document_title: Damian Wayne

question_text: who comes to bruce wayne from the future

root

text: Damian Wayne

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Damian Wayne is ranked No 1 in IGN's Top Ten Best Robins and No 6 in Newsarama's 10 Most Popular Comic Book Characters Introduced in the Last 25 Years.

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text: The child from Son of the Demon was used as a backup character in various stories before appearing as Damian Wayne.

text: In the Elseworlds story, The Brotherhood of the Bat (1995), a version named Tallant Wayne appears, who crusades against his grandfather Ra's al Ghul. Brotherhood of the Bat features a future in which Ra's al Ghul discovers the Batcave following Bruce Wayne's death, and outfits the League of Assassins in variant Batman costumes based on Wayne's rejected designs. Talia and Bruce's son join the Brotherhood in his father's costume, to destroy it from within.

text: In Kingdom Come (1996) by Mark Waid and Alex Ross, which functioned as a possible future to the canon of the time, the child of Batman and Talia is named Ibn al Xu'ffasch, literally "Son of the Bat", and a member of Lex Luthor's inner circle. He falls in love with Nightstar, the daughter of Dick Grayson and Starfire. He works as a double agent for Batman in Luthor's organization.[9] In the Elliot S! Maggin novelization of Kingdom Come, al Xu'ffasch tells Bruce that his mother Talia is still alive and working as a Mother Superior in India, one of Mother Teresa's successors. al Xu'ffasch reappears in Waid's 1999 sequel The Kingdom.

text: The Kingdom: Son of the Bat shows flashbacks that shed new insights into Damian Wayne's history: that he was reared by Ra's al Ghul to be the heir to his empire, that he eventually murdered his grandfather (cutting off his head to prevent yet another regeneration), and that he sought therapy from psychiatrist Dr. Gibson. He was eventually recruited by Rip Hunter to try to stop a madman named Gog from altering his history. He works with several other heroes of his generation – Kid Flash, the daughter of the Flash (Wally West); Nightstar (Nightwing and Starfire's child) and Offspring, the son of Plastic Man.

text: In League of Batmen (2001), the sequel to Brotherhood of the Bat, Tallant leads his own team of variant Batmen to combat the plague that was al Ghul's legacy. During the battle, Tallant discovers that his grandfather is the one who murdered his father and then cloned him. Ra's even sent the clone to murder his own daughter. Because the deaths of his parents at Ra's's hands, Tallant has completed following his father's tragic path as Batman. The new Dark Knight desires justice for his parents along with trying to stop his grandfather, while having to battle his father's murderous double.

text: Grant Morrison's story titled Batman and Son (2006) expands upon the Son of the Demon storyline as part of a remodeling of Batman's personality after the events of Infinite Crisis. In Morrison's version, the child Damian Wayne is the result of a tryst between Batman and Talia, during which the Dark Knight claims he was drugged when they were at the Tropic of Cancer, though Morrison later admitted the claim of drugging was a canonical error on his part. Since then however in issues of the Morrison penned Batman Incorporated, the drugging is reaffirmed and is once again part of Damian's origin.[10] However In the Robin Rises Omega story arc, Tomasi retconns the drugging issue. Bruce when recounting the story of Damian's conception implies that it was consensual [no drugging] by stating that he fell in love and followed his heart "I gave into my heart and followed my heart"

text: The final issue of 52 (2008) designates the Kingdom Come alternate universe as Earth-22, thus making the Ibn al Xu'ffasch version part of the DC multiverse. Justice Society of America vol. 3 #22 (2009) reveals that he would eventually marry Nightstar with whom he would have a daughter and son.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Batman: Son of the Demon[edit]

text: When asked by Wizard about the canonicity of Son of the Demon, Morrison responded:

text: "For a long time, [DC] said [Son of the Demon] was out of continuity. Now it's just kind of out of continuity. I didn't actually read it before I started writing this. I messed up a lot of details, like Batman wasn't drugged when he was having sex with Talia and it didn't take place in the desert. I was relying on shaky memories. But now we have this new "Superboy punch" continuity [after Superboy Prime attacked the fabric of the universe during Infinite Crisis]. People still don't realize how important that single punch was to cover everyone's ass."[11]

text: Batman and Son[edit]

text: Damian's origin is unknown to Batman. Genetically perfected and grown in an artificial womb, Damian was intended to be a formidable warrior. He is raised by Talia and the League of Assassins. He becomes a talented martial artist before his teenage years, at which time Talia reveals Damian's existence to Bruce Wayne and leaves him in Batman's custody in an effort to disrupt Batman's work.

text: Precocious, spoiled, and violent, Damian battles Tim Drake, whom he wants to replace as Robin, and sucker punches Drake off the stuffed Tyrannosaurus in the Batcave when Tim stops fighting to help him. Damian then escapes, dons a variant Robin costume made of Jason Todd's old tunic and mask and assorted League of Assassin gear, and gets into a fight with and decapitates the villainous Spook. Although misguided and malicious, Damian seems to genuinely want to aid Wayne's war on crime as he sees himself as Wayne's son and wants Wayne's approval. Unfortunately, because of how he was raised, Damian lacks any sort of common sense in regards to social behavior, and believes that in order to be accepted by Batman, he must kill any rivals, which included Tim Drake.

text: Eventually, Batman confronts Talia to confirm Damian's true identity, but both Talia and Damian are soon caught in an explosion. They survive the explosion. But Damian's badly injured body requires transplants of harvested organs, which his mother orders her physicians to carry out. Damian makes a full recovery.[12]

text: The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul[edit]

text: Beginning in Batman Annual #26 ("Head of the Demon"), Talia takes Damian to the Australian Outback, where he is tutored in the secret history of his grandfather Ra's al Ghul. Talia is unaware that a former servant of Ra's, named White Ghost, plans to use Damian as a shell for the soul of Ra's to return to Earth. This process would, of course, kill Damian. Talia is able to save her son from his fate at the last minute.

text: Ra's is still able to return, but as a rotting, shambling undead corpse, still needing Damian to stabilize his form. Damian flees to alert Batman, but is pursued by his evil grandfather. Upon entering Wayne Manor, Damian attempts to relay to Robin the fact that Ra's has returned. Robin, suspicious of Damian's intentions, does not believe his story and begins a fist fight. Damian flees and encounters Alfred. Before he can effectively relay his news, he is attacked by Robin, who perceives Damian's attempt to help a tripping Alfred as an attack, and renews their battle. As they fight, members of the League of Assassins approach the manor with the intention of killing all others within and bringing Damian back to Ra's alive. Damian and Robin (Tim Drake) fight side-by-side against Ra's and his minions. Their collaboration is hindered by their very different philosophies of battle. Damian is willing to betray Tim at any moment for his own safety. Ra's captures the two and tells Batman that he will use one of them for his own body. Batman offers his own body instead.

text: Ra's refuses the offer, feeling that he needs someone of a younger age. The choices are Robin or Damian. Batman offers a third alternative: "Fountain of Essence" which contains the qualities of a Lazarus Pit. Batman and Ra's go in search of the fountain, leaving Tim, Damian, Nightwing, Alfred Pennyworth and Talia to battle the Sensei. Damian leaves his mother and Tim to an unknown fate, while he goes off to be with his father. He ends up captured by Ra's and nearly loses his life. Batman and the others manage to save him, and Talia takes her son and escapes.

text: A subsequent conversation between Robin and Alfred implies that Batman has carried out a DNA test on Damian. Alfred says Bruce intended to tell him the results when the time was right. At this, Tim realizes that Damian is indeed Bruce's son, and exclaims "The son of Satan is my brother?"[3]

text: Batman R.I.P.[edit]

text: Prior to the start of Grant Morrison's "Batman R.I.P." story arc in Batman #675, Damian senses that someone is out to get Batman. In response to this, Talia begins formulating a plan involving Commissioner James Gordon, whom Talia and Damian rescue from a booby-trapped Wayne Manor while in search of Batman, who is insane and has gone missing.

text: Damian and Alfred race to aid Batman against the Black Glove in a commandeered Batmobile. Damian, who is driving, knocks an ambulance off a bridge without any sign of remorse or even concern. When Alfred reprimands him, Damian retorts with a backhanded threat. The only occupant of the ambulance was the Joker.

text: Battle for the Cowl[edit]

text: In Nightwing #153 (2009), Damian is shown being left in the care of Alfred Pennyworth and trained by Dick Grayson (alias Nightwing).

text: Upon the start of Batman: Battle for the Cowl, it appears that Damian is now residing in Gotham, and living under the command of Nightwing (to an extent). Where before Damian portrayed an arrogant and vicious personality, it appears the "death" of his father has regressed him to a more childlike mindset, as demonstrated when he takes the Batmobile joy-riding with an older girl. This is discovered by Oracle, who ejects the girl and takes control of the Batmobile, intent on taking Damian home. The car is blindsided by Killer Croc and Poison Ivy, who prepare to kill Damian. The older girl (Damian's companion) is later eaten by Killer Croc.[13] Damian is saved by Nightwing who ends up being cornered by Black Mask's men, until a murderous figure appears stating that he is Batman (later revealed to be Jason Todd). Although shot by Todd, Damian recovers and saves Tim Drake from falling to death inside Jason's Batcave.[14] When Grayson hangs up his Nightwing mantle to become the newest Batman, he chooses Damian to assume the mantle of Robin by his side.[15]

text: Batman: Reborn[edit]

text: Despite becoming Robin to Grayson's Batman, Damian reveals that he cares little for his older brother and has no respect for him as Batman and that the latter would have to earn it. In an act of defiance, Damian decides to make the Robin mantle independent from that of Batman and decides to stop Dr. Phosphorus from breaking into Project Cadmus, but fails miserably and is saved by Dick. Dick then begins to train Damian as to how to properly become the new Robin and the two develop their own unique crime fighting style. Damian then begins to mock Tim Drake for not being chosen as Robin, causing Tim to severely beat Damian, only to be stopped by Dick.

text: After Tim leaves, Damian starts engaging in chess games with Hush, visiting him secretly against Dick's orders. When Elliot asked why Damian is visiting him behind the Bat-family's back, Damian shrugs it off as a desire to keep Elliot company. Elliot surmises that Damian is rather using the resemblance to Bruce to "spend time with [his] old man". Dick and Damian then encounter a villain called Professor Pyg, who has created an army called Dollotrons. Dick and Damian take the entire army down and begin to form a brotherly relationship. Damian blames himself for being unable to save a single Dollotron, a girl named Sasha, but unbeknownst to him, the girl is taken in by Jason Todd, who had shot Damian.[16] thereby becoming the new Robin's opposite number in Red Hood's no-holds-barred war against crime (Red Hood's maxim is "let the punishment fit the crime").[17]

text: Damian and Dick then attack Firefly, who is attempting to kill Black Mask. Victor Zsasz defeats Robin and rescues the Black Mask while Dick takes down the Firefly. These events cause Hush to escape, causing Damian to grow a further hatred for the criminal. Damian is present when Dick is inducted into the JLA, upon hearing, Damian demands to be inducted along with Dick, but his demands are promptly ignored. Damian is once again saved by Dick, with the assistance of Azrael, after a man named Amon tries to sacrifice him. Sasha, now dubbed Scarlet by Todd, returns and attacks Robin, as Jason attacks Dick, the two duos battle it out until the arrival of the Flamingo, who temporarily paralyzes Damian. Talia fixes Damian's spine, but puts in a monitor connected to his brain allowing her to control his every movement.

text: As Dick and Damian go through various events together, such as against the Black Mask, the Blackest Night and a rogue Batman clone-corpse, the two bond even more, prompting Talia to give over control of the monitor to Deathstroke who tries to use it to kill Dick. Working together, Dick and Damian manage to stop Deathstroke. As Dick cares little for the financial problems of Wayne Enterprises, despite inheriting it from Bruce along with Tim, Damian decides to involve himself and manages to impress the board of directors. While he does not file a lawsuit against Dick, due to Grayson not being named the heir of Wayne Enterprises, but rather a high-ranking member, he does against Tim, who was named the heir to Wayne Enterprises.[18]

text: Red Robin[edit]

text: Damian's second year as Robin begins with a bang, as he chooses this time to pick a fight against his predecessor Red Robin. Tim, who has been keeping a list of criminals and tasks he calls the Hit List, attracts Damian's fury when he hacks the Hit List and discovers a hidden layer of allies to the Bat-Family considered potential threats by Tim. Damian finds himself on this list. During a stakeout mission, Damian slices off Tim's line, causing him to fall from a great height. He survives, and Tim pulls Damian into an all-out brawl that begins with their quarry escaping, and ending in front of the theater where Bruce Wayne's parents were killed. The two are stopped by Batman, who chastises them both for fighting in front of the theater where Batman was born. The two then enter into a grudging truce for the remainder of Damian's appearances in the series. Dick suggests changing the Hit List password to Cousin Oliver, as Damian has little to no interest in pop culture references and would never guess it. Dick noted that his name is not on the list and Tim asserts it's because Dick is the only one who Tim trusts implicitly.

text: Blackest Night[edit]

text: After Bruce's skull was taken from his grave, Damian and Dick decide to bring the rest of his skeleton, along with those of Damian's paternal grandparents, to their base beneath Wayne Tower. Damian is quite shaken by the sight of the bones of his family. On the way to the cave, Dick's body is possessed by Deadman, at whom Damian lashes out in confusion. Deadman then possesses and leaves Damian's body, subsequently passing his knowledge of the attack of the Black Lanterns onto him. The two heroes then prepare for the Black Lanterns' assault on Gotham.[19] After raiding the Army Reserve National Guard Armory, Dick, Damian, and the arriving Tim Drake, are able to save Commissioner Gordon, Oracle, and the surviving police officers at Gotham Central from the reanimated versions of the original Dark Knight's deceased rogue gallery members. However, they then find themselves in a horrific encounter with the parents of Dick Grayson and Tim Drake reanimated as Black Lanterns.[20] Dick and Tim send Damian with the Gordons to their underground base while they battle the Black Lanterns. Dick eventually orders Damian through their comm-links to send one of his Wingers with Mr. Freeze's gun. Grayson uses the weapon to cryogenically suspend himself and Tim, forcing the Black Lanterns to retreat as they are unable to read any sign of life of them. Deadman later revives the former Boy Wonders.[21]

text: Return of Bruce Wayne[edit]

text: Talia begins to clone Damian as she realizes that her son has completely sided with Dick Grayson and the Bat-Family. Damian finally stands up for his Robin mantle, telling Talia that being Robin was the best thing that he had ever done, and Talia does not need to save him from something he chooses to be. Talia then shows Damian a cloned version of himself, whom she sees as Damian's younger brother. Talia admits to Damian, that even though she loves him, she is too much of a perfectionist to admire him for choosing a path that defies her this blatantly, and he is therefore no longer welcome, and will be considered an enemy of the House of al Ghul. Damian defiantly replies that he hopes to be a worthy one. Damian (as Robin) is then seen teaming up with Dick and Alfred to begin their own search for Bruce Wayne.[22]

text: During a confrontation with a returned minor villain the Getaway Genius, Damian is initially angry that Grayson failed to capture the foe – as well as the implication that his father failed as well during the Genius' original run back when Grayson was Robin – but when Dick explains to him that Bruce let the Genius go because he discovered that the Genius' robberies were only him stealing medicines that he needed so that he could live long enough to see his daughter grow up, Damian realises that he never really knew his father as a person, and admits that there was more to him than Batman.[23]

text: After Grayson's confidant Oberon Sexton is revealed to be the Joker in disguise, Damian tortures the villain by savagely beating him with a crowbar in order to get information, considering it to be self-defense since the Joker planned to attack him.[24] However, the Clown Prince of Crime's apparent helplessness is revealed to be another ruse and he incapacitates Damian with his hidden Joker venom. The villain intends to use Damian and Dick in his fight against their common enemies: the Black Glove. Help arrives in the form of the original Batman. After Bruce Wayne helps Dick and Damian defeat the Black Glove and the Joker, Wayne accepts his son in addition to his role as Robin.[25] Despite Bruce's parental responsibilities to Damian, he decides that he prefers Damian to continue working with Dick (who maintains the Batman mantle and whom Bruce sees as a positive role model for his son) rather than being with himself primarily, due to his plans with Batman Inc.[26]

text: Teen Titans[edit]

text: Damian joins the Teen Titans when Dick Grayson concludes that the team needs a Robin, while also feeling that Damian would benefit from the friendship of other heroes, having progressed to the point where he can be trusted not to kill if left 'unsupervised'.[27] Although Wonder Girl objects to this decision, Grayson convinces her to let Damian stay on the team as he needs Damian to learn that he can trust others not to betray him, only for his temper to jeopardize his first mission with the team when he attacks an opponent just after Raven had convinced him to calm down, provoking their new foe into starting his wave of destruction again.[28] Robin eventually begins to develop a friendship with Ravager, who initially reaches out to Damian due to their similar upbringings (Ravager's father being the notorious assassin, Deathstroke).[29] Tim Drake eventually comes to the Titans for help after a robotic duplicate of the Calculator attempts to murder his close friend, Tam Fox, and decides to rejoin the team once the mission is completed. Damian chooses to leave the team upon Drake's return, reasoning that the Teen Titans do not need two Robins, and realizing that his teammates prefer to work with Tim. Upon returning to Gotham, Damian tells Dick that even though he had been brought to the Titans in order to find friends, he did not need to, as he already had one, Grayson himself.[30]

text: When Blackbat, Stephanie Brown's predecessor, returns to Gotham, she and Damian are partnered together during a stake-out to catch the Architect, a new villain obsessed with destroying Gotham landmarks. Damian berates Blackbat and mocks her for being sent to Hong Kong by his father, but she ultimately saves his life by rescuing him from the exploding Iceberg Lounge.[31] Afterwards, the two work together to stop the bomber from destroying a massive bridge, saving dozens of lives in the process.[32]

text: Robin and a group of other ex-Titans later head to Titans Tower to help the team during a battle against Superboy-Prime and the Legion of Doom.[33] During the battle, Robin destroys one of Prime's evil Superboy doppelgängers by using a Kryptonite blade.[34]

text: The New 52[edit]

text: Following the "Flashpoint" story arc, Bruce Wayne was returned by writers as being the only Batman in 2011's the New 52 relaunch of DC Comics. Dick Grayson was returned to his previous role as Nightwing, and Damian still serves as his father's vigilante partner Robin. After reading the letter written by his father from an alternate timeline, the Dark Knight decides that it is time to take steps to put his past behind him. He tries to teach Damian the same values his parents have instilled within him as he finally assumes his role as a father.[35] However, despite Bruce's attempts to build a relationship with his son, Damian remains distant from his father, which Alfred worries about. Although this relationship is further strained when Damian seemingly leaves Wayne Manor to join the villain Nobody, it turns out this was a ruse by Damian to bring down Nobody. Although Damian eventually kills Nobody in front of Bruce, they are able to work through the incident by beginning to actively understand and respect one another as father and son. Bruce goes so far as to conceal the event from Dick and Tim, leading Alfred to comment to Bruce that he has become "quite the overprotective parent."

text: In Batman-related issues of the New 52 taking place after Batman issue #14 (the Joker's return to comics), Damian was portrayed as being very interested in fighting his father's arch foe. He seemed to always be eager to take on the Joker, and repeatedly assumes that bad things happening in Gotham are related to the Joker in some way, in hopeful anticipation of an encounter with him. In Batman and Robin vol. 2, #15, Damian defies his father's orders to remain in the Batcave and investigates Alfred's kidnapping. The investigation leads to Gotham Zoo where Damian is captured by Joker. Joker accuses Damian and the other members of Batman's family of being a burden that prevents Batman from being the best foe for Joker. Joker tells Damian that his and Batman's greatest fear is being responsible for the other's death. Joker then presents Damian with Batman in Joker makeup, and states that Damian must kill Batman before Batman kills him.[36] Unwilling to kill his father, Damian chooses death, but the Joker kills Batman before he can deal a fatal blow. Damian passes out from Joker venom and Batman is revealed to be a fake; as Damian recovers from the toxin, the Joker presents him with a cloche. The Joker is eventually defeated by Batman, but the trust between Batman and the Batman Family is shattered.

text: During the "Leviathan" story arc, when his mother Talia puts a price on his head and is targeted by the most dangerous and skilled assassins, Bruce faked Damian's death and secluded him in the Batcave in order to protect him while he goes undercover to confront Talia and her minions. But against his father's wishes he escapes, donning a new costume under the name of Redbird.[37]

text: Along with the mysterious Wingman and most of the Bat-family, Damian manages to rescue his father and defeat most of the League of Shadows. However, Batman explains that the temporary defeat of the League will not stop a larger force to attack later and destroy the city, so he came to the extreme decision that the only solution possible is for Damian to return to his mother, a decision that caused an emotional reaction on Damian like never before.

text: Death[edit]

text: Damian was killed battling a brutal enemy, the Heretic (an adult Damian clone) in issue number 8 of the second volume of the Batman, Inc. comic book, which went on sale February 27, 2013. According to the story's writer, Grant Morrison: "He saves the world. He does his job as Robin. He dies an absolute hero."[38][39]

text: In the comic, Damian is fighting hordes of Leviathan henchmen in the lobby of Wayne Tower when Nightwing comes to rescue him. Behind cover, the two briefly reminisce about their time together as Batman and Robin before resuming the defense. When the Heretic arrives and knocks Nightwing out, Damian bravely fights him. However, the Heretic eventually gains the upper hand and impales Damian through the chest, the sword piercing Damian's heart and resulting in Damian dying almost instantly. Minutes after Damian's death, Batman arrives and sees Damian's dead body. Angered, he and a revived Nightwing battle the Heretic, but are eventually forced to retreat with Red Robin, and Damian's body. After holding a private funeral for the fallen Boy Wonder, Bruce vows to avenge his son's death.

text: The later storyline, Requiem, deals with the aftermath of Damian's death and Batman's thirst for revenge against Talia as well as his own increasingly unbalanced mental state resulted by this loss. He is buried next to Bruce Wayne's parents, Damian's paternal grandparents. Batman is also unwilling to accept his son's death, and begins seeking the means to resurrect Damian at the cost of his relationships with his friends and allies, and keeps his death a secret from public.[40][41] Damian's absence has also been causing a conflict between his father and his acting instructor, Carrie Kelley, who is determined to find out what has happened to him, leading her to realize that the Waynes are harboring a secret.[42]

text: When Batman and Nightwing finally re-confront Heretic, they overpower him, and the clone suffers a brutal beating from both in retaliation for Damian's death. Batman, despite desiring to kill his son's murderer more than anything and Nightwing made no attempts of stopping his mentor, spares the villain's life after seeing his resemblance to Damian, realizing the clone is what is left of his son. However, Talia later beheads the Heretic for his failure to kill Batman, and challenges Batman to a duel to the death in the Batcave.[43] However, Talia is killed following the duel by Kathy Webb, and it is later revealed that Damian's body was stolen from the Manor cemetery by the League of Assassins along with Talia's for plans against Batman in addition revealed later their resurrections. It has also been shown that Ra's al Ghul has begun to engineer more clones of Damian.[44]

text: Road to Resurrection[edit]

text: After being preoccupied with a series of cases in Gotham, Batman begins his attempt to reclaim Damian's body despite Ra's claim that he wishes to resurrect his daughter and grandson. Batman continues his pursuit out of his distrust towards Ra's. After defeating Damian's half-aquatic clones with Aquaman, Batman seeks Wonder Woman's help in chasing Ra's to Themyscira.[45] Though Ra's attempted to resurrect Damian alongside Talia in what he thought was a Lazarus Pit in the island in addition to brainwash his grandson into joining him afterwards, instead Ra's discovered that it was a portal to a Netherworld in the Pit's former location, of which both Wonder Woman and Batman were already aware. Ra's flees with the bodies afterwards.[46]

text: After Batman and Frankenstein locate Ra's and the bodies, they are too late as Ra's has successfully had them placed in a Lazarus Pit, leaving Batman in dread of Damian's fate.[47] The resurrections fail, leaving Ra's to realize his arrogance for allowing the Heretic to kill his grandson, and regret of allowing Talia to clone Damian. After defeating Ra's in combat, Batman reclaims Damian's body and threatens his son's maternal grandfather that if he steals his son's body again, he will kill him in retaliation. They later encounter Darkseid's elite member Glorious Godfrey, setting in motion of the Robin Rises story arc.[48]

text: Return[edit]

text: Later, Godfrey's reason for coming to Earth is revealed; to retrieve the Chaos Shard, a powerful crystal that once belonged to Darkseid which Ra's revealed was hidden inside the sarcophagus he crafted for Damian. After detecting a trace signature of the shard coming from inside Damian's body, Godfrey escapes with Damian's corpse back to Apokolips, despite assistance from the Justice League. Angered, Batman once again vows to retrieve his son's corpse.[49]

text: Batman enters and accesses the Justice League Watchtower to use his unstable exosuit known as the Hellbat armor designed by Batman himself and the Justice League members to engage with large scale threats.[50] Batman then activates the Boom Tube to Darkseid's homeworld, Apokolips, to retrieve Damian's corpse.[51] Batman successfully retrieves his son's corpse as he and his family team returns to Earth via the Boom Tube directly to the Batcave after defeating Darkseid and his Parademons. After this, Batman uses the Chaos Shard on his son's corpse, which has been infused with Darkseid’s Omega Sanction. With Batman facing two choices of whether to resurrect Damian or his parents, he chooses his son, granting Damian's true resurrection. As Damian and Batman embrace, Batman collapses from exhaustion.[52]

text: However, before the team can celebrate, the Boom Tube used to return to Earth was not closed and Darkseid's son Kalibak arrives and attacks the team. During the fight, Kalibak beats the team nearly to death, when suddenly Damian knocks out Kalibak with a powerful uppercut; discovering that due to the Chaos Shard he has gained superhuman abilities. While Damian fights Kalibak, Batman remotely controls the Batwing and sends it crashing into Kalibak, sending him back through the Boom Tube and then closes the portal. Damian then reunites with his father and his family team. In the aftermath, Damian is then tested by Batman on how to control his new power abilities before Damian returns to the role as Robin again.[53] With the help from the Justice League, Batman discovers that Damian's new powers do not last, and he eventually relies on his natural abilities once more.[54]

text: Robin: Son of Batman[edit]

text: After the events of Batman: Endgame that resulted in Bruce Wayne's disappearance, Damian, as Robin, sets out on a globe-spanning journey to forge his own destiny and make amends for all of his wrongdoings in his own series, titled Robin: Son of Batman. Along his journey, he crosses paths with Ra's and Talia al Ghul, Deathstroke, and a new character named Maya Ducard, daughter of the late villain, NoBody. Damian plays a particular role in Batman and Robin Eternal when the Bat-Family is pitted against Mother, a ruthless woman who believes that she can make her 'children' stronger by putting them through intense trauma. Returning to assist his fellow Robins as the crisis reaches its conclusion, Damian helps Dick, Jason and Tim regain confidence in themselves after Mother decimates their initial efforts against her by recalling a conversation he had with Bruce where Bruce noted that he is proud of how all three of the other Robins have different strengths, Bruce wanting his partners to find their own paths rather than blindly follow his own example.[55]

text: Damian is also a major player in the Robin War event, where he, Agent 37 (Dick Grayson), Red Hood, and Red Robin organize a street gang called "Robins" to defeat the Court of Owls with reluctant aid from Jim Gordon, who is now Batman. In the climax, the Court manipulates Damian into joining them so they can use him to recruit Agent 37. Dick does join in order to save Damian and end the war. In the aftermath, Robin forms an unlikely partnership with his mother Talia.

text: DC Rebirth[edit]

text: This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)

tag: table

text: As part of the DC Rebirth, Damian is featured in three titles: Teen Titans, where he becomes the team's leader in order to defeat Ra's al Ghul and succeed Red Robin (Tim Drake) as leader, Super Sons, co-starring with Jon Kent, the son of Superman and new Superboy and Nightwing, where he will have a supporting role.

text: On his 13th birthday Damian is sent a package by his grandfather Ra's al Ghul, which contains a dead Robin. After a meeting with his mother Talia, he discovers that it is a warning from his cousin Mara al Ghul, who has chosen him as her prey as part of an initiation ritual she must undertake in order to properly join the League of Assassins. Mara has been made leader of a group known as the Demon's Fist, which was originally supposed to be lead by Damian but became hers when he chose to leave the league. They too have chosen targets that they must hunt down in order to ascend to the league, Damian decides to collect the other Demon's fist's targets in order to form the new Teen Titans; this includes Starfire, Beast Boy, Raven and Kid Flash.

text: Skills and abilities[edit]

text: Having been trained by the League of Assassins since birth, Damian is already an expert in martial arts and in wielding a wide range of weaponry. Despite his age, Damian has taken on and bested trained fighters like Talia Al Ghul, Red Hood (Jason Todd), Red Robin (Tim Drake), and The Joker, amongst others. He was also trained in the disciplines of forensics, acrobatics, criminology, disguise and escapology. Damian is skilled in mimicking voices and speech patterns of others accurately, as he was able to imitate his father's and Tim Drake's voices in order to bypass the Batcave's voice-recognition security systems.[6] Damian is shown to have highly advanced engineering skills, as he was able to complete his father's plans of building a flying Batmobile, the construction of which Alfred described as "being an endless source of frustration to Damian's father". Damian is also a capable businessman despite his young age, being involved with Wayne Enterprises and its board members. He also has been trained in numerous weapons as shown in the Blackest Night event.[56] Damian possessed super powers similar to that of Superman following his resurrection, though this was short lived. However, he is shown to possess healing abilities and powers in the future.

text: Appearance[edit]

text: After stealing Jason Todd's Robin tunic and mask from his memorial case, Damian's unofficial appearance as Robin was wearing them over his black and white bodysuit with a grayish hood and cape. He carried a pair of brass knuckles, which he incorporated as part of this costume, and would also carry a sword.

text: After Dick Grayson officially sanctioned Damian's role as Robin, while a standard Robin tunic was retained, the bodysuit was replaced with a black survival suit, the grayish cape with a yellow "para-cape" which grants him a gliding capability, the black mask with a green one, a bulkier utility belt to carry more arsenal and gadgetry, a black hood, and flexible green gloves and boots.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: References in current continuity have been made to the future of Bruce and Talia's son.

text:
In DC One Million (1999), written by Grant Morrison, a Batman from 853rd Century references a Dark Knight's battle with Two-Face-Two, which Batman #700 (2010) depicts with Damian Wayne.[57]
In Teen Titans vol. 3 #18 (2006), when the Teen Titans were transported 10 years into the future, a graveyard full of deceased Batman allies and villains is depicted. One tombstone reads "Ibn al Xu'ffasch" which means "son of the bat" in the Arabic language .[58]
Batman #666 (2007) features an adult incarnation of Damian Wayne as Batman. He takes on the mantle after he is unable to save Batman from being killed. Damian is a darker Batman than his father, more willing to injure and kill opponents if he judges it necessary to do so (although he mentions that he promised his father not to kill). He sets his base beneath Wayne Tower, suggesting that he inherits his paternal family's resources. He also has a pet cat he calls Alfred. He seems to have developed a rivalry with Commissioner Barbara Gordon (who strongly condemns his actions, claiming that he was responsible for the death of someone close to her) and possesses some form of supernatural ability; most visibly, the ability to heal catastrophic wounds in moments. It is implied that in this possible future, Damian made a literal deal with the Devil: his soul in exchange for the immortality he felt he needed to protect Gotham. Damian states he knew he could not match his predecessors Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson, but makes up for it by "cheating" as he calls it. By setting booby traps throughout the city (mostly prominent buildings), Damian turned Gotham itself into a weapon. Even further into this future in Batman #700 he is seen mentoring Terry McGinnis taking the mantle of Batman. This continuity is continued further in Batman Incorporated vol. 2 #5 (2012), involving him rescuing an infant from the Joker-plague.[59][60] Batman and Robin vol. 2 Annual #1 (January 2013) continues the continuity introduced in Batman vol. 1 #666. The only New 52 canon story featuring this version of Batman's costume is Batman and Robin vol. 2 Annual #1. The cover of this issue shows the Damian Wayne version of Batman and the motif of Gotham City in flames; featured in prior stories with this version of Batman. The issue also features Titus, Damian's dog, given to him by his father in Batman and Robin vol. 2 #2 (November 2011). However, the annual story does not have a grown Damian, and instead, present-day Damian fights crime in a smaller version of his future Batman garb. Damian's co-creator Andy Kubert is both writer and penciller for a story revealing how he would have become Batman if the events of Flashpoint and the subsequent The New 52 had not occurred. This four-part limited series entitled Damian: Son of Batman by Kubert explains how the near future may have transpired had Damian never been killed. References to Batman #666 are made such as the new rogues' gallery. The first issue reveals that Damian has begun a quest to eliminate any and all of Gotham's criminals who have claimed responsibility for Batman's death, despite the actual reason being a trap apparently set by the Joker. At the end of the debut issue, it is revealed that Bruce Wayne is still alive. In the second issue, it is made known that the Batman who had died was, in actuality, Dick Grayson. Though this miniseries takes place in a continuity supposedly separate from The New 52, it has a stamp on the cover of each issue labelled "The New 52!" as do most comic books taking place in the New 52 canon.[61]
Superman/Batman #75 shows Damian Wayne as he appears in Batman #666 and #700 with Conner Kent, who is now Superman. Unlike his father and the original Superman, Damian is apparently completely at odds with the new Man of Steel due to Damian's violent approach as Batman. Issue #80 also shows Damian as Batman and another Superman: Superman Secundus of the future.[62]
Justice League: Generation Lost #14 shows another alternate future for Damian Wayne, this time taking place over 100 years in the future, where Maxwell Lord has plunged humanity into a massive Metahuman war. Here, Damian and his sidekick, the Red Hood (Thomas Grayson) serve on a new incarnation of the Justice League, dedicated to destroying Lord's army of OMACs. It is implied that Damian was able to survive and maintain his longevity by taking repeated baths in a Lazarus Pit.[63]
In the Worlds' Finest storyline, Damian Wayne became aware of the existence of the Huntress (Helena Wayne), the displaced daughter of Earth-2's Batman and Catwoman and the two came to regard each other as brother and sister, respectful of each other's tenacity, intelligence and combat prowess. Helena and her friend Power Girl visited Damian's graveside and his alternate-universe 'sister' became visibly upset at her 'brother's' death.[volume & issue needed]
On Earth-16 of the DC Multiverse, Damian Wayne is now Batman, presumably after the death of his father, while Chris Kent has assumed the mantle of Superman. However, as Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman transformed this world into a virtual utopia, its second-generation metahuman "superheroes" have little to do apart from engaging in historical re-enactments of their glory day battles. This Damian is involved with Alexis Luthor, daughter of Lex Luthor, who ends up betraying him.[64]
Damian Wayne is also featured in the prequel comic to the game Injustice: Gods Among Us. In Year One, Damian, as Robin, praises Superman's recent actions, especially of killing the Joker. Feeling his father is too self-righteous and stubborn, he sides with Superman's more forceful way of obtaining world peace and warns him of Batman wanting to stop Superman's plans of imprisoning the inmates of Arkham Asylum. After Harley Quinn starts a riot within the Asylum, Robin is attacked by Solomon Grundy, but saved by Nightwing and Superman. As the riot continues, Robin inadvertently kills Dick Grayson when he throws one of his kali sticks into his head, causing Nightwing to fall and break his neck on a piece of rubble. For this act, Batman disowns Damian while Superman comforts him, understanding that Dick's death was an accident. Robin later becomes the first person to use Lex's new super-pill and goes to the Batcave to apologize to Batman, however the two end up arguing, and not knowing his own strength, Damian accidentally knocks Alfred into the Batcomputer in a fit of anger and causes the giant penny to almost crush Alfred. Hawkgirl arrives to take Damian back to the Watchtower, but Damian realizes that "Hawkgirl" is actually Martian Manhunter and lights the Batcave on fire in order to escape, stealing Nightwing's costume as he escapes. In Year Two, when the Green Lantern Corps battle against the Justice League, which has recently aligned with the Sinestro Corps, Robin is defeated and captured by Catwoman at the Hall of Justice and imprisoned. During Year Three his father tries to offer him a chance to join the Insurgency as a sign that they can move on, but Damian rebuffs him. At the end of Year Three he is released from his imprisonment and rejoins the Regime. Year Four sees Damian Wayne having physically grown and is eager for a chance to get revenge on his father. After the Greek Gods descend on the Hall of Justice to force Superman to vacate his self-made position as enforcer, Damian attacks Batman for his revenge. Bruce apologizes for the way things ended between the two, acknowledging his fear that Damian's blind loyalty to Superman may be the result of needing a father figure. Just as Bruce tries to reason with him so that they be together again as Batman and Robin, Damian rips the Robin logo off of his costume, rejecting his father's plea to be 'his Robin again' (presumably marking continuity to the game's main story, where he wears the mantle of Nightwing). He then attacks him but is quickly beaten by his father, and is angered when Superman briefly steps down as the pressure mounts by the appearance of Zeus. Eventually the Regime is able to take back control and by Year Five Damian has grown more, with his hair longer as well. He is confronted by the League of Assassins, who want him to take his grandfather's place as the Head, but he shortly rebuffs them, declaring they have no place in a world run by the Regime. This leads to a fierce fight where he slays the assassins, warning away others who still follow Ra's' ideals. Chapters 13 and 14 follow Damian as he goes through an identity crisis: he wants to be his own person but feels he has left Batman's shadow just to reside in Superman's. An encounter with Alfred in the Batcave leaves Damian considering whether Superman will lose the war because he, unlike Batman, is governed by fear; a later encounter with Catwoman and Harley Quinn also gives him insight, as the former pushes him to make his own identity. Damian later goes to Bludhaven to capture escaped criminals (Black Mask, Tweedledee and Tweedledum, Scarecrow, Mad Hatter, Man-Bat, and Bronze Tiger) but is eventually overwhelmed. Unknown to him, he is saved by the deceased Dick Grayson, the new Deadman, who calls for help. After leaving Damian the Nightwing costume, Dick watches as Damian grows closer to Superman, realizing the influence the corrupt Man of Steel has on Damian. Later, Damian visits Alfred on his birthday, only to find that he has been murdered by Victor Zsasz. He hunts him down and he, Superman, Flash, Wonder Woman, and Yellow Lantern fight Batman when he attempts to bring him in without killing him, but the fight ends with Flash saving Batman at the last minute. Damian never realizes that Superman hired Zsasz to kill Alfred and he later murders the criminal in his cell. During the Year Five annual and sequel series Ground Zero Damian is left in charge of looking over the Batcave until it is ravaged of any useful materials and completely destroyed. Unknown to anyone, Damian had burned down some of Wayne Manor as a way to distance himself from his past.
The regular continuity version of Damian Wayne appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold tie-in comic. In this story, the Phantom Stranger summons Robins from all time periods to save Batman's life. When Nightwing steps up to lead the Robins, Damian voices his support, referencing their partnership as Batman and Robin in the future. Later, when the group encounters the League of Shadows, Damian orders them to stand down. When they attack anyway, Damian realizes that they do not recognize him in the past. At one point, he also threatens Jason Todd saying that he knows Jason's fate and offering to make it happen sooner if he keeps causing trouble, referencing his death in the comics. Nightwing notes that Damian fights aggressively, but strikes with precision "like a surgeon."[65]
In the New 52 Batman Beyond series, Damian has succeeded his grandfather as the new Ra's Al Ghul. He is also in direct conflict with Terry McGinnis, whom he considers an inferior pretender to the Batman legacy. Flashbacks reveal that Damian was the first to wear what would become Terry's Batsuit, donning it to confront a mass assault by the League of Assassins after Bruce officially retires as Batman, but he departed Gotham after the battle was over, Bruce reflecting in hindsight that Ra's provoked that attack because he knew that the power of the suit would drive Damian to his grandfather rather than his father.

tag: ul

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Damian Wayne makes his television debut in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "The Knights of Tomorrow!", with Robin voiced by Patrick Cavanaugh and Batman voiced by Diedrich Bader. This version is a stark departure from his original counterpart: his father remains Batman (Bruce Wayne) but his mother is Catwoman (Selina Kyle), bears no intent to kill at all and acts much more like his father and his costume is similar to Tim Drake's second Robin costume. Initially portrayed as being reluctant to follow in his father's footsteps, he tells his parents that he does not want them to plot out his own life for him. But after his parents are killed by Joker Jr., Damian takes up the Robin mantle and fights alongside Batman (Dick Grayson). Ultimately, the two bring Joker Jr. and the original Joker to justice and save Gotham from a poison gas attack. It shows that Damian goes on to fight the Club of Villains, Flamingo and Professor Pyg. The episode ends with Dick passing on the Batman mantle to Damian shown fighting crime with his own child (voiced by Sebastian Bader) as the new Robin. The pair are seen fighting the mutants from The Dark Knight Returns, a reference which is further established by the new Robin's resemblance to the Robin (Carrie Kelly) from The Dark Knight Returns. It ultimately turns out that the episode's events were part of Alfred Pennyworth's book 'The Knights of Tomorrow'. This episode was based on a comic book story from the Silver Age in which Batman was married to Kathy Kane with their son Bruce Jr.[66]
In the Teen Titans Go! episode, "Yearbook Madness", Damian's name appears in Starfire's yearbook, telling her to call him if things with Robin don't work out.
Damian Wayne is seen in the "New York Comic-Con 2015 " portion of Late Night with Seth Meyers, acting sarcastically and stating that Bruce Wayne is Batman, much to Seth's dismay.

text: Film[edit]

text:
Damian Wayne has a major role in the film Son of Batman, voiced by Stuart Allan.
He also appears in Batman vs. Robin as a sequel to Son of Batman, with Stuart Allan reprising his role.
Damian appears in Batman: Bad Blood, a sequel to Son of Batman and Batman vs. Robin featuring Batwoman, with Stuart Allan reprising his role. His altered clone, the Heretic (voiced by Travis Willingham), also appears as an antagonist.
Damian appears in Justice League vs. Teen Titans, a sequel to Justice League: War and Justice League: Throne of Atlantis, with Stuart Allan reprising his role. Although reluctant to join the Titans, he befriends them, risking his own life to help them stop Trigon.[67]
Damian appears in Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League: Gotham City Breakout, voiced by Scott Menville.
Damian appears in Batman Unlimited: Mech vs. Mutants, voiced by Lucien Dodge.[68]
Damian appears in the film Teen Titans: The Judas Contract with Stuart Allan reprising his role. He faces challenges such as being haunted by his past when Deathstroke returns and uses Terra as his pawn to bring the Titans to Brother Blood. [69]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Damian Wayne (as Robin) is a playable character in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Charlie Schlatter. He was included in the Heroes pre-order pack exclusive to Amazon.com and EB Games.
In Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure, Maxwell can team up with the Damian Wayne version of Robin to defeat Harley Quinn and Doppelganger in the Joker's Fun House World.
In Infinite Crisis, Damian Wayne is the Robin from the "Nightmare" universe appears as one of the available "champions", voiced by James Arnold Taylor.

text: Injustice[edit]

text:
Damian Wayne appears as a playable character in Injustice: Gods Among Us, voiced by Neal McDonough. This older, more violent incarnation is the alternate dimension version of Nightwing.[70] A member of Superman's Regime, he is first seen accompanying Hawkgirl and the Regime Soldiers into attacking the Joker Clan's hideout. Both of them are defeated by the Joker and retreat when the Batman of the Insurgency and the mainstream Justice League members with him arrive. When Nightwing and Catwoman fight Batman and Green Arrow, Green Arrow tries to reason with Nightwing, thinking he is Dick Grayson. Nightwing states that he is not Dick Grayson, and Batman reveals his true name. Damian admits to being Batman's son, but states Superman has been a better father figure. Batman retorts this by saying he "stopped being his son" when Damian killed Dick, who he considers his true son. After being defeated by Batman, Damian is told by his father that his son is "dead to him". Damian was later seen with the Regime taking part in the final battle against the Insurgents. After Superman defeated the Regime's Superman, Damian is among the Regime members that are arrested by the Justice League. In Damian Wayne's ending, Nightwing begins challenging anyone who crosses his path. Seeing his ability to inspire fear, Nightwing is chosen by a yellow power ring and recruited into the Sinestro Corps.
Damian Wayne returns as a playable character in Injustice 2, now in both his Robin and Nightwing persona and voiced by Scott Porter.[71] In the game's story mode, a flashback shows that Damian joined Superman when he and Batman arrived at Arkham to stop Superman from executing his prisoners, and he kills Victor Zsasz to show his father his allegiance. It also retcons the comic prequel continuity timeline on when Damian killed Zsasz. When he and the rest of the Regime are broken out of prison, yet initially released by Batman for a temporary alliance against Brainiac, they attempt to help Superman restore his powers secretly during the crisis and to convince Supergirl what they're doing is right, but Supergirl finds out about what the Regime had been doing for 5 years with broken heart. In Damian Wayne's ending, Batman sacrifices himself to protect Damian allowing him to deliver the final blow to Brainiac. Now with an appreciation of what their family's symbol truly means, Damian decides to carry on his father's legacy as the new Batman.


document_title: Queensferry Crossing

question_text: who paid for the new forth road bridge

question_tokens: who paid for the new forth road bridge

text: Queensferry Crossing

text: Background[edit]

text: A crossing route over the Forth had existed at the site since the eleventh century, when the queen of Scotland, Margaret, founded a free ferry to take pilgrims north to St Andrews.[10] The site of the ferry crossing became the location of the Forth Road Bridge, which opened in 1964. Proposals for an additional road crossing at Queensferry were drawn up in the early 1990s, as part of the "Setting Forth" consultation document prepared by the Scottish Office.[11] The plans met stiff opposition from environmentalists and from the City of Edinburgh Council on the grounds of the increased traffic. Following the Labour victory in the 1997 general election, the proposals were shelved.[12]

text: The existing bridge had a planned design life of 120 years,[13] but by the early years of the 21st century the planned theoretical capacity for the bridge was being routinely exceeded. It was designed for up to 11 million vehicles per year, but this had risen steadily to 23 million vehicles in 2006.[14] Between 2003 and 2005, an inspection programme found that the main suspension cables had suffered an estimated 8–10% loss of strength as a result of corrosion. Projections highlighted the likelihood of an accelerating loss of strength, with traffic restrictions to limit loading required in 2014 in the worst-case scenario.[15]

text: The strategic transport importance of the road bridge – and the threat of closure by 2019 if major structural work was not successful – led to fears of serious economic consequences, especially as work on a new crossing was estimated to take up to 11 years.[16] Scottish Transport Minister Nicol Stephen commissioned a new study, which priced a second Forth Road Bridge at £300 million, in 2003.[12] The Forth Estuary Transport Authority voiced support for a new bridge in 2005,[17] and in 2006 the UK Transport Secretary, Alistair Darling, spoke in favour of the idea.[18]

text: Planning[edit]

text: In 2007, the Forth Replacement Crossing Study was commissioned by Transport Scotland to examine various options for new bridges or tunnels across the Forth.[19] The report recommended adoption of a cable-stayed bridge, located to the west of the Forth Road Bridge, as the preferred solution. The study concluded that this option was significantly cheaper than a tunnel, would take less time to construct, and would represent better value for money, though it was noted that a tunnel would have fewer environmental impacts.[20] In December 2007 finance secretary John Swinney announced that a new cable-stayed bridge would be constructed, with an estimated cost of between £3.25 billion and £4.22 billion. He claimed it would be "the largest construction project in a generation in Scotland".[21]

text: There was opposition to the project on environmental, traffic and cost grounds. The ForthRight Alliance, an umbrella group including Friends of the Earth, the Scottish Green Party, the RSPB, sustainable transport groups and other local organisations, opposed the scheme as being "both unwelcome and unnecessary".[22] Another group, Forth Tunnel Action Group, campaigned for a tunnel as the solution with lowest costs and fewest long-term environmental impacts.[23]

text: It was initially suggested that the new bridge would be funded via the Scottish Futures Trust, an alternative to public-private partnership funding for major public-sector schemes. However, the Scottish Government announced in December 2008 that public funding would be used.[24] As part of the Scottish Government's Strategic Transport Projects Review, the new Forth crossing was priced at between £1.72 billion and £2.34 billion.[25] Under the revised scheme, the existing bridge will be retained for public transport, cyclists and pedestrians, and the new bridge was to be operational by 2016.[24]

text: A joint venture between consultancies Arup and Jacobs was appointed as project manager, and in February 2008 environmental and technical studies were begun, continuing through 2009. Public consultations were held, and some changes to the scheme were made in response to the comments received.[26] An environmental statement was published in November 2009,[27] coinciding with the introduction of the Forth Crossing Bill into the Scottish Parliament by John Swinney. A majority of MSPs voted in favour of the new legislation on 16 December 2010,[28] and the Forth Crossing Act received Royal Assent in January 2011.[29]

text: Bidding process[edit]

text: In 2009, Transport Scotland solicited for tenders to construct the proposed bridge.[30] Although Transport Scotland received 39 expressions of interest, concerns over the risks associated with the fixed-price contract resulted in only two consortia of large construction companies bidding.[31] Due to the bidders' concerns that the bidding process itself would prove to be an expensive proposition, the Scottish Government allocated £10 million to defray the bidders' costs during the full bidding process, should the project be abandoned.[31]

text: The two consortia were Forthspan, which included Morgan Sindall, BAM Nuttall and Balfour Beatty; and Forth Crossing Bridge Constructors (FCBC), which consists of Dragados, Hochtief, American Bridge, and Morrison Construction.[32] Bids for the main contract, priced at between £900m and £1.2bn, and including design and construction of the bridge and approach roads,[32] were submitted in January 2011.[30] In March 2011 the Scottish Government announced FCBC as preferred bidder, with a bid of £790 million.[33][34] Ramboll is leading the Design Joint Venture which includes Sweco and Leonhardt Andra and Partners.[35]

text: In addition to the main contract, two smaller contracts form part of the scheme. The contract to implement the Intelligent Transport System (ITS) traffic management system in Fife was awarded to John Graham (Dromore) Ltd, with a tender of £12.9 million, while the upgrade of M9 Junction 1a was awarded to a joint venture between John Sisk and Roadbridge, with a tender of £25.6 million. As with the main contract, the tenders received were below the original estimated budgets.[36][37] Naeem Hussain, Global Bridge Design Practice Leader at Arup, was the lead design engineer for the project.[38]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Preparatory works for the new bridge began in September 2011 with works beginning at the southern end of the M90 to build the northern approach roads. 149 segments of bridge deck, each of which is 12 metres (39 ft) long and 40 metres (130 ft) wide, were constructed in China and Spain, then delivered by sea in October 2013.[39] The approach steel bridge sections were manufactured by Cleveland Bridge UK in Darlington.[40]

text: The towers reached 160 metres (525 ft) in height in August 2015, making it the UK's tallest bridge.[41] The completed towers stand at 207 metres (679 ft).[41]

text: On 28 April 2016, one construction worker was killed and another injured in an accident involving a crane. Work on the bridge was halted to allow an investigation to take place.[42][43]

text: The bridge was due to be completed by December 2016, but that date was put back to May 2017 due to weather delays slowing construction,[44] with 25 days lost due to high winds during April and May 2016.[45] An additional delay was announced in March 2017 again due to weather (more specifically, high winds) and an estimation period of six weeks in July / August 2017 was proposed.[46]

text: The bridge opened on 30 August 2017 and formally opened by the Queen on 4 September 2017.[47]

text: The bridge[edit]

text: The new bridge is a cable-stayed structure, with three towers each 207 metres (679 ft) high.[39] Including approaches, the overall length of the bridge is 2.7 kilometres (1.7 miles); at opening, it is the longest triple tower cable-stayed bridge in the world.[48] The bridge carries motor-cycles, cars and heavy goods vehicles, while public transport, cyclists and pedestrians use the existing bridge. Wind shielding has been built into the design, to enable use of the bridge in high winds, which regularly led to restrictions on the existing bridge.[1][49]

text: The bridge is the third crossing of the Forth at Queensferry, alongside the Forth Road Bridge, completed in 1964, and the Forth Bridge, a railway bridge completed in 1890. It is sited west of the road bridge, with the northern landfall at St Margaret's Hope, between Rosyth Dockyard and North Queensferry and the southern landfall just west of Port Edgar in South Queensferry. The central tower was constructed on the Beamer Rock, a small islet in the Forth [50]. The project was known as the Forth Replacement Crossing, and a name for the new bridge was selected in a public vote in 2013 after a panel of independent advisers provided a shortlist of possible names.[51][52] A short-list of five names were selected, these were Caledonia Bridge, Firth of Forth Crossing, Queensferry Crossing, Saltire Crossing and St Margaret's Crossing. A public vote was held up until 7 June 2013 and the Queensferry Crossing name received the most votes, with 12,039 (of 37,000) votes (32%) in a public poll.[53]

text: Connecting roads[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. In particular: since the bridge has been opened, the connecting roads presumably have been rearranged. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2017)

text: Several new and upgraded roads will connect the bridge into the existing road network with around 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) of new roads to be constructed. These new roads will join the M9 and M90 motorways together for the first time, with the Queensferry Crossing being built to motorway standard in order to carry the M90 across the Forth. The M90 motorway terminates at Admiralty Junction, around 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) north of the current Forth Road Bridge, with the road continuing as all-purpose dual carriageway across the existing bridge and joining the M9 via the M9 Spur.[54][55]

text: Admiralty Junction[edit]

text: Admiralty Junction, the present Junction 1 of the M90 motorway will be unaltered, with the exception of a bus lane to be added on the southbound carriageway. The junction will be renumbered to Junction 1C of the M90 when the Queensferry Crossing opens.[55]

text: Ferrytoll Junction[edit]

text: Ferrytoll Junction will be redesigned to give access to the new crossing and to maintain public transport access to the Forth Road Bridge. The design of the new junction requires the realignment of the B981 road to North Queensferry.[56] Ferrytoll Junction will be numbered Junction 1B of the M90 following completion of the Queensferry Crossing.[55]

text: South Queensferry Junction[edit]

text: The M90 will be extended west from the current bridge access at Ferry Muir, wrapping around South Queensferry to the southern landfall of the new crossing. A grade-separated junction will be built on the A904 just west of Echline, at the south-west edge. The existing access from the Forth Road Bridge to the A90 will remain open to public transport.[57] South Queensferry Junction will become Junction 1A of the M90 when the Queensferry Crossing opens.[55]

text: M9 Junction 1a[edit]

text: Junction 1a provides access from the M9 to the Forth Road Bridge via the M9 Spur. Originally, only east-facing connections were provided to the M9, forcing traffic heading west from the bridge onto the A904 through the village of Newton in West Lothian. The upgrade of the junction included new west-facing slip roads, enabling direct access onto the M9 from the Forth Road Bridge and the new crossing, as well as widening of the existing connections to assist the flow of traffic at peak times.[58] The improvements were completed in February 2013 at a cost of £25.6m.[59] The M9 Spur will become the M90 upon completion of the Queensferry Crossing, the junction connecting the A90 coming from the Forth Road Bridge with the A90 towards Edinburgh city centre and the M9 Spur will be named the Scotstoun Junction and will be numbered as Junction 1 of the M90.[55]

text: Intelligent Transport System[edit]

text: An "Intelligent transportation system" (ITS) will be installed between Halbeath on the M90, and the M9, covering the whole scheme. The ITS is a Active traffic management, enabling variable speed restrictions and lane closures to be displayed on overhead gantries.[55]

text: Archaeological finds[edit]

text: During routine archaeological excavations by Headland Archaeology in advance of work on the new bridge archaeological deposits from the Mesolithic were found on both sides of the Forth.[60]

text: On the northern side two post built structures and their surrounding pits and were dated to the mid to late Mesolithic period.

text: On the south bank in a field at Echline the remnants of a sunken floor structure with in situ floor deposits was found. The structure, based around an oval pit approximately 7 metres (23 ft) in length, contained the remains of a hearth, stone tools, and bone from a variety of animals. Radio-carbon analysis returned a date of c.8300, approximately 1000 years older than the northern site, making it the earliest known dwelling in Scotland. Additionally three isolated Neolithic pits and a Bronze Age pit group and pit alignment were identified.[61] [62]


document_title: Bank of England £20 note

question_text: when did the 20 pound note come out

question_tokens: when did the 20 pound note come out

text: Bank of England £20 note

text: History[edit]

text: Twenty pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1725. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued to individuals as needed. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821 when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of twenty pounds" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[1]

text: The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared. The predominantly purple series D notes were two-sided, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side, accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon (all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other. This note also had a security feature in the form of a 'windowed' metal thread. The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991. These notes were multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back. Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards. These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse.[2]

text: The current £20 note was introduced in 2007. It features a portrait of Scottish economist Adam Smith on the back as well as an illustration of workers in a pin factory.[3] The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread: these include raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a holographic strip, a see-through register, and a colourful pattern which only appears under ultraviolet light.[4] In September 2015 the Bank of England announced that the next £20 note will be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[5] This was followed by an announcement in April 2016 that Adam Smith will be replaced by artist J. M. W. Turner on the next £20 note, which will enter circulation in 2020.[6] Images on the reverse of the Turner note will include a 1799 self-portrait of Turner, a version of Turner's The Fighting Temeraire, the quote "Light is therefore colour" from an 1818 lecture by Turner, and a copy of Turner's signature as made on his will.[7]

text: Designs[edit]

text:
Note

First issued

Last issued

Ceased to belegal tender

Colour

Size

Design

Additional information

White
1725
1943
16 April 1945
MonochromePrinted on one side only
211 × 133 mm(may vary)

Denomination discontinued from 1945 until 1970

Series D
9 July 1970
1991
19 March 1993
Predominantly purple
160 × 90 mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth IIBack: William Shakespeare
First £20 note to carry a portrait of a monarch and used a 'windowed' security thread (July 1984 onward)

Series E
5 June 1991
2000
28 February 2001
Multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple)
149 × 80 mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth IIBack: Michael Faraday
Those notes issued from September 1993 have an additional denomination symbol £20 on each side

Series E (variant)
22 June 1999
2007
30 June 2010
Front: Queen Elizabeth IIBack: Edward Elgar

Series F
13 March 2007

Front: Queen Elizabeth IIBack: Adam Smith

Series G
in 2020

139 × 73 mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth IIBack: J. M. W. Turner
Polymer note

text: Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]


document_title: History of Idaho

question_text: who was president when idaho became a state

text: History of Idaho

text: Indigenous inhabitants[edit]

text: Humans may have been present in Idaho for 14,500 years. Excavations in 1959 at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America.[1] American Indian tribes predominant in the area in historic times included the Nez Perce and the Coeur d'Alene in the north; and the Northern and Western Shoshone and Bannock peoples in the south.

text: European exploration[edit]

text:
Cataldo Mission

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

U.S. National Historic Landmark

HABS, view from northwest, in 1957.

Location
Cataldo, Idaho

Built
1848

Architect
Antonio Ravalli

Architectural style
Greek Revival, Colonial, Other

NRHP reference #
66000312

Significant dates

Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966[2]

Designated NHL
July 4, 1961[3]

text: Idaho was one of the last areas in the lower 48 states of the US to be explored by people of European descent.[citation needed] The Lewis and Clark expedition entered present-day Idaho on August 12, 1805, at Lemhi Pass. It is believed that the first "European descent" expedition to enter southern Idaho was by a group led in 1811 and 1812 by Wilson Price Hunt, which navigated the Snake River while attempting to blaze an all-water trail westward from St. Louis, Missouri, to Astoria, Oregon. At that time, approximately 8,000 Native Americans lived in the region.

text: Fur trading led to the first significant incursion of Europeans in the region.[4] Andrew Henry of the Missouri Fur Company first entered the Snake River plateau in 1810. He built Fort Henry on Henry's Fork on the upper Snake River, near modern St. Anthony, Idaho. However, this first American fur post west of the Rocky Mountains was abandoned the following spring.

text: The British-owned Hudson's Bay Company next entered Idaho and controlled the trade in the Snake River area by the 1820s. The North West Company's interior department of the Columbia was created in June 1816, and Donald Mackenzie was assigned as its head. Mackenzie had previously been employed by Hudson's Bay and had been a partner in the Pacific Fur Company, financed principally by John Jacob Astor. During these early years, he traveled west with a Pacific Fur Company's party and was involved in the initial exploration of the Salmon River and Clearwater River. The company proceeded down the lower Snake River and Columbia River by canoe, and were the first of the Overland Astorians to reach Fort Astoria, on January 18, 1812.

text: Under Mackenzie, the North West Company was a dominant force in the fur trade in the Snake River country. Out of Fort George in Astoria, Mackenzie led fur brigades up the Snake River in 1816-1817 and up the lower Snake in 1817-1818. Fort Nez Perce, established in July, 1818, became the staging point for Mackenzies' Snake brigades. The expedition of 1818-1819 explored the Blue Mountains, and traveled down the Snake River to the Bear River and approached the headwaters of the Snake. Mackenzie sought to establish a navigable route up the Snake River from Fort Nez Perce to the Boise area in 1819. While he did succeed in traveling by boat from the Columbia River through the Grand Canyon of the Snake past Hells Canyon, he concluded that water transport was generally impractical. Mackenzie held the first rendezvous in the region on the Boise River in 1819.

text: Despite their best efforts, early American fur companies in this region had difficulty maintaining the long-distance supply lines from the Missouri River system into the Intermountain West. However, Americans William H. Ashley and Jedediah Smith expanded the Saint Louis fur trade into Idaho in 1824. The 1832 trapper's rendezvous at Pierre's Hole, held at the foot of the Three Tetons in modern Teton County, was followed by an intense battle between the Gros Ventre and a large party of American trappers aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies.

text: The prospect of missionary work among the Native Americans also attracted early settlers to the region. In 1809, Kullyspell House, the first white-owned establishment and first trading post in Idaho, was constructed. In 1836, the Reverend Henry H. Spalding established a Protestant mission near Lapwai, where he printed the Northwest's first book, established Idaho's first school, developed its first irrigation system, and grew the state's first potatoes. Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding were the first non-native women to enter present-day Idaho.

text: Cataldo Mission, the oldest standing building in Idaho, was constructed at Cataldo by the Coeur d'Alene and Catholic missionaries. In 1842, Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, with Fr. Nicholas Point and Br. Charles Duet, selected a mission location along the St. Joe River. The mission was moved a short distance away in 1846, as the original location was subject to flooding. In 1850, Antonio Ravalli designed a new mission building and Indians affiliated with the church effort built the mission, without nails, using the wattle and daub method. In time, the Cataldo mission became an important stop for traders, settlers, and miners. In addition to acting as a place for rest from the trail, the mission offered needed supplies and was a working port for boats heading up the Coeur d'Alene River.

text: During this time, the region which became Idaho was part of an unorganized territory known as Oregon Country, claimed by both the United States and Great Britain. The United States gained undisputed jurisdiction over the region in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, although the area was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon from 1843 to 1849. The original boundaries of Oregon Territory in 1848 included all three of the present-day Pacific Northwest states and extended eastward to the Continental Divide. In 1853, areas north of the 46th Parallel became Washington Territory, splitting what is now Idaho in two. The future state was reunited in 1859 after Oregon became a state and the boundaries of Washington Territory were redrawn.

text: While thousands passed through Idaho on the Oregon Trail or during the California gold rush of 1849, few people settled there. In 1860, the first of several gold rushes in Idaho began at Pierce in present-day Clearwater County. By 1862, settlements in both the north and south had formed around the mining boom.

text: Settlement[edit]

text: Mormon settlers[edit]

text: Mormon missionaries founded Fort Lemhi in 1855, but the settlement did not last. The first organized town in Idaho was Franklin, settled in April 1860 by Mormon pioneers who believed they were in Utah Territory; although a later survey determined they had in fact crossed the border.[5] Mormon pioneers would go on to establish the majority of historic and modern communities in Southeastern Idaho, with Mormon settlers reaching areas near the current-day Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. Settlements include Ammon, Blackfoot, Chubbuck, Firth, Idaho Falls, Iona, Pocatello, Rexburg, Rigby, Shelley, and Ucon

text: English[edit]

text: Large numbers of English immigrants settled in what is now the state of Idaho in the late 19th and early 20th century, many before statehood. The English found they had more property rights and paid less taxes than they did back in England. They were considered some of the most desirable immigrants at the time.[6] Many came from humble beginnings and would rise to prominence in Idaho such as Frank R. Gooding who was originally from a rural working-class background in England but was eventually elected as the seventh governor of the state. Today people of English descent make up one fifth of the entire state of Idaho and form a plurality in the southern portion of the state.[7][8][9][10]

text: German[edit]

text: Many German farmers settled in what is now Idaho at the same time. German settlers were primarily Lutheran across all of the midwest and west, including Idaho, however there were small amounts of Catholics amongst them as well. In parts of Northern Idaho, German remained the dominant language until World War I, when German-Americans were pressured to convert entirely to English. Today, Idahoans of German ancestry make up nearly one fifth of all Idahoans and make up the second largest ethnic group after Idahoans of English descent with people of German ancestry being 18.1% of the state and people of English ancestry being 20.1% of the state.[11][12][13][14][15]

text: Irish[edit]

text: A significant number of people from Ireland immigrated to North America after the Potato Famine, and some migrated west searching for land for agriculture. Many ended up in Montana and southern Idaho. Because the Catholic Church already had a presence in the northern and eastern portions of the state, many Irish Catholics settled in Boise as well as in Butte, Montana. Today, 10% of Idahoans self-identify as being of Irish ancestry.[16]

text: African[edit]

text: York, a slave owned by William Clark but considered a full member of Corps of Discovery during expedition to the Pacific, was the first recorded African American in Idaho. There is a significant African American population made up of those who came west after the abolition of slavery. Many settled near Pocatello and were ranchers, entertainers, and farmers. Although free, many blacks suffered discrimination in the early-to-mid-late 20th century. The black population of the state continues to grow as many come to the state because of educational opportunities, to serve in the military, and for other employment opportunities. There is a Black History Museum in Boise, Idaho, with an exhibit known as the "Invisible Idahoan", which chronicles the first African-Americans in the state. Blacks are the fourth largest ethnic group in Idaho according to the 2000 census. Mountain Home, Boise, and Garden City have significant African-American populations. However, many major cities, such as Boise, have a small population of African Americans.[17]

text: Basque[edit]

text: The Basque people from the Iberian peninsula in Spain and southern France were traditionally shepherds in Europe. They came to Idaho, offering hard work and perseverance in exchange for opportunity.[18] One of the largest Basque communities in the US is in Boise,[19] with a Basque museum [20] and festival held annually in the city.

text: Chinese settlement[edit]

text: Chinese in the mid-19th century came to America through San Francisco to work on the railroad and open businesses. They suffered discrimination due to the Anti-Chinese League in the 19th century which sought to limit the rights and opportunities of Chinese emigrants.[21] Today Asians are third in population demographically after Whites and Hispanics.

text: Idaho Territory[edit]

text: On March 4, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed an act creating Idaho Territory[22] from portions of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory with its capital at Lewiston. The original Idaho Territory included most of the areas that later became the states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and had a population of under 17,000. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state in 1868 and was admitted as a state in 1890.

text: Statehood[edit]

text: When President Benjamin Harrison signed the law admitting Idaho as a U.S. state on July 3, 1890, the population was 88,548. George L. Shoup became the state's first governor, but resigned after only a few weeks in office to take a seat in the United States Senate.

text: Miners' uprisings[edit]

text: During its first years of statehood, Idaho was plagued by labor unrest in the mining district of Coeur d'Alene. In 1892, miners called a strike which developed into a shooting war between union miners and company guards. Each side accused the other of starting the fight. The first shots were exchanged at the Frisco mine in Frisco, in the Burke-Canyon north and east of Wallace. The Frisco mine was blown up, and company guards were taken prisoner. The violence soon spilled over into the nearby community of Gem, where union miners attempted to locate a Pinkerton spy who had infiltrated their union and was passing information to the mine operators. But agent Charlie Siringo escaped by cutting a hole in the floor of his room. Strikers forced the Gem mine to close, then traveled west to the Bunker Hill mining complex near Wardner, and closed down that facility as well. Several had been killed in the Burke-Canyon fighting. The Idaho National Guard and federal troops were dispatched to the area, and union miners and sympathizers were thrown into bullpens.

text: Hostilities would again erupt at the Bunker Hill facility in 1899, when seventeen union miners were fired for having joined the union. Other union miners were likewise ordered to draw their pay and leave. Angry members of the union converged on the area and blew up the Bunker Hill Mill, killing two company men.

text: In both disputes, the union's complaints included pay, hours of work, the right of miners to belong to the union, and the mine owners' use of informants and undercover agents. The violence committed by union miners was answered with a brutal response in 1892 and in 1899.

text: Through the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) union, the battles in the mining district became closely tied to a major miners' strike in Colorado. The struggle culminated in the December 1905 assassination of former Governor Frank Steunenberg by Harry Orchard (also known as Albert Horsley), a member of the WFM. Orchard was allegedly incensed by Steunenberg's efforts as governor to put down the 1899 miner uprising after being elected on a pro-labor platform.

text: Pinkerton detective James McParland conducted the investigation into the assassination. In 1907, WFM Secretary Treasurer "Big Bill" Haywood and two other WFM leaders were tried on a charge of conspiracy to murder Steunenberg, with Orchard testifying against them as part of a deal made with McParland. The nationally publicized trial featured Senator William E. Borah as prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow representing the defendants. The defense team presented evidence that Orchard had been a Pinkerton agent and had acted as a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association. Darrow argued that Orchard's real motive in the assassination had been revenge for a declaration of martial law by Steunenberg, which prompted Orchard to gamble away a share in the Hercules silver mine that would otherwise have made him wealthy.

text: Two of the WFM leaders were acquitted in two separate trials, and the third was released. Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life in an Idaho prison.

text: Mining in Idaho[edit]

text: Mining in Idaho[23] was a major commercial venture, bringing a great of attention to the state. From 1860-1866 Idaho produced 19% of all gold in the United States, or 2.5 million ounces.

text: Most of Idaho's mining production, 1860–1969, has come from metals equating to $2.88 billion out of $3.42 billion, according to the best estimates. Of the metallic mining areas of Idaho, the Coeur d'Alene region has produced the most by far, and accounts for about 80% of the total Idaho yield.

text: Mining Regions[edit]

text: Several others—Boise Basin, Wood River Valley, Stibnite, Blackbirg, and Owyhee—range considerably above the other big producers. Atlanta, Bear Valley, Bay Horse, Florence, Gilmore, Mackay, Patterson, and Yankee Fork all ran on the order of ten to twenty million dollars, and Elk City, Leesburg, Pierce, Rocky Bar, and Warren's make up the rest of the major Idaho mining areas that stand out in the sixty or so regions of production worthy of mention.

text: A number of small operations do not appear in this list of Idaho metallic mining areas: a small amount of gold was recovered from Goose Creek on Salmon Meadows; a mine near Cleveland was prospected in 1922 and produced a little manganese in 1926; a few tons of copper came from Fort Hall, and a few more tons of copper came from a mine near Montpelier. Similarly, a few tons of lead came from a property near Bear Lake, and lead-silver is known on Cassia Creek near Elba. Some gold quartz and lead-silver workings are on Ruby Creek west of Elk River, and there is a slightly developed copper operation on Deer Creek near Winchester. Molybdenum is known on Roaring River and on the east fork of the Salmon. Some scattered mining enterprises have been undertaken around Soldier Mountain and on Squaw Creek north of Montour.

text: Progressive policies[edit]

text: Idaho proved to be one of the more receptive states to the progressive agenda of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The state embraced progressive policies such as women's suffrage (1896) and prohibition (1916) before they became federal law. Idahoans were also strongly supportive of Free Silver. The pro-bimetallism Populist and Silver Republican parties of the late 1890s were particularly successful in the state.

text: Eugenics was also a major part of the Progressive movement.[24] In 1919, the Idaho legislature passed an Act legalizing the forced sterilization of some persons institutionalized in the state. The act was vetoed by governor D.W. Davis, who doubted its scientific merits and believed it likely violated the Equal Protection clause of the US Constitution.[25] In 1925, the Idaho legislature passed a revised eugenics act, now tailored to avoid Davis's earlier objections. The new law created a state board of eugenics, charged with:

text: The Eugenics board was eventually folded into the state's health commission; between 1932 and 1964, a total of 30 women and eight men in Idaho were sterilized under this law.[27] The sterilization law was formally repealed in 1972.[28]

text: After statehood, Idaho's economy began a gradual shift away from mining toward agriculture, particularly in the south. Older mining communities such as Silver City and Rocky Bar gave way to agricultural communities incorporated after statehood, such as Nampa and Twin Falls. Milner Dam on the Snake River, completed in 1905, allowed for the formation of many agricultural communities in the Magic Valley region which had previously been nearly unpopulated.

text: Meanwhile, some of the mining towns were able to reinvent themselves as resort communities, most notably in Blaine County, where the Sun Valley ski resort opened in 1936. Others, such as Silver City and Rocky Bar, became ghost towns.

text: 1950s to present[edit]

text: In the north, mining continued to be an important industry for several more decades. The closure of the Bunker Hill Mine complex in Shoshone County in the early 1980s sent the region's economy into a tailspin. Since that time, a substantial increase in tourism in north Idaho has helped the region to recover. Coeur d'Alene, a lake-side resort town, is a destination for visitors in the area.

text: Beginning in the 1980s, there was a rise in North Idaho of a few right-wing extremist and "survivalist" political groups, most notably one holding Neo-Nazi views, the Aryan Nations. These groups were most heavily concentrated in the Panhandle region of the state, particularly in the vicinity of Coeur d'Alene.

text: In 1992 a stand-off occurred between U.S. Marshals, the F.B.I., and white separatist Randy Weaver and his family at their compound at Ruby Ridge, located near the small, northern Idaho town of Naples. The ensuing fire-fight and deaths of a U.S. Marshal, and Weaver's son and wife gained national attention, and raised a considerable amount of controversy regarding the nature of acceptable force by the federal government in such situations.

text: In 2001, the Aryan Nations compound, which had been located in Hayden Lake, Idaho, was confiscated as a result of a court case, and the organization moved out of state. About the same time Boise installed an impressive stone Human Rights Memorial featuring a bronze statue of Anne Frank and quotations from her and many other writers extolling human freedom and equality. A recent poll found that Idaho citizens accept people of different cultures and ethnicities.[citation needed]

text: The demographics of the state have changed. Due to this growth in different groups, especially in Boise, the economic expansion surged wrong-economic growth followed the high standard of living and resulted in the "growth of different groups".[citation needed] The population of Idaho in the 21st Century has been described as sharply divided along geographic and cultural lines due to the center of the state being dominated by sparsely-populated national forests, mountain ranges and recreation sites: "unless you're willing to navigate a treacherous mountain pass, you can't even drive from the north to the south without leaving the state." The northern population gravitates towards Spokane, Washington, the heavily Mormon south-east population towards Utah, with an isolated Boise "[being] the closest thing to a city-state that you'll find in America." [29]

text: Nuclear fallout from Nevada test site[edit]

text: Idaho was one of several states that received the brunt of nuclear fallout from tests at the Nevada Test Site during the 1950s and 1960s. Reports published by the U.S. government indicate that many Idaho citizens perished and continue to suffer as a result of these tests.[citation needed] As of September 2007, there were continuing efforts in the U.S. congress to compensate victims.[citation needed]


document_title: Miss

question_text: what's the difference between miss and ma'am

question_tokens: what 's the difference between miss and ma'am

text: Miss

text: Use as a title (honorific) in the United States[edit]

text: The usage of "Miss" as a title in the United States is most frequently seen when referring to girls under twenty eight. Though Miss is less commonly used as a title by unmarried adult women in the United States than in the past, some still prefer to be referred to as such. Twenty-first century etiquette honors an adult woman's personal preference of title. However, if the preference is not known, "Ms." is used. "Ms." is the preferred choice as the female title in business. It is the equivalent to the male title "Mr." as neither is marital status specific.

text: Miss was formerly the default title for businesswomen, but has largely been replaced by Ms. in this context. It was a default title for actresses (Miss Helen Hayes, Miss Barbara Stanwyck) or other celebrities (Miss Amelia Earhart). Such default usage has also proved problematic; the poet Dorothy Parker was often referred to as Miss Parker, even though Parker was the name of her first husband and she herself preferred Mrs. Parker. Later in the century, the use of "Miss" or "Mrs." became a problem for The New York Times in referring to political candidate Geraldine Ferraro[citation needed], a married woman who did not use her husband's surname, since Mrs. has been used with a woman's maiden name only in limited circumstances in public life before the 1980s. (See more at Ms.)

text: Use alone as a form of address[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Miss" is the proper form for addressing all young ladies. It is sometimes used when addressing a younger adult woman, for example, "May I help you, Miss?" In the United States, the titles of "Ma'am" or "Madam" are sometimes used instead of "Miss." Use of any of these terms implies marital status.[dubious – discuss] Some take offense to the use of "Ma'am" or "Madam" because it indicates that the speaker thinks the woman being addressed must certainly be married due to her apparent age, and some take offense to the use of the terms "Ma'am" or "Madam" because of their association with houses of ill repute. On the other hand, addressing a woman as "Miss" may be taken as patronizing.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: In some American subcultures, such as the American South and some urban cultures, Miss is sometimes used irrespective of marital status with a woman's first name in direct or indirect informal address, as Miss Ellen from Gone with the Wind or Miss Ellie from Dallas. This form was also used in upper class households in some English-speaking countries by servants to address or refer to the unmarried ladies of the household, and occasionally in family-run businesses in the same manner, though more commonly it was used to address servants if they were addressed by title at all. This is also common with female child-care givers, small children will refer to their preschool teacher or nanny as "Miss" and their first name, regardless of marital status. In some school districts in the United States, this custom extends through the early primary school grades.

text: In some styles of etiquette[which?], the eldest daughter of a family was addressed on paper simply as Miss Doe, with the younger daughters being addressed as Miss Jane Doe and Miss Rebecca Doe. In person, as in when making introductions, the styling would have been extended to unmarried cousins with the same surname.

text: Another notable use of Miss is as the title of a beauty queen (given that in most pageants it is a requirement that contestants be unmarried), such as Miss America, Miss World, and Miss Universe. Other languages, such as French, Spanish, German, and Portuguese, have borrowed the English Miss to refer to the winner of a beauty pageant.

text: In some Mexican schools (particularly, but not exclusively, in bi-lingual schools), the term Miss and female teacher are used interchangeably, students often address their female teachers simply as Miss.