document_title: Constitutional Convention (United States)

question_text: why did one of the states refuse to send delegates to the constitutional convention

question_tokens: why did one of the states refuse to send delegates to the constitutional convention

text: Constitutional Convention (United States)

text: Historical context[edit]

text: Before the Constitution was drafted, the nearly 4 million inhabitants[4] of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation, created by the Second Continental Congress. It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government, as originally organized, was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states.[5]:4–5[6]:14–16 As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states, any state had effective veto power over any proposed change.[7] In addition, the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power: it was wholly dependent on the states for its money, and had no power to force delinquent states to pay.[7]

text: Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War had passed, the states began to look to their own interests, and disputes arose. These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road that linked all the states. James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners "to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony".[8]:92

text: Another impetus for the convention was Shays' Rebellion. A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues such as property seizures for tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion. This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain, Daniel Shays, himself a small farmer with tax debts, who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army. The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely, and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections.

text: In September 1786, at the Annapolis Convention, delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation. The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia on May 14, 1787. Rhode Island, fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage, boycotted the Convention and, when the Constitution was put to the states, initially refused to ratify it.[9]

text: The Convention[edit]

text: Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.)[5]:103 James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan, which was designed and written by James Madison. On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House.

text: George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention,[10] and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting.[5]:11 Although William Jackson was elected as secretary, his records were brief and included very little detail. Madison's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates, remain the most complete record of the Convention.[5]:162–164 Throughout the debate, delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position. Most commonly, they referred to the history of England, in particular the Glorious Revolution (often simply called "The Revolution"), classical history (mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city-states), and recent precedents from Holland and Germany.

text: Outside the Convention in Philadelphia, there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati. Washington was said to be embarrassed. The 1776 "old republican" delegates like Elbridge Gerry (MA) found anything military or hereditary anathema. The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession, dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship.[11] Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner.[12] Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips, of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue, petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments. Merchants of Providence, Rhode Island, petitioned for consideration, though their Assembly had not sent a delegation.[13]

text: Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates. He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and "speculators", including some who were attending the Convention.[a] A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris, Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing. "Leading Principles of the Federal Convention" advocated adoption of the Constitution. It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today's better known Federalist Papers.[15]

text: James Madison's blueprint[edit]

text: While waiting for the Convention to formally begin, James Madison sketched out his initial draft, which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist.[6]:47 By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived, most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well. They agreed on Madison's plan, and formed what came to be the predominant coalition. By the time the Convention started, the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison's Virginia Plan, and Charles Pinckney's plan. As Pinckney didn't have a coalition behind his plan, Madison's plan was the starting point for deliberations.[6]:47

text: The Convention agreed on several principles. Most importantly, they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation, and instead should produce a new constitution outright. While some delegates thought this illegal, the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution, so the genuine legal problems were limited.[6]:64 Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress, plus additional powers over the states.[6]:64 Once agreeing on these principles, the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it. Once this was done, they began modifying it.

text: Madison's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged. During the deliberations, few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress, nor the separate executive function, nor the separate judicial function.[6]:67 As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions, law making embodied in the legislature, and law executing embodied in the king and his courts, the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point.[10]

text: The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house wasn't questioned either, despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility.[6]:82 Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures, both in Britain and in most state governments. The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature, which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election.[6]:82 Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners. Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy, the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite, the "minority of the opulent," against the interests of the lower classes, who constituted the majority of the population.[6]:85[16]

text: On Thursday, June 7, it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures, instead of by popular vote, as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes. Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that "the great mercantile interest and of stockholders, is not provided for in any mode of election-they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch."[16] The proposal was carried unanimously.

text:
In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people, the property of landed proprietors would be insecure. An agrarian law would soon take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation. Landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority. The Senate, therefore, ought to be this body; and to answer these purposes, they ought to have permanency and stability.

--James Madison, quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates

tag: div

text: The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature. In their aversion to kingly power, American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature, and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis.[6]:82 The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this.

text: Furthermore, in the English tradition, judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court, who represented him throughout his realm.[10] Madison believed that in the American states, this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage, and thought the link had to be severed between the two, thus creating the "third branch" of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point.[10] Madison, however, did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent, but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive. At the Convention, some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges, while others believed the president should choose judges. A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them.[6]:84

text: In a few areas, Madison's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates. Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws, so the idea was dropped. While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress, few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this. Instead, the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto. Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive, whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature.[6]:141 Also, during the deliberations, the New Jersey Plan was introduced, although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan, and was not seriously considered.[6]:230 The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations, mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a "favorite son" from their own state or region.

text: The early debate[edit]

text: Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state's delegates.[5]:83 Throughout the Convention, delegates would regularly come and go, with only 30 – 40 being present on a typical day.[5]:83 Consequently, if a state's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal, or if too few of the state's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal, that state's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal. Thus, for example, after two of New York's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning, New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention, although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates.[5]:83

text:
All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The first are the rich and well born, the other the mass of the people. The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed, it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. Give therefore to the first class a distinct, permanent share in the government. They will check the unsteadiness of the second, and as they cannot receive any advantage by a change, they therefore will ever maintain good government. Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy. Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks.

--Alexander Hamilton, quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates

text: The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned. A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight, though this was never seriously considered. Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population.[6]:117 Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose, the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty, and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population.

text: Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population, although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this. The Three-Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three-fifths of "all other persons" (slaves) was agreed to without serious dispute.[6]:119 In 1783, when attempting to assess a national taxation system, the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio, which did not achieve unanimity.[6]:119[17] This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states, including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia, backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition. That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute.[6]:119

text: More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house. Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house. James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature, but his proposal was shot down 10-1 by the delegates.[18] Most delegates didn't question the intelligence of the voters,[citation needed] rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century.[6]:122

text: At the time of the Convention, they noted that local newspapers said little of current events, and what little they had was sketchy and dated. Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention.[citation needed] Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life, considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the "rich and well born" to have a "distinct, permanent share in the government," which could "check the imprudence of democracy."[16] Moreover, Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public, but by "electors" chosen for that purpose.

text: Besides the problems of direct election, the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system, by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures, that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical.[6]:122 The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment. The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise, whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state's population, while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states, irrespective of size. The large states, fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan, opposed this proposal. Unable to reach agreement, the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting.

text: The delegates couldn't agree on whether the executive should be a single person, or a board of three. Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons.[6]:134 The possible problems of this system, in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president,[citation needed] calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition.[6]:134 This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled, but was never again seriously doubted.

text: Another issue concerned the election of the president. Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature. There was widespread concern with direct election, because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century, and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region. A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states.[6]:136

text: The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved, and was done so in the electoral college. At the time, before the formation of modern political parties, there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college. The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue. Most thought that the house should then choose the president, since it most closely reflected the will of the people. This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states, who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage. To resolve this dispute, the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority, but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc, rather than individually.[6]:136

text: As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations, it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention. The members of this "Grand Committee," as it has come to be known, included Elbridge Gerry, Oliver Ellsworth, Robert Yates, William Paterson, Gunning Bedford, Jr., George Mason, William Davie, John Rutledge, Abraham Baldwin, and Benjamin Franklin. In its report to the Convention on July 5, the committee offered a compromise. The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise, because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states. The Grand Committee's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house (although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house, or Senate).[6]:199 With this modification, the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16. Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed, however, until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power, rather than having votes taken by each state's representatives en bloc, as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation.[19] This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress's choice to make national laws.[20] The final document was thus a mixture of Madison's original "national" constitution and the desired "federal" Constitution that many of the delegates sought.[6]:199

text: The first draft[edit]

text: The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail, which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution. It was chaired by John Rutledge, with the other members including Edmund Randolph, Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, and Nathaniel Gorham.

text: Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention.[21]:168 From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation, provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft,[6]:269–270[21]:165 which author David O. Stewart has called a "remarkable copy-and-paste job."[21]:165

text: Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline: that the Constitution should only include essential principles, avoiding minor provisions that would change over time, and that it should be stated in simple and precise language.[6]:270

text: Much of what was included in the committee's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged; and as such, much of the committee's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate.[21]:169 Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause, which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs, and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate.

text: However, Rutledge, himself a former state governor, was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been, the national government's power over the states should not be limitless; and at Rutledge's urging, the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed. As Stewart describes it, the committee "hijacked" and remade the Constitution, altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made, enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government, and adding several far-reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed.[21]:165

text: The first major change, insisted on by Rutledge, was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate "in all cases for the general interests of the Union" that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress. Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states. In Randolph's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific "enumerated" powers, many adopted from the Articles of Confederation, that would strictly limit the Congress' authority to measures such as imposing taxes, making treaties, going to war, and establishing post offices.[6]:273–274[21]:170–171 Rutledge, however, was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change. Over the course of a series of drafts, a catchall provision (the "Necessary and Proper Clause") was eventually added, most likely by Wilson, a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states, giving the Congress the broad power "to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."[6]:274[21]:171–172 Another revision of Wilson's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states, such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money, providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge's list of enumerated powers.[6]:274–275[21]:172 In addition, Wilson's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention, to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws.[21]:172

text: These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document, as the Convention never challenged this dual-sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson.[21]:172

text: Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee's report was presented to the Convention. On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee, Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states, or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports.[6]:269,275[21]:173 Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests. The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade. It would also prohibit taxation of exports, and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas (that is, any laws akin to England's "Navigation Acts") pass only with two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress. While much of the rest of the committee's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor, these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents.[6]:275[21]:173–174

text: The final report of the committee, which became the first draft of the Constitution, was the first workable constitutional plan, as Madison's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure. Even after it issued this report, the committee continued to meet off and on until early September.

text: Further modifications and concluding debate[edit]

text: Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed, during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft, though few were successful. Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office, while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money.[21]:187 Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan.

text: One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808. Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two-thirds of Congress agree on "navigation acts" (regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments). The two-thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates, who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders.[21]:196

text: Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail, a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution. The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus, freedom of the press, and an executive council to advise the president. Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts.

text: A new committee was created, the Committee on Postponed Parts, to address other questions that had been postponed. Its members, such as Madison, were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home.[21]:207 The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes, war making, patents and copyrights, relations with Indian tribes, and Franklin's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House. The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency, and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee's input.[21]:209 They adopted Wilson's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college, and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority, which many such as Madison thought would be "nineteen times out of twenty".

text: The committee also shortened the president's term from seven years to four years, freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term, and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate. They also created the office of the vice president, whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office, to preside over the Senate, and to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate. The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president, for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors.[21]:212 One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president's term, and whether the president was to be term limited. The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress, so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option.

text: Near the end of the Convention, Gerry, Randolph, and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition. Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge's Committee of Detail.[21]:235 Some have argued that Randolph's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition, in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election. The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass "navigation acts" with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions.[21]:236 Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president.

text: Though most of their complaints did not result in changes, a couple did. Mason succeeded in adding "high crimes and misdemeanors" to the impeachment clause. Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments. The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment, in which two-thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments. Upon Gerry's urging, the Convention added back the Virginia Plan's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify.[21]:238 All amendments to the Constitution have been made through this latter method.

text: Despite their successes, these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention's business to an end and return home. As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion, and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version, one delegate raised an objection over civil trials. He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters, and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity. Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights, which he thought could be prepared in a few hours. Gerry agreed, though the rest of the committee overruled them. They wanted to go home, and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic.[21]:241

text: Few at the time realized how important the issue would become, with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification. Most of the Convention's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights, and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights, so there was no need to include protections of rights. Once the Convention moved beyond this point, the delegates addressed a couple of last-minute issues. Importantly, they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected, unmodified, by the Senate. The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House.[21]:243

text: Drafting and signing[edit]

text: Once the final modifications had been made, the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed "to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house." Unlike other committees, whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions, this final committee included no champions of the small states. Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states' rights.[21]:229–230 They were William Samuel Johnson (Connecticut), Alexander Hamilton (New York), Gouverneur Morris (Pennsylvania), James Madison (Virginia), and Rufus King (Massachusetts). On Wednesday, September 12, the report of the "committee of style" was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates. For three days, the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention. The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday, September 15 by Jacob Shallus, and was submitted for signing on September 17. It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts. Although the Convention never took up the matter, his language was now inserted, creating the contract clause.[21]:243

text: Gouverneur Morris is credited, both now and then, as the chief draftsman of the final document, including the stirring preamble. Not all the delegates were pleased with the results; thirteen left before the ceremony, and three of those remaining refused to sign: Edmund Randolph of Virginia, George Mason of Virginia, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts. George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution. The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification, but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow.[23] Shortly before the document was to be signed, Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens. A similar measure had been proposed earlier, and failed by one vote. George Washington spoke up here, making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move. The Convention adopted it without further debate. Gorham would sign the document, although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single, unified nation for more than 150 years.[21]:112 Ultimately, 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing, but it is likely that none were completely satisfied. Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin, who said,

text: I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them. ... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution. ... It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies ...[24]

text: Rhode Island never sent delegates, and two of New York's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long. Therefore, as George Washington stated, the document was executed by "eleven states, and Colonel Hamilton."[21]:244 Washington signed the document first, and then moving by state delegation from north to south, as had been the custom throughout the Convention, the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names.

text: At the time the document was signed, Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington's Chippendale chair.[25] As recounted in Madison's notes:

text: Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor. Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair, at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted, observed to a few members near him, that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun. I have said he, often and often in the course of the Session, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting: But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun.[25][26]

text: The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification, pursuant to its own Article VII.[27]

text: Proposed plans[edit]

text: Several plans were introduced, with the most important plan being that of James Madison (the Virginia Plan). The Convention's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan. Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan, although this wasn't considered and its exact character has been lost to history. After the Convention was well under way, the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered.[6]:230 It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation.[6]:230 Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way, though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy.[6]:137 Historians are unsure how serious he was about this, and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison's plan look moderate by comparison.[6]:137 The Connecticut Compromise wasn't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation. It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution, but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states.[6]:199

text: Virginia Plan[edit]

text: Prior to the start of the Convention, the Virginian delegates met and, drawing largely from Madison's suggestions, came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan, also known as the Large State Plan.[28] For this reason, James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution.[28] Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29, 1787, the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature.[28] Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately.[28] The lower house would be elected by the people, and the upper house would be elected by the lower house.[28] The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature.[28] The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override.

text: New Jersey Plan[edit]

text: After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan.[28] Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each.[28] The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan. The result was the New Jersey Plan, otherwise known as the Small State Plan.[28]

text: Paterson's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan, and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention: drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it.[28] Under the New Jersey Plan, the existing Continental Congress would remain, but it would be granted new powers, such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection.[28] An executive branch was created, to be elected by Congress (the plan allowed for a multi-person executive).[28] The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors.[28] The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life, to be appointed by the executives.[28] Lastly, any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws.[28] When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15, 1787, it was ultimately rejected, but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests.[28]

text: Hamilton's plan[edit]

text: Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan, Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan. It also was known as the British Plan, because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government.[28] In his plan, Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation.[28] The plan featured a bicameral legislature, the lower house elected by the people for three years. The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life.[28] The plan also gave the Governor, an executive elected by electors for a life-term of service, an absolute veto over bills.[28] State governors would be appointed by the national legislature,[28] and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation.[28]

text: Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18, 1787.[28] The plan was perceived as a well-thought-out plan, but it was not considered, because it resembled the British system too closely.[28] It also contemplated the loss of most state authority, which the states were unwilling to allow.

text: Pinckney's plan[edit]

text: Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention. As Pinckney did not write it down, the only evidence of the plan are Madison's notes,[29] so the details are somewhat vague. It was a confederation, or treaty, among the thirteen states. There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates. The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants. The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions. Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President, and would also appoint members of the cabinet. Congress, in joint session, would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states. Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court. The Pinckney plan was not debated, but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail.[30]

text: Connecticut Compromise[edit]

text: The Connecticut Compromise, forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut, was proposed on June 11.[28] In a sense it blended the Virginia (large-state) and New Jersey (small-state) proposals. Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate, and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution. Sherman sided with the two-house national legislature of the Virginia Plan, but proposed "That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st. branch [house] should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants; and that in the second branch or Senate, each State should have one vote and no more."[28] This plan failed at first, but on July 23 the question was finally settled.[28]

text: What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan. In the Grand Committee, Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house. But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress. In the preceding weeks of debate, Madison, King, and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason.[31] Then on July 23, just before most of the convention's work was referred to the Committee of Detail, Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes, rather than voting en bloc, as they had in the Confederation Congress. Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, a leading proponent of the compromise, supported their motion, and the Convention adopted it.[19] As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them, they became substantially independent. The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self-interest of small-state political leaders, who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained.[20]

text: Slavery[edit]

text: Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery. Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention.[21]:68 At least a third of the Convention's 55 delegates owned slaves, including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina.[21]:68–69 Slaves comprised approximately one-fifth of the population of the states;[32]:139 and apart from northernmost New England, where slavery had largely been eliminated, slaves lived throughout all regions of the country.[32]:132 The majority of the slaves (more than 90%),[32]:132 however, lived in the South, where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves (in the largest and wealthiest state, Virginia, that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families).[32]:135 The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor, and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution.

text: Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise[edit]

text: Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed. Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed. However, they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade, including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries. The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue. During the Convention's late July recess, the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves. The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August, so they referred the matter to an eleven-member committee for further discussion. This committee helped work out a compromise: Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade, but not for another twenty years (that is, not until 1808). In exchange for this concession, the federal government's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities.[6]:318–329

text: Three-Fifths Compromise[edit]

text: Another contentious slavery-related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress, or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation.[33] Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population.[33] Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.[33] Finally, delegate James Wilson proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise.[28] This was eventually adopted by the Convention.

text: Delegates[edit]

text: The states had originally appointed seventy representatives to the Convention, but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend, leaving fifty-five delegates who would ultimately craft the Constitution.[34]

text: Almost all of the fifty-five delegates had taken part in the Revolution, with at least twenty-nine having served in the Continental forces, most in positions of command.[35] All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers.[6]:65 The vast majority (about 75%) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress, and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution.[21]:25 Several had been state governors.[6]:65[35] Just two delegates, Roger Sherman and Robert Morris, would be signatories to all three of the nation's founding documents: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution.[35]

text: More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers (several had even been judges), although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business. There were also merchants, manufacturers, shippers, land speculators, bankers or financiers, two or three physicians, a minister, and several small farmers.[6]:65–68[35] Of the twenty-five who owned slaves, sixteen depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income. Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings, and most, with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few, were very comfortably wealthy.[6]:66–67 George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country.[35]

text:
Connecticut

Oliver Ellsworth*
William Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman

Delaware

Richard Bassett
Gunning Bedford, Jr.
Jacob Broom
John Dickinson
George Read

Georgia

Abraham Baldwin
William Few
William Houstoun*
William Pierce*

Maryland

Daniel Carroll
Luther Martin*
James McHenry
John Francis Mercer*
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

Massachusetts

Elbridge Gerry*
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Caleb Strong*

New Hampshire

Nicholas Gilman
John Langdon

New Jersey

David Brearley
Jonathan Dayton
William Houston*
William Livingston
William Paterson

New York

Alexander Hamilton
John Lansing, Jr.*
Robert Yates*

North Carolina

William Blount
William Richardson Davie*
Alexander Martin*
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson

Pennsylvania

George Clymer
Thomas Fitzsimons
Benjamin Franklin
Jared Ingersoll
Thomas Mifflin
Gouverneur Morris
Robert Morris
James Wilson

South Carolina

Pierce Butler
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
John Rutledge

Virginia

John Blair
James Madison
George Mason*
James McClurg*
Edmund Randolph*
George Washington
George Wythe*

Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention.

text: (*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution. Randolph, Mason, and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign.

text: Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson was abroad, serving as the minister to France (nonetheless, Jefferson, in a letter to John Adams, would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of "demi-gods").[36]:13 John Adams was in Britain, serving as minister to that country, but he wrote home to encourage the delegates. Patrick Henry refused to participate because he "smelt a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward the monarchy." Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams. Many of the states' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention,[6]:65 which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation, not to write a constitution for a completely new national government.


document_title: 2014 FIFA World Cup awards

question_text: who won the best young player in fifa 2014 world cup

root

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup awards

text: Golden Ball[edit]

text: The adidas Golden Ball is given to the outstanding player at the FIFA World Cup. The players who finish second and third are given the Silver Ball and Bronze Ball respectively.[3]

tag: p

text:
Golden Ball:  Lionel Messi
Silver Ball:  Thomas Müller
Bronze Ball:  Arjen Robben

tag: ul

text: On 11 July 2014, the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the ten-player shortlist for the Golden Ball award.[4]

text:
Ángel Di María
 Mats Hummels
 Toni Kroos
 Philipp Lahm
 Javier Mascherano
 Lionel Messi
 Thomas Müller
 Neymar
 Arjen Robben
 James Rodríguez

text: Golden Boot[edit]

text: The adidas Golden Boot is given to the top goalscorer at the FIFA World Cup. If two or more players are tied on goals, the ranking is decided by the number of assists. If still tied, the players who played the least minutes are ranked first. The players who finish second and third are given the Silver Boot and Bronze Boot respectively.[5]

text:
Golden Boot:  James Rodríguez
Silver Boot:  Thomas Müller
Bronze Boot:  Neymar

text: The top ten players were as follows:[6]

text:
Rank

Player

Goals

Assists

Minutes played

1

 James Rodríguez

6

2

399'

2

 Thomas Müller

5

3

682'

3

 Neymar

4

1

457'

4

 Lionel Messi

4

1

693'

5

 Robin van Persie

4

0

548'

6

 Karim Benzema

3

2

450'

7

 André Schürrle

3

1

244'

8

 Arjen Robben

3

1

690'

9

 Enner Valencia

3

0

270'

10

 Xherdan Shaqiri

3

0

387'

tag: table

text: Golden Glove[edit]

text: The adidas Golden Glove is given to the most outstanding goalkeeper at the FIFA World Cup.[7]

text: Golden Glove:  Manuel Neuer

text: On 11 July 2014, the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the three-player shortlist for the Golden Glove award.[8]

text:
Keylor Navas
 Manuel Neuer
 Sergio Romero

text: Best Young Player[edit]

text: The Hyundai Young Player Award is given to the most outstanding young player at the FIFA World Cup.[9] Players must be at most 21 years old to receive the award; for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, they must be born on or after 1 January 1993.

text: Best Young Player:  Paul Pogba

text: On 11 July 2014, the FIFA Technical Study Group announced the three-player shortlist for the Young Player award.[10]

text:
Memphis Depay
 Paul Pogba
 Raphaël Varane

text: FIFA Fair Play Trophy[edit]

text: The FIFA Fair Play Award is given to the team with the tournament’s best disciplinary record. Only teams that reach the knockout phase are eligible.[11]

text: Fair Play Award:  Colombia

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text: The Budweiser Man of the Match was given to the best player of each match. It was decided by popular voting online, through FIFA's website, Twitter, and FIFA's mobile phone application.[12]

text: By match[edit]

text:
Day
Stage
Team 1
Result
Team 2
Man of the Match[13]

Thursday12 June

First round of group stage matches

Group A
Brazil
3–1
 Croatia
 Neymar

Friday13 June

Mexico
1–0
 Cameroon
 Giovani dos Santos

Group B
Spain
1–5
 Netherlands
 Robin van Persie

Chile
3–1
 Australia
 Alexis Sánchez

Saturday14 June

Group C
Colombia
3–0
 Greece
 James Rodríguez

Ivory Coast
2–1
 Japan
 Yaya Touré

Group D
Uruguay
1–3
 Costa Rica
 Joel Campbell

England
1–2
 Italy
 Mario Balotelli

Sunday15 June

Group E
Switzerland
2–1
 Ecuador
 Xherdan Shaqiri

France
3–0
 Honduras
 Karim Benzema

Group F
Argentina
2–1
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Lionel Messi

Monday16 June

Iran
0–0
 Nigeria
 John Obi Mikel

Group G
Germany
4–0
 Portugal
 Thomas Müller

Ghana
1–2
 United States
 Clint Dempsey

Tuesday17 June

Group H
Belgium
2–1
 Algeria
 Kevin De Bruyne

Russia
1–1
 South Korea
 Son Heung-min

Second round of group stage matches

Group A
Brazil
0–0
 Mexico
 Guillermo Ochoa

Wednesday18 June

Cameroon
0–4
 Croatia
 Mario Mandžukić

Group B
Spain
0–2
 Chile
 Eduardo Vargas

Australia
2–3
 Netherlands
 Arjen Robben

Thursday19 June

Group C
Colombia
2–1
 Ivory Coast
 James Rodríguez

Japan
0–0
 Greece
 Keisuke Honda

Group D
Uruguay
2–1
 England
 Luis Suárez

Friday20 June

Italy
0–1
 Costa Rica
 Bryan Ruiz

Group E
Switzerland
2–5
 France
 Karim Benzema

Honduras
1–2
 Ecuador
 Enner Valencia

Saturday21 June

Group F
Argentina
1–0
 Iran
 Lionel Messi

Nigeria
1–0
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Peter Odemwingie

Group G
Germany
 2–2
 Ghana
 Mario Götze

Sunday22 June

United States
2–2
 Portugal
 Tim Howard

Group H
Belgium
1–0
 Russia
 Eden Hazard

South Korea
2–4
 Algeria
 Islam Slimani

Monday23 June

Third round of group stage matches

Group A
Cameroon
1–4
 Brazil
 Neymar

Croatia
1–3
 Mexico
 Rafael Márquez

Group B
Australia
0–3
 Spain
 David Villa

Netherlands
2–0
 Chile
 Arjen Robben

Tuesday24 June

Group C
Japan
1–4
 Colombia
 Jackson Martínez

Greece
2–1
 Ivory Coast
 Georgios Samaras

Group D
Italy
0–1
 Uruguay
 Gianluigi Buffon

Costa Rica
0–0
 England
 Keylor Navas

Wednesday25 June

Group E
Honduras
0–3
  Switzerland
 Xherdan Shaqiri

Ecuador
0–0
 France
 Alexander Domínguez

Group F
Nigeria
2–3
 Argentina
 Lionel Messi

Bosnia and Herzegovina
3–1
 Iran
 Edin Džeko

Thursday26 June

Group G
United States
0–1
 Germany
 Thomas Müller

Portugal
2–1
 Ghana
 Cristiano Ronaldo

Group H
South Korea
0–1
 Belgium
 Jan Vertonghen

Algeria
1–1
 Russia
 Islam Slimani

Friday27 June

Rest day

Saturday28 June

Knockout stage matches

Round of 16
Brazil
1–1 (a.e.t.)(3–2 pen.)
 Chile
 Júlio César

Colombia
2–0
 Uruguay
 James Rodríguez

Sunday29 June

Netherlands
2–1
 Mexico
 Guillermo Ochoa

Costa Rica
1–1 (a.e.t.)(5–3 pen.)
 Greece
 Keylor Navas

Monday30 June

France
2–0
 Nigeria
 Paul Pogba

Germany
2–1 (a.e.t.)
 Algeria
 Raïs M'Bolhi

Tuesday1 July

Argentina
1–0 (a.e.t.)
  Switzerland
 Lionel Messi

Belgium
2–1 (a.e.t.)
 United States
 Tim Howard

Wednesday2 July

Rest days

Thursday3 July

Friday4 July

Quarter-finals
Brazil
2–1
 Colombia
 David Luiz

France
0–1
 Germany
 Mats Hummels

Saturday5 July

Netherlands
0–0 (a.e.t.)(4–3 pen.)
 Costa Rica
 Keylor Navas

Argentina
1–0
 Belgium
 Gonzalo Higuaín

Sunday6 July

Rest days

Monday7 July

Tuesday8 July

Semi-finals
Brazil
1–7
 Germany
 Toni Kroos

Wednesday9 July

Netherlands
0–0 (a.e.t.)(2–4 pen.)
 Argentina
 Sergio Romero

Thursday10 July

Rest days

Friday11 July

Saturday12 July

Third place match
Brazil
0–3
 Netherlands
 Arjen Robben

Sunday13 July

Final
Germany
1–0 (a.e.t.)
 Argentina
 Mario Götze

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text:
Player

Awards

Matches played

 Lionel Messi

4

7

 Keylor Navas

3

5

 Arjen Robben

3

7

 James Rodríguez

3

5

 Karim Benzema

2

5

 Mario Götze

2

6

 Tim Howard

2

4

 Thomas Müller

2

7

 Neymar

2

5

 Guillermo Ochoa

2

4

 Xherdan Shaqiri

2

4

 Islam Slimani

2

4

text: All-Star Team[edit]

text: The Castrol Index that evaluated player performances through statistical data finished with the following players leading each position (Toni Kroos was the overall leader):[14]

text:
Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

 Manuel Neuer (Germany)

 Marcos Rojo (Argentina) Mats Hummels (Germany) Thiago Silva (Brazil)
 Stefan de Vrij (Netherlands)

 Oscar (Brazil)
 Toni Kroos (Germany)
 Philipp Lahm (Germany) James Rodríguez (Colombia)

 Arjen Robben (Netherlands) Thomas Müller (Germany)

text: Dream Team[edit]

text: The Dream Team consisted of the following players, there is a substitute for each position.[15]

text:
Goalkeepers

Defenders

Midfielders

Forwards

Manager

 Manuel Neuer (Germany)

 Marcelo (Brazil)
 Mats Hummels (Germany)
 Thiago Silva (Brazil)
 David Luiz (Brazil)

 Ángel Di María (Argentina)
 Toni Kroos (Germany)
 James Rodríguez (Colombia)

 Neymar (Brazil)
 Lionel Messi (Argentina)
 Thomas Müller (Germany)

 Joachim Löw (Germany)

text: Prize money[edit]

text: The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US$576 million (including payments of US$70 million to domestic clubs), a 37 percent increase from the amount allocated in the 2010 tournament.[16] Before the tournament, each of the 32 entrants received US$1.5 million for preparation costs. At the tournament, the prize money was distributed as follows:

text:
US$8 million – To each team eliminated at the group stage (16 teams)
US$9 million – To each team eliminated in the round of 16 (8 teams)
US$14 million – To each team eliminated in the quarter-finals (4 teams)
US$20 million – Fourth placed team
US$22 million – Third placed team
US$25 million – Runner-up
US$35 million – Winner

text: Goal of the Tournament[edit]

text: The Goal of the Tournament (presented by Sony) was decided by online voting. A total 15 goals were in the shortlist as selected by FIFA.com:[17]

text: On 21 July 2014, FIFA announced that after more than four million votes, Colombian player James Rodríguez's first goal against Uruguay was named as goal of the tournament.[18]

text:
Rank[19]

Date

Player

Match (score after goal)

1

28 June 2014

 James Rodríguez

Colombia 2–0 Uruguay (1–0)

2

13 June 2014

 Robin van Persie

Netherlands 5–1 Spain (1–1)

3

24 June 2014

 James Rodríguez

Colombia 4–1 Japan (4–1)

4

13 July 2014

 Mario Götze

Germany 1–0 Argentina (1–0)

5

4 July 2014

 David Luiz

Brazil 2–1 Colombia (2–0)

6

18 June 2014

 Tim Cahill

Australia 2–3 Netherlands (1–1)

7

23 June 2014

 David Villa

Spain 3–0 Australia (1–0)

8

15 June 2014

 Lionel Messi

Argentina 2–1 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2–0)

9

25 June 2014

 Lionel Messi

Argentina 3–2 Nigeria (2–1)

10

25 June 2014

 Xherdan Shaqiri

Switzerland 3–0 Honduras (1–0)

11

8 July 2014

 André Schürrle

Germany 7–1 Brazil (7–0)

12

5 July 2014

 Gonzalo Higuaín

Argentina 1–0 Belgium (1–0)

13

14 June 2014

 Claudio Marchisio

Italy 2–1 England (1–0)

14

20 June 2014

 Granit Xhaka

Switzerland 2–5 France (2–5)

15

16 June 2014

 André Ayew

Ghana 1–2 United States (1–1)


document_title: Switched at Birth (season 3)

question_text: switched at birth which episode does angelo die

text: Switched at Birth (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Vanessa Marano as Bay Madeline Kennish
Katie Leclerc as Daphne Paloma Vasquez
Constance Marie as Regina Vasquez
D. W. Moffett as John Kennish
Lea Thompson as Kathryn Kennish
Lucas Grabeel as Toby Kennish
Gilles Marini as Angelo Sorrento
Sean Berdy as Emmett Bledsoe

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Max Adler as Miles "Tank" Conroy
Ryan Lane as Travis Barnes
Bianca Bethune as Sharee Gifford
Kenneth Mitchell as Wes Gable
B.K. Cannon as Mary Beth Tucker
RJ Mitte as Campbell Bingman
Daniel Durant as Matthew
Marlee Matlin as Melody Bledsoe
Stephanie Nogueras as Natalie Pierce
Al White as Dr. Elroy Jackson
David Castaneda as Jorge
Alec Mapa as Renzo
Ivonne Coll as Adriana Vasquez
Rachel Shenton as Lily Summers
Sandra Bernhard as Teresa Ledarsky
Rene Moran as Nacho Rivera
Carlease Burke as Ms. Rose
Cassi Thomson as Nikki Papagus
Joey Lauren Adams as Jennice Papagus
Anthony Natale as Cameron Bledsoe
Matthew Risch as Chip Coto
Kari Coleman as Whitney
Erica Gimpel as Yvette Gifford
Nathalia Ramos as Gretchen
Natalie Amenula as Monica
Suanne Spoke as Karen Barnes
Madison Saager as Heather
Jackie Debatin as Sarah Lazar
Briana Lane as Christy Salz
Sandra Purpuro as Anita
Stephanie Mieko Cohen as Darla
Larry Sullivan as Leo
Jill Remez as Juanita
Nyle DiMarco as Garrett Banducci
Malana Lea as Jess
Laura Brown as Debbie
Iris Almario as Felicia

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Drowning Girl"
Jim Hayman
Lizzy Weiss
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
1.76[2]

After the blackmailing incident, Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic. She meets Campbell (RJ Mitte), a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident. Her relationship with John continues to be tense. The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts. Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee. Meanwhile, Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge, Tank (Max Adler). Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru. When her boss decides to sell the business, Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo's help. Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes, which she hides from John.

Title reference: From the 1963 painting, Drowning Girl, by Roy Lichtenstein.

53
2
"Your Body is a Battleground"
Lea Thompson
James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
1.56[3]

Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly-formed field hockey team so that they'll have enough players. Bay's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth. Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party. John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes, so Kathryn invites her dance friend, Renzo, over for dinner. At the clinic, Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out. She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete. Meanwhile, after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera, he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends.

Title reference: From the 1989 protest poster, Your Body is a Battleground, by Barbara Kruger.

54
3
"Fountain"
Allan Arkush
Joy Gregory & Terrence Coli
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1.55[4]

Bay asks her new art teacher for a letter of recommendation for an art school application and gets invited to an art show in Minneapolis. Tank joins them. Emmett is put in a tough position after confronting a fellow deaf student about the vandalism, with Travis encouraging him to keep quiet so that the new hearing students can take the blame. Sharee is mistakenly blamed for the tire slashing, but Daphne helps argue her case and get her expulsion rescinded. However, Sharee and Daphne clash and both end up in detention, making them miss their field hockey game, to Toby's frustration.

Title reference: From the 1917 artpiece, Fountain, by Marcel Duchamp.

55
4
"It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love is Somewhere Else"
Melanie Mayron
Linda Gase & Henry Robles
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)
1.62[5]

Jorge invites Daphne to a family barbecue where she is confronted about the Senator Coto ordeal. Daphne continues to search for the patient she allowed to leave the clinic early. John surprises the family with an unusual purchase. Bay discovers that Emmett is dating again and has conflicting feelings. Regina and Angelo have a discussion about business.

Title reference: From the 1971 painting, It Hurts to Wait With Love if Love is Somewhere Else, by Friedensreich Hundertwasser.

56
5
"Have You Really the Courage?"
Zetna Fuentes
Bekah Brunstetter
February 10, 2014 (2014-02-10)
1.70[6]

John bonds with Nikki's mom, Jennice, when they help Toby move into his new apartment. John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing, which Regina sees through the window. Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book. Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her. Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal. Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee's house and Regina gets involved.

Title reference: From the 1900s painting, Have You Really the Courage?, by Harry Clarke.

57
6
"The Scream"
Jonathan Frakes
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17)
1.70[7]

Kathryn and Renzo host a murder mystery-themed party to commemorate her recent book deal. The Kennishes and Vasquezes (minus Daphne) all attend, as well as Tank and Jennice. Jennice and John try to keep their kiss a secret and Regina decides whether or not to tell Kathryn. Bay realizes her feelings for Tank but worries about why he didn't invite her to a party at his fraternity. Meanwhile, Daphne throws a 21st birthday party for Campbell.

Title reference: From the 1895 painting, The Scream, by Edvard Munch.

58
7
"Memory is Your Image of Perfection"
Lee Rose
Terrence Coli
February 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)
1.63[8]

John temporarily moves in with Toby, who is unhappy about the situation. Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing, but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence. Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping. Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside. Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues. Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career.

Title reference: From the 1982 photograph, Memory is Your Image of Perfection, by Barbara Kruger.

59
8
"Dance Me to the End of Love"
Millicent Shelton
Michael V. Ross & Lizzy Weiss
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
1.61[9]

Daphne shows an interest in the medical profession and tries to take on more responsibility at the clinic. Bay struggles with the limitations of her injury. Travis tries to learn dancing before attending a school formal with Mary Beth. Bay's art teacher shows no leniency about Bay's hand injury and demands that she work harder, and Bay succeeds in finding new ways to create her art with the help of Emmett. John tries to earn Kathryn's forgiveness, but fails to understand what she wants.

Title reference: From the 1998 painting, Dance Me to the End of Love, by Jack Vettriano.

60
9
"The Past (Forgotten-Swallowed)"
Fred Gerber
Joy Gregory
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1.39[10]

Good intentions lead to hurt feelings. John invites one of his former baseball colleagues over to get some dirt for Kathryn's book. Toby tutors Sharee in physics to make sure she remains eligible for field hockey. Daphne is invited to a clinic fundraiser and Regina tries to help Angelo by suggesting that his restaurant cater the event. Campbell and Jorge both remain interested in Daphne. Bay's relationship with Tank suffers because of Mary Beth's disapproval.

Title reference: From the 1901 painting, The Past (Forgotten-Swallowed), by Alfred Kubin.

61
10
"The Ambush"
Allan Arkush
Henry Robles & Bekah Brunstetter
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1.18[11]

Bay enlists Tank to help her strike back when the rivalry between Carlton and Buckner field hockey team get heated. Toby gets a surprise visit from Nikki, who tells him that she wants to live in Peru. Regina discovers Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside. Daphne must choose between Campbell and Jorge. Bay and Daphne prepare for the big game.

Title reference: From the 1896 painting, The Ambush, by Charles Marion Russell.

62
11
"Love Seduces Innocence, Pleasure Entraps, and Remorse Follows"
Steve Miner
Linda Gase & Lizzy Weiss
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
1.30[12]

Kathryn's new book is leaked to the public before its release. Daphne has an unexpected encounter at the clinic with a man from her past. Regina feels a sense of guilt about her behavior in East Riverside. Back at K&D designs, someone throws a brick through her studio's window threatening her not to come back to East Riverside. Toby tries to go after Nikki. Meanwhile, Bay is skeptical about Emmett's new girlfriend.

Title reference: From the 1809 painting, Love Seduces Innocence, Pleasure Entraps, and Remorse Follows, by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon.

63
12
"Love Among the Ruins"
Norman Buckley
Lizzy Weiss
June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16)
1.17[13]

Toby travels to Iceland. Melody wants to put an end to Emmett getting bullied by Matthew. Meanwhile Bay feels torn between her feelings for Emmett and Tank and Emmett asks Bay if she's going to break up with Tank. Daphne is determined to hunt down the individual who vandalized Regina's studio. John discovers that Bay looked up where to buy morning after pills. Daphne asks Angelo to move into the guest house with her and Regina.

Title reference: From the 1873 painting, Love Among the Ruins, by Edward Burne-Jones.

64
13
"Like a Snowball Down a Mountain"
Melanie Mayron
James Patrick Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash
June 23, 2014 (2014-06-23)
1.41[14]

Bay and Emmett make an unexpected discovery as they deal with Matthew's blackmail threat. Daphne receives an opportunity at the clinic but worries how it will affect her boyfriend Campbell. Bay breaks up with Tank telling him they should just go back to being friends but John mistakenly confronts a heartbroken Tank about Bay having to get the morning after pill. Someone from Kathryn's past threatens the publication of her book. Regina is watched while going to work by a man sitting in his car waiting for her.

Title reference: From the 2002 painting, Like a snowball down a mountain, by Damien Hirst

65
14
"Oh, Future!"
Zetna Fuentes
Henry Robles
June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)
1.15[15]

When Bay discovers Melody is considering an out-of-state move that would take Emmett with her, Bay encourages Emmett to strengthen his relationship with his father. Kathryn and John clash with Regina over funding Daphne's college expenses. Daphne interviews for a Latina college scholarship. Mary-Beth surprises Travis when she tracks down football player Derrick Coleman. Cameron gives Emmett big news.

Title reference: From the 1933 painting, Oh, Future!, by Nicholas Roerich

66
15
"And We Bring the Light"
James Hayman
Joy Gregory & Alexander Georgakis
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)
1.33[16]

Toby returns from a soul-searching trip to Iceland after his failed marriage with a new perspective and surprising aspiration for his career. Bay gets a response from the Pratt Institute. Angelo helps Daphne redirect her senior year stresses with a baking challenge. Meanwhile Regina's participation in the East Riverside project brings her to yet another moral crossroad. A terrible car accident puts Angelo in the hospital and it is unknown if he will survive.

Title reference: From the 1922 painting, And We Bring the Light, by Nicholas Roerich

67
16
"The Image Disappears"
Wendey Stanzler
Terrence Coli & Linda Gase
July 14, 2014 (2014-07-14)
1.56[17]

A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high. The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo. Amid the emotion, decisions must be made and lives are changed forever. The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead. Bay and Emmett find Angelo's will, which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm, caused by being really angry at Regina. Daphne blames Regina for Angelo's death.

Title reference: From the 1938 painting, The Image Disappears, by Salvador Dalí

68
17
"Girl With Death Mask (She Plays Alone)"
Joanna Kerns
Bekah Brunstetter & Lizzy Weiss
July 21, 2014 (2014-07-21)
1.36[18]

When John starts feeling a sense of built-up tension in Bay and Daphne, he suggests a trip to Chicago to find Bay's second cousin from Angelo's side of the family and give Daphne a chance to tour prospective colleges. But the trip goes south when Daphne uses the opportunity to act out and Bay receives news regarding Angelo's family history.

Title reference: From the 1938 painting, Girl With Death Mask (She Plays Alone), by Frida Kahlo

69
18
"It Isn't What You Think"
Ron Lagomarsino
J.R. Phillips & Henry Robles
July 28, 2014 (2014-07-28)
1.13[19]

Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University. Bay tries being Tank's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner. Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee's make-up exam.

Title reference: From the 2009 painting, It Isn't What You Think, by Christopher Willard

70
19
"You Will Not Escape"
Michael Lange
Joy Gregory
August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04)
1.29[20]

Looking for a distraction, Daphne organizes a senior ditch day for her Carlton classmates, but things get out of hand. Meanwhile, Bay meets with Angelo's doctor to discuss their family medical history. Kathryn brings Regina to her publisher's author party in New York.

Title reference: From the 1799 painting, You Will Not Escape, by Francisco Goya

71
20
"Girl on the Cliff"
D. W. Moffett
Linda Gase
August 11, 2014 (2014-08-11)
1.06[21]

Bay has second thoughts about attending the prom when dress-code rules are enacted. Meanwhile, Kathryn, John and Regina are surprised to learn the severity of Daphne's bad behavior; and Tank assists Toby with his new burgeoning business.

Title reference: From the 1936 painting, Girl on the Cliff, by Augustus John.

72
21
"And Life Begins Right Away"
Melanie Mayron
Lizzy Weiss & William H. Brown
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
1.29[22]

As their graduation day approaches, Bay and Daphne learn that Carlton will be closed forever, and join a group of students for a Senior Skip Day at Maui, Kansas. Daphne starts to become depressed as she realizes how her bad choices are sure to ruin her plans to attend medical school. Bay accompanies her as she surrenders to the police, and at the last minute Bay surprises everyone by falsely confessing to Daphne's vandalism.

Title reference: From the 1974 painting, And Life Begins Right Away, by Robert Filliou.

73
22
"Yuletide Fortune Tellers"
Michael Grossman
Terrence Coli & Lizzy Weiss
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
1.40[23]

As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers' Christmas traditions, a "Christmas miracle" grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched. Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish ("Bay-Daphne") with her hearing intact, who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento ("Daphne-Bay"), deaf but a recognized artist, with a brother, Angelo Junior (AJ). However, these benefits come at a price: workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed, stay-at-home has-been John are on the verge of divorce; Toby is an angst-ridden Emo; Emmett is only Daphne-Bay's platonic friend; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism. When the girls decide this is worse, they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas-eve dinner party at the Kennishes, and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers' traditions which they once hated.

Title reference: From the 1888 painting, Yuletide Fortune Tellers, by Mykola Pymonenko.

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Original air date
Timeslot
(EST)
Viewers
(million)
Adults 18-49
rating
Cable rank (18–49)
Note

Timeslot
Night

1
"Drowning Girl"
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
Monday 8:00PM
1.76
0.7
#3
#22
[2]

2
"Your Body Is a Battleground"
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
1.56
0.7
#6
#29
[3]

3
"Fountain"
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
1.55
0.6
#4
#30
[4]

4
"It Hurts to wait with love If Love Is Somewhere Else"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)
1.62
0.7
#5
#23
[5]

5
"Have You Really the Courage?"
February 10, 2014 (2014-02-10)
1.70
0.8
#4
#15
[6]

6
"The Scream"
February 17, 2014 (2014-02-17)
1.70
0.7
#5
#22
[7]

7
"Memory is Your Image of Perfection"
February 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)
1.63
0.7
#4
#21
[8]

8
"Dance Me to the End of Love"
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
1.61
0.7
#4
#22
[9]

9
"The Past (Forgotten-Swallowed)"
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
1.39
0.6
#4
#24
[10]

10
"The Ambush"
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
1.18
0.6
#5
#37
[11]

11
"Love Seduces Innocence, Pleasure Entraps, and Remorse Follows"
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
1.30
0.6
#4
#31
[12]

12
"Love Among the Ruins"
June 16, 2014 (2014-06-16)
1.17
0.4
#5
#54
[13]

13
"Like a Snowball Down a Mountain"
June 23, 2014 (2014-06-23)
1.41
0.7
#3
#21
[14]

14
"Oh, Future"
June 30, 2014 (2014-06-30)
1.15
0.5
#3
#28
[15]

15
"And We Bring the Light"
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)
1.33
0.6
#3
#20
[16]

16
"The Image Disappears"
July 14, 2014 (2014-07-14)
1.56
0.7
#4
#24
[17]

17
"Girl With Death Mask (She Plays Alone)"
July 21, 2014 (2014-07-21)
1.36
0.6
#3
#27
[18]

18
"It Isn't What You Think"
July 28, 2014 (2014-07-28)
1.13
0.4
#4
#46
[19]

19
"You Will Not Escape"
August 4, 2014 (2014-08-04)
1.29
0.6
#4
#25
[20]

20
"Girl on the Cliff"
August 11, 2014 (2014-08-11)
1.06
0.5
#4
#44
[21]

21
"And Life Begins Right Away"
August 18, 2014 (2014-08-18)
1.29
0.5
#4
#27
[22]

22
"Yuletide Fortune Tellers"
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
Monday 9:00PM
1.40
0.6
#6
#29
[23]