document_title: Frank Underwood (House of Cards)

question_text: who plays senator conway in house of cards

question_tokens: who plays senator conway in house of cards

text: Frank Underwood (House of Cards)

text: Background and description[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Francis J. Underwood was born on November 5, 1959, to Catherine and Calvin T. Underwood in Gaffney, South Carolina. He is an only child.[5] He was raised in impoverished circumstances, with the threat of bank foreclosure on the farm they lived on. He entered The Sentinel, a military school in Charleston, South Carolina, loosely based on The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, in the fall of 1976. He graduated in 1981 and, despite having made poor grades, gained admittance into Harvard Law School. He graduated from there in 1984.[5][6][7] While at the Sentinel, he had a homosexual relationship with his roommate, Tim Corbet, which lasted until his first year of law school. Underwood was raised Christian but holds God in complete contempt.[8]

text: Family[edit]

text: Underwood's great-great-great-grandfather, Corporal Augustus Elijah Underwood, was a Confederate soldier who served in the 12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment of McGowan's Brigade at the Battle of Spotsylvania. He served at the Bloody Angle on May 12, 1864, during the Civil War and was killed by a bludgeon to the back of the head from his own regiment during the middle of the night. Underwood is fascinated by his ancestry. When Underwood falls into a coma following an assassination attempt, Augustus appears in several of his hallucinations. However, he dismisses the Confederacy as weak and calls their cause of preserving the institution of slavery "asinine". His great-great grandfather was two when Augustus was killed.[9]

text: His father, Calvin T. Underwood, was a peach farmer in his home town of Gaffney who died at the age of 43 of a heart attack. The Underwoods lived in poverty, and nearly lost the farm when Frank was a child; to get a bank loan and avoid foreclosure, his father attended a meeting of the Ku Klux Klan, of which the bank manager was a member. Underwood speaks fondly of his father in public,[10] but this is a political ploy; in his asides to the audience, Underwood describes his father as a weak man who accomplished nothing with his life.[11] He even urinates on his father's grave in season 3. Despite disliking his father, however, Underwood was influenced by him.[12] Calvin was an abusive alcoholic and caused his wife and son years of misery. Underwood has said that when he was 13, he walked in on his father putting a shotgun in his mouth. Calvin asked him to pull the trigger, which he refused to do. He has stated that his biggest regret is not killing his father when he had the chance.[13]

text: Political career[edit]

text: South Carolina Legislature[edit]

text: Underwood was elected at the age of 25 to the South Carolina State Senate as one of the youngest members in the state's legislative history after graduating from Harvard in 1984. He was re-elected to the state senate at 29 in 1988 for his second, and last, term as a State Senator.

text: Congressional Election[edit]

text: Underwood was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990 as a Democratic representative for the 5th Congressional District of South Carolina, being sworn in during January 1991. He won another 11 consecutive elections, winning his final term in 2012. He was elected Whip for the Democratic Party in 2005, serving as House Majority Whip between 2005 and 2013.

text: Often, Underwood's thoughts throughout the series are presented in a direct address to the audience, a narrative technique known as breaking the fourth wall.[14] Immediately prior to starring in House of Cards, Spacey had starred in a production of William Shakespeare's Richard III as Richard III of England,[14][15] a character that serves as a partial basis for both Urquhart and Underwood.[16] His last name is derived from Oscar Underwood, who served as the first Democratic House Minority Whip from about 1900 to 1901.[17] His few vices include smoking cigarettes and playing video games;[18] when the Secret Service cuts off his online gaming service after he becomes Vice President, he takes up creating model figurines.

text: Spacey viewed portraying Underwood for a second season as a continuing learning process. "There is so much I don’t know about Francis, so much that I'm learning... I've always thought that the profession closest to that of an actor is being a detective... We are given clues by writers... Then you lay them all out and try to make them come alive as a character who’s complex and surprising, maybe even to yourself."[19]

text: Underwood's sexuality is ambiguous throughout much of the first two seasons; he has sexual liaisons with both men and women, but he is never explicitly identified by any sexual label. Before Season 2, various sources speculated about his homosexuality. It is revealed in "Chapter 8" he had an experience with homosexuality in college.[20] Underwood and Claire are never depicted having sex in season 1.[20] Slate journalist Hanna Rosin noted: if Frank and Claire Underwood were a real-life Washington couple and they were found each to be having an affair, he would be accused of being "secretly gay, turned on by women only when he can use them for a pure power play".[21] Other sources make no definite stance on Underwood's sexuality, but hypothesize that he is not sexually attracted to Claire.[22] In season 2, Underwood is involved in a threesome with Claire and Secret Service agent Edward Meechum (Nathan Darrow),[23] while in season 3, there is a moment of sexual tension between Underwood and his biographer, Tom Yates (Paul Sparks). The same season, however, also features the only scene in the series in which Underwood and Claire have sex exclusively with each other. In season five, he has sex with Eric Rawlings (Malcolm Madera), his male personal trainer.

text: According to Time television critic James Poniewozik, by the end of the first episode, it becomes clear that Underwood both literally and figuratively uses meat as his metaphor of choice. He may begin a day with a celebratory rack of ribs, because "I'm feelin' hungry today!", and he depicts his life with meat metaphors. For example, he describes the White House Chief of Staff with grudging admiration: "She’s as tough as a two-dollar steak" and plans to destroy an enemy the way "you devour a whale. One bite at a time". He also endures a tedious weekly meeting with House leaders, as he tells the audience, by "[imagining] their lightly salted faces frying in a skillet."[24]

text: Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter notes that, in Season 2, with Underwood's new position as Vice President, "He's got more power now and that means he instills more fear in his enemies".[25] At one point during the season, he states "The road to power is paved with hypocrisy and casualties. I need to prove what the vice president is capable of."[26] Underwood and Claire "continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts."[27]

text: Underwood vs. Urquhart[edit]

text: Underwood is an Americanized version of the original BBC series lead character Francis Urquhart, a Machiavellian post-Margaret Thatcher Chief Whip of the Conservative Party. Urquhart employs deceit, cunning, murder, and blackmail to influence and pursue the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. According to series producer Beau Willimon, the change in last name stemmed from the "Dickensian" feeling and "more legitimately American" sounding resonance of the name 'Underwood'. Whereas Urquhart is an aristocrat by birth, Underwood is a self-made man, having been born into a poor Southern family with an alcoholic father.[28] Urquhart was one of television's first antiheroes,[16] whereas Underwood follows the more recent rash of antiheroes that includes Tony Soprano of The Sopranos, Walter White of Breaking Bad, and Dexter Morgan of Dexter.[15] However, unlike most other antiheroes, Underwood is not forced into immorality either by circumstance (White), birth (Soprano) or upbringing (Morgan). In his review of Season 2, Slant Magazine's Alan Jones writes that Underwood is evil by choice.[29] Although the character is based on the BBC show's lead character, in interviews during the writing and filming of season 2, creator and showrunner Willimon said that he used Lyndon B. Johnson as a source of themes and issues addressed in House of Cards.[30] Unlike the right-wing Urquhart, who leads the Conservative Party, the center-left Underwood is a member of the Democratic Party, but cares little for ideology in favor of "ruthless pragmatism" in furthering his own political influence and power.[5]

text: Relationship with Claire Underwood[edit]

text: Stelter described Frank and Claire Underwood as a "scheming" couple.[31] Michael Dobbs, the author of the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based, compares the compelling nature of their relationship favorably to the characters in the original miniseries, and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.[16] Underwood has strong feelings for Claire, and frequently plots with her at night. He says, "I love that woman. I love her more than sharks love blood."[32] While Underwood is Machiavellian, Claire, like Lady Macbeth, encourages her husband to do whatever is necessary to seize power.[33][34] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an ice-queen wife.[35] She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weakness, saying, "My husband doesn’t apologize... even to me."[34] Her overt encouragement gives a credibility to their symbiosis.[24] Smith says "The Underwoods have proven themselves ruthless, manipulative, and robotic in their pursuit and lust of power."[36] Upon viewing a four-episode preview of season 2, Goodman says the series "...sells husband and wife power-at-all-costs couple...as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone's good."[25] Willimon notes that "What's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect, but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do."[37] Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels, but most importantly between Underwood and Claire. It is a story about a man who will commit any crime imaginable while in pursuit of power and a political wife who gives him the encouragement to pursue that power.[38]

text: Underwood and Claire engage in a threesome with their Secret Service bodyguard Edward Meechum at one point in season 2, but have otherwise largely given up intramarital and extramarital sex in favor of their pursuit of power. International Business Times critic Ellen Killoran notes that this may relate back to Underwood's quotation of Oscar Wilde to Zoe Barnes in Season 1: "A great man once said, 'everything is about sex except sex. Sex is about power.'" Avoiding sex may retain the balance of power in their relationship.[39] His relationship with Claire is the epicenter of season 2.[40]

text: Relationship with Zoe Barnes[edit]

text: Underwood develops an intimate relationship with Washington Herald and Slugline reporter Zoe Barnes (Kate Mara), with Claire's knowledge.[28] As the show begins, Barnes is desperate to rise from covering the Fairfax County Council beat to covering what's going on "behind the veil of power in the Capitol hallways."[35] By the end of the first episode, Barnes is among the cadre of Underwood's accomplices. They begin a relationship, with Barnes promising to earn his trust and not "ask any questions" in return for his supplying her with sensitive political information.[34] Toward the end of Season 1, she ends their personal relationship and begins investigating his connection to Congressman Peter Russo's apparent suicide (Underwood had in fact killed him by locking him in his car in a closed garage).[36] Underwood ultimately kills Barnes in the season 2 premiere, by pushing her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train after she begins to follow clues related to the murder.[41]

text: Relationship with Edward Meechum[edit]

text: Underwood is fond of the head of his Secret Service detail, Edward Meechum (Nathan Darrow), and it is hinted several times that they harbor unacknowledged sexual feelings for each other. When Meechum stumbles upon Underwood watching pornography, Underwood and Claire joke about there being sexual chemistry between the two men. Shortly after Underwood becomes vice president, he, Claire and Meechum have a threesome.

text: Meechum remains Underwood's bodyguard once he becomes the president, and there does not appear to be any continuing sexual relationship. Meechum remains fiercely loyal, however; he warns Underwood's biographer Tom Yates (Paul Sparks) not to write anything that would damage Underwood's reputation. In season 4, Underwood traces Meechum's hand with a marker on one of the walls of the White House when he wants to replace a Confederate painting; Meechum suggests he put up something he likes instead.

text: When Lucas Goodwin shoots Underwood during a campaign event, Meechum trades fire with the assassin, and both are killed instantly. Meechum's death is one of the tragedies Claire mentions in a press briefing for a gun control bill she is sponsoring, and Underwood has him buried in Arlington National Cemetery, a rare privilege for a Secret Service agent, though Meechum may have been eligible, in his own right, as a former member of the US Military who served in Afghanistan. When Underwood recovers and finds that Meechum's hand tracing has been painted over, he expresses grief and regret at the loss to Claire, who says that Meechum was one of the few people who truly understood them.

text: Breaking the fourth wall[edit]

text: Spacey summed up Underwood's relationship with the viewer - i.e. whenever he breaks the fourth wall - as being like that of a "best friend" and "the person [he trusts] more than anyone."[42] Because of this, his asides to the viewer serves as an indication of Underwood's true feelings and intentions - typically when he is feigning politeness and courtesy to people whom he despises. In the season 2 premiere, after having gone the whole episode without doing so, Underwood addresses the viewer directly, saying, "Did you think I had forgotten you? Perhaps you hoped I had."[36] In addition, in season 3, after an argument with Claire that ends with her storming out on him, a seething Frank vents his anger by lashing out at the viewer; looking directly into the camera, he snaps "What're you lookin' at?!" For the first four seasons, Underwood was the only character to break the fourth wall until the very end of the fourth season, during which his wife Claire - though silent - addresses the camera directly with Frank.[43]

text: Biography[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
"Power is a lot like real estate. It’s all about location, location, location. The closer you are to the source, the higher your property value."

 — Underwood[7]

tag: div

text: At the start of the show, Underwood is a Democratic Majority Whip in the House of Representatives, where he has represented South Carolina's 5th congressional district since 1990.[5][44][45]

text: Underwood is passed over for an appointment as United States Secretary of State even though he had been promised the position after ensuring the election of Colorado Governor Garrett Walker (Michel Gill) as President. Walker's Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez (Sakina Jaffrey) gives him this news prior to the January 2013 United States presidential inauguration. With the aid of Claire, and his fiercely loyal Chief of Staff Doug Stamper (Michael Kelly), Underwood uses his position as House Whip to seek retribution. He quickly allies with Washington Herald reporter Zoe Barnes (Kate Mara), whom he uses to undermine his rivals via the press.[45][46] The viciousness of Underwood's manipulations escalates over the course of the season.[15] He befriends Pennsylvania Rep. Peter Russo (Corey Stoll), encouraging him to quit drinking and run for Governor of Pennsylvania; then his underlings create enough pressure in the race to push Russo into publicly falling off the wagon and ruining his career. Underwood finally murders him and makes it look like suicide. He persuades Vice President Jim Matthews (Dan Ziskie) to resign so he can run for the office he previously held, Governor of Pennsylvania, the race being wide open following Russo's death. In the season finale, "Chapter 13", Underwood is appointed Vice President to replace Matthews.[47]

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
"There are two types of vice presidents: doormats and Matadors. Which do you think I intend to be?"

 — Underwood[36]

text: Underwood assumes the position of Vice President of the United States. Over the course of the season, he "faces challenges from similarly ambitious businessmen, the Chinese government and Congress itself" as he continues to pursue his political aspirations.[48] His plotline revolves around battles with billionaire Raymond Tusk (Gerald McRaney), involving Chinese money laundering. Over the course of the season his biggest challenges are the institutional power of the Office of the President and Tusk's power as a billionaire industrialist.[49]

text: He finds new rivals in Tusk, who seeks to maintain his position as Walker's right-hand adviser against Underwood's intrusion, and his former communications director, Remy Danton (Mahershala Ali), who is now a lobbyist working with Tusk.[36]

text: At the beginning of the season, Underwood is trying to erase all links to Russo's death.[50] Thus, he kills Barnes by shoving her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train,[51] and frames her colleague and lover Lucas Goodwin (Sebastian Arcelus) for cyberterrorism. Another early task for newly promoted Underwood is finding his own replacement as House Majority Whip. He supports Jacqueline Sharp (Molly Parker), a military veteran and third-term Representative from California, although he refrains from offering public backing.[52]

text: Toward the end of the season, Underwood orchestrates Walker's downfall. He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering, for which Walker is blamed. While publicly supporting Walker, Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached, with Sharp's help. In the season finale, "Chapter 26", Walker resigns, and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States.[13]

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
"When they bury me, it won't be in my backyard, and when they come to pay their respects, they'll have to wait in line."

 — Underwood[53]

text: Season 3 begins with Underwood's presidency off to a rocky start: six months into his term, he is unpopular with the public, and Congress is blocking his attempts to move legislation forward. He plans to secure his legacy with an ambitious jobs bill, America Works, but the Democratic Congressional leadership refuses to support it; they also tell him that they will not support him if he seeks the presidential nomination in the next election. He nominates Claire for United States Ambassador to the United Nations, but her nomination is defeated after she makes a gaffe during a Senate nomination hearing.[8]

text: Underwood announces that he will not run for reelection, and advocates for America Works, which he intends to pay for by stripping entitlement programs. He fails to get the bill through Congress and uses that as a reason to renege on his promise to not run in 2016. Solicitor General Heather Dunbar (Elizabeth Marvel) announces that she will seek the presidential nomination, and actually gives Underwood a battle. Underwood convinces Sharp to get married so she can announce her candidacy, for the sole reason of sapping women’s votes from Dunbar, at which point she will withdraw and accept the nomination for VP. After the presidential debate, in which Underwood publicly humiliates Sharp in order to go after Dunbar, Sharp retaliates by backing Dunbar's campaign. Ultimately, however, Underwood wins the Iowa caucuses.[54]

text: Meanwhile, the Underwoods' marriage is faltering. Underwood gives Claire the ambassador job in a recess appointment, but she is forced to resign in order to solve a diplomatic crisis. Claire begins to question whether she still loves her husband, and they get into an ugly fight in which he tells her that she is nothing without him. Season 3 ends with Claire leaving Underwood as he prepares for the New Hampshire primary.[55][56]

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
"That's right, we don't submit to terror. We make the terror."

 — Underwood[57]

text: Underwood trails Dunbar in the polls, eventually losing the New Hampshire primary. Realizing that he needs Claire to win, he persuades her to come back by promising to support her run for a congressional district in Texas. However, he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally's daughter, in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign. On the day of the South Carolina primary, Claire retaliates by arranging for two compromising photos to be leaked: one of Underwood's father with a Klansman, and one of Underwood posing with a Confederate Civil War re-enactor. Underwood deduces that Claire was behind the leaks, and confronts her. Claire calmly admits what she did, and puts forth a proposition: that she run as his vice president. He angrily rejects the idea.

text: Lucas Goodwin is released from prison and, seeking revenge for Barnes' death, shoots Underwood at a campaign rally, hitting him in the liver. He also mortally wounds Meechum, who manages to kill him before succumbing to his injuries. Underwood is rushed to the hospital for immediate surgery, and falls into a coma. It is soon discovered that he needs a liver transplant. Stamper manages to bump him to the top of the transplant list, and he survives. Once he recovers, he agrees to let Claire run as his vice president.

text: Dunbar drops out of the race due to the discovery of a meeting she'd had with Goodwin a few days before the attempt on Underwood's life. Underwood begins planning to maneuver Claire into the VP spot and to use the NSA to illegally obtain voter information and spy on the Republican nominee, Will Conway (Joel Kinnaman). This happens while Underwood and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to weed out potential running mates. During the resulting open convention, Underwood intimidates the front-runner, Secretary of State Catherine Durant (Jayne Atkinson), into surrendering her delegates, and uses the public sympathy from Claire's mother's death to ensure that he and Claire are nominated.[58]

text: When American extremists loyal to the terrorist group Islamic Caliphate Organization (ICO) kidnap a suburban family, Underwood allows Conway to negotiate with them, making his opponent look like a hero - and then releases NSA data that proves Conway illegally influenced Congress. Soon afterward, however, Underwood is hit with two crises at once: ICO's leader orders his followers to kill one of the hostages, while journalist Tom Hammerschmidt (Boris McGiver) exposes Underwood's crimes in the Washington Herald. Facing disgrace and possible impeachment, Underwood decides to declare war on ICO and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that he and Claire can exploit in the weeks before the election.[58][59]

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
"The American people don't know what's best for them. I do. I know exactly what they need. They're like little children, Claire, children we never had. We have to hold their sticky fingers and wipe their filthy mouths. Teach them right from wrong. Tell them what to think and how to feel and what to want. They even help writing their wildest dreams, crafting their worst fears. Lucky for them, they have me, they have you. Underwood, Underwood, 2016. 2020. 2024. 2028. 2032. 2036. One nation, Underwood."

 — Underwood[60]

text: In the days before the election, Underwood pushes Congress to formally declare war on ICO, and orders the CIA to kill one of the terrorists and make it look like he had died fleeing capture. Underwood still lags in the polls, however, and on election night it appears he is going to lose to Conway. With help from Stamper and campaign strategist LeAnn Harvey (Neve Campbell), Underwood has NSA contractor Aidan Macallan (Damian Young) stage a cyberattack on several election stations. He also uses the fear of a possible terrorist attack to pressure the governors of Tennessee and Ohio to halt voting. The tactics work; the two states refuse to declare a winner, and the election drags on unresolved for several weeks.

text: The presidency is finally set to be decided by a contingent election in the House. Neither Underwood nor Conway receive enough votes, however, so Underwood appoints Claire Acting President until the House votes again. Underwood tries to convince Arizona Congressman Alex Romero (James Martinez) to vote in his favor, but when Underwood refuses to help him with his own agenda, Romero forms a committee to impeach him.

text: The Underwoods blackmail Conway's influential campaign manager Mark Usher (Campbell Scott) into joining their side by threatening to release recordings of Conway berating a pilot and his running mate Ted Brockhart (Colm Feore) threatening to kill Frank. Once Usher begins working for them, they release the tapes anyway, which costs Conway the election. Underwood is now President-elect, but his past comes back to haunt him once again when Hammerschmidt begins investigating Zoe Barnes' death, convinced it was not an accident. Underwood and Claire nip any potential story in the bud by convincing Stamper to "confess" to murdering Barnes.

text: When Romero's committee intensifies its investigation, Underwood tries to divert their attention by ordering troops into Syria on the pretense of preventing a terrorist attack. This provokes Durant to testify against him; before she can take the stand, however, Underwood pushes her down a flight of stairs, incapacitating her. When Walker testifies about Underwood's role in the Chinese money laundering, Underwood takes the stand in his own defense and stuns the committee by resigning the presidency. When Claire demands an explanation, Underwood reveals that his resignation was part of a plan to ensure that they control the country for years to come: Claire from the White House, he from the private sector. To tie up loose ends, he has Macallan and Harvey killed.

text: For Underwood's plan to work, however, Claire has to pardon him and Stamper, which would damage her credibility with the public. Claire promises him that she will grant the pardons, but makes no mention of them during her first address to the nation as president. Angered, Underwood calls her several times, but each time he gets her voicemail, causing him to worry that she has abandoned him. He breaks the fourth wall and says, "If she doesn't pardon me, I'll kill her."

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The New York Times' David Itzkoff called Underwood a "scheming politician" who does "some of the most evil and underhanded things imaginable".[61] Brian Stelter of The New York Times said Underwood "…is on a quest for power that’s just as suspenseful as anything on television."[7] New York Daily News critic Don Kaplan says "…conniving Congressman Frank Underwood, is easily one of the most complex antiheroes on TV — except he’s not on TV".[62] David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle describes the character as one who "all but salivates over the chance to use his considerable power to gain more power, especially if it involves pulling the rug out from under some colleagues and the wool over the eyes of others."[63]

text: Andrew Davies, the producer of the original UK TV series, feels that Underwood lacks the "charm" of the original character, Francis Urquhart.[28]

text: The Independent praised Spacey's portrayal as a more "menacing" character, "hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old-fashioned courtesy,"[16] while The New Republic noted that "When Urquhart addressed the audience, it was partly in the spirit of conspiratorial fun. His asides sparked with wit. He wasn't just ruthlessly striving, he was amusing himself, mocking the ridiculousness of his milieu. There is no impishness about Spacey’s Frank Underwood, just numb, machine-like ambition. Even his affection for his wife is a calculation."[15]

text: Poniewozik praises Underwood's accent, saying "Spacey gives Underwood a silky Southern accent you could pour over crushed ice and sip with a sprig of mint on Derby Day."[24] Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes the accent as a "mild but sometimes missing Carolina accent".[32] Time listed Frank Underwood among the 11 most influential fictional characters in 2013.[64]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: According to The Kansas City Star's Smith, "Frank hasn’t changed, and neither has his brand of Machiavellian political theater" and "Spacey has lost none of his smarmy magnetism as the cartoon-ish villain".[36] According to Variety's Brian Lowry, "Kevin Spacey’s showy performance as an unscrupulous politician" is foremost among the show's strengths, but the show's weakness is the "failure to present its scheming protagonist with equally matched foes".[65] Lowry feels that as conniving as Underwood is, it is unfathomable that "nobody else in a town built on power seems particularly adept at recognizing this or combating him".[65] Goodman says "Spacey is nothing if not constantly magnetic".[25] The delayed use of the fourth wall is perceived as clever.[25] Alison Willmore of Indiewire says that "Unlike Walter White or Tony Soprano, Frank feels at peace with his ruthless pragmatism and what he does in pursuit of power, and reminds us of the fact in his asides to the camera...he may be a ruthless sociopath, but there's something to admire there".[66] However Willmore noted that Frank became lighter in season 2 noting that the season was "...delivered with more of a wink by Frank than before."[66]

text: Poniewozik notes that "It also remains a delight to watch Spacey pump the humid breath of life into House of Cards’ arid Capitol chill. If only his character weren’t so dominant of his surroundings as well. One reason the series’ movements can feel so mechanical is that, so far, no one seems nearly in Underwood’s league: not the adversaries he battles directly, nor the sad sacks that he gulls without their even knowing it."[18] Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News notes that the preview episodes show that "Frank's "Survivor"-like back-stabbing is beginning to feel a bit repetitive." and that his lack of an adversarial foil has become an issue: "...things always seem to fall neatly into place for him. Even his showdowns with the president (Michel Gill) come off as one-sided..."[67] Verne Gay of Newsday notes that "Frank Underwood has no remorse, no superannuated sense of Washington tradition or decorum, and certainly no second thoughts. He is TV's perfect monster of the moment - a compleat malefactor, with a pleasing honey-toned drawl."[68]

text: Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says "By positing a Johnsonesque power broker and master schemer who wields cabalistic influence behind the scenes, House of Cards assigns order and purpose to what, in real life, is too often just an endless, baffling tick-tack-toe stalemate."[69] NPR's Eric Deggans says that Underwood "blends velvety charm and mesmerizing menace like no other character on television".[70]

text: New York Observer critic Drew Grant notes that although the series aired during the golden age of dramatic antiheroes, Underwood's villainy has become trite: "House of Cards is a good reminder, however, that there is a reason Iago wasn’t the center of Othello. Unrelenting, unexplained cruelty can be as pedantic as constant kindness."[71]

text: Spacey's portrayal was not without detractors: Hitfix reviewer Alan Sepinwall accused him of "hamming it up" and "phoning it in on a not very good show to begin with".[72]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Reviews for season 3 of House of Cards were mostly positive. However, a few critics found the Underwood character was becoming repetitive: the critical consensus on the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes held that, "Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood's character, even if it feels like more of the same for some."[73] Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph wrote, "Everyone in House of Cards has an agenda - a secret twitching in the attic. The thrill, and the horror, may lie in the degree to which we catch reflections of real life in its dark, cool contours." [74]

text: Some critics opined that the Underwood character is less interesting once he achieves his goal of becoming president and actually has to govern. "You could take the show seriously just as long as you didn’t have to take it seriously, as long as it only took place in the dream world of imaginary fantasy politics," wrote Aaron Bady of The New Republic, who compared Underwood unfavorably with Josiah Bartlett of The West Wing. "But when a cartoon becomes president, it starts to look too fake to be real, but too real to be a cartoon. Frank plays the role of President Bartlett, a cartoon president doing things that would actually, in reality, be kind of great. But Bartlett was too good to be true, and the old Frank was too evil to be true. President Underwood is just too dull to be a fantasy, and so the props take center stage."[3]

text: Critics continued to praise Spacey's performance, however. Don Kaplan of The New York Daily News wrote, "Underwood’s bottomless appetite for dark dealing keeps Spacey so deliciously detestable you can’t help but keep rooting for the bad guy to win." [75]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In season 4, Jacob Solworthy wrote in his review of the first six episodes of season four: "Until now, 'House of Cards' has centred on the character's outward expression of power -- not to mention his hunger for it -- but the writers have shrewdly stripped that back, instead focusing on the character's internal fears in a way not dissimilar from Tony's dream sequences in 'The Sopranos'," he later added, "You'll never root for Frank more than you do by the end of these six episodes."[76]

text: On the other hand, Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was critical of Spacey's performance, writing: " Spacey's performance, which at least had an appealingly theatrical extravagance when the series began, has grown less enjoyable. Having reached a pinnacle, there's no way to root for Frank's striving anymore, if you ever were, but House of Cards has yet to commit to urging us to root for Frank's downfall."[77]

text: There was also considerable mention of the evolution of Underwood's relationship with Claire. "[T]heir partnership has morphed into an entirely professional exercise, with a shared lust for power having supplanted more conventional matrimonial bonds," wrote Brian Lowry of Variety.[58] The Atlantic's Spencer Kornhaber remarked, however, that the utter ruthlessness displayed by Underwoods in the season finale may have represented a "jump the shark" moment for the series:

text: The Underwoods have murdered a politician and a journalist, and some innocents have also been collateral damage to their activities. Now, though, they've set out to maintain their power at the cost of mass casualties. Netflix hasn't said how many seasons are to come, but it's hard to imagine the show being watchable for all that much longer now that this rubicon of despicability has been crossed.[78]

text: Some compared Underwood's story line in season 4 to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[79] Brian Moyland of The Guardian wrote:

text: House of Cards has never felt like the real presidency: Frank Underwood is evil incarnate, bumping off junior Congressmen and pushing journalists in front of trains. But now that, in real life, we're in the throes of such a bizarre presidential race, his machinations are starting to look almost viable. There are several parallels between Underwood's re-election campaign and the 2016 campaigns of Donald Trump, Ted Cruz, Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders.[80]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: At the 3rd Critics' Choice Television Awards, Spacey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Underwood.[81]

text: On July 18, 2013, Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards. Three of its web series, Arrested Development, Hemlock Grove, and House of Cards, earned nominations.[31] For the first time, three Primetime Emmy nominations for lead roles were from web television series: Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series to Spacey for his portrayal of Frank Underwood, Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series to Robin Wright for her portrayal of Claire Underwood, and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series to Jason Bateman for his portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development.[31] Spacey submitted "Chapter 1" for consideration to earn his nomination.[82] Spacey also earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series nominations.[83][84]

text: In season 2, Spacey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.[85][86][87][88][89]

text: In season 3, Spacey was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, his third nomination for the role.[90] He also was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards.[91]

text: For his performance in season 4, Spacey earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards.[92]

text: For his performance in season 5, Spacey received his fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstianding Lead Actor in a Drama Series nomination for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards.[93]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Handler, Rachel. "‘House Of Cards’ Has Been Renewed For A Fifth Season, But Not Everybody Is Coming Back". Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lyons, Margaret. "House of Cards Has a Frank-and-Claire Problem". Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bady, Aaron. "'House of Cards' Should Stop Trying to Be 'The West Wing'". Retrieved July 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan. "'House of Cards' season 2 in review: It gets weaker the more you watch". Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sirota, David (March 12, 2013). "Why was Francis Underwood a Democrat?". Salon. Retrieved January 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Abad-Santos, Alex (February 27, 2015). "What linguists say about Kevin Spacey's bizarre Southern accent on House of Cards". Vox. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stelter, Brian (January 18, 2013). "A Drama’s Streaming Premiere". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffries, Stuart (February 27, 2015). "House of Cards recap: episodes two, three and four= Frank speaks to God". The Guardian. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ House of Cards (U.S. TV series) [House of Cards (season 2)] (Streaming video). Chapter 18, 29:10 remaining: Netflix. 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2014. [dead link]
Jump up ^ House of Cards (U.S. TV series) [House of Cards (season 1)] (Streaming video). Chapter 3, 20:05 remaining: Netflix. 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (February 13, 2014). "'House of Cards': Frank Underwood's 10 Most Ruthless Moments (Poll)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Busis, Hillary (February 18, 2014). "'House of Cards': Let's talk all of season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Jeffries, Stuart (March 5, 2014). "House of Cards recap, series two, episode 13 – 'Cut out his heart and put it in his hands'". The Guardian. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Cornet, Roth (January 31, 2013). "Netflix's Original Series House of Cards -- From David Fincher and Kevin Spacey -- May be the New Face of Television". IGN. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bennett, Laura (February 5, 2013). "Kevin Spacey's Leading-Man Problem The star of the 13-hour "House of Cards" is as impenetrable as ever". New Republic. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hughes, Sarah (January 30, 2013). "'Urquhart is deliciously diabolical': Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards". The Independent. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCormack, Kirsty (February 14, 2014). "Kate Mara steals the show at 'House of Cards' season premiere in sexy cut-out dress". Daily Express. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Poniewozik, James (February 12, 2014). "Review: House of Cards Returns for Season Two: Kevin Spacey's D.C. power play still has cynical bite, but some old problems remain.". Time. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Moore, Frazier (February 12, 2014). "Kevin Spacey dealing Season 2 of 'House of Cards'". Boston.com. Associated Press. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Carr, David and Ashley Parker (March 21, 2013). "‘House of Cards’ Recap, Episode 8: You Can Go Home Again, It Just Might Get Complicated". The New York Times. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rosin, Hanna (March 18, 2013). ""More Than Sharks Love Blood": Do Frank and Claire Underwood have the ideal marriage?". Slate. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ McGee, Ryan (March 22, 2013). "House Of Cards: "Chapter 8"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dockterman, Eliana (February 17, 2014). "The 9 Most Shocking Moments from House of Cards Season 2". Time. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Poniewozik, James (January 31, 2013). "Review: House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington". Time. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goodman, Tim (February 3, 2014). "House Of Cards: TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Hilary (December 13, 2013). "'House of Cards' Season 2 Trailer: The Threats and Power Grabs Mount (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Blake, Meredith (December 4, 2013). "Netflix sets premiere date for 'House of Cards' Season 2". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lacob, Jace (January 30, 2013). "David Fincher, Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix’s ‘House of Cards’". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jones, Alan (February 18, 2014). "House of Cards: Season Two". Slant Magazine. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Leopold, Todd (August 28, 2013). "'House of Cards' creator Beau Willimon plays a solid hand". CNN. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stelter, Brian (July 18, 2013). "Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b deWolf Smith, Nancy (January 31, 2013). "Fantasies About Evil, Redux". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ostrow: Kevin Spacey shines in "House of Cards" political drama on Netflix". The Denver Post. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stanley, Alessandra (January 31, 2013). "Political Animals That Slither: ‘House of Cards’ on Netflix Stars Kevin Spacey". The New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Stuever, Hank (January 31, 2013). "‘House of Cards’: Power corrupts (plus other non-breaking news)". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Smith, Sara (February 7, 2014). "Second season of ‘House of Cards’ is a vote for vice". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Oldenburg, Ann (February 13, 2014). "'House of Cards' promises more 'plotting and scheming'". USA Today. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNamara, Mary (February 14, 2014). "Review: 'House of Cards' plays new hand with brutal, clear resolve". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Killoran, Ellen (February 18, 2014). "'House of Cards' Season 2 Review: Burning Questions Remain After Netflix Binge". International Business Times. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Woods, Baynard (February 26, 2014). "Review: House of Cards Season 2: Francis Underwood gives liberals their own Dick Cheney: a vice president able to push through his agenda.". City Paper. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ D'Addario, Daniel (February 15, 2014). "Yes, that really just happened on "House of Cards"". Salon. Retrieved February 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.bustle.com/articles/14708-house-of-cards-kevin-spacey-isnt-talking-to-you-when-he-speaks-into-camera
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (June 7, 2017). "'House of Cards' Bosses Break Down Those Final Two Words of Season 5". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blake, Aaron (December 17, 2013). "Obama wishes D.C. worked more like it does in ‘House of Cards’". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Plumb, Terry (September 29, 2013). "Humble pie on the menu". The Herald. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ McGee, Ryan (March 1, 2013). "House Of Cards: "Chapter 5"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jancelewicz, Chris (May 4, 2013). "House Of Cards Season 1, Episode 13 Recap: All's Well That Ends Well (Or Not)". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Welshman, Tom (March 18, 2014). "TV Review – House of Cards, Season 2". Impact. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ VandenDolder, Tess (February 17, 2014). "'House of Cards' Season 2 Review: Shocking and Messy, But Just as Addictive as Ever". In The Capital. Streetwise Media. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Zurawik, David (February 8, 2014). "Season 2 of 'House of Cards' packs theatrical power". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (February 18, 2014). "House of Cards season 2 shock twist was planned from day one, says showrunner". The Independent. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Sara (February 7, 2014). "New season brings a formidable female player to ‘House of Cards’". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Season On 'House Of Cards,' It's Tough To Be The Boss". www.npr.org. February 27, 2015. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Richard (March 23, 2015). "Where Does Frank Underwood Go From Here, and Other House of Cards Season 3 Questions". Vanity Fair. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 39". House of Cards. Season 3. Episode 13. February 27, 2015. Netflix.
Jump up ^ Stern, Warlow (March 16, 2015). "The Explosive ‘House of Cards’ Finale: Creator Beau Willimon on the State of the Underwoods". Daily Beast. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fowle, Kyle (March 8, 2016). "House of Cards recap: Chapter 52". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lowry, Brian (March 10, 2016). "Review: ‘House of Cards,’ The Complete Fourth Season for Binge Viewers (SPOILERS)". Variety. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 52". House of Cards. Season 4. Episode 13. March 4, 2016. Netflix.
Jump up ^ Fowle, Kyle (June 7, 2017). "House of Cards recap: Chapter 65". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Itskoff, Dave (July 18, 2013). "Emmy Nominees: Kevin Spacey of ‘House of Cards’". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Don (July 21, 2013). "Kevin Spacey and Netflix's 'House of Cards' receive Emmy nominations, signaling a new order in TV". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wiegand, David (January 30, 2013). "'House of Cards' review: Sexy political revenge". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Alter, Charlotte and Eliana Dockterman (December 9, 2013). "The 11 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2013: These are the on-screen figures who got our attention: 6. Frank Underwood". Time. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowry, Brian (January 31, 2014). "TV Review: ‘House of Cards’ – Season Two". Variety. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Willmore, Alison (February 5, 2014). "In Its Second Season, 'House of Cards' Brings Its D.C. Machinations to the Next Level". Indiewire. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Barney, Chuck (February 11, 2014). "Review: 'House of Cards' returns for more political dirty deeds". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gay, Verne (February 13, 2014). "'House of Cards' Season 2 review: A joyride". Newsday. Archived from the original on 2014-02-14. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Alessandra (February 13, 2013). "How Absolute Power Can Delight Absolutely: ‘House of Cards’ Returns, With More Dark Scheming". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Deggans, Eric (February 14, 2014). "Antihero Or Villain? In 'House Of Cards,' It's Hard To Tell". NPR. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Grant, Drew (February 17, 2014). "The Anhedonia of Antiheroes: Why House of Cards’ Second Season Isn’t as Fun as It Should Be". The New York Observer. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan. "Best movie star on TV, 'Constantine' and best-cast TV show ever" (movie). Ask Alan. Retrieved May 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/house-of-cards/s03/
Jump up ^ Power, Ed (February 27, 2015). "House of Cards, season 3, episode 1, review: 'an underwhelming return'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Don (February 25, 2015). "'House of Cards' TV review: Season 3 is worth your weekend". The New York Daily News. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (March 2, 2016). "House of Cards season 4: Spoiler-free thoughts on the first six episodes". The Independent. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel. "'House of Cards' Season 4: TV Review". Retrieved July 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kornhaber, Spencer (March 7, 2016). "House of Cards season 4, Episode 13: The Live-Binge Review". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Griggs, Brandon (March 4, 2016). "House of Cards Season 4: What's the Verdict?". cnn.com. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Moyland, Brian (March 4, 2016). "House of Cards: A KKK connection isn't all Frank Underwood and Donald Trump share". The Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Big Bang, Horror Story, Parks & Rec, Good Wife, The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations". TVLine. May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Riley, Jenelle (August 26, 2013). "Emmy Episode Submissions: Lead Actor in a Drama". Backstage. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "SAG nominations 2014: The complete list of nominees". Los Angeles Times. December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ Farley, Christopher John (December 3, 2013). "Golden Globes Nominations 2014: ’12 Years a Slave,’ ‘American Hustle’ Lead Field". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2014 Emmy Nominations: 'Breaking Bad,' 'True Detective' Among the Honored". New York Times. July 10, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 10, 2014). "SAG Awards: Modern Family, Thrones, Homeland, Boardwalk, Cards Lead Noms; Mad Men Shut Out; HTGAWM, Maslany and Aduba Get Nods". TVLine. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (December 11, 2014). "Golden Globes: Fargo, True Detective Lead Nominations; Jane the Virgin, Transparent Score Multiple Nods". TVLine. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "List: Who won Golden Globe awards". USA Today. Gannett Company. January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leeds, Sarene (January 26, 2015). "SAG Awards: The Complete 2015 Winners List". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners". Emmys. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (December 9, 2015). "SAG Awards: Game of Thrones, Homeland, House of Cards Lead Noms; Empire, Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out; Mr. Robot's Rami Malek Sneaks In". TVLine. Retrieved December 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Emmys 2016: The Full List of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Emmys 2017: The Full List of Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. July 13, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Safe House (TV series)

question_text: who was in series 1 of safe house

question_tokens: who was in series 1 of safe house

root

text: Safe House (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Former police officer Robert (Christopher Eccleston) and his wife, teacher Katy (Marsha Thomason) are approached by one of Robert's former colleagues, Mark (Paterson Joseph), who is looking for a remote location to offer as a safe house to a family who have been forced to go on the run. Robert reluctantly agrees, but finds himself drawn into a game of cat and mouse between a dangerous offender and the family he is trying to protect.[4]

tag: p

text: The first series was solely written by creator Michael Crompton, and directed by Marc Evans, known for his work on Hinterland and Collision. The second series was penned by the writing team of Ed Whitmore and Tracey Malone, both known for their work on Silent Witness, while Evans returned to direct.[5]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
Christopher Eccleston as Robert Carmichael, a retired former police detective
Marsha Thomason as Katy Carmichael, Robert's wife and a teacher at the local school
Paterson Joseph as DCI Mark Maxwell, a former colleague of Robert

tag: ul

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
Stephen Moyer as Tom Broom, an ex-police officer
Zoe Tapper as Sam Stenham, Tom's partner

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
Jason Merrells as David Blackwell
Nicola Stephenson as Ali Blackwell
Peter Fernandino as Michael Collarsdale
James Burrows as Sam Blackwell
Harriet Cains as Louisa Blackwell
Max True as Joe Blackwell
Christine Tremarco as Becky
Sarah Smart as Megan

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
Sunetra Sarker as DCI Jane Burr
Gary Cargill as DI Vedder
Ashley Walters as John Channing
Stephen Lord as James Griffin
Sacha Parkinson as Dani
Joel MacCormack as Liam Duke
Jason Watkins as Simon Duke

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Series 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Written by
Directed by
Viewers
(millions)[6]
Original airdate

1
"Episode 1"
Michael Crompton
Marc Evans
8.44
20 April 2015 (2015-04-20)

Still haunted by his inability to save a witness some years earlier, retired policeman Robert and his wife Katy open a hotel in the Lake District and, at the request of his former colleague Mark, they turn it into a safe house. Their first guests are prison warder David Blackwell, his wife Ali and children Louisa and Joe, following the attempted abduction of little Joe at a fairground by a man calling himself Michael, who also stabbed a man to death who tried to intervene. The family has another son, student Sam, whose whereabouts are unclear and who does not seem keen to contact his parents. They fear that Michael will go after him to get to them and their fears appear to be justified.

2
"Episode 2"
Michael Crompton
Marc Evans
7.24
27 April 2015 (2015-04-27)

Mark identifies the attacker as Michael Collersdale, an ex-convict and drug dealer, as the police locate Sam and bring him to the safe house. He tells Robert that he fell into manufacturing drugs but not for Collersdale, whom he does not recognize. David was a warder at a prison where Collersdale served time but also claims not to know him, though Robert is suspicious that David was receiving large money sums - which he explains away. The Blackwells learn their new identities - they are tourists from Manchester - but Collersdale invades their house, discovering associates he can threaten to get to them.

3
"Episode 3"
Michael Crompton
Marc Evans
6.63
4 May 2015 (2015-05-04)

Ali's drug addicted sister Gemma is found dead in her flat after a visit by Collersdale and Robert is not convinced when Ali claims to have lost contact with her a long time ago. Eventually Ali admits that Joe is Gemma's son, adopted by Ali and David because of his mother's addiction, whilst Collersdale, breaking into the Blackwells' house, gets closer to locating them. At the same time Reynolds, who killed his wife Susan, leading to Robert's resignation, plans an appeal - alleging that the police withheld information at his trial. Mark shows Robert a CCTV film of him kissing Susan but Robert claims that it was platonic. Robert now wonders how Reynolds knew where to shoot at him and Susan and suspects a police officer told him.

4
"Episode 4"
Michael Crompton
Marc Evans
6.78
11 May 2015 (2015-05-11)

As Collersdale finally catches up with David and his family, his motive for pursuing them becomes clear and it is down to Robert to save the day, following another attempt to abduct Joe. However, after the family return home, Robert still has an unanswered question regarding the death of witness Susan Reynolds, requiring a visit to her husband in prison and a showdown with the person who betrayed him and Susan.

tag: table

text: Series 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
Episode
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original airdate
Viewers
(millions)[6]

5
"Episode 1"
Marc Evans
Ed Whitmore
7 September 2017 (2017-09-07)
5.09

6
"Episode 2"
Marc Evans
Ed Whitmore, Tracey Malone
14 September 2017 (2017-09-14)
4.31

7
"Episode 3"
Marc Evans
Ed Whitmore, Tracey Malone
21 September 2017 (2017-09-21)
4.23

8
"Episode 4"
Marc Evans
Ed Whitmore, Tracey Malone
28 September 2017 (2017-09-28)
3.82


document_title: List of most subscribed users on YouTube

question_text: who has the most subscribed channel on youtube

text: Top channels[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of September 14, 2017, 30 out of the 50 top channels originate from English-speaking countries (21 from the United States) and 35 are English-language channels.[1]

text:
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)

1.

PewDiePie[5]
N/A
 Sweden
English
57

2.

HolaSoyGerman.[6]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish
32

3.

JustinBieberVEVO[7]
Vevo
 Canada
English
31

4.

elrubiusOMG[8]
Mixicom
 Spain
Spanish
25

5.

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 United States
English

6.

RihannaVEVO[10]
Vevo
 Barbados

7.

KatyPerryVEVO[11]
 United States
24

8.

TaylorSwiftVEVO[12]

9.

T-Series[13]
tseriesmusic
 India
Hindi

10.

Fernanfloo[14]
BroadbandTV
 El Salvador
Spanish
23

11.

EminemVEVO[15]
Vevo
 United States
English

12.

whinderssonnunes[16]
N/A
 Brazil
Portuguese

13.

Smosh[17]
Break
 United States
English
22

14.

OneDirectionVEVO[18]
Vevo
 United Kingdom

15.

Dude Perfect[19]
N/A
 United States
21

16.

JuegaGerman[20]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish

17.

VanossGaming[21]
N/A
 Canada
English

18.

Ed Sheeran[22]
WMG
 United Kingdom
20

19.

TheEllenShow[23]
Time Warner
 United States

20.

nigahiga[24]
N/A

21.

Yuya[25]
 Mexico
Spanish
19

22.

VEGETTA777[26]
Mixicom
 Spain

23.

Spinnin' Records[27]
Spinnin Records
 Netherlands
English
18

24.

Markiplier[28]
Maker Studios
 United States

25.

Canal KondZilla[29]
ONErpm
 Brazil
Portuguese

26.

ArianaGrandeVevo[30]
Vevo
 United States
English
17

27.

WWE[31]
WWE

28.

JennaMarbles[32]
N/A

29.

KSI[33]
StyleHaul
 United Kingdom

30.

Bruno Mars[34]
WMG
 United States

31.

jacksepticeye[35]
Maker Studios
 Ireland
16

32.

shakiraVEVO[36]
Vevo
 Colombia
English /
Spanish

33.

DanTDM[37]
StyleHaul
 United Kingdom
English

34.

Skrillex[38]
N/A
 United States

35.

FBE[39]

36.

Trap Nation[40]
15

37.

WatchMojo.com[41]
WatchMojo
 Canada

38.

AdeleVEVO[42]
Vevo
 United Kingdom

39.

enchufetv[43]
N/A
 Ecuador
Spanish
14

40.

SET India[44]
SET
 India
Hindi

41.

David Guetta[45]
Vevo
 France
English

42.

Vevo[46]
 United States

43.

ERB[47]
Maker Studios

44.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48]
NBCU Shows

45.

Maroon5VEVO[49]
Vevo

46.

SelenaGomezVEVO[50]
13

47.

Werevertumorro[51]
sevenludus
 Mexico
Spanish

48.

Felipe Neto[52]
N/A
 Brazil
Portuguese

49.

CanalCanalha[53]
Endemol beyond Brasil

50.

PTXofficial[54]
N/A
 United States
English

As of September 14, 2017

text: By country[edit]

text: The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from.[1] Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included.

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)

1.

 Sweden
PewDiePie[5]
57

2.

 Chile
HolaSoyGerman.[6]
32

3.

 Canada
JustinBieberVEVO[7]
31

4.

 Spain
elrubiusOMG[8]
25

5.

 USA
YouTube Spotlight[9]

6.

 Barbados
RihannaVEVO[10]

7.

 India
T-Series[13]
24

8.

 El Salvador
Fernanfloo[14]
23

9.

 Brazil
whinderssonnunes[16]

10.

 UK
OneDirectionVEVO[18]
22

11.

 Mexico
Yuya[25]
19

12.

 Netherlands
Spinnin' Records[27]
18

13.

 Ireland
jacksepticeye[35]
16

14.

 Colombia
shakiraVEVO[36]

15.

 Ecuador
enchufetv[43]
14

16.

 France
David Guetta[45]

17.

 Russia
Get Movies[55]
12

18.

 Puerto Rico
LuisFonsiVEVO[56]

19.

 Ukraine
EeOneGuy[57]

20.

 South Korea
SMTOWN[58]
11

21.

 Venezuela
Dross Rotzank[59]

22.

 Finland
Clash of Clans[60]

23.

 Thailand
GMM GRAMMY OFFICIAL[61]
9

24.

 Australia
HowToBasic[62]

25.

 Argentina
El Reino Infantil[63]
8

26.

 Norway
Alan Walker[64]

27.

 South Africa
Caspar Lee[65]
7

28.

 Italy
Marzia[66]

29.

 Turkey
netd müzik[67]
6

30.

 Austria
Red Bull[68]

31.

 Philippines
ABS-CBN Entertainment[69]

32.

 Belgium
Tomorrowland[70]
5

33.

 Germany
freekickerz[71]

34.

 Japan
はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[72]

35.

 Jordan
toyoraljanahtv[73]
4

36.

 Saudi Arabia
Rotana[74]

37.

 Portugal
SirKazzio[75]

38.

 Peru
whatdafaqshow[76]

39.

 UAE
MBC GROUP[77]

40.

 Vietnam
POPS MUSIC[78]
3

41.

 Iraq
الرماس ميوزك[79]

42.

 Romania
Cat Music[80]

43.

 Uruguay
dosogas[81]

44.

 Poland
SA Wardega[82]

45.

 Morocco
Saad Lamjarred[83]

46.

 Latvia
TrapMusicHDTV[84]

47.

 Denmark
LEGO[85]

48.

 New Zealand
Shaaanxo[86]

49.

 Israel
TuTiTuTV[87]

50.

 Czechia
ViralBrothers[88]
2

51.

 Indonesia
Raditya Dika[89]

52.

 Croatia
2CELLOS[90]

53.

 Egypt
Albernameg[91]

54.

 Pakistan
Coke Studio[92]

55.

 Belarus
tellblog.net[93]
1

56.

 Taiwan
B'in Music[94]

57.

 Bulgaria
Bodil40[95]

58.

  Switzerland
Typhoon Cinema[96]

59.

 Kuwait
Swar Shuaib[97]

60.

 Kazakhstan
Saspens[98]

61.

 Malaysia
Les' Copaque Production[99]

62.

 China
Hunan Television[100]

63.

 Slovakia
GoGoManTV[101]

64.

 Serbia
IDJVideos.TV[102]

65.

 Palestine
M.A TUBE[103]

66.

 Qatar
Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[104]

67.

 Algeria
Oum Walid[105]

68.

 Slovenia
Tiger Productions[106]

69.

 Dominican Republic
Carlos Montesquieu[107]

70.

 Panama
Windy GirkTV[108]

71.

 Nigeria
MarkAngelComedy[109]

72.

 Lebanon
Elissa[110]

73.

   Nepal
Music Nepal[111]

74.

 Jamaica
JavierNathaniel[112]

75.

 Singapore
Clicknetwork[113]

76.

 Hong Kong
蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[114]

As of September 14, 2017

text: Historical most subscribed channels[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 22, 2013
1,362
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
Dec 12, 2013
10
[116][117]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 8, 2013
4
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
Nov 2, 2013
36
[118]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Aug 15, 2013
80
[119]

Smosh[17]
Defy Media
 USA
Jan 12, 2013
215
[120][121]

Ray William Johnson[122]
Ray Johnson
Jun 28, 2011
564
[123][124]

nigahiga[24]
Ryan Higa
Aug 20, 2009
677
[125][126]

Fяᴇᴅ[127]
Lucas Cruikshank
Oct 6, 2008
318
[128]

nigahiga[24]
nigahiga
Sep 24, 2008
12
[128]

Smosh[17]
Defy Media
Apr 26, 2007
517
[129]

lonelygirl15[130]
Mesh Flinders
Sep 17, 2006
221
[131][132][133]

geriatric1927[134]
Peter Oakley
 UK
Aug 17, 2006
31
[135]

Brookers[136]
Brooke Brodack
 USA
Jul 3, 2006
45
[137][138]

Judson Laipply[139]
Judson Laipply
Jun 12, 2006
21
[115][140]

Smosh[17]
Defy Media
May 17, 2006
26
[141]

As of September 14, 2017

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Sep 2017)

text: Reactions[edit]

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame. The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[142] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[143]


document_title: The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)

question_text: who is holding a knife in the last supper

text: The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)

text: Painting[edit]

text: The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm (180 in × 350 in) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. The theme was a traditional one for refectories, although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it. The main church building had only recently been completed (in 1498), but was remodeled by Bramante, hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum.[4]

text: The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum.[5] The lunettes above the main painting, formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory, are painted with Sforza coats-of-arms.

text: The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano, to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera. (These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper.)

text: Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498—he did not work on the painting continuously. The beginning date is not certain, as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed, and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date.[6]

text: One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay, enraging him. He wrote to the head of the monastery, explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas, and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind, he would use the features of the prior who complained.[7][8]

text: The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him. All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with various degrees of anger and shock. The apostles are identified from a manuscript[9] (The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232) with their names found in the 19th century. (Before this, only Judas, Peter, John and Jesus were positively identified.) From left to right, according to the apostles' heads:

text:
Bartholomew, James, son of Alphaeus, and Andrew form a group of three; all are surprised.
Judas Iscariot, Peter, and John form another group of three.

text: Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow, looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan. He is clutching a small bag, perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus, or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer.[10] He is also tipping over the salt cellar. This may be related to the near-Eastern expression to "betray the salt" meaning to betray one's Master. He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting.

text: Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ, perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus' arrest.

text: The youngest apostle, John, appears to swoon.

text:
Jesus
Apostle Thomas, James the Greater, and Philip are the next group of three.

text: Thomas is clearly upset; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection.

text: James the Greater looks stunned, with his arms in the air. Meanwhile, Philip appears to be requesting some explanation.

text: Matthew, Jude Thaddeus, and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three.

text: Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon, perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions.

text: In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period, Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table, so that none of them has his back to the viewer. Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus, or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas.

text: Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow. Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left, who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them. Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter, Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it (Matthew 26: 23). The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus, whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition.[11]

text: The painting contains several references to the number 3, which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity. The Apostles are seated in groupings of three; there are three windows behind Jesus; and the shape of Jesus' figure resembles a triangle. The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series: 1 table, 1 central figure, 2 side walls, 3 windows and figures grouped in threes, 5 groups of figures, 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs, and 13 individual figures.[11] There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated.

text: Important copies[edit]

text: Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist, presumed to be work by Leonardo's assistants. The copies are almost the size of the original, and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact.[12] One copy, by Giampietrino, is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts, London, and the other, by Cesare da Sesto, is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca, Switzerland. A third copy (oil on canvas) is painted by Andrea Solari (ca. 1520) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey, Belgium.

text: Medium[edit]

text: For this work, Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco.[13] He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster, so it is not a true fresco. Because a fresco cannot be modified as the artist works, Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster.[13] Then, borrowing from panel painting, he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top. This was a method that had been described previously, by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century. However, Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone.[14] These techniques were important for Leonardo's desire to work slowly on the painting, giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style.

text: Damage and restorations[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall, the effects of humidity were felt more keenly, and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall. Because of the method used, soon after the painting was completed on February 9, 1498 it began to deteriorate.[13] As early as 1517, the painting was starting to flake, and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as "blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy".[15] By 1556—fewer than sixty years after it was finished—Leonardo's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already "ruined" and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable. By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that "the painting is all ruined".[13] In 1652, a doorway was cut through the (then unrecognisable) painting, and later bricked up; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting. It is believed, through early copies, that Jesus' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion. In 1768, a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection; it instead trapped moisture on the surface, and whenever the curtain was pulled back, it scratched the flaking paint.

text: A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti, who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural. This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza. Mazza stripped off Bellotti's work then largely repainted the painting; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage. In 1796, French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles' eyes. The refectory was then later used as a prison; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting. In 1821, Stefano Barezzi, an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact, was called in to remove the painting to a safer location; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo's work was not a fresco. Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue. From 1901 to 1908, Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting, then began cleaning it. In 1924, Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning, and stabilised some parts with stucco.

text: During World War II, on August 15, 1943, the refectory was struck by Allied bombing; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters, but it may have been damaged further by the vibration. From 1951 to 1954, another clean-and-stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli.

text: Major restoration[edit]

text: The painting's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated. From 1978 to 1999, Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting, and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution. The 18th- and 19th-century restoration attempts were also reverted. Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment, the refectory was instead converted to a sealed, climate-controlled environment, which meant bricking up the windows. Then, detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting's original form, using scientific tests (especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core-samples), and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle. Some areas were deemed unrestorable. These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work, while not being too distracting.

text: This restoration took 21 years and, on 28 May 1999, the painting was returned to display. Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes. When it was unveiled, considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors, tones, and even some facial shapes. James Beck, professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International, had been a particularly strong critic.[16] Michael Daley, director of ArtWatch UK, has also complained about the restored version of the painting. He has been critical of Christ's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls "muff-like drapery".[17]

text: The Last Supper in culture[edit]

text: The Last Supper has frequently been referenced, reproduced, or parodied in Western culture. Some of the more notable examples are:

text: Painting, mosaic, and photography[edit]

text: A 16th-century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo, Antwerp, Belgium. It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original.[citation needed] The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life-sized copy (1809–1814) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche.[citation needed]

text: Modern art[edit]

text: In 1955, Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper, with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven, pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified. It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.

text: In 1986, Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan. This was his last series of paintings before his death.[18]

text: Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life-sized, three-dimensional, sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood, plywood, brownstone, plaster, and aluminum. This work, Self-Portrait Looking at The Last Supper, (1982–84) is in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.[19]

text: In 1988, Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world, with the woman in the position of Leonardo's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal.[20][21]

text: In 2001, Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper, showing 13 mask-wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments. The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby's auction on October 7, 2013, setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork.[22]

text: In 1998, modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper, made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup.[23]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative, Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844:

text: First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci. How vain are copies! not in one, nor in any print, did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior's face, such as it is in the original. Majesty and love—these are the words that would describe it—joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture.[24]

text: Film and television[edit]

text: In Luis Buñuel's Spanish film Viridiana, a tableau vivant of Leonardo's painting is staged with beggars. Another beggar 'photographs' the scene by flashing them. This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it "blasphemous."

text: In Norman Jewison's 1973 film version of "Jesus Christ Superstar", in the Last Supper sequence, Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci's painting

text: The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks's movie History of the World, Part I, making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus. It is also parodied in the original movie MASH, in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a "last supper" for Walt (Painless) Waldowski before his planned suicide. The various doctors, all in surgical scrubs, pose in imitation of the painting.

text: Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen, including The Simpsons' Season 16 episode "Thank God, It's Doomsday," with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples; That '70s Show's first-season episode "Streaking," with Eric flanked by his friends (and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table); and South Park's Season 13 episode "Margaritaville," with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor. In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies, the suspects recreate the poses of Peter, Judas and Thomas in their victims.

text: Other speculation[edit]

text: The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike, usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting, especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003.

text: Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus' right (left of Jesus from the viewer's perspective), was not John the Apostle, but Mary Magdalene. This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation (1997) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh (1982). These claims have been contested by other writers, such as Carl E. Olsen and Sandra Miesel in The Da Vinci Hoax, as well as by art historians. Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon commented "If he [John] looks effeminate and needs a haircut, so does James, the second figure on the left, the one with the sort of Bette Midler look about him".[25]

text: Giovanni Maria Pala, an Italian musician, has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and, if read from right to left, as was characteristic of Leonardo's writing, form a musical composition.[26][27][28]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Leonardo Da Vinci's 'The Last Supper' reveals more secrets". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci –. "Santa Maria delle Grazie – Milan". Inexhibit. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting". Oxford Times. 14 September 2017. p. 19.
Jump up ^ "Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper". Timeout.com. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Leonardo's Itinerary: Early maturity in Milan (1482-1499)". Museo Galileo. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark.Leonardo da Vinci, Penguin Books 1939, 1993, p144.
Jump up ^ "The Last Supper". lairweb.org.nz. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ "DaVinci". The Mark Steel Lectures. Series 2. Episode 2. The Open University. 7 October 2003. BBC. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ "The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci—Complete by Leonardo da Vinci". Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
Jump up ^ Cfr. Matthew 26:15; John 12:6 and 13:29.
^ Jump up to: a b White, Susan D. (2006). Draw Like Da Vinci. London: Cassell Illustrated, p.132. ISBN 9781844034444.
Jump up ^ "Last Supper (copy after Leonardo)". University of the Arts, London. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Leonardo's Last Supper". Smart history presented by the Khan Academy. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Last Supper". The Last Supper. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Wykes, Alan (1969). Doctor Cardano, physician extraordinary. p. 26.
Jump up ^ Phillip William (24 May 1999). "The Last Supper or a dog's dinner?". The Guardian. guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge (14 March 2012). "Have art restorers ruined Leonardo's masterpiece?". The Independent. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ Haden-Guest, Anthony (3 August 1999). "Warhol's Last Supper". Artnet. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Self-Portrait Looking at The Last Supper". Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk, Kunstbeeld (Amsterdam) Oct. 1990, vol. 14 (10) p.62 (translation)
Jump up ^ Allen, Christopher. 'Ludicrous Leonardo', The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 December 1988, p.10
Jump up ^ "Zeng's 'Last Supper' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby's Auction". WSJ.com. October 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Vicki (25 September 1998). "ART REVIEW; It's a Leonardo? It's a Corot? Well, No, It's Chocolate Syrup". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ Shelley, Mary (1996). Travel Writing. London: Pickering. pp. 131–132. ISBN 1-85196-084-8.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hodapp, Alice Von Kannon, The Templar Code For Dummies, page 257 (Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2007. ISBN 978-0-470-12765-0).
Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi (9 November 2007). "Leonardo's 'Last Supper' Hides True Da Vinci Code". Discovery News. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Da Vinci's "Last Supper" has hidden music (includes link to recording)". Extra.beloblog.com. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition, hosted.ap.org

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Steinberg, Leo. Leonardo's Incessant 'Last Supper'". New York: Zone Books, 2001.
Detailed review of Steinberg's 'Incessant Last Supper' at 3 Pipe Problem
Bertelli, Carlo (November 1983). "Restoration Reveals The Last Supper". National Geographic. Vol. 164 no. 5. pp. 664–684. ISSN 0027-9358. OCLC 643483454.


document_title: List of Governors of Kwara

question_text: who was the first governor of kwara state

text: List of Governors of Kwara

text: This is a list of administrators and Governors of Kwara. Kwara, Nigeria was formed on 27 May 1967 when the Northern region was split into Benue-Plateau, Kano, Kwara, North-Central, North-Eastern and North-Western states;

text:
Name
Title
Took office
Left office
Party
Notes

David Bamigboye
Military Governor
28 May 1967
July 1975
Military

Ibrahim Taiwo
Military Governor
Jul 1975
13 Feb 1976
Military

George Agbazika Innih
Military Governor
March 1976
July 1978
Military

Sunday Ifere
Military Governor
July 1978
October 1979
Military

Adamu Atta
Civilian Governor
October 1979
October 1983
NPN

Cornelius Olatunji Adebayo
Civilian Governor
October 1983
December 1983
UPN

Salaudeen Latinwo
Military Governor
January 1984
August 1985
Military

Mohammed Ndatsu Umaru
Military Governor
August 1985
December 1987
Military

Ahmed Abdullahi
Military Governor
December 1987
July 1988
Military

Ibrahim Alkali
Military Governor
July 1988
December 1989
Military

Alwali Kazir
Military Governor
December 1989
January 1992
Military

Shaaba Lafiaji
Civilian Governor
January 1992
November 1993
SDP

Mustapha Ismail
Military Administrator
9 Dec 1993
14 Sep 1994
Military

Baba Adamu Iyam
Military Administrator
14 September 1994
22 August 1996
Military

Peter A.M. Ogar
Military Administrator
22 August 1996
August 1998
Military

Rasheed Shekoni
Military Administrator
August 1998
29 May 1999
Military

Mohammed Lawal
Civilian Governor
29 May 1999
29 May 2003
ANPP

Bukola Saraki
Civilian Governor
29 May 2003
29 May 2011
PDP

Abdulfatah Ahmed
Civilian Governor
29 May 2011

PDP