document_title: List of Real Madrid C.F. seasons

question_text: how much times have real madrid won the champions league

text: List of Real Madrid C.F. seasons

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to league:

P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals scored
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position

Key to divisions and rounds:

Camp. Reg. = Campeonato Regional Centro
W = Champion
RU = Final (Runner-up)
SF = Semi-finals
QF = Quarter-finals
R16/R32 = Round of 16, round of 32, etc.

tag: table

text:
Champions*

Runners-up

Top scorer in La Liga[8]

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Prior to 1929 Spain did not have a national football league. Real Madrid competed in the championship of the Madrid region, called Campeonato Centro, the winners of which qualified for the Copa del Rey along with the other regional champions.[9] In 1929, La Liga, Spain's first national football league, was formed, with Real Madrid among the founder members.[10] The club also competed in the regional championship until it was abandoned in 1940.[9]  The Copa del Rey continued alongside La Liga.[11]  Clubs continued to qualify for it based on their placings in the regional championships until 1940, when it became open to all teams in the top two divisions of the Spanish league and selected other teams.[12]

text:
Season

Division

P

W

D

L

F

A

Pts

Pos

Copa delRey[13]

Competition

Result

Competition

Result

Name(s)

Goals

League[9][14]

Europe[15][16][17][18]

Other[19][20][21][22][23][24]

La Liga top scorer[n 1]

1902

é—

&—

&—

&—

&—

&—

&—

&—

~—

SF

é—

&—

Concurso de Consolación[n 2]

W*

&—

&—

1902–03

Camp. Reg.[n 3]
2
1
0
1
9
3
2
2nd

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1903–04

Camp. Reg.[n 4]
1
0
1
0
5
5
&—

~—

&—
[n 5]

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1904–05

Camp. Reg.[n 6]
1
1
0
0
2
0
&—

W*

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1905–06

Camp. Reg.
1
1
0
0
7
0
&—

W*

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1906–07

Camp. Reg.
5
4
0
1
15
7
&—

W*[n 7]

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1907–08

Camp. Reg.
6
4
1
1
15
4
9
W*

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1908–09

Camp. Reg.
3
1
0
2
4
5
2
3rd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1909–10

Camp. Reg.
4
1
1
2
4
7
3
3rd[n 8]

3rd[n 9]

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1910–11

Camp. Reg.[n 10]
3
1
0
2
4
4
&—

2nd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1911–12

Camp. Reg.[n 11]
&—

&—

&—

&—

&—

&—

&—

~—

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1912–13

Camp. Reg.
3
2
1
0
9
3
5
W*

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1913–14

Camp. Reg.[n 12]
4
1
1
2
3
5
3
3rd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1914–15

Camp. Reg.
6
1
3
2
10
12
5
3rd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1915–16

Camp. Reg.
6
5
0
1
15
5
10
W*

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1916–17

Camp. Reg.
6
6
0
0
28
8
12
W*

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1917–18

Camp. Reg.
6
5
0
1
13
8
10
W*

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1918–19

Camp. Reg.
8
5
1
2
20
15
11
2nd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1919–20

Camp. Reg.
6
4
1
1
17
7
9
W*

QF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1920–21

Camp. Reg.[n 13]
6
2
1
3
14
9
5
3rd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1921–22

Camp. Reg.
6
5
1
0
28
5
11
W*

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1922–23

Camp. Reg.
6
3
2
1
12
9
8
W*

QF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1923–24

Camp. Reg.
8
6
2
0
21
7
14
W*

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1924–25

Camp. Reg.
8
3
3
2
11
6
9
2nd

&—

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1925–26

Camp. Reg.
8
6
1
1
17
5
13
W*

QF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1926–27

Camp. Reg.
16
12
1
3
38
12
25
W*

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1927–28

Camp. Reg.
10
8
0
2
38
10
16
RU[n 14]

QF

é—

&—

é—

&—

&—

&—

1928–29

La LigaCamp. Reg.

188

117

11

60

4030

278

2315

2ndW*

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

Rubio

12

1929–30

La LigaCamp. Reg.

188

75

31

82

4524

4212

1711

5thW*

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

Rubio

18

1930–31

La LigaCamp. Reg.

1810

79

41

70

2434

2710

1819

6thW*

QF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Lazcano

5

1931–32

La Liga[n 15]Camp. Reg.[n 16]

1810

108

81

01

3740

158

2817

1st*W*

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Olivares

11

1932–33

La LigaCamp. Reg.[n 17]

1810

139

20

31

4938

177

2818

1st*W*

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

Olivares

15

1933–34

La LigaCamp. Reg.

1810

107

22

61

4135

2911

2216

2ndW*

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

Regueiro

12

1934–35

La LigaCamp. Reg.[n 18]

2212

1610

10

52

6141

3413

3320

2ndW*

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Sañudo

20

1935–36

La LigaCamp. Reg.

2210

136

33

61

6223

358

2915

2ndW*

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

Sañudo

20

1936–39

éNo competitive football was played between 1936 and 1939 due to the Spanish Civil War.

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

é

&

&

é

&

é

&

1939–40

La Liga[n 19]Camp. Reg.[n 20]

1810

117

11

62

4021

2712

2315

4th2nd

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

Alday

13

1940–41

La Liga

22

11

2

9

51

38

24

6th

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Alday

14

1941–42

La Liga[n 21]

26

14

5

7

65

43

33

2nd

QF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Alday

23

1942–43

La Liga

26

10

5

11

52

50

25

10th

RU

é—

&—

é—

&—

Alday

16

1943–44

La Liga

26

11

6

9

48

38

28

7th

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Barinaga

20

1944–45

La Liga

26

18

2

6

68

35

38

2nd

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Barinaga

18

1945–46

La Liga

26

11

9

6

46

30

31

4th

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pruden

20

1946–47

La Liga

26

11

5

10

62

56

27

7th

W*

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pruden

22

1947–48

La Liga

26

7

7

12

41

56

21

11th

R16

é—

&—

Copa Eva Duarte

W*

Molowny

9

1948–49

La Liga

26

15

4

7

67

42

34

3rd

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pahiño

21

1949–50

La Liga

26

11

9

6

60

49

31

4th

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pahiño

19

1950–51

La Liga

30

13

5

12

80

71

31

9th

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pahiño

21

1951–52

La Liga

30

16

6

8

79

50

38

3rd

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pahiño

28

1952–53

La Liga

30

18

3

9

67

49

39

3rd

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Pahiño

19

1953–54

La Liga

30

17

6

7

72

41

40

1st*

SF

é—

&—

é—

&—

Di Stéfano

27

1954–55

La Liga

30

20

6

4

80

31

46

1st*

SF

é—

&—

Latin Cup

W*

Di Stéfano

25

1955–56

La Liga

30

18

2

10

81

39

38

3rd

SF

European Cup

W*

é—

&—

Di Stéfano

24

1956–57

La Liga

30

20

4

6

74

35

44

1st*

QF

European Cup

W*

Latin Cup

W*

Di Stéfano

31

1957–58

La Liga

30

20

5

5

71

26

45

1st*

RU

European Cup

W*

é—

&—

Di Stéfano

19

1958–59

La Liga

30

21

5

4

89

29

47

2nd

SF

European Cup

W*

é—

&—

Di Stéfano

23

1959–60

La Liga

30

21

4

5

92

36

46

2nd

RU

European Cup

W*

é—

&—

Puskás

25

1960–61

La Liga

30

24

4

2

89

25

52

1st*

RU

European Cup

R16

Intercontinental Cup

W*

Puskás

28

1961–62

La Liga

30

19

5

6

58

24

43

1st*

W*

European Cup

RU

é—

&—

Puskás

20

1962–63

La Liga

30

23

3

4

83

33

49

1st*

SF

European Cup

R16

é—

&—

Puskás

26

1963–64

La Liga

30

22

2

6

61

23

46

1st*

QF

European Cup

RU

é—

&—

Puskás

21

1964–65

La Liga

30

21

5

4

64

18

47

1st*

R16

European Cup

QF

é—

&—

Grosso

17

1965–66

La Liga

30

19

5

6

53

30

43

2nd

QF

European Cup

W*

é—

&—

Grosso

11

1966–67

La Liga

30

19

9

2

58

22

47

1st*

QF

European Cup

QF

Intercontinental Cup

RU

Gento

11

1967–68

La Liga

30

16

10

4

55

26

42

1st*

RU

European Cup

SF

é—

&—

Amancio, Pirri, Velázquez

10

1968–69

La Liga

30

18

11

1

46

21

47

1st*

R16

European Cup

R16

é—

&—

Amancio

14

1969–70

La Liga

30

13

9

8

50

42

35

5th

W*

European Cup

R16

é—

&—

Amancio

16

1970–71

La Liga

30

17

7

6

46

24

41

4th

R32

Cup Winners' Cup

RU

é—

&—

Pirri

13

1971–72

La Liga

34

19

9

6

51

27

47

1st*

SF

UEFA Cup

R32

é—

&—

Pirri

11

1972–73

La Liga

34

17

9

8

45

29

43

4th

R16

European Cup

SF

é—

&—

Santillana

10

1973–74

La Liga

34

13

8

13

48

38

34

8th

W*

UEFA Cup

R64

é—

&—

Más

11

1974–75

La Liga

34

20

10

4

66

34

50

1st*

W*

Cup Winners' Cup

QF

é—

&—

Santillana

17

1975–76

La Liga

34

20

8

6

54

26

48

1st*

R16

European Cup

SF

é—

&—

Pirri

13

1976–77

La Liga

34

12

10

12

57

53

34

9th

R32

European Cup

R16

é—

&—

Santillana

12

1977–78

La Liga

34

22

3

9

77

40

47

1st*

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Santillana

24

1978–79

La Liga

34

16

15

3

61

36

47

1st*

RU

European Cup

R16

é—

&—

Santillana

18

1979–80

La Liga

34

22

9

3

70

33

53

1st*

W*

European Cup

SF

é—

&—

Santillana

23

1980–81

La Liga

34

20

5

9

66

37

45

2nd

QF

European Cup

RU

é—

&—

Juanito

19

1981–82

La Liga

34

18

8

8

57

34

44

3rd

W*

UEFA Cup

QF

é—

&—

Juanito, Santillana, Stielike

9

1982–83

La Liga

34

20

9

5

57

25

49

2nd

RU

Cup Winners' Cup

RU

Supercopa de EspañaLeague Cup

RURU

Pineda

11

1983–84

La Liga

34

22

5

7

59

37

49

2nd

SF

UEFA Cup

R64

é—

&—

Juanito

17

1984–85

La Liga

34

13

10

11

46

36

36

5th

R16

UEFA Cup

W*

League Cup

W*

Valdano

17

1985–86

La Liga

34

26

4

4

83

33

56

1st*

SF

UEFA Cup

W*

é—

&—

Sanchez

22

1986–87

La Liga

30

20

12

5

84

37

66

1st*

SF

European Cup

SF

é—

&—

Sanchez

34

1987–88

La Liga

38

28

6

4

95

26

62

1st*

SF

European Cup

SF

é—

&—

Sanchez

29

1988–89

La Liga

38

25

12

1

91

37

62

1st*

W*

European Cup

SF

Supercopa de España[n 22]

W*'

Sanchez

27

1989–90

La Liga

38

26

10

2

107

38

62

1st*

RU

European Cup

R16

Supercopa de España

W*

Sanchez

38[n 23]

1990–91

La Liga

38

20

6

12

63

37

46

3rd

R16

European Cup

QF

Supercopa de España

W*

Butragueño

19

1991–92

La Liga

38

23

8

7

78

32

54

2nd

RU

UEFA Cup

SF

é—

&—

Hierro

21

1992–93

La Liga

38

24

9

5

75

28

57

2nd

W*

UEFA Cup

QF

é—

&—

Zamorano

26

1993–94

La Liga

38

19

7

12

61

50

45

4th

QF

Cup Winners' Cup

QF

Copa IberoamericanaSupercopa de España

W*W*

Zamorano

26

1994–95

La Liga

38

23

9

6

76

29

55

1st*

R16

UEFA Cup

R16

é—

&—

Zamorano

28

1995–96

La Liga

42

20

10

12

75

51

70

6th

R16

Champions League

QF

Supercopa de España

RU

Raúl

19

1996–97

La Liga

42

27

11

4

85

36

92

1st*

R16

é—

&—

é—

&—

Suker

24

1997–98

La Liga

38

17

12

9

63

45

63

4th

R16

Champions League

W*

Supercopa de España

W*

Morientes

12

1998–99

La Liga

38

21

5

12

77

62

68

2nd

SF

Champions League

QF

UEFA Super CupIntercontinental Cup

RUW*

Raúl

25

1999–2000

La Liga

38

16

14

8

58

48

62

5th

SF

Champions League

W*

FIFA Club World Championship

SF

Raúl

17

2000–01

La Liga

38

24

8

6

81

40

80

1st*

R64

Champions League

SF

UEFA Super CupIntercontinental Cup

RURU

Raúl

24

2001–02

La Liga

38

19

9

10

69

44

66

3rd

RU

Champions League

W*

Supercopa de España

W*

Morientes

18

2002–03

La Liga

38

22

12

4

86

42

78

1st*

QF

Champions League

SF

UEFA Super CupIntercontinental Cup

W*W*

Ronaldo

23

2003–04

La Liga

38

21

7

10

72

54

70

4th

RU

Champions League

QF

Supercopa de España

W*

Ronaldo

24

2004–05

La Liga

38

25

5

8

71

32

80

2nd

R16

Champions League

R16

é—

&—

Ronaldo

21

2005–06

La Liga

38

20

10

8

70

40

70

2nd

SF

Champions League

R16

é—

&—

Ronaldo

14

2006–07

La Liga

38

23

7

8

66

40

76

1st*

R16

Champions League

R16

é—

&—

Van Nistelrooy

25

2007–08

La Liga

38

27

4

7

84

36

85

1st*

R16

Champions League

R16

Supercopa de España

RU

Raúl

18

2008–09

La Liga

38

25

3

10

83

52

78

2nd

R32

Champions League

R16

Supercopa de España

W*

Higuaín

22

2009–10

La Liga

38

31

3

4

102

35

96

2nd

R32

Champions League

R16

é—

&—

Higuaín

27

2010–11

La Liga

38

29

5

4

102

33

92

2nd

W*

Champions League

SF

é—

&—

Cristiano Ronaldo

40[n 24]

2011–12

La Liga

38

32

4

2

121

32

100

1st*

QF

Champions League

SF

Supercopa de España

RU

Cristiano Ronaldo

46

2012–13

La Liga

38

26

7

5

103

42

85

2nd

RU

Champions League

SF

Supercopa de España

W*

Cristiano Ronaldo

34

2013–14

La Liga

38

27

6

5

104

38

87

3rd

W*

Champions League

W*

é—

&—

Cristiano Ronaldo

31[n 25]

2014–15

La Liga

38

30

2

6

118

38

92

2nd

R16

Champions League

SF

UEFA Super CupSupercopa de EspañaFIFA Club World Championship

W*RUW*

Cristiano Ronaldo

48[n 26]

2015–16

La Liga

38

28

6

4

110

34

90

2nd

R32

Champions League

W*

é—

&—

Cristiano Ronaldo

35

2016–17

La Liga

38

29

6

3

106

41

93

1st*

QF

Champions League

W*

UEFA Super CupFIFA Club World Championship

'W*W*

Cristiano Ronaldo

25

2017–18

La Liga

38

22

10

6

94

44

76

3rd

QF

Champions League

W*

UEFA Super CupSupercopa de EspañaFIFA Club World Championship

'W*W*W*

Cristiano Ronaldo

26

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Only includes goals scored in La Liga.[25]

Jump up ^ Real Madrid was founded in 1902 as "Madrid Foot–Ball Club".[9]

Jump up ^ The regional championship of Madrid was initially called "Campeonato de Madrid".

Jump up ^ In 1904, Madrid FC merged with Moderno and created Madrid–Moderno. In the 1903–04 championship, the club abandoned the competition after the first match.[9]

Jump up ^ The first match against Club Español de Madrid finished 5–5; the captains of both teams opposed extra time. Club Español wanted to replay the match the next day, but Madrid–Moderno did not as it was too soon after the initial match and against the regulations of the tournament; it appears that the organisers gave guarantees to Madrid–Moderno that no replay would take place on March 20, but Club Español appeared that day and were declared winners as Madrid–Moderno did not show.[13]

Jump up ^ The match lasted for 35 minutes, because the opposing team retired from the match.[9]

Jump up ^ Madrid FC won the tournament, but the federation annulled the results.[9]

Jump up ^ The qualification tournament for participating in the Copa del Rey was won by Español de Madrid.
There are no statistics for the matches played by Madrid F.C. but the club took part, at Berraondo's wish, in the championship organised by the Unión Española de Clubs.[9]

Jump up ^ In 1910, two competitions were played. The Federación Española de Fútbol was created, but various disagreements between 1909 cup winners Ciclista San Sebastián and other clubs surfaced; when no satisfactory agreement could be reached, the championship of the so-called Unión Española de Clubes de Fútbol (UECF) was played in San Sebastián and that of the Federación Española de Fútbol (FEF) in Madrid. Madrid FC played in Unión Española de Clubes de Fútbol Cup (Copa UECF).[26]

Jump up ^ Madrid and Gimnástica disputed the option to represent Madrid in Copa del Rey. RS Gimnástica won the 1910–11 Campeonato de Madrid and participated in the Copa del Rey, representing Madrid CF.[9]

Jump up ^ Statistics about the competition are not available. However, RS Gimnástica are regarded as champion.[9]

Jump up ^ "Campeonato de Madrid" changed its name to "Campeonato Regional de Madrid".

Jump up ^ In 1920, the club received sponsorship of the King of Spain, and changed its name to "Real Madrid FC".[9]

Jump up ^ Real Madrid finished level on points with Athletic Madrid and Racing Madrid and the three teams were ordered to play each other. Real Madrid won 4–0 against Racing Madrid, but lost 3–1 against Athletic Madrid.[9]

Jump up ^ In 1931–39 (Spanish Second Republic) the club was again called Madrid FC.[9]

Jump up ^ In the 1931–32 season, the Campeonato Regional de Madrid changed its name to Campeonato Regional Mancomunado Centro–Aragón. The competition included teams from Aragon and Castile and León.[9]

Jump up ^ In the 1932–34 period, the Campeonato Regional Mancomunado Centro–Aragón became Campeonato Regional Mancomunado Centro–Sur. The competition included teams from Andalusia and Castile and León.[9]

Jump up ^ In the 1934–36 period, the Campeonato Regional Mancomunado Centro–Sur changed its name to Campeonato Regional Mancomunado Castilla–Aragón. The competition included teams from Aragon, Cantabria and Castile and León.[9]

Jump up ^ In 1939–41 the club reverted to the name Real Madrid FC.[9]

Jump up ^ In 1939, the Campeonato Regional Mancomunado Castilla–Aragón changed its name to Campeonato Regional del Centro. The competition, which disbanded in 1940, included teams from Castile and León.[9]

Jump up ^ From 1941, the official name of the club was "Real Madrid CF".[9]

Jump up ^ Real Madrid automatically received the trophy as it won the league championship and the Copa del Rey.

Jump up ^ Sánchez was La Liga topscorer (38 goals) and won the European Golden Shoe.[27]

Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was La Liga topscorer (40 goals) and won the European Golden Shoe.

Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was La Liga topscorer (31 goals) and shared the European Golden Shoe with Luis Suárez.

Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was La Liga topscorer (48 goals) and won the European Golden Shoe.

tag: ol


document_title: Landfall

question_text: what happens immediately after a hurricane makes landfall

root

text: Landfall

text: Tropical cyclone[edit]

text: A tropical cyclone is classified as making landfall when the center of the storm moves across the coast; in strong tropical cyclones this is when the eye moves over land.[1] This is where most of the damage occurs within a mature tropical cyclone, such as a typhoon or hurricane, as most of the damaging aspects of these systems are concentrated near the eyewall. Such effects include the peaking of the storm surge, the core of strong winds coming ashore, and heavy flooding rains. These coupled with high surf can cause major beach erosion. In low-lying areas, the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess.[citation needed] When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye closes in upon itself due to the weakening process, which causes surf to decrease. Maximum sustained winds will naturally decrease as the cyclone moves inland due to frictional differences between water and land with the free atmosphere.[2]

tag: p

text: Landfall is distinct from a direct hit. A direct hit is where the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes onshore but the center of the storm may stay offshore. The effects of this are quite similar to a landfall, as this term is used when the radius of maximum wind within a tropical cyclone moves ashore.[3] These effects are high surf, heavy rains that may cause flooding, water buildup along the coast with minor storm surge, coastal beach erosion, high winds, and possibly severe thunderstorms with tornadoes around the periphery.

text: Tornado or waterspout[edit]

text: When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it is reclassified as a tornado,[4] which can subsequently cause damage to areas inland of the coast. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it usually dissipates quickly due to friction and a reduction in the amount of warm air supplied to the funnel.[5]


document_title: 2000 Summer Olympics

question_text: sydney won the right to host the 2000 olympics after defeating which city by just two votes

question_tokens: sydney won the right to host the 2000 olympics after defeating which city by just two votes

text: 2000 Summer Olympics

text: Host city selection[edit]

text: Sydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993, after being selected over Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting, at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo, Monaco. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier.[5] Beijing lost its bid to host the games to Sydney in 1993, but was later awarded the 2008 Summer Olympics in July 2001, and it would eventually be awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty-two years later in 2015.

text:
2000 Summer Olympics bidding results[6]

City
NOC Name
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4

Sydney
 Australia
30
30
37
45

Beijing
 China
32
37
40
43

Manchester
 Great Britain
11
13
11
—

Berlin
 Germany
9
9
—
—

Istanbul
 Turkey
7
—
—
—

text: Costs[edit]

text: The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD 5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms.[7] This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD 4.6 billion for Rio 2016, USD 40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and USD 51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. Average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD 5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%.

text: In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, with a net cost to the public between A$1.7 and A$2.4 billion.[8][9] Many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses.[10] In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses.[11]

text: It has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole. A "multiplier" effect on broader economic development is not realised, as a simple "multiplier" analysis fails to capture is that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere: the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals. Building sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games: "Equestrian centres, softball compounds and man-made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function."[12] In the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydney's west have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games.[citation needed]

text: Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: Preliminary matches – from 13 September[edit]

text: Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, the football competitions began with preliminary matches on 13 September. Among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.

text: Day 1–15 September[edit]

text: Cultural display highlights[edit]

text: The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and the importance of the stock horse in Australia's heritage. It was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7.[13] This was introduced by a lone rider, Steve Jefferys, and his rearing Australian Stock Horse Ammo. At the cracking of Jefferys' stockwhip, a further 120 riders entered the Stadium, their stock horses performing intricate steps, including forming the five Olympic Rings, to a special Olympics version of the theme which Bruce Rowland had previously composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River.

text: The Australian National Anthem was sung, the first verse by Human Nature and the second by Julie Anthony.

text: The ceremony continued, showing many aspects of the land and its people:- the affinity of the mainly coastal-dwelling Australians with the sea that surrounds the "Island Continent". The indigenous occupation of the land, the coming of the First Fleet, the continued immigration from many nations and the rural industry on which the economy of the nation was built, including a display representing the harshness of rural life based on the paintings of Sir Sidney Nolan. Two memorable scenes were the representation of the "Heart" of the country by 200 Aboriginal women from Central Australia who danced up "the mighty spirit of God to protect the Games" and the overwhelmingly noisy representation of the construction industry by hundreds of tap-dancing teenagers.

text: Because Bibi Salisachs (the wife of Juan Antonio Samaranch, the IOC President) was seriously ill and not able to accompany her husband to the Olympics, former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer and member of the Parliament of New South Wales, Dawn Fraser, accompanied Samaranch during the Australian cultural display, explaining to him some of the cultural references that are unfamiliar to non-Australians.

text: Formal presentation[edit]

text: A record 199 nations entered the stadium, with a record 80 of them winning at least one medal. The only missing IOC member was Afghanistan (banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression of women and its prohibition of sports[14]). The ceremony featured a unified entrance by the athletes of North and South Korea, using a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean Peninsula. However, the two teams competed separately. Four athletes from East Timor also marched in the parade of nations as Individual Olympic Athletes and marched directly before the Host country. Although the country-to-be had no National Olympic Committee then, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag with country code IOA. The Governor-General, Sir William Deane, opened the games.

text: The Olympic Flag was carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green. During the raising of the Olympics Flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek. Following this, Tina Arena sang a purpose-written pop song, The Flame.[15]

text: The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame. Former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott brought the Olympic Flame into the stadium. Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic medalists: Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman, who lit the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire. The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned, causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading. This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes, rather than immediately rising up a water-covered ramp to the top of the stadium. When the cause of the problem was discovered, the program was overridden and the cauldron continued its course, and the ceremony concluded with a spectacular fireworks display.[16]

text: Despite his record achievements as an Australian sprinter, Peter Norman was not invited chiefly because he had participated in an anti-racial protest during the awards ceremony for the 200m race in the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games.[17] The AOC disputes that he was snubbed, stating that no other former athletes were invited and that Norman was offered the same chance to buy tickets as other former athletes were.[18] During the Sydney Olympics, a reporter from The Washington Post found only one reference to Norman – an image on the side of a house in Redfern [a predominantly aboriginal area].[19] The house may actually have been in Newtown, where a mural of the awards event known as 'Three Proud People' was painted in Leamington Lane facing the railway adjacent to Macdonaldtown Station (see Newtown area graffiti and street art).[20]

text: Day 2–16 September[edit]

text: The first medals of the Games were awarded in the women's 10 metre air rifle competition, which was won by Nancy Johnson of the United States.

text: The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race. Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House, Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport, beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver. McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line.

text: The first star of the Games was Ian Thorpe. The 17-year-old Australian first set a new world record in the 400 m freestyle final before competing in an exciting 4 × 100 m freestyle final. Swimming the last leg, Thorpe passed the leading Americans and arrived in a new world record time, two tenths of a second ahead of the Americans. In the same event for women, the Americans also broke the world record, finishing ahead of the Netherlands and Sweden.

text: Samaranch had to leave for home, as his wife was severely ill. Upon arrival, his wife had already died. Samaranch returned to Sydney four days later. The Olympic flag was flown at half-staff during the period as a sign of respect to Samaranch's wife.

text: Day 3–17 September[edit]

text: Canadian Simon Whitfield sprinted away in the last 100 metres of the men's triathlon, becoming the inaugural winner in the event.

text: On the cycling track, Robert Bartko beat fellow German Jens Lehmann in the individual pursuit, setting a new Olympic Record. Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel set a world record in the semi-finals the same event for women.

text: In the swimming pool, American Tom Dolan beat the world record in the 400 m medley, successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior. Dutchwoman Inge de Bruijn also clocked a new world record, beating her own time in the 100 m butterfly final to win by more than a second.

text: Day 4–18 September[edit]

text: The main event for the Australians on the fourth day of the Games was the 200 m freestyle. Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband had broken the world record in the semi-finals, taking it from the new Australian hero Ian Thorpe, who came close to the world record in his semi-final heat. As the final race finished, Van den Hoogenband's time was exactly the same as in the semi-finals, finishing ahead of Thorpe by half a second.

text: China won the gold medal in the men's team all-around gymnastics competition, after being the runner-up in the previous two Olympics. The other medals were taken by Ukraine and Russia, respectively.

text: Zijlaard-van Moorsel lived up to the expectations set by her world record in cycling in the semis by winning the gold medal.

text: Day 7–21 September[edit]

text: Controversy erupted at the Women's Gymnastics All-Around final, when gymnast after gymnast fell on the vault. Some gymnasts were physically injured, and all were shaken, but nothing was done to try to discover the reason most gymnasts were having severe problems. Finally, in the middle of the third round (out of four), it was determined that the vault horse had been set 5 cm too low – enough of a difference to throw off the impeccable timing of many of these world-class athletes. While athletes were allowed to vault again, the remedy did not fully repair injuries and shaken confidence. This situation led directly to the elimination of Svetlana Khorkina from consideration as the top all-around gymnast. The medals were eventually all won by Romanian gymnasts, with Andreea Raducan becoming the first athlete from her country to win the title since Nadia Comaneci in 1976. Teammates Simona Amanar and Maria Olaru took silver and bronze, respectively. This result also marked the first sweep of the event since the Soviet Union's in 1960.

text: Day 9–23 September[edit]

text: By rowing in the winning coxless four, Steve Redgrave of Great Britain became a member of a select group who had won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics.

text: The swimming 4 x 100-metre medley relay of B.J. Bedford, Megan Quann (Jendrick), Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres became the first women's relay under 4-minutes, swimming 3:58 and setting a world record, claiming the gold medal for the United States.

text: Day 10–24 September[edit]

text: Rulon Gardner, never a NCAA champion or a world medalist, beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class, Greco-Roman wrestling. Karelin had won gold in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta. Before this fight he had never lost in international competition, had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years, and had not surrendered a point in a decade.

text: Day 11–25 September[edit]

text: Australian Cathy Freeman won the 400 metre final in front of a jubilant Sydney crowd at the Olympic Stadium, ahead of Lorraine Graham of Jamaica and Katharine Merry of Great Britain. Freeman's win made her the first competitor in Olympic Games history to light the Olympic Flame and then go on to win a Gold Medal. The attendance at the stadium was 112,524 – the largest attendance for any sport in Olympic Games history.

text: In a men's basketball pool match between the USA and France, the USA's Vince Carter made one of the most famous dunks in basketball history. After getting the ball off a steal, the 6'6"/1.98 m Carter drove to the basket, with 7'2"/2.18 m centre Frédéric Weis in his way. Carter jumped, spread his legs in midair, scraped Weis' head on the way up, and dunked. The French media dubbed the feat le dunk de la mort ("the dunk of death").

text: Day 14–28 September[edit]

text: The Canadian flag at athletes' village is lowered to half-staff as Canadian athletes pay tribute to former prime minister Pierre Trudeau after hearing of his death in Montreal (Because of the time difference, it was 29 September in Sydney when Trudeau died). The Canadian flag flew at half-staff for the remainder of the Olympics, on orders from both IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy, as the state funeral did not take place until 3 October.

text: Day 16–30 September[edit]

text: Cameroon won a historic gold medal over Spain in the Men's Olympic Football Final at the Olympic Stadium. The game went to a penalty shootout, which was won by Cameroon 5–3.[21]

text: Day 17–1 October[edit]

text: The last event of the games was the Men's Marathon, contested on a course that started in North Sydney. The event was won by Ethiopian Genzhnge Abera, with Eric Wananina second and Tesefe Tola, also of Ethiopia third. It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian had won the gold medal in this event.

text: The Closing Ceremony commenced with Christine Anu singing her version of the Warumpi Band's song, My Island Home. She performed with several Aboriginal dancers atop the Geodome Stage in the middle of the stadium, around which several hundred umbrella and lampbox kids created an image of Aboriginal dreamtime.

text: The Geodome Stage was used throughout the ceremony, which is a flat stage which is mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode.

text: IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,[22]

text: "I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever."

text: Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor, Jacques Rogge, as "unforgettable, dream Games", "truly exceptional" and "happy and glorious games" respectively – the practice of declaring games the "best ever" having been retired after the 2000 games.

text: The Olympic Hymn was sung by soprano Yvonne Kenny. The ceremony also featured performing artists such as Jimmy Barnes, INXS, Midnight Oil, Kylie Minogue, Slim Dusty, Christine Anu, Nikki Webster, John Paul Young, Men at Work, Melbourne-based singer Vanessa Amorosi, Tommy Emmanuel, and pop duo Savage Garden.

text: The Games were then handed over to their modern birthplace, Athens, which succeeded Sydney as summer Olympic host city. Two Greek flags were raised; one to honour the birthplace of the Olympics, and the other to honour Athens. The ceremony concluded with a huge fireworks display on Sydney Harbour. The fireworks display itself concluded with a very low flyover of Stadium Australia by an RAAF F-111C which performed a dump-and-burn manoeuvre synchronised with the extinction of the Olympic Flame. This created the appearance of the flame being carried away into the sky, flying in a northeasterly direction out across Sydney Harbour and ultimately towards Athens in a symbolic handover.

text: In honour of her gold medal win during the games, Cathy Freeman represented Oceania in carrying the Olympic flag, joining Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Africa), John Glenn (The Americas), Kazuyoshi Funaki (Asia), Lech Wałęsa (Europe), Jean-Michel Cousteau (Environment), Jean-Claude Killy (Sport), and Steven Spielberg (Culture) when it was raised again, at the XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City; the opening ceremony there took place on 8 February 2002.

text: Sports[edit]

text: The 2000 Summer Olympic programme featured 300 events in the following 28 sports:

text:
Aquatics

 Diving (8)
 Swimming (32)
 Synchronized swimming (2)
 Water polo (2)

 Archery (4)
 Athletics (46)
 Badminton (5)
 Baseball (1)
 Basketball (2)
 Boxing (12)

 Canoeing

Sprint (12)
Slalom (4)

 Cycling

Road (4)
Track (12)
Mountain biking (2)

 Equestrian

Dressage (2)
Eventing (2)
Show jumping (2)

 Fencing (10)

 Field hockey (2)
 Football (2)
 Gymnastics

Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (2)
Trampoline (2)

 Handball (2)
 Judo (14)
 Modern pentathlon (2)
 Rowing (14)
 Sailing (11)
 Shooting (17)

 Softball (1)
 Table tennis (4)
 Taekwondo (8)
 Tennis (4)
 Triathlon (2)
 Volleyball

Volleyball (2)
Beach volleyball (2)

 Weightlifting (15)
 Wrestling

Freestyle (8)
Greco-Roman (8)

text: Although demonstration sports were abolished following the 1992 Summer Olympics the Sydney Olympics featured wheelchair racing as exhibition events on the athletics schedule.[23]

text: Special quarantine conditions were introduced to allow entry of horses into Australia to participate in equestrian events,[24] avoiding the need for such events to take place elsewhere as had happened at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

text: Calendar[edit]

text:
●
Opening ceremony

Event competitions
 ●
Event finals
 ●
Closing ceremony

text:
Date
September
October

13th
Wed
14th
Thu
15th
Fri
16th
Sat
17th
Sun
18th
Mon
19th
Tue
20th
Wed
21st
Thu
22nd
Fri
23rd
Sat
24th
Sun
25th
Mon
26th
Tue
27th
Wed
28th
Thu
29th
Fri
30th
Sat
1st
Sun

Archery

●
●
●
●

Athletics

● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●

● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●

Badminton

● ●
●
● ●

Baseball

●

Basketball

●
●

Boxing

● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●

Canoeing

● ●

● ●

● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●

Cycling

● ●
● ●
●
●
● ● ●
● ● ●

●
●

●
●

● ●

Diving

● ●
●

●

● ● ●

●

Equestrian

●

●

●

●

●
●

Fencing

●
●
●
●
●
● ●
●
● ●

Field hockey

●
●

Football

●

●

Gymnastics

●
●
●
●
●
●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●

●
●

Handball

●
●

Judo

● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●

Modern pentathlon

●
●

Rowing

● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●

Sailing

● ● ●
●

● ●
● ●
● ● ●

Shooting

● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
● ●

Softball

●

Swimming

● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●

Synchronized swimming

●

●

Table tennis

●
●
●
●

Taekwondo

● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●

Tennis

● ●
● ●

Triathlon

●
●

Volleyball

●
●

●
●

Water polo

●

●

Weightlifting

●
● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●

● ●
●
●
●
●

Wrestling

● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●

● ●
● ●
● ●
● ●

Total gold medals

13
14
15
15
18
18
18
26
25
18
11
17
17
11
40
24

Ceremonies

●

●

Date
13th
Wed
14th
Thu
15th
Fri
16th
Sat
17th
Sun
18th
Mon
19th
Tue
20th
Wed
21st
Thu
22nd
Fri
23rd
Sat
24th
Sun
25th
Mon
26th
Tue
27th
Wed
28th
Thu
29th
Fri
30th
Sat
1st
Sun

September
October

text: Medal count[edit]

text:
These are the top ten nations that won medals in the 2000 Games.
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee.[25] Some other sources[26] may be inconsistent due to not taking into account all later doping cases.

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States
37
24
33
97

2
 Russia
32
28
28
88

3
 China
28
16
15
59

4
 Australia
16
25
17
58

5
 Germany
13
17
26
56

6
 France
13
14
11
38

7
 Italy
13
8
13
34

8
 Netherlands
12
9
4
25

9
 Cuba
11
11
7
29

10
 Great Britain
11
10
7
28

text: *   Host nation (Australia)

text: Participating National Olympic Committees[edit]

text: 199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Sydney Games, two more than in the 1996 Summer Olympics. In addition, there were four Timorese Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Eritrea, Federated States of Micronesia and Palau made their Olympic debut this year.

text: Afghanistan was the only 1996 participant that did not participate in 2000, having been banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression of women and its prohibition of sports.

text:
Participating National Olympic Committees

 Albania (5)
 Algeria (47)
 American Samoa (5)
 Andorra (5)
 Angola (30)
 Antigua and Barbuda (3)
 Argentina (143)
 Armenia (25)
 Aruba (5)
 Australia (632) (host)
 Austria (92)
 Azerbaijan (29)
 Bahamas (25)
 Bahrain (4)
 Bangladesh (4)
 Barbados (18)
 Belarus (139)
 Belgium (68)
 Belize (2)
 Benin (4)
 Bermuda (6)
 Bhutan (2)
 Bolivia (5)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (9)
 Botswana (7)
 Brazil (205)
 British Virgin Islands (1)
 Brunei (1)
 Bulgaria (91)
 Burkina Faso (2)
 Burundi (6)
 Cambodia (4)
 Cameroon (34)
 Canada (294)
 Cape Verde (2)
 Cayman Islands (3)
 Central African Republic (3)
 Chad (2)
 Chile (50)
 China (271)
 Colombia (44)
 Comoros (2)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (3)
 Congo (4)
 Cook Islands (3)
 Costa Rica (7)
 Croatia (88)
 Cuba (229)
 Cyprus (22)
 Czech Republic (119)
 Denmark (97)
 Djibouti (2)
 Dominica (4)
 Dominican Republic (13)
 Ecuador (10)
 Egypt (89)
 El Salvador (8)
 Equatorial Guinea (4)
 Eritrea (3)
 Estonia (33)
 Ethiopia (26)
 Fiji (7)
 Finland (70)
 France (336)
 Gabon (5)
 The Gambia (2)
 Georgia (36)
 Germany (422)
 Ghana (22)
 Great Britain (332)
 Greece (140)
 Grenada (3)
 Guam (7)
 Guatemala (15)
 Guinea (6)
 Guinea-Bissau (3)
 Guyana (4)
 Haiti (5)
 Honduras (20)
 Hong Kong (31)
 Hungary (178)
 Iceland (18)
 India (65)
 Indonesia (47)
 Iran (35)
 Iraq (4)
 Ireland (64)
 Israel (39)
 Italy (361)
 Ivory Coast (14)
 Jamaica (48)
 Japan (266)
 Jordan (8)
 Kazakhstan (130)
 Kenya (56)
 North Korea (31)
 South Korea (281)
 Kuwait (29)
 Kyrgyzstan (18)
 Laos (3)
 Latvia (45)
 Lebanon (6)
 Lesotho (6)
 Liberia (8)
 Libya (3)
 Liechtenstein (2)
 Lithuania (61)
 Luxembourg (7)
 Macedonia (8)
 Madagascar (11)
 Malawi (2)
 Malaysia (40)
 Maldives (4)
 Mali (5)
 Malta (7)
 Mauritania (2)
 Mauritius (20)
 Mexico (78)
 Federated States of Micronesia (5)
 Moldova (34)
 Monaco (4)
 Mongolia (20)
 Morocco (55)
 Mozambique (5)
 Myanmar (7)
 Namibia (12)
 Nauru (2)
 Nepal (5)
 Netherlands (243)
 Netherlands Antilles (7)
 New Zealand (151)
 Nicaragua (6)
 Niger (4)
 Nigeria (83)
 Norway (95)
 Oman (6)
 Pakistan (26)
 Palau (5)
 Palestine (2)
 Panama (6)
 Papua New Guinea (5)
 Paraguay (5)
 Peru (21)
 Philippines (21)
 Poland (187)
 Portugal (62)
 Puerto Rico (29)
 Qatar (17)
 Romania (145)
 Russia (435)
 Rwanda (5)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (2)
 Saint Lucia (5)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (4)
 Samoa (5)
 San Marino (4)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (2)
 Saudi Arabia (77)
 Senegal (26)
 Seychelles (9)
 Sierra Leone (3)
 Singapore (14)
 Slovakia (114)
 Slovenia (74)
 Solomon Islands (2)
 Somalia (2)
 South Africa (127)
 Spain (326)
 Sri Lanka (18)
 Sudan (3)
 Suriname (4)
 Swaziland (6)
 Sweden (149)
 Switzerland (105)
 Syria (8)
 Chinese Taipei (74)
 Tajikistan (4)
 Tanzania (4)
 Thailand (52)
 Independent Olympic Athletes (4)
 Togo (3)
 Tonga (3)
 Trinidad and Tobago (19)
 Tunisia (47)
 Turkey (57)
 Turkmenistan (8)
 Uganda (13)
 Ukraine (230)
 United Arab Emirates (4)
 United States (586)
 Uruguay (14)
 Uzbekistan (70)
 Vanuatu (3)
 Venezuela (50)
 Vietnam (7)
 Virgin Islands (9)
 Yemen (2)
 Yugoslavia (111)
 Zambia (8)
 Zimbabwe (16)

text: Venues[edit]

text: Sydney Olympic Park[edit]

text:
Olympic Stadium: Ceremonies (opening/closing), Athletics, Football (final)
Sydney International Aquatic Centre: Diving, Modern Pentathlon (swimming) Swimming, Synchronised Swimming, Water Polo (medal events)
State Sports Centre: Table Tennis, Taekwondo
NSW Tennis Centre: Tennis
State Hockey Centre: Field Hockey
The Dome and Exhibition Complex: Badminton, Basketball, Gymnastics (rhythmic), Handball (final), Modern Pentathlon (fencing, shooting), Volleyball (indoor)
Sydney SuperDome: Gymnastics (artistic, trampoline), Basketball (final)
Sydney Baseball Stadium: Baseball, Modern Pentathlon (riding, running)
Sydney International Archery Park: Archery

tag: ul

text: Sydney[edit]

text:
Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre: Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Weightlifting, Wrestling
Sydney Entertainment Centre: Volleyball (indoor final)
Dunc Gray Velodrome: Cycling (track)
Sydney International Shooting Centre: Shooting
Sydney International Equestrian Centre: Equestrian
Sydney International Regatta Centre: Rowing, Canoeing (sprint)
Blacktown Olympic Centre: Baseball, Softball
Western Sydney Parklands: Cycling (mountain biking)
Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre: Water Polo
Penrith Whitewater Stadium: Canoeing (slalom)
Bondi Beach: Volleyball (beach)
Sydney Football Stadium: Football
Olympic Sailing Shore Base: Sailing
Centennial Parklands: Cycling (road)
Marathon course: Athletics (marathon)
North Sydney: Athletics (marathon start)
Sydney Opera House: Triathlon

text: Outside Sydney[edit]

text:
Canberra Stadium, Canberra: Football
Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide: Football
Melbourne Cricket Ground: Football
The Gabba (Brisbane Cricket Ground), Brisbane: Football

text: Organisation[edit]

text: Organisations responsible for the Olympics[edit]

text: A number of quasi-government bodies were responsible for the construction, organisation and execution of the Sydney Games. These included:

text:
the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG), primarily responsible for the staging of the Games
Olympic Coordination Authority (OCA), primarily responsible for construction and oversight
Olympic Roads & Transport Authority (ORTA)
Olympic Security Command Centre (OSCC)
Olympic Intelligence Centre (OIC)
JTF Gold the Australian Defence Force Joint Taskforce Gold
Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation (nominally part of SOCOG)
IBM, provider of technology and the Technical Command Centre
Telstra, provider of telecommunications
Great Big Events, event management and marketing

text: These organisations worked closely together and with other bodies such as:

text:
the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC)
the other 197 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
the 33 International Sports Federations (IFs)
all three levels of Australian government (federal, state and local)
dozens of official sponsor and hundreds of official supplier companies

text: These bodies are often collectively referred to as the "Olympic Family".

text: Organisation of the Paralympics[edit]

text: Organisation of the 2000 Summer Paralympics was the responsibility of SPOC the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee. However much of the planning and operation of the Paralympic Games was outsourced to SOCOG such that most operational programmes planned both the Olympic and Paralympic Games.

text: Other Olympic events[edit]

text: Organisation of the Games included not only the actual sporting events but also the management (and sometimes construction) of the sporting venues and surrounding precincts, the organisation of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival and Olympic torch relay. The relay began in Greece and travelled to Australia via numerous Oceania island nations.

text: Phases of the Olympic project[edit]

text: The staging of the Olympics were treated as a project on a vast scale, with the project broken into several broad phases:

text:
1993 to 1996 – positioning
1997 – going operational
1998 – procurement/venuisation
1999 – testing/refinement
2000 – implementation
2001 – post implementation and wind-down

text: SOCOG organisational design[edit]

text: The internal organisation of SOCOG evolved over the phases of the project and changed, sometimes radically, several times.

text: In late 1998 the design was principally functional. The top two tiers below the CEO Sandy Hollway consisted of five groups (managed by Group General Managers and the Deputy CEO) and twenty divisions (managed by divisional General Managers), which in turn were further broken up into programmes and sub-programmes or projects.

text: In 1999 functional areas (FAs) broke up into geographic precinct and venue teams (managed by Precinct Managers and Venue Managers) with functional area staff reporting to both the FA manager and the venue manager. Ie, SOCOG moved to a matrix structure. The Interstate Football division extant in 1998 was the first of these geographically based venue teams.

text: Volunteer programme[edit]

text: The origins of the volunteer programme for Sydney 2000 dates back to the bid, as early as 1992.

text: On 17 December 1992, a group of Sydney citizens, interested in the prospect of hosting the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games, gathered for a meeting at Sports House, at Wentworth Park in Sydney.

text: In the period leading up to 1999, after Sydney had won the bid, the small group of volunteers grew from approximately 42 to around 500. These volunteers became known as Pioneer Volunteers. The Pioneer Volunteer programme was managed internally by SOCOG's Volunteer Services Department in consultation with prominent peak groups like The Centre for Volunteering (Volunteering and TAFE. Some of the Pioneer Volunteers still meet every four months, an unseen legacy of the games which brought together a community spirit not seen before.

text: During the Olympic games tens of thousands of volunteers, the official figure was placed at 46,967,[27] helped everywhere at the Olympic venues and elsewhere in the city. They were honoured with a parade like the athletes had a few days before[28].

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The official logo[edit]

text: The bid logo, designed by architect and designer Michael Bryce,[29] featured a colourful, stylised image of the Sydney Opera House.

text: The official logo – also referred to as the "Millennium Man"[30] – took the image of the bid logo and combined it with a stylised image of a runner to form a torchbearer in motion; formed by two small yellow boomerangs for arms and a larger red boomerang for legs. The Olympic torch is represented through a blue smoke trail, which draws the iconic peaks of the Sydney Opera House.

text: The design process of the official logo, as well as all other aspects of the Olympic Games' visual design identity, was awarded to Melbourne design studio FHA Image Design.[31] The Sydney Olympics brand identity project officially commenced in 1993.

text: The Mascots[edit]

text: The official mascots chosen for the 2000 Summer Olympics were Syd the platypus, Millie the echidna, and Olly the kookaburra[32] and were designed by Matthew Hattan and Jozef Szekeres and named by Philip Sheldon of agency Weekes Morris Osborn in response to the original SOCOG recommendation of Murray, Margery and Dawn after famous Australian athletes.

text: There was also an unofficial mascot, Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, which was popularised by comedy team Roy Slaven and HG Nelson on the TV series The Dream with Roy and HG. Roy and HG also frequently disparaged the official mascots on their television program.[33][34][35]

text: Sponsors[edit]

text:
Sponsors of the 2000 Summer Olympics

Worldwide Olympic Partners

Atos Origin
The Coca-Cola Company
John Hancock
Kodak
Sports Illustrated
McDonald's
Swatch
Panasonic
Samsung Electronics
Visa Inc.
Xerox
IBM

Australia Partners

AMP
Westpac
Telstra
BHP
Westfield
Ansett Australia
Energy Australia
Swatch
News Limited
Fairfax
Holden
Seven Network
Pacific Dunlop

Supporters

Adecco
Carlton United
2ue
Traveland
Bonlac
Royal Mint
Perth Mint
Bonds
Tyco International
Tafe
Goodman Fielder
Boral
Shell
Olex Cables
Robert Timms
Sleepmaker
Nike
ClubsNSW

Providers

Lindemans Wines
Clipsal
Woolcott Research
Rogen
Saunders Design
Cleanevent
Pacific Waste Management
Waste Services NSW
Speedo
New South Wales Department of Information Technology and Management
Generale Location
Great White Shark Enterprises
Visy
Ramler Furniture
Mistral
Linfox
Deutsche Bahn (DB Schenker)
Val Morgan
Buspak
Avis
Diamond Press
Showpower
Berkley Challenge Housekeeping Services
Frazer-Nash
Woolmark
Harley-Davidson
George Weston Foods
Cadbury
Crown Lift Trucks
Sonic Healthcare
Garret Metal Detectors
Citysearch.com.au
Looksmart
General Electric
Hamiltons Laboratories
Lifeminders.com
Salomon Smith Barney

text: Medals and bouquets[edit]

text: The bronze medals for the 2000 Olympics were created from melted down Australian 1 cent and 2 cent coins[36][37] – which had been removed from circulation from 1992 onward.

text: The bouquets handed to medal recipients incorporated foliage from the Grevillea baileyana, also known as the white oak.[38]

text: Awards and commendations[edit]

text: The International Olympic Committee awarded Sydney and its inhabitants with the "Pierre de Coubertin Trophy" in recognition of the collaboration and happiness shown by the people of Sydney during the event to all the athletes and visitors around the world.[39]

text: The New South Wales Police Force was granted use of the Olympic Rings in the New South Wales Police Force Olympic Commendation and the New South Wales Police Force Olympic Citation for having staged the "safest" games ever.

text: Broadcast rights[edit]

text:
Argentina: Azul TV, TyC Sports, TyC Max, Multideporte 74, Multicanal and Buenos Aires Cable (BAC)
 Australia: Seven Network, C7
 Austria: ORF
 Belgium: VRT and RTBF
 Brazil: Rede Globo, Rede Bandeirantes, SporTV and ESPN Brasil
 Brunei: RTB and Astro
 Canada: CBC Radio-Canada
 Chile: TVN, Canal 13
 China: CCTV
 Colombia: RCN Televisión and Channel 11
 Croatia: HRT
 Ecuador: SíTV
Europe: Eurosport
 France: TF1 and FTV
 FR Yugoslavia: RTS, RTCG
 Germany: ARD and ZDF
 Greece: ERT
 Hong Kong: ATV and TVB
 Hungary: Magyar Televízió
 India: Doordarshan
 Indonesia: RCTI, SCTV, TPI, ANTeve, Indosiar and MetroTV (test of transmission)
 Ireland: RTÉ
 Italy: RAI
 Japan: NHK
Latin America: TNT, ESPN, Fox Sports and PSN
 Lithuania: LRT
 Macau: TDM
 Macedonia: MKRTV
 Malaysia: RTM, STMB, Mega TV and Philips ASTRO
 Mexico: Televisa
 Netherlands: NPO
 New Zealand: TVNZ
 Norway: NRK
 Paraguay: El 13, Tigo Sports, Tigo Max, Multideportes 67, Multicanal and Consorcio Multipunto Multicanal (CMM)
 Perú: Panamericana Televisión, CMD and CMD 2
 Philippines: PTV 4 and SkyCable
 Poland: TVP
 Romania: TVR
 Russia: Public Russian Television, VGTRK Olympiade
 Singapore: TCS SportsCity
 South Korea: KBS, MBC and SBS
 Spain: TVE
 Sri Lanka: Rupavahini (SLRC)
 Sweden: SVT
  Switzerland: SRG SSR idee suisse
 Taiwan: TTV, CTV and CTS
 Thailand: National Sports
 Turkey: TRT
 United Kingdom: BBC
 United States: NBC
 Uruguay: Canal 10, VTV Sports and TCC Cable Television
 Venezuela: Venevision

text: In fiction[edit]

text: In Tom Clancy's thriller Rainbow Six, the 2000 Olympic Games are the setting of a plot by eco-terrorists, who plan to use the games in order to spread a terrible new plague throughout the world.[40]

text: In Morris Gleitzman's children's book Toad Rage, a cane toad travels to Sydney in a bid to become the Olympic mascot.[41]


document_title: The Ethics of Ambiguity

question_text: how does de beauvoir characterize human freedom in the ethics of ambiguity

text: The Ethics of Ambiguity

text: Contents[edit]

text: The Ethics of Ambiguity consists of three parts and a short conclusion.[1]

text: Part I[edit]

text: "Ambiguity and Freedom," lays out the philosophical underpinnings of de Beauvoir's stance on ethics. She asserts that "man" (meaning human beings generally) is fundamentally free, a freedom that comes from his "nothingness," which is an essential aspect of his ability to be self-aware, to be conscious of himself: "... the nothingness which is at the heart of man is also the consciousness that he has of himself."[1] But man is also a thing, a "facticity," an object for others.[1] The ambiguity is that each of us is both subject and object, freedom and facticity. As free, we have the ability to take note of ourselves and choose what to do. As factic, we are constrained by physical limits, social barriers and the expectations and political power of others.

text: De Beauvoir rejects any notion of an absolute goodness or moral imperative that exists on its own. "...there exists no absolute value before the passion of man, outside of it, in relation to which one might distinguish the useless from the useful."[1] Values come only from our choices.[1]

text: Human freedom can be only in concrete projects, not in the abstract. Freedom "requires the realization of concrete ends, of particular projects."[1][1]

text: The types of particular content that are suitable are discussed in Part III.

text: Part II[edit]

text: Part II, "Personal Freedom and Others," examines a number of different ways that people try to deny their freedom, as freedom can be uncomfortable and disquieting. The freedom to choose entails the freedom to try to avoid one's freedom. Before we can even do that, however, we start as children, who take the values of the adults around them as ready-made things. She calls this the attitude of "seriousness," in which the child "escapes the anguish of freedom" by thinking of values as existing objectively, outside himself, rather than as an expression of his freedom.[1] Once past childhood, one can be a sub-man who avoids all questions of freedom and assumes himself not free. The next rung up the hierarchy is the serious man who "gets rid of his freedom by claiming to subordinate it to values which would be unconditioned," in effect reverting to a kind of childhood.[1] Both the sub-man and the serious man refuse to recognize that they are free, in the sense of being able to choose their own values.

text: Several other types recognize their freedom, but misuse it. The nihilist, having failed at life, decides not to try anything at all. "Conscious of being unable to be anything, man then decides to be nothing. ... Nihilism is disappointed seriousness which has turned back upon itself."[1] The adventurer is one who engages vigorously in various life projects, but without caring for the goal. The adventurer "does not attach himself to the end at which he aims; only to his conquest. He likes action for its own sake."[1] And he tramples on others in the process: "[T]he adventurer shares the nihilist’s contempt for men."[1] Finally the passionate man cares enthusiastically about his goal, but shares a similar contempt for others: "Not intending his freedom for men, the passionate man does not recognize them as freedoms either. He will not hesitate to treat them as things."[1]

text: And finally there is genuine freedom, which takes the excitement of the adventurer and the passion of the passionate man and includes with them a concern for other people, other freedoms, as well. "Passion is converted to genuine freedom only if one destines his existence to other existences ...."[1] "To will oneself free is also to will others free."[1]

text: Part III[edit]

text: Part III, "The Positive Aspect of Ambiguity," examines the intricacies and nuances of genuinely free action in the world. It includes five sections.

text: The brief Conclusion sums up de Beauvoir's view of human freedom: "... we are absolutely free today if we choose to will our existence in its finiteness, a finiteness which is open on the infinite."[1] She ends with a call for us to realize and act on this fundamental truth of our existence.


document_title: List of highest-grossing directors

question_text: who is the highest grossing director of all time

text: List of highest-grossing directors

text: The following is a non-definitive list of the all-time highest-grossing film directors. The list is not adjusted for inflation.[1]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text:
Highest-grossing directors worldwide[2]

Rank

Name

Highest-grossing film

Total worldwide box office

1

Steven Spielberg

Jurassic Park

$10.120 billion

2

Peter Jackson

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

$6.520 billion

3

Michael Bay

Transformers: Dark of the Moon

$6.450 billion

4

James Cameron

Avatar

$6.138 billion

5

David Yates

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

$5.346 billion

6

Christopher Nolan

The Dark Knight Rises

$4.754 billion

7

Robert Zemeckis

Forrest Gump

$4.243 billion

8

Ron Howard

The Da Vinci Code

$4.204 billion

9

Chris Columbus

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

$4.060 billion

10

Anthony and Joe Russo

Avengers: Infinity War

$4.044 billion

text: Domestic[edit]

text:
Highest-grossing directors in Canada and the United States[3]

Rank

Name

Highest-grossing film

Total domestic box office

1

Steven Spielberg

Jurassic Park

$4.670 billion

2

Michael Bay

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen

$2.326 billion

3

Peter Jackson

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

$2.134 billion

4

Ron Howard

How the Grinch Stole Christmas

$2.109 billion

5

Robert Zemeckis

Forrest Gump

$2.092 billion

6

Christopher Nolan

The Dark Knight

$2.006 billion

7

James Cameron

Avatar

$1.975 billion

8

Clint Eastwood

American Sniper

$1.852 billion

9

Tim Burton

Alice in Wonderland

$1.840 billion

10

Chris Columbus

Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone

$1.750 billion


document_title: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

question_text: when was un declaration of human rights written

text: Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: Structure and content[edit]

text: The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by René Cassin. Cassin worked from a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey. The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon, including a preamble and introductory general principles.[4] Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a pediment.

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights

text: The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles:

text:
The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration.
Articles 1—2 established the basic concepts of dignity, liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
Articles 3—11 established other individual rights, such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery.
Articles 6—11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated.
Articles 12–17 established the rights of the individual towards the community (including such things as freedom of movement).
Articles 18–21 sanctioned the so-called "constitutional liberties", and with spiritual, public, and political freedoms, such as freedom of thought, opinion, religion and conscience, word, and peaceful association of the individual.
Articles 22–27 sanctioned an individual's economic, social and cultural rights, including healthcare. Article 25 states: "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services." It also makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability, and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood.[5]
Articles 28—30 established the general ways of using these rights, the areas in which these rights of the individual can not be applied, and that they can not be overcome against the individual.

text: These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation.[6]

text: History[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text:
State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (6 January 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: During World War II, the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms—freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from fear, and freedom from want—as their basic war aims. The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion".[7]

text: When the racist atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after World War II, the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred.[8][9] A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter's provisions on human rights.[10]

text: Creation and drafting[edit]

text: In June 1946, the UN Economic and Social Council established the Commission on Human Rights, comprising 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds. The Commission, a standing body of the United Nations, was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights.[11]

text: The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, to write the articles of the Declaration. The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years.

text: Canadian John Peters Humphrey, Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat, was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal drafter.[12] At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat.[13]

text: Other well-known members of the drafting committee included René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, P. C. Chang of the Republic of China (Taiwan).[14] Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission.

text: According to Allan Carlson, the Declaration's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement's influence on Cassin and Malik.[15]

text: Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948, the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council, the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948. During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States.[16]

text: British representatives were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation.[17] (It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force, giving a legal status to most of the Declaration.)

text: Adoption[edit]

text: The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 on 10 December 1948. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained[18][19] and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain.[20]

text: The meeting record[21] provides first hand insight of the debate. South Africa's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid, which clearly violated any number of articles in the Declaration.[18] The Saudi Arabian delegation's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration's articles: Article 18, which states that everyone has the right "to change his religion or belief"; and Article 16, on equal marriage rights.[18] The six communist countries abstentions centred around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism.[22] Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of Soviet bloc countries to Article 13, which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries.[23]

text: The 48 countries which voted in favour of the Declaration are:[24]

text:
Afghanistan
 Argentina
 Australia
 Belgium
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Burma
 Canada[a]
 Chile
 China
 Colombia
 Costa Rica
 Cuba
 Denmark
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
 Egypt
 El Salvador
 Ethiopia
 France
 Greece
 Guatemala
 Haiti
 Iceland
 India
 Iran
 Iraq
 Lebanon
 Liberia
 Luxembourg
 Mexico
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Nicaragua
 Norway
 Pakistan
 Panama
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Philippines
 Thailand
 Sweden
 Syria
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 United States
 Uruguay
 Venezuela

text: 8 countries abstained:[24]

text:
Byelorussian SSR (Byelorussia)
 Czechoslovakia
 Poland
 Saudi Arabia
 Soviet Union
 Ukrainian SSR (Ukraine)
 Union of South Africa
 Yugoslavia

text: Other countries only gained sovereignty and joined the United Nations later,[26] which explains the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote and in no way reflects opposition to the universal principles.

text: International Human Rights Day[edit]

text: The Declaration is commemorated each year on 10 December, the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration, and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day. The commemoration is observed by individuals, community and religious groups, human rights organizations, parliaments, governments, and the United Nations. Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights. 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration, and was accompanied by year-long activities around the theme "Dignity and justice for all of us".[27]

text: Significance and legal effect[edit]

text: Significance[edit]

text: In 1948, the UN Resolution A/RES/217(III)[A] adopted the Declaration on a bilingual document in English and French, and official translations in Chinese, Russian and Spanish.[28] In 2009, the Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world's "Most Translated Document" (370 different languages and dialects).[29][30] The Unicode Consortium stores 431[31] of the 503[32] official translations available at the OHCHR (as of June 2017[update]).

text: In its preamble, governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration. Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States.[citation needed] In this, she proved to be correct. Even though it is not legally binding, the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948. It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws, international laws, and treaties, as well as for a growing number of regional, sub national, and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights.

text: For the first time in international law, the term “the rule of law” was used in the preamble of the Declaration. The third paragraph of the preamble of the Declaration reads as follows: "Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law."[33]

text: Legal effect[edit]

text: While not a treaty itself, the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words "fundamental freedoms" and "human rights" appearing in the United Nations Charter, which is binding on all member states. For this reason, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations. In addition, many international lawyers[34] believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law[35] and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles. The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration "constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community" to all persons. The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights.

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Praise[edit]

text: The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it "an international document of the first order of importance",[36] while Eleanor Roosevelt—first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration—stated that it "may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere."[37] In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration "one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time" but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration.[38] In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union, Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration "placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community."[citation needed]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Islamic countries[edit]

text: Turkey— which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population—signed the Declaration in 1948.[39] However, the same year, Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration, claiming that it violated Sharia law.[40] Pakistan—which had signed the declaration—disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position.[41] Pakistani minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan strongly argued in favor of including freedom of religion.[42] In 1982, the Iranian representative to the United Nations, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, said that the Declaration was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition" which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia.[43] On 30 June 2000, members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam,[44] an alternative document that says people have "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah", without any discrimination on grounds of "race, colour, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations".

text: Some Muslim diplomats would go on later to help draft other UN human rights treaties. For example, Iraqi diplomat Bedia Afnan's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR. Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah also spoke in favor of recognizing women's rights.[42]

text: A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration's alleged Western bias. These include Irene Oh, Abdulaziz Sachedina, Riffat Hassan, and Faisal Kutty. Hassan has argued:

text: What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest, or sole, model, of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings, is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration, the "universality" of the assumptions on which it is based is – at the very least – problematic and subject to questioning. Furthermore, the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general, or particular religions such as Islam, needs to be examined in an unbiased way.[45]

text: Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative (descriptive) ethics.[46]

text: Kutty writes: "A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights."[47]

text: Ironically, a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014[update] are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs, played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration, with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self-determination.[48]

text: "The Right to Refuse to Kill"[edit]

text: Groups such as Amnesty International[49] and War Resisters International[50] have advocated for "The Right to Refuse to Kill" to be added to the Universal Declaration. War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from—but not yet explicit in—Article 18 of the UDHR: the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.[50]

text: Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit, but —to date (2017)—[update] those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents. Sean MacBride—Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate—has said: "To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might, with relevance, be added. It is 'The Right to Refuse to Kill'."[51]

text: American Anthropological Association[edit]

text: The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR while it was in its drafting process. The AAA warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western paradigm which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope. They further argued that the West's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world. They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism: "1. The individual realizes his personality through his culture, hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences", "2. Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered", and "3. Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole."[52]

text: Bangkok Declaration[edit]

text: During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993, ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration, reaffirming their governments' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality, objectivity, and non-selectivity of human rights. However, at the same time, they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference, calling for greater emphasis on economic, social, and cultural rights—in particular, the right to economic development over civil and political rights. The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective, which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism.[53]

text: Organizations promoting the UDHR[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: International Federation for Human Rights[edit]

text: The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) is nonpartisan, nonsectarian, and independent of any government, and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[54][55]

text: Amnesty International[edit]

text: In 1988, director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators, musicians, and producers created a 20-minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration. The video was to bring to life the Declaration's 30 articles.[56]

text: Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the "Fire Up!" event.[57]

text: Unitarian Universalist Service Committee[edit]

text: The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee (UUSC) is a non-profit, nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world.

text: Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee[edit]

text: The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues, including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[58][59]

text: American Library Association[edit]

text: In 1997, the council of the American Library Association (ALA) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[60] Along with Article 19, Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights.[61] Censorship, the invasion of privacy, and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA.

text: Youth for Human Rights International[edit]

text: Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI) is a non-profit organization founded in 2001 by Mary Shuttleworth, an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa, where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights. The purpose of YHRI is to teach youth about human rights, specifically the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and inspire them to become advocates for tolerance and peace. YHRI has now grown into a global movement, including hundreds of groups, clubs and chapters around the world.[62]


document_title: Darrell Scott

question_text: who wrote you will never leave harlan alive

text: Darrell Scott

text: Musical career[edit]

text:
Scott has collaborated with Steve Earle, Sam Bush, Emmylou Harris, John Cowan, Verlon Thompson, Guy Clark, Tim O'Brien, Kate Rusby, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Mary Gauthier, Dan Tyminski, and many others.  His music has attracted a growing fanbase, and he tours regularly with his own band.  His album, Crooked Road, was released May 25, 2010.[2]
In early 2005, Scott's Theatre Of The Unheard won in The 4th Annual Independent Music Awards for Album of the Year.[3]

text: He won the 2007 Song of the Year award from the Americana Music Association for his song "Hank William's Ghost"[4] which appears on his album The Invisible Man released in 2006.

text: In 2010, he was announced as part of the Band of Joy, alongside Robert Plant, credited as performing vocals, mandolin, guitar, accordion, pedal, lap steel and banjo.

text: In 2010, Brad Paisley's cover of the song "You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" was the closing song played on the TV drama Justified during the final scene of the final episode of the first season. It was used again in the final episode of the second season.[5] The fourth season's final episode used a version by Dave Alvin.[6] The fifth season's final episode used a version by the Ruby Friedman Orchestra.[7] The final episode of the series featured the original composition by Darrell Scott himself.[8]

text: In January 2011, his album A Crooked Road won the award for the Country Album category from The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards.[9]

text: Songs by Darrell Scott covered by other musicians[edit]

text: This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Darrell Scott" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"It's a Great Day to Be Alive" - Travis Tritt, Cory Morrow
"You'll Never Leave Harlan Alive" - Brad Paisley, Patty Loveless, Kathy Mattea, Red Molly, Dave Alvin, Ruby Friedman Orchestra, Maxida Märak, Jonah Michea Judy, and Downhill Bluegrass Band[10]
"Long Time Gone" - Dixie Chicks
"We've Got Nothing But Love to Prove" - Faith Hill
"Proving You Wrong" - Keb' Mo'
"Out In The Parking Lot" - Guy Clark, Brad Paisley with Alan Jackson
"River Take Me" - Sam Bush
"Heartbreak Town" - Dixie Chicks
"Head South" - Robinella
"Family Tree" - Darryl Worley
"With A Memory Like Mine" - John Cowan, Mountain Heart
"Love's Not Through With Me Yet" - Johnsmith
"Daddy Lessons" - Beyoncé (remix with Dixie Chicks sampled Long Time Gone)

text: Singles composed with others[edit]

text: "Born to Fly" - Sara Evans

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Label

Peak chart positions

US Country[11]

USHeat[12]

USFolk[13]

USGrass[14]

1997

Aloha From Nashville

JustUs

—

—

—

—

1999

Family Tree

Sugar Hill

—

—

—

—

2000

Real Time (with Tim O'Brien)

Full Light

—

—

—

—

2003

Theatre of the Unheard

—

—

—

—

2004

Live in NC (with Danny Thompson and Kenny Malone)

—

—

—

—

2006

The Invisible Man

—

—

—

—

2008

Modern Hymns

Appleseed

—

—

—

—

2010

A Crooked Road

Full Light

—

32

13

—

2012

Long Ride Home

55

22

14

—

Live: We're Usually a Lot Better Than This(with Tim O'Brien)

64

35

—

3

2013

Memories and Moments (with Tim O'Brien)

Full Skies

36

9

13

2

2015

Ten: Songs of Ben Bullington

Full Light

—

—

—

—

2016

Couchville Sessions

41

24

21

—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Awards

Preceded byJames McMurtry

 AMA Song of the Year (Songwriter)2007

Succeeded byHayes Carll & Brian Keane


document_title: List of symbols

question_text: what is the name of this symbol( )

question_tokens: what is the name of this symbol ( )

text: List of symbols

text: Languages[edit]

text:
@
List of symbols
Punctuation apostrophe ’  ' brackets [ ]  ( )  { }  ⟨ ⟩ colon : comma ,  ،  、 dash ‒  –  —  ― ellipsis  …  ...  ⋯  ᠁  ฯ exclamation mark ! full stop, period . guillemets ‹ ›  « » hyphen ‐ hyphen-minus - question mark ? quotation marks ‘ ’  “ ”  ' '  " " semicolon ; slash, stroke, solidus /  ⧸  ⁄
Word dividers interpunct · space
General typography ampersand & asterisk * at sign @ backslash \ basis point ‱ bullet • caret ^ dagger † ‡ ⹋ degree ° ditto mark ” equals sign = inverted exclamation mark ¡ inverted question mark ¿ komejirushi, kome, reference mark ※ multiplication sign × number sign, pound, hash # numero sign № obelus ÷ ordinal indicator º ª percent, per mil % ‰ pilcrow ¶ plus, minus + − plus-minus, minus-plus ± ∓ prime ′  ″  ‴ section sign § tilde ~ underscore, understrike _ vertical bar, pipe, broken bar |  ‖  ¦
Intellectual property copyright © copyleft 🄯 sound-recording copyright ℗ registered trademark ® service mark ℠ trademark ™
Currency currency sign ¤
currency symbols

؋ ₳
฿ ₿
₵ ¢ ₡ ₢
$ ₫ ₯ ֏
₠ €
ƒ ₣
₲
₴
₭
₺ ₾
₼ ℳ ₥
₦
₧ ₱ ₰ £
元 圆 圓 ﷼ ៛ ₽ ₹ ₨
₪
৳ ₸ ₮
₩
¥ 円

Uncommon typography asterism ⁂ fleuron, hedera ❧ index, fist ☞ interrobang ‽ irony punctuation ⸮ lozenge ◊ tie ⁀Related

DiacriticsLogic symbols
Whitespace characters
In other scripts
ChineseHebrewJapaneseKorean
 Category
 Portal
 Book
vte

text: Many (but not all) graphemes that are part of a writing system that encodes a full spoken language are included in the Unicode standard, which also includes graphical symbols.  See:

text:
Language code
List of Unicode characters
List of writing systems
Punctuation
Category:Typographical symbols

text: The remainder of this list focuses on graphemes not part of spoken language-encoding systems.

text: Basic communication[edit]

text:
⃠ - No symbol
Arrow (symbol)
Emoji
☺ - Smiley
✓ - Tick (checkmark)
Harvey Balls
☆ - Star (polygon)

text: Scientific and engineering symbols[edit]

text:
Alchemical symbols
Astronomical symbols
Chemical symbols
Electronic symbol (for circuit diagrams, etc.)
Engineering drawing symbols
Energy Systems Language
Hazard symbols
Mathematical symbols
Rod of Asclepius / Caduceus as a symbol of medicine

text: Consumer symbols[edit]

text: Various currency signs (sublist)

text: Navigational symbols[edit]

text:
Traffic signs, including warning signs contain many specialized symbols (see article for list)
DOT pictograms
ISO 7001
Exit sign "running man"
Pictorial push pull signs for doors "push & pull man"
Gender symbols for public toilets
Japanese map symbols
International Breastfeeding Symbol
International Symbol of Access
Barber's pole

text: Hazards[edit]

text:
Hazard symbol (sublist)
European hazard symbols (sublist)
Skull and crossbones (poison)
Mr. Yuk

text: Food[edit]

text:
EC identification and health marks, for animal products
Food safe symbol marking food contact materials in the European Union
British Egg Industry Council lion

text: Kosher symbols

text:
Star-K Kosher Certification
OK Kosher Certification
EarthKosher Kosher Certification

text: General consumer products[edit]

text:
Recycling symbol
Recycling codes
Japanese recycling symbols
Green Dot (symbol)
Laundry symbol
Period-after-opening symbol (on cosmetics as 6M, 12M, 18M, etc.)
U+2602 ☂ UMBRELLA - keep dry
U+2614 ☔ UMBRELLA WITH RAIN DROPS - keep dry
Japanese postal mark
℮, the European estimated sign
Inventory tracking symbols
Barcode such as a Universal Product Code
QR code
Printing registration marks intended for the manufacturer of the packaging, to ensure different colors are aligned when printed
Various certification marks (see article for list) signifying conformance with a government or private organization's requirements
Shipping symbols[1] from ISO standard 780 "Pictorial marking for handling of goods"[2] or ASTM D5445 "Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods"[3] which depict shipping boxes as squares with rounded corners:
"Fragile": the silhouette of a wine glass
"This end up": a horizontal line with two arrows pointing up
"Do not stack": a filled-in box, under a crossed-out outlined box
"Maximum stack height": three boxes stacked vertically; the bottom one is filled in, the middle one is an outline with a number inside (the number of boxes to safely stack on top of this one), and the top one is an outline and crossed out
"Maximum stack weight": from the bottom upward: a box, a horizontal line, a wide arrow pointing down, and a number followed by "kg max"
"Keep dry": an umbrella with rain falling on it
"Protect from sunlight": a circle with rays coming out of it, with a box protected by a chevron
"Protect from radiation": the radiation symbol, separated from a box by a chevron
"Center of gravity": crosshairs pointing to the center of a dashed circle
"Do not roll": a box with a curved arrow above, and a cross-out line coming up from the box at an angle
"Do not use hand hooks"
"Do not use hand truck"
"Do not use forklift"
"Clamp as indicated": a filled-in box with a vertical line and inward-pointing arrow on the right and left
"Do not clamp": the same as "clamp as indicated", crossed out
"Sling here": the silhouette of a chain
A thermometer with a diagonal slash, indicating the maximum and minimum temperature

text: Property and pricing[edit]

text:
U+2122 ™ TRADE MARK SIGN
U+2120 ℠ SERVICE MARK
U+00AE ® REGISTERED SIGN
U+2117 ℗ SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT
Ⓧ, Ⓨ - Japanese typographic symbols used under Japan's resale price maintenance system
Various logos
Various trademarks

text: Technology symbols[edit]

text:
Media control symbols
Power symbol
Various computer icons

text: Naval[edit]

text: Jolly Roger - "this ship is controlled by pirates"

text: Religious and mystical symbols[edit]

text: A subset has been used as United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers.

text: A[edit]

text:
Adinkra symbols
Alchemical symbols
Allah
Angel Moroni
Ankh
Astrological sign
Astrological symbols
Astrology and alchemy
Aum/Om syllable (sound symbol)
Agriculture

text: B[edit]

text:
Ba guahi
Bahá'í symbols
Bhavacakra
Bindi
Bindu

text: C[edit]

text:
Caduceus, a symbol of commerce, often erroneously used as a symbol of medicine.
Celtic cross
Chai
Chi Ro
Christian cross
Conch shell
Crescent
Cross
Cross and Crown
Cross and flame
Cross of Sacrifice
Cross of St. Peter
Crucifix
Crux Gemmata

text: D[edit]

text:
Dharmacakra
Divided line of
 Plato
Dragon

text: E[edit]

text:
Eight auspicious symbols of Tibetan Buddhism
Ek Onkar
Endless knot
Enneagram
Eye of God
Eye of Horus
Eye of Providence

text: F[edit]

text:
Flaming chalice
Fleur-de-lis

text: G[edit]

text:
Globus cruciger
Golden spiral
Goetic seals
Geometry symbols

text: H[edit]

text:
Hammer and Sickle
Hamsa
Hands of God
Happy Human
Heart
High cross
Holy Grail

text: I[edit]

text:
Ichthys
Infinity
Inuksuk
Information
Illuminati

text: K[edit]

text:
Khamsa/Hamesh Hand/Hand of Fatima
Khanda

text: L[edit]

text:
Labarum
Labrys
Lauburu
Lingam
Lotus
Life

text: M[edit]

text:
Maltese Cross
Mandala
Medicine wheel
Menorah
Merkaba
Math

text: N[edit]

text:
Ner tamid
Nataraj

text: O[edit]

text: Ouroboros

text: P[edit]

text:
Papal cross
Patriarchal cross
Pearl
Pentacle
Pentagram

text: Q[edit]

text: Quincunx

text: R[edit]

text:
Red Cross
Red Rose of Lancaster
Rod of Asclepius

text: S[edit]

text:
Sacred Chao
Sacred Heart
Scientology symbols
Shield of the Trinity
Skull and crossbones, Jolly Roger
Solar symbols
Soyombo symbol
Star
Star and crescent
Star of David
Starburst
Sun cross
Swastika
Square and Compasses
Space time

text: T[edit]

text:
Taijitu
Tanit symbol
Tarot iconography
Tattva symbols
Tetractys
Thor's Hammer
Tilaka
Torii
Tree of Life
Trefoil
Trimurti
Triple Goddess
Triple spiral
Triquetra
Triratna/Three Jewels
Triskelion
Tudor Rose
Turtle

text: U[edit]

text: Urantia symbols

text: V[edit]

text:
Vajra
Valknut
Vande matram
Vesica piscis

text: W[edit]

text:
White buffalo
White Rose of York

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yantra
Yin-yang
Yoni

text: Heraldic symbols[edit]

text:
Charge (heraldry)
Coat of arms
List of coats of arms
Mon (crest)
Mullet
Monogram
Flag

text: Vexillological symbols (flags)[edit]

text: Sports and games[edit]

text:
Chess symbols in Unicode
Olympic symbols
Paralympic symbols

text: Other[edit]

text: Notation