out each cutting one after the other.
Copy conscientiously in the order in which they left the bag.
The poem will resemble you.
And there you are – an infinitely original author of charming sensibility, even though unappreciated by the vulgar herd.

text: Photomontage[edit]

text: The Dadaists – the "monteurs" (mechanics) – used scissors and glue rather than paintbrushes and paints to express their views of modern life through images presented by the media. A variation on the collage technique, photomontage utilized actual or reproductions of real photographs printed in the press. In Cologne, Max Ernst used images from the First World War to illustrate messages of the destruction of war.[42]

text: Assemblage[edit]

text: The assemblages were three-dimensional variations of the collage – the assembly of everyday objects to produce meaningful or meaningless (relative to the war) pieces of work including war objects and trash. Objects were nailed, screwed or fastened together in different fashions. Assemblages could be seen in the round or could be hung on a wall.[43]

text: Readymades[edit]

text: Marcel Duchamp began to view the manufactured objects of his collection as objects of art, which he called "readymades". He would add signatures and titles to some, converting them into artwork that he called "readymade aided" or "rectified readymades". Duchamp wrote: "One important characteristic was the short sentence which I occasionally inscribed on the 'readymade.' That sentence, instead of describing the object like a title, was meant to carry the mind of the spectator towards other regions more verbal. Sometimes I would add a graphic detail of presentation which in order to satisfy my craving for alliterations, would be called 'readymade aided.'"[44] One such example of Duchamp's readymade works is the urinal that was turned onto its back, signed "R. Mutt", titled Fountain, and submitted to the Society of Independent Artists exhibition that year, though it was not displayed.

text: Artists[edit]

text:
Dragan Aleksić (1901–1958), Yugoslavia
Louis Aragon (1897–1982), France
Jean Arp (1886–1966), Germany, France
Hugo Ball (1886–1927), Germany, Switzerland
André Breton (1896–1966), France
Otto Dix (1891–1969), Germany
Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931) Netherlands
Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968), France
Paul Éluard (1895–1952), France
Max Ernst (1891–1976), Germany, USA
Julius Evola (1898–1974), Italy
George Grosz (1893–1959), Germany, France, USA
Raoul Hausmann (1886–1971), Germany
John Heartfield (1891–1968), Germany, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain
Hannah Höch (1889–1978), Germany
Richard Huelsenbeck (1892–1974), Germany
Marcel Janco (1895–1984), Romania, Israel
Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven (1874–1927), Germany, USA
Clément Pansaers (1885–1922), Belgium
Francis Picabia (1879–1953), France
Man Ray (1890–1976), France, USA
Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes (1884–1974), France
Kurt Schwitters (1887–1948), Germany
Walter Serner (1889–1942), Austria
Philippe Soupault (1897–1990), France
Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1889–1943), Switzerland, France
Tristan Tzara (1896–1963), Romania, France
Beatrice Wood (1893–1998), USA