document_title: Geography of Norway

question_text: what type of landforms run all along the west coast of norway

question_tokens: what type of landforms run all along the west coast of norway

text: Geography of Norway

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Geographic coordinates: 62°N 10°E / 62°N 10°E / 62; 10

text: Map references: Europe

text:
Area:
total: 324,220 km2
land: 307,860 km2
water: 16,360 km2
With Svalbard and Jan Mayen included: 385,199 km2

text:
Area - comparative: The contiguous area is slightly smaller than Vietnam and slightly larger than New Mexico.
With Svalbard and Jan Mayen included, the area is slightly larger than Japan.

text:
Land boundaries:
total: 2,515 km
border countries: Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km.

text: Coastline: 25,148 km (continental); 83,281 km (including islands) [4]

text:
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 10 nmi (18.5 km; 11.5 mi)
continental shelf: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Norway's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) totals 1 979 179 km2, one of the largest in Europe. The EEZ along the mainland makes up 878 575 km2, the Jan Mayen EEZ makes up 293 049 km2, and since 1977 Norway has claimed and upheld an economic zone around Svalbard of 803 993 km2.

text: Physical geography[edit]

text: Scandinavian Mountains. The Scandinavian Mountains are the most defining feature of the country. Starting with Setesdalsheiene north of the southern Skagerrak coast, the mountains go north, comprising large parts of the country, and intersected by the many fjords of Vestlandet. This part includes Hardangervidda, Jotunheimen (with Galdhøpiggen 2469 m), Sognefjell and Trollheimen in the north, with large glaciers, such as Jostedalsbreen, Folgefonna and Hardangerjøkulen. The mountain chain swings eastwards south of Trondheim, with ranges such as Dovrefjell and Rondane, and reaches to the border with Sweden, where they are mostly gently sloping plateaus. The mountains then follows the border in a northeasterly direction (known as Kjølen). The mountains are intersected by many fjords in Nordland and Troms, where they become more alpine and creates many islands as they meet the sea. The Scandinavian mountains forms the Lyngen Alps and reaches into northwestern Finnmark, gradually becoming lower from Altafjord towards Nordkapp (North Cape), where they finally ends at the shores of the Barents sea.

text: The Scandinavian Mountains have naturally divided the country in physical regions; valleys radiate from the mountains in all directions. The following physical regions will only partially correspond to traditional regions and counties in Norway.

text: Southern coast. The southern Skagerrak and North Sea coast is the lowland south of the mountain range, from Stavanger in the west to the western reaches of the outer part of the Oslofjord in the east. In this part of the country, valleys tend to follow a north–south direction. This area is mostly a hilly area, but with some very flat areas such as Lista and Jæren.

text: Southeast. The land east of the mountains (corresponding to Østlandet, most of Telemark and Røros) is dominated by valleys going in a north–south direction in the eastern part, and a more northwest - southeast direction further west, and the valleys congregate on the Oslofjord. The longest valleys in the country are Østerdal and Gudbrandsdal. This part also contains larger areas of lowland surrounding the Oslofjord, as well as the Glomma river and lake Mjøsa.

text: Western fjords. The land west of the mountains (corresponding to Vestlandet north of Stavanger) is more dominated by the mountain chain, as the mountains goes all the way to the coast, albeit gradually becoming lower towards the coast. This part is dominated by large fjords, the largest are Sognefjord and Hardangerfjord. Geirangerfjord is often regarded as the ultimate fjord scenery. The coast is protected by a chain of skerries (the Skjærgård) arranged to parallel the coast and provide the beginning of a protected passage almost the entire 1,600 km route from Stavanger to Nordkapp. The fjords and most valleys generally goes in a west–east direction, and further north a more northwest - southeast direction. Trondheim region. The land north of Dovre (corresponding to Trøndelag except Røros) comprises a more gentle landscape with more rounded shapes and mountains, and with valleys congregating on the Trondheimsfjord, where they open up and forms a larger lowland area. Further north is the valley of Namdalen, opening up in the Namsos area. However, the Fosen peninsula, and the most northern coast (Leka) is more dominated by mountains and more narrow valleys.

text: Northern fjords. The land further north (corresponding to Nordland, Troms and northwestern Finnmark) is again more dominated by pointed mountains going all the way to the coast, and numerous fjords. The fjords and valleys generally lie in a west–east direction in the southern part of this area, and a more northwest - southeast direction further north. The Saltfjellet mountain range is an exception, as the valleys goes in a more north–south direction from these mountains. This long area comprises many large islands, including Lofoten, Vesterålen and Senja.

text: Far northeast. The interior and the coast east of Nordkapp (corresponding to Finnmarksvidda and eastern Finnmark) is less dominated by mountains, and is mostly below 400 m. The interior is dominated by the large Finnmarksvidda plateau. There are large, wide fjords going in a north–south direction. This coast lacks the small islands forming the skerries so typical of the Norwegian coast. Furthest to the east, the Varangerfjord goes in an east–west direction, and is the only large fjord in the country opening up towards the east.

text: Arctic and Antarctic islands and claims[edit]

text: Svalbard. Further north, in the Arctic ocean, lies the Svalbard archipelago, which is also dominated by mountains, but these mountains are mostly covered by large glaciers, especially the eastern part of the archipelago, where glaciers cover more than 90%; Austfonna is the largest glacier in Europe. Unlike the mainland, these glaciers calves directly in the open ocean.

text: Jan Mayen. To the far northwest, halfway towards Greenland, is the island Jan Mayen, where Beerenberg is found, the only active volcano in Norway.

text: Bouvet Island. Located in the South Atlantic Ocean at 54°S and mostly covered by glaciers, this island is one of the most remote islands in the world, inhabited only by seals and birds.

text: Peter I Island. This island in the South Pacific Ocean at 69°S, 90°W is dominated by glaciers and a volcano. As with Bouvet Island, this island is regarded as an external dependency, and not part of the kingdom.

text: Queen Maud Land is Norway's claim in Antarctica. This large, sectorial area stretches to the South Pole and are completely dominated by the world's largest ice sheet, but with some impressive nunataks penetrating above the ice. The Troll Research Station manned by Norway is located on a snow free mountain slope, the only station in Antarctica not to be located on the ice.

text:
Physical geography

Svalbard tundra

Rafsundet in September, Northern Norway

Beerenberg (2277 m) is the world's most northerly active volcano

text: Light, timezone and tide[edit]

text: Areas in Norway located north of the Arctic Circle will have midnight sun and corresponding winter darkness, the length of both depends on the latitude. In Longyearbyen, the upper part of the sun disc is above the horizon (provided clear view against the northern horizon) from April 19 to August 23, and the winter darkness lasts from October 27 - February 14. The corresponding dates for Tromsø are May 17 - July 25, and November 26 - January 15. The winter darkness is not totally dark on the mainland; there is twilight for a few hours around noon in Tromsø, but in Longyearbyen there is near total darkness in the midst of the dark period. Even the southern part of the country experiences large seasonal variations in daylight; in Oslo the sun rises at 03:54 and sets 22:54 at summer solstice, but is only above the horizon from 09:18 - 15:12 at winter solstice.

text:
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Kristiansand sunrise & sunset 15. of the month
09:04 - 16:12
08:00 - 17:25
06:45 - 18:30
06:18 - 20:40
05:03 - 21:45
04:23 - 22:34
04:47 - 22:20
05:49 - 21:15
06:56 - 19:50
08:02 - 18:24
08:14 - 16:10
09:08 - 15:37

Trondheim sunrise & sunset 15. of month
09:38 - 15:18
08:12 - 16:55
06:38 - 18:18
05:51 - 20:48
04:13 - 22:19
03:04 - 23:34
03:41 - 23:05
05:12 - 21:31
06:41 - 19:45
08:05 - 18:02
08:39 - 15:26
09:55 - 14:32

Tromsø sunrise & sunset 15. of month
11:37 - 12:10
08:17 - 15:42
06:08 - 17:40
04:45 - 20:47
01:46 - 23:45
Midnight sun
Midnight sun
03:42 - 21:51
05:55 - 19:22
07:53 - 17:05
09:23 - 13:33
Polar night

Source: Almanakk for Norge; University of Oslo, 2011. Note: Daylight saving in effect from last Sunday in March to last Sunday in October. In Tromsø, the sun is below the horizon until 15 January, but is blocked by mountains until 21 January.

text: The northern part of the country is located in the aurora borealis zone; the aurora is occasionally seen in the southern part of the country.

text: Norway uses Central European Time, corresponding to the 15°E longitude. As the country is very elongated, this is at odds with the local daylight hours at the eastern and western parts. In Vardø the local daylight hours is 64 minutes earlier, and in Bergen it is 39 minutes later. Thus, Finnmark gains early morning daylight but loses evening daylight, and Vestlandet loses early morning light but gains more evening daylight with this timezone. Daylight saving time (GMT + 2) is observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October.

text: The difference between low tide and high tide is small on the southern coast and large in the north; ranging from on average 0.17 m in Mandal to about 0.30 m in Oslo and Stavanger, 0.90 m in Bergen, 1.80 m in Trondheim, Bodø and Hammerfest and as much as 2.17 m in Vadsø.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of Norway is much more temperate than expected for such high latitudes; this is mainly due to the North Atlantic Current with its extension, the Norwegian Current, raising the air temperature,[5] and the prevailing southwesterlies bringing the mild air on shore, as well as the general southwest - northeast orientation of the coast allowing the westerlies to penetrate into the Arctic. The January average in Brønnøysund [6] is 14.6 °C (26.2 °F) warmer than the January average in Nome, Alaska,[7] even though both towns are situated on the west coast of the continents at 65°N. In July, the difference is reduced to 2.9 °C (5.2 °F). January average in Yakutsk, situated inland in Siberia but slightly further south, is 42.2 °C (76.0 °F) colder than in Brønnøysund.[8]

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: Some areas of Vestlandet and southern Nordland are Europe's wettest due to orographic lift, particularly where the moist westerlies first are intercepted by high mountains; this occurs slightly inland from the outer skerry guard. Brekke in Sogn og Fjordane has the highest annual precipitation with 3,575 mm (140.7 in); annual precipitation can exceed 5,000 mm (196.9 in) in mountain areas near the coast. Lurøy, near the Arctic Circle, gets 2,935 mm on average, a remarkable amount of precipitation for a polar location. Precipitation is heaviest in autumn and early winter along the coast, while April to June is the driest. The innermost parts of the long fjords are somewhat drier; annual precipitation in Lærdal is 491 mm (19.3 in), in Levanger 750 mm (29.5 in) and only 300 mm (11.8 in) in Skibotn at the head of Lyngenfjord, the latter also has the national record for clear-weather days. The regions to the east of the mountains (including Oslo) have a more continental climate with less precipitation, and enjoy more sunshine and usually warmer summers; precipitation is highest in summer and early autumn (often brief, heavy showers) while winter and spring tend to be driest inland. Valleys surrounded by mountains can be very dry compared to nearby areas, and a larger area in the interior of Finnmark gets less than 400 mm (15.7 in) of precipitation annually. Svalbard Airport has the lowest average annual precipitation with 190 mm (7.5 in), while Skjåk has the lowest average on the mainland with only 278 mm (10.9 in), the lowest ever recorded on the mainland is 64 mm (2.5 in) at Hjerkinn in Dovre. Monthly averages varies from 5 mm (0.20 in) in April in Skjåk to 454 mm (17.9 in) in September in Brekke. Coastal areas from Lindesnes north to Vardø have more than 200 days/year with precipitation; however, this is with a very low threshold value (0.1 mm precipitation). The average annual number of days with at least 3 mm (0.12 in) precipitation is 77 in Blindern/Oslo, 96 in Kjevik/Kristiansand, 158 in Florida/Bergen, 93 in Værnes/Trondheim and 109 in Tromsø.[9]

text: Temperature[edit]

text: The coast experiences much milder winters than other areas at the same latitudes. The temperature difference from the coldest month to the warmest is only 11–15 °C (20–27 °F) in coastal areas; some lighthouses have a yearly amplitude of just 10 °C (18 °F), such as Svinøy in Herøy with a coldest month of 2.7 °C (36.9 °F).[10] The amplitude of inland areas are larger, with a maximum difference of 30 °C (54 °F) in Karasjok. Finnmarksvidda has the coldest winters in mainland Norway, but inland areas much further south can also see severe cold; Røros has recorded −50 °C (−58 °F) and Tynset has a January average −13 °C (9 °F).

text: The islands in southern Lofoten are the most northerly locations in the world where all winter months have mean temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F).[11] Spring is the season when the temperature differences between the southern and northern part of the country is largest; this is also the time of year when daytime and nighttime temperatures differ the most. Inland valleys and the innermost fjord areas have less wind and see the warmest summer days; the Oslofjord lowland is warmest with July 24-hr average of 17 °C (62.6 °F), but even Alta at 70°N has July average of 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), and commercial fruit orchards are common in the innermost areas of the western fjords, but also in Telemark. Inland areas reach their warmth peak around mid-July, and coastal areas by the first half of August. Humidity is usually low in summer. The North Atlantic Current splits in two in the northern part of the Norwegian Sea; one branch goes east into the Barents Sea, while the other goes north along the west coast of Spitsbergen; this modifies the Arctic polar climate somewhat and results in open water throughout the year at higher latitudes than any other place in the Arctic. On the eastern coast of the Svalbard archipelago, the sea used to be frozen during most of the year, but the last years warming (graph) have seen open waters noticeably longer.

text: Normal monthly averages range from −17.1 °C (1.2 °F) in January in Karasjok 129 m (423 ft) amsl[12] to 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) in July in Oslo - Studenterlunden 15 m (49 ft) amsl.[13] The warmest yearly average temperature is 7.7 °C (45.9 °F) in Skudeneshavn in Karmøy, and the coldest is −3.1 °C (26.4 °F) in Sihcajarvi in Kautokeino (excluding higher mountains and Svalbard); this is a 10.8 °C (19.4 °F) difference, about the same as the temperature difference between Skudeneshavn and Athens, Greece.[14]

text: The warmest temperature ever recorded in Norway is 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) in Nesbyen. The coldest temperature ever recorded is −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) in Karasjok. The warmest month on record was July 1901 in Oslo, with a mean (24-hr) of 22.7 °C (72.9 °F), and the coldest month was February 1966 in Karasjok with a mean of −27.1 °C (−16.8 °F). Southwesterly winds further warmed by foehn can give warm temperatures in narrow fjords in winter; Tafjord has recorded 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) in January and Sunndal 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) in February.

text: Compared to coastal areas, inland valleys and the innermost fjord areas have larger diurnal temperature variation, especially in spring and summer. In July, the average daily high temperature is 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) in Lærdal and 17.8 °C (64.0 °F) in Karasjok, roughly 3 °C (5.4 °F) warmer than coastal locations at the same latitude (see table).

text:
Climate data for some locations in Norway; base period 1961-90 (temperatures are 24-hr average, for January and July is the average daily high added when available)

Location
Elevation
Temperature (°C)
Precip
GS/FFD
(days)
Summer
(days)
Snow >25 cm
(days)

Jan
April
July
Oct
year

Blindern/Oslo
94 m
-4.3/-1.8
4.5
16.4/21.5
6.3
5.7
763 mm
188 / 177
133
30

Oslo Airport, Gardermoen
202 m
-7.2/-3.9
2.8
15.2/20.7
4.7
3.8
862 mm
172 / 145
115
76

Lillehammer
242 m
-9.1/-
2.3
14.7/20.8
3.8
2.9
660 mm
165 / 138
108
110

Geilo
810 m
-8.2/-4.5
-1.1
11.2/16.6
2.1
1.0
700 mm
127 / 84
67
162

Sognefjellhytta in Lom (Sognefjell)
1413 m
-10.7/-
-5.8
5.7/10.2
-2.1
-3.1
860 mm
58 / -
0
244

Tønsberg
10 m
-3.2/-
4.6
16.8/-
7.3
6.3
930 mm
194 / -
136
9

Kristiansand
22 m
-0.9/1.3
5.2
15.7/20.1
8.1
7.0
1380 mm
205 / 174
145
21

Sola/Stavanger
7 m
0.8/3.1
5.5
14.2/17.9
8.8
7.4
1180 mm
215 / 198
144
0

Bergen
12 m
1.3/3.6
5.9
14.3/17.6
8.6
7.6
2250 mm
215 / 208
143
3

Lærdal
24 m
-2.5/0.8
5.2
14.7/20.1
6.1
5.9
491 mm
193 / 154
124
0

Årø/Molde
3 m
-0.3/-
4.6
13.9/-
6.8
6.3
1640 mm
198 / 186
115
54

Kongsvoll in Oppdal (Dovrefjell)
885 m
-9.8/-5.5
-2.5
9.9/14.8
1.4
-0.3
445 mm
115 / 65
9
127

Værnes/Trondheim
12 m
-3.4/0.1
3.6
13.7/18.4
5.7
5.0
892 mm
180 / 154
114
14

Brønnøysund
5 m
-1.1/-
3.7
13.1/-
6.6
5.6
1510 mm
186 / -
108
9

Fauske
14 m
-4.1/-
1.9
13.0/16.9
4.4
3.9
1040 mm
163 / -
95
88

Helle/Svolvær (Lofoten)
9 m
-1.1/1.2
1.9
12.3/15.2
5.3
4.6
1500 mm
167 / 163
81
39

Bardufoss
76 m
-10.4/-5.9
-0.2
13.0/17.4
0.9
0.7
652 mm
134 / 113
77
126

Langnes/Tromsø
8 m
-3.8/-1.4
0.7
11.8/15.2
3.2
2.9
1000 mm
139 / 137
65
160

Kautokeino (Finnmarksvidda)
330 m
-15.9/-11.1
-4.1
12.4/16.5
-1.9
-2.5
360 mm
113 / 84
64
135

Kirkenes
10 m
-11.5/-8.2
-2.0
12.6/16.1
0.9
-0.2
450 mm
125 / 118
65
140

Longyearbyen/Svalbard
28 m
-14.6/-
-11.0
6.5/8.6
-5.5
-6.0
210 mm
50 / -
0
34

Average daily high for January is added, snow will start to melt when temperatures exceeds 0 °C. Average daily high for July is added as summer warmth is significant for vegetation patterns/biomes. Kongsvoll/Dovrefjell daily high data from Fokstugu (973 m). Fauske average daily high data based on data from Narvik, Svolvær average high from Skrova, Kautokeino daily high from Sihccajavri (382 m), Kirkenes daily high data from Kirkenes airport 1964-1990 (89 m). Sognefjellhytta: Mountain lodge above treeline on the western side of Jotunheimen, daily high for July based on 21 years from 1979-2010 (some missing years in data)
GS/FFD: Growing season/Frost-free days: Growing season is the period of the year when the 24-hour average temperature reaches 5 °C and lasting until it drops below in autumn. Frost-free days is the average length of the frost free period from the last overnight frost in spring to the first frost in autumn (base period for FFD is 1995-2010); some Arctic-alpine plants can grow in temperatures almost down to 0 °C. FFD from nearby locations: Kristiansand airport Kjevik for Kristiansand, Tafjord for Molde, Fokstugu (973 m) for Dovrefjell, Bodø Airport for Svolvær, Kirkenes airport for Kirkenes.
Summer: Number of days/year with 24-hour average temperature at least 10 °C; based on average temperature calculated for each day of the year giving a smooth curve; by this definition summer starts 12 May in Oslo and Bergen, 21 May in Trondheim and 11 June in Bardufoss.
Snow: Number of days/year with at least 25 cm (9.8 in) snow cover on the ground; 1971–2000 base period.
Snow cover data from nearby locations: Slagentangen is used for Tønsberg, Kjevik for Kristiansand, Rørvik for Brønnøysund, Leknes Airport for Svolvær, Karasjok for Kautokeino, Neiden for Kirkenes and Svalbard Airport snow data (1976–2000 base period) is used for Longyearbyen and also used for July high (1978–90). Tromsø snow data from the meteorological station (100 m); Molde snow data from Nøisomhed, Molde (14 m, 1979 - 87 base period), Kongsvoll snow data 1957 - 77 base period.

text: As seen from the table, Norway's climate shows large variations, but with the exception of a small area along the northeastern coast in Finnmark, all areas below the treeline (populated areas) of the Norwegian mainland has a temperate or subarctic climate (Köppen groups C and D). Svalbard and Jan Mayen have polar climate (Köppen group E). More specifically, the climate is maritime mild temperate / marine west coast (Köppen: Cfb) along the southwestern and part of the southern coast as in Bergen and Kristiansand; hemiboreal / humid continental (Dfb) in the lowlands in the southeast as in Oslo; cool maritime/subpolar oceanic (Cfc) along the northwestern coastal areas as in Svolvær; continental subarctic climate (Dfc) in inland valleys and highlands below the treeline in much of the country and reaching to the coast in the northernmost part as seen in Geilo, Bardufoss and Kirkenes; alpine tundra climate above the treeline in mountain areas all over the country as seen in Dovrefjell and Sognefjell. Polar tundra (ET) is found at Jan Mayen and in the Svalbard archipelago including Longyearbyen, and also includes a narrow area along the northeastern coast from Nordkapp to Vardø on the mainland. True ice cap climate (EF) can only be found at elevations higher than approximately 400–800 m in Svalbard and Jan Mayen, with the lowest temperatures on Nordaustlandet.

text: Climate since 1990. Temperatures have tended to be higher in recent years, which may be a consequence of global warming. Using the same data source but with the more recent 20-year period 1991-2010 as base period, this results in winter temperatures for the same stations that are 1 to 2.5 °C (1.8 to 4.5 °F) higher, while the July 24-hr average temperatures increases by approximately 1 °C. For Blindern/Oslo, the 1991-2010 period gives a January average of −2.4 °C (27.7 °F) and a July 24-hour average of 17.4 °C (63.3 °F). For Bergen the corresponding temperatures are 2.6 and 15.5 °C (36.7 and 59.9 °F), for Værnes/Trondheim −1.0 and 15.1 °C (30.2 and 59.2 °F), and for Langnes/Tromsø −2.5 and 12.1 °C (27.5 and 53.8 °F). Compared to the 1961-90 period, a much larger area along the coast, from Kristiansand north to Svolvær, have average temperatures above freezing all year.[15]

text:
As a consequence of warming, summers last longer and winters are getting shorter; snow cover have tended to decrease in those lowland areas where winter temperatures often hover around freezing (including most major cities), while winter precipitation in the mountains and cold inland areas falls as snow, and might have increased in higher mountain areas. Using these recent 20 years as base period would result in substantial areas in Norway being classified in a different climate zone compared to 1961-90; Oslo and Trondheim would be maritime temperate (Cfb), Tromsø cool maritime (Cfc), and Lillehammer, earlier located at the intersection between subarctic (Dfc) and humid continental (Dfb) climate, would be firmly humid continental. Substantial mountain areas above the treeline would eventually be wooded. The strongest warming has been observed on Svalbard, where the years 2005–2007 have been the warmest ever observed.[16] In addition to warming, precipitation have increased on the mainland, especially in autumn and winter, increasing erosion and the risk of landslides.
Sources: See references.

text: Terrain[edit]

text: Glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra only in the extreme northeast (largely found on the Varanger Peninsula). Frozen ground all-year can also be found in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of Finnmark county. Numerous glaciers are also found in Norway.

text:
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m
highest point: Galdhøpiggen 2,469 m

text: Biological diversity[edit]

text: Due to the large latitudinal range of the country and the varied topography and climate, Norway has a larger number of different habitats than almost any other European country. There are approximately 60,000 species of different lifeforms in Norway and adjacent waters (excluding bacteria and virus). The Norwegian Shelf large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive.[17] The total number of species include 16,000 species of insects (probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 20,000 species of algae, 1,800 species of lichen, 1,050 species of mosses, 2,800 species of vascular plants, up to 7,000 species of fungi, 450 species of birds (250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species of mammals, 45 fresh-water species of fish, 150 salt-water species of fish, 1,000 species of fresh-water invertebrates and 3,500 species of salt-water invertebrates.[18] About 40,000 of these species have been described by science. Scientific exploration in the summer of 2010 in Finnmark discovered 126 species of insects new to Norway, of which 54 species were new to science.[19] The red list of 2006 encompasses 3,886 species.[20] 17 species are listed mainly because they are endangered on a global scale, such as the European beaver, even if the population in Norway are not seen as endangered. There are 430 species of fungi on the red list, many of these are closely associated with the small remaining areas of old-growth forests.[21] There are also 90 species of birds on the list and 25 species of mammals. 1,988 current species are listed as endangered or vulnerable as of 2006; of these are 939 listed as vulnerable (VU), 734 species are listed as endangered (EN), and 285 species are listed as critically endangered (CR) in Norway, among these are the gray wolf, the Arctic fox (healthy population on Svalbard) and the pool frog.

text: The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the sperm whale, and the largest fish is the basking shark. The largest predator on land is the polar bear, while the brown bear is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland, where the common moose is the largest animal.

text: Flora[edit]

text: Natural vegetation in Norway varies considerably, as can be expected in a country covering such a variation in latitude. There are generally fewer species of trees in Norway than in areas in western North America with a similar climate. This is because the migration routes after the ice age is more difficult in the north–south direction in Europe, with bodies of water (like the Baltic Sea and the North Sea) and mountains creating barriers, while in America there is a continuous continent and the mountains follow a north–south direction. However, recent research using DNA- studies of spruce and pine and lake core sediments have proven that Norwegian conifers survived the ice age in ice - free refugees even north to Andøya.[22] Many imported plants have been able to ripen seeds and spread, and less than half of the 2,630 plant species in Norway today actually occur naturally in the country.[23] About 210 species of plants growing in Norway are listed as endangered, and 13 species are endemic.[24] The national parks in Norway are mostly located in mountain areas; about 2% of the productive forests in the country are protected.[25]

text: Some plants are classified as western due to their need for high humidity and/or low tolerance of winter frost; these will stay close to the southwestern coast, with the northern limit near Ålesund; some examples are holly and bell heather. Some western species occur north to Helgeland (such as Erica tetralix), some even to Lofoten (such as Luzula sylvatica).

text: The mild temperatures along the coast allows for some surprises; some hardy species of palm grow even as far north as Sunnmøre, one of the largest remaining Linden forest in Europe grows at Flostranda in Stryn[26] and planted deciduous trees such as horse chestnut and beech thrives north of the Arctic circle (as in Steigen).

text: Plants classified as eastern need comparatively more summer sunshine, with less humidity, but can tolerate cold winters; these will often occur in the southeast and inland areas, examples are Daphne mezereum, Fragaria viridis and spiked speedwell. Some eastern species common in Siberia grows in the river valleys of eastern Finnmark. There are also species which seems to be in-between these extremes, like the southern plants, where both winter and summer climate is important (such as pedunculate oak, European ash and dog's mercury); other plants are dependent on the type of bedrock.

text: There are a considerable number of alpine species in the mountains in Norway; these will not tolerate summers that are comparatively long and warm or can not compete with plants adapted to a longer and warmer growing season; many alpine plants are common in the North Boreal zone and some in the Middle Boreal zone, but their main area of distribution is on the alpine tundra in the Scandinavian mountains and on the Arctic tundra. Many of the most hardy species have adapted by using more than one summer to ripen seeds. Examples of alpine species are glacier buttercup, Draba lactea and Salix herbacea. A well-known anomaly is the 30 American alpine species, which in Europe only grow in two mountainous parts of Norway; the Dovre-Trollheimen and Jotunheim mountains in the south and the Saltdal to western Finnmark in the north (Gjærevoll, 1992, pp 146–160; Moen, 1998, p 52). Other than in Norway, these species grow only in Canada and Greenland, such as the Braya linearis and Carex scirpoidea. It is unknown whether these survived the ice age on some mountain peak penetrating the ice, or they spread from further south in Europe, or why did they not spread to other mountainous regions of Europe. Some alpine species have a wider distribution and also grow in Siberia, such as the Rhododendron lapponicum (Lapland rosebay). Other alpine species are common in the whole Arctic, some only grows in Europe, such as globe-flower.

text: The following vegetation zones in Norway are all based on botanical criteria (Moen, 1998; Gjærevoll 1992), although, as mentioned, some plants will have specific demands. Forests, bogs and wetlands, as well as heaths, are all included in the different vegetation zones; a South Boreal bog will differ from a North Boreal bog, although some plant species might occur on both.

text: Nemoral[edit]

text: A small area along the southern coast, from Soknedal in southern Rogaland and east to Fevik in Aust-Agder (including Kristiansand) belongs to the Nemoral vegetation zone. This zone is located below 150 m above sea level and at most 30 km inland along the valleys. This is the vegetation zone dominating Europe north of southern France, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Caucasus. The hallmark of this zone in Norway is the domination of oak and the virtual complete lack of typical boreal species such as Norway spruce and grey alder, although a lowland variant of pine occurs. Nemoral covers a total of 0.5% of the land area (excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen).

text: Hemiboreal (Boreonemoral)[edit]

text: The hemiboreal zone covers a total of 7% of the land area in Norway, including 80% of Østfold and Vestfold. This vegetation represents a mix of nemoral and boreal plant species, and belong to the Palearctic Sarmatic mixed forests PA0436 terrestrial ecoregion. The nemoral species tend to dominate slopes facing south - west and on good soil, while the boreal species dominate on slopes facing north and on waterlogged soil. In some areas other factors overrule this, as in areas where the bedrock gives little nutritients, where oak and the boreal pine often share domination. The boreonemoral zone follows the coast from Oslofjord north to Ålesund, becoming discountineous north of Sunnmøre. In Oslo, this zone reaches an elevation of 200 m above sea, and it also reaches into some of the lower valleys and just reaches the lowland around Mjøsa, but not as far north as Lillehammer. In the valleys of the south, this vegetation might exist up to 300 – 400 m above sea level. The zone follows the lowland of the west coast and into the largest fjords, reaching an elevation of 150 m here, even 300 meter in some sheltered fjords and valleys in Nordmøre with nutritients-rich soil. The northernmost locations in the world are several areas along the Trondheimsfjord, such as Frosta, and the northernmost single location is Byahalla in Steinkjer. Some nemoral species in this zone are English oak, sessile oak, European ash, elm, Norway maple, hazel, black alder, lime, yew, holly (southwest coast), wild cherry, ramsons, beech (a late arriver and only common in Vestfold) and primrose. Typical boreal species are Norway spruce, pine, downy birch, grey alder, aspen, rowan, wood anemone and Viola riviniana.

text: Boreal[edit]

text: The boreal species are adapted to the long and cold winter, and most of these species can tolerate colder winter temperatures than winters in most of Norway; thus they are distinguished by their need for growing season length and summer warmth. Bogs are common in the boreal zone, with the largest areas in the North and Middle Boreal Zones, as well as in the area just above the tree line. The large boreal zone is usually divided into three subzones:

text: South Boreal[edit]

text: The South Boreal zone (SB) is dominated by boreal species, especially Norway spruce, and covers a total of 12% of the land area. The SB is the only boreal zone with a few scattered - but well-developed - warmth-demanding broadleaf deciduous trees, such as European ash and oak. A number of species in this zone needs fairly warm summers (SB has 3–4 months with a mean 24-hr temperature of at least 10 °C), and thus are not to be found or are very rare in the middle boreal zone. Some of the species not to be found further north are black alder, hop, oregano and guelder rose. This zone is found above the hemiboreal zone, up to 450 meter amsl in Østlandet and 500 m in the most southern valleys. In the eastern valleys it reaches several hundred kilometers into Gudbrandsdal and Østerdal, and up to Lom and Skjåk in Ottadalen. Along the southwestern coast, the zone reaches an elevation of 400 at the head of the large fjords (as in Lærdal), and about 300 m nearer to the coast. Norway spruce is lacking in Vestlandet (Voss is an exception). North of Ålesund, SB vegetation dominates in the lowland down to sea level, including the islands like Hitra. Most of the lowland in Trøndelag below 180 m elevation is SB, up to 300 m above sea level in the inland vallys such as Gauldalen and Verdalen, and up to 100 m in Namdalen. The coastal areas and some fjord areas further north, such as Vikna, Brønnøy and the best locations along the Helgeland coast is SB north to the mouth of Ranfjord, while inland areas north of Grong are dominated by Middle Boreal zone in the lowland. There are small isolated areas with SB vegetation further north, as in Bodø and Fauske; the most northern location is a narrow strip along the northern shore of Ofotfjord. The endemic Nordland-whitebeam only grows in Bindal.[27] Agriculture in Norway, including grain cultivation, takes place mostly in the hemiboreal and SB zone.

text: Middle Boreal[edit]

text: The typical closed-canopy forest of the Middle Boreal (MB) zone is dominated by boreal plant species. The MB vegetation covers a total of 20% of the land area. Norway spruce is the dominant tree in large areas in the interior of Østlandet, Sørlandet, Trøndelag and Helgeland; the MB and SB spruce dominated forest is the commercially most important forest in Norway. Spruce does not grow naturally north of Saltfjell in mid-Nordland (the siberian spruce variant occurs in the Pasvik valley) due to mountain ranges blocking the advance, but is often planted in MB areas further north for economic reasons, contributing to a different landscape. Birch is usually dominant in these northern areas, but pine, aspen, rowan, bird cherry and grey alder are also common. This MB birch is often a cross between silver birch and downy birch and is larger (6 – 12 m) than the birch growing near the tree line; conifers will grow taller. Some alpine plants grow in the MB zone, nemoral species are rare. The understory is usually well developed if the forest is not too dense, and many plants do not grow further north. Grey alder, silver birch, yellow bedstraw, raspberry, mugwort and Myrica gale are examples of species in this zone which do not grow further north or higher up. MB is located at an altitude of 400 – 750 m in Østlandet, up to 800 m in the southern valleys, from 300 m to 600 m (800 m at the head of the long fjords) on the southwest coast, and from 180 – 450 m in Trøndelag (700 m in the interior, as in Røros and Oppdal). Further north, MB is common in the lowland, up to 100 m above sea level in Lofoten and Vesterålen, 200 m above sea level in Narvik, 100 m in Tromsø, 130 m - 200 m in inland valleys in Troms, and the lowland at the head of Altafjord is the most northerly area of any size; small pockets exist in Porsanger and Sør-Varanger. This is usually the most northerly area with some farming activity, and Barley was traditionally grown even as far north as Alta.

text: North Boreal[edit]

text: The North Boreal (NB) zone, (also known as open or sparse taiga) is the zone closest to the tree line, bordering the alpine or polar area and dominated by a harsh subarctic climate. There are at least 30 days with a mean of 10 °C or more (summer) and up to about 2 months. The trees grow very slow and generally do not get very large; the forest is not as dense as further south or at lower altitude, and is known as the mountain forest (No:Fjellskog). The NB zone covers a total of 28% of the land area in Norway, including almost half of Finnmark, where the mountain birch is growing down to sea level. The lower part of this zone also has conifers, but the tree line in Norway is mostly formed by mountain birch, a subspecies of downy birch (ssp. czerepanovii [6]; not to be confused with dwarf birch). Spruce and pine make up the tree line in some mountain areas with a more continental climate. Alpine plants are common in this zone. Birch forest at 1,320 m above sea level at Sikilsdalshorn is the highest tree line in Norway. The tree line is lower closer to the coast and in areas with lower mountains due to cooler summers, more wind near mountain summits, and more snow in the winter (coastal mountains) leading to later snowmelt. The NB zone is located at 750 – 950 m altitude in the interior of Østlandet and covers large areas; at 800 – 1200 m in the central mountain areas; but at the western coast the tree line is down to about 500 m above sea level, increasing significantly into the long fjords (1,100 m at the head of Sognefjord). Further north, large areas in the interior highlands or uplands of Trøndelag and North Norway is dominated by the NB zone, with the tree line at about 800 m amsl in the interior of Trøndelag, 600 m in Rana, 500 m in Narvik, 400 m in Tromsø, 100 m in Hammerfest (only pockets in sheltered areas) and 200 m in Kirkenes. The large Finnmarksvidda plateau is at an altitude placing it almost exactly at the tree line. The last patch of NB zone gives way to tundra at sea level about 10 km south of the North Cape plateau (near Skarsvåg); areas south of this line is tundra-like with scattered patches of mountain birch woodland (forest tundra) and becomes alpine tundra even at minor elevations. The trees near the tree line is often bent by snow, wind and growing season frost; height is only 2 – 4 m. Outside Norway (and adjacent areas in Sweden), the only other areas in the world with the tree line mostly made up by a small-leaved deciduous tree like birch - in contrast to conifers - are Iceland and the Kamtschatka peninsula.

text: A conifer tree line is sometimes used (No: Barskoggrense) to divide this zone into two subzones, as the conifers will (usually) not grow as high up as the mountain birch. Spruce and pine grow at nearly 1,100 m above sea level in some areas of Jotunheimen, down to 400 m in Bergen (900 m at the head of Sognefjord), 900 m in Lillehammer (mountains near Oslo too low to observe a tree line), 500 m in Trondheim (750 m in Oppdal), 350 m in Narvik, 200 m in Harstad, 250 m in Alta and the most northerly pine forest in the world is in Stabbursdalen National Park in Porsanger. There are some forestry in this part of the NB zone; some conifers can grow quite large even if growth is slow.

text: Boreal ecoregions[edit]

text: The boreal zones in Norway belongs to three ecoregions: The area dominated by spruce forests (some birch, pine, willow, aspen) mostly belong to the Scandinavian and Russian taiga PA0608 ecoregion. The Scandinavian coastal conifer forests PA0520 ecoregion in coastal areas with mild winters and frequent rainfall follows the coast from south of Stavanger and north to southern Troms and includes both hemiboreal and boreal areas. Bordering the latter region is the Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands PA1110 ecoregion. This region seems to include both mountain areas with alpine tundra and lowland forests, essentially all areas outside the natural range of Norway spruce forests.[28] This ecoregion thus show a very large span in climate and environmental conditions, from the temperate forest along the fjords of Western Norway to the summit of Galdhøpiggen and northeast to the Varanger Peninsula. The area above the conifer treeline is made up by mountain birch Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii (No: fjellbjørkeskog). The Scots pine reaches its altitudinal limit about 200 m lower than the mountain birch.

text: Tundra[edit]

text: Alpine tundra is common in Norway, covering a total of 32% of the land area (excluding Svalbard and Jan Mayen) and belonging to the Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands PA1110 ecoregion. The area closest to the tree line (low alpine) has continuous plant cover, with willow species such as Salix glauca, S. lanata and S. lapponum 0.5 meter tall; blueberry, common juniper and twinflower are common. The low alpine area was traditionally used as summer pastures, and partly still is. This zone reaches an elevation of 1,500 m in Jotunheimen and includes most of Hardangervidda, it reaches 1,300 m in eastern Trollheimen and about 800 m in Narvik and the Lyngen Alps. Higher up (mid-alpine tundra) the plants become smaller, mosses and lichens are more predominant; plants still cover most of the ground even if snowfields last into mid-summer and permafrost are common. At the highest elevations (high-alpine tundra) the ground is dominated by bare rock, snow and glaciers, with few plants.

text: The highest altitude weather station in Norway, Fanaråken in Luster at 2062 m, barely have three months above freezing and a July average of 2.7 °C. Still, glacier buttercup has been found only 100 m below the summit of Galdhøpiggen, and mosses and lichens have been found at the summit.

text: In northeastern Finnmark (northern half of the Varanger Peninsula and Nordkinn Peninsula) is a small lowland tundra area which is often considered part of the Kola Peninsula tundra PA1106 ecoregion. Svalbard and Jan Mayen have tundra vegetation except for areas covered by glaciers, and some areas, like the cliffs at southern Bear Island, are fertilized by seabird colonies. This tundra is often considered part of the Arctic Desert PA1101 ecoregion. The most lush areas on these Arctic islands are sheltered fjord areas at Spitsbergen; they have the highest summer temperatures and the very dry climate ensures little snow and thus comparatively early snowmelt. The short growing season and the permafrost underneath the active layer still ensures enough moisture; plants include dwarf birch, cloudberry, Svalbard poppy and harebell.

text: A warmer climate would push the vegetation zones significantly northwards and upwards.[29]

text: Natural resources[edit]

text: In addition to oil and natural gas, hydroelectric power, and fish and forest resources, Norway has reserves of ferric and nonferric metal ores. Many of these have been exploited in the past but are now idle because of low metal content and high operating costs. Europe's largest ilmenite (titanium) deposits are near the southwest coast. Coal is mined in the Svalbard islands.

text: Resources: Petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydropower.

text: Land use[edit]

text:
arable land: 3.3% (in use; some more marginal areas are not in use or used as pastures)
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 38% of land area is covered by forest; 21% by conifer forest, 17% deciduous forest,;[30][31] increasing as many pastures in the higher elevations and some coastal, man-made heaths are no longer used or reforested, and due to warmer summers.
other: 59% (mountains and heaths 46%, bogs and wetlands 6.3%, lakes and rivers 5.3%, urban areas 1.1%). Source: Moen et al.: Vegetasjon: National Atlas of Norway.

text: Irrigated land: 970 km2 (1993 est.)

text: Natural hazards:

text:
European windstorms with hurricane strength wind speed along the coast and in the mountains are not uncommon. For centuries one out of four males in coastal communities were lost at sea.
Avalanches on steep slopes, especially in the northern part of the country and in mountain areas. 16 Norwegian soldiers on exercise were killed by an avalanche in Vassdalen in Narvik municipality on March 5, 1986.
Landslides have on occasions killed people, mostly in areas with soil rich in marine clay, as in lowland areas near Trondheimsfjord.
Tsunamis have killed people; usually caused by parts of mountains (rockslide) falling into fjords or lakes. This happened 1905 in Loen in Stryn when parts of Ramnefjell fell into Loenvatnet lake, causing a 40 m tsunami which killed 61 people. It happened again the same place in 1936, this time with 73 victims. 40 people were killed in Tafjord in Norddal in 1934.

text: Environment[edit]

text: Current issues[edit]

text: Environmental concerns in Norway include how to cut greenhouse gas emissions, pollution of the air and water, loss of habitat, damage to cold water coral reefs from trawlers, and salmon fish farming threatening the wild salmon by spawning in the rivers, thereby diluting the local DNA. Acid rain has damaged lakes, rivers and forest, especially in the southernmost part of the country, and most wild salmon populations in Sørlandet have died. Due to lower emissions in Europe, acid rain in Norway has decreased by 40% from 1980 to 2003.[32] Another concern is a possible increase in extreme weather. In the future, climate models [33] predict increased precipitation, especially in the areas with current high precipitation, and also predict more episodes with heavy precipitation within a short time span, which can cause landslides and local floods. Winters will probably be significant milder, and the sea ice cover in the Arctic ocean might melt altogether in summer, threatening the survival of the polar bear on Svalbard. Both terrestrial and aquatic species are expected to shift northwards, and this is already observed for some species: migratory birds arriving earlier, trees coming into leaf earlier, mackerel becoming common in summer off the coast of Troms, the growing red deer population is spreading northwards and eastwards and 2008 was the first hunting season which saw more red deer (35,700) than moose shot.[34] The total number of species in Norway are expected to rise due to new species arriving.[35] Norwegians are statistically among the world's most worried when it comes to global warming and its effects,[36] even if Norway is among the countries expected to be least negatively affected by global warming, with some possible gains.[37]

text: International agreements[edit]

text: party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road

text: Major cities/towns (ranked by size)[edit]

text:
Oslo (earlier Kristiania) - capital
Bergen - former capital, hansa city
Trondheim - the first capital of Norway, known by the name Nidaros (viking age)
Stavanger (ranked 3rd by pop./conurbation)
Kristiansand
Fredrikstad
Tromsø
Sandnes
Drammen
Skien

text: Geography - note: Strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in the North Atlantic Ocean.

text: Antipodes[edit]

text: Mainland Norway is not antipodal to any land mass. However, Svalbard is antipodal to the western coast of Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica and adjacent parts of the Ross Ice Shelf. The antipodes of Jan Mayen are off the Oates Coast of Antarctica.

text: Peter I Island off Antarctica, which is claimed by Norway, is opposite a spot 70 km SE of Norilsk in Russian Siberia.

text: Norwegian geography in fiction[edit]

text:
In The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, fjords were an award-winning geographical feature created by Slartibartfast when he helped in the construction of Earth.
In The Empire Strikes Back, scenes from the ice planet Hoth were filmed at Finse, Norway.
Edgar Allan Poe and Jules Verne in respectively "A Descent into the Maelström" and Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea both portray Moskstraumen, a large system of tidal eddies and whirlpools in Lofoten.
The car chase between James Bond and the villain in the James Bond film Die Another Day was shot in Svalbard.


document_title: Danger zone (food safety)

question_text: the temperature danger zone for food is between the temperatures of

root

text: Danger zone (food safety)

text:
Food safety
Terms
Foodborne illness
Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)
Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC)
Critical control point

Critical factors
FAT TOM
pH
Water activity (aw)

Bacterial pathogens
Clostridium botulinum
Escherichia coli
Listeria
Salmonella
Vibrio cholerae
Cronobacter spp

Viral pathogens
Enterovirus
Hepatitis A
Norovirus
Rotavirus

Parasitic pathogens
Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia
Trichinella
vte

tag: table

text: The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone.  Food safety agencies, such as the United States' Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), define the danger zone as roughly 5 to 60 °C (41 to 140 °F).[1][2][3] The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness (for example, a refrigerator's temperature must be kept below 4 °C (40 °F)[4]), and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed.[5] Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone, at temperatures between 21 and 47 °C (70 and 117 °F).[6]

tag: p

text: Food-borne bacteria, in large enough numbers, may cause food poisoning, symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or "stomach flu" (a misnomer, as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system).  Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.[7] Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations, such as people with weakened immune systems, young children, the elderly, and pregnant women.[7]  In Canada, there are approximately 11 million cases of food-borne disease per year.[8] These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food.[9]

text: Time and temperature control plays a critical role in food safety. To prevent time-temperature abuse, the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized.[10] A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature: a significantly large number of cells may survive slightly lower temperatures.[11] In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone, foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling.[12]

text: Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone:[13]

text:
Meat: beef, poultry, pork, seafood
Eggs and other protein-rich foods
Dairy products
Cut or peeled fresh produce
Cooked vegetables, beans, rice, pasta
Sauces, such as gravy
Sprouts
Any foods containing the above, e.g. casseroles, salads, quiches

tag: ul

text: According to Bryan (2004), a more complex, but more comprehensive picture of food safety hazards can be given by full consideration of the many factors involved. He advocates seeing the danger zone as "a series of ranges that represent different degrees of hazards and risks." He presents the danger zone in a chart of time versus temperature as having a zone of high danger in which foods are at temperatures between 30C and 45C for several hours, surrounded by two zones of lesser danger involving exposure at lower temperatures for longer periods of time.[14]


document_title: Tangled Up in Blue

question_text: meaning of bob dylan's tangled up in blue

question_tokens: meaning of bob dylan 's tangled up in blue

text: Tangled Up in Blue

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: "Tangled Up in Blue" is one of the clearest examples of Dylan's attempts to write "multi-dimensional" songs which defied a fixed notion of time and space. Dylan was influenced by his recent study of painting and the Cubist school of artists, who sought to incorporate multiple perspectives within a single plane of view. As Neil McCormick remarked in 2003: "A truly extraordinary epic of the personal, an unreliable narrative carved out of shifting memories like a five-and-a-half-minute musical Proust."[3] In a 1978 interview Dylan explained this style of songwriting: "What's different about it is that there's a code in the lyrics, and there's also no sense of time. There's no respect for it. You've got yesterday, today and tomorrow all in the same room, and there's very little you can't imagine not happening".[4]

text: The lyrics are at times opaque, but the song seems to be (like most of the songs on the album) the tale of a love that has, for the time being, ended, although not by choice; the last verse begins:

text: and ends

text: Dylan continually re-worked the lyrics even after the album was released; the version on his live album Real Live (and throughout the '84 Europe tour) has radically different lyrics. In the first studio version (NYC sessions, September '74) and often in live performances he has sung some of the verses from a third-person perspective (usually "he was laying in bed," but sometimes even "she was laying in bed"), as opposed to the first-person point of view in the Blood on the Tracks version. Dylan has said that the version recorded on the 1984 Real Live album is the best.[5] Dylan has often stated that the song took "ten years to live and two years to write".[6]

text: Covers and references[edit]

text: The song has been covered by various artists, including Great White, Jerry Garcia, Dickey Betts and Great Southern, Mike McClure, The Byrds, Half Japanese, Robyn Hitchcock, the Indigo Girls, Kim Larsen, KT Tunstall, Ani Difranco, The String Cheese Incident, Jennifer Charles and The Whitlams.

text: In the Hootie & the Blowfish song "Only Wanna Be with You", Darius Rucker sings: Yeah I'm tangled up in blue / Only wanna be with you / You can call me your fool / Only wanna be with you. The reference extends a string of mentions of Bob Dylan in the song, beginning at the start of the second verse: Putting on a little Dylan .... The song's rhythm itself seems to be inspired by Dylan's original track.

text: Barb Jungr and Louis Durra have recorded jazz versions.

text: The Belgian TV-host Bart Peeters, who is also a singer-songwriter, made a Dutch version of the song. The lyrics are modified by him, and as a result he tells a more personal story about how he met his wife. The Dutch title is "Prachtig in het blauw" ([looking] beautiful in blue).

text: Texas Country artist Hayes Carll includes the lyrics "You was openly frustrated / you said Dylan's overrated / while singing Tangled Up In Blue" in his 2011 song "Another Like You".

text: The song is a playable track on Rock Band 2, as the most difficult song in the vocal section, and the final song for the player to complete in the "Impossible Vocal Challenge".

text: Science fiction author Joan D. Vinge published Tangled Up in Blue in 2000[7] as the fourth book in her Hugo Award-winning "Snow Queen" series.

text: A female artist named Sami quotes the lines, "We'll meet again someday on the avenue/tangled up in blue" in Michael Corrigan's book These Precious Hours.

text: Former Dublin Gaelic Football player Dessie Farrell titled his autobiography Tangled Up in Blue.

text: The song appears in 2012 film People like us.

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (18 November 2013). "Bob Dylan: 30 greatest songs". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
Jump up ^ Rosenbaum, Ron (2007-12-14). "The Best Joni Mitchell Song Ever". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
Jump up ^ "The Rough Guide to Bob Dylan", Nigel Williamson, ISBN 1-84353-139-9
Jump up ^ Interview with Jonathan Cott, Rolling Stone 11/16/78
Jump up ^ Toby Creswell (2007), "Tangled Up in Blue", 1001 Songs, p. 469
Jump up ^ Sanburn, Joel (May 19, 2011). "The 10 Best Bob Dylan Songs". Time. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tangled Up in Blue, Joan Vinge, TOR Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8125-7636-8

tag: ol


document_title: Pakistan at the Olympics

question_text: when did pakistan won olympic gold medal in hockey for the first time

text: Pakistan at the Olympics

text: Participation & Medal tables[edit]

text: Summer Olympics[edit]

text:
Games

Athletes

Athletes by sport

Medals

Total

Rank

1900–1936
as part of  India

 1948 London
39[1]
5
3
2
19

4
2
4

-
-
-
0[1]
–

 1952 Helsinki
44[2]
16[2]
4
2
18

1
2
1
1

-
-
-
0[2]
–

 1956 Melbourne
62[3]
19[3]
6
4
18[3]

2
3
3
6

-
1[3]
-
1[3]
31

 1960 Rome
49[4]
12[4]
4
2
18

4

2
7

1[4]
-
1[4]
2[4]
20

 1964 Tokyo
41
6
4[5]
4[5]
18

5

1[5]
6

-
1[5]
-
1[5]
30

 1968 Mexico City
20[6]

18[6]

2[6]

1[6]
-
-
1[6]
29

 1972 Munich
25
5
2[7]

18

1[7]
2[7]

-
1[7]
-
1[7]
33

 1976 Montreal
24
2[8]
2

16

2
2

-
-
1[8]
1[8]
37

 1980 Moscow
did not participate

 1984 Los Angeles
29
3[9]
4[9]

16
6[9]

2[9]

1[9]
-
-
1[9]
25

 1988 Seoul
31
7
2[10]

16
2[10]
1[10]

3[10]

-
-
1[10]
1[10]
46

 1992 Barcelona
27
4
4

16
2[11]

1[11]

-
-
1[11]
1[11]
54

 1996 Atlanta
24[12]
2[12]
4[12]

16[12]

1[12]

1[12]

-
-
-
0[12]
-

 2000 Sydney
27[13]
2[13]
4[13]

16[13]
3[13]

1[13]
1[13]

-
-
-
0[13]
-

 2004 Athens
26[14]
2[14]
5[14]

16[14]

1[14]
2[14]

-
-
-
0[14]
-

 2008 Beijing
21
2

16

1
2

-
-
-
0
-

 2012 London
21
2

16

1
2

-
-
-
0
-

 2016 Rio de Janeiro
7[15]
2[15]

2[15]
2[15]

1[15]

-
-
-
0
-

 2020 Tokyo
future event

 2024 Paris

 2028 Los Angeles

Total
3
3
4
10

text: Winter Olympics[edit]

text:
Games

Athletes

Athletes by sport

Medals

Total

Rank

1924–2006
did not participate

 2010 Vancouver
1
1
0
-
-
-
0
–

 2014 Sochi
1
1
0
-
-
-
0
–

 2018 Pyeongchang
2[16]
1[16]
1[16]
-
-
-
0

–

 2022 Beijing
future event

Total
0
0
0
0

text: Medals by sport[edit]

text:
Medals by sport

Sport

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

Rank

 Field hockey
3
3
2
8
6

 Wrestling
0
0
1
1
53

 Boxing
0
0
1
1
67

Total
3
3
4
10
70[17]

text: List of medalists[edit]

text:
Medal

Name

Games

Sport

Event

 Silver

Men's field hockey teamAbdul RashidAkhtar HussainMunir DarGhulam RasulAnwar KhanHabib Ali KiddieLatif-ur-RehmanManzoor Hussain AtifMotiullahNaseer BundaNoor AlamKhursheed Aslam Abdul WaheedMushtaq AhmadZakir Hussain

 1956 Melbourne

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Gold

Men's field hockey teamAbdul HamidRashid AbdulAbdul WaheedBashir AhmadGhulam RasulAnwar KhanKhursheed AslamHabib Ali KiddieManzoor Hussain AtifMushtaq AhmadMotiullahNaseer BundaNoor AlamMunir Dar

 1960 Rome

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Bronze
Mohammad Bashir
 1960 Rome
 Wrestling
Men's freestyle welterweight

 Silver

Men's field hockey teamAbdul HamidMuhammad Asad MalikMunir DarMahmood KhalidAnwar KhanNawaz KhizarKhurshid AzamMuhammad MannaManzoor Hussain AtifMohammed RashidMotiullahTariq NiaziSaeed AnwarAziz TariqHayat ZafarUddin Zaka

 1964 Tokyo

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Gold

Men's field hockey teamAbdul RasheedJahangir ButtTanvir DarGulraiz AkhtarKhalid MahmoodMuhammad Asad Malik  Ashfaq AhmedTariq NiaziRiaz AhmadRiazuddinSaeed AnwarTariq AzizZakir Hussain

 1968 Mexico City

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Silver

Men's field hockey teamRashid AbdulAkhtar RasoolUl AkhtarJahangir ButtUr FazalIslahuddin SiddiqueMuhammad Asad MalikShahnaz SheikhMunawwaruz ZamanAhmad RiazSaeed AnwarSaleem SherwaniIftikar SyedMudassar SyedZahid Sheikh

 1972 Munich

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Bronze

Men's field hockey teamRashid AbdulAkhtar RasoolMahmood ArshadArshad ChaudhryKhan HaneefIslahuddin SiddiqueSamiullah KhanHassan ManzoorManzoor HussainMunawwaruz ZamanZia QamarNazim SalimShahnaz SheikhSaleem SherwaniIftikar SyedMudassar Syed

 1976 Montreal

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Gold

Men's field hockey teamSyed Ghulam MoinuddinQasim ZiaNasir AliAbdul Rashid Al-HasanAyaz MahmoodNaeem AkhtarKalimullah KhanManzoor HussainHassan SardarHanif KhanKhalid HamidShahid Ali KhanTauqeer DarIshtiaq AhmedSaleem SherwaniMushtaq Ahmad

 1984 Los Angeles

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

 Bronze
Syed Hussain Shah
 1988 Seoul
 Boxing
Men's middleweight

 Bronze

Men's field hockey teamSaeed AnjumHasan FarhatKhalid BashirMuhammad KhawajaMansoor AhmedAsif BajwaIkhlaq MuhammadMohammad Khalid SrQamar MuhammadHussain MusaddaqRana MujahidShahbaz AhmedMuhammad ShahbazShahid Ali KhanTahir ZamanWasim Feroz

 1992 Barcelona

 Field hockey

Men's tournament

text: Pakistan Field Hockey team at the Olympics[edit]

text:
Games
Ranking

 1948 London
4th (semi-final)

 1952 Helsinki
4th (semi-final)

 1956 Melbourne
 Silver

 1960 Rome
 Gold

 1964 Tokyo
 Silver

 1968 Mexico City
 Gold

 1972 Munich
 Silver

 1976 Montreal
 Bronze

 1980 Moscow
US-led boycott

 1984 Los Angeles
 Gold

 1988 Seoul
5th

 1992 Barcelona
 Bronze

 1996 Atlanta
6th

 2000 Sydney
4th (semi-final)

 2004 Athens
5th

 2008 Beijing
8th

 2012 London
7th

 2016 Rio de Janeiro
Did not qualify

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
First medal :  1956 Melbourne,  Silver, National field hockey team
First gold medal :  1960 Rome, National field hockey team
First individual medal :  1960 Rome,  Bronze, Mohammad Bashir, Wrestling
Most medals :
Munir Dar, 1956–64 (3) National field hockey team
Anwar Khan, 1956–64 (3) National field hockey team
Motiullah, 1956–64 (3) National field hockey team
Saeed Anwar, 1964–72 (3) National field hockey team

text: Best Performances (Athletics)[edit]

text:
1952 Helsinki : Men's 4 x 100 metres relay (Semi-final) Muhammad Aslam, Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Shariff Butt, Muhammad Fazil
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 100 metres: Abdul Khaliq (Semi-final) – 4th in Semifinal heat
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 200 metres: Abdul Khaliq (Semi-final) – 4th in Semifinal heat – Stands in top seven athletes Fastest overall qualifying time in First and second Rounds heats in 1956
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 110 metres hurdles: Ghulam Raziq (Semi-final)
 1956 Melbourne : Men's 4 x 100 metres relay Abdul Aziz, Muhammad Sharif Butt, Abdul Khaliq, Ghulam Raziq (Semi-final)
 1960 Rome : Men's 110 metres hurdles: Ghulam Raziq (Semi-final) – 4th in Semifinal heat
 1960 Rome : Men's 4 x 100 metres relay (Semi-final) Abdul Malik, Muhammad Ramzan Ali, Ghulam Raziq, Abdul Khaliq
 1988 Seoul : Men's 4 × 400 metres relay (Semi-final) Bashir Ahmed, Mohammad Sadaqat, Mohammad Afzal, Muhammad Fayyaz

text: Medal drought 1996 onwards[edit]

text: Pakistan has not won a medal in the last 6 Olympics up to and including  2016 Rio de Janeiro, leading to a medal drought of 24 years. In each of the following Olympics, Pakistan was the most populated nation to not win at least one medal.

text:
1996 Atlanta
 2000 Sydney
 2004 Athens
 2008 Beijing
 2012 London
 2016 Rio de Janeiro


document_title: Adrian R'Mante

question_text: estabans full name from suite life of zack and cody

text: Adrian R'Mante

text:
Adrian R'ManteBorn
 (1978-02-03) February 3, 1978 (age 40)Tampa, Florida, United StatesOccupation
ActorYears active
2000-present

text: Adrian R'Mante (born February 3, 1978) is an American actor best known for his role as Esteban Julió Ricardo Montoya de la Rosa Ramírez in the Disney Channel Original Series, The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.  He was born in Tampa, Florida, United States. He is married to Mayara Reina

text: R'Mante finished filming the thriller Underground that came out in Autumn 2010, and he also made a return to The Suite Life on Deck in January 2010 .

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Title
Role
Year
Notes

NCIS: Los Angeles
Diego Gonzalez
2015
episode: Black Wind

The Suite Life on Deck
Esteban Julio Ricardo Montoya de la Rosa Ramirez
2010
episode: Mother of the Groom

CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Paramedic Rivera
2006-2009
4 episodes

The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Esteban Julio Ricardo Montoya de la Rosa Ramirez
2005-2008
39 episodes

24
Omar
2007
episode: Day 6: 7:00 a.m.-8:00 a.m.

CSI: NY
Besim Lumani
2007
episode: The Deep

Alias
Diego
2005
episode: The Orphan

Summerland
Boyle
2004
2 episodes

JAG
Marine Lance Cpl. Frank Medina
2005
episode: Two Towns

Frasier
Servant
2003
episode: The Doctor Is Out

Graduation Night
Nam
2002

The Diplomat
Rome
2002
Short

Madison Heights
Eddie
2002
2 episodes

S1m0ne
Premiere Audience Member
2002

All or Nothing
Ice
2001

Battery Park
Paul
2000
2 episodes

The Huntress
Carlos
2000
episode: Bad Boys & Why We Love Them


document_title: List of Sesame Street Muppets

question_text: what is the pink character on sesame street

text: List of Sesame Street Muppets

text: Muppets[edit]

text:
Contents

A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · X · Y · Z

text:
Character
Actor/Muppet performer
Description

 Abby Cadabby[13]
Leslie Carrara-Rudolph[14]
A 4-year-old fairy-in-training with tiny wings, a magic wand, and sparkles in her hair. She was created to increase the number of the female Sesame Street Muppets. Daughter of the fairy godmother (who is spoken about but never seen), she "has her own point of view and is comfortable with the fact that she likes wearing a dress".[15]

Alice Snuffleupagus
Judy Sladky[16]
Baby sister of Aloysius Snuffleupagus ("Snuffy"). She has "luxurious, pale-golden fur", long eyelashes, and a blue-checkered hair ribbon, and was introduced to model sibling rivalry. She was one of the first Muppets controlled by remote control.[17]

Alistair Cookie
Frank Oz[18]
Played by Cookie Monster, he is a parody of British broadcaster Alistair Cooke[19] and appears in the "Monsterpiece Theater" sketch (a parody of Masterpiece Theater). At first, he used a pipe that he would eat in each segment. The pipe was eventually removed because according to executive producer Carol-Lynn Parente, it "modeled the wrong behavior".[20]

(The) Amazing Mumford
Jerry Nelson[21]
A "W.C. Fields-esque" magician whose magic tricks often go awry. His catchphrase, used to produce his tricks, is "À la peanut butter sandwiches".[21]

Anything Muppets
Various[22]
Writer Christopher Finch called Anything Muppets "unadorned puppet torsos and heads"[22] used for a single role or purpose. This ever-expanding troupe of Muppets comes in all shapes, sizes, and appearances. The Anything Muppets portray humans, specific animals, and occasional aliens.[23]

AM Monsters
Various[24]
Short for "Anything Muppet Monsters," the AM Monsters are customizable Muppet Monsters like the Anything Muppets and the Whatnots from The Muppet Show. Like the Anything Muppets, the AM Muppets come in all shapes, sizes, and appearances. According to writer Louise Gikow, Elmo started out as an AM Monster.[24]

Aristotle
Richard Hunt[25]
A blind monster created to increase inclusiveness of people and puppets with disabilities on the show. He was designed by Michael K. Frith and built by Ed Christie.[26]

Arlene Frantic
Fran Brill[27]
Appeared in the Sesame Street sketches, "What's My Part". She was a parody of actress Arlene Francis.[27]

 Baby Bear
David Rudman[21]
"The character from that Goldilocks story, in Muppet form." Rudman uses a "babyish lisp" when he voices Baby Bear.[21]

Barkley
Toby Towson (1978),[28] Brian Muehl (1979–1984; 1988),[29] Fred "Garbo" Gavner (1984–1993), Bruce Connelly (1993–2014) [30]
Originally named "Woof-Woof", he is a "large, friendly, shaggy dog" owned by Linda and knows a few words in American Sign Language.[21] Barkley once traveled to China with Big Bird.[31]

Beautiful Day Monster
Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Caroll Spinney[32]
Originally appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, this puppet was used interchangeably with Cookie Monster the first season of Sesame Street.[32]

Bennett Snerf
Jerry Nelson (AM Monster version), Caroll Spinney (Anything Muppet version)
Appeared in the Sesame Street sketches, "What's My Part". He was a parody of American publisher Bennett Cerf.[27]

Benny Rabbit
Kevin Clash[33]
The "irascible" rabbit who worked as a bellhop at the Furry Arms Hotel (which was part of the Around-the-Corner set expansion of the 1990s).[33]

Bert
Frank Oz (1969–2006),[34] Eric Jacobson (1997–present)[35]
Ernie's best friend, he collects paper clips and is fascinated by pigeons. His sketches were made by Henson and he was built by Don Sahlin.[36]

Betty Lou
Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Caroll Spinney, Fran Brill, Marilyn Sokol, Lisa Buckley[16]
Borgenicht says about her: "With her blonde braided hair, [she] is friendly and unassuming".[16] She collects dolls of various shapes and ethnicities.[37]

Biff
Jerry Nelson[38]
One-half of the Muppet construction worker duo, Biff is an "Archie Bunker-style blue-collar loudmouth". He and his partner Sully made for a "classic comedy team". Whenever they encountered a problem, Biff would ask for Sully's opinion but interrupt him before Sully could answer; however, it was Sully who inevitably came up with the solution.[39]

Big Bird
Caroll Spinney (1969–present),[40] Matt Vogel (understudy; 2000–present)[41]
A large 8 foot yellow bird who was developed during the 1968 curriculum seminars. Designed by Henson and built by Kermit Love and Don Sahlin, Big Bird stands at eight feet two inches, and has a slightly quirky and naive outlook on the world. Residing in a large nest alongside the "123 Sesame Street" building, he was the first Muppet to appear on the show and is intended to represent a six-year-old child who questions everything.[42][43]

Big Jeffy
Jeff Moss (voice), Jerry Nelson, Jim Henson, Kevin Clash
Bearded Muppet who sings bass with Little Jeffy and the Monotones, and also with Little Chrissy and the Alphabeats.[44]

Bip Bippadotta
Jim Henson[45]
The wild-haired puppet featured in the Muppet segment "Mah Nà Mah Nà".[45]

Bruno the Trashman
Caroll Spinney[16]
A trashman who sometimes carries Oscar's can around the Street. Designed by Spinney as a way to allow Oscar to move around and talk at the same time, Bruno does not talk often himself.[16][46]

Buster the Horse
Martin P. Robinson[16]
Forgetful Jones' horse, who often helps Forgetful get out of difficulties and remember things. Buster can also sing, drive a jeep, brush his teeth, and play the piano.[16][47]

 Captain Breakfast
Brian Muehl[33]
He was a superhero who fought for the most important meal of the day. His insignia was a bowl of cereal.[48]

Clementine
Brian Muehl (1979–1984), Kevin Clash (1985–1988), Camille Bonora (1988–1992)
Forgetful Jones' longtime girlfriend.[49]

Colambo
Joey Mazzarino[16]
A lamb detective who is inspired by Columbo.[16] He is "a shrewd sheep investigator who often solves cases of things gone missing" and a fairy-tale expert.[50]

Cookie Monster
Frank Oz (1969–2004),[51] David Rudman (2001–present)[52]
According to Sesame Street Unpaved, "At first glance, Cookie Monster appears to be a monster with a one-track mind. He is deeply, emotionally, physically and spiritually attached to cookies".[53]

Count von Count
Jerry Nelson (1972–2012), Matt Vogel (2013–present)[54]
Count von Count is a number-obsessed vampire who craves counting with a single-focused passion. He has lavender-fleece skin, bat-shaped ears, a flat black hairpiece, a red spade tongue, and wears a formal cape. Nelson based the Count's character and exaggerated European accent on Bela Lugosi's Count Dracula. His signature is organ music, lightning flashes, and thunder cracks.[55]

The Countess
Brian Muehl, Fran Brill, Camilla Bonora[16]
(1980–1984) Count von Count's girlfriend. She has a dog named Masha and is modeled after Marlene Dietrich.[16][56]

Curly Bear
Stephanie D'Abruzzo[57][58]
Baby Bear's little sister. Created to address the issue of sibling rivalry, Curly calls her brother "Bebo", has a very loud growl, and unlike the rest of her family, does not like porridge.[57][59]

 Deena
Karen Prell[60]
Young, energetic pink monster with red hair and wild rolling eyes. Described as "hyper-active", Prell reported that her performance was deemed "over-the-top", so the character did not last long.[60]

Dingers
Various
Like the Honkers, the Dingers communicate only with dings.[61]

Don Music
Richard Hunt[39]
A piano-playing composer who required assistance from Kermit the Frog to complete the lyrics to his songs. When frustrated, he would say, "Oh, I'll never get it! Never, never, never!" and bang his head on the keyboard. He had a bust of Ludwig van Beethoven on his piano, and as an inside joke, a framed photo of Joe Raposo hanging on the wall.[39]

Donald Grump
Martin P. Robinson
A Grouch who is modeled after billionaire real-estate developer and President of the United States of America Donald Trump.[62]

Dr. Feel
Steve Whitmire
A spoof of TV personality and author Dr. Phil McGraw.[62]

Dr. Nobel Price
Brian Muehl (1979–1984), Kevin Clash (1984–1988)[61]
Price's inventions consist solely of things that were either useless (like a flying cupcake) or had already been invented. Author Louise Gikow called Price a "misguided inventor" and the "bane of reporter Kermit's existence."[61]

 Elizabeth
Stephanie D'Abruzzo[57]
One of D'Abruzzo's favorite experiments, Elizabeth was a pig-tailed Muppet with a Brooklyn accent who loves the number 732 and her cat Little Murray Sparkles. D'Abruzzo said about her: "She was unlike your typical little girl characters".[57]

Elmo
Brian Muehl (1979–1984), Richard Hunt (1984–1985), Kevin Clash (1985–2012),[63][64] Ryan Dillon (2013–present)[65]
A furry 3-year-old red monster. It was not until Clash took over the role that Elmo became what Clash called a "phenomenon".[66]

Ernestine
Unknown
Ernie's baby cousin. Her laugh sounds like Ernie's laugh.[67]

Ernie
Jim Henson (1969–1990),[68] Steve Whitmire (1993–2014),[69] Billy Barkhurst (2014–2017),[70] Peter Linz (2017–present)[71]
Orange-colored, oval-headed, and always grinning, Ernie is a "free spirit" and a "trickster". He and best friend Bert share a basement apartment at 123 Sesame Street. He is also fascinated in his rubber duckie whether he is in the bath or not. [72]

 Farley
Jerry Nelson
A green Muppet boy with short orange spiked hair and a yellow sweater.[73]

Ferlinghetti Donizetti
Richard Hunt (1980–1984), Kevin Clash (1984–1986)
A blue poet and rapper who is named after poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti.

Flo Bear
David Rudman[74]
Bear writer whose name is a riff on French novelist Gustave Flaubert.

Fluffy the Elephant
Martin P. Robinson
Oscar the Grouch's pet elephant who sticks her trunk out of Oscar's trash can from time to time.[75]

Forgetful Jones
Michael Earl (1979–1981), Richard Hunt (1981–1992)[39]
A "simpleton cowboy" who always forgets everything.[39][76]

Frazzle
Jerry Nelson,[77] Richard Hunt (Sesame Street: 20 and Still Counting), Martin P. Robinson (Episode 3156), Joey Mazzarino (Episode 4419)
A large orange monster Muppet with big teeth.[77]

Fred the Wonder Horse
Jerry Nelson[77]
A horse ridden by Grover and his "trusty companion". His "horse sense" is always better than Grover's, and he "usually saves the day".[77]

 Gladys the Cow
Richard Hunt (1973–1992), Jennifer Barnhart (2003–present)[78]
With her "piercing operatic voice", she is "a theatrical ham (even though she's a cow)".[77]

Googel
Stephanie D'Abruzzo
A purple monster who is a member of the Monster Clubhouse.[79]

Granny Bird
Caroll Spinney
Big Bird's grandmother, who watched over him when he was a little bird and who still likes to feed him. She has grey feathers on her forehead.[80]

Granny Fanny Nestlerode
Caroll Spinney, Jim Henson (in the segment, "Here Is Your Life: Oak Tree")
An old lady Muppet who mostly appeared in Season 2 and Season 3.[81]

Grover
Frank Oz (1970–2012), Eric Jacobson (1998—present)[82][83]
Finch calls Grover "an infinitely optimistic soul".[84] Finch goes on to state that although Grover has a facility for self-deception, he is also honest and wise.[84]

Grundgetta
Brian Muehl (1980—1984), Pam Arciero (1984—present)[85]
A Grouch who is Oscar the Grouch's "trashy girlfriend."[85] She has Oscar's grouchy temperament and also likes everything trashy. She wears tattered hats and veils.[86]

Gulliver
Joey Mazzarino
A seagull who is Big Bird's penpal.[87]

Guy Smiley
Jim Henson (1969–1990),[88] Eric Jacobson (2005–present),[82] Caroll Spinney (Episode 0010)
The "enthusiastic," self-proclaimed "America's Favorite Game Show Host".[89]

 Harvey Kneeslapper
Frank Oz,[77] Matt Vogel (Episode 4209)
A blonde and wild-eyed Muppet who likes telling jokes and playing pranks on others. These often involve puns, letters, and numbers, and sometimes backfired on him.[90]

Herbert Birdsfoot
Jerry Nelson
A bespectacled Muppet. He is a lecturer who often appeared with Grover.[91]

Herry Monster
Jerry Nelson (1970–2003),[92] Tyler Bunch (2013; From Broadway with Love), Peter Linz (2017–present)
Herry is a blue and burly monster who does not know his own strength. His voice is gruff but he has a gentle heart.[93] He appears in many unscripted scenes with children, and "is written to represent a monster with the psychological age of a six-year old".[94]

Honkers
Various
Like the Dingers, they communicate only through honks.[61]

Hoots the Owl
Kevin Clash[95]
Sesame Street writer Mark Saltzman described Hoots as "the saxophone-playing jazz owl".[45] Clash based his voice after Louie Armstrong.[95]

Horatio the Elephant
Joey Mazzarino,[96] Dave Goelz, Martin P. Robinson, Peter Linz, David Rudman
A dancing elephant.[96]

Humphrey
David Rudman
He and his wife Ingrid, who together are Natasha's parents, are the hotel managers of the Furry Arms Hotel which was part of the Around-the-Corner set from 1993 to 1998.[33]

 Ingrid
Joey Mazzarino
Natasha's mother. She and her husband Humphrey are the hotel managers of the Furry Arms Hotel.[33]

 Jamie Fox
Joey Mazzarino
A fox who, along with Elmo and actor Jamie Foxx, tries to figure out who is the real "Jamie Fox". They end up singing the alphabet together.[97]

Julia
Stacey Gordon
A four-year-old female Muppet character with autism, first announced 2015. She debuted on the show on April 10, 2017.[98]

Kingston Livingston III
Kevin Clash[21]
A young African-American boy who is smart and cool, and who prefers to do his own thing.[21] He is "one cool kid" who is different by just being himself.[99]

 Lefty the Salesman
Frank Oz,[100] Caroll Spinney (occasionally)
A discreet, shady-looking salesman in a trench coat.[101]

Little Bird
Jim Henson (1969), Fran Brill[21]
Wise, soft-spoken little bird who is good at explaining concepts for his friend Big Bird.[102]

Little Chrissy
Jim Henson (puppeteer), Christopher Cerf (voice)[103]
The lead singer of "Little Chrissy and the Alphabeats," he was one of the earliest Muppets based upon an actual person (Cerf).[103]

Little Jerry
Jerry Nelson
A green Muppet who is the lead singer of the rock group "Little Jerry and the Monotones". Many of their songs were written by Jeff Moss.[103]

Little Murray Sparkles
Alice Dinnean, Stephanie D'Abruzzo[57]
Elizabeth's beloved pet cat.[57]

Liz Lemon
Stephanie D'Abruzzo
A lemon who is a parody of Tina Fey's 30 Rock character of the same name.[104]

Louie
Bill Barretta (2006–2010), Tyler Bunch (2010–present)
Elmo's dad.[105]

 Mae
Fran Brill (2006–2015)
Elmo's mother, Louie's wife.

Mama Bear
Camille Bonora (1993–1996), Alice Dinnean (1996–2002), Jennifer Barnhart (2003–present)[78]
Baby Bear's mother.[78]

The Martians[106]
Jim Henson, Frank Oz, Jerry Nelson, Richard Hunt, Martin P. Robinson, Kevin Clash, David Rudman, Julianne Buescher, John Tartaglia, Eric Jacobson, Matt Vogel, Leslie Carrara-Rudolph, Warrick Brownlow-Pike[77]
The nickname for the show's take on Martians. They have a jellyfish-like appearance and speak in a simple mixture of Martian ("yip" and "nope") and English.[107] Using their ability to teleport, they "valiantly explore our world despite their frequent terrifying encounters with everyday objects like telephones, clocks, radio, fan, book, and computers".[108]

Mel
Kevin Clash[79]
A gibberish-speaking blue monster with a mop of hair and yellow horns who is a member of the Monster Clubhouse.[79]

Monty
Martin P. Robinson
Muppet-homage to Monty Python's Flying Circus.[61]

Mr. Johnson
Jerry Nelson (1971–2012),[109] Matt Vogel (2016–present)
Also called "Fat Blue", Mr. Johnson usually appears with Grover in restaurant skits as his harried customer (usually at Charlie's Restaurant). Grover made up this rhyme about him: "In a hurry to be fed, beady eyes and big, blue head!"[109][110]

Murray Monster
Joey Mazzarino[111]
The host of the "Word on the Street" segment, Murray is a boisterous, red-orange Muppet.[111]

 Narf
Joey Mazzarino[79]
An orange monster with a blue nose and googly eyes who is a member of the Monster Clubhouse.[79]

Natasha
Kevin Clash[21]
An infant monster who uses only baby-talk to communicate. Natasha's parents are Humphrey and Ingrid and her alter-ego is Super Baby.[21][112]

 Oscar the Grouch
Caroll Spinney,[40] Eric Jacobson (understudy; 2015–present)
One of the first Muppets created for Sesame Street, and a "surprising success", Oscar gives kids "permission to feel grouchy—and to demonstrate differing opinions", as well as serving as a model for lessons in how to adapt to different personalities.[113] Spinney based his voice on a New York City cab driver.[40]

Ovejita
Carmen Osbahr[114]
(2008) A little lamb, Ovejita accompanies Murray to various schools in the segment "Murray Had a Little Lamb."[114]

 Papa Bear
Joey Mazzarino[115]
Baby Bear's father.[115]

Phoebe
Alice Dinnean (2001–2002), John Tartaglia (2002)
A green monster who is a member of the Monster Clubhouse.[79]

Placido Flamingo
Richard Hunt
An operatic flamingo with a clear tenor voice who sings at the Nestropolitan Opera. He is based on famous tenor, Plácido Domingo.[116]

Prairie Dawn
Fran Brill[117] (1970–2015), Stephanie D'Abruzzo (2016–present)
A little girl whose psychological age is that of a precocious three-year-old.[117] Prairie has "big dreams and a little voice".[118]

Prince Charming
Frank Oz[38]
A Muppet who resembles "Guy Smiley in prince's clothing," he is the "self-involved" prince who appears in Muppet fairy tales.[38]

Professor Hastings
Frank Oz[119]
A professor whose lectures were so dull he would fall asleep himself while giving them. According to Borgenicht, he was eventually cut from the Muppet cast because "he was, well, too dull."[119]

 Roosevelt Franklin
Matt Robinson (voice)[119]
An African-American Muppet who attended Roosevelt Franklin Elementary School and was so popular, he recorded his own album. He was dropped from the show because "he was thought by some to be a negative cultural stereotype".[119]

Roosevelt Franklin's Mother
Loretta Long (voice)[119]
The mother of Roosevelt Franklin.[119]

Rosita
Carmen Osbahr[21]
The first bilingual Muppet on Sesame Street and originally conceived as a fruit bat, Rosita speaks both English and Spanish. She is a "good-natured, intelligent turquoise blue Muppet".[21]

Roxie Marie
Fran Brill[61]
Construction worker Biff's niece.[61]

Ruby
Camille Bonora[120]
A pony-tailed monster.[120]

Rudy
Frankie Cordero[121]
Abby's step-brother who first appears in season 47.

 SAM the Robot
Jerry Nelson,[119] Caroll Spinney (occasionally)
A robot who is supposedly perfect, SAM is prone to silly mistakes. His name is an acronym for "Super Automated Machine".[122]

Segi[123]
Chantylla Johnson (voice), Kevin Clash (puppeteer; 2010–2011)
Inspired by head writer Joey Mazzarino's adopted daughter, this Muppet is an African-American little girl who sings proudly about her hair, "helping little girls—and their moms—to accept themselves just the way they are by loving their hair".[124]

Sherlock Hemlock
Jerry Nelson[16]
A parody based on Basil Rathbone's movie portrayal of Sherlock Holmes, Hemlock solves mysteries by "concentrating on the little clues and overlooking the big ones" that his dog Watson tends to find.[16]

Sherry Netherland
Julianne Buescher (1993–1995), Alice Dinnean (1995–1998)[38]
The "Leona Helmsley of the Furry Arms Hotel". She rules with "an iron fist, a heart of gold, and a brain of oatmeal".[38]

Simon Soundman
Jerry Nelson[81]
A blue Muppet who uses sounds to communicate.[81]

Slimey the Worm
Jerry Nelson (1970–1978), Michael Earl Davis (1978–1980), Martin P. Robinson (1980–present),[125] Dick Maitland (voice)[126]
According to Gikow, an "intelligent worm" who is the smallest and, other than Buster, the smartest character on Sesame Street. When he first appeared, he spoke in just squeaky sounds. He later became the only Muppet not voiced by a puppeteer.[127]

Mr. Snuffleupagus ("Snuffy")
Jerry Nelson (1971–1978), Michael Earl Davis (1978–1980), Martin P. Robinson (1980–present)[125]
Created to represent the psychological age of a four-year-old, Snuffy at seven feet tall and twelve feet wide is the largest Muppet on Sesame Street. He was Big Bird's "imaginary friend" until 1985, when he was finally revealed to the adult cast.[128]

Sonny Friendly
Richard Hunt (1986–1992), David Rudman (1992–2000)[38]
"America's Friendliest Game Show Host",[38] his catchphrase is "Are we having a nice day or what?"[129]

Stinky the Stinkweed
Joey Mazzarino[130]
A talking stinkweed plant.[130]

Sully
Richard Hunt (1973–1992), David Rudman (1992–1999)[39]
A construction worker and Biff's silent counterpart, he nevertheless served as the real brains of the duo. He is considered one of Hunt's most "understated and complex" characters.[39]

Super Grover
Frank Oz (1970–1998), Eric Jacobson (1998–present)[82][83]
Grover's superhero alter ego.[131]

 Telly Monster
Bob Payne (1979), Brian Muehl (1979–1984),[122] Martin P. Robinson (1984–present)[132]
Originally named "the Television Monster" because he was obsessed with TV, his name was changed to Telly and his obsession became triangles. Telly is "the Woody Allen of Muppets: the neurotic one, the one who overthinks everything, the worrier".[133]

The Twiddlebugs
Thomas: Jim Henson, Martin P. Robinson, Ricky Boyd (animated)
Tessie: Frank Oz, David Rudman, Ricky Boyd (animated)
Timmy: Richard Hunt, Peter Linz, Ricky Boyd (animated)
Tina: Jerry Nelson, Ricky Boyd (animated)"[38]
A family of fuzzy insects (Thomas, Tessie and their children Timmy and Tina) who live in a milk carton among the flowers in Ernie's windowsill. The family uses tiny, everyday found objects as furniture, toys and in other innovative ways.[38][134]

Two-Headed Monster
Left Head: Richard Hunt (1978), Jerry Nelson (1979–2001), Joey Mazzarino (2001–2016)[38]
Right Head: Peter Friedman (1978), Richard Hunt (1979–1992), David Rudman (1992–present)[74]
A purple monster with two heads, who generally speak in gibberish but have a baby-like vocabulary. They teach viewers about cooperation.[38]

 Wolfgang
Kevin Clash
An intelligent, musical brown seal that does not speak, although he honks horns with his nose.[135]

 Zari
Mansoora Shirzad (Pashto language), Sima Sultani (Dari language), Haley Jenkins (U.S.)
A curious six-year-old girl that makes her debut in season 5 of Baghch-e-Simsim. She also came from Afghanistan to the United States, She's also a Hijab-Clad Muppet. Introduced in (April 2016).

Zoe
Fran Brill (1993–2015),[136] Jennifer Barnhart (2016–present)[137]
Introduced to increase the number of strong female Sesame Street Muppets, Zoe is a yellow-orange monster who is "simultaneously dainty and strong, practical and impulsive".[136]

Zeerak
Sima Sultani (afghanistan), Frankie Cordero (U.S.)
Zeerak, whose name means "smart" and "talented" in Afghanistan's two languages Dari and Pashto, is described as an "energetic and eager 4-year-old," who looks up to his older sister, and aspires to go to school with her. He was debuted in 2017.