document_title: The Loud House

question_text: who voices pop pop in the loud house

question_tokens: who voices pop pop in the loud house

text: The Loud House

text: Plot

text: In the fictional town of Royal Woods, Michigan, Lincoln Loud is the only boy and middle child in a family of eleven children. He has ten sisters with distinctive personalities: bossy eldest child Lori; ditzy fashionista Leni; musician Luna; comedian Luan; athletic Lynn; gloomy goth Lucy; polar-opposite twins Lana and Lola; child genius Lisa, and baby Lily. Lincoln occasionally breaks the fourth wall to explain to viewers the chaotic conditions and sibling relationships of the household, and continually devises plans to make his life in the house better.

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Segments
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
52
26
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
November 8, 2016 (2016-11-08)

2
49
26
November 9, 2016 (2016-11-09)
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)

3
TBA
26[7]
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)
TBA

text: Listen Out Loud

text: Nickelodeon and its YouTube channel have done a series of podcasts called Listen Out Loud where each member of the Loud family does a podcast revolving around their topics.

text:
Meet the Family - The Loud siblings start their first podcast where they can't come up with a topic about it.
Luna Loud - Luna Loud and Chunk give a virtual tour of Luna's home music studio where Luna talks about her musical instruments and her inspirations where some of her instruments keep disturbing Mr. Grouse.
Lola Loud - Lola Loud does her podcast called "The Lowdown with Lola" where she starts dishing out the latest Loud family gossip much to the dismay of her siblings.
Leni Loud - With help from Lincoln as her producer, Leni gives a virtual tour of the Royal Woods Mall where she shows her favorite stores and the different shopkeepers that she knows.
Luan Loud - Luan Loud teaches her listeners the basics of playing pranks on anyone where she demonstrates each one on her siblings much to their annoyance.
Lori Loud - With Bobby on her phone helping out from his current location, he and Lori talk about the day when they first met. When they over-romanticize the details on their first date, Lynn and Luan take part in the details by telling them what happened and how they had to make sure Bobby was good for Lori.

text: Characters

text: Main

text: Lincoln Loud (voiced by Sean Ryan Fox in the pilot, Grant Palmer in episodes 1–22,[8] Collin Dean in episodes 23–onward) – The 11-year-old sixth child and only son of the Loud family, who has white hair and a chipped front tooth. Lincoln has a passion for comic books (especially for his favorite superhero Ace Savvy) and is often shown reading them while wearing only his underwear. He breaks the fourth wall on a regular basis by speaking to the audience about the chaotic conditions and sibling relationships of his household when he always spend times with his sisters and always survives with them.

text: Lori Loud (voiced by Catherine Taber)[9] – The 17-year-old eldest child of the Loud family and the only Loud child with a driver's license. Lori is depicted as a bossy, short-tempered, sarcastic, and cynical teenager who is condescending towards her younger siblings. Despite this, she cares deeply about her family. Lori is usually seen talking to her boyfriend Bobby on her smartphone and uses the word "literally" frequently. In some episodes, Lori is shown to have a flatulence problem that she refuses to admit by stating that it was either her shoes or the creaking floorboards making the noise.

text: Leni Loud (voiced by Liliana Mumy)[10] – The 16-year-old second child of the Loud family who is almost always seen wearing sunglasses on top of her head. Leni is depicted as a beautiful, ditzy blonde who shows talents in fashion designing, lock-picking, and wood-carving on occasion. She has a fear of spiders that is referenced in multiple episodes, most notably "Along Came a Sister". As Lori's roommate, Leni would tend to borrow some of Lori's clothes without asking, which leads to them occasionally fighting over them. Along with Luna, she has the best relationship with Lincoln of his older sisters.

text: Luna Loud (voiced by Nika Futterman)[11] – The 15-year-old third child of the Loud family. Luna has a habit of speaking in a mock British accent. She is a wild and upbeat musician who owns various instruments, with her signature one being a purple electric guitar. She very closely follows the words of her idol Mick Swagger and always encourages her family to "stay cool". In the episode "For Bros About to Rock", it is revealed that Luna has ruined all of her siblings' first concerts.

text: Luan Loud (voiced by Cristina Pucelli)[8] – The 14-year-old fourth child and comedian of the Loud family and Luna's roommate. Most of her dialogue consists of bad puns, much to the annoyance of her siblings. She wears her hair in a ponytail and has buck teeth with braces, giving her a squirrel-like appearance. Every April Fools Day, Luan becomes a prank-obsessed maniac which leaves her family and Clyde in complete fear of the holiday as they try to avoid her pranks.

text:
Lynn Loud, Jr. (voiced by Jessica DiCicco)[8] – The 13-year-old fifth child and athlete of the Loud family who is named after her father. She tends to start competitions among her siblings and plays a large amount of sports like baseball, basketball, football, and soccer.
Lucy Loud (voiced by Jessica DiCicco)[8] – The eight-year-old seventh child of the Loud family and Lynn's roommate. Lucy is a gothic girl with interests in poetry, séances, and gothic fiction as well as owning some pet bats. She has pale white skin and long black hair with bangs that cover her eyes. Lucy also has an uncanny ability to suddenly appear in places, which often frightens her siblings. In addition, Lucy owns a bust of the vampire Edwin from Vampires of Melancholia (her favorite show) and has a romantic attachment to it.

text: Lana Loud (voiced by Grey Griffin)[8] – The six-year-old eighth child of the Loud family[12] and the twin sister of Lola. Lana a fun-loving tomboy who loves to play in mud and get her hands dirty, which often annoys Lola. She is a skilled handyworker who loves animals (mostly frogs and reptiles). In "Ties That Bind", it is revealed that Lana was born two minutes before Lola.

text: Lola Loud (voiced by Grey Griffin)[8] – The six-year-old ninth child of the Loud family and the twin sister of Lana. Lola is a bratty "Princess" who is skilled at plotting and scheming to get her way. She becomes maniacal if her siblings anger her in any way. Lola is mostly seen wearing a pink dress that conceals her legs and a tiara on her head. She is constantly entered in child beauty pageants and is the tattletale of the group. Notably, she is the only Loud child to call Lynn, Sr. "Daddy".

text: Lisa Loud (voiced by Lara Jill Miller)[13] – The four-year-old tenth child of the Loud family She is a child prodigy who has a PhD and yet is still in kindergarten. She enjoys solving complex equations and math problems and performing elaborate experiments where she would often using her siblings and Clyde as test subjects. She wears round glasses, speaks with a lateral lisp, and laughs maniacally when performing experiments.

text:
Lily Loud (voiced by Grey Griffin)[8] – The one-year-old baby of the Loud family. She is mostly seen wearing only a diaper. Lincoln shares a special connection with Lily and babysits her on several occasions. She has a habit of losing her diaper causing her to go naked and also causing her fellow siblings to put her diaper back on. The only phrase Lily utters aside from gibberish is "poo-poo", generally coupled with her diaper flying across the screen.
Clyde McBride (voiced by Caleel Harris in seasons 1–2,[8] Andre Robinson in season 3–onward) – A nerdy 11-year-old boy who is the best friend of Lincoln and the adoptive son of Howard and Harold. Clyde owns a walkie-talkie that he uses on missions with Lincoln. Clyde shares many interests with Lincoln such as video games and science fiction movies. He has an unrequited crush on Lori and tends to faint when she talks to him. When Lincoln cosplays as Ace Savvy, Clyde dresses as his sidekick One-Eyed Jack. Early in the show's development when the Loud family was originally composed of anthropomorphic rabbits, Clyde was a beaver.[14] In "Snow Way Down," it is revealed that Clyde is allergic to sap.

text: Supporting

text: Lynn Loud, Sr. (voiced by Brian Stepanek) – The father of the Loud children. His whole face is unseen until the second season. Lynn, Sr. often breaks up fights between his children before it goes too far and does all the cooking in the family as he dreams of being a chef. In "Along Came a Sister", it is revealed that he has a fear of spiders like Leni. At the end of "Ties That Bind," it is revealed that Lynn, Sr. can only eat gluten-free foods. In "A Novel Idea", Lynn, Sr. is shown to work at an office building where he worked as an IT worker as revealed in "Job Insecurity". In "Toads and Tiaras," it is revealed that Lynn Jr. inherited her love of sports from him. In "Cover Girls", it is revealed that Luan inherited her bad sense of humor from him. In "Study Muffin", it is implied that Luna gets her love of British culture from him. In "Fed Up," it is revealed that Lynn Sr. follows his food budget due to how big his family is. In "Job Insecurity," Lynn Sr. has resigned from his job as an IT worker and has risen to the ranks of co-chef at the Aloha Comrade Hawaiian-Russian Fusion Restaurant. In "A Fridge Too Far," Lynn Sr. develops plans to one day open up his own restaurant.

text:
Rita Loud (voiced by Jill Talley) – The mother of the Loud children, the daughter of Albert "Pop Pop", and the niece of Ruth. Her face is also unseen until the second season. She is the only Loud whose name does not begin with "L". Rita is caring towards her children, but is not afraid to punish them if their fighting goes too far. Rita is shown to be more level-headed than Lynn Sr. In "A Novel Idea", Rita works as a dental assistant and is writing a novel that could lead to a different career path. In "Cover Girls" and "L is for Love," it is revealed that she met Lynn Sr. when she was working as a crossing guard and hooked up with him through secret admirer letters. Her name is a pun on the words "read aloud."
Howard and Harold McBride (voiced by Michael McDonald and Wayne Brady)[15] – Clyde's overprotective fathers who care deeply about their son's well-being. They shower Clyde with attention and rarely let him do anything unsupervised. Howard tends to get over emotional while watching his son grow up and is rather neurotic. Harold is a skilled chef who acts more calm and collected. In "Attention Deficit," it was revealed that Howard was part of a band in college while Harold played baseball in college. The McBrides are the first homosexual couple to be featured in a Nickelodeon program.
Roberto Alejandro Martinez-Millan Luis "Bobby" Santiago Jr. (voiced by Carlos PenaVega) – a Mexican-American 17-year-old who is Lori's boyfriend and older brother of Ronnie Anne. Bobby is often nicknamed "Boo Boo Bear" by Lori. He does various odd jobs like grocery store stockboy, lifeguard, mall security guard, pizza delivery man, department store worker, and tour guide. Although he and his family moved away to live with the Casagrande family in "The Loudest Mission: Relative Chaos," he and Lori managed to find a way to make their love relationship work.

text: Ronalda "Ronnie" Anne Santiago (voiced by Breanna Yde) – The younger sister of Bobby who is Lincoln's classmate and love interest. She is very tough and enjoys skating, playing video games, and pranks. Although she and her family moved away to live with the Casagrande family in "The Loudest Mission: Relative Chaos," she still tends to contact Lincoln through the laptop and mail him her pranks at her old house.

text: Mr. Grouse (voiced by John DiMaggio) – The elderly bald-headed neighbor of the Loud family. In "11 Louds a Leapin'", it is revealed that Mr. Grouse tends to confiscate any items of the Loud siblings that end up on his property. Also, it is revealed that Mr. Grouse has an extended family that he can barely pay a visit to due to financial difficulties. In most episodes, it is shown that Mr. Grouse can be bribed with certain foods like Lynn Sr.'s lasagna in exchange for favors.

text: Pets of the Loud Family

text: Charles – The Loud family's pit bull terrier, who is named after Charles M. Schulz. He is often shown sleeping in Lincoln's room. In the episode "Pets Peeved", Charles is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.

text: Cliff – The Loud family's pet short-haired cat, who is named after Cliff Sterrett. In the episode "Pets Peeved", Cliff is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.

text: Geo – The Loud family's pet Roborovski hamster, who is named after George McManus. He normally travels in a hamster ball.

text: Walt – The Loud family's pet canary, who is named after Walt Kelly. Most of the time, he has an angry expression on his face.

text: Fangs – One of Lucy's pet bats.

text: Hops – Lana's pet frog.

text: Other characters

text: Mrs. Agnes Johnson (voiced by Susanne Blakeslee) – Lincoln and Clyde's teacher at Royal Woods Elementary.

text: Albert "Pop Pop" (voiced by Fred Willard) – Rita's father, Ruth's brother, and the kids' grandfather who is a former army soldier.

text: Chester "Chunk" Monk (voiced by John DiMaggio) – A burly British man who is Luna's roadie. In "Roadie to Nowhere", Chunk's real name is revealed and was revealed to have been a musical alumnus at Lori, Leni and Luna's high school. In the same episode, it is revealed that he has his own band and a flat that he lives in when he isn't doing events that don't require him sleeping in his van.

text: Coach Pacowski (voiced by Jeff Bennett) – Lincoln and Clyde's gym teacher at Royal Woods Elementary with a stern and authoritarian personality who has a crush on Agnes Johnson. In "Teachers' Union," it is revealed that Coach Pacowski enjoys mini-golf and lives on a houseboat with his mom. Following a failed date with Agnes, he starts to fall in love with Nurse Patty after she patched him up from his obstacle course injuries and that they have common mini-golf hobby.

text: Flip (voiced by John DiMaggio) – The elderly, cheap, and smug owner of "Flip's Food N' Fuel". He also works as a vendor when not at his gas station. In "Net Gains," it is revealed that Flip is a sponsor of the Turkey Jerkies, has unpaid citations in his car, and was recognized by some prison inmates on the prison's basketball court when he drove by implying that he was in prison once.

text: Liam (voiced by Lara Jill Miller) – One of Lincoln's friends who talks with a southern accent. He enjoys loud music, exclaiming that he wants the music "turned up to eleven".

text: Mick Swagger (voiced by Jeff Bennett) – Luna and Lynn Sr.'s musical idol. He is an obvious parody of Mick Jagger.

text: Rusty Spokes (voiced by Wyatt Griswold) – The talkative member of Papa Wheelie's bicycle gang who is one of Lincoln's schoolmates. In "Back in Black", it is revealed that Rusty has a brother named Rocky, who has a crush on Lucy.

text: Scoots (voiced by Grey Griffin) – An old woman on an elderly scooter who is one of Albert's friends.

text: Principal Wilbur T. Huggins (voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky) – The principal of Royal Woods Elementary. Like Lincoln and Clyde, he is also a fan of Ace Savvy.

text: Zach (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) – One of Lincoln's schoolmates. According to Lincoln in "Overnight Success", Zach lives "between a freeway and a circus".

text: Production

text: The Loud House was created by Chris Savino for Nickelodeon. Savino based the series on his own experiences growing up in a large family.[16] Early in development, the Loud family was going to be composed of rabbits, but this was terminated when an executive asked Savino to make them human.[17][18] However, the idea of the Loud family being rabbits became used as Lincoln's dream in the Season 3 episode "White Hare." He pitched the idea to Nickelodeon in 2013 as a 2½-minute short for their annual Animated Shorts Program.[19] In June 2014, Nickelodeon announced that The Loud House had been picked up for a season of 13 episodes.[20] The episode order was later increased to 26.[21] On May 25, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been picked up for a second season of 14 episodes later increased to 26.[22] On October 19, 2016, the show had been picked up for a third season of 26 episodes.[23] Savino has cited Peanuts and Polly and Her Pals as influences on the show's characterizations and animation. Newspaper comic strips are also influences on the show's background art.

text: Savino's firing

text: On October 17, 2017, Cartoon Brew reported that Chris Savino was suspended from the studio due to allegations of sexual harassment, the report noting that rumors of Savino's behavior have existed for "at least a decade."[24] On October 19, a Nickelodeon spokesperson confirmed that Savino had been fired from the studio, and that the series will continue production without him.[25] Six days later on October 23, Savino spoke for the first time since his firing saying he said he was "deeply sorry" for his actions.[26] Alongside the announcement of the series being greenlit for a fourth season, it was revealed that story editor Mike Rubiner had now been named executive producer and showrunner.[27]

text: Broadcast

text: The series debuted on Nickelodeon on Monday, May 2, 2016 at 5:00PM (ET/PT), with new episodes premiering every weekday that month.[28] The first trailer for the series premiered on March 13, 2016.[29] The show is also aired on AFN Family.

text: Internationally, the series premiered in Israel and Italy on May 15.[30] It premiered in Latin America, Brazil, Poland, Germany, France and Africa the following day.[31] It began airing in Southeast Asia on May 20. Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland's Nickelodeon channels premiered the show on May 30.[32] In Canada, YTV aired a sneak peek of the series on September 5, 2016, which was followed by an official premiere on September 6, 2016.[33]

text: The series premiered on May 15, 2016 in the Middle East and North Africa, on Nickelodeon Arabia. However, it is dubbed in Gulf Arabic.

text: Home media

text:
DVD releases

Region
Set title
Seasons
Aspect ratio
Episode count
Time length
Release date

1
Welcome to The Loud House[34]
1
16:9
13
273 minutes
May 23, 2017

It Gets Louder[35]
May 22, 2018

text: Reception

text: Critical

text: The Loud House has received positive reviews, specifically for its animation, voice acting, characterization, and the heartwarming themes of each episode. Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show's voice cast and thematic messages, writing that "kids will come to The Loud House for the laughs, but they'll return for the ensemble cast and the surprisingly heartwarming themes that dominate every story."[36] Kevin Johnson of The A.V. Club gave the show a B+, noting that "the female characters are defined by their traits, but never judged for them."[37]

text: The characters of Howard and Harold McBride have received praise for being a positive representation of a married same-sex couple.[38] They are the first married same-sex couple to be featured in a Nicktoon.[39][40] Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair stated that The Loud House "handles the topic [of same-sex marriage] in exactly the right way...this kind of casual representation in children's programming is a milestone."[41] De Elizabeth of Teen Vogue wrote, "The best part is that the show doesn’t treat these characters any differently, or even introduce them with a heavy asterisk about their marital status."[42] The Frisky's Tai Gooden mentioned that "kids who have two dads (or moms) will be more than thrilled to see a family they can identify with on TV."[43] Time reported that "people are thrilled about Nickelodeon's decision" to include a gay couple.[44] However, the characters have been met with criticism from conservative media groups. The American Family Association objected to scenes featuring the McBride parents and attempted to push for the episode to be edited to no avail, saying that "Nickelodeon should stick to entertaining instead of pushing an agenda."[45] The Kenya Film Classification Board also called for the suspension of the show on Pay TV service provider DStv, saying that the animated series "promotes the Lesbian, Gay and Transgender agenda."[46]

text: Ratings

text: The Loud House became the number-one children's animated series on television within its first month on the air.[3] Throughout May 2016, it received an average of 68% more viewers in its target audience of children aged 6–11 than broadcasts on Nickelodeon in May of the previous year.[47] As of June 2016, it was Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, beating SpongeBob SquarePants with an average Nielsen rating of 4.9 among the 2–11 demographic at the time.[48]

text: The Los Angeles Times cited The Loud House as a major factor in maintaining Nickelodeon's position as the highest-rated children's network in summer 2016.[49] During the show's fourth week of premieres, Cyma Zarghami announced that it was continuing to draw more viewers than any other program on the channel.[50]

text: The show's highest-rated episode, with 2.28 million viewers upon its premiere, is "Two Boys and a Baby".[51] This was the first episode to air after it was announced that Howard and Harold McBride would be debuting on the program. The first episode of The Loud House shown at prime time, "11 Louds a Leapin'", was the seventh most-viewed telecast across all U.S. households on Friday, November 25, 2016.[52]

text: Awards and nominations

text: In January 2017, The Loud House's portrayal of Howard and Harold in the episode "Attention Deficit" was nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode at the 28th GLAAD Media Awards.[4] At the 2017 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, the show was nominated for Favorite Cartoon. However, it lost to SpongeBob SquarePants. It did so again in 2018.

text:
Year
Presenter
Award/Category
Nominee
Status
Ref.

2017
28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Individual Episode
"Attention Deficit"
Nominated
[4]

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Cartoon
The Loud House
Nominated

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role – Teen Actor
Grant Palmer
Won

ASCAP Screen Television Award
Top Television Series
Doug Rockwell, Michelle Lewis, and Phillip Cimino
Won
[53]

2018
29th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Kids & Family Programming
The Loud House
Nominated
[54]

45th Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Amanda Rynda, Larry Murphy, Edgar Duncan, Hallie Wilson, and Jared Morgan
Nominated

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Cartoon
The Loud House
Nominated

45th Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program
Kyle Marshall and Lisa Scheaffer
Nominated

text: Film

text: On March 28, 2017, Paramount's motion picture president Marc Evans announced a movie based on the series originally set for release on February 7, 2020. However, Kevin Sullivan has confirmed that the film is on hold as of April 2018.[2]

text: Spin-off

text: A spin-off with the working title Los Casagrandes is in the works by Nickelodeon. It will feature Bobby and Ronnie Anne Santiago as well as their extended Casagrande family living in the as-yet-unnamed big city.[55]


document_title: Australian twenty-dollar note

question_text: who's on the 20 dollar note australia

question_tokens: who 's on the 20 dollar note australia

root

text: Australian twenty-dollar note

text:
Twenty Dollars

(Australia)

Value
20 Australian dollars

Width
144 mm

Height
65 mm

Security features
Window, Watermark

Paper type
Polymer

Years of printing
1994–1998, 2002–2003, 2005–2008, 2010, 2013

Obverse

Design
Mary Reibey

Designer
Garry Emery

Design date
31 October 1994

Reverse

Design
John Flynn

Designer
Garry Emery

Design date
31 October 1994

tag: table

text: The Australian twenty-dollar banknote was issued when the currency was changed from the Australian pound to the Australian dollar on 14 February 1966.[1] It replaced the £10 note which had similar orange colouration. There have been only two different issues of this denomination: a paper note which had a gradient of yellow and red, with a distinct orange background, and a polymer note which can be recognised for its distinct red-orange colouration. The polymer note was issued on 31 October 1994.[2]

tag: p

text: As of June 2016[update], 160 million $20 banknotes were in circulation, 11% of the total notes in circulation; worth $3,196 million, or 5% of the total value for all denominations.[3]

text: Since the start of issuance there have been 14 signature combinations, of which the 1967 issue is of the greatest value, issued for one year only; and the 1989 Phillip/Fraser being issued for less than a year.

text: From 1966 to 1974 the main title identifying the country was Commonwealth of Australia, there were 146,960,000 notes issued in its life. This was subsequently changed to Australia until the end of the issuance of paper currency for this denomination in 1994 with 1,661,970,048 of these notes being issued.

text: Design[edit]

text: The people depicted on the paper note issue were Sir Charles Kingsford Smith on the obverse along with five Lissajous curves drawn by a two-pendulum harmonograph, and Lawrence Hargrave on the reverse with his drawings of kites and type aircraft designs.[1]

text: The polymer note features Mary Reibey on the obverse with an early colonial building and sailing ship including her signature. John Flynn is on the reverse with features of the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia of a De Havilland DH.50 biplane Victory supplied by Qantas, medical instruments, Coledge Harland (the man on the camel), who was a missionary to the inland people of Australia. His signature is included. A compass is in the clear window with the raised 20 lettering.[4] These famous people are depicted against a definite red background. The note was designed by Garry Emery.[4]

text: Colouration is said to be either red or orange but has been debated many times over the years. Official documentation states that the colour of the twenty dollar note is predominantly orange. This polymer note is colloquially known as a "lobster", due to its red colour.

text: Security features[edit]

text: The paper design included a watermark in the white field of Captain James Cook, the watermark was also used in the last issue of pound banknotes. A metallic strip, first near the centre of the note, then from 1976 moved to the left side on the obverse of the note. Polymer issue includes a watermark or clear imprint of the coat of arms which is printed over. Embossing or a raised image in the clear panel of the number 20. Also for this issue fluorescent colouring was added to the serial numbers, and a patch that shows the banknote's value. A star with four points on the obverse and three on the reverse which join under light. Raised print and micro printing of the denomination name are included.[4][5]


document_title: Anne (TV series)

question_text: who plays billy in anne with an e

question_tokens: who plays billy in anne with an e

text: Anne (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the late 19th century, brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, both in their old age by that historical period's standards (Matthew is 60), decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables, on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea, on Prince Edward Island. When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station, he finds not a boy, but a high-spirited and talkative girl, Anne Shirley. At first, the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back, particularly after Marilla's brooch goes missing, and Anne, in despair, runs away. Reconciled and settled in her new home and school, Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong, which they often do. Slowly, her ebullient nature wins over those around her.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley[9]
Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert[9]
R. H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert[9]
Dalila Bela as Diana Barry[10]
Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe[11]
Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde[10]
Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard[10]

tag: ul

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry
Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry
Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie Mary Barry
Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry
Wayne Best as John Blythe
Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde
David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews
Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews
Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews
Lia Pappas-Kemps as Jane Andrews
Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews
Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis
Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis
Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis
Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon
Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips
Cory Gruter-Andrew as Cole Mackenzie
Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye
Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter
Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe
Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane

text: Production[edit]

text: According to executive producer Miranda de Pencier, this adaptation of the novel has a different look and feel to past productions, aiming for a "documentary level of realism", as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes.[12]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male, women serving as executive producer and showrunner, the series has several female directors.[13] For the second season, showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley-Beckett is joined by a team of women writers.[14]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley. Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is "incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful", according to Miranda de Pencier. Walley-Beckett describes her as at once "luminous," transparent, smart, soulful and emotional.[13]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The series is filmed partially in Prince Edward Island as well as locations in Southern Ontario (including Millbrook[15] and Caledon).[16]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme is the song "Ahead by a Century" performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip.[13]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Moira Walley-Beckett had this to say about her treatment, which is darker than the previous productions: "In this day and age, themes of identity, prejudice, bullying, being an outsider, searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant, and those are themes that are built into the story of 'Anne.'" She went on to call Anne Shirley an "accidental feminist", and how she "really wanted to tell this story now."[13]

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: The series initially premiered on March 19, 2017, on CBC and aired on a weekly basis, the season finale airing on April 30, 2017.

text: The series debuted on Netflix on May 12, 2017, under the title Anne with an E.[17][18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Can. viewers
(millions)

1
"Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny"
Niki Caro
Moira Walley-Beckett
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
0.999[19]

When a miscommunication brings a girl, Anne Shirley, to Green Gables instead of a boy, Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life-changing decision.

2
"I Am No Bird, and No Net Ensnares Me"
Helen Shaver
Moira Walley-Beckett
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
0.780[20]

Hoping all is not lost, Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables.

3
"But What Is So Headstrong as Youth?"
Sandra Goldbacher
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
0.994[21]

Anne is excited to begin school and make friends, but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she doesn't fit in. Marilla too, is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a "Progressive Mothers" group.

4
"An Inward Treasure is Born"
David Evans
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
0.654[22]

Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school. But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne's generous actions help her in her choice.

5
"Tightly Knotted to a Similar String"
Patricia Rozema
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)
N/A

Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period. At the same time, Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne.

6
"Remorse Is the Poison of Life"
Paul Fox
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
0.656[23]

When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill, Diana runs to Anne for help. Meanwhile, the Blythe farm sees change, as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news.

7
"Wherever You Are Is My Home"
Amanda Tapping
Moira Walley-Beckett
April 30, 2017 (2017-04-30)
N/A

The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has achieved a rating of 88% on Rotten Tomatoes, the site's critical consensus stating: "Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish, emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right."[24] The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[25]

text: Emily Ashby, writing for Common Sense Media, calls the series an "exceptional" and "spectacular" interpretation, giving it four out of five stars.[26] Tasha Cerny, contributor for the Tracking Board, praises the cinematography as lush and colourful, the characters vibrant, and the plot "surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century. I laughed, I cried, and I didn’t expect either from a show about a little girl."[27] Gwen Inhat of the A.V. Club, calls the series "at once darker and sweeter than the original" novel, praising the core cast, reserving the highest for the series lead: "Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that’s less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession. It can’t be easy to make Anne’s fanciful language sing the way she does, and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with."[28] Writing of the 90-minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star, Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley-Beckett's departures from the novel, bringing its subtext to the fore: "Reading between the novel's lines and adding verisimilitude, she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture."[29] Hanh Nguyen, reviewing the series for IndieWire, concurs with this assessment, saying: "Rather than ruining the series, they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature, basic human decency and having a family to call her own. Montgomery had based much of Anne’s need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood, and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter."[30] Jen Chaney, writing for Vulture.com, agrees, saying: "What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story’s softness, just enough, to create an element of realism that period pieces, Gables-related or not, can be inclined to avoid."[31] Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times, commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness, goes so far as to call the adaptation "richer" than the source material: "Ms. McNulty’s Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable; she’s just not the one-dimensional figure of other adaptations".[32] Annie Hirschlag, writing for Mic, suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times (the 2010s): "Since today's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes — characters who are far from perfect, even occasionally villainous — it makes sense that Anne's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony."[33]

text: Some reviewers were more ambivalent, mainly about Walley-Beckett's changes to the story. Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz, who reviewed the 90-minute first episode for Toronto Life, said she enjoyed it more than she expected, particularly the set designs and costumes, as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson, and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material. She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material, and disapproved of the "manufactured drama, such as Matthew’s wild horse ride".[34] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings, but, "putting the source material aside, it’s a fine show on its own", and she conceded that "inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today’s TV landscape".[35] Allison Keene, writing for Collider, agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms, but allows it is "only a fair adaptation" of the novel, at its best in the home scenes: "Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we’ve ever seen of Anne of Green Gables. But its desire to reveal more of Anne’s miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery’s story."[36] Writing for Variety, critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent, describing the series as on the one hand "a brilliant adaptation" which "succeeds admirably", but on the other hand, "the show can’t quite sustain the brilliance, veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone", contending that "the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne’s dysfunction", presenting "a slightly soapy view of Anne’s trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others, are rather infantilizing".[37]

text: Sarah Larson, writing for The New Yorker, was not at all impressed with changes made to the story, arguing that they alter Anne's character to the point of non-recognition. While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea, she is not pleased with the execution, saying that the result is part "the Anne we know and love" and part "untrustworthy stranger", calling the alteration and addition of scenes a "betrayal" of Montgomery's novel, comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen's Mansfield Park.[38] For Joanna Robinson, writing for Vanity Fair, a central problem with the show is that it "seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure, she has to butt up against a straw-man-filled patriarchy," and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists, most notably the Reverend Allan, who is considered by Anne to be a "kindred spirit" in the book: "Anne with an E seems to think Anne’s triumphs are only noteworthy if she's continually told she can't succeed, when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition. It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when, in fact, the story of her success was feminist in its own right." This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes, that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone: "this series thrives on non-stop tragedy."[39]


document_title: John Roberts

question_text: where did chief justice roberts go to high school

question_tokens: where did chief justice roberts go to high school

text: John Roberts

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: John Glover Roberts was born in Buffalo, New York, the son of Rosemary (née Podrasky) and John Glover "Jack" Roberts Sr. (1928–2008). His father was a plant manager with Bethlehem Steel.[8] He has Irish, Welsh, and Czech ancestry.[9] When Roberts was in fourth grade, his family moved to Long Beach, Indiana. He grew up with three sisters: Kathy, Peggy, and Berbere.

text: Roberts attended Notre Dame Elementary School, a Roman Catholic grade school in Long Beach. In 1973, he graduated from La Lumiere School, a Roman Catholic boarding school in La Porte, Indiana, where he was a student and athlete.[10] He studied five years of Latin (in four years),[8] some French, and was known generally for his devotion to his studies. He was captain of the football team (he later described himself as a "slow-footed linebacker"), and was a regional champion in wrestling. He participated in choir and drama, co-edited the school newspaper, and served on the athletic council and the executive committee of the student council.[8]

text: After graduating from high school in 1973, Roberts entered Harvard University as a history major. Due to his academic excellence in high school, Roberts entered Harvard with sophomore (second-year) standing.[11][how?] One of his first papers, "Marxism and Bolshevism: Theory and Practice," won the William Scott Ferguson Prize for most outstanding essay assignment by a sophomore history major.[11] He graduated in 1976 with a B.A. summa cum laude, having written a senior honors thesis entitled "Old and New Liberalism: The British Liberal Party's Approach to the Social Problem, 1906–1914".[11] Roberts originally planned to pursue a Ph.D. in history and become a professor, but decided to study law instead.[8]  He attended Harvard Law School, where he was a managing editor of the Harvard Law Review. He graduated in 1979 with a J.D. magna cum laude.[8][11]

text: Early legal career[edit]

text:
After graduating from law school, Roberts clerked for Judge Henry Friendly of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1979 to 1980.[8]  From 1980 to 1981, he clerked for Justice William Rehnquist of the U.S. Supreme Court. From 1981 to 1982, he served in the Reagan administration as a special assistant to U.S. Attorney General William French Smith.[8] From 1982 to 1986, Roberts served as associate counsel to the president under White House counsel Fred Fielding.
Roberts then entered private law practice in Washington, D.C. as an associate at the law firm Hogan & Hartson (now Hogan Lovells).[12] As part of Hogan & Hartson's pro bono work, he worked behind the scenes for gay rights advocates, reviewing filings and preparing arguments for the Supreme Court case Romer v. Evans (1996), which was described in 2005 as "the movement's most important legal victory". Roberts also argued on behalf of the homeless, a case which became one of Roberts' "few appellate losses."[13] Another pro bono matter was a death penalty case in which he represented John Ferguson, who was convicted of killing eight people in Florida.[14][15]

text: Roberts left Hogan & Hartson to serve in the George H. W. Bush administration as principal deputy solicitor general, from 1989 to 1993[8] and as acting solicitor general for the purposes of at least one case when Ken Starr had a conflict.[16][17]

text: In 1992, George H. W. Bush nominated Roberts to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, but no Senate vote was held, and Roberts's nomination expired at the end of the 102nd Congress.[18]

text: Roberts returned to Hogan & Hartson as a partner and became the head of the firm's appellate practice in addition to serving as an adjunct faculty member at the Georgetown University Law Center. During this time, Roberts argued 39 cases before the Supreme Court, prevailing in 25 of them.[19] He represented 19 states in United States v. Microsoft.[6] Those cases include:

text:
Case

Argued

Decided

Represented

First Options v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938

March 22, 1995

May 22, 1995

Respondent

Adams v. Robertson, 520 U.S. 83

January 14, 1997

March 3, 1997

Respondent

Alaska v. Native Village of Venetie Tribal Government, 522 U.S. 520

December 10, 1997

February 25, 1999

Petitioner

Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc., 523 U.S. 340

January 21, 1998

March 31, 1998

Petitioner

National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Smith, 525 U.S. 459

January 20, 1999

February 23, 1999

Petitioner

Rice v. Cayetano, 528 U.S. 495

October 6, 1999

February 23, 2000

Respondent

Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. Mine Workers, 531 U.S. 57

October 2, 2000

November 28, 2000

Petitioner

TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc., 532 U.S. 23

November 29, 2000

March 20, 2001

Petitioner

Toyota Motor Manufacturing v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184

November 7, 2001

January 8, 2002

Petitioner

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 535 U.S. 302

January 7, 2002

April 23, 2002

Respondent

Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran, 536 U.S. 355

January 16, 2002

June 20, 2002

Petitioner

Gonzaga University v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273

April 24, 2002

June 20, 2002

Petitioner

Barnhart v. Peabody Coal Co., 537 U.S. 149

October 8, 2002

January 15, 2003

Respondent

Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84

November 13, 2002

March 5, 2003

Petitioner

text: During the late 1990s, while working for Hogan & Hartson, Roberts served as a member of the steering committee of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the conservative Federalist Society.[20]

text: In 2000, Roberts traveled to Tallahassee, Florida to advise Jeb Bush, then the Governor of Florida, concerning the latter's actions in the Florida election recount during the presidential election.[21]

text: On the D.C. Circuit[edit]

text: On May 10, 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Roberts for a different seat on the D.C. Circuit, which had been vacated by James L. Buckley. The Senate at the time, however, was controlled by the Democrats, who were in conflict with Bush over his judicial nominees. Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy, D-VT, refused to give Roberts a hearing in the 107th Congress.[22] The GOP regained control of the Senate on January 7, 2003, and Bush resubmitted Roberts's nomination that day. Roberts was confirmed on May 8, 2003,[23] and received his commission on June 2, 2003.[24] During his two-year tenure on the D.C. Circuit, Roberts authored 49 opinions, eliciting two dissents from other judges, and authoring three dissents of his own.[7]

text: Notable decisions on the D.C. Circuit include the following:

text: Fourth and Fifth Amendments[edit]

text: This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Hedgepeth v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 386 F.3d 1148,[25] involved a 12-year-old girl who was arrested, searched, handcuffed, driven to police headquarters, booked, and fingerprinted after she violated a publicly advertised zero tolerance "no eating" policy in a Washington Metro station by eating a single french fry.  She was released to her mother three hours later. She sued, alleging that an adult would have only received a citation for the same offense, while children must be detained until parents are notified. The D.C. Circuit unanimously affirmed the district court's dismissal of the girl's lawsuit, which was predicated on alleged violations of the Fourth Amendment (unreasonable search and seizure) and Fifth Amendment (equal protection).

text: "No one is very happy about the events that led to this litigation," Roberts wrote, and noted that the policies under which the girl was apprehended had since been changed. Because age discrimination is evaluated using a rational basis test, however, only weak state interests were required to justify the policy, and the panel concluded they were present. "Because parents and guardians play an essential role in that rehabilitative process, it is reasonable for the District to seek to ensure their participation, and the method chosen—detention until the parent is notified and retrieves the child—certainly does that, in a way issuing a citation might not." The court concluded that the policy and detention were constitutional, noting that "the question before us... is not whether these policies were a bad idea, but whether they violated the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution," language reminiscent of Justice Potter Stewart's dissent in Griswold v. Connecticut. "We are not asked in this case to say whether we think this law is unwise, or even asinine," Stewart had written; "[w]e are asked to hold that it violates the United States Constitution. And that, I cannot do."

text: Military tribunals[edit]

text: In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, Roberts was part of a unanimous Circuit panel overturning the district court ruling and upholding military tribunals set up by the Bush administration for trying terrorism suspects known as enemy combatants. Circuit Judge A. Raymond Randolph, writing for the court, ruled that Salim Ahmed Hamdan, a driver for al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden,[26] could be tried by a military court because:

text:
the military commission had the approval of the United States Congress;
the Third Geneva Convention is a treaty between nations and as such it does not confer individual rights and remedies enforceable in U.S. courts;
even if the Convention could be enforced in U.S. courts, it would not be of assistance to Hamdan at the time because, for a conflict such as the war against Al-Qaeda (considered by the court as a separate war from that against Afghanistan itself) that is not between two countries, it guarantees only a certain standard of judicial procedure without speaking to the jurisdiction in which the prisoner must be tried.

tag: ol

text: The court held open the possibility of judicial review of the results of the military commission after the current proceedings ended.[27] This decision was overturned on June 29, 2006 by the Supreme Court in a 5–3 decision, with Roberts not participating due to his prior participation in the case as a circuit judge.[28]

text: Environmental regulation[edit]

text: Roberts wrote a dissent in Rancho Viejo, LLC v. Norton, 323 F.3d 1062, a case involving the protection of a rare California toad under the Endangered Species Act. When the court denied a rehearing en banc, 334 F.3d 1158 (D.C. Cir. 2003), Roberts dissented, arguing that the panel opinion was inconsistent with United States v. Lopez and United States v. Morrison in that it incorrectly focused on whether the regulation substantially affects interstate commerce rather than on whether the regulated activity does. In Roberts's view, the Commerce Clause of the Constitution did not permit the government to regulate activity affecting what he called "a hapless toad" that "for reasons of its own, lives its entire life in California." He said that reviewing the panel decision would allow the court "alternative grounds for sustaining application of the Act that may be more consistent with Supreme Court precedent."[29]

text: Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court[edit]

text: On July 19, 2005, President Bush nominated Roberts to the U.S. Supreme Court to fill a vacancy that would be created by the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Roberts was the first Supreme Court nominee since Stephen Breyer in 1994. Bush announced Roberts's nomination in a live, nationwide television broadcast from the East Room of the White House at 9 p.m. Eastern Time.

text: Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist died on September 3, 2005, while Roberts's confirmation was still pending before the Senate. Shortly thereafter, on September 5, Bush withdrew Roberts's nomination as O'Connor's successor and announced Roberts's new nomination to the position of Chief Justice.[30] Bush asked the Senate to expedite Roberts's confirmation hearings to fill the vacancy by the beginning of the Supreme Court's session in early October.

text: Roberts's testimony on his jurisprudence[edit]

text: During his confirmation hearings, Roberts said that he did not have a comprehensive jurisprudential philosophy, and he did "not think beginning with an all-encompassing approach to constitutional interpretation is the best way to faithfully construe the document."[31][32] Roberts analogized judges to baseball umpires: "[I]t's my job to call balls and strikes, and not to pitch or bat."[33] Roberts demonstrated an encyclopedic knowledge of Supreme Court precedent, which he discussed without notes. Among the issues he discussed were:

text: Commerce Clause[edit]

text: In Senate hearings, Roberts has stated:

text: Starting with McCulloch v. Maryland, Chief Justice John Marshall gave a very broad and expansive reading to the powers of the Federal Government and explained generally that if the ends be legitimate, then any means chosen to achieve them are within the power of the Federal Government, and cases interpreting that, throughout the years, have come down. Certainly, by the time Lopez was decided, many of us had learned in law school that it was just sort of a formality to say that interstate commerce was affected and that cases weren't going to be thrown out that way. Lopez certainly breathed new life into the Commerce Clause.

text: I think it remains to be seen, in subsequent decisions, how rigorous a showing, and in many cases, it is just a showing. It's not a question of an abstract fact, does this affect interstate commerce or not, but has this body, the Congress, demonstrated the impact on interstate commerce that drove them to legislate? That's a very important factor. It wasn't present in Lopez at all. I think the members of Congress had heard the same thing I had heard in law school, that this is unimportant—and they hadn't gone through the process of establishing a record in that case.[32]

text: Federalism[edit]

text: Roberts stated the following about federalism in a 1999 radio interview:

text: We have gotten to the point these days where we think the only way we can show we're serious about a problem is if we pass a federal law, whether it is the Violence Against Women Act or anything else. The fact of the matter is conditions are different in different states, and state laws can be more relevant is I think exactly the right term, more attuned to the different situations in New York, as opposed to Minnesota, and that is what the Federal system is based on.[34]

text: Reviewing Acts of Congress[edit]

text: At a Senate hearing, Roberts stated:

text: The Supreme Court has, throughout its history, on many occasions described the deference that is due to legislative judgments. Justice Holmes described assessing the constitutionality of an act of Congress as the gravest duty that the Supreme Court is called upon to perform. ... It's a principle that is easily stated and needs to be observed in practice, as well as in theory.

text: Now, the Court, of course, has the obligation, and has been recognized since Marbury v. Madison, to assess the constitutionality of acts of Congress, and when those acts are challenged, it is the obligation of the Court to say what the law is. The determination of when deference to legislative policy judgments goes too far and becomes abdication of the judicial responsibility, and when scrutiny of those judgments goes too far on the part of the judges and becomes what I think is properly called judicial activism, that is certainly the central dilemma of having an unelected, as you describe it correctly, undemocratic judiciary in a democratic republic.[32]

text: Stare decisis[edit]

text: On the subject of stare decisis, referring to Brown v. Board, the decision overturning school segregation, Roberts said that "the Court in that case, of course, overruled a prior decision. I don't think that constitutes judicial activism because obviously if the decision is wrong, it should be overruled. That's not activism. That's applying the law correctly."[35]

text: Roe v. Wade[edit]

text: While working as a lawyer for the Reagan administration, Roberts wrote legal memos defending administration policies on abortion.[36] At his nomination hearing Roberts testified that the legal memos represented the views of the administration he was representing at the time and not necessarily his own.[37] "Senator, I was a staff lawyer; I didn't have a position," Roberts said.[37] As a lawyer in the George H. W. Bush administration, Roberts signed a legal brief urging the court to overturn Roe v. Wade.[38]

text: In private meetings with senators before his confirmation, Roberts testified that Roe was settled law, but added that it was subject to the legal principle of stare decisis,[39] meaning that while the Court must give some weight to the precedent, it was not legally bound to uphold it.

text: In his Senate testimony, Roberts said that, while sitting on the Appellate Court, he had an obligation to respect precedents established by the Supreme Court, including the right to an abortion. He stated: "Roe v. Wade is the settled law of the land. ... There is nothing in my personal views that would prevent me from fully and faithfully applying that precedent, as well as Casey." Following the traditional reluctance of nominees to indicate which way they might vote on an issue likely to come before the Supreme Court, he did not explicitly say whether he would vote to overturn either.[31]

text: Confirmation[edit]

text: On September 22, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved Roberts's nomination by a vote of 13–5, with Senators Ted Kennedy, Richard Durbin, Charles Schumer, Joe Biden and Dianne Feinstein casting the dissenting votes. Roberts was confirmed by the full Senate on September 29 by a margin of 78–22.[40] All Republicans and the one Independent voted for Roberts; the Democrats split evenly, 22–22. Roberts was confirmed by what was, historically, a narrow margin for a Supreme Court justice. However, all subsequent confirmation votes have been even narrower.[41][42][43][44]

text: On the U.S. Supreme Court[edit]

text: Roberts took the Constitutional oath of office, administered by Associate Justice John Paul Stevens at the White House, on September 29. On October 3, he took the judicial oath provided for by the Judiciary Act of 1789  at the United States Supreme Court building, prior to the first oral arguments of the 2005 term.

text: Justice Antonin Scalia said that Roberts "pretty much run[s] the show the same way" as Rehnquist, albeit "let[ting] people go on a little longer at conference ... but [he'll] get over that."[45] Roberts has been portrayed as a consistent advocate for conservative principles by analysts such as Jeffrey Toobin.[46] Garrett Epps has described Roberts's prose as "crystalline, vivid, and often humorous".[47]

text: Seventh Circuit Judge Diane Sykes, surveying Roberts's first term on the court, concluded that his jurisprudence "appears to be strongly rooted in the discipline of traditional legal method, evincing a fidelity to text, structure, history, and the constitutional hierarchy. He exhibits the restraint that flows from the careful application of established decisional rules and the practice of reasoning from the case law. He appears to place great stock in the process-oriented tools and doctrinal rules that guard against the aggregation of judicial power and keep judicial discretion in check: jurisdictional limits, structural federalism, textualism, and the procedural rules that govern the scope of judicial review."[48] The Chief Justice was ranked 50th in the 2016 Forbes ranking of "The World's Most Powerful People."[49]

text: Early decisions[edit]

text: On January 17, 2006, Roberts dissented along with Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas in Gonzales v. Oregon, which held that the Controlled Substances Act does not allow the United States Attorney General to prohibit physicians from prescribing drugs for the assisted suicide of the terminally ill as permitted by an Oregon law. The point of contention in the case was largely one of statutory interpretation, not federalism.

text: On March 6, 2006, Roberts wrote the unanimous decision in Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights that colleges accepting federal money must allow military recruiters on campus, despite university objections to the Clinton administration-initiated "don't ask, don't tell" policy.

text: Campaign finance[edit]

text: Following his concurrence in Citizens United (2010), Roberts wrote the majority decision for another landmark campaign finance case called McCutcheon v. FEC (2014). In McCutcheon the court ruled that "aggregate limits" on the combined amount a donor could give to various federal candidates or party committees violated the First Amendment.[47][50]

text: Fourth Amendment[edit]

text: Roberts wrote his first dissent in Georgia v. Randolph (2006). The majority's decision prohibited police from searching a home if both occupants are present but one objected and the other consented. Roberts criticized the majority opinion as inconsistent with prior case law and for partly basing its reasoning on its perception of social custom. He said the social expectation test was flawed because the Fourth Amendment protects a legitimate expectation of privacy, not social expectations.[51]

text: In Utah v. Strieff (2016), Roberts joined the majority in ruling (5-3) that a person with an outstanding warrant may be arrested and searched, and that any evidence discovered based on that search is admissible in court; the majority opinion held that this remains true even when police act unlawfully by stopping a person without reasonable suspicion, before learning of the existence of the outstanding warrant.[52]

text: Notice and opportunity to be heard[edit]

text: Although Roberts has often sided with Scalia and Thomas, Roberts provided a crucial vote against their position in Jones v. Flowers. In Jones, Roberts sided with liberal justices of the court in ruling that, before a home is seized and sold in a tax-forfeiture sale, due diligence must be demonstrated and proper notification needs to be sent to the owners. Dissenting were Anthony Kennedy along with Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas. Samuel Alito did not participate, while Roberts's opinion was joined by David Souter, Stephen Breyer, John Paul Stevens, and Ruth Bader Ginsburg.

text: Abortion[edit]

text: On the Supreme Court, Roberts has indicated he supports some abortion restrictions. In Gonzales v. Carhart (2007), he voted with the majority to uphold the constitutionality of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for a five-justice majority, distinguished Stenberg v. Carhart, and concluded that the court's previous decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey did not prevent Congress from banning the procedure. The decision left the door open for future as-applied challenges, and did not address the broader question of whether Congress had the authority to pass the law.[53] Justice Clarence Thomas filed a concurring opinion, contending that the Court's prior decisions in Roe v. Wade and Casey should be reversed; Roberts declined to join that opinion.

text: Equal Protection Clause[edit]

text: Roberts opposes the use of race in assigning students to particular schools, including for purposes such as maintaining integrated schools.[54] He sees such plans as discrimination in violation of the constitution's Equal Protection Clause and Brown v. Board of Education.[54][55] In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, the court considered two voluntarily adopted school district plans that relied on race to determine which schools certain children may attend. The court had held in Brown that "racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional,"[56] and later, that "racial classifications, imposed by whatever federal, state, or local governmental actor, ... are constitutional only if they are narrowly tailored measures that further compelling governmental interests,"[57] and that this "[n]arrow tailoring ... require[s] serious, good faith consideration of workable race-neutral alternatives."[58]  Roberts cited these cases in writing for the Parents Involved majority, concluding that the school districts had "failed to show that they considered methods other than explicit racial classifications to achieve their stated goals."[59] In a section of the opinion joined by four other Justices, Roberts added that "[t]he way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race."

text: Free speech[edit]

text: Roberts authored the 2007 student free speech case Morse v. Frederick, ruling that a student in a public school-sponsored activity does not have the right to advocate drug use on the basis that the right to free speech does not invariably prevent the exercise of school discipline.[60]

text: On April 20, 2010, in United States v. Stevens, the Supreme Court struck down an animal cruelty law. Roberts, writing for an 8–1 majority, found that a federal statute criminalizing the commercial production, sale, or possession of depictions of cruelty to animals, was an unconstitutional abridgment of the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The Court held that the statute was substantially overbroad; for example, it could allow prosecutions for selling photos of out-of-season hunting.[61]

text: Health care reform[edit]

text:
On June 28, 2012, Roberts delivered the majority opinion in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius,  which upheld the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act by a 5–4 vote. The Court indicated that although the "individual mandate" component of the Act could not be upheld under the Commerce Clause, the mandate could be construed as a tax and was therefore ruled to be valid under Congress's authority to "lay and collect taxes."[62][63] The Court overturned a portion of the law related to the withholding of funds from states that did not comply with the expansion of Medicaid; Roberts wrote that "Congress is not free ... to penalize states that choose not to participate in that new program by taking away their existing Medicaid funding."[63]
Sources within the Supreme Court state that Roberts switched his vote regarding the individual mandate sometime after an initial vote[64][65] and that Roberts largely wrote both the majority and minority opinions.[66] This extremely unusual circumstance has also been used to explain why the minority opinion was also unsigned, itself a rare phenomenon from the Supreme Court.[66]

text: Comparison to other Court members[edit]

text: Roberts has been compared and contrasted to other court members by commentators.[67][68] Although Roberts is identified as having a conservative judicial philosophy, his vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius to uphold the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) caused the press to contrast him with the Rehnquist court. Roberts is seen as having a more moderate conservative orientation, particularly when Bush v. Gore is compared to Roberts' vote for the ACA.[69] Roberts' judicial philosophy is seen as more moderate and conciliatory than Antonin Scalia's and Clarence Thomas'.[67][68][69] He wishes more consensus from the Court.[67] Roberts' voting pattern is most closely aligned to Samuel Alito's.[70]

text: LGBT Rights[edit]

text: In 2013, Roberts wrote the 5-4 majority opinion that the appellants seeking to uphold Proposition 8 in California, which was ruled unconstitutional by lower courts, did not have standing and the lower courts' rulings were allowed to stand and same-sex marriages resumed in California.[71] Roberts dissented in United States v. Windsor in which the 5-4 majority ruled that key parts of the Defense of Marriage Act were unconstitutional.[72] The case allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages performed in jurisdictions where legal. He dissented in the Obergefell v. Hodges case in which Kennedy wrote for the majority, again 5-4, that same-sex couples had a right to marry.[73] In Pavan v. Smith, the Supreme Court "summarily overruled" the Arkansas Supreme Court's decision that the state did not have to list same-sex spouses on birth certificates thus siding with same-sex couples who filed the lawsuit; Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Neil Gorsuch dissented but Roberts did not join their dissent leaving open speculation that he ruled with the majority.[74] In 2017, CNN reported that Roberts had indeed joined the majority that Arkansas could not discriminate against married same-sex couples in the matter of placing names on birth certificates.[75]

text: Non-judicial duties of the Chief Justice[edit]

text:
"Barack Obama taking the Oath of Office"

The full audio recording of Barack Obama and John G. Roberts as Obama is sworn in as the 44th President of the United States during his inauguration on January 20, 2009. (Duration: 45 seconds)
"President Obama Re-Takes Oath"

Obama retakes the Oath of office of the President of the United States at 19:35 EST, January 21, 2009 (00:35 UTC, January 22, 2009) (Duration: 54 seconds).
Problems playing these files? See media help.

text: As Chief Justice, Roberts also serves in a variety of non-judicial roles, including Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution and leading the Judicial Conference of the United States. Perhaps the best known of these is the custom of the Chief Justice administering the oath of office at Presidential inaugurations. Roberts debuted in this capacity at the inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009. (As a Senator, Obama had voted against Roberts's confirmation to the Supreme Court, making the event doubly a first: the first time a president was sworn in by someone whose confirmation he opposed.[76]) Things did not go smoothly. According to columnist Jeffrey Toobin:

text: Through intermediaries, Roberts and Obama had agreed how to divide the thirty-five-word oath for the swearing in. Obama was first supposed to repeat the clause "I, Barack Hussein Obama, do solemnly swear." But, when Obama heard Roberts begin to speak, he interrupted Roberts before he said "do solemnly swear." This apparently flustered the Chief Justice, who then made a mistake in the next line, inserting the word "faithfully" out of order. Obama smiled, apparently recognizing the error, then tried to follow along. Roberts then garbled another word in the next passage, before correctly reciting, "preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."[77]

text: Part of the difficulty was that Roberts did not have the text of the oath with him but relied on his memory.  On later occasions when Roberts has administered an oath, he has taken the text with him.

text: The Associated Press reported that "[l]ater, as the two men shook hands in the Capitol, Roberts appeared to say the mistake was his fault."[78]  The following evening in the White House Map Room with reporters present, Roberts and Obama repeated the oath correctly. This was, according to the White House, done in "an abundance of caution" to ensure that the constitutional requirement had been met.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Roberts is one of 14 Catholic justices—out of 114 justices total—in the history of the Supreme Court.[79] Of those fourteen justices, five (Roberts, Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Brett Kavanaugh) are currently serving. Roberts married Jane Sullivan in Washington in 1996.[8] She is an attorney, a Catholic, and a trustee (along with Clarence Thomas) at her alma mater, the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. The couple adopted two children, John (Jack) and Josephine (Josie).[8]

text: Health[edit]

text: Roberts suffered a seizure on July 30, 2007, while at his vacation home on Hupper Island off the village of Port Clyde in St. George, Maine.[80][81] As a result of the seizure he fell 5 to 10 feet (1.5 to 3.0 m) on a dock near his house but suffered only minor scrapes.[80] He was taken by private boat to the mainland[81] (which is several hundred yards from the island) and then by ambulance to Penobscot Bay Medical Center in Rockport, where he stayed overnight, according to Supreme Court spokesperson Kathy Arberg.[82] Doctors called the incident a benign idiopathic seizure, which means there was no identifiable physiological cause.[80][81][83][84]

text: Roberts had suffered a similar seizure in 1993.[80][81][83] After this first seizure, Roberts temporarily limited some of his activities, such as driving. According to Senator Arlen Specter, who chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee during Roberts's nomination to be Chief Justice in 2005, senators were aware of this seizure when they were considering his nomination, but the committee did not think it was significant enough to bring up during his confirmation hearings. Federal judges are not required by law to release information about their health.[80]

text: According to neurologist Marc Schlosberg of Washington Hospital Center, who has no direct connection to the Roberts case, someone who has had more than one seizure without any other cause is by definition determined to have epilepsy. After two seizures, the likelihood of another at some point is greater than 60 percent.[81] Steven Garner of New York Methodist Hospital, who is also uninvolved with the case, said that Roberts's previous history of seizures means that the second incident may be less serious than if this were a newly emerging problem.[83]

text: The Supreme Court said in a statement that Roberts has "fully recovered from the incident" and that a neurological evaluation "revealed no cause for concern." Sanjay Gupta, a CNN contributor and a neurosurgeon not involved in Roberts's case, said that when an otherwise healthy person has a seizure his doctor would investigate whether the patient had started any new medications and had normal electrolyte levels. If those two things were normal, then a brain scan would be performed. If Roberts does not have another seizure within a relatively short time period, Gupta said that he was unsure if Roberts would be given the diagnosis of epilepsy. He said the Chief Justice may need to take an anti-seizure medication.[84]

text: Personal finances[edit]

text: According to a 16-page financial disclosure form Roberts submitted to the Senate Judiciary Committee prior to his Supreme Court confirmation hearings, his net worth was more than $6 million, including $1.6 million in stock holdings.[citation needed] At the time Roberts left private practice to join the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals in 2003, he took a pay cut from $1 million a year to $171,800; as Chief Justice, his salary is $255,500 as of 2014. Roberts also holds a one-eighth interest in a cottage in Knocklong, an Irish village in County Limerick.[85]

text: In August 2010, Roberts sold his stock in Pfizer, which allowed him to participate in two pending cases involving the pharmaceutical maker. Justices are required to recuse themselves in cases in which they own stock of a party.[86]

text: Bibliography of articles by Roberts[edit]

text: The University of Michigan Law Library (External Links, below) has compiled fulltext links to these articles and a number of briefs and arguments.

text:
Developments in the Law—Zoning, "The Takings Clause", 91 Harv. L. Rev. 1462 (1978). (Section III of a longer article beginning on p. 1427)
Comment, "Contract Clause—Legislative Alteration of Private Pension Agreements: Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus," 92 Harv. L. Rev. 86 (1978). (Subsection C of a longer article beginning on p. 57)
New Rules and Old Pose Stumbling Blocks in High Court Cases, Legal Times, February 26, 1990, co-authored with E. Barrett Prettyman Jr.
"Article III Limits on Statutory Standing". Duke Law Journal. 42: 1219. 1993. doi:10.2307/1372783.
Riding the Coattails of the Solicitor General, Legal Times, March 29, 1993.
The New Solicitor General and the Power of the Amicus, The Wall Street Journal, May 5, 1993.
"The 1992–1993 Supreme Court". Public Interest Law Review. 107. 1994.
Forfeitures: Does Innocence Matter?, New Jersey Law Journal, October 9, 1995.
Thoughts on Presenting an Effective Oral Argument, School Law in Review (1997). Link
The Bush Panel, 2003 BYU L. Rev. 62 (2003). (Part of a tribute to Rex. E. Lee beginning on p. 1. "The Bush Panel" contains a speech by Roberts.)
Roberts, JOHN G. (2005). "Oral Advocacy and the Re-emergence of a Supreme Court Bar". Journal of Supreme Court History. 30 (1): 68–81. doi:10.1111/j.1059-4329.2005.00098.x.
"What Makes the D.C. Circuit Different? A Historical View" (PDF). Virginia Law Review. 92 (3): 375. 2006.
"A Tribute to Chief Justice Rehnquist" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 119: 1. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2009.