document_title: List of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide characters

question_text: who plays the art teacher in ned's declassified

question_tokens: who plays the art teacher in ned 's declassified

text: List of Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Ned Bigby[edit]

text: Ned Bigby (Devon Werkheiser) is the main protagonist of the series, who speaks to the viewer and created his school survival guide after being embarrassed when accidentally walking into the girls' bathroom in kindergarten. He often gets into trouble with his friends Moze and Cookie. Ned is a smart boy, but he's also very lazy. Most of the time he scores below average in school (although he's perfectly capable of getting straight A's when he works seriously) and tries to find the easiest way (not necessarily the right or logical way) to solve any personal problem. Because of this, his plans sometimes backfire, but it teaches him lessons that he includes in the guide. Since he was eight years old, his dream girl has been Suzie Crabgrass, but in the series finale Moze and Ned end up dating. He usually turns to Gordy, the school's janitor, for advice. He appears in all 55 episodes of the series.

text:
Suzie Crabgrass (Season 3)
Jennifer Mosely (Season 3)
Missy Meany (Season 2-3)

text: Jennifer "Moze" Mosely[edit]

text: Jennifer Mosely (Lindsey Shaw) is Ned and Cookie's best friend. Jennifer goes by the name of "Moze," because Ned called her that in first grade to avoid confusion with the other three "Jennifers" in the class. In the first season, a recurring theme is her trying to break away from Ned and Cookie in the hope of finding a girl to be friends with. Eventually, she became best friends with her former enemy, Suzie Crabgrass. She is a volleyball player and has set the most school records, including one for the most school records. She is very talented in Woodshop class. She is also usually the one Ned and Cookie come to for favors. She is a very good student, who most teachers trust, until the episode "The New Kid and Substitute Teachers" when she becomes a bad student around substitute teachers. In the next episode, however, it is forgotten about and she goes back to being a good student. In "Double Dating and The Last of Day of School," she kisses Ned at a dance, and it is hinted at that they are in love. In the final episode, they begin dating. She appears in all 55 episodes.

text:
Ned Bigby (Final episode only)
Faymen Phorchin (Season 3)
Jock Goldman (Season 2)
Seth Powers (Season 1–2)

text: Simon "Cookie" Nelson-Cook[edit]

text: Simon Nelson-Cook (Daniel Curtis Lee) is Ned's other best friend who goes by the name of Cookie. He is a cyber nerd and he often uses his knowledge of technology to help himself and his friends. He has a motherboard in his locker, his pants double as a printer, and his glasses are a computer display. He has been known to dress up as a girl named Simone on different occasions to get information from people or to get into parties. This disguise is able to fool everyone except for Ned and Moze, because they knew about it beforehand. Simone's catchphrase is "see ya". Billy Loomer, the school bully, even has a major crush on Simone because Cookie knew about mechanics and sports which impressed Billy immensely. Even though he did not like her in the first and second season (she had a nasal issue), he falls for Lisa Zemo after she has a complete makeover in season 3. In some episodes in the third season, he tries to get her to go out for pizza with him, which never works because she has lots of guys to date until the last episode, when he finally gets to take Lisa out on a date. His friends are Ned and Moze. He appears in all 55 episodes of the series.

text:
Lisa Zemo (Season 2-3)
Evelyn Kwong (Season 3)
Vanessa (Season 2)

text: Mr. Monroe[edit]

text: Mr. Monroe (Jim J. Bullock) is the Life Science teacher, as well as being in charge of the Sewing Club. He is also the extremely skilled boys' basketball coach. Mr. Monroe appears mostly in the first and second season, followed by an absence for a large portion of seasons 2 and 3. He returns in "Guide to: School Newspaper," saying that he was "living with the penguins" for a year. Although he is flamboyant, he said that he was once a bully.

text: Gordy[edit]

text: Gordon "Gordy" (Daran Norris) is the 40-year-old janitor at Polk who never does his job, although the school is normally not visibly dirty. He is obsessed with capturing a weasel that lives in the school, and frequently helps Ned, Cookie, and Moze with crazy activities. If there is a big mess to clean up, Gordy always gives the excuse "Eh, I'll let the night guy get it." At one point he hires an assistant named Jackie who nearly usurps his position as janitor. He was once a dance instructor, and was voted "most likely to amount to nothing" when he attended Polk. He was the class clown, and went to law school 3 times. He was a recurring character in season 1, but became a main character in season 2 and continued until the series finale. He appears in 44 episodes.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Suzie Crabgrass[edit]

text: Suzie Crabgrass (Christian Serratos) is Ned's crush and Moze's rival at every sport, but she becomes her best friend. Having ended up dating Billy Loomer for a short time at the beginning of Season 2, in Season 3 she has a crush on Ned, and they start dating in the episode "Stress and Popularity". She leaves in season 3 but comes back in "Tests & When You Like Someone That Is Going Out With Someone Else". She was Ned's dream girl since she was eight. In the series finale, she hopes at first that she and Ned will be together, but then decides to date Loomer after seeing his change.

text: Billy Loomer[edit]

text: Billy Loomer (Kyle Swann), usually referred to simply as Loomer, is the leader of a trio of bullies at Polk Middle School and the show's main antagonist. He and his bully friends enjoy picking on kids, especially Ned, Cookie, and Coconut-Head, and he hates the Huge Crew. For much of the series, he is dating Suzie Crabgrass, but he wants to break up with her so he can date Moze. He also has a crush on Cookie's alter ego Simone. At the end of the series, he changes from a violent bully into a kind, respectable, well-mannered young man. His name is a parody of Billy Loomis, one of the Ghostface Killers from the film Scream.

text: Jerry Crony[edit]

text: Jerry Crony (Teo Olivares) is one of Loomer's friends, who aids him in bullying, with a penchant for fashion design that he tries to deny whenever he is seen sewing. He is usually very nice and well-behaved when he's not around Loomer. He tries to ask Missy out a few times in the series but always fails due to his hair and clothes. In the finale, he ends up dating her.

text: Buzz Rodriguez[edit]

text: Buzz Rodriguez (Recci Canon) is one of Loomer's friends. He almost never speaks; Loomer even states that he has never spoken the entire time they've known each other. In the episode "The Library and Volunteering," he talks for the first time, stating that the reason he's never spoken before is that everything up until this point has been fine, so he had no need to talk.

text: Missy Meany[edit]

text: Missy Meany (Carlie Casey) is a pretty, very popular school cheerleader. She turns out to be a nasty, conceited person who cheats at most anything and will stop at nothing to get her way. Starting in Season 3, she has an obsessive crush on Ned. After finding out that Ned will not return her feelings for him, she goes out with Crony in the finale. She also has two very tall bodyguards, who she cheerfully calls her collection team or "Missy Buddies". In "School Clubs" she rips off Ned's guide with a club called the Missy's Declassified School Survival Manual Club, writing terrible ways to survive school.

text: Coconut Head[edit]

text: Coconut Head (Rob Pinkston) is a dorky friend of Ned, Moze, and Cookie, and a common bullying-target of Loomer's gang. His real name is never revealed. His nickname is based on his hairdo, which looks like a coconut. He gets chronic nose bleeds, and has been getting them ever since he was three. In multiple episodes it is shown that he is a talented free thrower at basketball. It's revealed that he has an operatic singing voice in the episode "Electives". In the episode "Valentine's Day," he is in love with the Huge Crew.

text: Martin Qwerly[edit]

text: Martin Qwerly (Tylor Chase) is another geeky friend of Ned, Cookie, and Moze. He is extremely optimistic and is always seen talking, usually insanely fast. People usually cover his mouth during his fast talks or put up a cardboard cutout of themselves next to him and leave. He is the class vice-president. In the episode "Video Projects" he pretends to be a ninja and is caught on video, causing him to become a laughingstock until Ned and Cookie add special effects into the video, making him popular. His name is a pun of the phrase "smart and squirrelly" as seen in the episode "Guide to: Project Partners".

text: Claire Sawyer[edit]

text: Claire Sawyer (Brooke Marie Bridges) is a student at Polk who aspires to be a lawyer. She often introduces herself by saying, "Claire Sawyer, future lawyer." Usually when she introduces herself in this manner to one of the three main characters, they remind her that they have all known her since pre-kindergarten. She is always seen wearing a grey business suit.

text: Lisa Zemo[edit]

text: Lisa Zemo (Rachel Sibner) is a geeky and good-natured friend of Ned, Cookie, and Moze who undergoes a complete makeover in Season 3 of the show. She is allergic to many things, including cats, dogs, trees, nuts, and rap videos that exploit women. Because of her chronic allergies (in Seasons 1–2), she is almost always seen carrying a bottle of nasal spray. She had a crush on Cookie, who finds her creepy before her makeover but vies for her attention after it, competing with several boys. She temporarily reverts to her old self in "Spring Fever". She is the class treasurer.

text: The Huge Crew[edit]

text: The Huge Crew, a girl group of bullies in the school, is led by Doris Trembley, along with Katie and LaKisha. They strongly dislike Billy Loomer and his friends, and they are insanely obsessed with Ned.

text: Backpack Boy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2015)

text: Backpack Boy (Kendre Berry) is a student who carries an oversized backpack including many various things. He has a crush on Claire Sawyer.

text: Bitsy Johnson[edit]

text: Bitsy Johnson (Spencer Locke) is a mean, popular girl, seen only in Season 1, who cheats to get high grades and academic awards at school, Moze being her main victim, as revealed on the episode "Cheaters and Bullies". She also tries to humiliate Moze by stealing her diary, and in the episode "Notes" she gets Ned in trouble for passing notes. Her character was replaced by Missy. She is best friends with Suzie Crabgrass.

text: Seth Powers[edit]

text: Seth Powers (Alex Black) is a basketball player at Polk. He is shown in many episodes to be dumb and bad at rhyming, and is constantly seen spinning a basketball on his finger. In some earlier episodes, Moze is seen to have romantic interest in him, even going out with him several times. In the episode "Secrets", he reveals to Moze that he cannot read well, possibly due to dyslexia. Moze gets over him in Season 3, but afterwards he starts to show romantic feelings towards her instead.

text: Coach Joy Dirga[edit]

text: Coach Joy Dirga (Kim Sava) is a tough and aggressive female coach and gym teacher who is often seen shouting harshly at her students. Despite her aggressive nature and tendency to act like a drill sergeant, she has a caring and encouraging side. In "Your Body", she states that her current height is the same height she was in the seventh grade. She enjoys Star Wars and soap operas.

text: Mr. Sweeney[edit]

text: Mr. Sweeney (Don Creech) is a science teacher at Polk. Many of the students, especially Ned, think he is evil. He is often seen as the show's antagonist. He seems to have a large disliking for Ned due to his lazy nature but obvious intelligence. In the series finale, as an "early graduation present," he helps Ned when Ned is trying to hide from Vice Principal Crubbs. After Crubbs leaves, Mr. Sweeney says to Ned that Ned will be remembered as one of his worst students, but also as one of his favorites. He is always seen wearing a white lab coat.

text: Spencer[edit]

text: Spencer (Corbin Bleu) is a student in the drama club who is obsessed with theatre. He speaks with a projected theatrical voice and dreams of being a Hollywood star. In the episode "School Plays", Spencer and Suzie play the lead roles in Romeo & Juliet, and Spencer makes Ned jealous by saying that the big kiss will win Suzie over leading Ned to destroying the play which Spencer gets injured in the mayhem. In another episode, "Revenge", Backpack Boy gets revenge on Spencer for stealing his crush, Claire Sawyer. He only appears twice because his actor Corbin Bleu was busy filming High School Musical 2[citation needed].

text: iTeacher[edit]

text: iTeacher (Mo Collins) is a teacher at Polk. She "home teaches" by using a computer and chat server to interact with her students and has another student push the computer around when she wants to talk directly to someone in the hallways. She has self-esteem issues in some episodes, and is sometimes angered because she is (as she says, referring to the computer) "stuck in a box!"

text: Principal Pal[edit]

text: Principal Pal (John Bliss) The senile former principal of the school who only appears in the final season. He becomes the new social studies teacher when Miss Knapp retires. He once had a dream to go roller-blading in Africa, which he wanted to do when he quit. It is revealed in "Halloween" that he has no pulse and a plate in his chest that makes it so his heartbeat cannot be heard, two things he used to convince Ned and friends that he was dead to scare them.

text: Principal Alistar Wright[edit]

text: Principal Alistar Wright (Meshach Taylor) is a Social Studies teacher at Polk who favors Moze as one of his best students. He later becomes the principal in Season 3. He is also the school's cross country coach. He has a doctorate degree from Harvard University.

text: Faymen Phorchin[edit]

text: Faymen Phorchin (Vinicius Machado) is Moze's crush and later boyfriend in the third season until the episode "When You Like Someone Who Is Going Out With Someone Else", in which he leaves to play professional soccer in Brazil. His name is a play on the phrase "fame and fortune." When he kisses Moze, Moze feels nothing and says there is no spark, unlike Moze's kiss with Ned. In "Bus and Bad Hair Days" the Spanish teacher talks to Faymen in Spanish and he answers back in Portuguese saying that he misses his home in Brazil. His favorite food is steak, which he likes medium rare.

text: Vice Principal Harvey Crubbs[edit]

text: Vice Principal Harvey Crubbs (Hamilton Mitchell) is the vice principal, an exaggerated spoof of Miami Vice (the name "Crubbs" being an amalgam of the two main Miami Vice characters, "Crockett" and "Tubbs"). Crubbs is always keeping an eye on Ned. He is obsessed with flamingos, mini powdered donuts, and sunglasses. He states to Ned in "Career Day" that he didn't want to be a vice-principal as a teenager, but actually wanted to be a vice-cop in Miami. He took the job as vice-principal as a way to help the kids at school stop themselves from getting to bad places (and because it still has vice in the title). He is one of the show's main antagonists.

text: He has two catchphrases. One is "Crubbs out!", which he says when he leaves. He is also known to tell people "You're fired!," usually said to Gordy, although he never actually means it.

text: In one episode, when vying for the position of principal, he tricks all the people looking to interview for the position and locks them in a room, until Principal Pal knocks him out and puts him in the trap room. Principal Wright becomes principal. In "Lost and Found," he is discovered to steal things from the lost and found and put them in a special room to keep.

text: He is also known to tell people that he will be watching them "like this," followed by putting his sunglasses on.

text: Dr. Xavier[edit]

text: Dr. Xavier (Lusia Strus) is the 8th grade math teacher. She is a self-proclaimed "super-genius" who tends to be quite strict and almost maniacal. She is always seen wearing a drab gray smock, and at one point requires all her students to dress the same way. Her students, including Cookie, seem to fear her in the "Math" episode due to her overly harsh attitude, but when Cookie suggests that math class should be more fun, she changes her rigorous ways and becomes friendlier to her students. She has a Russian accent and loves romance novels. She has a crush on Gordy, who she refers to as "handsome cleaning man," and is shown to want to date him. In one episode, she was revealed to have won bronze medals in Greco-Roman Wrestling and Luge, and is shown on a cereal box with a hammer and sickle on it.

text: Evelyn Kwong[edit]

text: Evelyn Kwong (Michelle Kim) is a studious and smart person who likes competition within her courses. At first, she had a bitter rivalry with Cookie and tended to despise him, but becomes initially interested in him after they accidentally kiss. She soon became madly in love with Cookie and seemed to torment him constantly, both competing against him to be the smartest student at Polk, and obsessively pursuing his affections. Evelyn finally stopped harassing Cookie and started dating Seth (who miraculously became smarter after spending time with her) in the episode "Tests". She was also part of an organization squad to help Ned get organized in the episode "Getting Organized." In the episode, "When You Like Someone Who's Going Out With Someone Else," she begins going out with Seth Powers. She tends to use intimidation to fulfill her goals.

text: The Scoop[edit]

text: The Scoop (Vincent Martella) is the school's journalist and photographer. He tends to be quite annoying and assertive, which especially annoys Moze. He speaks with a Jersey accent and often wears a brown suit, a fedora, and carries around a camera. Scoop appears only in two episodes of the first season and one episode of the second season.

text: Dusty Chopsaw[edit]

text: Dusty Chopsaw (Dave Florek) is the school woodshop teacher. He has an unnatural obsession with woodworking and sometimes acts like he is "attracted" to the shop tools. He favors Moze as his best student and helps her through confusing times by giving her advice such as finding a talent for Ned's talent show and her feelings for Ned. He could immediately tell that there was something more between Ned and Moze. He was also the very first teacher seen on the show. He was in the Season 1 theme song.

text: Mr. Combover[edit]

text: Mr. Combover (Steve Bannos) is the choir and music appreciation teacher. He also runs the school plays. He's known for liking the arts and classical music artists like Mozart and Beethoven, as well as having unusual facial hair that runs round the side of his face. He is also a High School music teacher in the mornings.

text: Dr. Lowe[edit]

text: Dr. Lowe (Fred Stoller) is a quirky character that does two jobs at Polk. He is seen as a study hall adviser and sometimes seen as the school's psychiatrist. He also seems to be the school bus driver in the episode "The Late Bus".

text: Mr. Kwest[edit]

text: Mr. Kwest (Dave "Gruber" Allen) runs the computer lab, though he knows nothing about computers. He also runs a fantasy war game club and drives the bus. His girlfriend apparently broke up with him in "The Bus."

text: Rose The Lunch Lady[edit]

text: Rose The Lunch Lady (Loni Love) is a lunch lady who can see the future in the beans, peas or corn. Her predictions always come true but not in the expected ways. She can at times be very obnoxious. In "Electives" she taught a cooking class.

text: The Weasel[edit]

text: The Weasel – A weasel that runs around the school since the series began (due to an untidy student's locker). Gordy wants to capture this weasel and has used numerous traps in the series and failed. In one episode, Gordy successfully captures the weasel, but after finding a robot that was heading straight towards it, Gordy shows remorse and releases the weasel (and ends up being harmed by the robot). In the series finale, it is shown that the weasel is actually a female when she has given birth of new weasel babies. In "Elections," the weasel was elected Class President. In the episode "Recycling," the weasel won the school's recycling contest after she stole the reusable materials collected by everyone else to use for a nest, including Ned's Guide. The weasel and Gordy end up having a liking to each other at the end of the series.

text: Killer Bees[edit]

text: Killer Bees – A group of three spelling bee addicted bullies, known as King Bee (Carlos Pena), Queen Bee, and Stinger. They always dress in yellow and black, and tend to quickly spell-out insults at people. Their only appearances were "Spelling Bees" and "Best Friends". They always seemed to have an aversion towards Cookie because he was also good at spelling. Later on in the series, they ask Cookie to be part of their group, but this was only so they could have their math grades changed.

text: Mr. Gross[edit]

text: Mr. Gross (Steve Bannos) is a teacher with bad hygienic habits, which makes him smell bad. He was seen only two times in the first season.

text: Mike Grudzielanek[edit]

text: Mike Grudzielanek (Joseph Ruzer) is a student who is a jock and in the choir who is first seen in season 2. In "Upperclassmen" he and his friends (except Jock Goldman) beat up Ned throughout most of the episode for falsely spraying soda in their faces, taking away their pants and stepping on the wolf logo. It is implied that he might play basketball and football, and he is best friends with Seth and Paul. It is also implied that he got left back a year because he is seen with Jock Goldman and when Ned, Moze and Cookie reach the eighth grade, he is still seen in middle school. He's a parody of former baseball player Mark Grudzielanek.

text: Doug Secksay[edit]

text: Doug Secksay is a seemingly popular male student, who always goes surrounded by girls who like him. His face is unseen, since the girls cover him completely. When the girls abandon him for Cookie, he is only seen from the back. He seems to be of Latino origins. His last name is a pun on the word "sexy".

text: Palmer Noid[edit]

text: Palmer Noid (Cameron Monaghan)- A pesky redheaded fifth grader who later becomes a student in Season 3. He is commonly known as the "kid who takes pants."

text: Albert Wormenheimer[edit]

text: Albert Wormenheimer (Stephen Markarian) – A geeky student who is like Cookie but he is overweight and picks his nose. He created the popularity list for Polk in Season 3. He was part of an organization squad to help Ned get organized. He taught him how to empty out clutter in his locker and use a calendar. He was in love with a new kid named Bernice, because she also had the same round glasses, enjoyed math and picking her nose, and talked to herself. His nickname is "The Worminator."

text: Stu[edit]

text: Stu – One of Cookie's and Ned's good friends. He is shown to wear glasses, have a bad habit of biting his finger nails, and somewhat be a little geeky like Albert.

text: Vanessa[edit]

text: Vanessa (Logan Browning) – A student who was Cookie's girlfriend in Season 2. She doesn't appear in Season 3 because she split up with Cookie and went to high school. Cookie brought Lisa Zemo to a dance along with Vanessa.

text: Lance Widget[edit]

text: Lance Widget (name pronounced as wid-jay) is a heavyset nerdy bully who is also smarter than Ned, Cookie and Moze. He tends to be very loud and overbearing, shouting at people, calling nearly everyone a "moron," and constantly reminding people that his last name is pronounced "wid-jay". He was part of the organization squad to help Ned in the episode "Getting Organized", with his organization specialty being school gear. He also carries around a fanny pack everywhere.

text: Jock Goldman[edit]

text: Jock Goldman – (Ben Hogestyn) An upperclassman jock who used Moze to get back with his ex-girlfriend Amy Cassidy. After they broke up again, he begins to like Moze in Season 2. In the episode, "Double-Dating," he asks Moze to a dance. To see if he truly likes her, Ned, Cookie and Gordy put Jock through a lie-detector test. Jock truthfully states he no longer has feelings for Amy Cassidy and likes Moze, prompting Moze to agree to go out with him. However, at the dance, Jock sees Ned accidentally kiss Moze (he believed she was Suzie) and leaves her so Ned and Moze can be together. In the aforementioned lie-detector test, Jock also reluctantly admitted to Ned, Moze, Cookie and Gordy that he once got the runs after eating bad roast beef.

text: The Oboe Twins[edit]

text: Stacy and Tracy Oboe – Smart, nerdy twin sisters who both play the oboe. They are both extremely shy; they would never talk to anyone but each other, and were afraid to be apart. In the episode "'Shyness," Ned and Moze tried to help the twins overcome their shyness, though Tracy did so by copying another person almost exactly and putting "tr" before the vowel (i.e. with Lisa she called herself Trisa).

text: Psycho Jones[edit]

text: Psycho Jones – A menacing student who looks like a psycho. He appeared in "Shyness" and "Nicknames." He was angered when Ned (without knowing there was a Psycho) tried to get the nickname Psycho.

text: Nurse Hunsucker[edit]

text: Nurse Hunsucker – The disgruntled school nurse who grudgingly helps the sick students. She often has a sour attitude. In "Sick Days," her suspicions of Cookie having the flu had her trying to hunt him down and send him home, to no avail; she also prevented Ned from meeting Mat Hoffman after mistaking him for having a high fever.

text: Timmy Toot-Toot[edit]

text: Timmy Toot-Toot (Kelii Miyata) – A student of James K. Polk middle school who is notorious for his dangerously powerful and frequent farts, preceded by him saying "Toot toot!" Despite this embarrassing habit, Timmy takes pride in his "tooting" ability, calling it a "super-power." He said it allows him to do certain things, such as sitting anywhere in the movies. He also became angered and felt that Ned was trying to compete with him when Ned accidentally farted in class in the episode "Embarrassment." In "Tutors," Cookie uses him in a project to power a lawn mower by using his farts after eating beans, but things go wrong and an explosion causes his stench to spread throughout the school, making everyone flee in terror.

text: Mr. Dren[edit]

text: Mr. Dren (Charles Chun) – A student Math Teacher in episode "Teachers" and "Math" from Season 1 and 2. At first, he is treated very poorly by the students, besides Moze, and decides (with Moze's help) to scare the other students into listening to him. His name is Nerd backwards. He is very good friends with Moze.

text: Nelson Duckworth[edit]

text: Nelson Duckworth (Colby O'Donis) is a student at Polk Middle School. He only appeared in "Nicknames". Cookie gave him the nickname "Quack". Later, Cookie gave him the nickname "Mr. Duckworth."

text: Allan Alby[edit]

text: Allan Alby (Jesse Heiman) is a bespectacled and ruddy student at Polk Middle School. He is usually seen in most of Ned's classes. His only spoken line in the series is an excited "Yeah!" when he is asked to use the CPR dummy.

text: Mr. Adam[edit]

text: Mr. Adam (Adam Conway) is a familiar face around the school. He is a teacher who occurs frequently throughout the series. He frequently serves as a study hall teacher, although he appears as a substitute teacher on the episode "Substitute Teachers." When the students try to give him long explanations he looks at them as if he doesn't care. He appears to be more laid back, if not the most laid back faculty member at Polk. He is usually always seen along with a big group of other faculty members.

text: Miss Knapp[edit]

text: Miss Knapp (Ellen Albertini Dow) – The elderly social studies teacher who always likes to sleep, as her name implies. Her replacement is Mr. Pal, the school's former principal.

text: Nigel Hattorff[edit]

text: Nigel Hattorff (Nolan North) – The art teacher who speaks with a German accent and has a hairstyle similar to that of Coconut Head. He is based on Andy Warhol.

text: Mr. Weiner[edit]

text: Mr. Weiner (Marc Weiner) – A substitute teacher who used to be Ned, Moze and Cookie's elementary school substitute. He has saved Ned from the girls' bathroom three times. He tries bringing his little grade school skits with him (including a large walrus with help from Ned) to Polk to make his students laugh. He is seen only in "Substitute Teachers".

text: Martha Qwerly[edit]

text: Martha Qwerly (Serena Berman) An overly talkative student who is Martin's sister. She only appeared in "Tutors," where Ned put a cardboard cutout of himself and leaves when she talks too much. She talks as often and fast as Martin. She also says that there are a numerous amount of Qwerlys.

text: Miss Splitz[edit]

text: Miss Splitz (Melissa Peterman) – A school counselor in Polk who spied on Ned when he did not get good grades. She speaks like R. Lee Ermey to Ned. She talks and looks nice to Cookie. She uses different methods for counselling each student, which tends to make her seem like she has a split personality (her last name being an obvious pun of this).

text: Mr. Gibson[edit]

text: Mr. Gibson (Art Alexakis) – A music teacher who appeared in "Music Class," his name is a reference to Gibson guitars. The song "Rock Star" by Everclear (the band that Alexakis is the lead singer of) was also featured in this episode.


document_title: North Pole

question_text: who went to the north pole in 1909

question_tokens: who went to the north pole in 1909

root

text: North Pole

text: Precise definition[edit]

text: The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude," as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.

tag: p

text: It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevations or orography) to fixed landforms. Of course, given plate tectonics and isostasy, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System.

text: Exploration[edit]

text: As early as the 16th century, many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea.[1] It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes.

text: One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45′ North. In 1871 the Polaris expedition, a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, ended in disaster. Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole, part of the British Arctic Expedition, by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then-record 83°20'26" North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879–1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship, the USS Jeanette, was crushed by ice. Over half the crew, including DeLong, were lost.

text: In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen's icebound ship Fram. The pair reached latitude 86°14′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards, eventually reaching Franz Josef Land.

text: In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ("Eagle"), but came down 300 km (190 mi) north of Kvitøya, the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago. They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later. In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition.

text: The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ("Pole Star") from Norway in 1899. On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp, remaining there until 23 June. On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway.

text: The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted.[3]

text: The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary, who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909, accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary's claim remains highly disputed and controversial. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in [Western] navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole.

text: The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people, almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point. Peary's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line – the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing – is contradicted by Henson's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads.

text: The British explorer Wally Herbert, initially a supporter of Peary, researched Peary's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer's navigational records. He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole.[4] Support for Peary came again in 2005, however, when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours – nearly five hours faster than Peary. However, Avery's fastest 5-day march was 90 nautical miles, significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary. Avery writes on his web site that "The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia. Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole."[5]

text: Another rejection of Peary's claim arrived in 2009, when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology, an experienced referee of scientific claims, reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies.[6][unreliable source?]

text: The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft. Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society, this claim has since been undermined[7] by the 1996 revelation that Byrd's long-hidden diary's solar sextant data (which the NGS never checked) consistently contradict his June 1926 report's parallel data by over 100 mi (160 km).[8] The secret report's alleged en-route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later (while the original version was hidden for 70 years), a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing.[9]

text: According to Standish, "Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook, nor Peary, nor Byrd reached the North Pole; and they all knew it."[6][unreliable source?]

text: The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge.[10] Norge, though Norwegian-owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the Norge, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship Italia. The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew.

text: In May 1937 the world's first North Pole ice station, North Pole-1, was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres (13 mi) from the North Pole. The expedition members: oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov, meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, and the leader Ivan Papanin[11] conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months. By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland.[12][13]

text: In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles. The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force. It carried an 11-man crew, with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations. In 2006, Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.[14]

text: Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party[15] including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko,[16] and other scientists and flight crew (24 people in total)[17] of Aleksandr Kuznetsov's Sever-2 expedition (March–May 1948).[18] It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route.[19] The party flew on three planes (pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4:44pm (Moscow Time, UTC+04:00) on 23 April 1948.[20] They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations. On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent.

text: Next year, on 9 May 1949[21] two other Soviet scientists (Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev)[22] became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole.[23] They jumped from a Douglas C-47 Skytrain, registered CCCP H-369.[24]

text: On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict, along with scientist Albert P. Crary, landed a modified Douglas C-47 Skytrain at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole[25] until the Soviet landings became widely known.

text: The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so.[26]

text: Setting aside Peary's claim, the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier, who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position.

text: On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill, Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans-Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot (albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops). They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean – and by its longest axis, Barrow, Alaska to Svalbard – a feat that has never been repeated.[27][28] Because of suggestions (later proven false) of Plaisted's use of air transport, some sources classify Herbert's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means.[28][29] In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided.[30] It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility.[31]

text: On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole.

text: In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier, Ellesmere Island, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80:31N 00:59W. As a result of this journey, which formed a section of the three-year Transglobe Expedition 1979–1982, Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles, by surface travel alone. This achievement remains unchallenged to this day.

text: In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary (the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest) and Neil Armstrong (the first man to stand on the moon) landed at the North Pole in a small twin-engined ski plane.[32] Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest.

text: In 1986 Will Steger, with seven teammates, became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply.

text: USS Gurnard (SSN-662) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Pintado (SSN-672). On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, Gurnard deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. Gurnard surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the USS Seahorse (SSN-669).[citation needed]

text: On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish (SSN 678), USS Ray (SSN 653) and USS Hawkbill (SSN-666) surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole.

text: On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle.[33][34]

text: On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish (SSN 676), USS Sea Devil (SSN 664) and HMS Superb (S 109) surfaced at the North Pole, the first international surfacing at the North Pole.

text: In 1988 a 13-man strong team (9 Soviets, 4 Canadians) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada. One of the Canadians, Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean.

text: On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58-day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km.[35]

text: On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels.[36] Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later[37] with the Healy.

text: In 1998, 1999, and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs (special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO, Lada/Vaz's experimental product division) were driven to the North Pole.[38][39] The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole. The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20–15 km/h in an average temperature of −30 °C.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole. For example, the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies. Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years. The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002, and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter.

text: The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University, but ended in fatality. The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club, and ended in success on 24 April 1999. The divers were Michael Wolff (Austria), Brett Cormick (UK), and Bob Wass (USA).[40]

text: In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte (SSN-766) surfaced through 155 cm (61 in) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there.[41]

text: In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km (0.62 mi) swim at the North Pole. His feat, undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming, took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes.[42] His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole, was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days. The expedition was then abandoned.

text: By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish Oden, 3 times by German Polarstern, 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea, and once by CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking.[43]

text: 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed[edit]

text: On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole, to a depth of 4.3 km (2.7 mi), as part of the research programme in support of Russia's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor. The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov. In a symbolic act of visitation, the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole.[44][45][46]

text: The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to the New York Times.[47] The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries, such as China and the United States, toward the top of the world, where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable.[48]

text: MLAE 2009 Expedition[edit]

text: In 2009 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE-2009) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs — Yemelya-1 and Yemelya-2, designed by Vasily Elagin, a known Russian mountain climber, explorer and engineer. The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009, 17:30 (Moscow time). The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation. The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole.

text: MLAE 2013 Expedition[edit]

text: On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE 2013) with Vasily Elagin as a leader, and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs — Yemelya-3 and Yemelya-4,— started from Golomyanny Island (the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast. The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 (83°08N, 075°59W Ward Hant Island), and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay, NU. The way between the Russian borderland (Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, 80°15N, 097°27E) and the Canadian coast (Ward Hant Island, 83°08N, 075°59W) took 55 days; it was ~2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total. The expedition was totally self-dependent and used no external supplies. The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society.[49]

text: Day and night[edit]

text: The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter. Sunrise is just before the March equinox (around 20 March); the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 23½° elevation at the summer solstice (around 21 June), after which time it begins to sink, reaching sunset just after the September equinox (around 23 September). When the sun is visible in the polar sky, it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation (in degrees) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox. Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth.

text: A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset, a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset.

text: These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

text: Time[edit]

text: In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as Greenwich Mean Time, or the time zone of the country from which they departed[citation needed].

text: Climate[edit]

text: The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate (ETf) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing.

text: Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about −50 to −13 °C (−58 to 9 °F), averaging around −31 °C (−24 °F).A However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 °C (33 °F) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy, located at 87.45°N, on December 30, 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm.[50] Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)). The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F),[51] much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).[52] A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15, 2016 when temperatures hit freezing.[53] Yet again, February of 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup, the world's northernmost weather station in Greenland, reached 6.1 °C (43 °F) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing.[54] Meanwhile, the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 °C (35 °F). This same temperature of 1.6 °C (35 °F) was also recorded at the Hollywood Burbank Airport in Los Angeles at the very same time.[55]

text: The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) thick,[56] although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can very rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate.[57] Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years.[58] It is likely that global warming has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic.[59] Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.[60] This may have significant commercial implications; see "Territorial Claims," below.

text: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.[61]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Greenlandic Weather StationA (eleven year average observations)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
−13
(9)
−14
(7)
−11
(12)
−6
(21)
3
(37)
10
(50)
13
(55)
12
(54)
7
(45)
−2
(28)
0.6
(33.1)
0.7
(33.3)
13
(55)

Average high °C (°F)
−29
(−20)
−31
(−24)
−30
(−22)
−22
(−8)
−9
(16)
0
(32)
2
(36)
1
(34)
−7
(19)
−18
(0)
−25
(−13)
−26
(−15)
−16
(3)

Daily mean °C (°F)
−31
(−24)
−32
(−26)
−31
(−24)
−23
(−9)
−11
(12)
−1
(30)
1
(34)
0
(32)
−9
(16)
−20
(−4)
−27
(−17)
−28
(−18)
−18
(0)

Average low °C (°F)
−33
(−27)
−35
(−31)
−34
(−29)
−26
(−15)
−12
(10)
−2
(28)
0
(32)
−1
(30)
−11
(12)
−22
(−8)
−30
(−22)
−31
(−24)
−20
(−4)

Record low °C (°F)
−47
(−53)
−50
(−58)
−50
(−58)
−41
(−42)
−24
(−11)
−12
(10)
−2
(28)
−12
(10)
−31
(−24)
−41
(−42)
−41
(−42)
−47
(−53)
−50
(−58)

Average relative humidity (%)
83.5
83.0
83.0
85.0
87.5
90.0
90.0
89.5
88.0
84.5
83.0
83.0
85.8

Source: Weatherbase[51]

tag: table

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: Polar bears are believed rarely to travel beyond about 82° North owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi (1.6 km) from the Pole.[62][63] The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole, and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km (37 mi) away at 89°40′ N.[64][65]

text: Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting, northern fulmar and black-legged kittiwake, though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions.[66]

text: Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole, but these are probably few in number.[66] A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there.[45] However, it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods.[67]

text: Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions[edit]

text: Currently, under international law, no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russian Federation, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States, are limited to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone off their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority.

text: Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200-mile exclusive economic zone. If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone.[68] Norway (ratified the convention in 1996[69]), Russia (ratified in 1997[69]), Canada (ratified in 2003[69]) and Denmark (ratified in 2004[69]) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation.[70][71]

text: In 1907 Canada invoked a "sector principle" to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. This claim has not been relinquished, but was not consistently pressed until 2013.[72][73]

text: Cultural associations[edit]

text: In some children's Western cultures, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus' workshop and residence,[74][75] although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole.[citation needed] Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of "Ho ho ho!").[76]

text: This association reflects an age-old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world-axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings.[77] The popular figure of the pole-dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence.[78]

text: As Henry Corbin has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism. "The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that cannot be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north."[79]

text: Owing to its remoteness, the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf (Jabal Qaf), the "farthest point of the earth".[80][81] According to certain authors, the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra, a mountain whose ascent, like Dante's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory, represents the pilgrim's progress through spiritual states.[82] In Iranian theosophy, the heavenly Pole, the focal point of the spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet to draw beings to its "palaces ablaze with immaterial matter." [83]


document_title: Cinderella

question_text: when does the story of cinderella take place

text: Cinderella

text: Ancient versions[edit]

text: The Aarne–Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A, "the persecuted heroine".[5]:24-26 Variants of the theme are known throughout the world.

text: European versions[edit]

text: Rhodopis[edit]

text: The oldest known version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis,[3][6] a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt, whose name means "Rosy-Cheeks". The story is first recorded by the Greek geographer Strabo in his Geographica (book 17, 33), probably written around 7 BC or thereabouts:[5]:27

text: They tell the fabulous story that, when she was bathing, an eagle snatched one of her sandals from her maid and carried it to Memphis; and while the king was administering justice in the open air, the eagle, when it arrived above his head, flung the sandal into his lap; and the king, stirred both by the beautiful shape of the sandal and by the strangeness of the occurrence, sent men in all directions into the country in quest of the woman who wore the sandal; and when she was found in the city of Naucratis, she was brought up to Memphis, became the wife of the king ...[7]

text: The same story is also later reported by the Roman orator Aelian (ca. 175–ca. 235) in his Miscellanious History, which was written entirely in Greek. Aelian's story closely resembles the story told by Strabo, but adds that the name of the pharaoh in question was Psammetichus.[8] Aelian's account indicates that the story of Rhodopis remained popular throughout antiquity.

text: Herodotus, some five centuries before Strabo, records a popular legend about a possibly-related courtesan named Rhodopis in his Histories,[5]:27 claiming that Rhodopis came from Thrace, and was the slave of Iadmon of Samos, and a fellow-slave of the story-teller Aesop and that she was taken to Egypt in the time of Pharaoh Amasis, and freed there for a large sum by Charaxus of Mytilene, brother of Sappho the lyric poet.[5]:27-28[9]

text: Le Fresne[edit]

text: The twelfth-century AD lai of Le Fresne ("The Ash-Tree Girl"), retold by Marie de France, is a variant of the "Cinderella" story[5]:41 in which a wealthy noblewoman abandons her infant daughter at the base of an ash tree outside a nunnery with a ring and brocade as tokens of her identity,[5]:41 because she is one of two twin sisters[5]:41 and the mother fears that she will be accused of infidelity.[5]:41 The infant is discovered by the porter, who names her Fresne, meaning "Ash Tree",[5]:41 and she raised by the nuns.[5]:41 After she has attained maturity, a young nobleman sees her and becomes her lover.[5]:41 The nobleman, however, is forced to marry a woman of noble birth.[5]:41 Fresne accepts that she will never marry her beloved,[5]:41 but waits in the wedding chamber as a handmaiden.[5]:41 She covers the bed with her own brocade,[5]:41 but, unbeknownst to her, her beloved's bride is actually her twin sister,[5]:41 and her mother recognizes the brocade as the same one she had given to the daughter she had abandoned so many years before.[5]:41 Fresne's true parentage is revealed[5]:41 and, as a result of her noble birth, she is allowed to marry her beloved,[5]:41 while her twin sister is married to a different nobleman.[5]:41

text: Cordelia[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Aspects of Cinderella may be derived from the story of Cordelia in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Cordelia is the youngest and most virtuous of King Leir of Britain's three daughters, however her virtue is such that it will not allow her to lie in flattering her father when he asks, so that he divides up the kingdom between the elder daughters and leaves Cordelia with nothing. Cordelia marries her love, Aganippus, King of the Franks, and flees to Gaul where she and her husband raise an army and depose her wicked sisters who have been misusing their father. Cordelia is finally crowned Queen of Britain. However her reign only lasts five years. The story is famously retold in Shakespeare's King Lear, but given a tragic ending.

text: Asian versions[edit]

text: Ye Xian[edit]

text: A version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Duan Chengshi around 860.[11] In this version, the protagonist is Ye Xian, a hardworking and lovely girl, who befriends a fish, which is the reincarnation of her deceased mother.[11] Her stepmother and sister kill the fish,[11] but Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic,[11] and they help her dress appropriately for the New Year Festival.[11] Her stepfamily recognizes her at the festival, causing her to flee and accidentally lose her slipper.[11] Afterwards, the king finds her slipper[11] and falls in love with her (eventually rescuing her from her cruel stepmother).[11] Variants of the story are also found in many ethnic groups in China.[11]

text: One Thousand and One Nights[edit]

text: Several different variants of the story appear in the medieval One Thousand and One Nights, also known as the Arabian Nights, including "The Second Shaykh's Story", "The Eldest Lady's Tale" and "Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers", all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders. In some of these, the siblings are female, while in others, they are male. One of the tales, "Judar and His Brethren", departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead, with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers.[12]

text: Tam and Cam[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Story of Tam and Cam, whose plot is similar to Cinderella, has some significant differences. Like in Chinese version, The heroine Tấm also has a fish which is killed by the stepmother and the half-sister, and its bones also give her clothes.[13] Nonetheless, the later part of the story, after Tấm marries the king, there is a long "battle" with her stepmother and half-sister.

text: Literary versions[edit]

text: The first written European version of the story was published in Napoli (Naples), Italy, by Giambattista Basile, in his Pentamerone (1634). The story itself was based in the Kingdom of Naples, at that time the most important political and cultural center of Southern Italy and among the most influential capitals in Europe, and written in the Neapolitan dialect. It was later retold, along with other Basile tales, by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (1697),[4] and by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales (1812).

text: The name "Cenerentola" comes from the Italian word "cenere" – tchenere (ash – cinder). It has to do with the fact that servants and scullions were usually soiled with ash at that time, because of their cleaning work and also because they had to live in cold basements so they usually tried to get warm by sitting close to the fireplace.

text: Cenerentola, by Basile[edit]

text: Giambattista Basile, an Italian soldier and government official, assembled a set of oral folk tales into a written collection titled Lo cunto de li cunti (The Story of Stories), or Pentamerone. It included the tale of Cenerentola, which features a wicked stepmother and evil stepsisters, magical transformations, a missing slipper, and a hunt by a monarch for the owner of the slipper. It was published posthumously in 1634.

text: Plot:

text: Cendrillon, by Perrault[edit]

text: One of the most popular versions of Cinderella was written in French by Charles Perrault in 1697, under the name Cendrillon. The popularity of his tale was due to his additions to the story, including the pumpkin, the fairy-godmother and the introduction of "glass" slippers.[15]

text: Plot:

text: The first moral of the story is that beauty is a treasure, but graciousness is priceless. Without it, nothing is possible; with it, one can do anything.[16]

text: However, the second moral of the story mitigates the first one and reveals the criticism that Perrault is aiming at: That "without doubt it is a great advantage to have intelligence, courage, good breeding, and common sense. These, and similar talents come only from heaven, and it is good to have them. However, even these may fail to bring you success, without the blessing of a godfather or a godmother."[16]

text: Aschenputtel, by the Brothers Grimm[edit]

text: Another well-known version was recorded by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in the 19th century. The tale is called "Aschenputtel" ("Cinderella" in English translations). This version is much more intense than that of Perrault and Disney, in that Cinderella's father did not die and the stepsisters mutilate their feet to fit in the golden slipper. There is no fairy godmother, but rather help comes from a wishing tree that the heroine planted on her mother's grave. The stepsisters suffer a terrible punishment for their cruelty.

text: Plot:

text: Aschenputtel's relationship with her father in this version is ambiguous; Perrault's version states that the absent father is dominated by his second wife, explaining why he does not prevent the abuse of his daughter. However, the father in this tale plays an active role in several scenes, and it is not explained why he tolerates the mistreatment of his child. He also describes Aschenputtel as his "first wife's child" and not his own.

text: Plot variations and alternative tellings[edit]

text: Villains: In some versions, her father plays an active role in the humiliation of his daughter; in others, he is secondary to his new wife, Cinderella's stepmother; in some versions, especially the popular Disney film, Cinderella's father has died and Cinderella's mother has died also.

text: Although many variants of Cinderella feature the wicked stepmother, the defining trait of type 510A is a female persecutor: in Fair, Brown and Trembling and Finette Cendron, the stepmother does not appear at all, and it is the older sisters who confine her to the kitchen. In other fairy tales featuring the ball, she was driven from home by the persecutions of her father, usually because he wished to marry her. Of this type (510B) are Cap O' Rushes, Catskin, All-Kinds-of-Fur, and Allerleirauh, and she slaves in the kitchen because she found a job there.[18] In Katie Woodencloak, the stepmother drives her from home, and she likewise finds such a job.

text: In La Cenerentola, Gioachino Rossini inverted the sex roles: Cenerentola is oppressed by her stepfather. (This makes the opera Aarne-Thompson type 510B.) He also made the economic basis for such hostility unusually clear, in that Don Magnifico wishes to make his own daughters' dowries larger, to attract a grander match, which is impossible if he must provide a third dowry. Folklorists often interpret the hostility between the stepmother and stepdaughter as just such a competition for resources, but seldom does the tale make it clear.[19]

text: Ball, Ballgown, and Curfew: The number of balls varies, sometimes one, sometimes two, and sometimes three. The fairy godmother is Perrault's own addition to the tale.[20] The person who aided Cinderella (Aschenputtel) in the Grimms's version is her dead mother. Aschenputtel requests her aid by praying at her grave, on which a tree is growing. Helpful doves roosting in the tree shake down the clothing she needs for the ball. This motif is found in other variants of the tale as well, such as The Cinder Maid, collected by Joseph Jacobs, and the Finnish The Wonderful Birch. Playwright James Lapine incorporated this motif into the Cinderella plotline of the musical Into the Woods. Giambattista Basile's Cenerentola combined them; the Cinderella figure, Zezolla, asks her father to commend her to the Dove of Fairies and ask her to send her something, and she receives a tree that will provide her clothing. Other variants have her helped by talking animals, as in Katie Woodencloak, Rushen Coatie, Bawang Putih Bawang Merah, The Story of Tam and Cam, or The Sharp Grey Sheep—these animals often having some connection with her dead mother; in The Golden Slipper, a fish aids her after she puts it in water. In "The Anklet", it's a magical alabaster pot the girl purchased with her own money that brings her the gowns and the anklets she wears to the ball. Gioachino Rossini, having agreed to do an opera based on Cinderella if he could omit all magical elements, wrote La Cenerentola, in which she was aided by Alidoro, a philosopher and formerly the Prince's tutor.

text: The midnight curfew is also absent in many versions; Cinderella leaves the ball to get home before her stepmother and stepsisters, or she is simply tired. In the Grimms' version, Aschenputtel slips away when she is tired, hiding on her father's estate in a tree, and then the pigeon coop, to elude her pursuers; her father tries to catch her by chopping them down, but she escapes.[21]

text: Furthermore, the gathering need not be a ball; several variants on Cinderella, such as Katie Woodencloak and The Golden Slipper have her attend church.

text: In the three-ball version, Cinderella keeps a close watch on the time the first two nights and is able to leave without difficulty. However, on the third (or only) night, she loses track of the time and must flee the castle before her disguise vanishes. In her haste, she loses a glass slipper which the prince finds—or else the prince has carefully had her exit tarred, so as to catch her, and the slipper is caught in it.

text: The identifying item: The glass slipper is unique to Charles Perrault's version and its derivatives; in other versions of the tale it may be made of other materials (in the version recorded by the Brothers Grimm, German: Aschenbroedel and Aschenputtel, for instance, it is gold) and in still other tellings, it is not a slipper but an anklet, a ring, or a bracelet that gives the prince the key to Cinderella's identity. In Rossini's opera "La Cenerentola" ("Cinderella"), the slipper is replaced by twin bracelets to prove her identity. In the Finnish variant The Wonderful Birch the prince uses tar to gain something every ball, and so has a ring, a circlet, and a pair of slippers. Interpreters unaware of the value attached to glass in 17th century France and perhaps troubled by sartorial impracticalities, have suggested that Perrault's "glass slipper" (pantoufle de verre) had been a "squirrel fur slipper" (pantoufle de vair) in some unidentified earlier version of the tale, and that Perrault or one of his sources confused the words; however, most scholars believe the glass slipper was a deliberate piece of poetic invention on Perrault's part.[22] The 1950 Disney adaptation takes advantage of the slipper being made of glass to add a twist whereby the slipper is shattered just before Cinderella has the chance to try it on, leaving her with only the matching slipper with which to prove her identity.

text: Another interpretation of verre/vair (glass/fur) suggested a sexual element—the Prince was 'trying on' the 'fur slipper' (vagina) of the maidens in the kingdom, as a 'Droit du seigneur' right of sexual possession of his subjects. The disguised Cinderella's 'fur slipper' was of unique appeal to the Prince who sought her thereafter through sexual congress (a variety of sources including Joan Gould).

text: The translation of the story into cultures with different standards of beauty has left the significance of Cinderella's shoe size unclear, and resulted in the implausibility of Cinderella's feet being of a unique size for no particular reason. Humorous retellings of the story sometimes use the twist of having the shoes turn out to also fit somebody completely unsuitable, such as an amorous old crone. In Terry Pratchett's Witches Abroad, the witches accuse another witch of manipulating the events because it was a common shoe size, and she could only ensure that the right woman put it on if she already knew where she was and went straight to her. In "When the Clock Strikes" (from Red As Blood), Tanith Lee had the sorcerous shoe alter shape whenever a woman tried to put it on, so it would not fit.

text: The Revelation: Cinderella's stepmother and stepsisters (in some versions just the stepsisters and, in some other versions, a stepfather and stepsisters) conspire to win the prince's hand for one of them. In the German telling, the first stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off a toe, but the doves in the hazel tree alert the prince to the blood dripping from the slipper, and he returns the false bride to her mother. The second stepsister fits into the slipper by cutting off her heel, but the same doves give her away.

text: In many variants of the tale, the prince is told that Cinderella can not possibly be the one, as she is too dirty and ragged. Often, this is said by the stepmother or stepsisters. In the Grimms' version, both the stepmother and the father urge it.[23] The prince nevertheless insists on her trying. Cinderella arrives and proves her identity by fitting into the slipper or other item (in some cases she has kept the other).

text: The Conclusion: In the German version of the story, the evil stepsisters are punished for their deception by having their eyes pecked out by birds. In other versions, they are forgiven, and made ladies-in-waiting with marriages to lesser lords.

text: In The Thousand Nights and A Night, in a tale called "The Anklet",[24] the stepsisters make a comeback by using twelve magical hairpins to turn the bride into a dove on her wedding night. In The Wonderful Birch, the stepmother, a witch, manages to substitute her daughter for the true bride after she has given birth. Such tales continue the fairy tale into what is in effect a second episode.

text: In an episode of Jim Henson's The Storyteller, writer Anthony Minghella merged the old folk tale Donkeyskin (also written by Perrault) with Cinderella to tell the tale of Sapsorrow, a girl both cursed and blessed by destiny.

text: Many popular new works based on the story feature one step-sister who is not as cruel to Cinderella as the other. Examples are the film Ever After, Cinderella 3 and the Broadway revival.

text: Folkloristics[edit]

text: Folklorists have long studied variants on this tale across cultures.[25] In 1893, Marian Roalfe Cox, commissioned by the Folklore Society of Britain, produced Cinderella: Three Hundred and Forty-Five Variants of Cinderella, Catskin and, Cap o'Rushes, Abstracted and Tabulated with a Discussion of Medieval Analogues and Notes.[25]

text: Further morphology studies have continued on this seminal work.[25]

text: The Aarne–Thompson system classifies Cinderella as type 510A, "the persecuted heroine". Others of this type include The Sharp Grey Sheep; The Golden Slipper; The Story of Tam and Cam; Rushen Coatie; The Wonderful Birch; Fair, Brown and Trembling; and Katie Woodencloak.[26]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2017)

text: The story of Cinderella has formed the basis of many notable works:

text: Opera and ballet[edit]

text:
Cendrillon (1749) by Jean-Louis Laruette
Cendrillon (1810) by Nicolas Isouard, libretto by Charles-Guillaume Étienne
La Cenerentola (1817) by Gioachino Rossini
Cinderella (1893) by Baron Boris Vietinghoff-Scheel
Cendrillon (1894–5) by Jules Massenet, libretto by Henri Caïn
Cendrillon (1904) by Pauline García-Viardot
La Cenicienta (1966) by Jorge Peña Hen
Aschenbrödel (1901) by Johann Strauss II, adapted and completed by Josef Bayer
Soluschka or Cinderella (1945) by Sergei Prokofiev
Cinderella (2015-2017) by Alma Deutscher

tag: ul

text: Theatre[edit]

text:
Cinderella debuted as a pantomime on stage at the Drury Lane Theatre, London in 1904 and at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1905. Phyllis Dare, aged 14 or 15, starred in the latter. In the traditional pantomime version the opening scene takes place in a forest with a hunt in progress; here Cinderella first meets Prince Charming and his "right-hand man" Dandini, whose name and character come from Gioachino Rossini's opera (La Cenerentola). Cinderella mistakes Dandini for the Prince and the Prince for Dandini. Her father, Baron Hardup, is under the thumb of his two stepdaughters, the Ugly sisters, and has a servant, Cinderella's friend Buttons. (Throughout the pantomime, the Baron is continually harassed by the Broker's Men (often named after current politicians) for outstanding rent.) The Fairy Godmother must magically create a coach (from a pumpkin), footmen (from mice), a coach driver (from a frog), and a beautiful dress (from rags) for Cinderella to go to the ball. However, she must return by midnight, as it is then that the spell ceases.
Cinderella by Rodgers and Hammerstein was produced for television three times and staged live. A version ran in 1958 at the London Coliseum with a cast including Tommy Steele, Yana, Jimmy Edwards, Kenneth Williams and Betty Marsden. This version was augmented with several other Rodgers and Hammerstein's songs plus a song written by Tommy Steele, "You and Me". In 2013, the musical debuted its first Broadway production with a new book by Douglas Carter Beane.
Mr. Cinders, a musical which opened at the Adelphi Theatre, London in 1929. Filmed in 1934
Into the Woods, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by James Lapine, a musical in which Cinderella is one of many fairy-tale characters who take part in the plot. This is partly based on the Grimm Brothers' version of "Cinderella", including the enchanted birds, mother's grave, three balls, and mutilation and blinding of the stepsisters. It opened on Broadway in 1988.
Cindy, a 1964 Off-Broadway musical composed by Johnny Brandon
Cinderella; book by Jim Eiler; Music by Jim Eiler and Jeanne Bargy; Lyrics by Jim Eiler[27]
Cinderella; book by Norman Robbins; lyrics by Amy Powers and Dan Levy; music by Dan Levy; opened Off Broadway December 19, 1991 at Playhouse 91[28]
Bonnie Lythgoe Productions presented the musical pantomime at the State Theatre in Sydney, Australia from 1 to 17 July 2016. It was described as "the ultimate winter feel good panto to charm audiences of all ages. This magical rags to riches story will feature sumptuous glittering sets, gorgeous fairytale costumes, fantastic song and dance numbers, infectious and riotous comedy magic and bags of audience participation. Fun and laughter is guaranteed for the whole family!" by the official website.[29]
Cinderella by Shadow theatre Delight[30] The first time was shown on the stage in 2016 in the city of Chernihiv Ukraine

text: Films and television[edit]

text: Over the decades, hundreds of films have been made that are either direct adaptations from Cinderella or have plots loosely based on the story.

text:
Cinderella (1899), the first film version, produced in France by Georges Méliès, as "Cendrillon".
Cinderella (1914), a silent film starring Mary Pickford
Aschenputtel (1922), a silhouette shadow play short by Lotte Reiniger.[31] The short silent film uses exaggerated figures and has no background, which creates a stark look. The film shows Aschenputtel's step-sisters graphically hacking their feet off in order to fit into the glass slipper.
Cinderella (1922), an animated Laugh-O-Gram produced by Walt Disney, first released on December 6, 1922. This film was about seven and half minutes long.
Ella Cinders (1926), a modern tale starring Colleen Moore, based on a comic strip by William M. Conselman and Charles Plumb, inspired by Charles Perrault's version.
Cinderella Blues (1931), a Van Beuren animated short film featuring a feline version of the Cinderella character.
Poor Cinderella (1934), Fleischer Studios' first color cartoon and only appearance of Betty Boop in color during the Fleischer era.
Cinderella Meets Fella (1938), a Merrie Melodies animated short film featuring Egghead, the character who would eventually evolve into Elmer Fudd, as Prince Charming.[32]
Mamele (1938) a Molly Picon vehicle made by the prewar Warsaw Yiddish film industry taking place in contemporary Lodz.
Cinderella (1947), a Soviet film based on the screenplay by Evgeny Schwartz, with Yanina Zhejmo in the leading role. Shot black-and-white, it went through colorization in 2009.
Cinderella (1950), a Walt Disney animated feature released on February 15, 1950, now considered one of Disney's classics as well as the most well known film adaptation.
Cinderella (1957), a musical adaptation by Rodgers and Hammerstein, starring Julie Andrews as Cinderella, featuring Jon Cypher, Kaye Ballard, Alice Ghostley, and Edie Adams (originally broadcast in color, but only black-and-white kinescopes survive).
Three Wishes for Cinderella (Tři oříšky pro Popelku) (1973), a Czechoslovakian/East German fairy tale film starring Libuše Šafránková as Cinderella and Pavel Trávníček as Prince.[33] A cult film in several European countries.
Cindy (1978), This version of the Cinderella tale with an all-black cast has Cinderella, who wants to marry a dashing army officer, finding out that her father, who she thought had an important job at a big hotel, is actually the men's room attendant. Her wicked stepmother finds out, too, and complications ensue. Starred Charlayne Woodard.
Aschenputtel (1989), a television adaptation based on the Grimm Brothers' version.[34]
If The Shoe Fits (1990), a modern Cinderella in Paris.[35]
Cinderella Monogatari (The Story of Cinderella) (1996), anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Production.
Cinderella (1997), Rodgers and Hammerstein musical starring Brandy Norwood as Cinderella, Whitney Houston as the Fairy Godmother, Bernadette Peters as Cinderella's evil stepmother, Jason Alexander as Lionel the valet and Whoopi Goldberg as the Queen. Remake of the 1957 and 1965 TV films.
Ever After (1998), starring Drew Barrymore, a post-feminist, historical fiction take on the Cinderella story.
Cinderella, a British modernization featuring Marcella Plunkett as Cinderella, Kathleen Turner as the stepmother and Jane Birkin as the fairy godmother.
Once Upon a Time (2011), features Cinderella as a recurring character, played by Jessy Schram who made a deal with Rumplestiltskin who killed her fairy godmother right in front of her. In 2016, more of the story is shown in which Ashley, Cinderella's real-world counterpart, discovers her stepsister wanted to marry the footman rather than the prince. A different Cinderella in season 7, played by Dania Ramirez, went to the ball to kill the prince, not meet him.
Rags (film) (2012), a musical gender switched inversion of the Cinderella story that stars Keke Palmer and Max Schneider.
Into the Woods (2014), a live-action fairy-tale-themed adaptation of the above-mentioned homonymous musical play, in which Anna Kendrick's Cinderella is a central character.
Cinderella (2015), a live-action film starring Lily James as Cinderella, Cate Blanchett as Lady Tremaine, Cinderella's evil stepmother, Richard Madden as Kit, the Prince Charming and Helena Bonham Carter as the Fairy Godmother. It is essentially a live-action remake of the 1950 animated film.
Cinderella adaptations on TV and in cinema are not just limited to female protagonists. The Sesame Street special "Cinderelmo" and the Magic Adventures of Mumfie episode "Scarecrowella" both feature a male protagonist playing the Cinderella role.

text: Translations[edit]

text:
Language
Name
Romanisation

Afrikaans
Aspoestertjie

Albanian
Hirushja

Arabic
سندريلا
Sinderella

Armenian
Մոխրոտիկ
Mokhrotik

Azerbaijani
Zoluşka

Basque
Mari Errauskin

Belarusian
Папялушка
Papyalushka

Bulgarian
Пепеляшка
Pepelyashka

Argentina
La Cenicienta

Catalan
Ventafocs

Burmese
စင္ဒရဲလား

Chinese
灰姑娘
Huīgūniang

Croatian
Pepeljuga

Czech
Popelka

Danish
Askepot

Dutch
Assepoester

Estonian
Tuhkatriinu

Filipino
Cinderella

Finnish
Tuhkimo

French
Cendrillon

Georgian
კონკია
Konkia

German
Aschenputtel (or Aschenbrödel)

Greek
Σταχτοπούτα
Stachtopoúta

Hebrew
סינדרלה\לכלוכית
Sinderelaa/Lichluchit

Hindi
सिंडिरेल्ला
Sindirēllā

Hungarian
Hamupipőke

Icelandic
Öskubuska

Indonesian
Cinderella/Upik Abu

Irish
Luaithríona

Italian
Cenerentola

Japanese
シンデレラ
Shinderera

Kannada
ಸಿಂಡರೆಲ್ಲಾ
Siṇḍarellā

Korean
신데렐라
Sinderella

Lao
ຊັງດຣີຢົງ or ຊັງດີຢົງ
Sangdriyong

Latvian
Pelnrušķīte

Lithuanian
Pelenė

Macedonian
Пепелашка
Pepelashka

Malay
Bawang merah

Mongolian
Үнсгэлжин
Unsgeljin

Norwegian (bokmål)
Askepott (originally the name of Askeladden)

Norwegian (nynorsk)
Oskepott (originally the name of Oskeladden)

Persian
سیندرلا
Sinderela

Polish
Kopciuszek

Portuguese
Cinderela

Romanian
Cenușăreasa

Russian
Золушка
Zolushka

Serbian
Пепeљуга
Pepeljuga

Slovak
Popoluška

Slovenian
Pepelka

Soqotri
Meḥazelo

Spanish
Cenicienta

Swedish
Askungen

Tamil
சின்டெரெல்லா
Ciṉṭerellā

Thai
ซินเดอเรลล่า
Cinderella

Turkish
Külkedisi

Ukrainian
Попелюшка
Popelyushka

Vietnamese
Lọ Lem

West Frisian
Jiskepûster