document_title: List of the highest major summits of Canada

question_text: what is the name of the tallest peak in canada

text: Highest major summits[edit]

text:
Map this section's coordinates using: OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text: Of these 150 highest major summits of Canada, 102 are located in British Columbia, 37 in Yukon, 13 in Alberta, two in Nunavut, and one in the Northwest Territories.  Three of these summits lie on the British Columbia-Alberta border and two lie on the British Columbia-Yukon border.  Five of these summits lie on the international Yukon-Alaska border and five lie on the international British Columbia-Alaska border.

text:
The 150 highest summits of Canada with at least 500 metres of topographic prominence

Rank

Mountain peak

Province

Mountain range

Elevation

Prominence

Isolation

Location

1

Mount Logan[5][6][7]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

5956 m19,541 ft
5247 m17,215 ft
623 km387 mi

60°34′02″N 140°24′20″W / 60.5671°N 140.4055°W / 60.5671; -140.4055 (Mount Logan)

2

Mount Saint Elias[8][9][10]

 Alaska Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

5489 m18,009 ft
3429 m11,250 ft
41.3 km25.6 mi

60°17′34″N 140°55′51″W / 60.2927°N 140.9307°W / 60.2927; -140.9307 (Mount Saint Elias)

3

Mount Lucania[11][12][13][14]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

5260 m17,257 ft
3080 m10,105 ft
43 km26.7 mi

61°01′17″N 140°27′58″W / 61.0215°N 140.4661°W / 61.0215; -140.4661 (Mount Lucania)

4

King Peak[15][16]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

5173 m16,972 ft
1073 m3,520 ft
4.68 km2.91 mi

60°35′00″N 140°39′18″W / 60.5833°N 140.6549°W / 60.5833; -140.6549 (King Peak)

5

Mount Steele[17][18][19]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

5020 m16,470 ft
760 m2,493 ft
9.45 km5.87 mi

61°05′34″N 140°18′42″W / 61.0929°N 140.3118°W / 61.0929; -140.3118 (Mount Steele)

6

Mount Wood[20][21][22]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4860 m15,945 ft
1200 m3,937 ft
18.95 km11.77 mi

61°13′57″N 140°30′44″W / 61.2326°N 140.5123°W / 61.2326; -140.5123 (Mount Wood)

7

Mount Vancouver[23][24][25]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4812 m15,787 ft
2712 m8,898 ft
44 km27.4 mi

60°21′32″N 139°41′53″W / 60.3589°N 139.6980°W / 60.3589; -139.6980 (Mount Vancouver)

8

Mount Slaggard[26][27]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4742 m15,558 ft
522 m1,713 ft
7.74 km4.81 mi

61°10′22″N 140°35′06″W / 61.1727°N 140.5851°W / 61.1727; -140.5851 (Mount Slaggard)

9

Mount Fairweather[28][29][30](Fairweather Mountain)

 Alaska British Columbia

Saint Elias Mountains

4671 m15,325 ft
3961 m12,995 ft
200 km124.4 mi

58°54′23″N 137°31′35″W / 58.9064°N 137.5265°W / 58.9064; -137.5265 (Mount Fairweather)

10

Mount Hubbard[31][32]

 Alaska Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4557 m14,951 ft
2457 m8,061 ft
34.4 km21.3 mi

60°19′10″N 139°04′21″W / 60.3194°N 139.0726°W / 60.3194; -139.0726 (Mount Hubbard)

11

Mount Walsh[33][34]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4506 m14,783 ft
1366 m4,482 ft
18.76 km11.66 mi

61°00′13″N 140°01′02″W / 61.0037°N 140.0171°W / 61.0037; -140.0171 (Mount Walsh)

12

Mount Alverstone[35][36][37](Boundary Point 180)

 Alaska Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4420 m14,500 ft
594 m1,950 ft
3.62 km2.25 mi

60°21′06″N 139°04′30″W / 60.3518°N 139.0749°W / 60.3518; -139.0749 (Mount Alverstone)

13

McArthur Peak[38][39]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4380 m14,370 ft
960 m3,150 ft
9.1 km5.65 mi

60°36′25″N 140°12′52″W / 60.6069°N 140.2144°W / 60.6069; -140.2144 (McArthur Peak)

14

Mount Augusta[40][41]

 Alaska Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4289 m14,070 ft
1549 m5,082 ft
23.2 km14.41 mi

60°18′27″N 140°27′30″W / 60.3074°N 140.4584°W / 60.3074; -140.4584 (Mount Augusta)

15

Mount Strickland[42][43][44]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4260 m13,976 ft
800 m2,625 ft
7.35 km4.57 mi

61°14′11″N 140°40′32″W / 61.2365°N 140.6755°W / 61.2365; -140.6755 (Mount Strickland)

16

Avalanche Peak[45][46][47]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4228 m13,871 ft
608 m1,995 ft
4.54 km2.82 mi

61°14′24″N 140°45′35″W / 61.2401°N 140.7597°W / 61.2401; -140.7597 (Avalanche Peak)

17

Mount Cook[48][49]

 Alaska Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4194 m13,760 ft
2350 m7,710 ft
23.4 km14.54 mi

60°10′54″N 139°58′52″W / 60.1816°N 139.9811°W / 60.1816; -139.9811 (Mount Cook)

18

Mount Craig[50][51][52]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

4060 m13,320 ft
520 m1,706 ft
6.97 km4.33 mi

61°15′49″N 140°52′48″W / 61.2636°N 140.8800°W / 61.2636; -140.8800 (Mount Craig)

19

Mount Waddington[53][54][55][56]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

4019 m13,186 ft
3289 m10,791 ft
562 km349 mi

51°22′25″N 125°15′49″W / 51.3737°N 125.2636°W / 51.3737; -125.2636 (Mount Waddington)

20

Spring Glacier Peak[57]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3976 m13,045 ft
676 m2,218 ft
6 km3.73 mi

61°02′27″N 139°55′58″W / 61.0408°N 139.9328°W / 61.0408; -139.9328 (Spring Glacier Peak)

21

Mount Robson[58][59][60][61]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3959 m12,989 ft
2829 m9,281 ft
460 km286 mi

53°06′38″N 119°09′24″W / 53.1105°N 119.1566°W / 53.1105; -119.1566 (Mount Robson)

22

Mount Harrison (Yukon)[62]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3935 m12,910 ft
875 m2,871 ft
11 km6.84 mi

61°04′41″N 140°06′07″W / 61.0781°N 140.1019°W / 61.0781; -140.1019 (Mount Harrison)

23

Mount Queen Mary[63][64]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3928 m12,887 ft
1348 m4,423 ft
25.3 km15.69 mi

60°37′43″N 139°43′29″W / 60.6286°N 139.7247°W / 60.6286; -139.7247 (Mount Queen Mary)

Mount Root[65][66]

 Alaska British Columbia

Saint Elias Mountains

3928 m12,887 ft
908 m2,979 ft
8.79 km5.46 mi

58°59′07″N 137°30′00″W / 58.9854°N 137.5001°W / 58.9854; -137.5001 (Mount Root)

25

Mount Tiedemann[67][68]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3838 m12,592 ft
848 m2,782 ft
2.86 km1.78 mi

51°23′38″N 125°14′12″W / 51.3940°N 125.2366°W / 51.3940; -125.2366 (Mount Tiedemann)

26

Centennial Peak[69][70]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3820 m12,533 ft
960 m3,150 ft
9.77 km6.07 mi

60°56′49″N 140°43′18″W / 60.9470°N 140.7217°W / 60.9470; -140.7217 (Centennial Peak)

27

Mount Malaspina[71][72]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3776 m12,388 ft
936 m3,071 ft
6.39 km3.97 mi

60°19′06″N 140°34′19″W / 60.3182°N 140.5719°W / 60.3182; -140.5719 (Mount Malaspina)

28

Mount Columbia[73][74][75]

 Alberta British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3741 m12,274 ft
2371 m7,779 ft
158 km98.2 mi

52°08′50″N 117°26′30″W / 52.1473°N 117.4416°W / 52.1473; -117.4416 (Mount Columbia)

Mount King George[76][77]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3741 m12,274 ft
1281 m4,203 ft
11.3 km7.02 mi

60°31′53″N 139°47′03″W / 60.5314°N 139.7841°W / 60.5314; -139.7841 (Mount King George)

30

Mount Johansen[78]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

3740 m12,270 ft
560 m1,837 ft
20 km12.43 mi

60°41′00″N 140°40′56″W / 60.6832°N 140.6823°W / 60.6832; -140.6823 (Mount Johansen)

31

North Twin Peak[79][80][81]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3733 m12,247 ft
743 m2,438 ft
8.52 km5.29 mi

52°13′26″N 117°26′04″W / 52.2238°N 117.4345°W / 52.2238; -117.4345 (North Twin Peak)

32

Mount Clemenceau[82][83][84]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3664 m12,021 ft
1494 m4,902 ft
35.9 km22.3 mi

52°14′51″N 117°57′28″W / 52.2475°N 117.9578°W / 52.2475; -117.9578 (Mount Clemenceau)

33

Mount Alberta[85][86][87]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3620 m11,877 ft
800 m2,625 ft
6.86 km4.26 mi

52°17′06″N 117°28′38″W / 52.2850°N 117.4772°W / 52.2850; -117.4772 (Mount Alberta)

34

Mount Forbes[88][89][90][91]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3617 m11,867 ft
1649 m5,410 ft
47.4 km29.5 mi

51°51′36″N 116°55′54″W / 51.8600°N 116.9316°W / 51.8600; -116.9316 (Mount Forbes)

35

Mount Assiniboine[92][93][94]

 Alberta British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3616 m11,864 ft
2082 m6,831 ft
141.8 km88.1 mi

50°52′11″N 115°39′03″W / 50.8696°N 115.6509°W / 50.8696; -115.6509 (Mount Assiniboine)

36

Mount Goodsir[95][96][97]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3567 m11,703 ft
1917 m6,289 ft
64.1 km39.8 mi

51°12′08″N 116°23′51″W / 51.2021°N 116.3975°W / 51.2021; -116.3975 (Mount Goodsir)

37

Monarch Mountain[98][99][100]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3555 m11,663 ft
2925 m9,596 ft
71.4 km44.4 mi

51°53′58″N 125°52′34″W / 51.8995°N 125.8760°W / 51.8995; -125.8760 (Monarch Mountain)

38

Mount Temple[101][102][103]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3540 m11,614 ft
1530 m5,020 ft
21.3 km13.22 mi

51°21′04″N 116°12′23″W / 51.3511°N 116.2063°W / 51.3511; -116.2063 (Mount Temple)

39

Mount Brazeau[104][105]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3525 m11,565 ft
1475 m4,839 ft
30.8 km19.14 mi

52°33′05″N 117°21′18″W / 52.5515°N 117.3549°W / 52.5515; -117.3549 (Mount Brazeau)

40

Mount Sir Sandford[106][107]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3519 m11,545 ft
2703 m8,868 ft
62 km38.5 mi

51°39′24″N 117°52′03″W / 51.6566°N 117.8676°W / 51.6566; -117.8676 (Mount Sir Sandford)

41

Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier[108][109][110]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3516 m11,535 ft
2728 m8,950 ft
51.7 km32.1 mi

52°48′05″N 119°43′53″W / 52.8015°N 119.7315°W / 52.8015; -119.7315 (Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier)

42

Mount Farnham[111][112][113][114]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3493 m11,460 ft
2123 m6,965 ft
72.7 km45.2 mi

50°29′20″N 116°29′14″W / 50.4888°N 116.4871°W / 50.4888; -116.4871 (Mount Farnham)

43

Mount Joffre[115][116][117]

 Alberta British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3433 m11,263 ft
1505 m4,938 ft
49.2 km30.6 mi

50°31′43″N 115°12′25″W / 50.5285°N 115.2069°W / 50.5285; -115.2069 (Mount Joffre)

44

Howser Spire[118][119]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3412 m11,194 ft
1299 m4,262 ft
35.4 km22 mi

50°43′47″N 116°48′48″W / 50.7296°N 116.8134°W / 50.7296; -116.8134 (Howser Spire)

45

Whitehorn Mountain[120][121][122]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3399 m11,152 ft
1747 m5,732 ft
7.94 km4.93 mi

53°08′13″N 119°16′00″W / 53.1370°N 119.2667°W / 53.1370; -119.2667 (Whitehorn Mountain)

46

Mount Hector[123][124]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3394 m11,135 ft
1759 m5,771 ft
21.5 km13.34 mi

51°34′31″N 116°15′32″W / 51.5752°N 116.2590°W / 51.5752; -116.2590 (Mount Hector)

47

Mount Dawson[125][126]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3377 m11,079 ft
2045 m6,709 ft
63.4 km39.4 mi

51°09′06″N 117°25′14″W / 51.1516°N 117.4206°W / 51.1516; -117.4206 (Mount Dawson)

48

Mount Edith Cavell[127][128]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3363 m11,033 ft
2033 m6,670 ft
47.2 km29.3 mi

52°40′02″N 118°03′25″W / 52.6672°N 118.0569°W / 52.6672; -118.0569 (Mount Edith Cavell)

49

Mount Fryatt[129][130][131]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3361 m11,027 ft
1608 m5,276 ft
16.37 km10.17 mi

52°33′01″N 117°54′37″W / 52.5503°N 117.9104°W / 52.5503; -117.9104 (Mount Fryatt)

50

Mount Harrison[132][133][134]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3360 m11,024 ft
1770 m5,807 ft
52.1 km32.4 mi

50°03′37″N 115°12′21″W / 50.0604°N 115.2057°W / 50.0604; -115.2057 (Mount Harrison)

51

Mount Chown[135][136][137]

 Alberta

Canadian Rockies

3316 m10,879 ft
1746 m5,728 ft
30.7 km19.05 mi

53°23′50″N 119°25′02″W / 53.3971°N 119.4173°W / 53.3971; -119.4173 (Mount Chown)

52

Mount Nelson[138][139]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3313 m10,869 ft
523 m1,716 ft
7.22 km4.49 mi

50°27′36″N 116°21′05″W / 50.4601°N 116.3515°W / 50.4601; -116.3515 (Mount Nelson)

53

Mount Queen Bess[140][141][142]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3298 m10,820 ft
2355 m7,726 ft
45.5 km28.2 mi

51°16′17″N 124°34′06″W / 51.2714°N 124.5682°W / 51.2714; -124.5682 (Mount Queen Bess)

54

Mount Sir Donald[143][144][145]

 British Columbia

Selkirk Mountains

3284 m10,774 ft
874 m2,867 ft
12.38 km7.69 mi

51°15′47″N 117°25′53″W / 51.2631°N 117.4314°W / 51.2631; -117.4314 (Mount Sir Donald)

55

Mount Sir Alexander[146][147][148]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3275 m10,745 ft
1762 m5,781 ft
87.8 km54.5 mi

53°56′10″N 120°23′13″W / 53.9360°N 120.3869°W / 53.9360; -120.3869 (Mount Sir Alexander)

56

Mount Monashee[149][150][151]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3274 m10,741 ft
2404 m7,887 ft
51.8 km32.2 mi

52°23′07″N 118°56′24″W / 52.3853°N 118.9399°W / 52.3853; -118.9399 (Mount Monashee)

57

Good Hope Mountain[152][153][154]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3242 m10,636 ft
1497 m4,911 ft
31.2 km19.38 mi

51°08′33″N 124°10′19″W / 51.1425°N 124.1719°W / 51.1425; -124.1719 (Good Hope Mountain)

58

Mount Ida[155][156][157]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3200 m10,499 ft
1530 m5,020 ft
14.14 km8.79 mi

54°03′29″N 120°19′36″W / 54.0580°N 120.3268°W / 54.0580; -120.3268 (Mount Ida)

59

Razorback Mountain[158][159][160]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3183 m10,443 ft
2153 m7,064 ft
36.5 km22.7 mi

51°35′26″N 124°41′28″W / 51.5905°N 124.6912°W / 51.5905; -124.6912 (Razorback Mountain)

60

Monmouth Mountain[161][162][163](Mount Monmouth)

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3182 m10,440 ft
1602 m5,256 ft
31.6 km19.6 mi

50°59′33″N 123°47′24″W / 50.9924°N 123.7900°W / 50.9924; -123.7900 (Monmouth Mountain)

61

Mount Cooper[164][165][166]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

3094 m10,151 ft
2319 m7,608 ft
42.5 km26.4 mi

50°10′47″N 117°11′57″W / 50.1797°N 117.1992°W / 50.1797; -117.1992 (Mount Cooper)

62

Mount Ratz[167][168][169]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3090 m10,138 ft
2430 m7,972 ft
311 km193.4 mi

57°23′35″N 132°18′11″W / 57.3930°N 132.3031°W / 57.3930; -132.3031 (Mount Ratz)

63

Jeanette Peak[170][171]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

3089 m10,135 ft
1657 m5,436 ft
17.54 km10.9 mi

52°38′09″N 118°37′00″W / 52.6357°N 118.6166°W / 52.6357; -118.6166 (Jeanette Peak)

64

Mount Tatlow[172][173]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3063 m10,049 ft
1613 m5,292 ft
34.4 km21.4 mi

51°23′03″N 123°51′51″W / 51.3843°N 123.8641°W / 51.3843; -123.8641 (Mount Tatlow)

65

Kates Needle[174][175]

 Alaska British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3053 m10,016 ft
1383 m4,537 ft
41.8 km26 mi

57°02′42″N 132°02′42″W / 57.0449°N 132.0451°W / 57.0449; -132.0451 (Kates Needle)

66

Talchako Mountain[176][177]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

3037 m9,964 ft
1676 m5,499 ft
19.23 km11.95 mi

52°05′31″N 126°00′57″W / 52.0919°N 126.0159°W / 52.0919; -126.0159 (Talchako Mountain)

67

Ulysses Mountain[178][179][180][181](Mount Ulysses)

 British Columbia

Muskwa Ranges

3024 m9,921 ft
2294 m7,526 ft
436 km271 mi

57°20′47″N 124°05′34″W / 57.3464°N 124.0928°W / 57.3464; -124.0928 (Ulysses Mountain)

68

Scud Peak[182][183]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2987 m9,800 ft
2172 m7,126 ft
57.4 km35.7 mi

57°14′28″N 131°10′03″W / 57.2412°N 131.1676°W / 57.2412; -131.1676 (Scud Peak)

69

Mount Brett[184][185][186]

 Alberta

Massive Range

2984 m9,790 ft
899 m2,949 ft
12.94 km8.04 mi

51°09′44″N 115°49′18″W / 51.1621°N 115.8216°W / 51.1621; -115.8216 (Mount Brett)

70

Mount Odin[187][188][189]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2971 m9,747 ft
2409 m7,904 ft
65.4 km40.7 mi

50°33′06″N 118°07′45″W / 50.5518°N 118.1293°W / 50.5518; -118.1293 (Mount Odin)

71

Skihist Mountain[190][191][192]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2968 m9,738 ft
2458 m8,064 ft
157.1 km97.6 mi

50°11′16″N 121°54′12″W / 50.1878°N 121.9032°W / 50.1878; -121.9032 (Skihist Mountain)

72

Ambition Mountain[193][194]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2953 m9,688 ft
1513 m4,964 ft
25.7 km15.95 mi

57°23′42″N 131°29′06″W / 57.3949°N 131.4851°W / 57.3949; -131.4851 (Ambition Mountain)

73

Keele Peak[195][196][197][198]

 Yukon

Mackenzie Mountains

2952 m9,685 ft
2161 m7,090 ft
543 km337 mi

63°25′53″N 130°19′27″W / 63.4314°N 130.3243°W / 63.4314; -130.3243 (Keele Peak)

74

Mount Ovington[199][200]

 British Columbia

Hart Ranges

2949 m9,675 ft
1600 m5,249 ft
18.75 km11.65 mi

54°08′36″N 120°34′26″W / 54.1433°N 120.5740°W / 54.1433; -120.5740 (Mount Ovington)

75

Mount Sylvia[201][202]

 British Columbia

Muskwa Ranges

2940 m9,646 ft
1559 m5,115 ft
73.8 km45.9 mi

58°04′55″N 124°28′08″W / 58.0820°N 124.4688°W / 58.0820; -124.4688 (Mount Sylvia)

76

Whitecap Mountain[203][204][205]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2918 m9,573 ft
1533 m5,030 ft
71.4 km44.4 mi

50°42′58″N 122°30′31″W / 50.7162°N 122.5085°W / 50.7162; -122.5085 (Whitecap Mountain)

77

Mount Saugstad[206][207]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2908 m9,541 ft
1850 m6,070 ft
38.6 km24 mi

52°15′15″N 126°30′53″W / 52.2542°N 126.5148°W / 52.2542; -126.5148 (Mount Saugstad)

78

The Horn[208][209]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2907 m9,537 ft
1527 m5,010 ft
20.3 km12.63 mi

52°19′08″N 126°14′11″W / 52.3190°N 126.2363°W / 52.3190; -126.2363 (The Horn)

79

Chutine Peak[210][211]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2903 m9,524 ft
1758 m5,768 ft
42.6 km26.5 mi

57°46′31″N 132°20′05″W / 57.7753°N 132.3346°W / 57.7753; -132.3346 (Chutine Peak)

80

Wedge Mountain[212][213]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2892 m9,488 ft
2249 m7,379 ft
63.9 km39.7 mi

50°07′59″N 122°47′36″W / 50.1330°N 122.7933°W / 50.1330; -122.7933 (Wedge Mountain)

81

Silverthrone Mountain[214][215][216]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2864 m9,396 ft
974 m3,196 ft
40.1 km24.9 mi

51°31′05″N 126°06′48″W / 51.5180°N 126.1133°W / 51.5180; -126.1133 (Silverthrone Mountain)

82

Mount Seton[217][218][219](Goat Mountain)

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2855 m9,367 ft
1580 m5,184 ft
20.4 km12.64 mi

50°37′25″N 122°15′36″W / 50.6237°N 122.2600°W / 50.6237; -122.2600 (Mount Seton)

83

Mount Aylesworth[220][221]

 Alaska British Columbia

Saint Elias Mountains

2830 m9,285 ft
1420 m4,659 ft
27.1 km16.81 mi

59°55′27″N 138°47′55″W / 59.9242°N 138.7985°W / 59.9242; -138.7985 (Mount Aylesworth)

84

Gladsheim Peak[222][223][224]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2830 m9,285 ft
2056 m6,745 ft
53.4 km33.2 mi

49°47′12″N 117°37′38″W / 49.7867°N 117.6272°W / 49.7867; -117.6272 (Gladsheim Peak)

85

Mount Cairnes[225][226]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2820 m9,252 ft
2000 m6,562 ft
40.2 km25 mi

60°52′06″N 138°16′35″W / 60.8683°N 138.2764°W / 60.8683; -138.2764 (Mount Cairnes)

86

Cond Peak[227][228][229][230]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2801 m9,190 ft
1720 m5,643 ft
35.3 km21.9 mi

49°44′46″N 117°08′31″W / 49.7462°N 117.1419°W / 49.7462; -117.1419 (Cond Peak)

87

Mount Edziza[231][232]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2793 m9,163 ft
1763 m5,784 ft
61.8 km38.4 mi

57°42′56″N 130°38′04″W / 57.7156°N 130.6345°W / 57.7156; -130.6345 (Mount Edziza)

88

Mount Nirvana[233][234][235]

 Northwest Territories

Mackenzie Mountains

2773 m9,098 ft
1663 m5,456 ft
220 km136.8 mi

61°52′31″N 127°40′51″W / 61.8752°N 127.6807°W / 61.8752; -127.6807 (Mount Nirvana)

89

Mount Macdonald[236][237][238][239]

 Yukon

Mackenzie Mountains

2760 m9,055 ft
1555 m5,102 ft
187.5 km116.5 mi

64°43′32″N 132°46′41″W / 64.7256°N 132.7781°W / 64.7256; -132.7781 (Mount Macdonald)

90

Howson Peak[240][241][242]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2759 m9,052 ft
1829 m6,001 ft
254 km158 mi

54°25′07″N 127°44′39″W / 54.4185°N 127.7441°W / 54.4185; -127.7441 (Howson Peak)

91

Tsaydaychuz Peak[243][244]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2758 m9,049 ft
1826 m5,991 ft
82.8 km51.4 mi

53°01′16″N 126°38′24″W / 53.0212°N 126.6401°W / 53.0212; -126.6401 (Tsaydaychuz Peak)

92

Overseer Mountain[245][246][247]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2749 m9,019 ft
1679 m5,509 ft
19.39 km12.05 mi

50°31′44″N 123°22′51″W / 50.5288°N 123.3809°W / 50.5288; -123.3809 (Overseer Mountain)

93

Thudaka Mountain[248][249][250]

 British Columbia

Cassiar Mountains

2748 m9,016 ft
1739 m5,705 ft
103.5 km64.3 mi

57°55′38″N 126°50′55″W / 57.9272°N 126.8485°W / 57.9272; -126.8485 (Thudaka Mountain)

94

Seven Sisters Peaks[251][252]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2747 m9,012 ft
1862 m6,109 ft
68.8 km42.7 mi

54°58′04″N 128°13′55″W / 54.9678°N 128.2319°W / 54.9678; -128.2319 (Seven Sisters Peaks)

95

Alsek Peak[253][254]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2740 m8,990 ft
2025 m6,644 ft
68.5 km42.5 mi

60°01′57″N 137°35′29″W / 60.0325°N 137.5915°W / 60.0325; -137.5915 (Alsek Peak)

96

Mount Jancowski[255][256]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2729 m8,953 ft
2079 m6,821 ft
124 km77.1 mi

56°20′14″N 129°58′54″W / 56.3372°N 129.9817°W / 56.3372; -129.9817 (Mount Jancowski)

97

Mount Pattullo[257][258]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2727 m8,947 ft
1617 m5,305 ft
23.1 km14.37 mi

56°14′02″N 129°39′27″W / 56.2339°N 129.6576°W / 56.2339; -129.6576 (Mount Pattullo)

98

Atna Peak[259][260]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2724 m8,937 ft
1828 m5,997 ft
56.8 km35.3 mi

53°56′23″N 128°02′44″W / 53.9398°N 128.0456°W / 53.9398; -128.0456 (Atna Peak)

99

Buckwell Peak[261][262]

 British Columbia Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2721 m8,927 ft
1971 m6,467 ft
56.4 km35 mi

59°25′08″N 136°45′55″W / 59.4188°N 136.7653°W / 59.4188; -136.7653 (Buckwell Peak)

100

Basement Peak[263][264]

 British Columbia

Saint Elias Mountains

2706 m8,878 ft
1606 m5,269 ft
23.6 km14.66 mi

59°21′18″N 137°09′41″W / 59.3551°N 137.1614°W / 59.3551; -137.1614 (Basement Peak)

101

Otter Mountain[265][266]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2692 m8,832 ft
2242 m7,356 ft
25.4 km15.78 mi

56°00′24″N 129°41′34″W / 56.0066°N 129.6928°W / 56.0066; -129.6928 (Otter Mountain)

102

Sharktooth Mountain[267][268]

 British Columbia

Cassiar Mountains

2668 m8,753 ft
1653 m5,423 ft
98.4 km61.2 mi

58°35′15″N 127°57′45″W / 58.5876°N 127.9625°W / 58.5876; -127.9625 (Sharktooth Mountain)

103

Thunder Mountain[269][270]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2664 m8,740 ft
1694 m5,558 ft
27.6 km17.14 mi

52°33′11″N 126°22′11″W / 52.5531°N 126.3698°W / 52.5531; -126.3698 (Thunder Mountain)

104

Dunn Peak[271][272][273]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2636 m8,648 ft
1531 m5,023 ft
87.1 km54.1 mi

51°26′14″N 119°57′17″W / 51.4372°N 119.9546°W / 51.4372; -119.9546 (Dunn Peak)

105

Barbeau Peak[274][275][276][277]

 Nunavut

Ellesmere Island

2616 m8,583 ft
2616 m8,583 ft
796 km495 mi

81°54′53″N 75°00′33″W / 81.9148°N 75.0093°W / 81.9148; -75.0093 (Barbeau Peak)

106

Mount Wotzke[278][279][280]

 British Columbia

Quesnel Highland

2597 m8,520 ft
1556 m5,105 ft
26.1 km16.19 mi

52°42′47″N 120°39′03″W / 52.7131°N 120.6507°W / 52.7131; -120.6507 (Mount Wotzke)

107

Silvertip Mountain[281][282][283][284]

 British Columbia

Cascade Range

2596 m8,517 ft
1866 m6,122 ft
19.55 km12.15 mi

49°09′48″N 121°12′58″W / 49.1633°N 121.2161°W / 49.1633; -121.2161 (Silvertip Mountain)

108

Unuk Peak[285][286]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2595 m8,514 ft
1725 m5,659 ft
13.79 km8.57 mi

56°22′35″N 130°11′36″W / 56.3764°N 130.1933°W / 56.3764; -130.1933 (Unuk Peak)

109

Devils Paw[287][288][289]

 Alaska British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2593 m8,507 ft
1703 m5,587 ft
136.3 km84.7 mi

58°43′44″N 133°50′25″W / 58.7289°N 133.8402°W / 58.7289; -133.8402 (Devils Paw)

110

Hudson Bay Mountain[290][291]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2589 m8,494 ft
1609 m5,279 ft
51 km31.7 mi

54°48′42″N 127°20′23″W / 54.8116°N 127.3396°W / 54.8116; -127.3396 (Hudson Bay Mountain)

111

Shedin Peak[292][293][294]

 British Columbia

Skeena Mountains

2588 m8,491 ft
1798 m5,899 ft
118.2 km73.4 mi

55°56′21″N 127°28′48″W / 55.9392°N 127.4799°W / 55.9392; -127.4799 (Shedin Peak)

Mount Archibald[295][296]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2588 m8,491 ft
1678 m5,505 ft
23.8 km14.81 mi

60°47′03″N 137°52′25″W / 60.7842°N 137.8736°W / 60.7842; -137.8736 (Mount Archibald)

113

North Pinnacle[297][298][299]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2573 m8,442 ft
1667 m5,469 ft
31.8 km19.74 mi

50°11′43″N 118°13′44″W / 50.1953°N 118.2290°W / 50.1953; -118.2290 (The Pinnacles)

114

Mount Perseus[300][301]

 British Columbia

Quesnel Highland

2553 m8,376 ft
1683 m5,522 ft
24.9 km15.48 mi

52°21′15″N 120°31′58″W / 52.3541°N 120.5327°W / 52.3541; -120.5327 (Mount Perseus)

115

Detour Peak[302][303]

 British Columbia Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2550 m8,366 ft
1906 m6,253 ft
21.2 km13.16 mi

59°50′33″N 137°35′08″W / 59.8424°N 137.5856°W / 59.8424; -137.5856 (Detour Peak)

116

Mount Porsild[304][305]

 Yukon

Coast Mountains

2545 m8,350 ft
1655 m5,430 ft
82 km51 mi

60°05′02″N 136°00′55″W / 60.0840°N 136.0154°W / 60.0840; -136.0154 (Mount Porsild)

117

Kaza Mountain[306][307]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2543 m8,343 ft
1573 m5,161 ft
35.5 km22 mi

53°04′16″N 121°00′32″W / 53.0711°N 121.0089°W / 53.0711; -121.0089 (Kaza Mountain)

118

Bower Peak[308][309][310]

 British Columbia

Omineca Mountains

2535 m8,317 ft
1270 m4,167 ft
26.1 km16.21 mi

57°14′58″N 126°23′38″W / 57.2495°N 126.3939°W / 57.2495; -126.3939 (Bower Peak)

119

Gataga Peak[311][312]

 British Columbia

Muskwa Ranges

2533 m8,310 ft
1515 m4,970 ft
35.3 km21.9 mi

58°04′11″N 125°42′04″W / 58.0697°N 125.7010°W / 58.0697; -125.7010 (Gataga Peak)

120

Whiting Peak[313][314]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2524 m8,281 ft
1669 m5,476 ft
53.9 km33.5 mi

58°08′20″N 132°56′05″W / 58.1389°N 132.9346°W / 58.1389; -132.9346 (Whiting Peak)

121

Pass Mountain[315][316]

 Yukon

Mackenzie Mountains

2515 m8,250 ft
1524 m5,000 ft
46.9 km29.1 mi

64°30′50″N 133°37′31″W / 64.5140°N 133.6254°W / 64.5140; -133.6254 (Pass Mountain)

122

Sentinel Peak[317][318][319][320]

 British Columbia

Canadian Rockies

2513 m8,245 ft
1452 m4,764 ft
86.6 km53.8 mi

54°54′29″N 121°57′40″W / 54.9080°N 121.9610°W / 54.9080; -121.9610 (Sentinel Peak)

123

Mount Martha Black[321][322]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2512 m8,241 ft
1797 m5,896 ft
18.59 km11.55 mi

60°40′18″N 137°37′21″W / 60.6716°N 137.6224°W / 60.6716; -137.6224 (Mount Martha Black)

124

Brian Boru Peak[323][324]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2507 m8,225 ft
1832 m6,010 ft
32.8 km20.4 mi

55°04′26″N 127°34′27″W / 55.0739°N 127.5742°W / 55.0739; -127.5742 (Brian Boru Peak)

125

Birkenhead Peak[325][326]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2506 m8,222 ft
1781 m5,843 ft
10.14 km6.3 mi

50°30′40″N 122°37′16″W / 50.5112°N 122.6210°W / 50.5112; -122.6210 (Birkenhead Peak)

126

Lehua Mountain[327]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2469 m8,100 ft
1659 m5,443 ft
40 km24.9 mi

56°29′28″N 130°46′16″W / 56.4910°N 130.7710°W / 56.4910; -130.7710 (Lehua Mountain)

Delta Peak[328][329]

 British Columbia

Omineca Mountains

2469 m8,100 ft
1119 m3,671 ft
4.58 km2.85 mi

57°17′17″N 126°25′11″W / 57.2881°N 126.4197°W / 57.2881; -126.4197 (Delta Peak)

128

Kootenay Mountain[330][331][332]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2456 m8,058 ft
1801 m5,909 ft
60 km37.3 mi

49°14′27″N 116°49′21″W / 49.2407°N 116.8226°W / 49.2407; -116.8226 (Kootenay Mountain)

129

Mount Thomlinson[333][334]

 British Columbia

Skeena Mountains

2451 m8,041 ft
1661 m5,449 ft
44 km27.4 mi

55°32′38″N 127°29′11″W / 55.5439°N 127.4864°W / 55.5439; -127.4864 (Mount Thomlinson)

130

Hubris Peak[335][336]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2445 m8,022 ft
1640 m5,381 ft
51.9 km32.2 mi

56°33′06″N 130°58′24″W / 56.5518°N 130.9733°W / 56.5518; -130.9733 (Hubris Peak)

131

Ferriston Peak[337][338]

 British Columbia

Omineca Mountains

2438 m7,999 ft
1126 m3,694 ft
67 km41.6 mi

57°06′32″N 125°54′19″W / 57.1089°N 125.9053°W / 57.1089; -125.9053 (Ferriston Peak)

132

Mount Crysdale[339][340]

 British Columbia

Misinchinka Ranges

2429 m7,969 ft
1554 m5,098 ft
147.3 km91.5 mi

55°56′18″N 123°25′16″W / 55.9383°N 123.4210°W / 55.9383; -123.4210 (Mount Crysdale)

133

Sittakanay Peak[341][342](Bel Canto Peak)

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2415 m7,923 ft
1710 m5,610 ft
38.9 km24.1 mi

58°28′43″N 133°21′44″W / 58.4786°N 133.3623°W / 58.4786; -133.3623 (Sittakanay Peak)

134

Mount Lester Jones[343][344]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2408 m7,900 ft
1658 m5,440 ft
27.7 km17.21 mi

58°43′03″N 133°13′50″W / 58.7174°N 133.2306°W / 58.7174; -133.2306 (Mount Lester Jones)

135

Fox Mountain[345][346][347]

 Yukon

Pelly Mountains

2404 m7,887 ft
1444 m4,738 ft
229 km142.5 mi

61°55′21″N 133°22′04″W / 61.9224°N 133.3677°W / 61.9224; -133.3677 (Fox Mountain)

136

Mount Cronin[348][349]

 British Columbia

Skeena Mountains

2396 m7,861 ft
1571 m5,154 ft
33.3 km20.7 mi

54°55′48″N 126°51′50″W / 54.9301°N 126.8638°W / 54.9301; -126.8638 (Mount Cronin)

137

Mount Priestley[350][351]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2366 m7,762 ft
1945 m6,381 ft
50.4 km31.3 mi

55°13′47″N 128°52′33″W / 55.2297°N 128.8759°W / 55.2297; -128.8759 (Mount Priestley)

138

Chatsquot Mountain[352][353]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2365 m7,759 ft
1981 m6,499 ft
57.7 km35.8 mi

53°08′32″N 127°28′38″W / 53.1422°N 127.4773°W / 53.1422; -127.4773 (Chatsquot Mountain)

139

Mount Frank Rae[354][355][356]

 Yukon

Ogilvie Mountains

2362 m7,750 ft
1367 m4,486 ft
224 km139.4 mi

64°28′14″N 138°33′19″W / 64.4706°N 138.5553°W / 64.4706; -138.5553 (Mount Frank Rae)

140

Beitstad Peak[357][358]

 Nunavut

Ellesmere Island

2347 m7,700 ft
2044 m6,706 ft
354 km220 mi

78°48′03″N 79°31′45″W / 78.8007°N 79.5292°W / 78.8007; -79.5292 (Beitstad Peak)

141

Fleet Peak[359][360]

 British Columbia

Omineca Mountains

2337 m7,667 ft
838 m2,749 ft
52.8 km32.8 mi

56°46′49″N 126°16′17″W / 56.7802°N 126.2714°W / 56.7802; -126.2714 (Fleet Peak)

142

Oscar Peak[361][362]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2336 m7,664 ft
2099 m6,886 ft
35.5 km22 mi

54°55′44″N 129°03′34″W / 54.9289°N 129.0594°W / 54.9289; -129.0594 (Oscar Peak)

143

Upper Saddle Mountain[363][364]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2330 m7,644 ft
1645 m5,397 ft
23.6 km14.68 mi

50°10′21″N 117°54′00″W / 50.1726°N 117.9000°W / 50.1726; -117.9000 (Upper Saddle Mountain)

144

Dalton Peak[365][366]

 Yukon

Saint Elias Mountains

2329 m7,641 ft
1549 m5,082 ft
32.9 km20.4 mi

60°28′36″N 137°10′22″W / 60.4767°N 137.1728°W / 60.4767; -137.1728 (Dalton Peak)

145

Sharks Teeth Peaks[367][368]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2304 m7,559 ft
1914 m6,280 ft
21.9 km13.6 mi

53°00′26″N 127°14′24″W / 53.0071°N 127.2400°W / 53.0071; -127.2400 (Sharks Teeth Peaks)

146

Pukeashun Mountain[369][370]

 British Columbia

Columbia Mountains

2301 m7,549 ft
1696 m5,564 ft
56.4 km35.1 mi

51°12′17″N 119°14′07″W / 51.2046°N 119.2353°W / 51.2046; -119.2353 (Pukeashun Mountain)

147

Kwatna Peak[371][372]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2290 m7,513 ft
2225 m7,300 ft
36.9 km22.9 mi

52°04′14″N 126°57′47″W / 52.0706°N 126.9630°W / 52.0706; -126.9630 (Kwatna Peak)

148

Mount Irish[373][374]

 British Columbia

Omineca Mountains

2280 m7,480 ft
1170 m3,839 ft
29.5 km18.31 mi

57°23′15″N 125°57′59″W / 57.3875°N 125.9664°W / 57.3875; -125.9664 (Mount Irish)

149

Mount Judge Howay[375][376]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2262 m7,421 ft
1627 m5,338 ft
35.7 km22.2 mi

49°30′26″N 122°19′18″W / 49.5072°N 122.3218°W / 49.5072; -122.3218 (Mount Judge Howay)

150

Robertson Peak[377][378]

 British Columbia

Coast Mountains

2252 m7,388 ft
1502 m4,928 ft
16.29 km10.12 mi

49°38′46″N 122°15′01″W / 49.6460°N 122.2502°W / 49.6460; -122.2502 (Robertson Peak)

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
1. Mount Logan in Yukon is the highest summit of Canada.

2. Mount Saint Elias is the second-highest summit of both Canada and the United States.

3. Mount Lucania in Yukon is the highest summit of the northern Saint Elias Mountains.

4. King Peak in Yukon is the fourth-highest summit of Canada.

5. Mount Steele in Yukon is the fifth-highest summit of Canada.

9. Mount Fairweather on the Alaska border is the highest summit of British Columbia.

19. Mount Waddington is the highest summit of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia.

21. Mount Robson in British Columbia is the highest summit of the Canadian Rockies.

28. Mount Columbia on the British Columbia border is the highest summit of Alberta.

40. Mount Sir Sandford is the highest summit of the Sir Sandford Range of British Columbia.

41. Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier is the highest summit of the Cariboo Mountains of British Columbia.

73. Keele Peak is the highest summit of the Mackenzie Mountains of Yukon.

105. Barbeau Peak is the highest summit of Ellesmere Island and Nunavut.

tag: ul


document_title: United States one hundred-dollar bill

question_text: what year did they put the strip in the 100 dollar bill

root

text: United States one hundred-dollar bill

text: Large size note history[edit]

text: (approximately 7.4218 × 3.125 in ≅ 189 × 79 mm)

tag: p

text:
1861: Three-year 100-dollar Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 7.3% interest per year. These notes were not primarily designed to circulate and were payable to the original purchaser of the dollar bill. The obverse of the note featured a portrait of General Winfield Scott.
1862: The first $100 United States Note was issued. Variations of this note were issued that resulted in slightly different wording (obligations) on the reverse; the note was issued again in Series of 1863.
1863: Both one and two and one half year Interest Bearing Notes were issued that paid 5% interest. The one-year Interest Bearing Notes featured a vignette of George Washington in the center, and allegorical figures representing "The Guardian" to the right and "Justice" to the left. The two-year notes featured a vignette of the U.S. treasury building in the center, a farmer and mechanic to the left, and sailors firing a cannon to the right.
1863: The first $100 Gold Certificates were issued with a bald eagle to the left and large green 100 in the middle of the obverse. The reverse was distinctly printed in orange instead of green like all other U.S. federal government issued notes of the time.
1864: Compound Interest Treasury Notes were issued that were intended to circulate for three years and paid 6% interest compounded semi-annually. The obverse is similar to the 1863 one-year Interest Bearing Note.
1869: A new $100 United States Note was issued with a portrait of Abraham Lincoln on the left of the obverse and an allegorical figure representing architecture on the right. Although this note is technically a United States Note, TREASURY NOTE appeared on it instead of UNITED STATES NOTE.
1870: A new $100 Gold Certificate with a portrait of Thomas Hart Benton on the left side of the obverse was issued. The note was one-sided.
1870: One hundred dollar National Gold Bank Notes were issued specifically for payment in gold coin by participating national gold banks. The obverse featured vignettes of Perry leaving the USS St. Lawrence and an allegorical figure to the right; the reverse featured a vignette of U.S. gold coins.
1875: The reverse of the Series of 1869 United States Note was redesigned. Also, TREASURY NOTE was changed to UNITED STATES NOTE on the obverse. This note was issued again in Series of 1878 and Series of 1880.
1878: The first $100 silver certificate was issued with a portrait of James Monroe on the left side of the obverse. The reverse was printed in black ink, unlike any other U.S. Federal Government issued bill.
1882: A new and revised $100 Gold Certificate was issued. The obverse was partially the same as the Series 1870 gold certificate; the border design, portrait of Thomas H. Benton, and large word GOLD, and gold-colored ink behind the serial numbers were all retained. The reverse featured a perched bald eagle and the Roman numeral for 100, C.
1890: One hundred dollar Treasury or "Coin Notes" were issued for government purchases of silver bullion from the silver mining industry. The note featured a portrait of Admiral David G. Farragut. The note was also nicknamed a "watermelon note" because of the watermelon-shaped 0's in the large numeral 100 on the reverse; the large numeral 100 was surrounded by an ornate design that occupied almost the entire note.
1891: The reverse of the Series of 1890 Treasury Note was redesigned because the Treasury felt that it was too "busy" which would make it too easy to counterfeit. More open space was incorporated into the new design.
1891: The obverse of the $100 Silver Certificate was slightly revised with some aspects of the design changed. The reverse was completely redesigned and also began to be printed in green ink.
1914: The first $100 Federal Reserve Note was issued with a portrait of Benjamin Franklin on the obverse and allegorical figures representing labor, plenty, America, peace, and commerce on the reverse.
1922: The Series of 1880 Gold Certificate was re-issued with an obligation to the right of the bottom-left serial number on the obverse.

text: Small size note history[edit]

text: (6.14 × 2.61 in ≅ 157 × 66 mm)

text:
1929: Under the Series of 1928, all U.S. currency was changed to its current size and began to carry a standardized design. All variations of the $100 bill would carry the same portrait of Benjamin Franklin, same border design on the obverse, and the same reverse with a vignette of Independence Hall. The $100 bill was issued as a Federal Reserve Note with a green seal and serial numbers and as a Gold Certificate with a golden seal and serial numbers.
1933: As an emergency response to the Great Depression, additional money was pumped into the American economy through Federal Reserve Bank Notes issued under Series of 1929. This was the only small-sized $100 bill that had a slightly different border design on the obverse. The serial numbers and seal on it were brown.
1934: The redeemable in gold clause was removed from Federal Reserve Notes due to the U.S. withdrawing from the gold standard.
1934: Special $100 Gold Certificates were issued for non-public, Federal Reserve bank-to-bank transactions. These notes featured a reverse printed in orange instead of green like all other small-sized notes. The wording on the obverse was also changed to ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS IN GOLD PAYABLE TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND AS AUTHORIZED BY LAW.
1950: Many minor aspects on the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note were changed. Most noticeably, the treasury seal, gray numeral 100, and the Federal Reserve Seal were made smaller; also, the Federal Reserve Seal had spikes added around it.
1963: Because dollar bills were no longer redeemable in silver, beginning with Series 1963A, WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND was removed from the obverse of the $100 Federal Reserve Note and the obligation was shortened to its current wording, THIS NOTE IS LEGAL TENDER FOR ALL DEBTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. Also, IN GOD WE TRUST was added to the reverse.
1966: The first and only small-sized $100 United States Note was issued with a red seal and serial numbers. It was the first of all United States currency to use the new U.S. treasury seal with wording in English instead of Latin. Like the Series 1963 $2 and $5 United States Notes, it lacked WILL PAY TO THE BEARER ON DEMAND on the obverse and featured the motto IN GOD WE TRUST on the reverse. The $100 United States Note was issued due to legislation that specified a certain dollar amount of United States Notes that were to remain in circulation. Because the $2 and $5 United States Notes were soon to be discontinued, the dollar amount of United States Notes would drop, thus warranting the issuing of this note.
1990: The first new-age anti-counterfeiting measures were introduced under Series 1990 with microscopic printing around Franklin's portrait and a metallic security strip on the left side of the bill.
March 25, 1996: The first major design change since 1929 took place with the adoption of a contemporary style layout. The main intent of the new design was to deter counterfeiting. New security features included a watermark of Franklin to the right side of the bill, optically variable ink (OVI) that changed from green to black when viewed at different angles, a higher quality and enlarged portrait of Franklin, and hard-to-reproduce fine line printing around Franklin's portrait and Independence Hall. Older security features such as interwoven red and blue silk fibers, microprinting, and a plastic security thread (which now glows pink (nominally red) under a black light) were kept. The individual Federal Reserve Bank Seal was changed to a unified Federal Reserve Seal along with an additional prefix letter being added to the serial number, w. The first of the Series 1996 bills were produced in October 1995.[7]
February 2007: The first $100 bills (a shipment of 128,000 star notes from the San Francisco FRB) from the Western Currency Facility in Fort Worth, Texas are produced, almost 16 years after the first notes from the facility were produced. The shipment makes the $100 bill the most recently added production to the facility's lineup. 4.6 billion notes were produced at the facility with series 2006 and Cabral and Paulson signatures, including about 4.15 million star notes.[8]
October 8, 2013: The newest $100 bill was announced on April 21, 2010, and entered circulation on October 8, 2013.[4] In addition to design changes introduced in 1996, the obverse features the brown quill that was used to sign the Declaration of Independence; faint phrases from the Declaration of Independence; a bell in the inkwell that appears and disappears depending on the angle at which the bill is viewed; teal background color; a borderless portrait of Benjamin Franklin; a blue "3D security ribbon" (trademarked "Motion" by Crane Currency[9]) on which images of Liberty Bells shift into numerical designations of "100" as the note is tilted; and to the left of Franklin, small yellow 100s whose zeros form the EURion constellation. The reverse features small yellow EURion 100s and has the fine lines removed from around the vignette of Independence Hall. These notes were issued as Series 2009A with Rios-Geithner signatures. Many of these changes are intended not only to thwart counterfeiting but to also make it easier to quickly check authenticity and help vision impaired people.[10]

text:
Both views (obverse and reverse) of the Series 1934 $100 Gold Certificate.

Front of a Series 1966 $100 United States note.

Obverse of a Series 2006A $100 note.

Joseph-Siffred Duplessis portrait of Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill from 1929 until 1996.

H.B.Hall engraving of Joseph-Siffred Duplessis portrait of an older Benjamin Franklin used on the $100 bill 1996 onward.

Comparison between a Series 1990 note with a 2013 note (1996 design not shown).

text: Removal of large denomination bills ($500 and up)[edit]

text: The Federal Reserve announced the removal of large denominations of United States currency from circulation on July 14, 1969. The one-hundred-dollar bill was the largest denomination left in circulation. All the Federal Reserve Notes produced from Series 1928 up to before Series 1969 (i.e. 1928, 1928A, 1934, 1934A, 1934B, 1934C, 1934D, 1950, 1950A, 1950B, 1950C, 1950D, 1950E, 1963, 1966, 1966A) of the $100 denomination added up to $23.1708 billion.[11] Since some banknotes had been destroyed, and the population was 200 million at the time, there was less than one $100 banknote per capita circulating.

text: As of June 30, 1969, the U.S. coins and banknotes in circulation of all denominations were worth $50.936 billion of which $4.929 billion was circulating overseas.[12] So the currency and coin circulating within the United States was $230 per capita. Since 1969, the demand for U.S. currency has greatly increased. The total amount of circulating currency and coin passed one trillion dollars in March 2011.

text: Despite the degradation in the value of the U.S. $100 banknote (which was worth more in 1969 than a U.S. $500 note would be worth today), and despite competition from some more valuable foreign notes (most notably, the 500 euro banknote), there are no plans to re-issue banknotes above $100. The widespread use of electronic means to conduct high-value transactions today has made large-scale physical cash transactions obsolete and therefore, from the government's point of view, unnecessary for the conduct of legitimate business. Quoting T. Allison, Assistant to the Board of the Federal Reserve System in his October 8, 1998 testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Domestic and International Monetary Policy, Committee on Banking and Financial Services:

text: There are public policies against reissuing the $500 note, mainly because many of those efficiency gains, such as lower shipment and storage costs, would accrue not only to legitimate users of bank notes but also to money launderers, tax evaders and a variety of other lawbreakers who use currency in their criminal activity. While it is not at all clear that the volume of illegal drugs sold or the amount of tax evasion would necessarily increase just as a consequence of the availability of a larger dollar denomination bill, it no doubt is the case that if wrongdoers were provided with an easier mechanism to launder their funds and hide their profits, enforcement authorities could have a harder time detecting certain illicit transactions occurring in cash.[13]


document_title: Henry Classification System

question_text: who is credited with developing the first classification system for fingerprints

text: Henry Classification System

text: History and development[edit]

text: Although fingerprint characteristics were studied as far back as the mid-1600s, the use of fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-19th century. In roughly 1859, Sir William James Herschel discovered that fingerprints remain stable over time and are unique across individuals; as Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, in 1877 he was the first to institute the use of fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification, signing legal documents, and authenticating transactions. The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one-to-one verification only; as a means in which records would be logically filed and searched had not yet been invented.

text: In 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin, explaining a system for classifying fingerprints, asking for his assistance in their development. Darwin was unable to assist Dr. Faulds, but agreed to forward the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton. Dr. Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton did not engage in much correspondence, but in the following decade, they devised very similar fingerprint classification systems. It is unclear whom to credit for the classification system. However, we do know that Dr. Henry Faulds was the first European to publish the notion of scientific use of fingerprints in the identification of criminals. In 1892, Sir Francis Galton published his highly influential book, Finger Prints in which he described his classification system that include three main fingerprint patterns - loops, whorls and arches.

text: At the time, the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage, also known as Anthropometry. Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1879, Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the use of identifying criminals. In 1892, the British Indian police force adopted Anthropometry. Two years later, Sir Edward Henry, Inspector General of the Bengal Police in India became interested in the use of fingerprints for the use of criminal identification.

text:
Influenced by Galton's Finger Prints, the men corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January 1896, Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners’ fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Galton's classification system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925. He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns, and Hem Chandra Bose, another Henry's assistant also helped refine the system, and both, on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution.[1][2][3] The
Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899.
In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry. Also in 1900, Henry was sent to Natal, South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau. His efforts in South Africa were highly
successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). In the same year, the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met) (Early)

text: Explanation[edit]

text: The Henry Classification System allows for logical categorization of ten-print fingerprint records into primary groupings based on fingerprint pattern types. This system reduces the effort necessary to search large numbers of fingerprint records by classifying fingerprint records according to gross physiological characteristics. Subsequent searches (manual or automated) utilizing granular characteristics such as minutiae are greatly simplified. The Henry Classification System is a method to classify fingerprints and exclude potential candidates. This system should NEVER be used for individualization.

text:
The Henry Classification System assigns each finger a number according to the order in which
it is located in the hand, beginning with the right thumb as number 1 and ending with the left
pinky as number 10. The system also assigns a numerical value to fingers that contain a whorl
pattern; fingers 1 and 2 each have a value of 16, fingers 3 and 4 have a value of 8, fingers 5 and 6 have a value of 4, fingers 7 and 8 have a value of 2, and the final two fingers having a value of 1. Fingers with a non-whorl pattern, such as an arch or loop pattern, have a value of zero.[4] The sum of the even finger value is then calculated and placed in the numerator of a fraction. The sum of the odd finger values is placed in the denominator. The value of 1 is added to each sum of the whorls with the maximum obtainable on either side of the fraction being 32.  Thus, the primary classification is a fraction between 1/1 to 32/32, where 1/1 would indicate no whorl patterns and 32/32 would mean that all fingers had whorl patterns.[5]

text: Example of a Henry Classification:

text:
Key
Major
Primary
Secondary
Sub-Secondary
Final

16
M
9
R
IIO
15

M
2
U
OOI

tag: table

text: plus 34edg

text: Key- Ridge count first loop

text: Major- Value of the ridge counts or the tracings of fingers #1, #6

text: Primary- Summation of the value of: Whorl type patterns fingers (#2, #4, #6, #8, #10 for Numerator), (#1, #3, #5, #7, #9 for Denominator); Value of fingers as whorls: #1 & #2 (16), #3 & #4 (8), #5 & #6 (4), #7 & #8 (2), #9 & #10 (1); Plus 1 in both Numerator and Denominator.

text: Secondary- Pattern types in fingers #2 and #7, (U) Ulna Loop, (R) Radial Loop, (W) Whorl, and (A) Arch

text: Sub-Secondary- Value of ridge counts or tracing- fingers #2, #3, #4 in Numerator; #7, #8, #9 in Denominator.

text: Final- is the ridge count of the loops or whorls in both little fingers expressed in numbers. The right little is used as the numerator and the left little as the denominator. If a loop appears in one finger and a whorl in the other, enumerate both their ridge counts by treating the whorl as an ulnar loop.[6]

text: Impact on current biometric systems[edit]

text: The Henry Classification System has been a highly influential force in the formation of current AFIS technology (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). When AFIS technology was first introduced, it was primarily envisioned to be used as a tool to expedite the manual searching of fingerprint records, eventually reducing matching time requirements from months to hours. At that time, most forensic hardcopy fingerprint files were sorted according to the  Henry Classification System and the first AFIS solutions attempted to emulate the Henry process.

text:
Up until the mid-1990s, it was not unusual for a state or city to continue to maintain its physical file of Henry-sorted fingerprint cards just in case a disaster occurred in the AFIS. As processing speeds, network throughput capacities, and system reliability increased, it was no longer necessary for automated fingerprint matching to mirror what had been the manual processes.
AFIS began to classify fingerprints according to the distance between the core and delta, minutiae locations, and pattern type; the later being based on the Henry Classification System. Presently, there are some forensic AVIS solutions (e.g. state and local) that still employ a Henry Classification System based manual fingerprint filing. However, other than for legacy systems, the Henry Classification System is not essential for automated systems. (Carlton)in 20234


document_title: I Wanna Wake Up with You

question_text: who sings i wanna wake up with you

question_tokens: who sings i wan na wake up with you

text: I Wanna Wake Up with You

text:
"I Wanna Wake Up with You"

Single by Boris Gardiner

from the album Everything to Me

Released
1986 (1986)

Genre
Lovers rock, soft rock

Label
Revue Records, Creole

Songwriter(s)
Ben Peters

Producer(s)
Willie Lindo

text: "I Wanna Wake Up with You" is a 1986 song made popular by Boris Gardiner.

text: Written by legendary Nashville songwriter, Ben Peters and produced by Willie Lindo,[1] veteran reggae artist Boris Gardiner took the song to No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for three weeks in August 1986.[2] It was released by Revue Records (REV 733) and Creole Records.[1] The song has subsequently been covered by Christy Lane Johnny Rodriguez, John Holt[3] and Engelbert Humperdinck.[4] It was the third best-selling single of 1986 in the UK.

text: It also reached number 3 in South Africa, spending 18 weeks on the charts.[5]

text: The music video for the song was filmed at various locations in London, including the Westbourne Park tube station.


document_title: Charging Bull

question_text: what is the meaning of the bull in wall street

text: Charging Bull

text: Description[edit]

text: The 7,100-pound (3,200 kg) sculpture stands 11 feet (3.4 m) tall[3] and measures 16 feet (4.9 m) long.[4] The oversize sculpture depicts a bull, the symbol of aggressive financial optimism and prosperity, leaning back on its haunches and with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is both a popular tourist destination which draws thousands of people a day, as well as "one of the most iconic images of New York"[5] and a "Wall Street icon"[6] symbolizing Wall Street and the Financial District.

text: In Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide, Dianne Durante describes the sculpture:

text: The Bull's head is lowered, its nostrils flare, and its wickedly long, sharp horns are ready to gore; it's an angry, dangerous beast. The muscular body twists to one side, and the tail is curved like a lash: the Bull is also energetic and in motion.[7]

text: The bronze color and hard, metallic texture of the sculpture's surface emphasises the brute force of the creature. The work was designed and placed so that viewers could walk around it, which also suggests the creature's own movement is unrestricted — a point reinforced by the twisting posture of the bull's body, according to Durante.

text: Charging Bull, then, shows an aggressive or even belligerent force on the move, but unpredictably. [...] [I]t's not far-fetched to say the theme is the energy, strength, and unpredictability of the stock market."[7]

text: Di Modica told the New York Daily News in 1998:

text: That bull is one of an edition of five. … I'm hoping the other four will be going to cities all over the world, whenever somebody buys them.[8]

text: In 2010, a similar Charging Bull sculpted by Di Modica was installed in Shanghai; it is informally also called the Bund Bull.[9] In 2012, another one was placed on Het Beursplein in Amsterdam.[10]

text: History[edit]

text: Construction and installation[edit]

text: The bull was cast by the Bedi-Makky Art Foundry in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Di Modica spent some $360,000 to create, cast, and install the sculpture following the 1987 stock market crash as a symbol of the "strength and power of the American people".[2] The sculpture was Di Modica's idea, and in an act of guerrilla art, Bedi Makky Art Foundry and Di Modica trucked it to Lower Manhattan. On December 15, 1989, they installed it beneath a 60-foot (18 m) Christmas tree in the middle of Broad Street in front of the New York Stock Exchange as a Christmas gift to New Yorkers. That day, hundreds of onlookers stopped to admire and analyze it as Di Modica handed out copies of a flier about his artwork.[4]

text: NYSE officials called police later that day, and the NYPD seized the sculpture and placed it into an impound lot.[4] The ensuing public outcry led the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to reinstall it two blocks south of the Exchange, in Bowling Green, with a ceremony on December 21, 1989. It faces up Broadway at Whitehall Street.[11]

text: Confusion over ownership[edit]

text: The sculpture technically has a temporary permit allowing it to stand on city property since the city does not own the sculpture, but the temporary permission has lasted since 1989, when city officials said the new location would not be permanent.[12] Art on loan is usually limited to a year's display, and although the city does not buy art, it does accept donations.[13] A writer in the New York Daily News wrote in 1998 that the statue's placement was "beginning to look a mite permanent."[8] According to an article in Art Monthly, Di Modica, as well as officials and New Yorkers, "view it as a permanent feature of Lower Manhattan."[14]

text: In 2004, Di Modica announced that the bull sculpture was for sale, on condition the buyer does not move it from its present location. Di Modica continues to own the artistic copyright to the statue.[3] In 2006, Di Modica sued Wal-Mart and other companies for illegally benefiting from his copyright, by selling replicas of the bull and using it in advertising campaigns.[15] In 2009, Di Modica sued Random House for using a photo of the bull on the cover of a book discussing the collapse of financial services firm Lehman Brothers.[16]

text: Becomes tourist attraction[edit]

text: As soon as the sculpture was set up at Bowling Green, it became "an instant hit."[13] One of the city's most photographed artworks, it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District. "Its popularity is beyond doubt", a New York Times article said of the artwork. "Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it." [3] Adrian Benepe, the New York City parks commissioner, said in 2004, "It's become one of the most visited, most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York. I would say it's right up there with the Statue of Liberty."[1] In 1993, Arthur J. Piccolo, chairman of the Bowling Green Association, made the same point with the same comparison.[13] Henry J. Stern, the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in the Financial District, said in 1993: "People are crazy about the bull. It captured their imagination."[13]

text: The statue's popularity with tourists has international appeal. One 2007 newspaper report noted a "ceaseless stream" of visitors from India, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Venezuela, and China, as well as the United States. Children enjoy climbing on the bull,[17] which sits "famously"[18] at street level on the cobblestones at the far northern tip of the small park. One popular tourist guidebook assumes that a visitor will want to get his or her picture taken with the statue ("after you pose with the bull ...").[19] A popular Bollywood movie, Kal Ho Naa Ho features the bull in a musical number, increasing its familiarity with South Asians. One visitor told a newspaper reporter it was a reason for his visit.[5]

text: In addition to having their pictures taken at the front end of the bull, many tourists pose at the back of the bull, near the large testicles "for snapshots under an unmistakable symbol of its virility."[20] According to a Washington Post article in 2002, "People on The Street say you've got to rub the nose, horns and testicles of the bull for good luck, tour guide Wayne McLeod would tell the group on the Baltimore bus, who would giddily oblige."[21] A 2004 New York Times article said, "Passers-by have rubbed—to a bright gleam—its nose, horns and a part of its anatomy that, as Mr. Benepe put it gingerly, 'separates the bull from the steer.'"[3] A 2007 newspaper account agreed that a "peculiar ritual" of handling the "shining orbs" of the statue's scrotum seems to have developed into a tradition. One visitor, from Mississippi, told the Tribeca Trib she did it "for good luck", and because "there's a kind of primal response when you see something like that. You just have to engage it."[5] The enthusiastic reaction to the sculpture continues into the darker hours. "I've seen people do some crazy things to that bull", said a souvenir vendor, "At night sometimes, when people have been drinking, I’ve seen them do stuff to that bull that you couldn’t print in a newspaper."[5]

text: Placement of Fearless Girl[edit]

text: On March 7, 2017, the night before International Women's Day, another bronze sculpture, Fearless Girl, was placed directly in front of Charging Bull. The statue was designed by Kristen Visbal and commissioned by State Street Global Advisers (SSgA) as part of a marketing campaign for their gender-diverse index fund.[22] Fearless Girl was placed facing the bull, and seems to be staring it down.[23] The city granted a permit allowing Fearless Girl to stay on the site for at least 11 months.[24]

text: Di Modica has asked that the statue of the girl be removed, arguing that the piece exploits his work for commercial purposes and alters the perception of the bull.[25] He has called Fearless Girl "an advertising trick" that he wanted relocated, citing its political messaging.[26][27] Visbal expressed no antipathy to his bull statue, but said regarding her newer work, "I made sure to keep her features soft; she's not defiant, she's brave, proud and strong, not belligerent."[27] On April 12, 2017, Di Modica and his attorney, former New York Civil Liberties Union director Norman Siegel, challenged city officials who let the Fearless Girl statue be installed.[28][29] Di Modica states the statue corrupts Charging Bull's artistic integrity by distorting the intent of his statue from "a symbol of prosperity and for strength" into a villain, and does so for SSgA's commercial gain.[30][31] Siegel said a lawsuit had not been filed as of yet.[28][29]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Charging Bull has often been a subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective. The Occupy Wall Street protests used the bull as a symbolic figure around which to direct their critiques of corporate greed. A 2011 image from Adbusters portraying a dancer posed in an attitude position atop the sculpture was used to promote the forthcoming protests.[32] The first gathering of Occupy took place around the sculpture on September 17, 2011, before moving to Zuccotti Park.[33] Because of the protests, the bull was surrounded by barricades and guarded by police[34] until 2014.[35][36]

text: The Charging Bull has been likened to the golden calf worshiped by the Israelites during their Exodus from Egypt. During Occupy Wall Street on multiple occasions an interfaith group of religious leaders led a procession of a golden calf figure that was modeled on the bull.[37][38] A large papier-mâché piñata made by Sebastian Errazuriz for a 2014 New York design festival was intended to be reminiscent of both the golden calf and Charging Bull.[39][40] Further comparisons to the golden calf have been made by Jewish and Christian religious commentators.[41][42]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The sculpture is featured in the films For Richer or Poorer (1997), Hitch (2005), Inside Man (2006), The Other Guys (2010), The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010), Arthur (2011), and The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). It also appears in the TV series My Life as Liz, Weeds, and Mr. Robot.

text: The history of the sculpture and its author has also been narrated by the Italian documentary Il Toro di Wall Street, released internationally with the title The Charging Bull. [43]


document_title: V-twin engine

question_text: who built the first v twin motorcycle engine

text: V-twin engine

text: History[edit]

text: Gottlieb Daimler built a V-twin engine in 1889. It was used as a stationary powerplant and to power boats.[1] It was also used in Daimler's second automobile, the 1889 Stahlradwagen ("steel-wheeled car").[2] The engine was also manufactured under licence in France by Panhard et Levassor.[3]

text: In November 1902 the Princeps AutoCar Co (UK) advertised a V-twin engined motorcycle,[4] and in 1903 V-Twins were produced by other companies, including the 90 degree XL-ALL[5] (made by Eclipse Motor & Cycle Co in the UK). Also, in 1903, Glenn Curtiss in the United States, and NSU in Germany began building V-twin engines for use in their respective motorcycles.[6] Peugeot, which had used Panhard-built Daimler V-twins in its first cars,[3][7] made its own V-twin engines in the early 20th century. A Norton motorcycle powered by a Peugeot V-twin engine won the first Isle of Man Tourist Trophy twin-cylinder race in 1907.[7]

text: Configurations[edit]

text: Crankshaft configuration[edit]

text: Most V-twin engines have a single crankpin, which is shared by both connecting rods. The connecting rods may sit side-by-side with offset cylinders, or they may be "fork & blade" items with cylinders in the same plane without an offset.

text: Some notable exceptions include the Moto Guzzi 500cc (with 120° V angle and 180° crank pin offset) that Stanley Woods rode to win the 1935 Isle of Man TT;[8] the 1983 Honda Shadow 750, claimed as being the first V-twin with an offset-dual-pin crankshaft;[9] and the 1987 Suzuki VX 800, 45° V angle with 45° crank pin offset in USA and 75° crank pin offset for the rest of the world.[10]

text: V angles[edit]

text: Generally, any two-cylinder engine with its two cylinders arranged more than 0° and less than 180° apart is referred to as a V-twin. Although Ducati uses the name "L-twin" for its 90° twin engine (with its front cylinder nearly horizontal and the rear cylinder almost vertical), there is no technical distinction between V-twin and L-twin engines; and these are merely names used by convention.

text: A 90° V-twin will, with a correct counterweight, yield perfect primary balance,[11] although its firing intervals are uneven. A V-twin with an angle of less than 90° is more compact and has more even firing intervals, but has significantly poorer mechanical balance. Offset crankpins are sometimes used to reduce the resulting vibration.[11]

text:
V angle
Examples

18°
Matchless Silver Arrow

20°
Daimler engine used in 1889 Stahlrad motor car[2]

42°
Indian Powerplus, Chief, Scout

45°
Crocker Motorcycles
Harley-Davidson
Sokół 1000
Suzuki VX 800; Boulevard C50, M50, S50, S83
Honda VT1100 Shadow
Kurogane Type 95

47.5°
Vincent Rapide Series A

48°
Yamaha MT-01, XV1600, XV1700

49°
Indian Thunder Stroke 111, Chief, Chieftain [12]

50°
AJS S3
BSA Model E, G14, Y13
Husqvarna Motorcycles
Brough Superior SS100 (JAP engine)
Kawasaki Vulcan 1500, 1600
Matchless Model X
Victory Motorcycles
Vincent Rapide Series B, C

52°
Honda:

VT400-VT800 Shadow
VTX Series
Transalp
Deauville
NT650/Hawk GT
XRV750 Africa Twin

Kawasaki Vulcan 1700 & 2000

54°
Suzuki Boulevard:

C109R
M90
M109R

55°
Kawasaki Vulcan 750, 800, 900

56.25°
S&S X-Wedge Engine

60°
Britten V1000
Harley-Davidson VRSC
Highland Motorcycles
Aprilia RSV Mille, Tuono (Rotax engines)
Yamaha XV250, XVS250, XV1300

70°
Suzuki RGV250(VJ23)
Yamaha XVS650

72°
Moto Morini 350, 500
Buell 1125R (Rotax engine)
Voxan

75°
Hyosung GT250, GV250
KTM 1190 RC8
Yamaha TR1, Virago, XVS1100

77°
Aprilia RXV/SXV

80°
Honda CX series
Rotax 810, 660, 490

87°
Moto Morini Corsaro 1200

90°
Aprilia:

RS250
SL 750 Shiver
NA 850 Mana

Bimota V Due
Briggs & Stratton
Cagiva
Ducati
Folan 290
Gilera GP 800
Hesketh V1000
Honda:

VT250F Integra
VT250 Spada
VTR250 Interceptor
VTR1000
RC51
XL1000V
VT125 Shadow
XL125V Varadero

Hyosung GT650, GV650
Kawasaki Prairie 650, V-Force
Mazda
Moto Guzzi
Suzuki:

RGV250 (VJ21&VJ22)
SV650
SV1000
TL1000*

V-Strom

120°
1934 Moto Guzzi 500cc

170°
Zündapp KS750[13]

text: Orientations[edit]

text: The terms longitudinal engine and transverse engine are most often used to refer to the crankshaft orientation,[14][15] however, some sources, most prominently Moto Guzzi, use the terminology in the opposite way.

text: A Moto Guzzi Technical Services representative tried to explain to LA Times columnist Susan Carpenter that Moto Guzzi engines are "called 'transverse' because the engine is mounted with the crankshaft oriented front to back instead of left to right."[16] In spite of this, it could be assumed that those who call V-twin motorcycle engines "transverse" when they are mounted with the crankshaft front-to-back and the cylinders sticking out the sides are saying that to them, the engine's axis is the line passing from one cylinder to the other, at a right angle to the crankshaft, rather than going by the crankshaft's axis.[17] Highly technical sources, such as V. Cossleter's Motorcycle Dynamics, or Gaetaeno Cocco's Motorcycle Design and Technology are careful not simply to use the terms "longitudinal engine" or "transverse engine," but rather to specify that they mark the engine's orientation based on the crankshaft, and so they will say "transverse crankshaft engine" or "longitudinal crankshaft engine",[14][18] or, conversely, "transversely mounted cylinders" in referenced to the classic BMW orientation, with a longitudinal crankshaft and cylinders at a right angle to the axis of the frame.[19]

text: Transverse crankshaft mounting[edit]

text: The engine can be mounted in transverse crankshaft position as on Harley-Davidsons, Ducatis and many recent Japanese motorcycles. This layout produces a twin cylinder motorcycle engine that is little or no wider than a single.[20] A narrower engine can be mounted lower in the frame with handling benefits.[citation needed] A disadvantage of this configuration for air-cooled engines is that the two cylinders receive different air-flows and cooling of the rear cylinder tends to be restricted.[21] Cooling problems are somewhat mitigated by having all "four" sides of each cylinder exposed to air flow. This differs from a parallel-twin cylinder engine which has a distinct front, back, and sides, but the inside of each cylinder is not exposed to airflow as the cylinders are typically joined together with a cam chain running up through the block in-between the cylinders.[citation needed]

text: Some transverse V-twins use a single carburettor in the middle of the V-angle to feed both cylinders. While this allows an economy of parts, it creates further cooling problems for the rear cylinder by placing its hot exhaust port and pipe at the back of the cylinder, where it may be exposed to less cooling airflow.

text:
Some cooling strategies of transverse-crankshaft 90° V-twins

This air-cooled Ducati Monster 620 has a transverse crankshaft 90° V-twin with one cylinder lying horizontally, and one vertically, so that the rearward, vertical cylinder's air flow is less obstructed by the one in front.

Honda's VTR250 is similar, but the engine is not leaning forward, thus each cylinder is about 45° from vertical. The rear cylinder's air flow is blocked, but note this is a water-cooled engine, so what most matters is that the radiator is out in front with good air flow.

As the Ducati models get larger engines, they gain oil-, and then water-cooling, as in this Monster S4R S. Like the VTR250, the radiators are out in front, but the basic engine orientation retains the cooling advantages of the Monster 620.

text: Longitudinal crankshaft mounting[edit]

text: The longitudinal crankshaft two-cylinder V as seen on Moto-Guzzis and some Hondas is less common. This orientation is suited to shaft drive, eliminating the need for a 90° bevel gear at the transmission end of the shaft. A longitudinal crankshaft engine fits neatly into a typical motorcycle frame, leaving ample room for the transmission, and cooling is facilitated by cylinder heads and exhausts protruding into the air stream.[22] Longitudinal crankshaft mounting is associated with a torque reaction that tends to twist the motorcycle to one side on sharp acceleration or when opening the throttle in neutral and in the opposite direction on sharp deceleration. Many modern motorcycle manufacturers correct for this effect by rotating flywheels or alternators in the opposite direction to that of the crankshaft.[23][24]

text: Automobile use[edit]

text: BSA made a V-twin car starting in 1921, then introduced a three-wheeler in 1929.[25]

text: V-twin engines, adapted from motorcycles, were featured in Morgan three-wheelers made from 1911 to 1939. Morgan introduced a new Morgan 3-Wheeler in 2011. A number of Morgan-inspired models are produced today including the Triking Cyclecar, which uses a Moto-Guzzi V-twin;[26] the Ace Cycle Car, which uses a V-twin Harley-Davidson engine;[27] and the JZR which uses engines from the Honda CX series.[28]

text: Mazda made 356 cc and 571 cc V-twins beginning in 1960 for the Mazda R360.[29][30]

text:
V-twin engines installed in automobiles

JAP water-cooled V-twin engine installed in front of the radiator of a 1934 Morgan Super Sports three-wheeled cyclecar.

Air-cooled Mazda V-twin engine installed in the back of a Mazda R360 kei car.

text: Commercial use[edit]

text: Commercial equipment such as pressure washers, lawn and garden tractors, tillers, generators and water pumps use V-twin engines when that equipment is large enough to need more power, usually in excess of 16 horsepower, than can be provided by a single-cylinder engine. These V-twin engines have horizontal or vertical crankshafts, usually have 90-degree cylinder angles, and are usually forced-air–cooled. The V-twin configuration gives these engines a smaller footprint and less vibration, in the absence of balancing shafts, than other two-cylinder configurations.[citation needed]

text: Manufacturers of such engines include Briggs & Stratton with its Vanguard, Professional and Intek V-twin Series,[31] Honda with its V-twin series engines,[32] Kawasaki with its FD, FH, FS, and FX series,[33] Subaru with its EH series,[34] Tecumseh with its OV691EA and TVT691 engines,[35] and Kohler.[36]