document_title: List of Gotham episodes

question_text: when will there be new episodes of gotham

text: List of Gotham episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Avg. viewers
(in millions)

1
22
September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22)
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
68
7.56[3]

2
22
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23)
89
5.37[4]

3
22
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
100
4.52[5]

4
TBA
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Danny Cannon
Bruno Heller
September 22, 2014 (2014-09-22)
276072
8.21[6]

Rookie detective James Gordon and his partner Harvey Bullock are assigned to the case of the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne, witnessed by street petty criminal Selina Kyle. Their investigation leads them to a parolee named Mario Pepper, whom Bullock kills in Gordon's defense. They discover that Pepper had been framed, leading them to mobster Fish Mooney, an associate of Carmine Falcone, an organized crime boss. Mooney has them captured, but Falcone spares them upon his arrival, revealing that he intended to end the case so that the people of Gotham could feel safe, facilitating his illegal activities. In exchange, Falcone orders Gordon to kill Oswald Cobblepot, a low-level member of Mooney's gang and informant for Gotham Major Crimes Unit (MCU) investigators Renee Montoya and Crispus Allen. Gordon fakes Cobblepot's death, and tells him never to return to Gotham. Gordon promises the Waynes' son, Bruce, and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth, to find the real killer. Cobblepot kills a fisher. Selina is seen watching the Wayne Manor. Meanwhile, Montoya threatens Barbara, Gordon's fiancee, to tell him about Barbara's unknown past.

2
2
"Selina Kyle"
Danny Cannon
Bruno Heller
September 29, 2014 (2014-09-29)
4X6652
7.45[10]

Gordon and Bullock start investigating the abductions of street kids by Patti and Doug, operatives of Dr. Francis Dulmacher, A.K.A the Dollmaker,[7][8][9] and have been posing as members of the Mayor's Homeless Outreach Program. Mayor Aubrey James announces plans to help Gotham's homeless kids, rounding them up and shipping them out of town. Patti and Doug hijack one of the buses of street kids, including Selina. After Bullock's extreme interrogation of an informant, Gordon obtains a clue. Gordon and Bullock arrive and catch Patti and Doug while encountering Kyle. While Bruce has plans to find a way to help the children, Gordon meets with Kyle who states that she has been watching him during his visits with Bruce and might have some information on the person who shot the Waynes. Meanwhile, Cobblepot kills two men after they mock his walking pattern. He takes refuge in a rented trailer after his faked death, plotting his return to Gotham City, having kidnapped a teenager for ransom. Falcone confronts Mooney for her plans to overthrow him, having heard from Cobblepot. The former warns her by having her lover beaten. Allen and Montoya investigate Cobblepot's mother.

3
3
"The Balloonman"
Dermott Downs
John Stephens
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
4X6653
6.36[11]

Gordon and Bullock track a vigilante who targets corrupt Gotham officials and nicknamed "Balloonman" for strapping his victims to weather balloons, which eventually implode in the cold atmosphere, giving the victim a long fall. Montoya and Allen question Gordon about Cobblepot, who returns to Gotham to get revenge on Mooney. He gets a job at Don Sal Maroni's restaurant, and is befriended by Maroni himself. Mooney arranges for Falcone's lover Natalia to be disfigured in response to her own lover's beating. Gordon realizes that "Balloonman" is social worker Davis Lamond, who was driven to vigilantism because of corrupt officials refusing to aid children on the streets. After arrest, he warns Gordon that more vigilantes will follow in his path. Falcone tells Mooney that he will investigate what happened to Natalia, also telling about the Arkham Plan. At his apartment later, Gordon receives a surprise visit from Cobblepot. Meanwhile, Barbara is revealed to be an addict and Montoya's former girlfriend. Selina is given to Gordon for his investigation; but she uses the chance to escape.

4
4
"Arkham"
TJ Scott
Ken Woodruff
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
4X6654
6.39[12]

Cobblepot offers Gordon help in stopping the future war. The latter learns of the Arkham Plan from Alfred, who states that Falcone and Mayor James are backing the project that will improve the Arkham District, opposed by Maroni, who has another plan. An independent hitman starts targeting the city council members involved in both opposing sides of the Plan. After an armed robbery of Maroni's restaurant, Cobblepot is promoted to restaurant manager by Maroni, following the former's action of saving a bag of money and the death of the previous manager. Mooney pits two female singers against each other for her nightclub job opening, with the winner being Liza. In order to prevent the war, Mayor James holds a conference about a compromise on the Arkham Plan, that Falcone will handle small housing development projects and Maroni will be refurbishing the Asylum. Gordon urges Bruce not to lose hope in the city. Later, Cobblepot fatally poisons the restaurant robbers, who are revealed to had been hired for just that purpose by Cobblepot himself. Meanwhile, Barbara confronts Gordon about Cobblepot, telling him about her past with Montoya. She decides to end the engagement when he refuses to talk.

5
5
"Viper"
Tim Hunter
Rebecca Perry Cutter
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
4X6655
6.09[13]

Bruce plans to find a way to speak to the board members of Wayne Enterprises to learn their connections to the Arkham District Project. A new drug called "Viper", a prototype of Venom, is hitting the street, endowing the user with super-strength, but eventually killing them. Maroni plans to rob a casino owned by Falcone, and Cobblepot offers a less-casualty plan, forcing him to reveal his past, which Maroni believes after Gordon confirms it. The latter learns that "Viper" is being distributed at a charity event held by WellZyn and Wayne Enterprises. Gordon shoots the canister on the roof and former WellZyn employee Stan Potolsky is exposed, committing suicide after he suggests they check out Warehouse 39, where Gordon and Bullock later find nothing, observed by Wayne Enterprises operative Mathis. Maroni successfully robs the casino, admiring Cobblepot. As Mooney makes plans to conspire against Falcone with her lover and Russian mob boss Nikolai, a disguised Liza visits Falcone and begins seducing him.

6
6
"Spirit of the Goat"
TJ Scott
Ben Edlund
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
4X6656
5.89[14]

Ten years ago, a masked killer calling himself the "Spirit of the Goat" targets the firstborn of Gotham's elite, leading Bullock and his partner Dix to investigate the case. They find the killer, Randall Milkie, who is shot down by Bullock after Dix falls through a trap door and ends up badly injured. In the present day, Bullock finds another elite firstborn murdered by someone with the same "Goat" motive. Upon surgery, Bullock sees Milkie's trademark, which only he and Dix knew, meaning that he was not an copycat. During a debrief, Dix tells Gordon about Bullock's enthusiasm for justice, to Gordon's surprise. Bullock deduces that hypnotherapist Marks coerced both Milkie and the new killer to become the Goat to scare Gotham's rich and corrupt, leading to Marks' arrest. The "murder" of Cobblepot is also investigated, with Gordon the prime suspect as Montoya and Allen finally find a witness near the river. When they attempt to arrest Gordon and Bullock, Cobblepot enters the precinct, causing friction between Bullock and Gordon. Meanwhile, CSU operative Nygma is revealed to be in love with archivist Kristen Kringle, who ignores him. Selina infiltrates the Wayne Manor and steals a component of Bruce's investigation.

7
7
"Penguin's Umbrella"
Rob Bailey
Bruno Heller
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
4X6657
6.63[15]

Exonerated, Gordon tells Barbara to leave Gotham. Cobblepot leads Maroni enforcer Frankie Carbone and two other henchmen to Nikolai's hideout, killing the latter and Carbone by buying the loyalties of the henchmen. Montoya and Allen begin cooperating with Gordon. The escalating mob war is settled with a land trade between Maroni and Falcone. A drunken Bullock re-evaluates his choice for helping Gordon, and the two partners attempt to arrest Mayor James and Falcone, but they give up when it is revealed that Falcone and hitman Victor Zsasz have Barbara, who had returned to try and negotiate with Falcone for Gordon. Falcone allows the trio to leave. In a flashback to the night they had met Gordon, it is shown that Cobblepot and Falcone had formed a deal, in which Falcone would place Gordon in charge of killing Cobblepot, giving Cobblepot a chance at surviving, and in exchange, Cobblepot would forge an alliance with Maroni, snitching for Falcone; and Cobblepot told Falcone about Mooney and Nikolai and their plan. It is revealed that Falcone spared Gordon's life due to Cobblepot's request.

8
8
"The Mask"
Paul Edwards
John Stephens
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
4X6658
6.35[16]

Bruce returns to school, where he has some trouble with bully Tommy Elliot; and Alfred agrees to teach the former how to fight. Gordon and Bullock investigate Richard Sionis, who is hosting an illegal and deadly fight club where the champions are accepted for Sionis Investments. Liza's loyalty to Mooney begins to falter when she learns of the latter's plan to eventually kill Falcone, but Mooney presses her to steal a ledger from the Falcone's office that may be used to incriminate him. When Gordon is caught at the site of the fight club, Bullock persuades other officers, who collectively despise Gordon due to blaming them for leaving him during Zsasz' attack, to help find Gordon. Mooney fakes a story about her past to convince Liza to stay on the mission. After Sionis and those involved are arrested, Gordon learns that Selina was apprehended after skillfully robbing a dress store. Barbara leaves Gordon. Cobblepot learns from Mooney's henchman of a spy close to Falcone.

9
9
"Harvey Dent"
Karen Gaviola
Ken Woodruff
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
4X6659
6.49[17]

Gordon has Selina placed at Wayne Manor for her safety. She and Bruce establish a friendship. She claims that her mother is an intelligence agent. During a prison transport from Blackgate Penitentiary to St. Mark Psychiatric Hospital, bomb maker Ian Hargrove is taken by the Russian mob, who are working against Falcone following Nikolai's death. Gordon meets with Harvey Dent, who suspects tycoon Dick Lovecraft for the Wayne murders. Gordon and Bullock realize that Hargrove intends no harm. Manipulated by Mooney, the Russians target Falcone's cache of money, but when a police standoff ensues, the Russians' armored truck explodes via remote control by Mooney's enforcer, Butch Gilzean. Cobblepot confronts Liza for spying on Falcone, whom the former claims will not tell. Mayor James announces his plans to reopen Arkham Asylum to house the mentally ill criminals, including Hargrove. Barbara is revealed to have a new relationship with Montoya.

10
10
"Lovecraft"
Guy Ferland
Rebecca Dameron
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
4X6660
6.05[22]

Assassins led by Copperhead[18][19][20] infiltrate Wayne Manor, but Bruce and Selina escape into the city. Alfred seeks Gordon and Bullock's help to find the pair. Dent suspects that Lovecraft hired the assassins to cover his tracks. However, Gordon learns Lovecraft is also being targeted to hide what he knows; the assassins kill Lovecraft in a staged suicide, planting Gordon's gun at the scene. Following the armory fiasco, Cobblepot tells Falcone that Mooney has a mole in his ranks, but does not reveal the identity. Selina determines the assassins are after her, and she and Bruce encounter Ivy Pepper.[21], Mario's daughter. The assassins find Selina and Bruce, but she escapes while Bullock and Alfred, who convinces Mooney to help, arrive and rescue Bruce. Selina later kisses Bruce and returns to living on the streets. Following Lovecraft's "suicide", Mayor James reassigns Gordon as a security guard at Arkham Asylum.

11
11
"Rogues' Gallery"
Oz Scott
Sue Chung
January 5, 2015 (2015-01-05)
4X6661
7.06[25]

While working at Arkham run by Dr. Gerry Lang, Gordon investigates a series of attacks on inmates with the help of Dr. Leslie "Lee" Thompkins. Mooney discusses her plan to overthrow Falcone with underboss Jimmy Saviano, who has a disagreement with her on succession. Cobblepot is arrested by the police for trying to further extort some fishermen already paying protection money to Maroni. The former is freed by the latter, who initiated the arrest to warn Cobblepot about hubris. Montoya ends her relationship with Barbara. Gordon, Bullock, and Captain Essen discover that the person attacking inmates was Jack Gruber[23][24], who then escapes from Arkham with his associate Aaron Danzig, after killing several guards and Dr. Lang. Saviano tries to convince Gilzean to change sides, but the latter kills him instead. Selina takes an ill Ivy to Gordon's. Barbara calls and mistakes Ivy as his girlfriend.

12
12
"What the Little Bird Told Him"
Eagle Egilsson
Ben Edlund
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
4X6662
6.50[26]

Gruber and Danzig go on rampage through Gotham. Gordon promises Commissioner Loeb he will arrest Gruber within 24 hours. Nygma learns Gruber is a former Mafia bank robber who was betrayed by Maroni. Gordon and Bullock put Maroni under protective custody to use as bait to attract Gruber to the precinct. Gruber and Danzig attack, but Gordon thwarts them by shorting out Gruber's electrical apparatus with water. For living up to his end of the deal, Gordon is reinstated as a detective. Meanwhile, Mooney makes her move against Falcone by "abducting" Liza and extorting him into signing his crime family over to Mooney's gang. Falcone nearly goes through with the deal, but Cobblepot informs him that Liza is Mooney's mole. Falcone confronts Mooney, has his mercenaries take both her and Gilzean prisoner, and strangles Liza to death. Cobblepot inherits Mooney's nightclub and what's left of her gang. Barbara visits her estranged parents. Maroni begins suspecting Cobblepot. Gordon and Lee develop romance.

13
13
"Welcome Back, Jim Gordon"
Wendey Stanzler
Megan Mostyn-Brown
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
4X6663
6.04[27]

Mooney is tortured by Falcone's henchman, but Gilzean frees himself and rescues her. A homicide witness is murdered while under custody at GCPD. Gordon comes to suspect Narcotics Detective Arnold Flass is behind. Learning that Flass is supported by influential figures, Gordon asks Cobblepot for help, who tasks his enforcer, Gabe. Bruce asks Selina about his parents' murderer, but she reveals she lied about seeing the man's face to avoid being sent to juvenile detention. Nygma gives Kringle a romantic greeting card, but Flass finds it and mocks him; Kringle later apologizes to Nygma and admires the card. Gabe gives Gordon evidence that exposes Flass' involvement in the witness' death, and Flass is arrested. Gordon learns that Gabe threatened the family of Delaware, Flass's accomplice, for proof. Mooney and Gilzean confront Cobblepot at the nightclub, but Zsasz arrives and recaptures Gilzean. Mooney escapes decides to temporarily leave Gotham, with Bullock revealed as her lover.

14
14
"The Fearsome Dr. Crane"
John Behring
John Stephens
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
4X6664
5.79[28]

Gordon and Bullock investigate a serial killer who is targeting members of a phobia support group and extracting their adrenal glands. The killer turns out to be Gerald Crane, Jonathan's father; Gordon and Bullock are able to save one of his victims, but Crane evades capture. In light of Selina's recent claim of false witness, Bruce absolves Gordon of his promise to find the killer, intending to solve the case himself. Mooney informs Maroni about Cobblepot's treachery to him. Maroni tries to kill Cobblepot, who escapes. Nygma frames medical examiner Guerra for hoarding body parts after Guerra has him suspended for his repeated corpse probing. After Guerra's suspension and Nygma's reinstatement, Gordon informs Lee, who finds a clue in Crane's case, that a job has opened up for her as GCPD's medical examiner. Mooney is captured by mercenaries on a boat away from Gotham.

15
15
"The Scarecrow"
Nick Copus
Ken Woodruff
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
4X6665
5.63[29]

Gordon and Bullock investigate Gerald's background and learn his wife died in a fire that he was too scared to rescue her from; believing fear is a human flaw, he is now harvesting adrenal glands in order to create a serum that makes people confront and overcome their greatest fears. Bruce continues a yearly family tradition by going on a hiking trip in the woods, albeit alone for the first time. He finds himself unprepared for the dangers, but Alfred eventually joins him. Maroni speaks with Falcone and agrees to let Cobblepot live, but warns the latter that it will last until Falcone's eventual death. After using the serum on himself and overcoming his fear, Gerald injects Jonathan with a much larger dose. Gordon and Bullock arrive and kill Gerald in a gunfight. Jonathan is rushed to the hospital, but the serum has sent him into a state of constant terror, and he may never stop hallucinating his greatest fear: scarecrows. Mooney wakes up among other captives and befriends a man named Kelly. She kills the prisoners' leader and takes his place, learning that their captors are organ harvesters. Lee becomes the new medical examiner.

16
16
"The Blind Fortune Teller"
Jeffrey Hunt
Bruno Heller
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
4X6666
6.19[30]

Barbara returns to Gotham to find Ivy and Selina squatting in her apartment. Gordon and Lee investigate the murder of Lila Valeska, a snake dancer with Haly's Circus, and the contesting families Flying Graysons and the Lloyds are suspects. Gordon determines that Lila's son Jerome is the killer, which he eventually admits maniacally. When business begins to decrease at Cobblepot's club, Zsasz brings in a brainwashed Gilzean for help. Taking advice from Selina and Ivy, Barbara attempts to reunite with Gordon, but changes her mind after she sees him kissing Lee. Bruce holds a board meeting at Wayne Enterprises and voices concern to the executives that the company is involved with the mob, threatening with legal action. John Grayson and Mary Lloyd get engaged after the dispute between the two families are resolved. Mooney manages to get a meeting with the captors' boss after uniting the prisoners against the captors.

17
17
"Red Hood"
Nathan Hope
Danny Cannon
February 23, 2015 (2015-02-23)
4X6667
6.53[31]

An armed group robs a bank, and one wearing a red mask throws some of the stolen money into the crowd to ensure their escape. Gordon and Bullock identify the "Red Hood" as Gus Floyd, but find him dead in the hideout. After a robbery led by Carl Destro, who now wears Floyd's mask, and the Hood becoming a public hero, Gordon and Bullock track him to his house where they find him wounded and the mask gone. With information given by Destro, the police find and kill the remainder of the gang in a shootout. A teenage boy steals the mask. Meanwhile, Cobblepot struggles from Maroni's actions against the restaurant, but Butch uses some fake policemen to seize Maroni's supplies. Mooney discovers that the facility is owned by Dulmacher, meeting the manager, who tries to take her eye for organ trade purposes; but she removes it herself and destroys it before passing out. An old comrade of Alfred, Reginald Payne, visits him in the Manor and stays over night. On the next day, however, he steals some of Bruce's files, stabs Alfred to evade capture and reports to the Board that Bruce has no solid evidence.

18
18
"Everyone Has a Cobblepot"
Bill Eagles
Megan Mostyn-Brown
March 2, 2015 (2015-03-02)
4X6668
6.10[32]

At the hospital, Alfred refuses to implicate Payne. Gordon and Dent investigate the sudden release and reinstatement of Flass by Loeb, who announces his support of Flass as the new president of the policemen's union. Bullock reveals that Loeb has leverage to blackmail most officers; in Bullock's case, Loeb forced him to falsely confess to providing illegitimate evidence against Flass. Investigating a triad bookmaking office and interrogating Loeb's former partner, Gordon learns that Loeb has ties with Falcone. With Cobblepot's help, Gordon and Bullock investigate Loeb's uptown farm, where they find the latter's psychotic daughter Miriam, who confesses to her mother's murder, which Gordon uses to terminate Bullock's case by blackmailing Loeb, who announces Gordon as the new candidate. Meanwhile, Mooney finally meets Dulmacher, who provides her with a blue-irised eye and allows her to prove herself in order to become his right hand woman. She surrenders some of the prisoners, including Kelly. She discovers that the facility is situated on a snowy island. Selina visits Bruce and offers her help in his investigation, which he refuses. Nygma learns that Kringle has a new boyfriend in the GCPD.

19
19
"Beasts of Prey"
Eagle Egilsson
Ken Woodruff
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
4X6669
4.50[33]

Despite Gordon's warning, Bruce goes after Payne with Selina's help. Payne confesses that he was hired by the Board. Selina pushes Payne out a window after Bruce hesitates to do so, presumably killing him. Gordon and Bullock investigate an unsolved murder case. Upon Nygma discovering a painting of a broken heart as the key evidence, Bullock realizes that the serial killer called "the Ogre" is responsible. Harvey then states that everyone who tried to investigate the Ogre lost their loved ones. It is revealed that the Ogre keeps his victims prisoner for some time, until he realizes she is not a fit for his desire, so he kills her. Meanwhile, Oswald manages to convince a bar owner to do business, but his real intention is to kill Maroni in the bar. Mooney succeeds in escaping with Kelly and some other inmates by luring another group to a fatal deadend. She is shot during the takeoff by the "Catcher", the chief guard. It is revealed that Loeb had the case given to Gordon, but the latter decides to continue the investigation, knowing the threat upon Lee. Gordon promises Loeb that he will face justice too.

20
20
"Under the Knife"
TJ Scott
John Stephens
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
4X6670
4.44[34]

Lee refuses to leave town, staying at the GCPD. The "Ogre" calls Gordon and makes his typical threat. Following the incident with Payne, Bruce and Selina attend Wayne Enterprises' Charity Ball with Barbara, where Selina copies keys from Sid Banderslaw, one of the executives who hired Payne. Cobblepot allies himself with Irish hitmen in hopes of killing Maroni, who visits the club and reveals to the former's mother that her son is a psychopathic killer. Nygma tries to protect Kringle from her abusive boyfriend Tom Dougherty, but goes too far when he stabs him to death and has a psychotic breakdown. Investigating the Ogre's first victim, Gordon, Bullock, and Essen identify the killer as Jason Skolimski, who illicitly inherited the fortune of a woman, whose butler is his father, who covered up the murder. Gordon learns that Jason saw him with Barbara at a charity event some time prior, meaning she is the target. Jason approaches Barbara at the Ball and takes her to his home, witnessed by Selina.

21
21
"The Anvil or the Hammer"
Paul Edwards
Jordan Harper
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
4X6671
4.58[35]

Jason holds Barbara captive and forces her at knifepoint to choose his next victim. Nygma disposes of Dougherty's body and forges a letter from him saying a cold goodbye to Kringle. Bruce sneaks into Bunderslaw's office to open his safe, but Bunderslaw was expecting Bruce and has emptied it. He claims that Thomas knew of Wayne Enterprises' illegal activities but kept quiet. Junior executive Lucius Fox tells Bruce that Thomas did not approve of the company's crimes. Bruce confesses his and Selina's adventures, including Payne's death, to Alfred. Cobblepot sends the hitmen to attack Maroni, but is revealed to have set up the plan to frame Falcone and start a war between the two mob bosses. Gordon and Bullock locate Jason's apartment, but he and Barbara have already left for her parents' mansion. There, they find her parents dead, and Gordon kills Jason after a standoff. Later, Gordon reassures Lee that he no longer loves Barbara. Maroni begins attacking Falcone's men, and Essen calls all GCPD officers to remain on duty during the upcoming gang war.

22
22
"All Happy Families Are Alike"
Danny Cannon
Bruno Heller
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
4X6672
4.93[36]

The mob war between Falcone and Maroni escalates. Cobblepot attempts to kill Falcone himself and take his place, but Gordon intervenes. As Maroni's men approach, Gordon and Bullock bring Falcone, Cobblepot, and Butch to a safe house, but Mooney's new gang, including Selina, take them captive. Maroni arrives, but Cobblepot manipulates him and Mooney into a dispute over mob leadership. Mooney abruptly kills Maroni. Gordon, Bullock, and Falcone escape in the ensuing chaos. While Butch struggles on whom to be loyal to, Cobblepot fights and throws Mooney off the roof into the water, calling himself Gotham's new crime lord. Barbara undergoes trauma counseling with Lee; she reveals she killed her parents and attacks Lee, who neutralizes her. Kringle begins suspecting Nygma's involvement in Dougherty's disappearance; and he is revealed to have a second personality. Falcone retires from the mob, urging Gordon to continue fighting crime. Believing his father led a secret life and remembering a subtle clue from Fox, Bruce discovers a hidden stairwell behind the fireplace.

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Rise of the Villains [37]

23
1
"Damned If You Do..."
Danny Cannon
Bruno Heller
September 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)
4X6201
4.57[40]

Having resigned, Bullock is working as a bartender while Gordon is demoted to an officer and eventually fired by Commissioner Loeb. Gordon works with Cobblepot, now a crime boss having employed Zsasz and Selina, to force Loeb to reinstate Gordon as a detective, resign and give his position to Essen in exchange for Gordon collecting a debt from a mobster and regretfully killing him to protect himself. Meanwhile, several inmates of Arkham Asylum including Barbara Kean, Aaron Helzinger, Jerome Valeska, Arnold Dobkins, Richard Sionis and Robert Greenwood are broken out by Theo Galavan and his sister/enforcer, Tabitha[38][39]. All but Sionis agree to join forces with Theo; Sionis is killed for his refusal. Bruce and Alfred discover a secret office at the end of the staircase, with a letter from Thomas, urging Bruce to choose between happiness and the truth.

24
2
"Knock, Knock"
Rob Bailey
Ken Woodruff
September 28, 2015 (2015-09-28)
4X6202
4.65[41]

Theo kidnaps Mayor James while his group of "Maniax", excluding Barbara, begin a killing spree for the sake of publicity. Gordon fails to persuade Bullock to return. Dobkins is arrested before being killed by Tabitha using a sniper rifle. While Barbara lures Gordon out of GCPD, the Maniax attack and kill several police officers; Nygma is wounded saving Kringle. Helzinger beats up Gordon until he is stopped by Barbara. Jerome kills Greenwood and fatally wounds Essen. Following this, Bullock rejoins the force to stop the Maniax. Meanwhile, Alfred destroys the computer in the secret room, intending to protect Bruce, who gets angry and fires him. Alfred later agrees to return with the condition of training Bruce how to fight. Bruce has Fox begin fixing the computer.

25
3
"The Last Laugh"
Eagle Egilsson
John Stephens
October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)
4X6203
4.33[42]

Gordon and Bullock start searching for Jerome, but discover Paul Cicero, Jerome's father, already murdered, Theo tells Barbara, who has a romantic relationship with Tabitha, that his family built Gotham and he is seeking revenge on those who tarnished his family name. He attends a charity event that Alfred, Bruce and Lee also do. Alfred develops feelings toward Lee. Jerome and Barbara impose as magicians and take the guests hostage. Bruce and Selina manage to escape; but he returns to save Alfred. Gordon fails to persuade the officers for a rescue operation, entering the building alone. The situation turns out to be an elaborate ruse wherein Theo kills Jerome and is perceived to be a hero. Alfred learns about Gordon and Lee. Tabitha learns that Barbara is involved with Theo. Bullock threatens Cobblepot not to ask Gordon for anymore "favors". Several Gotham citizens see Jerome's actions on television and begin having mental breakdowns.

26
4
"Strike Force"
TJ Scott
Danny Cannon
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
4X6204
4.17[43]

Nathaniel Barnes, a new captain of the GCPD, arrives to clean up department and end corruption. With Gordon's assistance, they recruit several aspiring police graduates from the Academy in order to form a Strike Force team called Unit Alpha to accomplish the goal. Theo kidnaps Kapelput and blackmails Cobblepot into murdering all of the other candidates so that the former can run for mayor unopposed. When Selina begins looking for Bruce at his prep school, Alfred punches her for Payne and demands her to stay away from Bruce. Shortly afterwards, Bruce meets with Theo to thank him for saving his life during the charity event and meets his niece, Silver St. Cloud, who is also attending the school. Nygma begins dating Kringle. As Cobblepot begins to have Butch quietly search for Kapelput, Gordon confronts him for attacking the candidates. Cobblepot threatens to reveal Gordon's affiliations to Barnes, who directs Unit Alpha to target Cobblepot.

27
5
"Scarification"
Bill Eagles
Jordan Harper
October 19, 2015 (2015-10-19)
4X6205
4.19[44]

Theo has Bunderslaw kidnapped; and Tabitha removes one of his eyes. Unit Alpha busts one of Cobblepot's money laundering facilities. Theo asks Gordon to endorse his campaign, which he declines. Tabitha tasks Cobblepot to burn buildings owned by Wayne Enterprises; and he lures her into believing that he has become paranoid with his henchmen's loyalties. He hires the Pyke arsonist family, giving them Bunderslaw's eye, which they use to steal an old knife. Cobblepot learns from an antiquist that 200 years prior, the Waynes destroyed the Dumas, beginning with cutting one's hand off by the knife. The Dumas' remnants changed their family name to Galavan. Cobblepot deduces that the Galavans want revenge upon the Waynes and tasks Butch to infiltrate the Galavans using Cobblepot's paranoia and free Kapelput, cutting off Butch's hand to support the deceit. Unit Alpha ambushes Bridgit Pyke, who fatally burns an officer. She escapes with Selina. Gordon decides to endorse Theo, who is revealed to be affiliated with a monk named Creel.

28
6
"By Fire"
TJ Scott
Rebecca Perry Cutter
October 26, 2015 (2015-10-26)
4X6206
4.32[45]

Barnes scolds Gordon for using extreme interrogation. Bridgit is abducted and further abused by her brothers after attempting to leave Gotham. She kills them and begins killing other criminals. After a visit to Selina's hideout, Gordon and Bullock find the Pike brothers dead. As Bruce and Silver begin developing feelings, Theo promises him to help clean up the corruption at Wayne Enterprises. Butch discovers Kapelput's location before being discovered by Theo. The former escapes and tells Cobblepot, who begins rallying a rescue team. Bridgit is incapacitated in a struggle with the GCPD strike force, publicly announced to be dead much to the dismay of Selina, who tells Gordon about Cobblepot's involvement. Nygma tells Kringle about Dougherty before accidentally killing her when she attempts to escape him. Bridgit is revealed to be alive with her suit had melted onto her, rendering her fireproof. She is taken to Indian Hill, an underground division of Wayne Enterprises where illicit experiments are performed.

29
7
"Mommy's Little Monster"
Kenneth Fink
Robert Hull
November 2, 2015 (2015-11-02)
4X6207
4.27[46]

Butch leads Cobblepot to Gertrud's location, where Theo and Tabitha are waiting. The former is revealed to have been freed of his brainwash, betraying Cobblepot. Tabitha kills Gertrud before Cobblepot manages to escape, vowing to get revenge. Theo, now elected mayor, convinces the GCPD that Cobblepot assaulted him and has Dent obtain a warrant for Cobblepot's arrest. Gordon begins suspecting Theo and tracks down Butch, who reveals Theo's actions. Theo attends his victory celebration at which the GCPD are secretly stationed, ready to capture Cobblepot if he arrives. Cobblepot shows up with his henchmen, but is quickly ambushed by Gordon and narrowly escapes. Gordon promises Theo to expose his corruption. Tabitha murders a Unit Alpha member to escape. Following Kringle's death, Nygma's split personality convinces him that he enjoys getting away with murder. Both of Nygma's personalities then merge. Silver is revealed to be involved in Theo's plans and assigned to seduce Bruce. She succeeds while causing a friction between him and Selina.

30
8
"Tonight's the Night"
Jeffrey Hunt
Jim Barnes
November 9, 2015 (2015-11-09)
4X6208
4.11[47]

Due to Gordon's investigation, Theo accelerates his plans, offering Bruce the identity of his parents' murderer in exchange for buying his voting shares in Wayne Enterprises. Barnes recruits more officers into the Strike Force. In order to keep Gordon distracted from Bruce, Barbara surrenders to GCPD and offers information against Theo. While en route to an unknown location on her instructions, they are ambushed by Theo's operatives. Gordon wakes up in the church where he and Barbara were planning to marry. She brings an abducted Lee for execution. Bullock deduces the location. While the Strike Force engages Tabitha's crew and rescues Lee, Gordon briefly fights Barbara, leading to her severe injuries after due to a fall. Following information provided by Barbara, GCPD rescues James. Bruce declines Theo's proposition just as Gordon arrives and arrests Theo, who destroys the evidence on the Waynes' killer. While trying to bury Kringle and another victim, Nygma discovers an injured and exhausted Penguin, who asks Nygma for help.

31
9
"A Bitter Pill to Swallow"
Louis Shaw Milito
Megan Mostyn-Brown
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
4X6209
4.35[48]

Seeking revenge for Barbara's injuries, Tabitha hires an assassins agency against Gordon. Bruce tries to get information about his parents' killer from Silver, but is stopped by Alfred, who demands her to stay away from the former, whom he warns not to pursue the case without Gordon. When Bruce tries to sneak out, he is stopped by Selina, who claims she has evidence for Silver's malevolence. Gordon and Barnes investigate Theo's penthouse for evidence. The assassins arrive; Gordon and Barnes manage to overpower them, but Barnes is severely injured. Barnes tells Gordon about a teenage prisoner he killed while serving as a marine, assuring him that they are not evil since they are enforcing the law. Police backup is eliminated by another assassin named Eduardo Flamingo. After coming close to killing him, Gordon arrests Flamingo, but, before being placed in his cell, Flamingo kills another officer. Meanwhile, Nygma persuades Cobblepot to move on from Gertrud's death and kill one of Theo's kidnapped henchmen in celebration. Tabitha visits Theo, who warns her not to interfere with his plans. Creel's fellow monks arrive in Gotham.

32
10
"The Son of Gotham"
Rob Bailey
John Stephens
November 23, 2015 (2015-11-23)
4X6210
4.00[49]

Bruce and Silver are kidnapped by a mercenary named Tom, who manipulates her into seemingly revealing the name of the Waynes' killer, named M. Malone. Tom is revealed to have been hired by Bruce and Selina to extract the truth from Silver, who later claims that she lied. Bruce later admits feelings to Selina. The monks known as the Order of Saint Dumas begin a killing spree, which Gordon connects to the Galavans. Theo is released after James lies, framing Cobblepot for the kidnapping. Gordon is abducted by Theo, who reveals the history of his family to Gordon, and overpowers him in a duel; but Gordon is rescued by Cobblepot and Gabe. Alfred grows suspicious of Bruce's whereabouts and searches Theo's residence, where he is wounded in a fight with Tabitha, whom he narrowly escapes from. When Lee notices Kringle's absence, Nygma tells her that Kringle left town with Dougherty. Theo breaks into Wayne Manor and attacks Bruce.

33
11
"Worse Than a Crime"
Jeffrey Hunt
Bruno Heller
November 30, 2015 (2015-11-30)
4X6211
4.51[50]

Gordon wakes up in Nygma's house only to learn from Cobblepot that he is now a fugitive for assaulting Theo. Lucius finishes fixing the computer, but finds no one at the Manor. Gordon and Cobblepot begin making plans to break into Theo's residence, save Bruce and defeat the Order. Lee tells Gordon that she is pregnant. Theo tasks Silver to seduce Bruce again, warning to expel her if she fails. Bruce learns of Silver's mission and decides to lure Theo into believing her success. Gordon, Bullock, Alfred, Selina, Cobblepot and his gang all arrive at Theo's residence just as the Order is about to kill Bruce. As the Order is decimated, Theo, Tabitha, and Silver begin to make their escape. Tabitha and Silver escape but leave Theo behind. Cobblepot convinces Gordon that Theo might never be convicted and the two take Theo to the docks and murder him. Gordon proposes to Lee. Theo's body is taken Indian Hill where Fish Mooney's body also is being kept. Theo's body is assigned to one Professor Strange.

Wrath of the Villains [51]

34
12
"Mr. Freeze"
Nick Copus
Ken Woodruff
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
4X6212
4.12[52]

Several weeks following Theo's death, Gordon is called in for questioning and Cobblepot is arrested. Gordon and Cobblepot lie to the police, stating that Cobblepot murdered Galavan due to insanity and Gordon was not involved. The latter is reinstated into the GCPD, while Cobblepot is sent to Arkham, where he becomes a patient of Strange, the Chief of Psychiatry. Butch takes over Cobblepot's criminal empire and is seduced by Tabitha. Gordon and Bullock begin investigating a kidnapping and murder spree, unaware that a scientist named Victor Fries is the culprit. Victor has been experimenting on freezing and re-animating humans so as to find a cure for his terminally ill wife Nora. When the police target Victor as a suspect, they discover his laboratory while he is away and arrest Nora. After learning of the arrest, Victor attempts to turn himself in before witnessing one of his subjects reanimated and deducing the treatment. Cobblepot learns of the illicit experiments conducted by Strange, who receives news of Victor's activities and begins making plans to recruit him for Indian Hill, where Bridgit is reported to be resisting the procedures.

35
13
"A Dead Man Feels No Cold"
Eagle Egilsson
Seth Boston
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
4X6213
4.54[53]

At Arkham, Strange begins overseeing intensive treatments for Cobblepot's aggressive tendencies. Upon learning that Nora is being sent to the medical wing at Arkham, Victor builds an armoured suit. Strange learns the truth about Theo's death. Victor arrives at the asylum and, with Strange facilitating his activities in exchange for one of his cartridges, manages to escape with Nora. Gordon deduces that Victor will return to his home laboratory in order to freeze Nora and the police surround the building. In the laboratory, Nora blames herself for the murders. Victor freezes her, only to learn that she switched the cartridges when he was not looking, leading to her death. He attempts suicide by freezing himself. Publicly pronounced dead, he wakes up in Indian Hill to discover that he can no longer survive outside of subzero temperatures. He meets Strange, who offers him an alliance as a fellow scientist and a modified suit for outside world. Gordon and Lee's relationship faces a friction. Elsewhere, Bruce researches a lead, believing he has discovered the killer to be Patrick "Matches" Malone. Bruce falsely promises Alfred to let him kill Malone when found, but asks Selina to find him a gun.

36
14
"This Ball of Mud and Meanness"
John Behring
Jordan Harper
March 14, 2016 (2016-03-14)
4X6214
4.01[54]

Bruce receives a gun from Selina and goes on the hunt for Malone with Alfred. To get the information, Alfred is forced to fight in an underground club, landing him in the hospital. After Bruce goes on the hunt himself, Alfred contacts Gordon and Bullock so that they can protect Bruce, who locates Malone, who seemingly confirms he is responsible for the murder of Bruce's parents, refusing to name the employer. He asks Bruce to kill him, but Bruce holds back at the last moment and leaves the gun behind, leading to Malone committing suicide. Later, in the cave, Alfred reads Bruce's letter about him moving to the streets with Selina to learn how to fight crime. Meanwhile, Leslie asks Gordon to investigate Kringle's sudden disappearance. When Nygma is informed, he vows to outsmart Gordon. After running a few more tests on Cobblepot, Strange declares him sane and releases him from Arkham, all the while stating that he still has "deeper plans" for him.

37
15
"Mad Grey Dawn"
Nick Copus
Robert Hull
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
4X6215
3.89[55]

Cobblepot meets and reconciles with Butch, disapproved by Tabitha. After seeing and disappointing Nygma, Cobblepot visits Gertrud's grave, meeting his father Elijah Van Dahl, who had an affair with Gertrud when she served his wealthy family, who forcefully separated the pair. Dahl welcomes Cobblepot into his family, with his wife and her children despising Cobblepot. Nygma begins a series of crimes that involve brain teasers. As Gordon begins solving these crimes, Nygma kills Officer Pinkney, deceiving the GCPD that Gordon killed Pinkney to cover up Theo's murder, to which Pinkney was presumably a witness. An angry Barnes arrests Gordon. After a trial, Gordon is found guilty and sentenced to Blackgate Penitentiary. Bullock vows to prove Gordon's innocence. Selina begins training Bruce as they steal money from Butch's nephew, with Bruce taking a massive beating from the nephew in the process. He later tells her that he believed in his stamina. Barbara wakes from her catatonic state in Arkham.

38
16
"Prisoners"
Scott White
Danny Cannon
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
4X6216
3.82[56]

Gordon begins adjusting to life in prison. Warden Carlson Grey moves Gordon to the General Population, part of his plan to have Gordon killed. The latter is constantly aided by C.O. Wilson Bishop. Gordon is told by Bullock that Lee has lost their baby and left town. Later, he is defended from attackers by convict Peter "Puck" Davies, who is beaten and sent to the infirmary. In an attempt to save Gordon, Bullock meets with Falcone. Gordon's death is successfully staged; and he and Puck escape. Puck dies from his injuries, while Gordon is given a safe house so he can prove his innocence and find Lee. Meanwhile, Oswald reveals his criminal past to Dahl, who forgives him. Dahl learns from his physician that he has little time to live. After several failed attempts to expel Oswald and claim Dahl's fortune, his wife Grace and her children Sasha and Charles poison a drink for Oswald to ingest. However, Dahl drinks from the bottle and dies, after stating to Oswald his intentions of changing his will in favor of him.

39
17
"Into the Woods"
Oz Scott
Rebecca Perry Cutter
April 11, 2016 (2016-04-11)
4X6217
3.71[57]

Gordon continues fleeing the law as he tries to clear his name. When Gordon secretly approaches Nygma for help, he deduces that Nygma framed him and escapes him after being shot. He goes to Selina's, tasking her to give a false report to the GCPD, luring Nygma into relocating Kringle's body. Gordon follows Nygma into the woods, where the latter admits that he framed Gordon as the GCPD eavesdrops on the conversation. They arrest Nygma before he can kill Gordon. Nygma is placed in Arkham. Barnes offers Gordon his job back, but Gordon decides to find Malone's employer first, with Barnes giving him Lee's phone number and workplace. Strange has Barbara released in spite of her incomplete treatment, intending to watch her activities. She visits Gordon. After Alfred tells him of Lucius having fixed the computer, Bruce decides to stay at the manor and push Selina away for her safety. Following Dahl's funeral, Cobblepot is bullied by Grace and her children. However, when he discovers evidence that they killed Dahl, his former self returns and he kills the trio.

40
18
"Pinewood"
John Stephens
Robert Hull & Megan Mostyn-Brown
April 18, 2016 (2016-04-18)
4X6218
3.72[58]

Bruce, Lucius, and Alfred search through the secret files on Thomas's computer with the goal of finding a clue to his and Martha's murder. Claiming to be cured of her condition, Barbara tries to reconcile with Gordon, but to no avail. With her unorthodox assistance, Gordon discovers that the person who contracted Malone to kill the Waynes is known as "the Philosopher." Bruce and Alfred track a lead from Thomas's computer and find Karen Jennings, a former Blackgate inmate on whom experiments were performed at Pinewood Farms, a Wayne Enterprises facility, by the Philosopher. She offers to identify the Philosopher, but Fries is sent to kill her. Following Jennings' death, Lucius does further research and discovers that Strange is the Philosopher. After many failed attempts, Strange finally succeeds in resurrecting someone from the dead: Theo. Barbara returns to Tabitha.

41
19
"Azrael"
Larysa Kondracki
Jim Barnes & Ken Woodruff
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)
4X6219
3.59[59]

Gordon questions Strange about his activities, which later makes Strange send a brainwashed Theo, now under the name Azrael, to take out Gordon. Nygma overhears Strange and Peabody complaining about Gordon's interference, offering help in defeatin Gordon, but Strange refuses. Bruce is told by Bullock and Gordon that there is not enough evidence to arrest Strange. Azrael gets some memories back after looking at posters from Galavan's election. Barnes puts Gordon in holding to protect him before the lights flicker and Azrael shows up, killing a few officers and making an unsuccessful attempt on Gordon's life. Barnes and Gordon flee to the roof, where Barnes fights Azrael with a pipe, breaks his supposedly legendary sword, and rips off his mask, revealing Azrael's identity to the public. In the end, Barnes is sent to the hospital and Gordon heads home, watched by Azrael from a distance. Nygma uses some inmates under his influence to infiltrate Strange's secret ward.

42
20
"Unleashed"
Paul Edwards
Danny Cannon
May 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)
4X6220
3.67[60]

Together with Bullock and a crew of police officers, Gordon arrives at Arkham with a warrant to inspect Strange's office. Strange is one step ahead, having shredded all of his documents. Nygma, in the meantime, is disturbed by what he saw at Indian Hill and determines to escape. Bullock becomes the acting captain. Bruce decides to go off with Selina to find a way into Arkham. She accepts in order to rescue Bridgit, but insists she go in on her own. Gordon and Bullock arrive at Butch's mansion to talk with Tabitha, who states the sword Azrael used was fake and that the real one is located in her grandfather's tomb, where they arrive and acquire it. Azrael arrives, injuring Tabitha and escaping with the sword. Selina encounters Nygma, who gives her instructions to enter Indian Hill in exchange for the way out. Gordon warns Alfred about Azrael just as Bruce returns to Wayne Manor. Gordon arrives and shoots Azrael multiple times, but he remains undefeated until Cobblepot and Butch arrive and kill Azrael with an RPG. Nygma is captured while Selina is attacked by Bridget, who has no memories of her past and calls herself "Firefly".

43
21
"A Legion of Horribles"
Rob Bailey
Jordan Harper
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)
4X6221
3.84[61]

Seeing Firefly's defeat improbable, Selina convinces her to accept her as a "servant". Bruce learns of her capture. As Strange's unknown female employer pushes him for results, his project continues; and he successfully resurrects Fish, the first subject to retain full mental function. Bruce believes that there is a secret room in Arkham where Strange is experimenting on the dead and that the only way to be certain is if they head in themselves. Bruce, Gordon, and Fox visit Arkham to execute their plan, but their motives are revealed and all three are captured. Fish learns that she can control the mind of the person she touches. Bruce and Fox are put in a chamber and interrogated by Nygma on Strange's behalf while Gordon is taken into another room with Strange and introduced to Basil, a patient whose skin stretches more than humanly possible. As Bullock leads a Strike Force team to Arkham, Strange places Gordon in a machine and replicates his visage onto Basil's face.

44
22
"Transference"
Eagle Egilsson
Bruno Heller
May 23, 2016 (2016-05-23)
4X6222
3.62[62]

Disguised as Gordon, Basil pulls the GCPD off of Arkham; however, Barbara later exposes Basil as an impostor. Strange prepares to detonate a bomb beneath Arkham and tells Peabody to transfer the patients to another facility. Mooney gains control of Peabody, but Strange starts the bomb's countdown anyway. With Nygma's help, Gordon and Lucius stop the bomb. Mooney escapes in a bus with the other enhanced inmates, and encounters a shocked Penguin on the street; she knocks him out, prompting Butch and his gang to flee. Strange is arrested, Gordon leaves to find Lee, entrusting Gotham to Bullock. Bruce tells Alfred of his plans to find the secret council that wants him dead. A homeless woman opens the abandoned bus, unwittingly releasing the inmates upon Gotham; among them is a boy identical to Bruce.

text: Season 3 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

Mad City [63][64]

45
1
"Better to Reign in Hell..."
Danny Cannon
John Stephens
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
T13.19901
3.90[65]

46
2
"Burn the Witch"
Danny Cannon
Ken Woodruff
September 26, 2016 (2016-09-26)
T13.19902
3.54[66]

47
3
"Look into My Eyes"
Rob Bailey
Danny Cannon
October 3, 2016 (2016-10-03)
T13.19903
3.19[67]

48
4
"New Day Rising"
Eagle Egilsson
Robert Hull
October 10, 2016 (2016-10-10)
T13.19904
3.42[68]

49
5
"Anything for You"
TJ Scott
Denise Thé
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
T13.19905
3.32[69]

50
6
"Follow the White Rabbit"
Nathan Hope
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
October 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)
T13.19906
3.48[70]

51
7
"Red Queen"
Scott White
Megan Mostyn-Brown
October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)
T13.19907
3.16[71]

52
8
"Blood Rush"
Rob Bailey
Tze Chun
November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)
T13.19908
3.52[72]

53
9
"The Executioner"
John Behring
Ken Woodruff
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14)
T13.19909
3.63[73]

54
10
"Time Bomb"
Hanelle M. Culpepper
Robert Hull
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
T13.19910
3.44[74]

55
11
"Beware the Green-Eyed Monster"
Danny Cannon
John Stephens
November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)
T13.19911
3.37[75]

56
12
"Ghosts"
Eagle Egilsson
Danny Cannon
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
T13.19912
3.69[76]

57
13
"Smile Like You Mean It"
Olatunde Osunsanmi
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
T13.19913
3.60[77]

58
14
"The Gentle Art of Making Enemies"
Louis Shaw Milito
Seth Boston
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
T13.19914
3.46[78]

Heroes Rise [79]

59
15
"How the Riddler Got His Name"
TJ Scott
Megan Mostyn-Brown
April 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)
T13.19915
2.99[80]

60
16
"These Delicate and Dark Obsessions"
Ben McKenzie
Robert Hull
May 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)
T13.19916
3.02[81]

61
17
"The Primal Riddle"
Maja Vrvilo
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
May 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)
T13.19917
3.03[82]

62
18
"Light the Wick"
Mark Tonderai
Tze Chun
May 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)
T13.19918
2.98[83]

63
19
"All Will Be Judged"
John Behring
Ken Woodruff
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)
T13.19919
2.92[84]

64
20
"Pretty Hate Machine"
Danny Cannon
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
T13.19920
3.03[85]

65
21
"Destiny Calling"
Nathan Hope
Danny Cannon
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
T13.19921
3.17[86]

66
22
"Heavydirtysoul"
Rob Bailey
Robert Hull
June 5, 2017 (2017-06-05)
T13.19922
3.03[86]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

A Dark Knight [87]

67
1
"Pax Penguina"
Danny Cannon
John Stephens
September 21, 2017 (2017-09-21)
T40.10001
3.21[88]

68
2
"The Fear Reaper"
Louis Shaw Milito
Danny Cannon
September 28, 2017 (2017-09-28)
T40.10002
2.87[89]

69
3
"They Who Hide Behind Masks"
Mark Tonderai
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
T40.10003
2.92[90]

70
4
"The Demon's Head"
Kenneth Fink
Ben McKenzie
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
T40.10004
2.75[91]

71
5
"The Blade's Path"
Scott White
Tze Chun
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
T40.10005
2.75[92]

72
6
"Hog Day Afternoon"
Mark Tonderai
Kim Newton
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
T40.10006
2.87[93]

73
7
"A Day in the Narrows"
John Behring
Peter Blake
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
T40.10007
2.75[94]

74
8
"Stop Hitting Yourself"
Rob Bailey
Charlie Huston
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
T40.10008
2.70[95]

75
9
"Let Them Eat Pie"
Nathan Hope
Iturri Sosa
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
T40.10009
2.62[96]

76
10
"Things That Go Boom"
Louis Shaw Milito
Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
T40.10010
2.59[97]

77
11
"Queen Takes Knight"
Danny Cannon
John Stephens
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
T40.10011
2.53[98]

78
12
"Pieces of a Broken Mirror"[99]
TBA
TBA
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
TBA
TBD

79
13
"A Beautiful Darkness"[100]
TBA
TBA
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
TBA
TBD

80
14
"Reunion"[101]
TBA
TBA
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
TBA
TBD

81
15
"The Sinking Ship The Grand Applause"[102]
TBA
TBA
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)
TBA
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
September 22, 2014
3.2/10
8.21[6]
2.7
5.84
6.0
14.15[103]

2
"Selina Kyle"
September 29, 2014
2.8/8
7.45[10]
1.9
4.33
4.7
11.81[104]

3
"The Balloonman"
October 6, 2014
2.5/8
6.36[11]
2.0
4.52
4.5
10.88[105]

4
"Arkham"
October 13, 2014
2.4/7
6.39[12]
1.7
3.95
4.5
10.34[106]

5
"Viper"
October 20, 2014
2.3/7
6.09[13]
1.7
4.33
4.0
10.12[107]

6
"Spirit of the Goat"
October 27, 2014
2.2/7
5.89[14]
1.5
3.78
3.7
9.66[108]

7
"Penguin's Umbrella"
November 3, 2014
2.4/7
6.63[15]
1.7
3.83
4.1
10.47[109]

8
"The Mask"
November 10, 2014
2.2/7
6.35[16]
1.6
3.68
3.8
10.03[110]

9
"Harvey Dent"
November 17, 2014
2.3/6
6.49[17]
1.7
3.77
4.0
10.26[111]

10
"Lovecraft"
November 24, 2014
2.3/7
6.05[22]
1.5
3.56
3.8
9.61[112]

11
"Rogues' Gallery"
January 5, 2015
2.5/8
7.06[25]
1.3
3.04
3.8
10.10[113]

12
"What the Little Bird Told Him"
January 19, 2015
2.2/7
6.50[26]
1.6
3.49
3.8
9.99[114]

13
"Welcome Back, Jim Gordon"
January 26, 2015
2.1/6
6.04[27]
1.3
3.03
3.4
9.07[115]

14
"The Fearsome Dr. Crane"
February 2, 2015
1.9/6
5.79[28]
1.3
2.80
3.2
8.59[116]

15
"The Scarecrow"
February 9, 2015
1.8/6
5.63[29]
1.2
2.76
3.0
8.39[117]

16
"The Blind Fortune Teller"
February 16, 2015
2.1/6
6.19[30]
1.3
3.06
3.4
9.25[118]

17
"Red Hood"
February 23, 2015
2.3/7
6.53[31]
1.3
3.20
3.6
9.73[119]

18
"Everyone Has a Cobblepot"
March 2, 2015
2.0/6
6.10[32]
1.4
3.11
3.4
9.21[120]

19
"Beasts of Prey"
April 13, 2015
1.5/5
4.50[33]
1.1
2.63
2.6
7.13[121]

20
"Under the Knife"
April 20, 2015
1.6/5
4.44[34]
1.1
2.85
2.7
7.28[122]

21
"The Anvil or the Hammer"
April 27, 2015
1.5/5
4.58[35]
1.1
2.65
2.6
7.23[123]

22
"All Happy Families Are Alike"
May 4, 2015
1.7/6
4.93[36]
1.1
2.64
2.8
7.57[124]

text: Season 2 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Damned If You Do..."
September 21, 2015
1.6/5
4.57[40]
1.2
2.92
2.8
7.49[125]

2
"Knock, Knock"
September 28, 2015
1.6/5
4.65[41]
1.3
2.90
2.9
7.54[126]

3
"The Last Laugh"
October 5, 2015
1.5/5
4.33[42]
1.2
2.78
2.7
7.11[127]

4
"Strike Force"
October 12, 2015
1.5/5
4.17[43]
1.3
2.64
2.8
6.81[128]

5
"Scarification"
October 19, 2015
1.3/4
4.19[44]
1.1
2.43
2.4
6.62[129]

6
"By Fire"
October 26, 2015
1.5/5
4.32[45]
1.1
2.43
2.6
6.76[130]

7
"Mommy's Little Monster"
November 2, 2015
1.6/5
4.27[46]
1.1
2.77
2.7
7.04[131]

8
"Tonight's the Night"
November 9, 2015
1.5/4
4.11[47]
1.2
2.70
2.7
6.81[132]

9
"A Bitter Pill to Swallow"
November 16, 2015
1.5/5
4.35[48]
1.1
2.46
2.6
6.79[133]

10
"The Son of Gotham"
November 23, 2015
1.4/4
4.00[49]
1.0
2.49
2.4
6.49[134]

11
"Worse Than a Crime"
November 30, 2015
1.6/5
4.51[50]
1.0
2.42
2.6
6.93[135]

12
"Mr. Freeze"
February 29, 2016
1.5/5
4.12[52]
1.0
2.44
2.5
6.57[136]

13
"A Dead Man Feels No Cold"
March 7, 2016
1.5/5
4.54[53]
1.0
2.23
2.5
6.77[137]

14
"This Ball of Mud and Meanness"
March 14, 2016
1.3/4
4.01[54]
1.0
2.31
2.3
6.32[138]

15
"Mad Grey Dawn"
March 21, 2016
1.3/4
3.89[55]
0.8
2.09
2.1
5.98[139]

16
"Prisoners"
March 28, 2016
1.3/5
3.82[56]
0.8
1.92
2.1
5.72[140]

17
"Into the Woods"
April 11, 2016
1.2/4
3.71[57]
0.9
2.07
2.1
5.78[141]

18
"Pinewood"
April 18, 2016
1.2/4
3.72[58]
0.9
2.16
2.1
5.88[142]

19
"Azrael"
May 2, 2016
1.2/4
3.59[59]
0.9
2.18
2.1
5.77[143]

20
"Unleashed"
May 9, 2016
1.2/4
3.67[60]
0.9
1.93
2.1
5.61[144]

21
"A Legion of Horribles"
May 16, 2016
1.3/4
3.84[61]
0.8
1.88
2.1
5.72[145]

22
"Transference"
May 23, 2016
1.2/4
3.62[62]
0.8
1.94
2.0
5.55[146]


document_title: List of oldest dogs

question_text: who's the oldest dog that ever lived

question_tokens: who 's the oldest dog that ever lived

root

text: List of oldest dogs

text: Oldest verified dogs by age[edit]

text: The following dogs' ages were authenticated via Guinness World Records. A document is required by Guinness, such as a birth certificate, to prove his or her age.[citation needed]

tag: p

text:
Rank
Name
Birth date
Death date
Age
Breed
Country of death

1
Bluey[1][2]
1910-06-077 June 1910
1939-11-1414 November 1939
7004107520000000000♠29 years, 160 days
Australian Cattle Dog[a]
Australia

2
Butch[5]
1975-00-001975
2003-00-002003
≥7004102270000000000♠28 years, 0 days
Beagle
United States

3
Taffy[2]
1975-09-01–
2003-03-31–
27 years, 317 days
Welsh Collie
United Kingdom

4
Bramble[5]
1975-09-011 September 1975
2003-03-3131 March 2003
7004100730000000000♠27 years, 211 days
Border Collie
United Kingdom

5
Adjutant[5]
1936-08-1414 August 1936
1963-11-2020 November 1963
7003995900000000000♠27 years, 98 days
Labrador Retriever cross
United Kingdom

6
Buksi[6][7]
1990-01-011990
2017-08-2626 August 2017
27 years
Mutt
Hungary

7
Pusuke[5]
1985-04-011 April 1985
2011-12-055 December 2011
7003974400000000000♠26 years, 248 days
Shiba Inu mix
Japan

8
Sugar[5]
1952-08-1818 August 1952
1977-08-1313 August 1977
7003912600000000000♠24 years, 360 days
N/A[clarification needed]
United States

9
Piccolo[5]
1987-10-011 October 1987
2010-12-2626 December 2010
7003848700000000000♠23 years, 86 days
Mutt
Italy

10
Chanel[5][8]
1988-05-066 May 1988
2009-08-2828 August 2009
7003778400000000000♠21 years, 114 days
Dachshund
United States

11
Otto[5][8]
1989-02-1414 February 1989
2010-01-1414 January 2010
7003763900000000000♠20 years, 334 days
Dachshund-Terrier cross
United Kingdom

12
Seamus[5]
1993-07-2424 July 1993
2013-05-1518 May 2014
7003760300000000000♠20 years, 298 days
Toy Poodle
United States

13
Sotirakis[5]
1993-04-1111 April 1993
2014-01-1616 January 2014
7003758500000000000♠20 years, 280 days
Stray
Greece

14
Megabyte[5]
1993-04-1111 April 1993
2014-01-011 January 2014
7003757000000000000♠20 years, 265 days
Chihuahua
United States

15
Winston Rha[5]
1992-12-1212 December 1992
2013-05-1515 May 2013
7003745900000000000♠20 years, 154 days
Schnoodle
United States

16
Willie[5]
1994-05-2121 May 1994
2014-09-044 September 2014
7003741100000000000♠20 years, 106 days
Jack Russell Terrier
United Kingdom

17
Scolly[5]
1992-06-1515 June 1993
2013-05-1518 July 2013
7003733800000000000♠20 years, 33 days
Dachshund
Mexico

tag: table

text: Jake, a Rat Terrier owned by Ronald W. Johnson, Jr. of Davenport, Iowa, received the Guinness World Record for "oldest dog living" on July 21, 2015. Jake was born July 21, 1994 and became the "oldest dog living" by Guinness standards on his 21st birthday.[9] Jake died on July 27, 2015.

tag: ul


document_title: Anatomical terms of location

question_text: what means in front of when using anatomical directional terms

question_tokens: what means in front of when using anatomical directional terms

text: Anatomical terms of location

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Standardized anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their component organs, even though the meaning of some of the terms often is context-sensitive.[3]

text: The vertebrates and Craniata share a substantial heritage and common structure, so many of the same terms are used to describe location. To avoid ambiguities this terminology is based on the anatomy of each animal in a standard way.

text: For humans, one type of vertebrate, anatomical terms may differ from other forms of vertebrates. For one reason, this is because humans have a different neuraxis and, unlike animals that rest on four limbs, humans are considered when describing anatomy as being in the standard anatomical position. Thus what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side.

text: For invertebrates, standard application of locational terminology often becomes difficult or debatable at best when the differences in morphology are so radical that common concepts are not homologous and do not refer to common concepts. For example, many species are not even bilaterally symmetrical. In these species, terminology depends on their type of symmetry (if any).

text: Standard anatomical position[edit]

text: Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to the main body, positional descriptive terms need to refer to the animal as in its standard anatomical position. All descriptions are with respect to the organism in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures.

text: In humans, this refers to the body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward (thumbs out). While the universal vertebrate terminology used in veterinary medicine would work in human medicine, the human terms are thought to be too well established to be worth changing.

text: Combined terms[edit]

text: Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of the pectoralis major muscle). In radiology, an X-ray image may be said to be "anteroposterior", indicating that the beam of X-rays pass from their source to patient's anterior body wall through the body to exit through posterior body wall.[4]

text: There is no definite limit to the contexts in which terms may be modified to qualify each other in such combinations. Generally the modifier term is truncated and an "o" or an "i" is added in prefixing it to the qualified term. For example, a view of an animal from an aspect at once dorsal and lateral might be called a "dorsolateral" view; and the effect of dorsolateral flattening in an organism such as a krait gives its body a triangular cross section. Again, in describing the morphology of an organ or habitus of an animal such as many of the Platyhelminthes, one might speak of it as "dorsiventrally" flattened as opposed to bilaterally flattened animals such as ocean sunfish.

text: Where desirable three or more terms may be agglutinated or concatenated, as in "anteriodorsolateral". Such terms sometimes used to be hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen. There is however little basis for any strict rule to interfere with choice of convenience in such usage.[5]

text: Planes[edit]

text: Three basic reference planes are used to describe location.

text:
The sagittal plane is a plane parallel to the sagittal suture. All other sagittal planes (referred to as parasagittal planes) are parallel to it. It is also known as a "longitudinal plane".[6] The plane is a Y-Z plane, perpendicular to the ground.
The median plane or midsagittal plane is in the midline of the body, and divides the body into left and right (sinister and dexter) portions. [6] This passes through the head, spinal cord, navel and, in animals, the tail. [6] The median plane can also refer to the midsagittal plane of other structures, such as a digit.
The frontal plane or coronal plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral (back and front, or posterior and anterior) portions. For post-embryonic humans a coronal plane is vertical and a transverse plane is horizontal, but for embryos and quadrupeds a coronal plane is horizontal and a transverse plane is vertical. A longitudinal plane is any plane perpendicular to the transverse plane. The coronal plane and the sagittal plane are examples of longitudinal planes.
A transverse plane, also known as a cross-section, divides the body into cranial and caudal (head and tail) portions.

text:
A transverse (also known as horizontal) plane is an X-Z plane, parallel to the ground, which (in humans) separates the superior from the inferior or, put another way, the head from the feet.
A coronal (also known as frontal) plane is a X-Y plane, perpendicular to the ground, which (in humans) separates the anterior from the posterior, the front from the back, the ventral from the dorsal.

text: Axes[edit]

text:
Defined axes in vertebrate zoology

Axis
Directional term
Directed towards

Anteroposterior
Anterior

Belly in orthograde bipeds (including humans)
Head end in fish

Posterior

Back in orthograde bipeds
Rear/tail end

Rostrocaudal,[a] craniocaudal,[a] cephalocaudal[b]
Rostral, cranial, cephalad

Head end

Caudal

Rear/tail end
Inferior in humans

Dorsoventral
Dorsal
Back, spinal column

Ventral
Belly

Left-right, dextro-sinister,[b] sinistro-dexter[b]
Left (sinister)
Left-hand side

Right (dexter)
Right-hand side

Mediolateral[c]
Medial
Centre

Lateral
Left and right

Proximal/distal
Proximal
Point at which appendage joins the body

Distal
Extremity of appendage

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b Fairly common use.
^ Jump up to: a b c Uncommon use.
Jump up ^ Equivalent to one-half of the left-right axis.

text: To begin with, distinct, polar-opposite ends of the organism are chosen. By definition, each pair of opposite points defines an axis. In a bilaterally symmetrical organism, there are 6 polar opposite points, giving three axes that intersect at right angles –  the x, y, and z axes familiar from three-dimensional geometry.

text: The terms "intermediate", "ipsilateral", "contralateral", "superficial", and "deep", while indicating directions, are relative terms and thus do not properly define fixed anatomical axes. Also, while the "rostrocaudal" and anteroposterior directionality are equivalent in a significant portion of the human body, they are different directions in other parts of the body.

text: Main terminologies[edit]

text: Superior and inferior[edit]

text: In anatomical terminology superior (from Latin, meaning "above") is used to refer to what is above something, and inferior (from Latin, meaning "below") to what is below it. For example, in the anatomical position the most superior part of the human body is the head, and the most inferior is the feet.[8][9] As a second example, in humans the neck is superior to the chest but inferior to the head.

text: Anterior and posterior[edit]

text: Anterior refers to what is in front (from Latin ante, meaning "before") and posterior, what is to the back of the subject (from Latin post, meaning "after").[10] For example, in a dog the nose is anterior to the eyes and the tail is considered the most posterior part; in many fish the gill openings are posterior to the eyes, but anterior to the tail.

text: Medial and lateral[edit]

text: Lateral (from Latin lateralis, meaning "to the side") refers to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". The term medial (from Latin medius, meaning "middle") is used to refer to structures close to the centre of an organism, called the "median plane".[2] For example, in a human, imagine a line down the center of the body from the head though the navel and going between the legs— the medial side of the foot would be the big toe side; the medial side of the knee would be the side adjacent to the other knee. To describe the sides of the knees touching each other would be "right medial" and "left medial".

text: The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives (Latin: dexter; "right", Latin: sinister; "left"). However, as left and right sides are mirror images, using these words is somewhat confusing, as structures are duplicated on both sides. For example, it's very confusing to say the dorsal fin of a dolphin is "right of" the left pectoral fin, but is "left of" the right eye, but much easier and clearer to say "the dorsal fin is medial to the pectoral fins".

text: Derived terms include:

text:
Contralateral (from Latin contra, meaning "against"): on the side opposite to another structure. For example, the right arm and leg are represented by the left, i.e., contralateral side of the forebrain.
Ipsilateral (from Latin ipse, meaning "same"): on the same side as another structure. For example, the left arm is ipsilateral to the left leg.
Bilateral (from Latin bis, meaning "twice"): on both sides of the body. For example, bilateral orchiectomy (removal of testes on both sides of the body's axis) is surgical castration.
Unilateral (from Latin unus, meaning "one"): on one side of the body. For example, unilateral paresis is hemiparesis.

text: Varus and valgus correspond to medial and lateral, respectively, regarding the distal segment's vector relative to the proximal segment's vector.

text: Proximal and distal[edit]

text: The terms proximal (from Latin proximus, meaning "nearest") and distal (from Latin distare, meaning "to stand away from") are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively.[10] Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.

text: These terms are particularly useful when describing appendages such as fins, tentacles, limbs or indeed any structure that extends that can potentially move separately from the main body. Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm.[11]

text: This terminology is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry. Specifically as referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall moiety of a given compound.[12]

text: Central and peripheral[edit]

text: Central and peripheral are terms that are closely related to concepts such as proximal and distal, but they are so widely applicable that in many respects their flexibility makes them hard to define. Loosely speaking, they distinguish near and far, inside and out, or even organs of vital importance such as heart and lungs, from peripheral organs such as fingers, that undoubtedly may be important, but which it may not be life-threatening to dispense with. Examples of the application of the terms are the distinction between central- and peripheral nervous systems, and between peripheral blood vessels and the central circulatory organs, such as the heart and major vessels. The terms also can apply to large and complex molecules such as proteins, where central amino acid residues are protected from antibodies or the like, but peripheral residues are important in docking and other interactions. Other examples include Central and peripheral circadian clocks,[13] and central versus peripheral vision.[14]

text: Superficial and deep[edit]

text: These two terms relate to the distance of a structure from the surface of an animal.

text: Deep (from Old English) refers to something further away from the surface of the organism. For example, the external oblique muscle of the abdomen is deep to the skin. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from Old English rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from Latin profundus, meaning "due to depth").

text: Superficial (from Latin superficies, meaning "surface") refers to something near the outer surface of the organism. For example, in skin the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis.

text: Dorsal and ventral[edit]

text: These two terms, used in anatomy and embryology, refer to back (dorsal) and front or belly (ventral) of an organism.

text: The dorsal (from Latin dorsum, meaning "back") surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about the skull, the dorsal side is the top.[15]

text: The ventral (from Latin venter, meaning "belly") surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism.[15]

text: For example, in a fish the pectoral fins are dorsal to the anal fin, but ventral to the dorsal fin.

text: Cranial and caudal[edit]

text: Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used:

text:
Rostral (from Latin rostrum, meaning "beak, nose"), meaning situated toward the oral or nasal region, or in the case of the brain, toward the tip of the frontal lobe.
Cranial (from Greek κρανίον, meaning "skull") or cephalic (from Greek κεφαλή, meaning "head").[2]
Caudal (from Latin cauda, meaning "tail") is used to describe how close something is to the end of an organism,

text: For example, in the horse, the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head.

text: These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine.[2][16][17] In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral" is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is only occasionally used in human anatomy.[9] This is because the brain is situated at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is situated in the anterior part. Thus the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to a C shape (see image).

text: Other terms and special cases[edit]

text: Anatomical landmarks[edit]

text: The location of anatomical structures can also be described with relation to different anatomical landmarks.

text: Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific spinal vertebra, depending on the section of the vertebral column the structure is at. The position is often abbreviated. For example, structures at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of a thoracic vertebra "T4", at the level of a lumbar vertebra "L3". Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide location.

text: References may also take origin from superficial anatomy, made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. For example, structures may be described relative to the anterior superior iliac spine, the medial malleolus or the medial epicondyle.

text: Anatomical lines, theoretical lines drawn through structures, are also used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the cardiac exam in medicine to feel the apex beat of the heart.

text: Mouth and teeth[edit]

text: Fields such as osteology, palaeontology and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe the mouth and teeth. This is because although teeth may be aligned with their main axes within the jaw, some different relationships require special terminology as well; for example teeth also can be rotated, and in such contexts terms like "anterior" or "lateral" become ambiguous.[18][19] Terms such as "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the mandibular symphysis. Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca, meaning "cheek") and "palatal" (from Latin) referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively.

text: Hands and feet[edit]

text: Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet

text: For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma, meaning "palm of the hand") is usually used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a dog's paw is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot.

text: Volar can also be used to refer to the underside of the palm or sole, which are themselves also sometimes used to describe location as palmar and plantar. For example, volar pads are those on the underside of hands, fingers, feet, and toes.

text: These terms are used to avoid confusion when describing the median surface of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface –  "anterior" can be used to describe the palm of the hand, and "posterior" can be used to describe the back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can pronate and supinate.

text: Similarly, in the forearm, for clarity, the sides are named after the bones. Structures closer to the radius are radial, structures closer to the ulna are ulnar, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as radioulnar. Similarly, in the lower leg, structures near the tibia (shinbone) are tibial and structures near the fibula are fibular (or peroneal).

text: Rotational direction[edit]

text: Most terms of anatomical location are relative to linear motion (translation) along the X- Y- and Z-axes, but there are other degrees of freedom as well, in particular, rotation around any of those three axes.

text: Anteversion and retroversion are complementary anatomical terms of location, describing the degree to which an anatomical structure is rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) or backwards (towards the back of the body) respectively, relative to some datum position. The terms also describe the positioning of surgical implants, such as in arthroplasty.

text:
Anteversion refers to an anatomical structure being tilted further forward than normal, whether pathologically or incidentally. For example, there may be a need to measure the anteversion of the neck of a bone such as a femur.[20] For example, a woman's uterus typically is anteverted, tilted slightly forward. A misaligned pelvis may be anteverted, that is to say tilted forward to some relevant degree.
Retroversion is rotation around the same axis as that of anteversion, but in the opposite sense, that is to say, tilting back. A structure so affected is described as being retroverted. As with anteversion, retroversion is a completely general term and can apply to a backward tilting of such hard structures as bones, soft organs such as uteri, or surgical implants.

text: Other directional terms[edit]

text: Several other terms are also used to describe location. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. Terms include:

text:
Axial (from Latin axis, meaning "axle"): around the central axis of the organism or the extremity. Two related terms, "abaxial" and "adaxial", refer to locations away from and toward the central axis of an organism, respectively
Parietal (from Latin paries, meaning "wall"): pertaining to the wall of a body cavity. For example, the parietal peritoneum is the lining on the inside of the abdominal cavity. Parietal can also refer specifically to the parietal bone of the skull or associated structures.
Posteromedial (from Latin posterus, meaning "coming after", and medius, meaning "middle"): situated towards the middle of the posterior surface.
Terminal (from Latin terminus, meaning "boundary or end") at the extremity of a (usually projecting) structure, as in "...an antenna with a terminal sensory hair".
Visceral and viscus (from Latin viscera, meaning "internal organs"): associated with organs within the body's cavities. For example, the stomach is covered with a lining called the visceral peritoneum as opposed to the parietal pertoneum. Viscus can also be used to mean "organ". For example, the stomach is a viscus within the abdominal cavity.

text: Prefixes, suffixes, and other modifiers[edit]

text: Directional and locational prefixes can modify many anatomical and morphological terms, sometimes in formally standard usage, but often attached arbitrarily according to need or convenience.

text: Prefixes

text:
Sub- (from Latin sub, meaning "preposition beneath, close to, nearly etc") appended as a prefix, with or without the hyphen, qualifies terms in various senses. Consider subcutaneous as meaning beneath the skin, subterminal meaning near to the end of a structure. Sub- also may mean "nearly" or "more-or-less"; for instance subglobular means almost globular. In many usages sub- is similar in application to "hypo-"
Hypo- (from Ancient Greek ὑπό, meaning "under") Like "sub" in various senses as in hypolingual nerve beneath the tongue, or hypodermal fat beneath the skin
Infra- (from Latin infra, meaning "preposition beneath, below etc") Similar to "sub"; a direct opposite to super- and supra-, as in Infratemporal space or infraorbital.
Inter- (from Latin inter, meaning "between"): between two other structures. For example, the navel is intermediate to the left arm and the contralateral (right) leg. The intercostal muscles run between the ribs.
Super- or Supra- (from Latin super, supra, meaning "above, on top of, beyond etc") appended as a prefix, with or without the hyphen, as in superciliary arches or supraorbital

text: Suffixes

text: -ad (from Latin ad', meaning "towards or up to")

text: Commonly when, for example, one anatomical feature is nearer to something than another, one may use an expression such as "nearer the distal end" or "distal to". However, an unambiguous and concise convention is to use the Latin suffix -ad, meaning "towards", or sometimes "to". [10] So for example, "distad" means "in the distal direction", and "distad of the femur" means "beyond the femur in the distal direction". The suffix may be used very widely, as in the following examples: anteriad (towards the anterior), apicad (towards the apex), basad (towards the basal end), caudad, centrad, cephalad (towards the cephalic end), craniad, dextrad, dextrocaudad, dextrocephalad, distad, dorsad, ectad (towards the ectal, or exterior, direction), entad (towards the interior), laterad, mediad, mesad, neurad, orad, posteriad, proximad, rostrad, sinistrad, sinistrocaudad, sinistrocephalad, ventrad.[21]

text: Specific animals and other organisms[edit]

text: The large variety of body shapes present in invertebrates presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms. Depending on the organism, some terms are taken by analogy from vertebrate anatomy, and appropriate novel terms are applied as needed. Some such borrowed terms are widely applicable in most invertebrates; for example proximal, literally meaning "near" refers to the part of an appendage nearest to where it joins the body, and distal, literally meaning "standing away from" is used for the part furthest from the point of attachment. In all cases, the usage of terms is dependent on the body plan of the organism.

text: For example, especially in organisms without distinct heads for reasons of broader applicability, "anterior" is usually preferred.[2][16][17]

text: Humans[edit]

text: As humans are approximately bilaterally symmetrical organisms,[1] anatomical descriptions usually use the same terms as those for vertebrates and other members of the taxonomic group Bilateria. However, for historical and other reasons, standard human directional terminology has several differences from that used for other bilaterally symmetrical organisms.

text: The terms of zootomy and anatomy came into use at a time when all scientific communication took place in Latin. In their original Latin forms the respective meanings of "anterior" and "posterior" are in front of (or before) and behind (or after), those of "dorsal" and "ventral" are toward the spine and toward the belly, and those of "superior" and "inferior" are above and below.

text: Humans, however, have the rare property of having an upright torso. This makes their anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral directions the same, and the inferior/superior directions necessary.[22]

text: Most animals, furthermore, are capable of moving relative to their environment. So while "up" might refer to the direction of a standing human's head, the same term ("up") might be used to refer to the direction of the belly of a supine human. It is also necessary to employ some specific anatomical knowledge in order to apply the terminology unambiguously: For example, while the ears would be superior to (above) the shoulders in a human, this fails when describing the armadillo, where the shoulders are above the ears. Thus, in veterinary terminology, the ears would be cranial to (i.e., "toward the head from") the shoulders in the armadillo, the dog, the kangaroo, or any other terrestrial vertebrate, including the human. Likewise, while the belly is considered anterior to (in front of) the back in humans, this terminology fails for the flounder, the armadillo, and the dog. In veterinary terms, the belly would be ventral ("toward the abdomen") in all vertebrates.

text: While it would be possible to introduce a system of axes that is completely consistent between humans and other vertebrates by having two separate pairs of axes, one used exclusively for the head (e.g., anterior/posterior and inferior/superior) and the other exclusively for the torso (e.g., dorsal/ventral and caudal/rostral, or "toward the tail"/"toward the beak"), doing so would require the renaming of many anatomical structures.

text: Asymmetrical and spherical organisms[edit]

text: In organisms with a changeable shape, such as amoeboid organisms, most directional terms are meaningless, since the shape of the organism is not constant and no distinct axes are fixed. Similarly, in spherically symmetrical organisms, there is nothing to distinguish one line through the centre of the organism from any other. An indefinite number of triads of mutually perpendicular axes could be defined, but any such choice of axes would be useless, as nothing would distinguish a chosen triad from any others. In such organisms, only terms such as superficial and deep, or sometimes proximal and distal, are usefully descriptive.

text: Elongated organisms[edit]

text: In organisms that maintain a constant shape and have one dimension longer than the other, at least two directional terms can be used. The long or longitudinal axis is defined by points at the opposite ends of the organism. Similarly, a perpendicular transverse axis can be defined by points on opposite sides of the organism. There is typically no basis for the definition of a third axis. Usually such organisms are planktonic (free-swimming) protists, and are nearly always viewed on microscope slides, where they appear essentially two-dimensional. In some cases a third axis can be defined, particularly where a non-terminal cytostome or other unique structure is present.[17]

text: Some elongated protists have distinctive ends of the body. In such organisms, the end with a mouth (or equivalent structure, such as the cytostome in Paramecium or Stentor), or the end that usually points in the direction of the organism's locomotion (such as the end with the flagellum in Euglena), is normally designated as the anterior end. The opposite end then becomes the posterior end.[17] Properly, this terminology would apply only to an organism that is always planktonic (not normally attached to a surface), although the term can also be applied to one that is sessile (normally attached to a surface).[23]

text: Organisms that are attached to a substrate, such as sponges, or some animal-like protists also have distinctive ends. The part of the organism attached to the substrate is usually referred to as the basal end (Latin: basis, "support/foundation"), whereas the end furthest from the attachment is referred to as the apical end (Latin: apex, "peak/tip").

text: Radially symmetrical organisms[edit]

text: Radially symmetrical organisms include those in the group Radiata –  primarily jellyfish, sea anemones and corals and the comb jellies.[2][17] Adult echinoderms, such as starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and others are also included, since they are pentaradial, meaning they have five discrete rotational symmetry. Echinoderm larvae are not included, since they are bilaterally symmetrical.[2][17] Radially symmetrical organisms always have one distinctive axis.

text: Cnidarians (jellyfish, sea anemones and corals) have an incomplete digestive system, meaning that one end of the organism has a mouth, and the opposite end has no opening from the gut (coelenteron).[17] For this reason, the end of the organism with the mouth is referred to as the oral end (Latin: os, "mouth"), and the opposite surface is the aboral end (Latin: ab-, prefix meaning "away from").

text: Unlike vertebrates, cnidarians have no other distinctive axes. "Lateral", "dorsal", and "ventral" have no meaning in such organisms, and all can be replaced by the generic term peripheral (Greek: περί, "around"). Medial can be used, but in the case of radiates indicates the central point, rather than a central axis as in vertebrates. Thus, there are multiple possible radial axes and medio-peripheral (half-) axes. However, it is noteworthy that some biradially symmetrical comb jellies do have distinct "tentacular" and "pharyngeal" axes[24] and are thus anatomically equivalent to bilaterally symmetrical animals.

text: As with vertebrates, appendages that move independently of the body (tentacles in cnidarians and comb jellies), have a definite proximodistal axis (Fig. 9).

text:
Figure 10: Aurelia aurita, another species of jellyfish, showing multiple radial and medio-peripheral axes

The sea star Porania pulvillus, aboral and oral surfaces

text: Spiders[edit]

text: Two specialized terms are useful in describing views of arachnid legs and pedipalps. Prolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the anterior end of an arachnid's body. Retrolateral refers to the surface of a leg that is closest to the posterior end of an arachnid's body.[25]

text: Because of the unusual nature and positions of the eyes of the Araneae (spiders), and their importance in taxonomy, evolution and anatomy, special terminology with associated abbreviations has become established in arachnology. Araneae normally have eight eyes in four pairs. All the eyes are on the carapace of the prosoma, and their sizes, shapes and locations are characteristic of various spider families and other taxa. In some taxa not all four pairs of eyes are present, the relevant species having only three, two, or one pair of eyes. Some species (mainly troglobites) have no functional eyes at all.

text: In what is seen as the likeliest ancestral arrangement of the eyes of the Araneae, there are two roughly parallel, horizontal, symmetrical, transverse rows of eyes, each containing two symmetrically placed pairs, respectively called: anterior and posterior lateral eyes (ALE) and (PLE); and anterior and posterior median eyes (AME) and (PME).

text: As a rule it is not difficult to guess which eyes are which in a living or preserved specimen, but sometimes it can be. Apart from the fact that in some species one or more pairs may be missing, sometimes eyes from the posterior and anterior rows may be very close to each other, or even fused. Also, either one row or both might be so grossly curved that some of the notionally anterior eyes actually may lie posterior to some of the eyes in the posterior row. In some species the curve is so gross that the eyes apparently are arranged into two anteroposterior parallel rows of eyes.

text:
Aspects of spider anatomy; This aspect shows the mainly prolateral surface of the anterior femora, plus the typical horizontal eye pattern of the Sparassidae

Typical arrangement of eyes in the Lycosidae, with PME being the largest

In the Salticidae the AME are the largest