document_title: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

question_text: what is the first state of the us

question_tokens: what is the first state of the us

text: List of U.S. states[edit]

text:
State

Date(admitted or ratified)

Formed from

1

 Delaware

December 7, 1787[8](ratified)

Colony of Delaware[b]

2

 Pennsylvania

December 12, 1787[10](ratified)

Proprietary Province of Pennsylvania

3

 New Jersey

December 18, 1787[11](ratified)

Crown Colony of New Jersey

4

 Georgia

January 2, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of Georgia

5

 Connecticut

January 9, 1788[12](ratified)

Crown Colony of Connecticut

6

 Massachusetts

February 6, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay

7

 Maryland

April 28, 1788[8](ratified)

Proprietary Province of Maryland

8

 South Carolina

May 23, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of South Carolina

9

 New Hampshire

June 21, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of New Hampshire

10

 Virginia

June 25, 1788[8](ratified)

Crown Colony and Dominion of Virginia

11

 New York

July 26, 1788[13](ratified)

Crown Colony of New York

12

 North Carolina

November 21, 1789[14](ratified)

Crown Colony of North Carolina

13

 Rhode Island

May 29, 1790[8](ratified)

Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

14

 Vermont

March 4, 1791[15](admitted)

Vermont Republic[c]

15

 Kentucky

June 1, 1792[16](admitted)

Virginia (nine counties in its District of Kentucky[d])

16

 Tennessee

June 1, 1796[18](admitted)

Southwest Territory

17

 Ohio

March 1, 1803[19][e](admitted)

Northwest Territory (part)

18

 Louisiana

April 30, 1812[21](admitted)

Territory of Orleans

19

 Indiana

December 11, 1816(admitted)

Indiana Territory

20

 Mississippi

December 10, 1817[22](admitted)

Mississippi Territory

21

 Illinois

December 3, 1818[23](admitted)

Illinois Territory (part)

22

 Alabama

December 14, 1819[24](admitted)

Alabama Territory

23

 Maine

March 15, 1820[25](admitted)

Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])

24

 Missouri

August 10, 1821[26](admitted)

Missouri Territory (part)

25

 Arkansas

June 15, 1836[27](admitted)

Arkansas Territory

26

 Michigan

January 26, 1837[28](admitted)

Michigan Territory

27

 Florida

March 3, 1845(admitted)

Florida Territory

28

 Texas

December 29, 1845(admitted)

Republic of Texas

29

 Iowa

December 28, 1846(admitted)

Iowa Territory (part)

30

 Wisconsin

May 29, 1848[29](admitted)

Wisconsin Territory (part)

31

 California

September 9, 1850[30](admitted)

unorganized territory (part)

32

 Minnesota

May 11, 1858[31](admitted)

Minnesota Territory (part)

33

 Oregon

February 14, 1859(admitted)

Oregon Territory (part)

34

 Kansas

January 29, 1861[32](admitted)

Kansas Territory (part)

35

 West Virginia

June 20, 1863[33](admitted)

Virginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])

36

 Nevada

October 31, 1864(admitted)

Nevada Territory

37

 Nebraska

March 1, 1867(admitted)

Nebraska Territory

38

 Colorado

August 1, 1876[36](admitted)

Colorado Territory

39[h]

  North Dakota

November 2, 1889[38][i](admitted)

Dakota Territory (part)

40

 South Dakota

November 2, 1889[38][i](admitted)

Dakota Territory (part)

41

 Montana

November 8, 1889[39](admitted)

Montana Territory

42

 Washington

November 11, 1889[40](admitted)

Washington Territory

43

 Idaho

July 3, 1890(admitted)

Idaho Territory

44

 Wyoming

July 10, 1890(admitted)

Wyoming Territory

45

 Utah

January 4, 1896[41](admitted)

Utah Territory

46

 Oklahoma

November 16, 1907[42](admitted)

Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory

47

 New Mexico

January 6, 1912(admitted)

New Mexico Territory

48

 Arizona

February 14, 1912(admitted)

Arizona Territory

49

 Alaska

January 3, 1959(admitted)

Territory of Alaska

50

 Hawaii

August 21, 1959(admitted)

Territory of Hawaii

text: Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]

text:
State

Date

1

 Virginia

December 16, 1777

2

 South Carolina

February 5, 1778

3

 New York

February 6, 1778

4

 Rhode Island

February 9, 1778

5

 Connecticut

February 12, 1778

6

 Georgia

February 26, 1778

7

 New Hampshire

March 4, 1778

8

 Pennsylvania

March 5, 1778

9

 Massachusetts

March 10, 1778

10

 North Carolina

April 5, 1778

11

 New Jersey

November 19, 1778

12

 Delaware

February 1, 1779

13

 Maryland

February 2, 1781


document_title: macOS

question_text: what's the latest version of mac software

question_tokens: what 's the latest version of mac software

root

text: macOS

text: History

text: Development

text: The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD. Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language.

tag: p

text:
Throughout the early 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin projects, but all of them were eventually abandoned.[23] This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system.[24]
This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first code named "Rhapsody" and then officially named Mac OS X.[25][26]

text: Mac OS X

text: Launch of Mac OS X

text: Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers; current versions of macOS retain the major version number "10". Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9. The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral. It is therefore correctly pronounced "ten" in this context.[27][28] However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".[29]

text: The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the classic Mac OS, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance.

text: The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance.[30] With Apple's popularity at a low, the makers of several classic Mac applications such as FrameMaker and PageMaker declined to develop new versions of their software for Mac OS X.[31] Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as 'dog-slow, feature poor' and Aqua as 'unbearably slow and a huge resource hog'.[30][32][33]

text: Following releases

text: Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.[34] Siracusa's review of version 10.3, Panther, noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."[35] Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance.[36]

text: As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OS, with applications being added and removed.[37] Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the iPod music player and music software for the Mac, including iTunes and GarageBand.[38] Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser. With increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It later began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store.

text: Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10.4.[39] In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.[40][41]

text: In 2006, the first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[42]

text: A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.[43] However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.[44]

text: In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs.[45] It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.[46] The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.[47] Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan and macOS High Sierra) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the 'tick-tock model' used by Intel.

text: In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS, at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.[32] This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard.[48] In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple ceased to release separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."[49]

text: OS X

text: In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of the system was shortened from Mac OS X to OS X. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.[50] Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.[51] The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.[52]

text: From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from 2013 onwards.[53] Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features.[54] Apple's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.[55]

text: macOS

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018)

tag: table

text: In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra, the name was changed from OS X to macOS to streamline it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: iOS, watchOS, and tvOS.[56] macOS 10.12 Sierra's main features are the introduction of Siri to macOS, Optimized Storage, improvements to included applications, and greater integration with Apple's iPhone and Apple Watch. The Apple File System (APFS) was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in 2016 as a replacement for HFS+, a highly criticized file system.[57] At the 2017 Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS 10.13 High Sierra.  It uses APFS, rather than HFS+, on solid state drives.[citation needed]

text: Architecture

text: At macOS's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is macOS.[58]

text:
With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other.[59]
Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k-based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple,[60]
and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

text: Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSDs), the default file system is HFS+, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds has criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting user data". He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode.[61][62] Initially, HFS+ was designed for classic Mac OS, which runs on big-endian 68K and PowerPC systems. When Apple switched Macintosh to little-endian Intel processors, it continued to use big-endian byte order on HFS+ file systems. As a result, macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data.[63][64] These concerns are being addressed with the new Apple File System, which is used for file systems on SSDs in macOS High Sierra.

text: The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.[65] More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused.[66] He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge.[67]

text:
The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design:[68]
the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks.[69] Apple provides its own software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode. Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C, C++, Objective-C, and Swift. For the Apple–Intel transition, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines.[70] First and third-party applications can be controlled programatically using the AppleScript framework,[71] retained from the classic Mac OS,[72] or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.[73]

text: Software compatibility

text:
List of macOS versions and the software they run

Operating system

Safari

Mail

QuickTime

iTunes

Messages/iChat

iWork

10.13 "High Sierra"

11.0

11.0

10.4

12.7

11.0

2017

10.12 "Sierra"

10.0

10.11 "El Capitan"

9.3

9.2

2016

10.10 "Yosemite"

9.1.3

8.0

2014

10.9 "Mavericks"

7.3

10.3

12.6.2

2013

10.8 "Mountain Lion"

6.1

?

10.2

12.4.3[74]

'09

10.7 "Lion" [note 1]

10.1

12.2.2[75]

8.0b or 6.0.1

10.6 "Snow Leopard"

5.1.10[76]

4.5[77]

11.4[78]

5.0

10.5 "Leopard"

5.0.6

3.6

7.7

10.6.3[79]

4.0

10.4 "Tiger"

4.1.3

2.1.3

7.6.4

9.2.1[80]

3.0

10.3 "Panther"

1.3.2

1.x

7.5

7.7.1[81]

2.1[82]

'05

10.2 "Jaguar" [note 2]

1.0.3

6.5.3

6.0.5

2.0

Keynote

10.1 "Puma"

N/A

6.3.1

4.7.1

N/A

N/A

10.0 "Cheetah" [note 3]

5.0

2.0.4

text:
Jump up ^ Messages 8.0b Archived April 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. was a beta release that only functioned from February 16 to December 12, 2012. Afterwards, users could either revert to iChat or upgrade to a newer version of OS X (10.8 "Mountain Lion" for US$19.99, or 10.9 "Mavericks" or newer for free) to continue using Messages.

Jump up ^ Keynote 1.0 is the only iLife program that is compatible with Mac OS X 10.2 "Jaguar". Two minor updates, 1.1 and 1.1.1, can be applied to this version.

Jump up ^ iTunes 2.0.4 can only run if Classic is installed. Otherwise, Mac OS X 10.0 can only run iTunes 1.1.1 natively.

tag: ol

text: Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X.[26]

text: The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT/Sun. The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS" prefix.[60] Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface."[83] macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.

text: Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved.[26][84] To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API) was created.[26] Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0, which also did not include the Aqua interface.[85] Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards, announcing Carbon applications would not receive the ability to run at 64-bit.[84][26] A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016, and Photoshop up to CS5.[86][84] Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors.

text: Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software.[87] Third-party projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel.[88][89][90] The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source XQuartz project; earlier versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple, or before that the XDarwin project.[91]

text: Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without code signing, available via an Apple developer account) or through the Mac App Store, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox, restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges.[92][93] Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account.[94][95]

text: Apple produces macOS applications, some of which are included and some sold separately. This includes iWork, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iLife, and the database application FileMaker. Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS.

text: Hardware compatibility

text:
List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements

Operating system

Supported systems

RAM requirement

10.12 – 10.13

Intel Macs (64-bit) released in:2009 (iMac and main MacBook line), 2010 (other) or later[96]

2 GB

10.8 – 10.11

Intel Macs (64-bit) released in:2007 (prosumer and iMac), 2008 (other consumer), 2009 (Xserve) or later

10.7

Intel Macs (64-bit)[97]Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and newer.

10.6

Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit)[97]

1 GB

10.5

G4, G5 and Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit) at 867 MHz or fasterClassic support dropped from 10.5 and newer.

512 MB

10.4

Macs with built-in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel processor

256 MB

10.3

Macs with a New World ROM[98]

128 MB

10.0 – 10.2

G3, G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook, Power Mac and iMac(except PowerBook G3 "Kanga")

text: Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.

text: As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase,[99] some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes, a portmanteau of the words "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's EULA (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple.[100][101][102] These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security.[103] Psystar, a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008.[104]

text: PowerPC–Intel transition

text: In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar, which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform.[105] These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as The Wall Street Journal[106] and CNET,[107] announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.[108][109][110]

text: On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta, a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines.[111] The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8.[112] Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture.[113]

text: PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official emulation software, Rosetta, though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel.[114] There is a performance penalty when PowerPC binaries run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.[115] While Intel Macs are able to run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries; PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds.

text: Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only.[116] Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion.[117][117] In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro.

text: Features

text: Aqua user interface

text: One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology.[118] ColorSync, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals.[119] Also, drop shadows were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options.

text:
The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."[120]
Bruce Tognazzini (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X 10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.[121][122]
Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.[123]

text: Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays, and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.[124][125][126]

text: The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.[127] In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme, a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.[119] As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.[128] Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.[129]

text: Components

text: The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.[130][131] Quick Look is part of the Finder since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) and/or content.[132][133] macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.

text: Apple added "Exposé" in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.[134] Also, FileVault was introduced, which is an optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES-128).[135]

text: Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks;[136] Dashboard, a full-screen group of small applications called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;[137] and Front Row, a media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote.[138] Moreover, the Sync Services were included, which is a system that allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.[139]

text: All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three-dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[140] an automatic backup technology called Time Machine, which provides the ability to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;[141] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.[142]

text: In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font.[143][144] Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.[145]  Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.[146][147]

text: Multilingual support

text: There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.[6] Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.[148] Recent updates have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social networks in China.[149][150][151][152]

text: Updating methods

text: macOS can be updated using the Mac App Store application[153] or the softwareupdate command line utility.  Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application.

text: Release history

text:
Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS version information

Version

Codename

Darwin version

Processor support

Application support

Kernel

Date announced

Release date

Most recent version

Rhapsody Developer Release

Grail1Z4 /  Titan1U

32-bit PowerPC

32-bit PowerPC

32-bit

Unknown

August 31, 1997

DR2 (May 14, 1998)

Mac OS X Server 1.0

Hera

Unknown

March 16, 1999

1.2v3 (October 27, 2000)

Mac OS X Developer Preview

Unknown

May 11, 1998[154]

March 16, 1999

DP4 (April 5, 2000)

Mac OS X Public Beta

Kodiak[155]

1.2.1

Unknown

September 13, 2000

N/A

Mac OS X 10.0

Cheetah

1.3.1

Unknown

March 24, 2001

10.0.4 (June 22, 2001)

Mac OS X 10.1

Puma

1.4.1 / 5

July 18, 2001[156]

September 25, 2001

10.1.5 (June 6, 2002)

Mac OS X 10.2

Jaguar

6

32/64-bit PowerPC[Note 1]

May 6, 2002[157]

August 24, 2002

10.2.8 (October 3, 2003)

Mac OS X 10.3

Panther

7

32/64-bit PowerPC

June 23, 2003[158]

October 24, 2003

10.3.9 (April 15, 2005)

Mac OS X 10.4

Tiger

8

32/64-bit PowerPC and Intel

32/64-bit[Note 2] PowerPC[Note 3] and Intel

May 4, 2004[159]

April 29, 2005

10.4.11 (November 14, 2007)

Mac OS X 10.5

Leopard

9

32/64-bit PowerPC[Note 3] and Intel

June 26, 2006[160]

October 26, 2007

10.5.8 (August 5, 2009)

Mac OS X 10.6

Snow Leopard

10

32/64-bit Intel

32/64-bit Intel32-bit PowerPC[Note 3]

32/64-bit[161]

June 9, 2008[162]

August 28, 2009

10.6.8 v1.1 (July 25, 2011)

Mac OS X 10.7

Lion

11

64-bit Intel

32/64-bit Intel

October 20, 2010[163]

July 20, 2011

10.7.5 (September 19, 2012)

OS X 10.8

Mountain Lion

12

64-bit[164]

February 16, 2012[165]

July 25, 2012[166]

10.8.5 (12F45) (October 3, 2013)

OS X 10.9

Mavericks

13

June 10, 2013[167]

October 22, 2013

10.9.5 (13F1112) (September 18, 2014)[168]

OS X 10.10

Yosemite

14

June 2, 2014[169]

October 16, 2014

10.10.5 (14F27) (August 13, 2015)

OS X 10.11

El Capitan

15

June 8, 2015[170]

September 30, 2015

10.11.6 (15G31) (July 18, 2016)

macOS 10.12

Sierra

16

June 13, 2016[171]

September 20, 2016

10.12.6 (16G29) (July 19, 2017)

macOS 10.13

High Sierra

17

June 5, 2017

September 25, 2017

10.13.6 (17G65) (July 9, 2018)

macOS 10.14

Mojave

18

June 4, 2018

Autumn 2018

10.14 Developer beta 9[172] (18A377a)[173] (August 27, 2018; 2 days ago (2018-08-27)) [±]

text: With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after big cats until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using California locations. Prior to its release, Mac OS X 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

text: "Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,[174][175][176] but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.[177][178] Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.[179]

text: Mac OS X Public Beta

text: On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95[180] "preview" version of Mac OS X internally codenamed Kodiak in order to gain feedback from users.

text: The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.[181]

text: Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah

text:
On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[182]
The initial version was slow,[183] incomplete,[184] and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers.[185] While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.[184] Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,[184] for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.[citation needed]

text: Mac OS X 10.1 Puma

text: Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[186] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.[187]

text: Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

text:
On August 23, 2002,[188] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.[189]
It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple[190]
), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.[191] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.[192]

text: Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

text: Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[193] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.[194]

text: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

text: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.[195] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in FireWire port.[98] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.[196]

text: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

text: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.[197] Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[198] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[12][199] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications.[200] It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.[201]

text: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

text: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser.  Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM, and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[202]

text: Snow Leopard also featured new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM, improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.[203]

text: The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.[204]

text: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

text: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.[117]

text: Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.[205] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.[206]

text: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

text: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.[166] Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely alined with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud.[207] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail, Contacts  and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.[152]

text: Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the App Store.[208] This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.[209]

text: OS X 10.9 Mavericks

text: OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.[210] Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only Maps and iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.[211]

text: OS X 10.10 Yosemite

text: OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors.[212] Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.[213]

text: OS X 10.11 El Capitan

text: OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as containing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance" rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection.

text: The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".[214] According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.[215]

text: macOS 10.12 Sierra

text: macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.[216][217]

text: macOS 10.13 High Sierra

text: macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.[218] Like OS X El Capitan and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features visible to a user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.[219]

text: The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple File System, which is optimized for solid-state storage used in most new Mac computers.[220]

text: macOS 10.14 Mojave

text: macOS 10.14 Mojave was announced on June 4, 2018 at Apple's WWDC event. It is currently scheduled to be released in the fall of 2018.

text: Reception

text: Usage share

text: As of July 2016, macOS is the second-most-active general-purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows, with a 4.90% usage share according to statistics compiled by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is the second most widely used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux (which has 1.01%). Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android.[221]

text: Malware and spyware

text: In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users.[222][223][224] macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows,[225] but it also has traditionally more secure Unix roots. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.[226] Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.[227] In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,[228] and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input.[229] Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.[230][231] Apple releases security updates for macOS on a regular basis,[232] as well as signature files for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of File Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[233]

text: Promotion

text: As a devices company, most large-scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs, with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operating system.[234][235]


document_title: Children's Day

question_text: when is children's day celebrated in nigeria

question_tokens: when is children 's day celebrated in nigeria

text: Children's Day

text: History[edit]

text: Children's Day was begun on the second Sunday of June in 1856 by Reverend Dr. Charles Leonard, pastor of the Universalist Church of the Redeemer in Chelsea, Massachusetts: Dr. Leonard held a special service dedicated to, and for the children. Dr. Leonard named the day Rose Day, though it was later named Flower Sunday, and then Children's Day.[1][2][3]

text: Children's Day was first officially declared a national holiday by the Republic of Turkey in 1929 with the set date of 23 April. Children's Day has been celebrated nationally since 1923 with the government and the newspapers of the time declaring it a day for the children. However, it was decided that an official declaration was needed to clarify and justify this celebration and the official declaration was made nationally in 1931 by the founder and the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[4][5][6]

text: The International Day for Protection of Children is observed in many countries as Children's Day on 1 June since 1950. It was established by the Women's International Democratic Federation on its congress in Moscow (4 November 1949).[citation needed] Major global variants include a Universal Children's Holiday on 20 November, by United Nations recommendation.[7]

text: Universal Children's Day takes place annually on 20 November.[8] First proclaimed by the United Kingdom in 1954, it was established to encourage all countries to institute a day, firstly to promote mutual exchange and understanding among children and secondly to initiate action to benefit and promote the welfare of the world's children.

text: That is observed to promote the objectives outlined in the Charter and for the welfare of children. On 20 November 1959 the United Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.[9] The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 20 November 1989 and can be found on the Council of Europe website.[10]

text: In 2000, the Millennium Development Goals outlined by world leaders in order to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015. Albeit this applies to all people, the main objective is with regard to children.[9] UNICEF is dedicated to meeting the six of eight goals that apply to the needs of children so that they are all entitled to basic rights written in the 1989 international human rights treaty.[11] UNICEF delivers vaccines, works with policymakers for good health care and education and works exclusively to help children and protect their rights.[11]

text: In September 2012, the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of the United Nations led the initiative for the education of children.[12] He firstly wants every child to be able to attend school, a goal by 2015.[12] Secondly, to improve the skill set acquired in these schools.[12] Finally, implementing policies regarding education to promote peace, respect and environmental concern.[12] Universal Children's Day is not just a day to celebrate children for who they are, but to bring awareness to children around the globe that have experienced violence in forms of abuse, exploitation and discrimination. Children are used as labourers in some countries, immersed in armed conflict, living on the streets, suffering by differences be it religion, minority issues, or disabilities.[13] Children feeling the effects of war can be displaced because of the armed conflict and may suffer physical and psychological trauma.[14] The following violations are described in the term "children and armed conflict": recruitment and child soldiers, killing/maiming of children, abduction of children, attacks on schools/hospitals and not allowing humanitarian access to children.[14] Currently there are about 153 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 who are forced into child labour.[15] The International Labour Organization in 1999 adopted the Prohibition and Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour including slavery, child prostitution and child pornography.[15]

text: A summary of the rights under the Convention on the Rights of the Child can be found on the UNICEF website.[16]

text: Canada co-chaired the World Summit for children in 1990 and in 2002 the United Nations reaffirmed the commitment to complete the agenda of the 1990 World Summit. This added to the UN Secretary-General's report We the Children: End-of Decade review of the follow-up to the World Summit for Children.[17]

text: The United Nations children's agency released a study[18] referencing the population increase of children will make up 90 per cent of the next billion people.[19]

text: Dates around the world[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The officially recognized date of Children's Day varies from country to country. This section lists some significant examples, in order of date of observance.

text:
Gregorian calendar

Occurrence
Dates
Countries and regions

First Friday of January

Jan 1, 2016
Jan 6, 2017
Jan 5, 2018

 Bahamas

11 January

 Tunisia

Second Saturday of January

Jan 9, 2016
Jan 14, 2017
Jan 13, 2018

 Thailand

Second Sunday of February

Feb 14, 2016
Feb 12, 2017
Feb 11, 2018

 Cook Islands
 Nauru
 Niue
 Tokelau
 Cayman Islands

13 February

 Myanmar

First Sunday of March

March 6, 2016
March 5, 2017
March 4, 2018

 New Zealand

17 March

 Bangladesh

4 April

 Taiwan
 Hong Kong

5 April

 Palestine

12 April

 Bolivia
 Haiti

Last Saturday of April[20]

Apr 30, 2016
Apr 29, 2017
Apr 28, 2018

 Colombia

23 April

National Sovereignty and Children's Day

 Turkey

30 April

 Mexico

5 May

15 August

 Japan
 South Korea

Second Sunday of May

May 8, 2016
May 14, 2017
May 13, 2018

 Spain
 United Kingdom

10 May

 Maldives

17 May

 Norway

27 May

 Nigeria

Last Sunday of May

May 29, 2016
May 28, 2017
May 27, 2018

 Hungary

Ascension Day

May 5, 2016
May 25, 2017
May 10, 2018

 American Samoa
 Falkland Islands
 Solomon Islands

1 June

 Albania
 Algeria
 Angola
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Belarus
 Benin
 Bulgaria
 Bosnia and Herzegovina

 People's Republic of China
 Cambodia
 Czech Republic
 East Timor
 Ecuador
 Estonia
 Ethiopia
 Georgia

 Guinea-Bissau
 Kazakhstan
 Kosovo
 Kyrgyzstan
 Laos
 Latvia
 Lebanon
 Lithuania
 Macedonia
 Macau

 Moldova
 Mongolia
 Montenegro
 Mozambique
 Myanmar
 Nicaragua
 Poland

 Portugal
 Romania
 Russia
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Serbia
 Slovakia
 Slovenia

 Tajikistan
 Tanzania
 Turkmenistan
 Ukraine
 Uzbekistan
 Vietnam
 Yemen

2 June

 North Korea

Second Sunday of June

Jun 12, 2016
Jun 11, 2017
Jun 10, 2018

 United States

25 June
25 Jun 2012
20 Oct 2013
19 Oct 2014
19 Oct 15~17

Syrian Arab Republic

1 July

 Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Third Sunday of July

Jul 17, 2016
Jul 16, 2017
Jul 15, 2018

 Cuba
 Panama
 Venezuela

23 July[21]

 Indonesia

29 July

 Colombia

First Sunday of August

Aug 7, 2016
Aug 6, 2017
Aug 5, 2018

 Uruguay[citation needed]

16 August

 Paraguay

Third Sunday of August

Aug 21, 2016
Aug 20, 2017
Aug 19, 2018

 Argentina
 Peru

9 September

 Costa Rica

10 September

 Honduras

Bhadra 29

14 Sept
15 Sept(leap year)

   Nepal

20 September

 Austria
 Germany

25 September

 Netherlands (Oosterhout)

1 October

 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Sri Lanka

First Friday of October

Oct 7, 2016
Oct 6, 2017
Oct 5, 2018

 Singapore

First Wednesday of October (Children’s Day recognition and assignation)
Second Sunday of August (Children’s Day observance)

Oct 5, 2016
Oct 4, 2017
Oct 3, 2018

 Chile

8 October

 Iran

12 October

 Brazil

Fourth Saturday of October

Oct 22, 2016
Oct 28, 2017
Oct 27, 2018

 Malaysia

Fourth Wednesday of October
Oct 26, 2016
Oct 25, 2017

 Australia (See: http://www.childrensweek.org.au/)

First Saturday of November

Nov 5, 2016
Nov 4, 2017
Nov 3, 2018

 South Africa

11 November

 Croatia

14 November

 India

20 November

 Arab World
 Azerbaijan
 Canada
 Croatia
 Cyprus
 Egypt
 Ethiopia
 Finland
 France
 Greece
 Ireland
 Israel

 Kenya
 Malaysia
 Macedonia
 Netherlands
 Philippines
 Serbia
 Slovenia
 South Africa
 Spain
 Sweden
  Switzerland
 United Arab Emirates
 Trinidad and Tobago

5 December

 Suriname

23 December

 South Sudan
 Sudan

25 December

 Congo
 Congo DR
 Cameroon

 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Chad
 Central African Republic

text: AzerbaijanIn Azerbaijan Children's Day (Festa e femijeve) is celebrated on 1 June.

text: Argentina[edit]

text: In Argentina, Children's Day (Día del Niño) is celebrated on the third Sunday of August.

text: Armenia[edit]

text: In Armenia, Children's Day is celebrated on June 1.

text: Australia[edit]

text: Children's Week is an annual event celebrated in Australia during the fourth week in October, from the Saturday before Universal Children's Day to the following Sunday. It was established as a holiday in 1954. Until 1977 Child Care Week was held in various Australian states and territories focusing on children in care or those in institutions. It was held at different times. In 1984 it was decided to coordinate a national week to include all children.[22]

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: In Bangladesh, Children's Day is celebrated on 17 March. It is also the birthday of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Since 2009 the JAAGO Foundation has been celebrating this day throughout its primary education and child well-being campaigns countrywide on 20 November.

text: Bolivia[edit]

text: In Bolivia, Children's Day (Día del Niño) is celebrated on 12 April. It was established as a holiday in 1955.

text: Bosnia & Herzegovina[edit]

text: In Bosnia & Herzegovina, Children's Day was established as a holiday in 1993.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, Children's Day (In Portuguese: Dia das Crianças) is celebrated on 12 October, coinciding with Our Lady of Aparecida's day, the country's Patron Saint holiday. It is also the day of the discovery of America (Columbus Day), in reference to the "New Continent". In Brazil Children's day is celebrated by kids receiving presents from their parents.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: In Bulgaria, Children's day (Ден на детето) is celebrated on 1 June.[23] Traditionally kids receive very special attention from their family, including Birthday-like presents. In the past all drivers were expected to drive with their lights on all day long to demonstrate extra vigilance over children's safety. Now it is compulsory to drive with the lights on every day of the year. It was established as a holiday in 1925.

text: Cameroon[edit]

text: In Cameroon, Children's Day was established as a holiday in 1990.

text: Canada[edit]

text: National Child Day has been proclaimed across Canada since 1993 to commemorate the United Nations' adoption of two documents centered on children's rights: the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child on 20 November 1959, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child on 20 November 1989.[24] The "Child Day Act" outlines human rights to which children, under the age of 18, are entitled by law. This Act promotes awareness and teaches children that they have rights, like adults do, under the law.[24] The date of celebration is 20 November.[24]

text: Central Africa[edit]

text: In Congo, Congo DR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Chad, Central African Republic, Children's Day is celebrated on 25 December to honor all the children there.

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, Children's Day is officially recognized, and assigned to the first Wednesday of October. However, it is observed on the second Sunday of August.[25] It retains none of the international flavor as a day to recognize the needs of or rights of children, but is observed merely as a commercial holiday dedicated to buying toys for children.

text: China[edit]

text:
Children's Day (PRC)

Simplified Chinese
六一国际儿童节

Traditional Chinese
六一國際兒童節

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Liù Yī Guójì Értóng Jié

Wade–Giles
Liu4-i1 Kuo2-chi4 Erh2-t'ung2 Chieh2

Yale Romanization
lyou4 yi1 gwo2 ji4 er2 tung2 jye2

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
luk6 jat1 gwok3 zai3 ji4 tung4 zit3

text: In the People's Republic of China, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June and is formally known as "the June 1 International Children's Day" (Chinese: 六一国际儿童节; pinyin: Liù Yī Guójì Értóng Jié). When the People's Republic of China was first established in 1949, the State Council (Cabinet) designated a half-day holiday for all primary schools on 1 June. This was later made into a full day's break in 1956 with The Announcement by the State Council to make 1 June Children's Day a One-Day Holiday. Schools usually hold activities such as children's performances, camping trips, or free movies on Children's Day or the day before to allow students to have fun. Children of civil servants might also receive small gifts from the government until they are fourteen, and Civil servants who have children sometimes have a half-day holiday on 1 June to spend more time with their children. Entrance and set out ceremonies of the Young Pioneers of China are usually held on 1 June as well. Entrance of children under 14 into the Forbidden City is free on 1 June, while each accompanying adult gets 100% off, i.e. CNY30.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Colombia, Children's Day is celebrated in the last Saturday of April. It was established as a holiday in 2001.

text: Costa Rica[edit]

text: In Costa Rica, Children's Day is celebrated on 9 September.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, Children's Day is celebrated on 11 November.

text: Cuba[edit]

text: In Cuba, Children's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of July.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In Czech Republic, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June. It was established as a holiday in 1950.

text: Ecuador[edit]

text: In Ecuador, Children's Day (Día del Niño) is celebrated on 1 June. Generally, kids up to 12 years old receive presents.

text: Egypt[edit]

text: In Egypt, Children's Day is celebrated every 20 November with festivals and games for children.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, Children's Day is known as Day of Children's Rights and is celebrated on 20 November.

text: Former and current Communist and Socialist countries[edit]

text: In Russia, as well as other former Soviet Union states, including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, other former or current communist states, Albania, Angola, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany, Kosovo, Laos, Republic of Macedonia, Mongolia, Montenegro, Mozambique, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Tanzania and Yemen, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June.

text: This list includes 25 countries which regained independence from USSR, seceded from Yugoslavia Federation, as well as Czechoslovakia and Ethiopia after their respective splits.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, during the Cold War, Children's Day (Kindertag) was handled quite differently in West Germany and East Germany. While East Germany (GDR) celebrated International Children's Day (Internationaler Kindertag) on 1 June, West Germany (FRG) celebrated Universal Children's Day (Weltkindertag) on 20 September.

text: The customs of Children's Day were also significantly different in West and East Germany. In East Germany, the holiday was introduced in 1950, and was from then held on a yearly basis for the children. On this day of the year, children would typically be congratulated and would receive presents from their parents and did special activities in school, such as field trips and the like.

text: In West Germany, Children's Day Universal Children's Day laid its emphasis not on games and presents, but more on political efforts to strengthen children's rights.[citation needed] (See Jugendamt.)

text: After the reunification of East and West Germany occurred in 1990, Universal Children's Day has become official for whole Germany. This, however, was not accepted by large parts of the East German population. Most parents still celebrate Children's Day on the former date of 1 June, and public events pertaining to Children's Day take place on 20 September (Weltkindertag).[26][27]

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, Children's Day was established as a holiday in 1989.

text: Guatemala[edit]

text: In Guatemala, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 October. It was established as a holiday around 1990.

text: Honduras[edit]

text: In Honduras, Children's Day is celebrated on 10 September.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: Children's Week began in Hungary in 1931. Since 1950 it has been reduced to Children's Day, taking place on the last Sunday in May.[28]

text: Haiti[edit]

text: In Haiti, Children's Day is celebrated on June 12.[29]

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: Children's Day (Chinese: 兒童節; Jyutping: ji4 tung4 zit3) is celebrated on 4 April.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia, Children's Day is celebrated on July 23. It was established as a holiday in 1984.[21]

text: India[edit]

text: In India, Children's Day is celebrated on 14 November, on the birthday of the first Prime Minister of independent India, who was fondly called Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru) or Chachaji (Uncle), and who emphasized the importance of giving love and affection to children, to give him tribute. After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964, it was unanimously decided to celebrate his birthday as Bal Diwas or Children's Day in India.[30]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, Universal Children's Day is celebrated on 20 November.[31][32][33]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Japan's Children's Day (子供の日, kodomo no hi) is celebrated on 5 May, a National Holiday since 1948, to celebrate the happiness of all children and to express gratitude toward mothers. There is a long tradition, from the 8th century, to celebrate children's day twice a year; 3 March for girls and on 5 May for boys. On 3 March, also known as the Doll Festival, Japanese people decorate their households with traditional Heian Period doll sets and plum blossom, and drink Amazake. On 5 May, also known as 端午の節句 (tango-no sekku), they fly carp streamers outside, display Samurai dolls, and eat chimaki.

text: There were some who argued in 1948 that 3 March should also be a National Holiday.

text: Kazakhstan[edit]

text: The International Children's Day is celebrated annually on 1 June and is established as a national holiday for children. Over 3 million children across Kazakhstan celebrate the holiday with special children's events.

text: North Korea[edit]

text: North Korean Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June as the International Children's Day (국제 아동절). Before 1945, it was celebrated on 1 May. There is also a day called 조선소년단창립절(Festival for establishment of Young Pioneer Corps) on 6 June.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, 5 May is officially recognized as Children's Day (어린이날). Parents often give presents to their children, as well as spend time with them. The children are taken on excursions to zoos, museums, and various venues of children-oriented entertainment.

text: Children's Day was first conceived by innovative Korean students and social leaders on the basis of the March 1st Movement to achieve Korean independence from Japanese colonialism. From Jinju, many people gathered to promote and improve the social status of children and encourage adults to teach awareness of their deprived sovereignty. In 1923,[34] several groups of students studying in Tokyo agreed to designate 1 May as Children's Day. A predominant intellectual figure, Bang Jeong-hwan, greatly contributed to the popularization of the holiday. Because it overlapped with Laborer's Day, Children's Day was moved to 5 May. Bang Jeon Hwan first coined the modern Korean word for children, eorini (어린이), replacing the previous words aenom (애놈) and esaekki (애새끼).[35] Until 1939, Japanese authorities based in Seoul oppressed the movement to stop Korean social activists congregating for the festival. After independence in 1945, the movement to respect children was revived. The children's welfare law written in the constitution officially designated 5 May as Children's Day in 1961. And by 'the law of holiday of government office', Children's day became a holiday in Korea in 1970.[36]

text: Liberia[edit]

text: In Liberia, Children's day was established as a holiday in 1991.

text: Laos[edit]

text: In Laos, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June.

text: Maldives[edit]

text: In Maldives, Children's Day is celebrated on 10 May. On this day all the school children go to school to the event to celebrate Children's Day. The schools that are involved would also organize numerous activities for their pupils.

text: Mauritius[edit]

text: In Mauritius, Children's Day was established in 1991, as the International Day of the African Child.

text: Myanmar[edit]

text: In Myanmar, Children's Day is celebrated on 13 February.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, Children's Day ("Día Del Niño") is celebrated 30 April. On this day teachers in schools organize the day for their children. In some schools, lessons are suspended for the day. They organize games, music, and the children bring in their favorite foods to share with others. Some families also have a day out with their children. There are special activities for the children in parks and sports centers. Sometimes, also, the children will be given presents by their families. This is the day when children are honored in Mexico.

text: Children's Day in Mexico started in 1925. This celebrarion had its origins during the Álvaro Obregón's presidential period after the country joined the Geneva Conventions and looking after the wellness of the vulnerable children affected by the World War I. Later, the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child was adopted on 26 November 1924 by the League of Nations recognizing that children are the most affected by the war events.

text: United Nations recommended 20 November to celebrate Children's Day throughout the world, but that day coincides with Revolution Day (Mexico). Also, 30 April was selected in order to avoid 1 May (Labor Day) and the celebrations of Cinco de Mayo (The Day of the Battle of Puebla).

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Traditionally on 1st of Oct. But nowadays it's also being celebrated on 20th of November (following international children's day).

text: Moldova[edit]

text: In Moldova, International Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June. From 2016, the day has been declared a public holiday.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: In Mongolia, the International Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June. It is also known as "Эх үрсийн баяр".

text: Mozambique[edit]

text: In Mozambique, the International Children's Day is also celebrated on 1 June .

text: Nepal[edit]

text: In Nepal, Children's Day (बाल दिवस) is celebrated on Bhadra 29 according to the Nepali Calendar (August-September)after signing the child rights agreement with UN. Earlier during the Shah Rule, Nepal used to observe Children's day on Bhadra 4 on the birthday of H.M. Queen Mother Ratna Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah. It is celebrated by conducting various programme on various institutions around Nepal. It was established as a holiday in 1990.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, Children's Day is typically celebrated on the first Sunday in March. It honours children as a taonga (Maori for treasure), and is a day families can relax and share in activities to honour their children. In 2012, the focus was on peace and aroha (Maori for 'love'). New Zealand has high rates of child abuse and family violence. The Government of New Zealand has recognised this as one of the most important issues for New Zealanders, with an event such as Children's Day helping to focus on the practice of sharing, loving and caring as well as honouring tamariki (Maori for 'children').[citation needed]

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: Children's Day is celebrated on 27 May in Nigeria. It was established as a holiday in 1964. It is a public holiday for Primary and Secondary school children. Due to the large size of the country, only few group of children (schools or any other organization) are selected to march past in a parade. The children are usually given treats such as an outing or doing jobs that adults would normally do. In some situations, primary and secondary school children compete in military parades format for a prize which will be given at the end of the competition. Religious groups in Nigeria also celebrate children's day in grand style. Many private and public organizations usually put together children's party for privileged and less privileged children in a bid to give them a sense of belonging. It is also a day media organizations analyze the plight of children in the society and efforts government and non government agencies make to better the lot of children.

text: Nicaragua[edit]

text: In Nicaragua the International Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June.

text: Norway[edit]

text: Children's Day in Norway is held on 17 May, the same day as Norwegian Constitution Day, with many children's parades simultaneously celebrating both events and thereby emphasizing the importance of children in Norwegian society.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, The National Assembly on 16 December 2015 passed a unanimous resolution expressing deep grief and sadness over the martyrdom of more than 150 students and teachers of Army Public School Peshawar on 16 December 2014. The NA recommended that 16 December should be observed as Pakistan Children Day in memory of the martyrs.[37]

text: Earlier Children's Day was celebrated on 1 July.In Punjab the Child Rights Cell of Department of Social Welfare Punjab collaborates with UNICEF to celebrate this day. Whereas, The NGO, Voice of Children Islamabad, also celebrates Children's day and arranges activities for children and parents on that day. The EPO and SFB also celebrate Children's day and arrange fun and interactive sessions for children and parents.

text: For Children's Day, there are many festivals and events organised by schools and organisations, that focus on having fun and lively activities that kids and their families can enjoy. Most charitable organisations also partake in the festivities, by holding functions or partnering with bigger organisations. Thus, everyone joins in to make this day a memorable event each year in Pakistan.[citation needed]

text: Palestinian territories[edit]

text: Children day is celebrated in the Palestinian territories on 5 April.[38][39][40][41]

text: Panama[edit]

text: In Panama, Children's Day or Kid's Day was formerly held on 1 November, but was changed by Vivian Fernandez de Torrijos, the wife of President Martin Torrijos (2004–2009), to the third Sunday of July.[42]

text: Paraguay[edit]

text: In Paraguay, Children's Day is celebrated on 16 August, day of the Battle of Acosta Ñu, where it is said that 20,000 men from the Triple Alliance were awaited by a Paraguayan force made up of 3,500 children ages six to fifteen, ordered to hold the Alliance forces while the president Solano Lopez could escape. Even though Paraguay had been already completely defeated, it is said that Lopez forced them to stay and face the enemy, others sources claim that the children volunteered to fight against the Allied forces after their families had been killed by the advancing allied forces (see more in Paraguayan War). Children's Day is a national holiday, used to remember the event, which happened during the five-year war.

text: Peru[edit]

text: According to Peruvian law in Peru, Children's Day (Día del Niño Peruano (Ley Nº 27666) , literally Peruvian Children's Day (Law Nº 27666)) is celebrated every second Sunday of April.[43] There is a second celebration every third Sunday of August promoted as the "International Children's Day". On this day of the year, Peruvian children would typically be congratulated and would receive presents from their parents. Since it is celebrated on Sunday, all special activities in school, such as field trips and the like are done the previous Friday. All major stores offer special discounts on toys, appliances, electronics, clothes, etc.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, Children's Day was established on 20 November as a holiday in 1992.

text: Poland[edit]

text: In Poland, Children's Day (Dzień Dziecka) is celebrated on 1 June. The International Children's Day was introduced in Poland in 1952. It coincides with the beginning of meteorological summer and it is usually treated as a special day, free from lessons, as it takes place near the end of the school year. Schools usually organize special activities for the pupils to celebrate the day, and during the first week of June, is a time of festivities organized in parks and entertainment centres for children. Parents and family members usually buy gifts for their children.

text: Portugal and former colonies[edit]

text: In Portugal (and also at some of its former colonies such as Guinea-Bissau, Macau, Cape Verde, East Timor, Angola, Mozambique and São Tomé and Príncipe), Children's Day (Dia da Criança) is celebrated on 1 June.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In Romania, Children's Day (Romanian: "Ziua Copilului") is celebrated on 1 June. Children often receive presents from parents and other family members. Various events are also organized.

text: On 1 June 2012, International Children's Day was celebrated by the Romanian Government at the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection.[44] Almost 100 children in attendance received a Minister of Children diploma celebrating with parents and grandparents.[44]

text: According to the Law 220/2016, starting with 2017, Children's Day is officially a public holiday.

text: Russian Federation[edit]

text: In Russia, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June. It was established as a holiday in 1949.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: Traditionally, 1 October is the day which Singapore officially celebrates Children's Day. A similar event celebrated every year is Youth Day, which is celebrated on the first Sunday of July every year. Kindergarten and primary school children in Singapore do not have to attend school on this day. From 2011, Children's Day was celebrated on the first Friday of October.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, Children's Day is on the first Saturday of November but not really celebrated in any significant way.[45]

text: South Sudan[edit]

text: In South Sudan, Children's Day is celebrated on 23 December, the birthday of South Sudan's "greatest child" according to tribal mythology. 4

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: In Slovakia, the day is called International Children's Day (Medzinárodný deň detí) and is celebrated on 1 June. Children get a free entrance to some attractions like zoos.[citation needed].

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, this date is celebrated on the 2nd Sunday of May, and it is called "Día del niño".

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: In Sri Lanka, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 October .

text: Sudan[edit]

text: In Sudan, Children's Day is celebrated on 23 December, the birthday of North Sudan's "greatest child" according to tribal mythology.

text: Suriname[edit]

text: In Suriname, Children's Day or Kinderdag is celebrated on 5 December. Generally, children up to 12 years old receive presents from their parents.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, Children's Day is celebrated on the first Monday of October. It was Gustav Rosén who is credited with starting a Children's Day in Umeå in northern Sweden in 1905.[46]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: In Switzerland, Children's day was established as a holiday in 1925.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text:
Children's Day (ROC)

Traditional Chinese
婦女節、兒童節合併假期

Simplified Chinese
妇女节、儿童节合并假期

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Fùnǚ Jié, Értóng Jié Hébìng Jiàqí

Wade–Giles
Fu4-nü3 Chieh2, Erh2-t'ung2 Chieh2 He2-ping4 Chia4-ch'i2

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Hū-lí-chiat, Jî-tông-chiat Ha̍p-pèng Ká-kî

Tâi-lô
Hū-lí-tsiat, Jî-tông-tsiat Ha̍p-pìng Ká-kî

text: The Republic of China on Taiwan designated 4 April as Children's Day (Chinese: 兒童節; pinyin: Értóng Jié), pursuant to Article 5 of the Order to Implement Commemoration Days and Holidays.[47] The holiday dates back to 1931 and since then schools often hold special activities in order to celebrate the occasion. Because of pressure from parents demanding to accompany their children in the celebration, Taiwan celebrated Women's Day together with Children's Day on 4 April 1991. Since then, 4 April has been known as "The Combined Holidays of Women's Day and Children's Day" (Chinese: 婦女節、兒童節合併假期). It has been a public holiday of Taiwan, ROC since 2011.[48]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Thailand National Children's Day (Thai: วันเด็กแห่งชาติ) is celebrated on the second Saturday in January. Known as "Wan Dek" in Thailand, Children’s Day is celebrated to give children the opportunity to have fun and to create awareness about their significant role towards the development of the country. It was established as a holiday in 1955.

text: Usually, His Majesty the King gives advice addressing the children while the Supreme Monarch Patriarch of Thailand gives a moral teaching. The Prime Minister also usually gives each Children's Day a theme and a slogan.

text: Many Government offices are open to children and their family; this includes the Government House, the Parliament House Complex and various Military installations. These events may include a guided tour and an exhibition. A notable example is the guided tour at the Government House, where children have an opportunity to view the Prime Minister's office and sit at the bureau. The Royal Thai Air Force usually invites children to go and explore the aircraft and the Bangkok Bank distributes stationery, such as pens, pencils and books to every child that enters the bank as a community service. Many organizations from both government and commercial sectors have celebration activities for children. Children can enter zoos or ride buses for free.

text: There is a Thai saying that states, "Children are the future of the nation, if the children are intelligent, the country will be prosperous."

text: Trinidad and Tobago[edit]

text: International Men's Day on 19 November followed by Universal Children's Day on 20 November form a 48-hour celebration of men and children respectively in Trinidad and Tobago.[49]

text: Tunisia[edit]

text: Children's Day in Tunisia is celebrated on 11 January every year. It was established as a holiday in 1995. It is a day in which Tunisians observe the rights of children and remind themselves that children are the future builders and developers of the country and the world.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established on 1920, 23 April, and to commemorate the event, 23 April was proclaimed a national holiday in 1921. Since 1927[50] it has also become Children's Day (Turkish: Ulusal Egemenlik ve Çocuk Bayramı, literally "The Holiday of National Sovereignty and Children"), an official holiday dedicated to the children of Turkey and (from 1979 on) the world.

text: In addition to holding many domestic celebratory events such as stadium performances, Turkey also houses TRT International April 23 Children's Festival, where groups of children from other countries are invited to participate in the festivities while staying at Turkish families' homes.

text: Tuvalu[edit]

text: The first Monday in August is National Children's Day in Tuvalu. This public holiday is called in Tuvalu Aso Tamaliki.

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: Children's Day (Ukrainian: День захисту дітей, Den zakhystu ditey, literally "day of children's protection") is celebrated on 1 June. In Ukraine Children's Day is set in accordance with the presidential decree of Ukraine from 30 May 1998 № 568/98.[51]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Children's Day was established in the United Kingdom in 1954 by the United Nations General Assembly, so as to create "a day of worldwide fraternity and understanding between children."[52] The next UK Children's Day will occur on Sunday, May 13 2018. According to the National Children's Day UK website, Children's Day in the UK is not celebrated on the United Nation's nominated date of November 20, so as to allow children the chance to go outside during summer on the day they are celebrated.[52]

text: United States[edit]

text: Children's Day observations in the United States predate both Mother's and Father's Day, though a permanent annual single Children's Day observation is not made at the national level.

text: In 1856, Rev. Charles H. Leonard, D.D., then pastor of the First Universalist Church of Chelsea, Mass., set apart a Sunday for the dedication of children to the Christian life, and for the re-dedication of parents and guardians to bringing-up their children in Christian nurture. This service was first observed the second Sunday in June.[53]

text: The Universalist Convention at Baltimore in September 1867, passed a resolution commending churches to set apart one Sunday in each year as Children's Day.[54]

text: The Methodist Episcopal Church at the Methodist Conference of 1868 recommended that second Sunday in June be annually observed as Children's Day.[54]

text: The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in 1883 designated "the second Sabbath in June as Children's Day."[55]

text: Also in 1883, the National Council of Congregational Churches and nearly all the state bodies of that denomination in the United States passed resolutions commending the observance of the day. About this time many other denominations adopted similar recommendations.[56]

text: Chase's Calendar of Events cites Children's Sunday and notes that The Commonwealth of Massachusetts issues an annual proclamation for the second Sunday in June.[57]

text: Numerous churches and denominations currently observe the second Sunday in June including the African Methodist Episcopal Church, African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, and the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.

text: Children & Youth Day in Hawaii started in 1994 when the Hawaii Legislature became the first to pass a law to recognize the first Sunday in October as "Children's Day". In 1997, the Legislature passed another landmark law designating the entire month of October as "Children and Youth Month".

text: In 1996, author Pat Mora, after learning about the annual Mexican tradition of celebrating 30 April as El día del niño, the Day of the Child, proposed an annual celebration in the U.S. of El día de los niños, El día de los libros/Children's Day, Book Day, thus honoring children and connecting them to literacy, essential in a democracy. Assistance starting this community-based, family literacy initiative was provided by REFORMA, the National Association to Promote Library & Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking. Often known as Día, because it is both a daily commitment and an annual April celebration, Children's Day, Book Day, has grown to link all children to books, languages and cultures. A major partner is the Association for Library Services to Children (ALSC), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). Every year, across the country, hundreds of libraries, schools, and community organizations, etc. hold culminating April Children's Day, Book Day celebrations that unite communities, creating an annual tradition much like Mother's Day and Father's Day.

text: Children's Day was proclaimed by President Bill Clinton to be held on 11 October 1998,[58] in response to a letter written by an eight-year-old girl, Kierstin Gonzales inquiring if he would make a Children's Day to celebrate youth. "National Child's Day" was proclaimed by President George W. Bush as 3 June 2001, and in subsequent years on the first Sunday in June.[59]

text: Since 2009, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn has issued proclamations proclaiming the second Sunday in June as Children's Day as had the previous governor in 2007 and 2008. The mayors of Aurora and Batavia, Illinois, also have issued proclamations.[60]

text: On 23 April 2011, Executive of King County, WA declared 23 April as the International Children's Day.[61]

text: Children's Day celebrations of Turkish Community in California lead to State of California recognizing the last Saturday of April as the Children's Day.[62]

text: Dates[edit]

text: 2015: 2 August

text: 2016: 15 August

text: 2017: 30 June

text: 2018: 26 June

text: 2019: 11 June

text: Uruguay[edit]

text: Children's Day in Uruguay is the second Sunday in August. 6 January is Epiphany (Reyes) is also celebrated as Children's day.[63]

text: Vanuatu[edit]

text: In Vanuatu, Children's Day is celebrated on 24 July. "Stop violence against children", and "Give a child the chance to express their opinion today". After the march there are speeches and activities organized by schools, including a dance. Then, after midday, children return home to spend time with their parents for the rest of the day. Children's Day is a public holiday, set up following a recommendation of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. A group of people in the United Nations monitor and protect children's rights. A committee, with both adult and child members, organizes activities. In the past, a committee of adults has chosen the theme – but in the future children may help choose it.

text: Children's Day originally took place only in the capital of Vanuatu, but it has now been extended to all 6 provinces. Schools, churches, local governments of the provinces and other local organizations all organize activities. Save the Children supports one Children's Day activity in each province, selecting it from the many requests they receive for support. In 2008, one of the activities supported by Save the Children was a sports day between many different schools.

text: Parents and caretakers have been supportive of Children's Day activities. Many parents come to activities with children. For example, in one province, children and parents from 5 different schools came together for a shared lunch. Some parents give their children presents for Children's Day – however, Save the Children try to spread the message that it doesn't matter if a parent can't afford to buy their child a present, as the real aim of Children's Day is for parents and children to spend the day together, and work together to reconcile their problems.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: In Venezuela, Children's Day is celebrated the third Sunday of July.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: In Vietnam, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June as ICD and on the full moon of the 8th lunar month during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

text: Zimbabwe[edit]

text: Children's Day was established as a holiday in Zimbabwe in 1991 (Day of the African Child).