document_title: Baptists

question_text: when did the baptist church start in america

text: Baptists

text: Origins[edit]

text: Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.[3]

text: English separatist view[edit]

text: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the 1600s, the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations.[7] This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted.[8] Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal.[3] It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[9][page needed][10]

text: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation.[2][11] There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.[3]

text: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor.[3] Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites.[12] He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger."[13] The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.[11][14]

text: In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism."[15] Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism).[16][17] Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611.[3] Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.[18]

text: Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments.[18] The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement.[11] Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."[19]

text: Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion.[8] According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists."[8]

text: Anabaptist influence view[edit]

text: A minority view is that early 17th century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists.[20] According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.[3]

text: However, the relations between Baptists and Anabaptists were early strained. In 1624, the then five existing Baptist churches of London issued a condemnation of the Anabaptists. Furthermore, the original group associated with Smyth and popularly believed to be the first Baptists broke with the Waterlander Mennonite Anabaptists after a brief period of association in the Netherlands.[21]

text: Perpetuity and succession view[edit]

text: Prior to the 20th century, Baptist historians generally wrote from the perspective that Baptists had existed since the time of Christ.[22] Proponents of the Baptist successionist or perpetuity view consider the Baptist movement to have existed independently from Roman Catholicism and prior to the Protestant Reformation.[23]

text: The perpetuity view is often identified with The Trail of Blood, a booklet of five lectures by J.M. Carrol published in 1931.[23] Other Baptist writers who advocate the successionist theory of Baptist origins are John T. Christian, Thomas Crosby, G. H. Orchard, J. M. Cramp, William Cathcart, Adam Taylor and D. B. Ray[23][24] This view was also held by English Baptist preacher, Charles Spurgeon[25] as well as Jesse Mercer, the namesake of Mercer University.[26][original research?]

text: Baptist origins in the United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 1612, Thomas Helwys established a Baptist congregation in London, consisting of congregants from Smyth's church. A number of other Baptist churches sprang up, and they became known as the General Baptists. The Particular Baptists were established when a group of Calvinist Separatists adopted believers' Baptism.[27][page needed] The Particular Baptists consisted of seven churches by 1644 and had created a confession of faith called the First London Confession of Faith.[28]

text: Baptist origins in North America[edit]

text: Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America.[29] In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."[7][30]

text: The Great Awakening energized the Baptist movement, and the Baptist community experienced spectacular growth. Baptists became the largest Christian community in many southern states, including among the black population.[4]

text: Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s.[31] The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778.[32] The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[33][page needed][34][35] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.[34]

text: In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries.[36] The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.[37]

text: Baptist affiliations[edit]

text:
Christian denominations
in English-speaking world

International associations[show]
Interdenominational associations

World Council of Churches
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Denominational associations

Friends World Committee for Consultation
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Other[show]

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Syncretic

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Other[show]

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Holiness and Pietist[show]

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Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
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Methodist[show]

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text: Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control.[4] The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Independent Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association.[38] It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing,[39] and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.

text: In 1925, Baptists worldwide formed the Baptist World Alliance (BWA). The BWA now counts 218 Baptist conventions and unions worldwide with over 41 million members.[40] The BWA's goals include caring for the needy, leading in world evangelism and defending human rights and religious freedom. Though it played a role in the founding of the BWA, the Southern Baptist Convention severed its affiliation with BWA in 2004.[41]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Today, more than 100 million Christians identify themselves as Baptist or belong to Baptist-type churches. There are 36 million Baptists who belong to churches cooperating with the Baptist World Alliance. Many Baptist groups, including the Southern Baptist Convention and the Baptist Bible Fellowship do not cooperate with the Alliance.[43]

text: Baptists are present in almost all continents in big denominations. The largest number by baptized memberships are in Nigeria (3.5 million) and Democratic Republic of the Congo (2 million) in Africa, India (2.5 million) and Myanmar (1 million) in Asia, United States (35 million) and Brazil (1.8 million) in the North and South America.[44]

text: According to the Barna Group researchers, Baptists are the largest denominational grouping of born again Christians in the USA.[45] A 2009 ABCNEWS/Beliefnet phone poll of 1,022 adults suggests that fifteen percent of Americans identify themselves as Baptists.[46]

text: A large percentage of Baptists in North America are found in five bodies—the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC); National Baptist Convention (NBC); National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.; (NBCA); American Baptist Churches USA (ABC); and Baptist Bible Fellowship International (BBFI).[47]

text: Qualification for membership[edit]

text: Membership policies vary due to the autonomy of churches, but the traditional method by which an individual becomes a member of a church is through believer's baptism, which is a public profession of faith in Jesus, followed by water baptism.[48]

text: Most baptists do not believe that baptism is a requirement for salvation, but rather a public expression of one's inner repentance and faith.[7] Therefore, some churches will admit into membership persons who make a profession without believer's baptism.[49]

text: In general, Baptist churches do not have a stated age restriction on membership, but believer's baptism requires that an individual be able to freely and earnestly profess their faith.[50] (See Age of Accountability)

text: Baptist beliefs and principles[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Part of a series on

Protestantism

Topics[show]

Reformation
Great Awakenings
History
Culture
Demographics
Persecution
Criticism

Major branches[show]

Adventism
Anabaptism
Anglicanism
Baptist churches
Calvinism
Lutheranism
Methodism
Pentecostalism

Minor branches[show]

Hussitism
Waldensianism
Plymouth Brethren
Holiness movement
Quakerism
Multiple others

Interdenominational
movements[show]

Evangelicalism
Charismatic movement
Neo-charismatic movement

Other developments[show]

Arminianism
Pietism
Puritanism
Neo-orthodoxy
Paleo-orthodoxy
Christian fundamentalism
Modernism and liberalism

Related movements[show]

Nondenominational churches
House churches

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text: Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists.[51] Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists.[52] Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches.[1] Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.[53]

text: Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.

text: Most Baptists hold that no church or ecclesiastical organization has inherent authority over a Baptist church. Churches can properly relate to each other under this polity only through voluntary cooperation, never by any sort of coercion. Furthermore, this Baptist polity calls for freedom from governmental control.[54]

text: Exceptions to this local form of local governance include a few churches that submit to the leadership of a body of elders, as well as the Episcopal Baptists that have an Episcopal system.

text: Baptists generally believe in the literal Second Coming of Christ. Beliefs among Baptists regarding the "end times" include amillennialism, dispensationalism, and historic premillennialism, with views such as postmillennialism and preterism receiving some support.

text: Some additional distinctive Baptist principles held by many Baptists:[55]:2

text:
The supremacy of the canonical Scriptures as a norm of faith and practice. For something to become a matter of faith and practice, it is not sufficient for it to be merely consistent with and not contrary to scriptural principles. It must be something explicitly ordained through command or example in the Bible. For instance, this is why Baptists do not practice infant baptism—they say the Bible neither commands nor exemplifies infant baptism as a Christian practice. More than any other Baptist principle, this one when applied to infant baptism is said to separate Baptists from other evangelical Christians.
Baptists believe that faith is a matter between God and the individual (religious freedom). To them it means the advocacy of absolute liberty of conscience.
Insistence on immersion as the only mode of baptism. Baptists do not believe that baptism is necessary for salvation. Therefore, for Baptists, baptism is an ordinance, not a sacrament, since, in their view, it imparts no saving grace.[55]

text: Beliefs that vary among Baptists[edit]

text: Since there is no hierarchical authority and each Baptist church is autonomous, there is no official set of Baptist theological beliefs.[56] These differences exist both among associations, and even among churches within the associations.

text: Some doctrinal issues on which there is widespread difference among Baptists are:

text:
Eschatology
Calvinism versus Arminianism
The doctrine of separation from "the world" and whether to associate with those who are "of the world"
Speaking-in-tongues and the operation of other charismatic gifts of the Holy Spirit in the modern church[57]
How the Bible should be interpreted (hermeneutics)
The extent to which missionary boards should be used to support missionaries
The extent to which non-members may participate in the Lord's Supper services
Which translation of Scripture to use (see King-James-Only movement)[58]
Dispensationalism versus Covenant theology
The role of women in marriage.
The ordination of women as deacons or pastors.[59]
Attitudes to, and involvement in the ecumenical movement. In Britain the majority of Baptist churches take a pragmatic and positive view, but some church groupings (not always bearing the name Baptist but Baptist in practice) take a strong negative line.

text: Controversies that have shaped Baptists[edit]

text: Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future.[60] Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

text: Missions crisis[edit]

text: Early in the 19th century, the rise of the modern missions movement, and the backlash against it, led to widespread and bitter controversy among the American Baptists.[61] During this era, the American Baptists were split between missionary and anti-missionary. A substantial secession of Baptists went into the movement led by Alexander Campbell, to return to a more fundamental church.[62]

text: Slavery crisis[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the board did not want to appear to condone slavery.

text: The Southern Baptist Convention was formed by nine state conventions in 1845. They believed that the Bible sanctions slavery and that it was acceptable for Christians to own slaves. They believed slavery was a human institution which Baptist teaching could make less harsh. By this time many planters were part of Baptist congregations, and some of the denomination's prominent preachers, such as the Rev. Basil Manly, Sr., president of the University of Alabama, were also planters who owned slaves.

text: As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Blacks set up some independent Baptist congregations in the South before the American Civil War. White Baptist associations maintained some oversight of these and, after a slave rebellion, required a white man to be at church services.

text: In the postwar years, freedmen quickly left the white congregations and associations, setting up their own churches in order to be free of white supervision.[63] In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up black state conventions, which they did in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. In 1880 black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention, to support black Baptist missionary work. Two other national black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest black religious organization and the second-largest Baptist organization in the world.[64] Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast.[65] In 2007, the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition.[66]

text: Caribbean islands[edit]

text: A healthy Church kills error, and tears evil in pieces! Not so very long ago our nation tolerated slavery in our colonies. Philanthropists endeavored to destroy slavery, but when was it utterly abolished? It was when Wilberforce roused the Church of God, and when the Church of God addressed herself to the conflict—then she tore the evil thing to pieces! -- C.H. Spurgeon an outspoken British Baptist opponent of slavery in 'The Best War Cry' (1883)[67]

text: Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries and members took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in full in 1838). Knibb also supported the creation of "Free Villages" and sought funding from English Baptists to buy land for freedmen to cultivate; the Free Villages were envisioned as rural communities to be centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Thomas Burchell, missionary minister in Montego Bay, also was active in this movement, gaining funds from Baptists in England to buy land for what became known as Burchell Free Village.

text: Prior to emancipation, Baptist deacon Samuel Sharpe, who served with Burchell, organized a general strike of slaves seeking better conditions. It developed into a major rebellion of as many as 60,000 slaves, which became known as the Christmas Rebellion (when it took place) or the Baptist War. It was put down by government troops within two weeks. During and after the rebellion, an estimated 200 slaves were killed outright, with more than 300 judicially executed later by prosecution in the courts, sometimes for minor offenses.

text: Baptists were active after emancipation in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the port of Calabar in Nigeria, was founded by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free blacks formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which theology often expressed resistance to oppression.[68]

text: Memory of slavery[edit]

text: In the American South the interpretation of the American Civil War, abolition of slavery and postwar period has differed sharply by race since those years. Like other peoples, Americans have often interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black memory by analyzing Baptist sermons documented in Alabama. It should be noted that, soon after the Civil War, most black Baptists in the South left the southern Baptist Convention, reducing its numbers by hundreds of thousands or more. They quickly organized their own congregations and developed their own regional and state associations and, by the end of the 19th century, a national convention.

text: White preachers in Alabama after Reconstruction expressed the view that:

text: God had chastised them and given them a special mission – to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and "traditional" race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor.

text: Black preachers interpreted the Civil War, Emancipation and Reconstruction as: "God's gift of freedom." They had a gospel of liberation, having long identified with the Book of Exodus from slavery in the Old Testament. They took opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they quickly formed their own churches, associations, and conventions to operate freely without white supervision. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, a place to develop and use leadership, and places for proclamation of the gospel of liberation. As a result, black preachers said that God would protect and help him and God's people; God would be their rock in a stormy land.[69]

text: The Southern Baptist Convention supported white supremacy and its results: disenfranchising most blacks and many poor whites at the turn of the 20th century by raising barriers to voter registration, and passage of racial segregation laws that enforced the system of Jim Crow. Its members largely resisted the Civil Rights Movement in the South, which sought to enforce their constitutional rights for public access and voting; and enforcement of midcentury federal civil rights laws.

text: On 20 June 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery. More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, "unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin" and "lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest." It offered an apology to all African Americans for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously." Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the convention, predominantly white since the Reconstruction era, had specifically addressed the issue of slavery.

text: The statement sought forgiveness "from our African-American brothers and sisters" and pledged to "eradicate racism in all its forms from Southern Baptist life and ministry." In 1995 about 500,000 members of the 15.6-million-member denomination were African Americans and another 300,000 were ethnic minorities. The resolution marked the denomination's first formal acknowledgment that racism played a role in its founding.[70]

text: Landmark crisis[edit]

text: Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day.[71] James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement.[72] While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the movement continued to influence the Convention into the 20th and 21st centuries.[73] For instance, in 2005, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism.[74]

text: Modernist crisis[edit]

text: The rise of theological modernism in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries also greatly affected Baptists.[75] The Landmark movement, already mentioned, has been described as a reaction among Southern Baptists in the United States against incipient modernism .[76] In England, Charles Haddon Spurgeon fought against modernistic views of the Scripture in the Downgrade Controversy and severed his church from the Baptist Union as a result.[77][78][79]

text: The Northern Baptist Convention in the United States had internal conflict over modernism in the early 20th century, ultimately embracing it.[80] Two new conservative associations of congregations that separated from the Convention were founded as a result: the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches in 1933 and the Conservative Baptist Association of America in 1947.[80]

text: Following similar conflicts over modernism, the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position.[81][82] In the late 20th century, moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with this direction founded two new groups: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991.[83][84][85][86] Members of both groups originally continued to identify as Southern Baptist, but over time the groups "became permanent new families of Baptists."[83]


document_title: First Man (film)

question_text: who plays neil armstrongs wife in first man

root

text: First Man (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1961, NASA test pilot Neil Armstrong is flying the X-15 rocket plane when it inadvertently bounces off the atmosphere. Although he manages to land the plane in the Mojave Desert, his colleagues express concern that his recent record of mishaps is due to distraction and he is grounded. His two-and-a-half year old daughter, Karen, is undergoing treatment for a brain tumor. Desperate to save her, Armstrong keeps a detailed log of her symptoms and feverishly tries to find possible treatments, but she dies soon afterwards. Grief-stricken, Armstrong applies for Project Gemini and is accepted to NASA Astronaut Group 2. Armstrong, his wife Janet, and their son Rick move to Houston alongside other astronaut families. Armstrong befriends Elliot See, another civilian test pilot, and Ed White. As Armstrong begins training, Deke Slayton impresses upon the new astronauts the importance of the Gemini program, as the Soviet Union had reached every milestone in the Space Race ahead of the United States. Armstrong and Janet have a second son, Mark.

tag: p

text: By 1965, the family has settled in Houston, and Armstrong awaits selection for a crew. After the Soviets complete the first extravehicular activity (EVA), Armstrong is informed that he will be the commander of Gemini 8, with David Scott as the pilot. Prior to the mission, See and Charles Bassett are killed in a T-38 crash. Armstrong and Scott successfully launch on Gemini 8, and dock with the Agena target vehicle, but soon afterward, the spacecraft begins to spin at a rapid rate. After nearly blacking out, Armstrong activates the RCS thrusters and safely aborts the mission. Armstrong initially faces criticism, but NASA determines the crew is not at fault. Later, White reveals that he has been selected for the Apollo 1 mission along with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee.

text: During a plugs-out test on January 27, 1967, a fire kills the Apollo 1 crew, and Armstrong hears the news while representing NASA at the White House. The next year, after nearly being killed ejecting from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, Armstrong is selected to command Apollo 11, and Slayton informs him that it will likely be the first lunar landing. Just prior to the launch, Janet confronts Armstrong about the possibility that he won't survive the flight, and insists that he explain the risks of the mission to their young sons.  After telling them about the risks he faces, Armstrong says goodbye to his family and departs.

text: Apollo 11 successfully launches, and arrives at the Moon on the fourth day out. Armstrong and Aldrin undock in the Lunar Module and begin the landing attempt, but as they descend towards their landing site, Aldrin realizes the area is full of large boulders, forcing Armstrong to take manual control of the spacecraft. The lunar module successfully lands with minimal fuel remaining.  After setting foot on the Moon, Armstrong drops Karen's bracelet into Little West crater. With their mission complete, the astronauts return home and are placed in quarantine, where Armstrong and Janet share a quiet moment of reflection.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ryan Gosling as Neil Armstrong, the astronaut who became the first man to walk on the Moon during Apollo 11.
Claire Foy as Janet Shearon, Armstrong's first wife.
Corey Stoll as Buzz Aldrin, the second man to walk on the Moon during Apollo 11.
Pablo Schreiber as Jim Lovell, Gemini astronaut and backup commander on Armstrong's Apollo 11 mission.
Jason Clarke as Ed White, the first American to walk in space, who died during a pre-launch test for Apollo 1, which was to be the first manned Apollo mission.
Kyle Chandler as Deke Slayton, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts, who became NASA's first Chief of the Astronaut Office.
Christopher Abbott as David Scott, who flew with Armstrong on the Gemini 8 mission.
Patrick Fugit as Elliot See, a member of NASA Astronaut Group 2.[6] Armstrong and See were the backup crew for Gemini 5, and both were later chosen for command assignments: Armstrong on Gemini 8, and See on Gemini 9. See was killed in 1966 when his NASA trainer jet crashed into the McDonnell Space Center in St. Louis, where he was training for that mission.
Lukas Haas as Michael Collins, the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11, who also flew on Gemini 10.
Shea Whigham as Gus Grissom, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts. He was killed during a pre-launch test for Apollo 1, which was to be the first manned Apollo mission.
Brian d'Arcy James as Joseph A. Walker, Armstrong's fellow X-15 test pilot who became the seventh man in space by taking that plane into space twice.[7]
Cory Michael Smith as Roger B. Chaffee, capsule communicator for the Gemini 3 and Gemini 4 missions, and the third crew member who was killed with Grissom and White in the Apollo 1 pre-launch test.[8]
J. D. Evermore as Christopher C. Kraft Jr., NASA's first Flight Director, who was in charge of America's first manned spaceflight and first manned orbital flight, as well as the Gemini 4 mission.
John David Whalen as John Glenn, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts. He became the first American to orbit the Earth.
Ethan Embry as Pete Conrad, Pilot of Gemini 5 and backup commander for Gemini 8.
Skyler Bible as Richard F. Gordon Jr., the backup pilot for Gemini 8 and pilot of Gemini 11.[9]
Ben Owen as John Hodge, the NASA Flight Director in charge of Gemini 8.
Olivia Hamilton as Patricia White, Ed's wife.
Kris Swanberg as Marilyn See, Elliot’s wife.
Ciarán Hinds as Robert R. Gilruth, the first director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center.
Shawn Eric Jones as Wally Schirra, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts and the ninth person to travel to space.
William Gregory Lee as Gordon Cooper, one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts, who piloted the longest and final Mercury spaceflight. He was commander of Gemini 5.
Steven Coulter as Guenter Wendt, the launch pad leader who was in charge of the spacecraft close-out crews, at the launch pads for the Mercury and Gemini programs, and all manned Apollo missions.
Leon Bridges as Gil Scott-Heron, a singer and poet.[10]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In early 2003, actor-director Clint Eastwood and production people at the studio Warner Bros. bought the film rights to James R. Hansen's  First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong. Eastwood had previously directed as well as starred in the 2000 space-themed picture Space Cowboys, though he stated that he would likely not appear on camera in First Man.[11]

text: Universal and DreamWorks ultimately took up the First Man project in the mid-2010s.[12] Damien Chazelle, who had received critical acclaim for his work on 2014's Whiplash, signed onto the film's production that year, and hired Josh Singer to rewrite an existing script.[13] Gosling, who starred in Chazelle's 2016 film La La Land, joined as well to portray Armstrong in November 2015, and Hansen was hired to co-produce the film because of his role as the book's author.[14][15] Wyck Godfrey and Marty Bowen also produced the film through Temple Hill Entertainment, with pre-production starting in March 2017.[16][13] Principal photography began in Atlanta in November 2017. To recreate Armstrong's home, the production crew built a replica of it in an empty lot, while the Moon landing sequence was shot in a local rock quarry at night. Chazelle and cinematographer Linus Sandgren chose to shoot this sequence on IMAX 70mm film as opposed to the 16mm and 35mm film the rest of the film was shot on.[17][13]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 29, 2018.[18][19][20] It screened at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2018,[21][22] and at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 9, 2018.[23] It was theatrically released in the United States on October 12, 2018, by Universal Pictures.[24]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
First Man: Original Motion Picture SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Justin HurwitzReleased
October 12, 2018 (2018-10-12)Genre
SoundtrackLength
67:57:00Label
Back Lot MusicJustin Hurwitz chronology

La La Land(2016)

First Man: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack(2018)

tag: table

text: The musical score for First Man was composed by Justin Hurwitz.

text: The digital album was released through Back Lot Music on October 12, 2018.

text: No.TitlePerformersLength1."X-15"Justin Hurwitz1:222."Good Engineer"Justin Hurwitz1:063."Karen"Justin Hurwitz0:454."Armstrong Cabin"Justin Hurwitz1:155."Another Egghead"Justin Hurwitz1:056."It'll Be an Adventure"Justin Hurwitz0:417."Houston"Justin Hurwitz2:168."Multi-Axis Trainer"Justin Hurwitz2:549."Baby Mark"Justin Hurwitz0:4710."Lunar Rhapsody" (featuring Les Baxter)Dr. Samuel J. Hoffman3:0411."First to Dock"Justin Hurwitz1:2712."Elliot"Justin Hurwitz0:2813."Sextant"Justin Hurwitz1:4514."Squawk Box"Justin Hurwitz1:5415."Searching for the Aegena"Justin Hurwitz1:5116."Docking Waltz"Justin Hurwitz3:2217."Spin"Justin Hurwitz1:1518."Naha Rescue 1"Justin Hurwitz1:0519."Pat and Janet"Justin Hurwitz1:3420."The Armstrongs"Justin Hurwitz2:2521."I Oughta Be Getting Home / Plugs Out"Justin Hurwitz1:1022."News Report"Justin Hurwitz0:4223."Dad's Fine"Justin Hurwitz1:0324."Whitey on the Moon"Leon Bridges1:4825."Neil Packs"Justin Hurwitz1:2526."Contingency Statement"Justin Hurwitz1:5627."Apollo 11 Launch"Justin Hurwitz5:5028."Translunar"Justin Hurwitz1:0129."Moon"Justin Hurwitz1:0730."Tunnel"Justin Hurwitz0:5231."The Landing"Justin Hurwitz5:3132."Moon Walk"Justin Hurwitz1:2933."Home"Justin Hurwitz1:5134."Crater"Justin Hurwitz2:0035."Quarantine"Justin Hurwitz2:1536."End Credits"Justin Hurwitz4:1937."Sep Ballet" (bonus track)Justin Hurwitz1:17Total length:67:57

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  October 28, 2018[update], First Man has grossed $37.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $37.4 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $75.2 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, First Man was released alongside Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween and Bad Times at the El Royale, and was projected to gross $18–25 million from 3,640 theaters in its opening weekend.[25][4] The film made $5.8 million on its first day, including $1.1 million from Thursday night previews at 2,850 theaters. It went on to debut to $16 million, finishing third at the box office behind holdovers Venom and A Star Is Born.[2] Anthony D'Alessandro of Deadline Hollywood stated that the under-performance was less a matter of any controversy involving the American flag and more to do with the 141 minute runtime and the film's focus on drama,[2] although Forbes speculated the backlash played a factor.[26] Michael Cieply, also of Deadline, acknowledged that the flag controversy drew Internet criticism and that it could have hurt the film's performance at the box office.[27] The film fell 47% in its second weekend, grossing $8.6 million and finishing fifth, and then made $4.9 million in its third week, finishing seventh.[28][29]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 329 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "First Man uses a personal focus to fuel a look back at a pivotal moment in human history - and takes audiences on a soaring dramatic journey along the way."[30] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 84 out of 100, based on 56 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[31] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 79% positive score.[2]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety called the film "so revelatory in its realism, so gritty in its physicality, that it becomes a drama of thrillingly hellbent danger and obsession."[32] Writing for IndieWire, Michael Nordine awarded the film a B+, describing it as "A powerful experience that will inspire renewed awe of what Armstrong and his ilk did." Nordine praised the opening flight sequence, Gosling's performance and Chazelle's direction.[33] Diana Dabrowska from Cinema Scope wrote, "Armstrong's trip becomes a means for emotional emancipation, a backdrop for an intimate, universal story about dealing with trauma."[34] Peter Howell of the Toronto Star praised the Moon landing sequence, writing: "When the Eagle finally lands on the moon in First Man, the picture truly soars."[35] Nicholas Barber of the BBC gave it a five-star rating, stating that "Gosling and Foy's performances in First Man are probably too unshowy to win awards. But they should, because they could hardly have been bettered. The same goes for the whole of this extraordinary film."[36]

text: A. O. Scott, of The New York Times, wrote that the film “gets almost everything right, but it’s also strangely underwhelming. It reminds you of an extraordinary feat and acquaints you with an interesting, enigmatic man. But there is a further leap beyond technical accomplishment — into meaning, history, metaphysics or the wilder zones of the imagination — that the film is too careful, too earthbound, to attempt.”[37] Anthony Lane of The New Yorker said the film "captures the grandeur and otherness of the Apollo saga, but not the Midwestern modesty of its hero, Neil Armstrong," writing: "Skillful and compelling this film may be, but, if Neil Armstrong had been the sort of fellow who was likely to cry on the moon, he wouldn’t have been the first man chosen to go there. He would have been the last."[38]

text: Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film a "right-wing fetish object"  and “a film of deluded, cultish longing for an earlier era of American life, one defined not by conservative politics but, rather, by a narrow and regressive emotional perspective that shapes and distorts the substance of the film.” [39] Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair criticized Gosling's performance as "yet another man of few words, his hooded eyes and pursed lips again meant to signal depth but instead seeming a bit empty. Though Gosling lets some of his sly wit shine through in moments, there's a lot of passive, affectless mien going on in First Man."[40] Stephanie Zacharek of Time said the film as a whole did not live up to Gosling's performance, writing: "This is a respectful movie, even a genuflecting one; there's never a moment when Chazelle fails to let you know he's doing important, valuable work. But that's the problem: The movie feels too fussed-over for such a low-key hero. Its star, Ryan Gosling, turns in a discreet, sensitive performance, almost too sensitive for the movie around it..."[41]

text: American flag controversy[edit]

text: On August 31, 2018, it was reported that the film would not include a scene of Armstrong and Aldrin planting the American flag on the Moon. Florida Senator Marco Rubio described the omission as "total lunacy". Chazelle responded with a statement, saying: "I show the American flag standing on the lunar surface, but the flag being physically planted into the surface is one of several moments [...] that I chose not to focus upon. To address the question of whether this was a political statement, the answer is no. My goal with this movie was to share with audiences the unseen, unknown aspects of America's mission to the Moon."[42] Following the film's below-expectations opening of $16 million, some analysts speculated that the flag controversy was in part to blame.[27][26]


document_title: Chancellor of the Exchequer

question_text: where does the chancellor of the exchequer live

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer

text: Second Lord of the Treasury[edit]

text: The holder of the office of Chancellor of the Exchequer is ex officio Second Lord of the Treasury as a member of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer.[7] As the Second Lord, his official residence is 11 Downing Street in London, next door to the residence of the First Lord of the Treasury (a title that has for many years been held by the prime minister), who resides in 10 Downing Street. While in the past both houses were private residences, today they serve as interlinked offices, with the occupant living in an apartment made from attic rooms previously resided in by servants.

text: Since 1827, the chancellor has always simultaneously held the office of Second Lord of the Treasury when that person has not also been the prime minister.

text: Roles and responsibilities[edit]

text: A previous chancellor, Robert Lowe, described the office in the following terms in the House of Commons, on 11 April 1870: "The Chancellor of the Exchequer is a man whose duties make him more or less of a taxing machine. He is entrusted with a certain amount of misery which it is his duty to distribute as fairly as he can."

text: Fiscal policy[edit]

text: The chancellor has considerable control over other departments as it is the Treasury which sets Departmental Expenditure Limits. The amount of power this gives to an individual chancellor depends on his personal forcefulness, his status within his party and his relationship with the prime minister. Gordon Brown, who became chancellor when Labour came into Government in 1997, had a large personal power base in the party. Perhaps as a result, Tony Blair chose to keep him in the same position throughout his ten years as prime minister; making Brown an unusually dominant figure and the longest-serving chancellor since the Reform Act of 1832.[8] This has strengthened a pre-existing trend towards the Chancellor occupying a clear second position among government ministers, elevated above his traditional peers, the Foreign Secretary and Home Secretary.

text: One part of the Chancellor's key roles involves the framing of the annual year budget. As of 2017, the first is the Autumn Budget, also known as Budget Day which forecasts government spending in the next financial year and also announces new financial measures. The second is a Spring Statement, also known as a "mini-Budget". Britain's tax year has retained the old Julian end of year: 24 March (Old Style) / 5 April (New Style, i.e. Gregorian). From 1993, the Budget was in spring, preceded by an annual autumn statement. This was then called Pre-Budget Report. The Autumn Statement usually took place in November or December. The 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012 and 2016 budgets were all delivered on a Wednesday, summarised in a speech to the House of Commons.

text: The budget is a state secret until the chancellor reveals it in his speech to Parliament. Hugh Dalton, on his way to giving the budget speech in 1947, inadvertently blurted out key details to a newspaper reporter, and they appeared in print before he made his speech. Dalton was forced to resign.[9]

text: Monetary policy[edit]

text: Although the Bank of England is responsible for setting interest rates, the chancellor also plays an important part in the monetary policy structure. He sets the inflation target which the Bank must set interest rates to meet. Under the Bank of England Act 1998 the chancellor has the power of appointment of four out of nine members of the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee – the so-called 'external' members. He also has a high level of influence over the appointment of the Bank's Governor and Deputy Governors, and has the right of consultation over the appointment of the two remaining MPC members from within the Bank.[10] The Act also provides that the Government has the power to give instructions to the Bank on interest rates for a limited period in extreme circumstances. This power has never been officially used.

text: Ministerial arrangements[edit]

text: At HM Treasury the chancellor is supported by a political team of four junior ministers and by permanent civil servants. The most important junior minister is the Chief Secretary to the Treasury, a member of the Cabinet, to whom the negotiations with other government departments on the details of government spending are delegated, followed by the Paymaster General, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury and the Economic Secretary to the Treasury. Two other officials are given the title of a Secretary to the Treasury, although neither is a government minister in the Treasury: the Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury is the Government Chief Whip in the House of Commons; the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury is not a minister but the senior civil servant in the Treasury.

text: The chancellor is obliged to be a member of the Privy Council, and thus is styled the Right Honourable (Rt. Hon.). Because the House of Lords is excluded from Finance Bills under the Parliament Acts, the office has since the early 20th century been effectively limited to members of the House of Commons. The chancellor holds the formerly independent office of Master of the Mint as a subsidiary office.[11]

text: Perquisites of the office[edit]

text: Official residence[edit]

text: The Chancellor's official residence, since 1828, is No. 11 Downing Street.[12] In 1997, the then First and Second Lords, Tony Blair and Gordon Brown respectively, swapped apartments, as the Chancellor's apartment in No. 11 was bigger and thus better suited to the needs of Blair (who had children living with him, including one born during his tenure) than Brown who was at that stage unmarried.

text: Dorneywood[edit]

text: Dorneywood is the summer residence that is traditionally made available to the chancellor, though it is the prime minister who ultimately decides who may use it. Gordon Brown, on becoming chancellor in 1997, refused to use it and the house, which is set in 215 acres (87 ha)[13] of parkland, was allocated to Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. It reverted to the chancellor in 2007, then Alistair Darling.[14]

text: Budget box[edit]

text: The chancellor traditionally carries his Budget speech to the House of Commons in a particular red Despatch Box. The Chancellor's red briefcase is identical to the briefcases used by all other government ministers (known as ministerial boxes or "Despatch Boxes") to transport their official papers but is better known because the chancellor traditionally displays the briefcase, containing the Budget speech, to the press in the morning before delivering the speech.

text: The original Budget briefcase was first used by William Ewart Gladstone in 1853 and continued in use until 1965 when James Callaghan was the first chancellor to break with tradition when he used a newer box. Prior to Gladstone, a generic red Despatch Box of varying design and specification was used. The practice is said to have begun in the late 16th century, when Queen Elizabeth I's representative Francis Throckmorton presented the Spanish Ambassador, Bernardino de Mendoza, with a specially constructed red briefcase filled with black puddings.[citation needed]

text: In July 1997, Gordon Brown became the second chancellor to use a new box for the Budget. Made by industrial trainees at Babcock Rosyth Defence Ltd ship and submarine dockyard in Fife, the new box is made of yellow pine, with a brass handle and lock, covered in scarlet leather and embossed with the Royal cypher and crest and the Chancellor's title. In his first Budget, in March 2008, Alistair Darling reverted to using the original budget briefcase and his successor, George Osborne, continued this tradition for his first budget, before announcing that it would be retired due to its fragile condition.[15] The key to the original budget box has been lost.[16]

text: Budget tipple[edit]

text: By tradition, the chancellor has been allowed to drink whatever he or she wishes while making the annual Budget Speech to parliament. This includes alcohol, which is otherwise banned under parliamentary rules.

text: Previous chancellors have opted for whisky (Kenneth Clarke), gin and tonic (Geoffrey Howe), brandy and water (Benjamin Disraeli and John Major), spritzer (Nigel Lawson) and sherry and beaten egg (William Gladstone).[17]

text: The recent chancellors, George Osborne, Alistair Darling and Gordon Brown,[18] opted for water. In fact Darling drank what was named "Standard Water" in reference to, and support of, the London Evening Standard newspaper's campaign to have plain tap water available in restaurants at no charge to customers.[19]

text: Robe of office[edit]

text: The chancellor has a robe of office,[20] similar to that of the Lord Chancellor (as seen in several of the portraits depicted below). In recent times, it has only regularly been worn at Coronations, but some chancellors (at least until the 1990s) have also worn it when attending the Trial of the Pyx as Master of the Mint. According to George Osborne, the robe (dating from Gladstone's time in office, and worn by the likes of Lloyd George and Churchill)[21] 'went missing' during Gordon Brown's time as chancellor.[22]

text: List of Chancellors of the Exchequer[edit]

text: Chancellors of the Exchequer of England (c. 1221 – c. 1558)[edit]

text:
Chancellor of the Exchequer of England

Portrait
Name
Term of office
Monarch
(Reign)

Eustace of Fauconberg
Bishop of London
(died 1228)
c. 1221
N/A
Henry III

(1216–1272)

John Maunsell
Secretary of State
(1190/95–1265)
c. 1234
N/A

Ralph de Leicester
before 1248

Edward of Westminster
1248
N/A

Albric de Fiscamp
before 1263

John Chishull
Lord Chancellor[1221 1]
(died 1280)
1263
1265

Walter Giffard
Bishop of Bath and Wells
(c. 1225 – 1279)
1265
1266

Godfrey Giffard
Lord Chancellor
(c. 1235 – 1302)
1266
1268

John Chishull
Lord Chancellor
(died 1280)
1268
1269

Richard of Middleton
Archdeacon of Northumberland
(died 1272)
1269
1272†

Roger de la Leye
before 1283

Geoffrey de Neuband
Edward I

(1272–1307)

Philip de Willoughby
1283
1305

Sir John Benstead
KB
Secretary of State
(c. 1275 – 1323/24)
1305
1306

John Sandale
Bishop of Winchester
(died 1319)
c. July
1307
1308
Edward II

(1307–1327)

John of Markenfield
1309
1312

John Hotham
Bishop of Ely
(died 1337)
1312
1316

Hervey de Stanton
(1260–1327)
1316
c. 1323

Walter de Stapledon
Lord High Treasurer
(1261–1326)
1323
c. 1324

Hervey de Stanton
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
(1260–1327)
1324
c. January
1327

Adam de Harvington
(c. 1270 – c. 1345)
c. January
1327
1330
Edward III

(1327–1377)
[1221 2]

Robert Wodehouse
(died 1346)
1330
1331

Robert de Stratford
Bishop of Chichester
(c. 1292 – 1362)
1331
1334

John Hildesle
c. 1338
N/A

William de Everdon
1341
N/A

William Askeby
Archdeacon of Northampton
1363
N/A

Sir Robert de Ashton
(died 1385)
1375
c. June
1377

Sir Walter Barnham
c. June
1377
c. September
1399
Richard II

(1377–1399)

Henry Somer
MP for Middlesex
(c. 1370 – 1450)
1410
1437
Henry IV

(1399–1413)

Henry V

(1413–1422)

Henry VI

(1422–1461)
[1221 3]

John Somerset
(died 1454)
1441
1447

Sir Thomas Browne
MP for Dover
(1402–1460)
1440?
1450?

Thomas Witham
(c. 1420 – 1489)
1454
N/A

Thomas Thwaites
(c. 1435–1503)
c. March
1461
N/A
Edward IV

(1461–1470)

Thomas Witham
(c. 1420 – 1489)
1465
1469

Sir Richard Fowler
(c. 1425 – 1477)
1469
c. April
1471

Henry VI

(1470–1471)

Thomas Thwaites
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
(c. 1435–1503)
c. April
1471
c. April
1483
Edward IV

(1471–1483)

Sir William Catesby
Speaker of the House of Commons
(1450–1485)
c. April
1483
c. 1484
Edward V

(1483)
[1221 4]

Richard III

(1483–1485)

Sir Thomas Lovell
Speaker of the House of Commons[1221 5]
(died 1524)
c. August
1485
1524
Henry VII

(1485–1509)

Henry VIII

(1509–1547)
[1221 6]

John Bourchier
2nd Baron Berners
PC
(1467–1533)
1524
1533?

Thomas Cromwell
1st Earl of Essex
KGPC
Secretary of State
(c. 1485 – 1540)
12 April
1533
10 June
1540

Sir John Baker
MP for Kent
(1488–1558)
1545
c. November
1558

Edward VI

(1547–1553)
[1221 7]

Mary I

(1553–1558)

text:
Jump up ^ Served until 1264.
Jump up ^ Lord Lancaster served as Regent of England during the minority of Edward III.
Jump up ^ The Regency government led by the Regency Council governed England during the minority of Henry VI.
Jump up ^ The Duke of Gloucester served as Regent of England during the reign of Edward V.
Jump up ^ Served until 1488.
Jump up ^ Margaret Beaufort served as Regent of England during the minority of Henry VIII.
Jump up ^ The Duke of Somerset and Duke of Northumberland served as Regent of England respectively during the reign of Edward VI.

tag: ol

text: Chancellor of the Exchequer of England (c. 1558 – 1708)[edit]

text:
Chancellor of the Exchequer of England[23]

Portrait
Name[24]
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Monarch
(Reign)
Ref.

Sir Richard Sackville
MP for Sussex
(c. 1507 – 1566)
February
1559
21 April
1566†
Elizabeth I

(1558–1603)
[23]

Sir Walter Mildmay
MP for Northamptonshire
(c. 1523 – 1589)
1566
31 May
1589†
[23]

Sir John Fortescue
MP for Buckinghamshire[1558 1] – Middlesex[1558 2]
(c. 1531 – 1607)
1589
1603
[23]

James I

(1603–1625)

The Right Honourable
George Home
1st Earl of Dunbar
PC
(c. 1556 – 1611)
24 May
1603
April
1606
[23]

Sir Julius Caesar
MP for Middlesex
(1557/1558–1636)
11 April
1606
1614
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Fulke Greville
KB
MP for Warwickshire[1558 3]
(1554–1628)
15 October
1614
1621
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Richard Weston
KG
MP for 4 constituencies respectively
(1577 – c. 1634)
29 January
1621
15 July
1628
[23]

Charles I

(1625–1649)

The Right Honourable
Edward Barrett
1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh
PC
(1581 – c. 1645)
14 August
1628
1629
[23]

The Right Honourable
Francis Cottington
1st Baron Cottington
PC
(c. 1579 – 1652)
18 April
1629
6 January
1642
[23]

Sir John Colepeper
MP for Kent
(c. 1600 – 1660)
6 January
1642
22 February
1643
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Edward Hyde
(1609–1674)
February
1643
1646
[23]

Vacancy during the Interregnum (1649–1660)

Portrait
Name[24]
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Ministry
Monarch
(Reign)
Ref.

The Right Honourable
Edward Hyde
1st Baron Hyde
KtPC
(1609–1674)
1660
13 May
1661
Clarendon
Charles II

(1660–1685)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Anthony Ashley Cooper
1st Baron Ashley
PC
(1621–1683)
13 May
1661
22 November
1672
[23]

Cabal

Sir John Duncombe
MP for Bury St Edmunds
(1622–1687)
22 November
1672
2 May
1676
[23]

Danby I

Sir John Ernle
MP for 4 constituencies respectively
(1620–1697)
2 May
1676
9 April
1689
[23]

Privy Council

Chits

James II

(1685–1688)

William III
&
Mary II

(1689–1694)

The Right Honourable
Henry Booth
2nd Baron Delamer
PC
(1652–1694)
9 April
1689
18 March
1690
Carmarthen–Halifax
[23]

Richard Hampden
MP for Buckinghamshire
(c. 1631 – 1695)
18 March
1690
10 May
1694
Carmarthen
[23]

The Right Honourable
Charles Montagu
FRS
MP for Maldon – Westminster[1558 4]
(1661–1715)
10 May
1694
31 May
1699
Whig Junto I
[23]

William III

(1694–1702)

Sir John Smith
MP for Andover
(1655/56–1723)
31 May
1699
23 March
1701
Pembroke
[23]

Henry Boyle
MP for Cambridge University – Westminster[1558 5]
(1669–1725)
27 March
1701
22 April
1708
[23]

Godolphin–Marlborough
(Tory–Whig)
Anne

(1702–1714)

text:
Jump up ^ Served until 1589 during the 9th Parliament of Queen Elizabeth I.
Jump up ^ Served from 1601 prior to the Golden Speech.
Jump up ^ Served during the 3rd Parliament of King James I in 1621.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1695 general election.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1705 general election.

text: Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain (1708–1817)[edit]

text:
Chancellor of the Exchequer of Great Britain[23]

Portrait
Name[24]
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Party
Ministry
Monarch
(Reign)
Ref.

The Right Honourable
Sir John Smith
MP for Andover
(1655/56–1723)
22 April
1708
11 August
1710
Whig
Godolphin–Marlborough
(Tory–Whig)
Anne

(1702–1714)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Robert Harley
MP for Radnor
(1661–1724)
11 August
1710
4 June
1711
Tory
Oxford–Bolingbroke
[23]

The Right Honourable
Robert Benson
MP for York
(c. 1676 – 1731)
4 June
1711
21 August
1713
Tory
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir William Wyndham
Bt
MP for Somerset
(c. 1688 – 1740)
21 August
1713
13 October
1714
Tory
[23]

George I

(1714–1727)
[1708 1]

The Right Honourable
Sir Richard Onslow
Bt
MP for Surrey
(1654–1717)
13 October
1714
12 October
1715
Whig
Townshend I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Robert Walpole
MP for King's Lynn
(1676–1745)
12 October
1715
15 April
1717
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
James Stanhope
1st Earl Stanhope
PC
(c. 1673 – 1721)
15 April
1717
20 March
1718
Whig
Stanhope–Sunderland I
[23]

The Right Honourable
John Aislabie
MP for Ripon
(1670–1742)
20 March
1718
23 January
1721
Whig
Stanhope–Sunderland II
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir John Pratt
Lord Chief Justice
(1657–1725) (interim)
2 February
1721
3 April
1721
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
Robert Walpole
1st Earl of Orford
KGKBPC
MP for King's Lynn[1708 2]
(1676–1745)
3 April
1721
12 February
1742
Whig
Walpole–Townshend
[23]

George II

(1727–1760)

Walpole

The Right Honourable
Samuel Sandys
MP for Worcester
(1695–1770)
12 February
1742
12 December
1743
Whig
Carteret
[23]

The Right Honourable
Henry Pelham
FRS
MP for Sussex
(1694–1754)
12 December
1743
8 March
1754†
Whig
[23]

Broad Bottom
(I & II)

The Right Honourable
Sir William Lee
Lord Chief Justice
(1688–1754) (interim)
8 March
1754
6 April
1754
Whig
Newcastle I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Henry Bilson-Legge
FRS
MP for Orford
(1708–1764)
6 April
1754
25 November
1755
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir George Lyttelton
Bt
MP for Okehampton
(1709–1773)
25 November
1755
16 November
1756
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
Henry Bilson-Legge
MP for Orford
(1708–1764)
16 November
1756
13 April
1757
Whig
Pitt–Devonshire
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Murray
1st Earl of Mansfield
PCSL
Lord Chief Justice
(1705–1793) (interim)
13 April
1757
2 July
1757
Whig
[23]

1757 Caretaker

The Right Honourable
Henry Bilson-Legge
MP for Orford – Hampshire[1708 3]
(1708–1764)
2 July
1757
19 March
1761
Whig
Pitt–Newcastle
[23]

George III

(1760–1820)
[1708 4]

The Right Honourable
William Barrington
2nd Viscount Barrington
PC
MP for Plymouth
(1717–1793)
19 March
1761
29 May
1762
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Francis Dashwood
BtFRS
MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
(1708–1781)
29 May
1762
16 April
1763
Tory
Bute
(Tory–Whig)
[23]

The Right Honourable
George Grenville
MP for Buckingham
(1712–1770)
16 April
1763
16 July
1765
Whig
Grenville
(Whig–Tory)
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Dowdeswell
MP for Worcestershire
(1721–1775)
16 July
1765
2 August
1766
Whig
Rockingham I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Charles Townshend
MP for Harwich
(1725–1767)
2 August
1766
4 September
1767†
Whig
Chatham
(Whig–Tory)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Frederick North
Lord North
KG
MP for Banbury
(1732–1792)
11 September
1767
27 March
1782
Tory
[23]

Grafton

North

The Right Honourable
Lord John Cavendish
MP for York
(1732–1796)
27 March
1782
10 July
1782
Whig
Rockingham II
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Appleby
(1759–1806)
10 July
1782
31 March
1783
Whig
Shelburne
(Whig–Tory)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Lord John Cavendish
MP for York
(1732–1796)
2 April
1783
19 December
1783
Whig
Fox–North
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Appleby – Cambridge University[1708 5]
(1759–1806)
19 December
1783
14 March
1801
Tory
Pitt I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Henry Addington
MP for Devizes
(1757–1844)
14 March
1801
10 May
1804
Tory
Addington
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Pitt the Younger
MP for Cambridge University
(1759–1806)
10 May
1804
23 January
1806†
Tory
Pitt II
[23]

The Right Honourable
Edward Law
1st Baron Ellenborough
PCKCFSA
Lord Chief Justice
(1750–1818) (interim)
23 January
1806
5 February
1806
Tory
All the Talents
(Whig–Tory)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Lord Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice
MP for Cambridge University
(1780–1863)
5 February
1806
26 March
1807
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
Spencer Perceval
KC
MP for Northampton
(1762–1812)
26 March
1807
11 May
1812†
Tory
Portland II
[23]

Perceval

The Right Honourable
Nicholas Vansittart
MP for East Grinstead – Harwich[1708 6]
(1766–1851)
9 June
1812
12 July
1817
Tory
Liverpool
[25]

text:
Jump up ^ Lord Parker served as Regent of Great Britain from 1 August to 18 September 1714.
Jump up ^ Elevated to the Peerage of Great Britain on 6 February 1742.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the Hampshire by-election.
Jump up ^ The Prince of Wales served as Prince Regent from 5 February 1811.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1784 general election.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1812 general election.

text: Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom (1817–present)[edit]

text: Although the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland had been united by the Acts of Union 1800 (39 & 40 Geo. III c. 67), the Exchequers of the two Kingdoms were not consolidated until 1817 under 56 Geo. III c. 98.[26][27] For the holders of the Irish office before this date, see Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland.

text:
Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom[23]

Portrait
Name[24]
(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Party
Ministry
Monarch
(Reign)
Ref.

The Right Honourable
Nicholas Vansittart
FRS
MP for Harwich
(1766–1851)
12 July
1817
31 January
1823
Tory
Liverpool
George III

(1760–1820)
[1817 1]
[23]

George IV

(1820–1830)

The Right Honourable
Frederick John Robinson
MP for Ripon
(1782–1859)
31 January
1823
27 April
1827
Tory
[28]

The Right Honourable
George Canning
FRS
MP for Seaford
(1770–1827)
27 April
1827
8 August
1827†
Tory
Canning
(Canningite–Whig)
[29]

The Right Honourable
Charles Abbott
1st Baron Tenterden
PCSL
Lord Chief Justice
(1762–1832) (interim)
8 August
1827
5 September
1827
Tory
Goderich
N/A

The Right Honourable
John Charles Herries
MP for Harwich
(1778–1855)
5 September
1827
26 January
1828
Tory
[30]

The Right Honourable
Henry Goulburn
FRS
MP for Armagh
(1784–1856)
26 January
1828
22 November
1830
Tory
Wellington–Peel
[23]

William IV

(1830–1837)

The Right Honourable
John Spencer
3rd Viscount Althorp
DLFRS
MP for Northamptonshire – South Northamptonshire[1817 2]
(1782–1845)
22 November
1830
14 November
1834
Whig
Grey
[23]

Melbourne I

The Right Honourable
Thomas Denman
1st Baron Denman
PC
Lord Chief Justice
(1779–1854) (interim)
14 November
1834
15 December
1834
Whig
Wellington Caretaker
N/A

The Right Honourable
Sir Robert Peel
BtFRS
MP for Tamworth
(1788–1850)
15 December
1834
8 April
1835
Conservative
Peel I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Thomas Spring Rice
MP for Cambridge
(1790–1866)
18 April
1835
26 August
1839
Whig
Melbourne II
[23]

Victoria

(1837–1901)

The Right Honourable
Francis Baring
MP for Portsmouth
(1796–1866)
26 August
1839
30 August
1841
Whig
[23]

The Right Honourable
Henry Goulburn
FRS
MP for Cambridge University
(1784–1856)
3 September
1841
27 June
1846
Conservative
Peel II
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Charles Wood
Bt
MP for Halifax
(1800–1885)
6 July
1846
21 February
1852
Whig
Russell I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
MP for Buckinghamshire
(1804–1881)
27 February
1852
17 December
1852
Conservative
Who? Who?
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
MP for Oxford University
(1809–1898)
28 December
1852
28 February
1855
Peelite
Aberdeen
(Peelite–Whig)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir George Cornewall Lewis
Bt
MP for Radnor
(1806–1863)
28 February
1855
21 February
1858
Whig
Palmerston I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
MP for Buckinghamshire
(1804–1881)
26 February
1858
11 June
1859
Conservative
Derby–Disraeli II
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
MP for Oxford University – South Lancashire[1817 3]
(1809–1898)
18 June
1859
26 June
1866
Liberal
Palmerston II
[23]

Russell II

The Right Honourable
Benjamin Disraeli
MP for Buckinghamshire
(1804–1881)
6 July
1866
29 February
1868
Conservative
Derby–Disraeli III
[23]

The Right Honourable
George Ward Hunt
MP for North Northamptonshire
(1825–1877)
29 February
1868
1 December
1868
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Robert Lowe
MP for London University
(1811–1892)
9 December
1868
11 August
1873
Liberal
Gladstone I
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
MP for Greenwich
(1809–1898)
11 August
1873
17 February
1874
Liberal
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Stafford Northcote
BtGCBFRS
MP for North Devonshire
(1818–1887)
21 February
1874
21 April
1880
Conservative
Disraeli II
[23]

The Right Honourable
William Ewart Gladstone
MP for Midlothian
(1809–1898)
28 April
1880
16 December
1882
Liberal
Gladstone II
[23]

The Right Honourable
Hugh Childers
MP for Pontefract
(1827–1896)
16 December
1882
9 June
1885
Liberal
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Michael Hicks Beach
BtDL
MP for Bristol West
(1837–1916)
24 June
1885
28 January
1886
Conservative
Salisbury I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir William Vernon Harcourt
QC
MP for Derby
(1827–1904)
6 February
1886
20 July
1886
Liberal
Gladstone III
[23]

The Right Honourable
Lord Randolph Churchill
MP for Paddington South
(1849–1895)
3 August
1886
22 December
1886
Conservative
Salisbury II
[23]

The Right Honourable
George Goschen
DL
MP for St George Hanover Square
(1831–1907)
14 January
1887
11 August
1892
Liberal Unionist
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir William Vernon Harcourt
QC
MP for Derby
(1827–1904)
18 August
1892
21 June
1895
Liberal
Gladstone IV
[23]

Rosebery

The Right Honourable
Sir Michael Hicks Beach
BtDL
MP for Bristol West
(1837–1916)
29 June
1895
11 August
1902
Conservative
Salisbury III
(Con.–Lib.U.)
[23]

Edward VII

(1901–1910)

The Right Honourable
Charles Ritchie
MP for Croydon
(1838–1906)
11 August
1902
9 October
1903
Conservative
Balfour
[23]

The Right Honourable
Austen Chamberlain
MP for East Worcestershire
(1863–1937)
9 October
1903
4 December
1905
Liberal Unionist
[23]

The Right Honourable
Herbert Henry Asquith
KC
MP for East Fife
(1852–1928)
10 December
1905
16 April
1908
Liberal
Campbell-Bannerman
[23]

The Right Honourable
David Lloyd George
MP for Caernarvon Boroughs
(1863–1945)
16 April
1908
25 May
1915
Liberal
Asquith I
[31]

George V

(1910–1936)

The Right Honourable
Reginald McKenna
MP for North Monmouthshire
(1863–1943)
25 May
1915
10 December
1916
Liberal
Asquith II
(Lib.–Con.–et al.)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Bonar Law
MP for Bootle – Glasgow Central[1817 4]
(1858–1923)
10 December
1916
10 January
1919
Conservative
Lloyd George
(I & II)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Austen Chamberlain
MP for Birmingham West
(1863–1937)
10 January
1919
1 April
1921
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Robert Horne
GBEKC
MP for Glasgow Hillhead
(1871–1940)
1 April
1921
19 October
1922
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Stanley Baldwin
JP
MP for Bewdley
(1867–1947)
27 October
1922
27 August
1923
Conservative
Law
[23]

Baldwin I

The Right Honourable
Neville Chamberlain
MP for Birmingham Ladywood
(1869–1940)
27 August
1923
22 January
1924
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Philip Snowden
MP for Colne Valley
(1864–1937)
22 January
1924
3 November
1924
Labour
MacDonald I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Winston Churchill
CHTD
MP for Epping
(1874–1965)
6 November
1924
4 June
1929
Conservative
Baldwin II
[23]

The Right Honourable
Philip Snowden
MP for Colne Valley
(1864–1937)
7 June
1929
5 November
1931
Labour
MacDonald II
[23]

National Labour
National I
(N.Lab.–Con.–et al.)

The Right Honourable
Neville Chamberlain
FRS
MP for Birmingham Edgbaston
(1869–1940)
5 November
1931
28 May
1937
Conservative
National II
[23]

National III
(Con.–N.Lab.–et al.)

Edward VIII

(1936)

George VI

(1936–1952)

The Right Honourable
Sir John Simon
GCSIGCVOOBE
MP for Spen Valley
(1873–1954)
28 May
1937
12 May
1940
Liberal National
National IV
[23]

Chamberlain War

The Right Honourable
Sir Kingsley Wood
MP for Woolwich West
(1881–1943)
12 May
1940
21 September
1943†
Conservative
Churchill War
(All parties)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir John Anderson
GCBGCSIGCIEPC (Ire.)
MP for Combined Scottish Universities
(1882–1958)
24 September
1943
26 July
1945
Independent
(National)
[23]

Churchill Caretaker
(Con.–Lib.N.)

The Right Honourable
Hugh Dalton
MP for Bishop Auckland
(1887–1962)
27 July
1945
13 November
1947
Labour
Attlee
(I & II)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Sir Stafford Cripps
FRS
MP for Bristol East – Bristol South East[1817 5]
(1889–1952)
13 November
1947
19 October
1950
Labour
[23]

The Right Honourable
Hugh Gaitskell
CBE
MP for Leeds South
(1906–1963)
19 October
1950
26 October
1951
Labour
[23]

The Right Honourable
Richard Austen Butler
CH
MP for Saffron Walden
(1902–1982)
26 October
1951
20 December
1955
Conservative
Churchill III
[23]

Elizabeth II

(1952–present)

Eden

The Right Honourable
Harold Macmillan
MP for Bromley
(1894–1986)
20 December
1955
13 January
1957
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Peter Thorneycroft
MP for Monmouth
(1909–1994)
13 January
1957
6 January
1958
Conservative
Macmillan
(I & II)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Derick Heathcoat-Amory
TD
MP for Tiverton
(1899–1981)
6 January
1958
27 July
1960
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Selwyn Lloyd
CBEQC
MP for Wirral
(1904–1978)
27 July
1960
13 July
1962
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Reginald Maudling
MP for Barnet
(1917–1979)
16 July
1962
16 October
1964
Conservative
[32]

Douglas-Home

The Right Honourable
James Callaghan
MP for Cardiff South East
(1912–2005)
17 October
1964
29 November
1967
Labour
Wilson
(I & II)
[33]

The Right Honourable
Roy Jenkins
MP for Birmingham Stechford
(1920–2003)
29 November
1967
19 June
1970
Labour
[34]

The Right Honourable
Iain Macleod
MP for Enfield West
(1913–1970)
20 June
1970
20 July
1970†
Conservative
Heath
[23]

The Right Honourable
Anthony Barber
TD
MP for Altrincham and Sale
(1920–2005)
25 July
1970
4 March
1974
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Denis Healey
MBE
MP for Leeds East
(1917–2015)
5 March
1974
4 May
1979
Labour
Wilson
(III & IV)
[23]

Callaghan

The Right Honourable
Sir Geoffrey Howe
QC
MP for East Surrey
(1926–2015)
4 May
1979
11 June
1983
Conservative
Thatcher I
[23]

The Right Honourable
Nigel Lawson
MP for Blaby
(born 1932)
11 June
1983
26 October
1989
Conservative
Thatcher II
[23]

Thatcher III

The Right Honourable
John Major
MP for Huntingdon
(born 1943)
26 October
1989
28 November
1990
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Norman Lamont
MP for Kingston-upon-Thames
(born 1942)
28 November
1990
27 May
1993
Conservative
Major I
[23]

Major II

The Right Honourable
Kenneth Clarke
QC
MP for Rushcliffe
(born 1940)
27 May
1993
2 May
1997
Conservative
[23]

The Right Honourable
Gordon Brown
MP for Dunfermline East – Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath[1817 6]
(born 1951)
2 May
1997
27 June
2007
Labour
Blair
(I–III)
[23]

The Right Honourable
Alistair Darling
MP for Edinburgh South West
(born 1953)
29 June
2007
11 May
2010
Labour
Brown
[35]

The Right Honourable
George Osborne
MP for Tatton
(born 1971)
12 May
2010
13 July
2016
Conservative
Cameron–Clegg
(Con.–L.D.)
[36]

Cameron II

The Right Honourable
Philip Hammond
MP for Runnymede and Weybridge
(born 1955)
13 July
2016
Incumbent
Conservative
May I
[37]

May II

text:
Jump up ^ The Prince of Wales served as Prince Regent from 5 February 1811.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1832–33 general election.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1865 general election.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1918 general election.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1950 general election.
Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 2005 general election.