document_title: A Dog's Purpose (film)

question_text: who voiced the dog in a dog's purpose

question_tokens: who voiced the dog in a dog 's purpose

text: A Dog's Purpose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized, wondering if "fun" truly is life's purpose.

text: His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961, Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit. They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick-up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother, who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke. After they convince Ethan's father, the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey.

text: Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan's maternal grandparents' farm, and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose. Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed, Ethan's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic, though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback.

text: Over the summer, Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah, who he quickly begins dating, with Bailey referring to her as "part of the pack". Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming, but they plan to go to the same school; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one. When he goes home one night though, Ethan's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan's mother. He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated, he shoves her to the ground. Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back, and becomes "the leader of the pack."

text: Later, at a game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full 4-year scholarship to Michigan State, but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house as a prank, which unintentionally results in a house fire. Bailey alerts Ethan, who goes to save his mother. Unable to get out of the door, they head out through his mother's bedroom window upstair. Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below, then Bailey — but when trying to jump himself, Ethan badly fractures his leg, ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship. Bailey attacks Todd, who is apprehended by the police. Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents' farm. Falling into depression, self-pity and bitterness, he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college. Sometime afterwards, an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian's office after sharing an eleventh-hour teary goodbye with Ethan.

text: Bailey reincarnates into another dog life, a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie, sometime in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives. Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "showing" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose. The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning, and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos.

text: Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino. Maya is lonely, which Tino, having bonded closely with the girl, realizes, and makes his purpose to find her some happiness. She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al's dog, a black and white Landseer named Roxie, and allows her to open up to him. Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi. In love with Roxie (though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance), Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet. As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s, Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives.

text: Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated, this time, as a St. Bernard-Australian Shepherd mix, sometime during the next decade, only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles. Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life. Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played, Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him, though he knows neither of them. He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed. He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, who is now somewhere in his 50s, living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents' old farm, which he now owns and runs. Ethan, of course, initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter. But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him, naming him Buddy. Buddy, sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him, finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they eventually get married.

text: Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many, many long years ago. The dog in voiceover tells the viewer that life is about having fun; saving others; not getting caught in the past or regrets; finding someone to be with; and living for today.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Gad as the voice of Toby, Bailey, Ellie, Tino, Waffles and Buddy.
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery (adult)[8]

KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery[8]
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year old Ethan Montgomery

Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother.[8]
Peggy Lipton as Hannah (adult)[8]

Britt Robertson as young Hannah[8]

John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya
Pooch Hall as Al[9]
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother
Logan Miller as Todd, the vindictive classmate

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel.[10] On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film.[11] On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast.[8] On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film.[9] On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice.[12] He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad.[13] Principal photography began on August 17, 2015.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy.[15] The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017.[16] Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales.

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $130.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $194.9 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3]

text: In North America was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for.[4] It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $18.2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split.[17] The film dropped 40.6% in its second weekend, grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon."[19] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Studios Home Entertainment.[22][23] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017.[24]

text: Animal abuse allegations[edit]

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting.[25] After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog.[26] The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident is under further investigation.[27][28] PETA called for a boycott of the film.[29] Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie, was not on set during the making of the film, but stated that he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will".[30] Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere.[31]

text: Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage.[32]

text: Validity of the video[edit]

text: Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying that "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot", and that "Hercules is happy and healthy".[33]

text: Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video, stating that the video did not tell the whole story, saying:

text: My experience is that the animals were treated great. There was no animal abuse. That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film's coming out, does not tell the whole story. First of all, it's been edited and manipulated. And I think it's a scam, to tell you the truth. What they (the viewers of the video) saw was completely out of context. It was edited...and all of the footage I saw, the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained, actually, from going into the water many times during that day.

text: Quaid also said that the video was shot

text: towards the end of the day and I would not say, in real context, that the dog was frightened. The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out. And, in fact, that's what happened. They took the dog out.[34]

text: On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public.[5]

text: The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202.


document_title: Muscle

question_text: which type of muscle tissue makes up the biceps

root

text: Muscle

text: Structure

text: The anatomy of muscles includes gross anatomy, which comprises all the muscles of an organism, and microanatomy, which comprises the structures of a single muscle.

tag: p

text: Types

text: Muscle tissue is a soft tissue, and is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals. There are three types of muscle tissue recognized in vertebrates:

text:
Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons (or by aponeuroses at a few places) to bone and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture. Though this postural control is generally maintained as an unconscious reflex, the muscles responsible react to conscious control like non-postural muscles. An average adult male is made up of 42% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 36% (as a percentage of body mass).[5]
Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle (myocardium), is also an "involuntary muscle" but is more akin in structure to skeletal muscle, and is found only in the heart.

tag: ul

text: Cardiac and skeletal muscles are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres that are packed into highly regular arrangements of bundles; the myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not arranged in sarcomeres and so are not striated. While the sarcomeres in skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle sarcomeres connect at branching, irregular angles (called intercalated discs). Striated muscle contracts and relaxes in short, intense bursts, whereas smooth muscle sustains longer or even near-permanent contractions.

text: Skeletal (voluntary) muscle is further divided into two broad types: slow twitch and fast twitch:

text:
Type I, slow twitch, or "red" muscle, is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color. It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity using fats or carbohydrates as fuel.[6] Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force.
Type II, fast twitch muscle, has three major subtypes (IIa, IIx, and IIb) that vary in both contractile speed[7] and force generated.[6] Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly, sustaining only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful. They contribute most to muscle strength and have greater potential for increase in mass.  Type IIb is anaerobic, glycolytic, "white" muscle that is least dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. In small animals (e.g., rodents) this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their flesh.

text: The density of mammalian skeletal muscle tissue is about 1.06 kg/liter.[8] This can be contrasted with the density of adipose tissue (fat), which is 0.9196 kg/liter.[9] This makes muscle tissue approximately 15% denser than fat tissue.

text: Microanatomy

text: Skeletal muscles are sheathed by a tough layer of connective tissue called the epimysium. The epimysium anchors muscle tissue to tendons at each end, where the epimysium becomes thicker and collagenous. It also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. Within the epimysium are multiple bundles called fascicles, each of which contains 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers collectively sheathed by a perimysium. Besides surrounding each fascicle, the perimysium is a pathway for nerves and the flow of blood within the muscle. The threadlike muscle fibers are the individual muscle cells (myocytes), and each cell is encased within its own endomysium of collagen fibers. Thus, the overall muscle consists of fibers (cells) that are bundled into fascicles, which are themselves grouped together to form muscles.  At each level of bundling, a collagenous membrane surrounds the bundle, and these membranes support muscle function both by resisting passive stretching of the tissue and by distributing forces applied to the muscle.[10] Scattered throughout the muscles are muscle spindles that provide sensory feedback information to the central nervous system. (This grouping structure is analogous to the  organization of nerves which uses epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium).

text: This same bundles-within-bundles structure is replicated within the muscle cells. Within the cells of the muscle are myofibrils, which themselves are bundles of protein filaments.  The term "myofibril" should not be confused with "myofiber", which is a simply another name for a muscle cell. Myofibrils are complex strands of several kinds of protein filaments organized together into repeating units called sarcomeres. The striated appearance of both skeletal and cardiac muscle results from the regular pattern of sarcomeres within their cells. Although both of these types of muscle contain sarcomeres, the fibers in cardiac muscle are typically branched to form a network. Cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected by intercalated discs,[11] giving that tissue the appearance of a syncytium.

text: The filaments in a sarcomere are composed of actin and myosin.

text: Gross anatomy

text: The gross anatomy of a muscle is the most important indicator of its role in the body.  There is an important distinction seen between pennate muscles and other muscles. In most muscles, all the fibers are oriented in the same direction, running in a line from the origin to the insertion. However, In pennate muscles, the individual fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the line of action, attaching to the origin and insertion tendons at each end. Because the contracting fibers are pulling at an angle to the overall action of the muscle, the change in length is smaller, but this same orientation allows for more fibers (thus more force) in a muscle of a given size. Pennate muscles are usually found where their length change is less important than maximum force, such as the rectus femoris.

text: Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the biceps brachii (biceps). The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with the tendons.  In turn, the tendons connect to the periosteum layer surrounding the bones, permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton.  Together, these fibrous layers, along with tendons and ligaments, constitute the deep fascia of the body.

text: Muscular system

text: The muscular system consists of all the muscles present in a single body.  There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body,[12] but an exact number is difficult to define. The difficulty lies partly in the fact that different sources group the muscles differently and partly in that some muscles, such as palmaris longus, are not always present.

text: A muscular slip is a narrow length of muscle that acts to augment a larger muscle or muscles.

text: The muscular system is one component of the musculoskeletal system, which includes not only the muscles but also the bones, joints, tendons, and other structures that permit movement.

text: Development

text: All muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm is divided along the embryo's length into somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously seen in the vertebral column.[13] Each somite has 3 divisions, sclerotome (which forms vertebrae), dermatome (which forms skin), and myotome (which forms muscle). The myotome is divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form epaxial and hypaxial muscles, respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are the erector spinae and small intervertebral muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and inervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves.[13]

text: During development, myoblasts (muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of connective tissue frameworks, usually formed from the somatic lateral plate mesoderm. Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells.[13]

text: Physiology

text: Contraction

text: The three types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) have significant differences. However, all three use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the  motoneurons (motor nerves) in particular. Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

text: The action a muscle generates is determined by the origin and insertion locations. The cross-sectional area of a muscle (rather than volume or length) determines the amount of force it can generate by defining the number of "sarcomeres" which can operate in parallel. Each skeletal muscle contains long units called myofibrils, and each myofibril is a chain of sarcomeres. Since contraction occurs at the same time for all connected sarcomeres in a muscles cell, these chains of sarcomeres shorten together, thus shortening the muscle fiber, resulting in overall length change.[14] The amount of force applied to the external environment is determined by lever mechanics, specifically the ratio of in-lever to out-lever. For example, moving the insertion point of the biceps more distally on the radius (farther from the joint of rotation) would increase the force generated during flexion (and, as a result, the maximum weight lifted in this movement), but decrease the maximum speed of flexion. Moving the insertion point proximally (closer to the joint of rotation) would result in decreased force but increased velocity. This can be most easily seen by comparing the limb of a mole to a horse - in the former, the insertion point is positioned to maximize force (for digging), while in the latter, the insertion point is positioned to maximize speed (for running).

text: Nervous control

text: Muscle movement

text: The efferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement.  Nerves move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the brain, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes.

text: In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain. In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the reflexive movement by direct connections with the efferent nerves in the spine. However, the majority of muscle activity is volitional, and the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain.

text: Nerves that control skeletal muscles in mammals correspond with neuron groups along the primary motor cortex of the brain's cerebral cortex. Commands are routed though the basal ganglia and are modified by input from the cerebellum before being relayed through the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord and from there to the motor end plate at the muscles. Along the way, feedback, such as that of the extrapyramidal system contribute signals to influence muscle tone and response.

text: Deeper muscles such as those involved in posture often are controlled from nuclei in the brain stem and basal ganglia.

text: Proprioception

text: In skeletal muscles, muscle spindles convey information about the degree of muscle length and stretch to the central nervous system to assist in maintaining posture and joint position. The sense of where our bodies are in space is called proprioception, the perception of body awareness, the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The cerebellum and red nucleus in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure smooth motion.[citation needed]

text: Energy consumption

text: Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's energy consumption. All muscle cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads. Muscles have a short-term store of energy in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase. Muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to glucose when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the process (note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during aerobic exercise. The aerobic energy systems take longer to produce the ATP and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more biochemical steps, but produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac muscle on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) aerobically without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum ATP yield from any molecule involved. The heart, liver and red blood cells will also consume lactic acid produced and excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise.

text: At rest, skeletal muscle consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day. This is larger than adipose tissue (fat) at 18.8 kJ/kg (4.5 kcal/kg), and bone at 9.6 kJ/kg (2.3 kcal/kg).[15]

text: Efficiency

text: The efficiency of human muscle has been measured (in the context of rowing and cycling) at 18% to 26%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of mechanical work output to the total metabolic cost, as can be calculated from oxygen consumption. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating ATP from food energy, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20 percent, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3 kcal per hour. For example, one manufacturer of rowing equipment calibrates its rowing ergometer to count burned calories as equal to four times the actual mechanical work, plus 300 kcal per hour,[16] this amounts to about 20 percent efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output.  The mechanical energy output of a cyclic contraction can depend upon many factors, including activation timing, muscle strain trajectory, and rates of force rise & decay.  These can be synthesized experimentally using work loop analysis.

text: Strength

text: Muscle is a result of three factors that overlap: physiological strength (muscle size, cross sectional area, available crossbridging, responses to training), neurological strength (how strong or weak is the signal that tells the muscle to contract), and mechanical strength (muscle's force angle on the lever, moment arm length, joint capabilities).[citation needed]

text: Physiological strength

text:
Grading of muscle strength

Grade 0
No contraction

Grade 1
Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint

Grade 2
Movement at the joint with gravity eliminated

Grade 3
Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance

Grade 4
Movement against external resistance, but less than normal

Grade 5
Normal strength

tag: table

text: Vertebrate muscle typically produces approximately 25–33 N (5.6–7.4 lbf) of force per square centimeter of muscle cross-sectional area when isometric and at optimal length.[17]  Some invertebrate muscles, such as in crab claws, have much longer sarcomeres than vertebrates, resulting in many more sites for actin and myosin to bind and thus much greater force per square centimeter at the cost of much slower speed.  The force generated by a contraction can be measured non-invasively using either mechanomyography or phonomyography, be measured in vivo using tendon strain (if a prominent tendon is present), or be measured directly using more invasive methods.

text: The strength of any given muscle, in terms of force exerted on the skeleton, depends upon length, shortening speed, cross sectional area, pennation, sarcomere length, myosin isoforms, and neural activation of motor units.  Significant reductions in muscle strength can indicate underlying pathology, with the chart at right used as a guide.

text: The "strongest" human muscle

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Since three factors affect muscular strength simultaneously and muscles never work individually, it is misleading to compare strength in individual muscles, and state that one is the "strongest". But below are several muscles whose strength is noteworthy for different reasons.

text:
In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the masseter or jaw muscle is the strongest. The 1992 Guinness Book of Records records the achievement of a bite strength of 4,337 N (975 lbf) for 2 seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles.
If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal muscle fiber does not vary much. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the quadriceps femoris or the gluteus maximus.
Because muscle strength is determined by cross-sectional area, a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by weight) than a longer muscle of the same cross-sectional area. The myometrial layer of the uterus may be the strongest muscle by weight in the female human body. At the time when an infant is delivered, the entire human uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to 400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of downward force with each contraction.
The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the eyeball. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." However, eye movements (particularly saccades used on facial scanning and reading) do require high speed movements, and eye muscles are exercised nightly during rapid eye movement sleep.
The statement that "the tongue is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this statement true. Note that the tongue consists of eight muscles, not one.
The heart has a claim to being the muscle that performs the largest quantity of physical work in the course of a lifetime. Estimates of the power output of the human heart range from 1 to 5 watts. This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example, the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work continuously over an entire lifetime without pause, and thus does "outwork" other muscles. An output of one watt continuously for eighty years yields a total work output of two and a half gigajoules.[18]

text: Exercise

text: Exercise is often recommended as a means of improving motor skills, fitness, muscle and bone strength, and joint function. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, connective tissue, bone, and the nerves that stimulate the muscles.  One such effect is muscle hypertrophy, an increase in size.  This is used in bodybuilding.

text: Various exercises require a predominance of certain muscle fiber utilization over another. Aerobic exercise involves long, low levels of exertion in which the muscles are used at well below their maximal contraction strength for long periods of time (the most classic example being the marathon). Aerobic events, which rely primarily on the aerobic (with oxygen) system, use a higher percentage of Type I (or slow-twitch) muscle fibers, consume a mixture of fat, protein and carbohydrates for energy, consume large amounts of oxygen and produce little lactic acid. Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of higher intensity contractions at a much greater percentage of their maximum contraction strength. Examples of anaerobic exercise include sprinting and weight lifting. The anaerobic energy delivery system uses predominantly Type II or fast-twitch muscle fibers, relies mainly on ATP or glucose for fuel, consumes relatively little oxygen, protein and fat, produces large amounts of lactic acid and can not be sustained for as long a period as aerobic exercise. Many exercises are partially aerobic and partially anaerobic; for example, soccer and rock climbing involve a combination of both.

text: The presence of lactic acid has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation within the muscle; though not producing fatigue, it can inhibit or even stop performance if the intracellular concentration becomes too high. However, long-term training causes neovascularization within the muscle, increasing the ability to move waste products out of the muscles and maintain contraction. Once moved out of muscles with high concentrations within the sarcomere, lactic acid can be used by other muscles or body tissues as a source of energy, or transported to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate. In addition to increasing the level of lactic acid, strenuous exercise causes the loss of potassium ions in muscle and causing an increase in potassium ion concentrations close to the muscle fibres, in the interstitium. Acidification by lactic acid may allow recovery of force so that acidosis may protect against fatigue rather than being a cause of fatigue.[19]

text: Delayed onset muscle soreness is pain or discomfort that may be felt one to three days after exercising and generally subsides two to three days later. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused by eccentric contraction, or unaccustomed training levels. Since lactic acid disperses fairly rapidly, it could not explain pain experienced days after exercise.[20]

text: Health

text: Humans are genetically predisposed with a larger percentage of one type of muscle group over another. An individual born with a greater percentage of Type I muscle fibers would theoretically be more suited to endurance events, such as triathlons, distance running, and long cycling events, whereas a human born with a greater percentage of Type II muscle fibers would be more likely to excel at sprinting events such as 100 meter dash.[citation needed]

text: Clinical significance

text: Hypertrophy

text: Independent of strength and performance measures, muscles can be induced to grow larger by a number of factors, including hormone signaling, developmental factors, strength training, and disease.  Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibres cannot be increased through exercise.  Instead, muscles grow larger through a combination of muscle cell growth as new protein filaments are added along with additional mass provided by undifferentiated satellite cells alongside the existing muscle cells.[12]

text: Biological factors such as age and hormone levels can affect muscle hypertrophy. During puberty in males, hypertrophy occurs at an accelerated rate as the levels of growth-stimulating hormones produced by the body increase. Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full growth in the late teens. As testosterone is one of the body's major growth hormones, on average, men find hypertrophy much easier to achieve than women. Taking additional testosterone or other anabolic steroids will increase muscular hypertrophy.

text: Muscular, spinal and neural factors all affect muscle building.  Sometimes a person may notice an increase in strength in a given muscle even though only its opposite has been subject to exercise, such as when a bodybuilder finds her left biceps stronger after completing a regimen focusing only on the right biceps.  This phenomenon is called cross education.[citation needed]

text: Atrophy

text: Inactivity and starvation in mammals lead to atrophy of skeletal muscle, a decrease in muscle mass that may be accompanied by a smaller number and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein content.[21] Muscle atrophy may also result from the natural aging process or from disease.

text: In humans, prolonged periods of immobilization, as in the cases of bed rest or astronauts flying in space, are known to result in muscle weakening and atrophy. Atrophy is of particular interest to the manned spaceflight community, because the weightlessness experienced in spaceflight results is a loss of as much as 30% of mass in some muscles.[22][23]  Such consequences are also noted in small hibernating mammals like the golden-mantled ground squirrels and brown bats.[24]

text: During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass, known as sarcopenia. The exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a combination of the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" that help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors that are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. Sarcopenia is a normal aspect of aging, and is not actually a disease state yet can be linked to many injuries in the elderly population as well as decreasing quality of life.[25]

text: There are also many diseases and conditions that cause muscle atrophy. Examples include cancer and AIDS, which induce a body wasting syndrome called cachexia. Other syndromes or conditions that can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart disease and some diseases of the liver.

text: Disease

text: Neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause spasticity or paralysis, depending on the location and nature of the problem. A large proportion of neurological disorders, ranging from cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and Parkinson's disease to Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, can lead to problems with movement or motor coordination.

text: Symptoms of muscle diseases may include weakness, spasticity, myoclonus and myalgia. Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in the blood and electromyography (measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, muscle biopsy may be done to identify a myopathy, as well as genetic testing to identify DNA abnormalities associated with specific myopathies and dystrophies.

text: A non-invasive elastography technique that measures muscle noise is undergoing experimentation to provide a way of monitoring neuromuscular disease. The sound produced by a muscle comes from the shortening of actomyosin filaments along the axis of the muscle. During contraction, the muscle shortens along its longitudinal axis and expands across the transverse axis, producing vibrations at the surface.[26]

text: Evolution

text: The evolutionary origin of muscle cells in metazoans is a highly debated topic. In one line of thought scientists have believed that muscle cells evolved once and thus all animals with muscles cells have a single common ancestor. In the other line of thought, scientists believe muscles cells evolved more than once and any morphological or structural similarities are due to convergent evolution and genes that predate the evolution of muscle and even the mesoderm - the germ layer from which many scientists believe true muscle cells derive.

text: Schmid and Seipel argue that the origin of muscle cells is a monophyletic trait that occurred concurrently with the development of the digestive and nervous systems of all animals and that this origin can be traced to a single metazoan ancestor in which muscle cells are present. They argue that molecular and morphological similarities between the muscles cells in cnidaria and ctenophora are similar enough to those of bilaterians that there would be one ancestor in metazoans from which muscle cells derive. In this case, Schmid and Seipel argue that the last common ancestor of bilateria, ctenophora, and cnidaria was a triploblast or an organism with three germ layers and that diploblasty, meaning an organism with two germ layers, evolved secondarily due to their observation of the lack of mesoderm or muscle found in most cnidarians and ctenophores. By comparing the morphology of cnidarians and ctenophores to bilaterians, Schmid and Seipel were able to conclude that there were myoblast-like structures in the tentacles and gut of some species of cnidarians and in the tentacles of ctenophores. Since this is a structure unique to muscle cells, these scientists determined based on the data collected by their peers that this is a marker for striated muscles similar to that observed in bilaterians. The authors also remark that the muscle cells found in cnidarians and ctenophores are often contests due to the origin of these muscle cells being the ectoderm rather than the mesoderm or mesendoderm. The origin of true muscles cells is argued by others to be the endoderm portion of the mesoderm and the endoderm. However, Schmid and Seipel counter this skepticism about whether or not the muscle cells found in ctenophores and cnidarians are true muscle cells by considering that cnidarians develop through a medusa stage and polyp stage. They observe that in the hydrozoan medusa stage there is a layer of cells that separate from the distal side of the ectoderm to form the striated muscle cells in a way that seems similar to that of the mesoderm and call this third separated layer of cells the ectocodon. They also argue that not all muscle cells are derived from the mesendoderm in bilaterians with key examples being that in both the eye muscles of vertebrates and the muscles of spiralians these cells derive from the ectodermal mesoderm rather than the endodermal mesoderm. Furthermore, Schmid and Seipel argue that since myogenesis does occur in cnidarians with the help of molecular regulatory elements found in the specification of muscles cells in bilaterians that there is evidence for a single origin for striated muscle.[27]

text: In contrast to this argument for a single origin of muscle cells, Steinmetz et al. argue that molecular markers such as the myosin II protein used to determine this single origin of striated muscle actually predate the formation of muscle cells. This author uses an example of the contractile elements present in the porifera or sponges that do truly lack this striated muscle containing this protein. Furthermore, Steinmetz et al. present evidence for a polyphyletic origin of striated muscle cell development through their analysis of morphological and molecular markers that are present in bilaterians and absent in cnidarians, ctenophores, and bilaterians. Steimetz et al. showed that the traditional morphological and regulatory markers such as actin, the ability to couple myosin side chains phosphorylation to higher concentrations of the positive concentrations of calcium, and other MyHC elements are present in all metazoans not just the organisms that have been shown to have muscle cells. Thus, the usage of any of these structural or regulatory elements in determining whether or not the muscle cells of the cnidarians and ctenophores are similar enough to the muscle cells of the bilaterians to confirm a single lineage is questionable according to Steinmetz et al. Furthermore, Steinmetz et al. explain that the orthologues of the MyHc genes that have been used to hypothesize the origin of striated muscle occurred through a gene duplication event that predates the first true muscle cells (meaning striated muscle), and they show that the MyHc genes are present in the sponges that have contractile elements but no true muscle cells. Furthermore, Steinmetz et all showed that the localization of this duplicated set of genes that serve both the function of facilitating the formation of striated muscle genes and cell regulation and movement genes were already separated into striated myhc and non-muscle myhc. This separation of the duplicated set of genes is shown through the localization of the striated myhc to the contractile vacuole in sponges while the non-muscle myhc was more diffusely expressed during developmental cell shape and change. Steinmetz et al. found a similar pattern of localization in cnidarians with except with the cnidarian N. vectensis having this striated muscle marker present in the smooth muscle of the digestive track. Thus, Steinmetz et al. argue that the pleisiomorphic trait of the separated orthologues of myhc cannot be used to determine the monophylogeny of muscle, and additionally argue that the presence of a striated muscle marker in the smooth muscle of this cnidarian shows a fundamentally different mechanism of muscle cell development and structure in cnidarians.[28]

text: Steinmetz et al. continue to argue for multiple origins of striated muscle in the metazoans by explaining that a key set of genes used to form the troponin complex for muscle regulation and formation in bilaterians is missing from the cnidarians and ctenophores, and of 47 structural and regulatory proteins observed, Steinmetz et al. were not able to find even on unique striated muscle cell protein that was expressed in both cnidarians and bilaterians. Furthermore, the Z-disc seemed to have evolved differently even within bilaterians and there is a great deal diversity of proteins developed even between this clade, showing a large degree of radiation for muscle cells. Through this divergence of the Z-disc, Steimetz et al. argue that there are only four common protein components that were present in all bilaterians muscle ancestors and that of these for necessary Z-disc components only an actin protein that they have already argued is an uninformative marker through its pleisiomorphic state is present in cnidarians. Through further molecular marker testing, Steinmetz et al. observe that non-bilaterians lack many regulatory and structural components necessary for bilaterians muscle formation and do not find any unique set of proteins to both bilaterians and cnidarians and ctenophores that are not present in earlier, more primitive animals such as the sponges and amoebozoans. Through this analysis the authors conclude that due to the lack of elements that bilaterians muscles are dependent on for structure and usage, nonbilaterian muscles must be of a different origin with a different set regulatory and structural proteins.[28]

text: In another take on the argument, Andrikou and Arnone use the newly available data on gene regulatory networks to look at how the hierarchy of genes and morphogens and other mechanism of tissue specification diverge and are similar among early deuterostomes and protostomes. By understanding not only what genes are present in all bilaterians but also the time and place of deployment of these genes, Andrikou and Arnone discuss a deeper understanding of the evolution of myogenesis.[29]

text: In their paper Andrikou and Arnone argue that to truly understand the evolution of muscle cells the function of transcriptional regulators must be understood in the context of other external and internal interactions. Through their analysis, Andrikou and Arnone found that there were conserved orthologues of the gene regulatory network in both invertebrate bilaterians and in cnidarians. They argue that having this common, general regulatory circuit allowed for a high degree of divergence from a single well functioning network. Andrikou and Arnone found that the orthologues of genes found in vertebrates had been changed through different types of structural mutations in the invertebrate deuterostomes and protostomes, and they argue that these structural changes in the genes allowed for a large divergence of muscle function and muscle formation in these species. Andrikou and Arnone were able to recognize not only any difference due to mutation in the genes found in vertebrates and invertebrates but also the integration of species specific genes that could also cause divergence from the original gene regulatory network function. Thus, although a common muscle patterning system has been determined, they argue that this could be due to a more ancestral gene regulatory network being coopted several times across lineages with additional genes and mutations causing very divergent development of muscles. Thus it seems that myogenic patterning framework may be an ancestral trait. However, Andrikou and Arnone explain that the basic muscle patterning structure must also be considered in combination with the cis regulatory elements present at different times during development. In contrast with the high level of gene family apparatuses structure, Andrikou and Arnone found that the cis regulatory elements were not well conserved both in time and place in the network which could show a large degree of divergence in the formation of muscle cells. Through this analysis, it seems that the myogenic GRN is an ancestral GRN with actual changes in myogenic function and structure possibly being linked to later coopts of genes at different times and places.[29]

text: Evolutionarily, specialized forms of skeletal and cardiac muscles predated the divergence of the vertebrate/arthropod evolutionary line.[30] This indicates that these types of muscle developed in a common ancestor sometime before 700 million years ago (mya). Vertebrate smooth muscle was found to have evolved independently from the skeletal and cardiac muscle types.


document_title: Full House (season 5)

question_text: full house michelle's first day of kindergarten

question_tokens: full house michelle 's first day of kindergarten

text: Full House (season 5)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In season five, Jesse and Rebecca become parents when Becky gives birth to twin boys, Nicky and Alex. Meanwhile, Jesse & The Rippers launch a new song which eventually becomes successful. Joey gets his own show The Legend of Ranger Joe which becomes a success. Danny finds love.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner
Lori Loughlin as Rebecca "Becky" Donaldson
Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

95
1
"Double Trouble"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 17, 1991 (1991-09-17)
26.9[1]

Jesse comes home from his band's summer concert tour to find out that Becky is having twins. Meanwhile, Michelle is scared and lost on her first day of kindergarten, so she goes to the other side of the school and pays Stephanie a visit, but when she pays a visit, Michelle embarrasses Stephanie by agreeing with her that her teacher is a total babe making everyone laugh.

96
2
"Matchmaker Michelle"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
September 24, 1991 (1991-09-24)
27.7[1]

Michelle badly wants a mother, but her choice turns out to be her kindergarten teacher (June Lockhart), who is twice Danny's age. Meanwhile, D.J. and Kimmy trade places for one night for a school project, much to the Tanners' dismay.

97
3
"Take My Sister, Please"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 1, 1991 (1991-10-01)
26.1[2]

After Stephanie went too far in invading D.J.'s privacy, she no longer wants to share a bedroom with her, and thanks to an untimely insult, neither does Michelle, so Stephanie moves into the upstairs bathroom. Meanwhile, Danny and Joey fall for Becky's childbirth instructor, and Jesse gets fed up over Becky's food cravings during her pregnancy.

98
4
"Oh Where, Oh Where Has My Little Girl Gone?"
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
October 8, 1991 (1991-10-08)
25.4[2]

Danny starts to feel that D.J. is excluding him from her social life, so he starts snooping and discovers a secret of hers. Meanwhile, since Michelle and Stephanie are now sharing a bedroom, Stephanie wants Michelle to take down all of her "baby stuff". Joey and Jesse get locked in the basement.

99
5
"The King and I"
Joel Zwick
David Pollock & Elias Davis
October 15, 1991 (1991-10-15)
25.4[2]

Jesse skips a family picnic to work on writing a song, but ends up regretting it. A man who looks a lot like Elvis Presley becomes Jesse's conscience, counseling him on the importance of family and advising him to go to the picnic.

100
6
"The Legend of Ranger Joe"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
October 22, 1991 (1991-10-22)
27.6[2]

Joey has a streak of good luck. His childhood idol Ranger Roy (Barney Martin), the host of a children's program, is retiring, and Joey is confident to audition. However, his luck goes bad after innocently angering Roy by hugging him (due to acute physical paranoia), but when the show becomes a disaster, Joe uses his antics to save the day. Becky and D.J. are curious why Jesse wants good names for the twins, and Stephanie tries to get rid of Michelle's tap shoes.
Note: Jesse's real name is revealed in this episode. His birth name was Hermes Katsopolis, but begged his mother to change it to Jesse after being teased in kindergarten.

101
7
"The Volunteer"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 29, 1991 (1991-10-29)
26.9[2]

D.J. volunteers at a local nursing home, and befriends a man named Eddie (Whitman Mayo) with Alzheimer's Disease. Meanwhile, Jesse tries to prove to Becky he can support a Lamaze pad; Stephanie and Kimmy argue over which of their family dogs is smarter, and decide to hold a neighborhood dog show in the back yard to decide.

102
8
"Gotta Dance"
Joel Zwick
Stacey Hur
November 5, 1991 (1991-11-05)
27.3[3]

Stephanie decides to pursue dancing full-time, but she does not realize it is a major commitment that she may not be ready for. Rebecca has her baby shower, which Michelle accidentally spills the beans on after Jesse bribes her with an ice cream sundae.

103

104
9

10
"Happy Birthday, Babies"
Jeff Franklin

Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
November 12, 1991 (1991-11-12)
35.7[3]

As Michelle is waiting for her fifth birthday party (with a Flintstones theme) to start, the entire family looks back at all the good times from Michelle's life. Michelle gets upset however when she realizes her baby book will end.

Michelle's birthday party is interrupted by Becky going into labor, and Jesse having appendicitis. In the end, she gives birth to twin boys: Nicholas and Alexander (Nicky and Alex). Note: This is the first appearance of Nicholas (Nicky) and Alexander (Alex). This was the last episode of the series to be written by series creator Jeff Franklin.

105
11
"Nicky and/or Alexander"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
November 19, 1991 (1991-11-19)
30.0[3]

Back home from the hospital, Jesse can't tell his identical twin sons, Nicky and Alex, apart, so he enlists Stephanie and D.J.'s detective kit to help him identify who's who. Meanwhile, Danny likes his new, temporary co-host, Vicky Larson (Gail Edwards). Elsewhere, Michelle is upset when D.J. and Stephanie get to hold the twins but she can't.

106
12
"Bachelor of the Month"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard
November 26, 1991 (1991-11-26)
27.9[3]

Danny is chosen as "Bay Area Bachelor of the Month", much to the disapproval of Michelle - and Vicky. Jesse and Becky deal with the stresses of twins.

107
13
"Easy Rider"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Martie Cook
Teleplay by: Jeff Schimmel
December 3, 1991 (1991-12-03)
30.6[4]

Joey teaches Michelle how to ride a bike without training wheels, and is unsuccessful in their first attempt, but convinces her to try again. Meanwhile, Danny begins to get intimate with Vicki and Jesse and Becky prepare for the twins' first car trip to the over-kissing Aunt Ida.

108
14
"Sisters in Crime"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
December 17, 1991 (1991-12-17)
27.9[4]

While babysitting her sisters, D.J. decides to take them to the movies with her when her crush (Scott Weinger) drops by unexpectedly. However, Stephanie & Michelle use all the money for snacks, leaving not enough money to pay for them. D.J. convinces Kimmy, who works at the theater, to sneak them in, but they are caught by the manager. Will Kimmy lose her job and Danny find out?
Note: This marks Scott Weinger's first appearance on the show as Steve before he becomes a regular in season 6. In this episode, his character's last name is Peters (later Hale).

109
15
"Play It Again, Jesse"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 7, 1992 (1992-01-07)
29.5[5]

With Becky going back to work, Jesse becomes "Mr. Mom", while also trying to pursue a record deal. Meanwhile, Danny deals with Vicki leaving, and Stephanie accidentally stains D.J's sweater, which she had told her not to wear.

110
16
"Crushed"
Joel Zwick
Diana "Jennie" Ayers & Susan Sebastian
January 14, 1992 (1992-01-14)
30.3[5]

Stephanie's favorite singer, Tommy Page, sings a special song at her tenth birthday party. This leads to Stephanie developing a major crush on him, and then having D.J. kissing him, causing friction between the sisters.When the issue hits its boiling point Danny must step in and get to the root of this issue.
Note: This is the only episode where multiple cameras reflect one event. One camera spots Stephanie in the kitchen running up the stairs, another camera shows Stephanie running into her bedroom from the stairs and a third camera shows Stephanie in her bedroom with crocodile tears flowing.

111
17
"Spellbound"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 28, 1992 (1992-01-28)
28.2[5]

Stephanie is confident that she will win her school's spelling bee, only to get beaten by a rival classmate in the first round, who makes her lose all of her self-confidence. The word she lost on was "mnemonic". In the subplot, Michelle wants to learn how to read.

112
18
"Too Much Monkey Business"
Joel Zwick
David Pollock
February 11, 1992 (1992-02-11)
25.8[5]

Danny's younger sister, Wendy, stops by for a visit - with her pet monkey who likes Jesse and plays hide-and-seek with Joey. Meanwhile, Joey falls for Wendy and Danny is not very pleased, and Stephanie and Michelle get worried by a shipment for Wendy: a tiki head (which turns out to be nothing more than a bank).

113
19
"The Devil Made Me Do It"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Nicolas Wall & Jane Paris
Teleplay by: Elias Davis
February 18, 1992 (1992-02-18)
28.6[5]

Michelle's conscience gets the best of her after she mishandles Jesse's musical equipment. Angry at Jesse for being "Uncle Tattletale", she then runs away to her friend Teddy's house. Teddy's older sister is played by Tahj Mowry's real-life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry. The subplot has D.J. trying to get Stephanie and Kimmy to become friends.
Note: The Olsen twins are both in this episode; Ashley as the bad Michelle and Mary-Kate as the good Michelle.

114
20
"Driving Miss D.J."
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
February 25, 1992 (1992-02-25)
26.8[5]

D.J. gets her learner's permit, only to tense up from driving lessons with "uptight" Danny and "laid back" Uncle Jesse. Meanwhile, Michelle tries to get revenge on Stephanie after she nearly scares her to death, and succeeds with a little help from Joey.

115
21
"Yours, Mine, and Ours"
Bill Petty
Stacey Hur
March 3, 1992 (1992-03-03)
29.0[5]

Jesse and Rebecca imagine how each other's unique parenting techniques may affect the twins in the future. Meanwhile, Danny and Joey take the girls out to "family fun night" after the girls fight, which turns into Family Public Embarrassment Night (the family dressed up as pirates and walked the plank as the whole restaurant watched).

116
22
"The Trouble with Danny"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas & David Pollock
March 17, 1992 (1992-03-17)
28.9[5]

The family becomes irritated when Danny becomes too obsessed over "Spring Cleaning Day", especially with Michelle on board. Meanwhile, Jesse doesn't believe Becky when she says the twins are crawling.

117
23
"Five's a Crowd"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
March 31, 1992 (1992-03-31)
27.3[5]

D.J. goes out on a date with a heavy-metal band member to the drive-in. This causes Danny, Jesse, and Joey to go "rescue" her. Meanwhile, Kimmy babysitting leads to some feeding and changing disasters.

118
24
"Girls Will Be Boys"
Joel Zwick
Tom Burkhard & Stacey Hur
April 28, 1992 (1992-04-28)
23.7[5]

Michelle decides that it is better to be a boy after her best friend, Teddy, is hassled for hanging out with girls. Meanwhile, Jesse becomes Ranger Joe's sidekick Lumberjack Jess, and D.J. threatens to get back at Stephanie for her constant prying.

119
25
"Captain Video" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink & Boyd Hale
May 5, 1992 (1992-05-05)
24.9[5]

Jesse records "Forever" with The Beach Boys, and finally gets a record deal. D.J. tries to convince her dad to let her participate in a summer study program in Barcelona, Spain. Michelle tries to learn how to cook.

120
26
"Captain Video" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
May 12, 1992 (1992-05-12)
21.4[5]

The record company ends up completely ruining Jesse's song, much to Jesse's resentment, and he leaves the recording session, only to be inspired by Michelle. Meanwhile, Kimmy tries to get to go to Spain (for which she must pass her final exam and the course) with D.J. and Michelle tries to get an ant farm.
Guest stars: Brian Robbins and Martha Quinn


document_title: Tour de France records and statistics

question_text: what was the smallest winning margin in the tour de france

text: Tour de France records and statistics

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The record for most appearances is held jointly by Sylvain Chavanel, Stuart O'Grady, and Jens Voigt with 17. In light of George Hincapie's suspension for use of performance-enhancing drugs, before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen, having completed all but his very first, Joop Zoetemelk holds the record for the most finishes, having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started.[2]

text:
Participations
Finishes
Name
Nationality

17 (1997, 1998,[n 1] 1999–2013)
15 (1997, 1998,[n 2] 1999, 2001–2006, 2008–2013)
Stuart O'Grady
 Australia

17 (1998–2014)
14 (1998–2002, 2004, 2006–2008, 2010–2014)
Jens Voigt
 Germany

17 (2001–2017)
15 (2001–2006, 2008–2011, 2013–2017)
Sylvain Chavanel
 France

16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands

16 (2001–2009, 2011–2017)
15 (2001–2003, 2005–2009, 2011–2017)
Haimar Zubeldia
 Spain

15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
Lucien Van Impe
 Belgium

15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
Viatcheslav Ekimov
 Russia

15 (1980–1994)
13 (1981–1982, 1984–1994)
Guy Nulens
 Belgium

15 (1996–2010)
11 (1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2003–2007, 2009–2010)
Christophe Moreau
 France

15 (2003-2017)
15 (2003-2017)
Thomas Voeckler
 France

14 (1953–1966)
13 (1953–1962, 1964–1966)
André Darrigade
 France

14 (1994–2004, 2006–2008)
13 (1995–2004, 2006–2008)
Erik Zabel
 Germany

14 (1978–1985, 1987–1992)
12 (1978–1985, 1988–1990, 1992)
Sean Kelly
 Ireland

14 (1962–1976)
11 (1962–1965, 1967, 1969–1972, 1974–1976)
Raymond Poulidor
 France

14 (1908–1914, 1920–1928)
07 (1909–1914, 1921)
Jules Deloffre
 France

14 (1996–2003, 2007-2012)
13 (1997–2003, 2007-2012)[n 3]
George Hincapie
 United States

13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
Phil Anderson
 Australia

13 (1969–1975, 1977–1981, 1983)
12 (1969–1975, 1977–1980, 1983)
Joaquim Agostinho
 Portugal

13 (1974–1982, 1984, 1986–1988)
11 (1974–1975, 1977–1982, 1984, 1986–1987)
Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands

13 (1977–1989)
11 (1977–1985, 1987, 1989)
Henk Lubberding
 Netherlands

13 (1951–1963)
10 (1951–1952, 1954, 1956–1957, 1959–1963)
Jean Dotto
 France

13 (1964–1976)
10 (1964–1965, 1967–1971, 1973–1974, 1976)
Jean-Pierre Genet
 France

13 (1979–1983, 1985–1988, 1990–1993)
09 (1979, 1981–1983, 1985, 1987–1988, 1990–1991)
Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 France

13 (1953–1965)
09 (1953–1955, 1957, 1959–1960, 1962–1963, 1965)
François Mahe
 France

13 (1992–1997, 1999–2005)
08 (1993–1994, 1996, 2000, 2002–2005)
Marc Wauters
 Belgium

13 (1994–2006)
07 (1995, 1997, 2000–2001, 2003, 2005–2006)
Didier Rous
 France

text: Winning margin[edit]

text: In the early years of the Tour, cyclists rode individually, and were sometimes forbidden to ride together. This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two. Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton, the margins of the winner have become smaller, as the difference usually originates from time trials, breakaways or on mountain top finishes, or from being left behind the peloton. In the table below, the eight smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour are given. The largest margin, by comparison, remains that of the first Tour in 1903: 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier.[3] The nine smallest margins between first and second placed riders are as follows:[4]

text:
Winning margin
Year
Opponents

8"
1989
Greg LeMond – Laurent Fignon

23"
2007
Alberto Contador – Cadel Evans

32"
2006
Óscar Pereiro – Andreas Klöden

38"
1968
Jan Janssen – Herman Van Springel

40"
1987
Stephen Roche – Pedro Delgado

48"
1977
Bernard Thévenet – Hennie Kuiper

54"
2017
Chris Froome – Rigoberto Urán

55"
1964
Jacques Anquetil – Raymond Poulidor

58"
2008
Carlos Sastre – Cadel Evans

text: Successful breakaways[edit]

text: The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France. In the stage Carcassone-Luchon, he stayed away for 253 kilometres (157 mi).[5] It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 km, the last being Thierry Marie's 234 km escape in 1991.[5] Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead. This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest. That record belongs to José-Luis Viejo, who beat the peloton by 22 mins 50 secs in the 1976 stage Montgenèvre-Manosque.[5] He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes.

text: Overall speed[edit]

text: The 2005 edition was the fastest Tour de France in history. Lance Armstrong rode 3,592.5 km in 86h 15' 02", thus realising an overall speed of 41.654 km/h, though his win was later annulled.

text: The slowest Tour de France was the edition of 1919, when Firmin Lambot's average speed was 24.056 km/h.[6]

text: Stage speeds[edit]

text: The fastest massed-start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois (194.5 km), won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km/h (31.32 mph).[7] The fastest time-trial is Rohan Dennis' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht, won at an average of 55.446 km/h (34.5 mph).[8][9] The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time-trial. It completed the 25 km time-trial at 57.7 km/h (35.85 mph).[10]

text: The fastest climb of Alpe d'Huez was by Marco Pantani in 1997 Tour de France at 23.1 km/h (14.35 mph).[11]

text: Stage wins per rider[edit]

text: 33 riders have won 10 or more stages (including half-stages, excluding Team Time Trials). Riders who are still active are indicated in bold. Riders with the same number of stage wins are listed alphabetically.

text:
Rank
Name
Country
Wins[12]

1
Eddy Merckx
 Belgium
34

2
Mark Cavendish
 United Kingdom
30

3
Bernard Hinault
 France
28

4
André Leducq
 France
25

5
André Darrigade
 France
22

6
Nicolas Frantz
 Luxembourg
20

7
François Faber
 Luxembourg
19

8
Jean Alavoine
 France
17

9
Jacques Anquetil
 France
16

René Le Grevès
 France
16

Charles Pélissier
 France
16

12
Freddy Maertens
 Belgium
15

13
Marcel Kittel
 Germany
14

14
Philippe Thys
 Belgium
13

Louis Trousselier
 France
13

16
Gino Bartali
 Italy
12

Mario Cipollini
 Italy
12

Miguel Indurain
 Spain
12

Robbie McEwen
 Australia
12

Erik Zabel
 Germany
12

21
Jean Aerts
 Belgium
11

Louison Bobet
 France
11

Raffaele Di Paco
 Italy
11

André Greipel
 Germany
11

25
Maurice Archambaud
 France
10

Charly Gaul
 Luxembourg
10

Walter Godefroot
 Belgium
10

Thor Hushovd
 Norway
10

Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands
10

Antonin Magne
 France
10

Henri Pélissier
 France
10

Jan Raas
 Netherlands
10

Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands
10

text: Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year:

text:
Charles Pélissier (FRA) (1930, in addition to seven 2nd places)[13]
 Eddy Merckx (BEL) (1970, 1974)[14]
 Freddy Maertens (BEL) (1976, in addition to four 2nd and two 3rd places)[15]

text: Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22, François Faber with 19 and Eddy Merckx with 18.[16]

text: The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini, who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France.[17]

text: Stage wins per country[edit]

text: Riders from 33 countries have won at least one stage in the Tour de France.

text:
Country
#

 France
702

 Belgium
471

 Italy
268

 Netherlands
171

 Spain
127

 Germany
87

 Luxembourg
70

 United Kingdom
67

Country
#

  Switzerland
60

 Australia
30

 Denmark
18

 United States
18

 Norway
17

 Colombia
16

 Portugal
12

 Ireland
11

Country
#

 Russia[18]
11

 Slovakia
9

 Uzbekistan
9

 Kazakhstan
5

 Poland
5

 Austria
4

 Estonia
4

 Ukraine
4

Country
#

 Czech Republic
3

 Mexico
2

 Latvia
2

 Brazil
1

 Canada
1

 South Africa
1

 Sweden
1

 Lithuania
1

 Slovenia
1

text: Detailed table[edit]

text:
1903
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1904
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1905
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1906
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1907
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1908
10
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1909
7
1
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1910
11
-
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1911
12
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1912
8
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1913
2
10
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1914
7
4
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1919
11
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1920
3
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1921
5
9
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1922
6
8
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1923
12
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1924
4
4
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1925
1
8
5
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1926
-
12
1
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1927
6
15
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1928
13
4
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1929
10
9
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1930
13
3
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1931
8
6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1932
7
6
7
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1933
9
9
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1934
20
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1935
13
8
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1936
13
9
-
1
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1937
9
10
3
-
2
4
1
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1938
8
11
5
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1939
17
7
-
1
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1947
12
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1948
6
4
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1949
8
5
6
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1950
9
2
6
-
-
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1951
6
4
5
1
2
-
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1952
9
3
7
2
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1953
10
1
3
5
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1954
15
4
-
3
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1955
9
3
2
4
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1956
8
4
6
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1957
17
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1958
9
2
5
1
2
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1959
12
1
4
-
1
-
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1960
10
5
4
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1961
12
6
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1962
7
8
4
1
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1963
8
10
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1964
8
7
-
4
5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1965
3
7
5
4
4
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1966
2
8
4
5
2
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1967
8
6
4
1
2
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1968
10
10
2
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1969
3
14
3
-
1
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1970
5
14
5
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1971
4
11
3
3
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1972
7
15
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1973
6
7
-
2
8
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1974
7
15
1
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1975
3
11
4
5
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1976
3
12
3
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1977
8
6
1
5
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1978
7
5
-
9
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1979
10
4
1
8
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1980
7
4
-
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1981
6
10
-
7
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1982
6
5
-
6
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1983
9
3
1
5
1
-
-
1
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1984
12
7
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1985
6
6
-
4
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
3
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1986
6
5
3
1
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1987
7
2
1
6
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1988
2
-
4
8
3
1
-
1
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-

1989
4
1
2
6
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
3
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1990
3
2
5
6
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1991
5
1
6
2
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-

1992
6
2
3
3
4
1
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1993
1
2
4
-
2
1
-
-
3
-
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1994
4
-
5
1
2
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-

1995
3
1
6
1
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1996
4
-
3
3
-
3
-
-
3
-
3
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1997
6
-
7
1
1
5
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1998
1
4
6
2
-
4
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

1999
-
4
7
-
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2000
2
2
5
4
3
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2001
4
3
-
1
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2002
2
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
1
3
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2003
2
-
5
1
4
1
-
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2004
3
2
2
-
2
-
-
-
1
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2005
1
2
3
1
3
-
-
-
-
3
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2006
3
-
1
-
4
2
1
-
-
3
1
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2007
2
3
3
-
1
1
1
-
2
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-

2008
3
1
-
-
6
1
1
4
1
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2009
4
-
-
-
4
1
1
6
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2010
6
-
2
-
1
-
2
5
2
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2011
1
2
-
-
2
2
1
5
-
1
-
2
4
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2012
5
-
-
-
2
3
-
7
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2013
1
1
1
-
-
6
-
5
-
2
-
-
-
1
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2014
2
-
5
1
-
7
-
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-

2015
3
1
1
-
3
6
-
3
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2016
1
2
-
2
1
2
-
7
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2017
5
-
1
2
-
5
-
1
-
2
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

TOTAL
702
471
268
171
127
87
70
67
60
30
18
18
17
16
12
11
11
9
9
5
4
4
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

text: Stage towns[edit]

text: Some cities and towns have hosted 25 or more stage starts and finishes:

text:
Paris – 140 (most recent finish: 2017)
Bordeaux – 80 (most recent: 2010)
Pau – 69[19] (most recent: 2017)
Bagnères-de-Luchon – 58 (most recent: 2016)
Metz – 40 (most recent: 2012)
Grenoble – 39 (most recent: 2014)
Marseille – 36 (most recent: 2017)
Nice – 36 (most recent: 2013)
Perpignan – 36 (most recent: 2009)
Caen – 35 (most recent: 2006)
Briançon – 35 (most recent: 2017)
Bayonne – 32 (most recent: 2003)
Montpellier – 31 (most recent: 2016)
Nantes – 30 (most recent: 2008)
Belfort – 29 (most recent: 2000)
Brest – 28 (most recent: 2008)
L'Alpe d'Huez – 28 (most recent: 2015)
Toulouse – 25 (most recent: 2008)
Roubaix – 25 (most recent: 1994)
Saint-Étienne – 25 (most recent: 2014)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France
Jump up ^ All appearances from 2004 to 2006 have been disqualified due to Hincapie's suspension for performance-enhancing drug use

tag: ol


document_title: List of last undefeated NFL teams by season

question_text: when is the last time the patriots went 0-1

text: This is a season-by-season breakdown of the last undefeated National Football League (NFL) team (or teams) in each league, including playoffs. This list indicates the teams who won the most games in a season before suffering their first loss.[1]

text: The last team in a new season to suffer a loss has won the Super Bowl 12 times. Before the Super Bowl era, the last undefeated team won 14 Championship games, four of which were in the AFL. The last team with an unblemished record has made 25 Super Bowl and 26 Championship game appearances.

text: The Bears have been the last team undefeated 17 times (the last time was during the 2010 season), while the next team, the Rams, have been the last team beaten 11 times as of the 2016 season. The Giants hold the mark for beating the last undefeated team. They have accomplished this 11 times, the last time in 2010.

text: Last undefeated team by season[edit]

text: When teams are sorted, all names of a franchise are grouped together:

text:
Bears and Staleys
Steelers and Pittsburgh Pirates
Titans and Oilers
Chiefs and Dallas Texans
Jets and NY Titans

text:
Playoff Abbreviations

WC
Wild Card Round
Div
Divisional Round

Con
Conference Final
SB
Super Bowl

text: Updated through week 5 games.

text:
Sort Table by clicking in column header

Year
League
Team
Record
First Loss
Final Record
including Playoffs
Playoff Result

2017
NFL
Chiefs
5-0-0
Steelers !19-13 vs. Steelers

2016
NFL
Vikings
5-0-0
Eagles ! 21-10 @ Eagles
8-8-0
Missed Playoffs

2015
NFL
Panthers
14-0-0
Falcons ! 20-13 @ Falcons
017-2-00
Lost SB

2014
NFL
Eagles
3-0-0
Forty niners ! 26-21 @ 49ers
10-6-0
Missed Playoffs

Bengals
Patriots ! 43-17 @ Patriots
10-6-1
Lost WC

Cardinals
Broncos ! 41-20 @ Broncos
11-6-0
Lost WC

2013
NFL
Chiefs
9-0-0
Broncos ! 27-17 @ Broncos
11-6-0
Lost WC

2012
NFL
Falcons
8-0-0
Saints ! 31-27 @ Saints
14-4-0
Lost Conf

2011
NFL
Packers
13-0-0
Chiefs ! 19-14 @ Chiefs
15-2-0
Lost Div

2010
NFL
Bears
3-0-0
Giants ! 17-3 @ Giants
12-6-0
Lost Conf

Steelers
Ravens ! 17-14 vs. Ravens
14-5-0
Lost SB

Chiefs
Colts ! 19-9 @ Colts
10-7-0
Lost WC

2009
NFL
Colts
14-0-0
Jets ! 29-15 vs. Jets
16-3-0
Lost SB

2008
NFL
Titans
10-0-0
Jets ! 34-13 vs. Jets
13-4-0
Lost Div

2007
NFL
Patriots
18-0-0
Giants ! 17-14 @ Giants
18-1-0
Lost SB

2006
NFL
Colts
9-0-0
Cowboys ! 21-14 @ Cowboys
16-4-0
Won SB

2005
NFL
Colts
13-0-0
Chargers ! 26-17 vs. Chargers
14-3-0
Lost Div

2004
NFL
Eagles
7-0-0
Steelers ! 27-3 @ Steelers
15-4-0
Lost SB

2003
NFL
Chiefs
9-0-0
Bengals 2 ! 24-19 @ Bengals
13-4-0
Lost Div

2002
NFL
Raiders
4-0-0
Rams ! 28-13 @ Rams
13-6-0
Lost SB

Chargers
Broncos ! 26-9 @ Broncos
8-8-0
Missed Playoffs

2001
NFL
Rams
6-0-0
Saints ! 34-31 vs. Saints
16-3-0
Lost SB

2000
NFL
Vikings
7-0-0
Buccaneers ! 41-13 @ Buccaneers
12-6-0
Lost Conf

1999
NFL
Rams
6-0-0
Titans ! 24-21 @ Titans
16-3-0
Won SB

1998
NFL
Broncos
13-0-0
Giants ! 20-16 @ Giants
17-2-0
Won SB

1997
NFL
Broncos
6-0-0
Raiders ! 28-25 @ Raiders
16-4-0
Won SB

1996
NFL
Vikings
4-0-0
Giants ! 15-10 @ Giants
9-8-0
Lost WC

Colts
Bills ! 16-13 @ Bills
9-8-0
Lost WC

Chiefs
Chargers ! 22-19 @ Chargers
9-7-0
Missed Playoffs

1995
NFL
Rams
4-0-0
Colts ! 21-18 @ Colts
7-9-0
Missed Playoffs

Cowboys
Redskins ! 27-23 @ Redskins
15-4-0
Won SB

Dolphins
Colts ! 27-24 vs. Colts
9-8-0
Lost WC

1994
NFL
Chargers
6-0-0
Broncos ! 20-15 vs. Broncos
13-6-0
Lost SB

1993
NFL
Saints
5-0-0
Steelers ! 37-14 @ Steelers
8-8-0
Missed Playoffs

1992
NFL
Dolphins
6-0-0
Colts ! 31-20 vs. Colts
12-6-0
Lost Conf

1991
NFL
Redskins
11-0-0
Cowboys ! 24-21 vs. Cowboys
17-2-0
Won SB

1990
NFL
49ers
10-0-0
Rams ! 28-17 vs. Rams
15-3-0
Lost Conf

Giants
Eagles ! 31-13 @ Eagles
16-3-0
Won SB

1989
NFL
Rams
5-0-0
Bills ! 23-20 @ Bills
13-6-0
Lost Conf

1988
NFL
Bengals
6-0-0
Patriots ! 27-21 @ Patriots
14-5-0
Lost SB

1987
NFL
Bears
4-0-0
Saints ! 19-17 vs. Saints
11-5-0
Lost Div

1986
NFL
Bears
6-0-0
Vikings ! 23-7 @ Vikings
14-3-0
Lost Div

Broncos
Jets ! 22-10 @ Jets
13-6-0
Lost SB

1985
NFL
Bears
12-0-0
Dolphins ! 38-24 @ Dolphins
18-1-0
Won SB

1984
NFL
Dolphins
11-0-0
Chargers ! 34-28 @ Chargers
16-3-0
Lost SB

1983
NFL
Cowboys
7-0-0
Raiders ! 40-38 vs. Raiders
12-5-0
Lost WC

1982
NFL
Redskins
4-0-0
Cowboys ! 24-10 vs. Cowboys
12-1-0
Won SB

1981
NFL
Eagles
6-0-0
Vikings ! 35-23 @ Vikings
10-7-0
Lost WC

1980
NFL
Bills
5-0-0
Colts ! 17-12 vs. Colts
11-6-0
Lost Div

1979
NFL
Buccaneers
5-0-0
Giants ! 17-14 @ Giants
11-7-0
Lost Conf

1978
NFL
Rams
7-0-0
Saints ! 10-3 vs. Saints
13-5-0
Lost Conf

Steelers
Titans ! 24-17 vs. Oilers
17-2-0
Won SB

1977
NFL
Cowboys
8-0-0
Cardinals ! 24-17 vs. Cardinals
15-2-0
Won SB

1976
NFL
Vikings
6-0-1
Bears 8 ! 14-13 @ Bears
13-3-1
Lost SB

1975
NFL
Vikings
10-0-0
Redskins ! 31-30 @ Redskins
12-3-0
Lost Div

1974
NFL
Cardinals
7-0-0
Cowboys ! 17-14 @ Cowboys
10-5-0
Lost Div

1973
NFL
Vikings
9-0-0
Falcons ! 20-14 @ Falcons
14-3-0
Lost SB

1972
NFL
Dolphins
17-0-0
AA  !Undefeated
17-0-0
Won SB

1971
NFL
Redskins
5-0-0
Chiefs ! 27-20 @ Chiefs
9-5-1
Lost Div

1970
NFL
Rams
3-0-0
Forty niners ! 20-6 vs. 49ers
9-4-1
Missed Playoffs

Broncos
Raiders ! 35-23 @ Raiders
5-8-1
Missed Playoffs

Lions
Redskins ! 31-10 @ Redskins
10-5-0
Lost Div

1969
AFL
Raiders
6-0-1
Bengals 1 ! 31-17 @ Bengals
13-2-1
Lost Conf

1969
NFL
Rams
11-0-0
Vikings ! 20-13 vs. Vikings
11-4-0
Lost Div

1968
AFL
Raiders
4-0-0
Chargers ! 23-14 vs. Chargers
13-3-0
Lost Conf

1968
NFL
Cowboys
6-0-0
Packers ! 28-17 vs. Packers
12-3-0
Lost Div

Rams
Colts ! 27-10 @ Colts
10-3-1
Missed Playoffs

1967
AFL
Chargers
5-0-1
Raiders ! 51-10 @ Raiders
8-5-1
Missed Playoffs

1967
NFL
Colts
11-0-2
Rams ! 34-10 @ Rams
11-1-2
Missed Playoffs

1966
AFL
Jets
4-0-1
Titans ! 24-0 @ Oilers
6-6-2
Missed Playoffs

1966
NFL
Cardinals
5-0-1
Redskins ! 26-20 @ Redskins
8-5-1
Missed Playoffs

1965
AFL
Chargers
5-0-2
Patriots ! 22-6 vs. Patriots
9-3-3
Lost Championship

1965
NFL
Packers
6-0-0
Bears 7 ! 31-10 @ Bears
12-3-1
Won Championship

1964
AFL
Bills
9-0-0
Patriots ! 36-28 vs. Patriots
13-2-0
Won Championship

1964
NFL
Cardinals
3-0-1
Colts ! 47-27 @ Colts
9-3-2
Missed Playoffs

Browns
Steelers ! 23-7 vs. Steelers
11-3-1
Won Championship

1963
AFL
Chargers
3-0-0
Broncos ! 50-34 @ Broncos
12-3-0
Won Championship

1963
NFL
Browns
6-0-0
Giants ! 33-6 vs. Giants
10-4-0
Missed Playoffs

1962
AFL
Chiefs Dallas Texans
3-0-0
Chargers ! 32-28 @ Chargers
12-3-0
Won Championship

1962
NFL
Packers
10-0-0
Lions ! 26-14 @ Lions
14-1-0
Won Championship

1961
AFL
Chargers
11-0-0
Titans ! 33-13 @ Oilers
12-3-0
Lost Championship

1961
NFL
Cowboys
2-0-0
Browns ! 25-7 @ Browns
4-9-1
Missed Playoffs

Eagles
Cardinals ! 30-27 vs. Cardinals
10-4-0
Missed Playoffs

Lions
Forty niners ! 49-0 vs. 49ers
8-5-1
Missed Playoffs

1960
AFL
Broncos
2-0-0
Jets ! 28-24 @ NY Titans
4-9-1
Missed Playoffs

Titans Oilers
Raiders ! 14-13 vs. Raiders
11-4-0
Won Championship

1960
NFL
Giants
3-0-1
Cardinals ! 20-13 vs. Cardinals
6-4-2
Missed Playoffs

1959
NFL
Packers
3-0-0
Rams ! 45-6 vs. Rams
7-5-0
Missed Playoffs

1958
NFL
Colts
6-0-0
Giants ! 24-21 @ Giants
10-3-0
Won Championship

1957
NFL
Colts
3-0-0
Lions ! 31-27 @ Lions
7-5-0
Missed Playoffs

Browns
Eagles ! 17-7 @ Eagles
9-3-1
Lost Championship

1956
NFL
Lions
6-0-0
Redskins ! 18-17 @ Redskins
9-3-0
Missed Playoffs

1955
NFL
Colts
3-0-0
Bears 7 ! 38-10 @ Bears
5-6-1
Missed Playoffs

Rams
Packers ! 30-28 @ Packers
8-4-1
Lost Championship

1954
NFL
49ers
4-0-1
Bears 6 ! 31-27 vs. Bears
7-4-1
Missed Playoffs

1953
NFL
Browns
11-0-0
Eagles ! 42-27 @ Eagles
11-2-0
Lost Championship

1952
NFL
49ers
5-0-0
Bears 5 ! 20-17 vs. Bears
7-5-0
Missed Playoffs

1951
NFL
Giants
3-0-1
Browns ! 14-13 @ Browns
9-2-1
Missed Playoffs

1950
NFL
Giants
3-0-0
Steelers ! 17-6 vs. Steelers
10-3-0
Missed Playoffs

1949
NFL
Rams
6-0-0
Eagles ! 38-14 @ Eagles
8-3-2
Lost Championship

1948
NFL
Bears
4-0-0
Eagles ! 12-7 @ Eagles
10-2-0
Missed Playoffs

1947
NFL
Cardinals
3-0-0
Rams ! 27-7 @ Rams
10-3-0
Won Championship

1946
NFL
Redskins
3-0-1
Eagles ! 28-24 vs. Eagles
5-5-1
Missed Playoffs

Bears
Giants ! 14-0 @ Giants
9-2-1
Won Championship

1945
NFL
Rams
4-0-0
Eagles ! 28-14 vs. Eagles
10-1-0
Won Championship

1944
NFL
Eagles
5-0-2
Bears 3 ! 28-7 vs. Bears
7-1-2
Missed Playoffs

1943
NFL
Bears
7-0-1
Redskins ! 21-7 @ Redskins
9-1-1
Won Championship

1942
NFL
Bears
11-0-0
Redskins ! 14-6 @ Redskins
11-1-0
Lost Championship

1941
NFL
Giants
5-0-0
Dodgers ! 16-13 @ Dodgers
8-4-0
Lost Championship

Bears
Packers ! 16-14 vs. Packers
12-1-0
Won Championship

1940
NFL
Redskins
7-0-0
Dodgers ! 16-14 @ Dodgers
9-3-0
Lost Championship

1939
NFL
Giants
5-0-1
Lions ! 18-14 @ Lions
9-2-1
Lost Championship

1938
NFL
Redskins
2-0-1
Giants ! 10-7 vs. Giants
6-3-2
Missed Playoffs

Bears
3-0-0
Rams ! 14-7 @ Rams
6-5-0
Missed Playoffs

1937
NFL
Bears
5-0-1
Packers ! 24-14 vs. Packers
9-2-1
Lost Championship

1936
NFL
Bears
6-0-0
Packers ! 24-14 vs. Packers
9-3-0
Missed Playoffs

1935
NFL
Cardinals
2-0-1
Steelers ! 17-13 @ Pirates
6-4-2
Missed Playoffs

1934
NFL
Bears
13-0-0
Giants ! 30-13 @ Giants
13-1-0
Lost Championship

1933
NFL
Bears
6-0-0
Redskins ! 10-0 @ Redskins
11-2-1
Won Championship

1932
NFL
Packers
8-0-1
Giants ! 6-0 @ Giants
10-3-1
zone †

1931
NFL
Packers
9-0-0
Cardinal ! 21-13 @ Cardinals
12-2-0
z] † Named champ

1930
NFL
Packers
8-0-0
Cardinal ! 13-6 @ Cardinals
10-3-1
z] † Named champ

1929
NFL
Packers
12-0-1
AB  !Undefeated, 1 tie
12-0-1
z] † Named champ

1928
NFL
Yellow Jackets
3-0-0
Yankees ! 13-0 vs. Yankees
11-3-2
zone †

Wolverines
Yellow Jackets ! 25-7 @ Yellow Jackets
7-2-1
zone †

Bears
2-0-1
Packers ! 16-6 vs. Packers
7-5-1
zone †

1927
NFL
Bears
5-0-1
Yankees  !26-6 @ Yankees
9-3-2
zone †

1926
NFL
Bears
11-0-2
Yellow Jackets  !7-6 @ Yellow Jackets
12-1-3
zone †

1925
NFL
Detroit Panthers
6-0-2
Bears 2 !14-0 @ Bears
8-2-2
zone †

1924
NFL
Cleveland Bulldogs
5-0-1
Yellow Jacket  !12-7 vs. Yellow Jackets
7-1-1
z] † Named champ

1923
NFL
Canton Bulldogs
11-0-1
AB  !Undefeated, 1 tie
11-0-1
z] † Named champ

1922
NFL
Canton Bulldogs
10-0-2
AC  !Undefeated, 2 ties
10-0-2
z] † Named champ

1921
APFA
All-Americans
9-0-2
Bears 1 !10-7 @ Staleys
9-1-2
zone †

1920
APFA
Akron Pros
8-0-3
AC  !Undefeated, 3 ties
8-0-3
z] † Named champ

Year
League
Team
Record
First Loss
Final Record
including Playoffs
Playoff Result

text: ^† Note 1: The NFL did not have playoff games until the 1933 season.


document_title: Paul Ego

question_text: who is the voice of the pak n save ads

question_tokens: who is the voice of the pak n save ads

text: Paul Ego

text:
Paul EgoBirth name
Paul JonesBorn
 (1966-03-12) 12 March 1966 (age 52)Nationality
 New ZealandYears active
1994 – present

text: Paul Ego (birth name Paul Jones) is a Billy T Award winning New Zealand comedian.[1] He is best known both for his current role as leader of Team One on the New Zealand comedy current affairs panel show 7 Days,[2] and as the voice artist of the Stickman in television advertisements for PAK'nSAVE supermarket.

text: Ego’s first gig was in London in 1994 and upon returning to New Zealand in 1995 he soon became a regular sight on the pro-comedy skyline.[3] Ego’s Breakfast Radio career began in 2000 with his role on the Kim & Corbett Breakfast Show on Auckland’s More FM. His role on the award-winning show involved writing comedy scripts and voicing many of the shows regular characters. In 2006 Paul moved to NZ’s Rock Network and he is now one quarter of ’The Morning Rumble’, the 1 Music Breakfast Show in the country.[4] According to his website, he was "parolled in 2011,",[5] in order to "get to know his family again in the mornings."[6]

text:
In the early months of 2013 he co-starred alongside Jeremy Corbett in a comedy show called The Radio.
Ego has been married for 25 years, and has two sons; on his website, he claims to be a "loving but mostly ineffective father."[7][8] He lives in the wealthy North Auckland suburb of Devonport, a source of several jokes from his fellow 7 Days colleagues.

text: Awards[edit]

text: 2000 Billy T award winner.

text: 2008 WINNER Best Music & Entertainment Hosts, Metropolitan -2008 NZ Radio Awards. [9]