document_title: List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

question_text: when did the last survivor of the crimean war die

question_tokens: when did the last survivor of the crimean war die

text: List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

text: Classical antiquity[edit]

text:
Ramesses II (1303–1213 BC) – Egyptian Pharaoh who, as a young man, fought many battles with the Hittites and Shardana pirates and died aged 90.
Aristodemus of Sparta (c. 530–479 BC) – The "Coward of Thermopylae", who was the only Spartan to survive the Battle of Thermopylae.[1]
Marcus Valerius Corvus (370 BC?–270 BC) – Led the Roman army in the First Samnite War and reputedly lived to the age of 100.[2]
King Masinissa (c. 238 BC–c. 148 BC) – Led the Numidians during the Second Punic War and died at the age of 90.

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (1040–1118) – Last of the Norman noblemen proven to have fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.[3]

text: Early modern period[edit]

text: These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified as it was common in pre-industrialised societies for elders to exaggerate their age.

text:
Anton Grolekofsky (1671/1672?–1785) – Polish soldier who lived in Sweden. Claimed to have fought in the Nine Years' War, Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) and Polish-Swedish War.[4][5]
Andreas Nielsen (1660?–1782) – Norwegian soldier. Claimed to be the last Scanian War veteran, to have had a long military career and seen many battles.[4][6]
Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg (1626?–1772) – Norwegian sailor. Claimed to have fought for Frederick III of Denmark in the Dano-Swedish War (1657–58) and again from 1675 to 1681 in the Scanian War.[7]

text: 17th century[edit]

text: English Civil War (1642–51)[edit]

text: William Hiseland (1620?–1732) – Wiltshire native. Fought for royalists in this war, Williamite War in Ireland and War of the Spanish Succession.[8] Last survivor of Battle of Edgehill. Retired with rank of sergeant.[9] For 80-year service to the king, he became one of the earliest admitted to Royal Hospital Chelsea.[10]

text: First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54)[edit]

text: Richard Haddock (1629–1714) – Royal Navy.[11]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: Great Northern War (1700–21)[edit]

text: Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Last of the Zaporozhian Host. Also fought in 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).

text: War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)[edit]

text: Ambrose Bennett (or Tennant) (1693/1694?-1800) - served at the Battle of Malplaquet and reputedly died at the age of 106.[12][13]

text: Jacobite risings (1719–45)[edit]

text:
Peter Grant (1714?–1824) – Scottish Jacobite Rebel. Fought at Culloden, Falkirk Muir and Prestonpans.[14]
George Browne (1698–1792) – Irish nobleman. Supported Old Pretender. Later became mercenary in Russian army.[15]

text: War of the Polish Succession (1733–38)[edit]

text: Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – Died in France. Also served in the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."[16]

text: Russo-Turkish wars (1735–74)[edit]

text: Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Last of the Zaporozhian Host and last known living veteran of the Great Northern War. Fought in the 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).[17]

text: War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48)[edit]

text: Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – Died in France. Also served in the War of the Polish Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."[16]

text: French and Indian War (1754–63)[edit]

text:
Jonathan Benjamin (1738–1841) – Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[18]
James Thompson (1733–1830) – Engineer in Frasers Highlanders. Settled in Quebec City.[19][20]
Robert Abercromby of Airthrey (1740–1827) – Died in Great Britain.[21]
Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière (1748–1822) – Died in Montreal, Quebec, British Empire.[22]

text: Seven Years' War (1754–63)[edit]

text:
Johann Heinrich Behrens (1735?–1844) – Died in Germany.[23]
Ezekiel Blackmarr (1742–1841) – Britain. Born in the American colonies. Enlisted in British forces and was their last survivor of the Battle of Havana (1762)[24]
Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon (1746–1828) – Died in France.[25]
Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton (1743–1821) – Died in Britain.[26]

text: American Revolutionary War (1775–83)[edit]

text:
Daniel Bakeman (1759–1869) – Alleged veteran. Awarded pension via Congress, though no support of service has been located.[27]
John Gray (1764–1868) – Last verifiable veteran although period of service was too short for him for pension qualification.[28]
Samuel Downing (1764–1867)[29]
Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) – Last official veteran; honorable discharge signed by George Washington.[30]
Barnabas Cochran (1758–1864) – Pennsylvania State Militia. Longest lived verified veteran.[31]

text: French Revolution (1789–99)[edit]

text:
Nicolas Savin (1768?–1894) – Enlisted in 2nd Regiment of Hussars in 1798. 1768 figure proclaims he was approximately 126 at time of death. Later served under Napoleon and was awarded the Legion d'Honneur.[32]
Giovanni Battista Campanella (1776?–1884) – France. Served in Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars and later in the 1812 Russian campaign.[33][34]
Yves Couédic (1774?–1883) – France. Fought in the Vendée in 1793[35][36]
Pierre Petit (1779–1882) – France. Served in the French invasion of Egypt[37]
Arthur Dardenne (1776–1872) – France. Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille.[38]

text: Irish Rebellion of 1798[edit]

text: William Kinsella (1775–1870) — Irish rebel, fought at Castlecomer.[39]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)[edit]

text:
Vincent Markiewicz (1795?–1903) – Last Polish veteran. Fought for Napoleon.[40][41] In 1912 there were three Polish men who claimed to have fought at Borodino, but it is unlikely they were real veterans due to lack of documentation and age ranges relatively high from 120 to 133.
Jean Adrin (1797–1902) – Last French veteran.[42]
Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) – Last Dutch veteran and Europe's oldest man at the time of his death. He fought for France in the 33ème Régiment Léger.[32]
Louis Victor Baillot (1793–1898) – French veteran. Last Battle of Waterloo veteran. Saw action at siege of Hamburg.[43]
Pedro Martínez (1789?–1898) – Last Battle of Trafalgar veteran. Served in Spanish navy on San Juan Nepomuceno.[32]
Leonard Meesters (1796–1896) – Last Belgian veteran. Fought for Napoleon.[32]
Josephine Mazurkewicz (1794–1896) – Last female veteran. Assistant surgeon in Napoleon's army. Later partook in Crimean War.[32]
Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) – Canadian born, served at sea in Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812.[44]
Morris Shea (1795–1892) – 73rd Foot – Last Scottish veteran.[45]
Vasilij Nikolaevich Kochetkov (1785?–1892) Russian Imperial Army. Enlisted 7 March 1811. Served in Grenadier Lifeguard Regiment at Borodino. Served 66 1/2 years until 12 October 1877 when wounded out of service in the Russian-Ottoman War.[46][47][48]
Joseph Sutherland (1789–1890) – Last English veteran. Royal Navy. Last British survivor of Trafalgar.[49]

text: War of 1812 (1812–15)[edit]

text:
Hiram Cronk (1800–1905) – United States Army.[50]
Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) – Royal Navy. Napoleonic veteran.[44]

text: Greek War of Independence (1821–32)[edit]

text: John W Stainer (1808–1907) – Royal Navy. Last survivor of the Battle of Navarino.[51]

text: July Revolution (1830)[edit]

text: Auguste Lebailly (1815–1911)[52][53]

text: Belgian Revolution (1830–31)[edit]

text: Philippe Demoulin (1809–1912) – Belgium[54]

text: Texas War of Independence (1835–36)[edit]

text:
Alfonso Steele (1817–1911) – Last veteran of Battle of San Jacinto.[55]
James L. Allen (1815–1901) – Texan courier at Alamo.[56]

text: Black Hawk War (1832)[edit]

text: Henry L. Riggs (1812–1911)[57]

text: Rebellions of 1837[edit]

text:
Nelson Truax (1818–1915) – Hunters' Lodges. Last survivor of the Battle of the Windmill[58]
François X. Matthieu (1818–1914) – Parti Patriote.[59]
Douglas Labalmondière (1815–1893) – Upper Canada Rebels.[60]

text: Mexican-American War (1846–48)[edit]

text:
Owen Thomas Edgar (1831–1929) – United States Navy.[61]
Antonio Rincón Gallardo (c. 1833–1928) – Mexican Army.[62] Enlisted at 13 years old and served at Churubusco in 1847.

text: Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49 (1848–49)[edit]

text:
József Fischl (1827–1929) — Last Hungarian veteran.[63]
István Lebo (1826–1928) — Believed the last Hungarian veteran. Last resident of the Hungarian Veterans Home.
Artúr Görgey (1818–1916) — Last Hungarian General.

text: Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)[edit]

text: John Stratford (1829–1932) – British East India Company. Fought in the battles of Ramnagar, Challianwala, and Gujrat. Later served in the Anglo-Persian War as well as the Indian Mutiny.[64]

text: First Schleswig War (1848–51)[edit]

text:
Jørgen Jørgensen Birkholm (1829–1931) – Last Danish veteran[65]
Detlef Marxen (c.1825 - 1930) – Last German veteran[66]

text: Crimean War (1853–56)[edit]

text:
Charles Longden (1833–1938) – British. Served in the Royal Engineers[67][68]
Yves Prigent (1833–1938) – French sailor.[32]
Edwin Bezar (1838–1936) – British soldier. Also last British soldier in New Zealand Wars.
Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet (1835–1936) – possible last British Army officer (he died 9 months after Bezar).[69][70]
Charles Nathan (1834–1934) – Last French soldier. Saw action in Italy, Syria, Mexico and Franco-Prussian War.[citation needed]
Luigi Parachini (c. 1832–1930) – Last Sardinian soldier. Served under general La Màrmora.[71]
Edwin Hughes (1830–1927) – Last survivor of Charge of the Light Brigade.[72]
Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton (1845–1940). Claimed to have been a naval cadet on HMS Dragon during the siege of Sevastopol, earning two campaign medals before his twelfth birthday. There is no record of his having enrolled in the Royal Navy and at time of his visits to the Crimea (mid-May to mid-July 1856), nobody was entitled to the award of the British Crimea Medal.[73] Later Colonel in British Army in Second Boer War.
Timothy (c.1839–2004) – Ship's tortoise mascot of HMS Queen during the first bombardment of Sevastopol in the Crimean War (she was the last survivor of this war).[74]

text: Seminole Wars (1816–58)[edit]

text: Jacob C. Marsh (c. 1818–1917) – U.S Volunteers. Last participant of the Second Seminole War[75]

text: Indian Mutiny (1857–59)[edit]

text:
Charles Palmer (1847–1940) – Nine-year-old boy who participated in the Siege of Lucknow
Robert Collinson d'Esterre Spottiswoode (1841–1936) – Last British Army veteran.[76][77]

text: Third Italian War of Independence (1866)[edit]

text: Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli (1843–1934) – Italy.[78][79]

text: New Zealand Wars (1845–72)[edit]

text: Edwin Bezar (1838–1936), last British soldier. Settled in New Zealand.

text: Second Italian War of Independence (1859)[edit]

text:
Anton Neubauer (1836–1941) – Austria. Last survivor of the Battle of Solferino.[80][81]
Amedeo Galle (1837–1936) – Italy.[82]
François Ribet (1835–1936) – France.[83]
William John Newby (1832–1934) – England. Last member of British Legion.[84]

text: American Civil War (1861–65)[edit]

text: Union[edit]

text: Albert Woolson (1850–1956)[85]

text: Confederacy[edit]

text: Last surviving Confederate veterans

text:
Name
Claimed birth date
Believed birth date
Death date
Status

Pleasant Crump
23 December 1847

31 December 1951
Verified

Felix M. Witkoski
5 January 1850
October 1854
3 February 1952
Dubious

Thomas Edwin Ross
19 July 1850

27 March 1952
Possible

Richard William Cumpston
23 May 1841

5 September 1952
Unknown

William Murphy Loudermilk[86]
23 October 1847[87]
April 1851[88]
18 September 1952
Possible

William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[89][90]
10 July 1845
July 1846
11 November 1952
Verified[91]

Arnold Murray[92]
10 June 1846
1842/1855[93]
26 November 1952
Possible[94]

William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[89][95]
12 April 1846

22 February 1953
Verified[96]

William Albert Kinney
10 February 1843/1846[97]
10 February 1861[98]
23 June 1953
Probable[99]

Thomas Evans Riddle
16 April 1846[100]
1862[101]
2 April 1954
Possible[102]

text: Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. military archives, the Confederate records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Walter Williams was generally acknowledged as the "last Confederate veteran" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposé by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.[103]

text: Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.[104] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.

text: French invasion of Mexico (1861–67)[edit]

text:
Jules Pujos (1846–1942) – France.[32]
Francisco Arellano Zenteno (1842–1935) – Mexico. Fought at the battles of Puebla, La Carbonera and Tuxtepec. Had previously served in the Reform War.[105]

text: January Uprising (1863–65)[edit]

text: Feliks Bartczuk (1846–1946) – Last veteran.[106]

text: Second Schleswig War (1864)[edit]

text: Ove Henning Jacobsen (1841–1941) – Last Danish veteran.[107]

text: Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–68)[edit]

text: Adrian Jones (1845–1938) – served as veterinary officer, believed to be last British survivor.[108] Also served in First Boer War and Nile Expedition.

text: Indian Wars (1622–1924)[edit]

text:
Otto D. Van Norman (1876–1981) – Served in the local posse during the Battle of Kelley Creek[109]
Frederick Fraske (1872–1973) – Last U.S Army veteran[110]
Hubert V. Eva (1869–1971) – Last participant of the Battle of Sugar Point, last battle fought between Native Americans and the U.S. Army[111]
John Daw (1870–1965) – Last surviving U.S. Indian Scout [112][113]
Dewey Beard (1857–1955) – Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[114] Also fought at Wounded Knee.[115]
William James Howard (1826–1924) – fought in the Mariposa War in Yosemite Valley.[116]
David McCoy (1790–1895) – Fought in Tecumseh's War. Saw Chief Tecumseh die while fighting in the Battle of the Thames. Served in the War of 1812[117]
Josiah Allen (1800–1891) – Enlisted at 14 to serve in the Creek War. Later served in the War of 1812.[118]

text: Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)[edit]

text:
Seraphin Pruvost (1849–1955) – Last French veteran.[32]
Karl Glöckner (1845–1953) – Last German veteran.[32]

text: Paris Commune (1871)[edit]

text:
Adrien Lejeune (1847–1942) – Last Communard.[32][119]
Emile Chausse (1850–1941) – Left army and joined the communards in 1870.[32]
Antonin Desfarges (1851–1941) – Last Communard député.[32]

text: Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–74)[edit]

text: Harry Figg (1855–1953) – possible last British service veteran, died in Australia. Also served in First Boer War and Second Boer War.[7] [8]

text: Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)[edit]

text:
Konstantin Vikent'evich Hrutskij (1855–1967) – Preobrazhenskij Lifeguard Regiment.[120] Claim is not fully verified, and Hrutskij's own accounts of his experience contradict historical records.[121]
Nene Hatun (1857–1955) – Turkey. Fought at the Battle of Erzurum.

text: Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80)[edit]

text: Alfred Hawker (1858–1962) – last British Army survivor[122]

text: Zulu War (1879)[edit]

text:
Charles Wallace Warden (died 1953) – Transferred to First Foot in 1874.[123]
Frank Bourne (1854–1945) – Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.[124]

text: War of the Pacific (1879–84)[edit]

text: Ricardo Orellana Olate (1860–1967) – Chilean Army[125][126]

text: First Boer War (1880–81)[edit]

text: Harry Figg (1855–1953) – possibly last British Army survivor of this war, fought at Majuba Hill and Laing's Nek. (Previously served 1873 Anglo-Ashanti War.)

text: Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)[edit]

text: Sir Dudley de Chair (1864–1958) – British Army.[127]

text: Mahdist War (1882–99)[edit]

text:
James Richard Miles (1879–1977) – Britain. Last survivor of the Battle of Omdurman.[128]
William Francis Saville (1878–1968) – Lancashire Fusiliers. Fought at Battle of Omdurman, in Boer War and on Western Front 1915-18.

text: Nile Expedition (1884–85)[edit]

text: Sir Reginald Wingate (1861–1953) – last British officer survivor (later General in World War I).

text: Northwest Rebellion (1885)[edit]

text:
William Dickie Mills (1866–1971) — Canada[129][130]
Honoré Jackson (1861–1952) — Provisional Government of Saskatchewan[131]

text: Cuban War of Independence (1895–98)[edit]

text: Juan Fajardo Vega (1881–1990) – Cuban Liberation Army. Later served in the 1912 Negro Rebellion and the Cuban Revolution.[132][133]

text: Spanish–American War (1898)[edit]

text:
Jones Morgan (1882–1993)[134]
Aurelio Diaz Campillo (1878–1989)[135] – Spain

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Second Boer War (1899–1902)[edit]

text:
George Frederick Ives (1881–1993) – British army. Later emigrated to Canada.[136]
Pieter Arnoldus Krueler (1885–1986) – Boer army. Later served in both world wars and the Spanish Civil War and was a mercenary in the Congo Crisis.[137]

text: Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) and Philippine–American War (1899–1902)[edit]

text: Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992)[138]

text: Potemkin Mutiny (1905)[edit]

text: Ivan Beshoff (1885–1987) – Sailor on Russian battleship Potemkin. Fled to Ireland and opened a fish and chips shop.[139]

text: Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)[edit]

text:
Mamoru Eto (1883–1992) – Japanese Army[140]
Alex Gory (1881–1989) – Russian Army[141]

text: Macedonian Struggle (1904–08)[edit]

text: Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece[142]

text: Mexican Revolution (1910–20)[edit]

text:
Juan Carlos Caballero Vega (1900–2010) – Pancho Villa's driver.[143]
Feliciano Mejia (1899–2008) – Last living member of Emiliano Zapata's Ejército Libertador del Sur.[144][145]
Antonio Gómez Delgado (1900–2007) – Last living member of Pancho Villa's División del Norte[146][147]
Teodoro García (1889–1999) – Last Federal soldier.[148][149]

text: Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)[edit]

text: Luigi Gilardi (1892–1993) – Italian Colonial Forces. Also served in WWI and WWII.[150]

text: Balkan Wars (1912–13)[edit]

text:
Lăcătușu Dumitrașcu (1891–1999) – Romanian Army. Also served in WWI and WWII[151]
Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greek Army. Also served in WWI and WWII.[142]
Hristo Getov-Obbov (1893–1994) – Bulgarian Army.[152]
Hüseyin Kaçmaz (1884–1994) – Ottoman Army. Also served in WWI.[153]
Danilo Dajković (1895–1993) – Montenegrin Army. Also served in WWI.[154]

text: World War I (1914–18)[edit]

text:
Florence Green (1901–2012) – Britain. Last veteran of World War I from any country. Served as an officer's mess steward in the Women's Royal Air Force.
Claude Choules (1901–2011) – Britain. Last combat veteran. Served in the Royal Navy. Also last veteran to serve in both World Wars.
Harry Patch (1898–2009) – Britain. Last soldier to fight in the trenches.
Franz Künstler (1900–2008) – Austria-Hungary. Last veteran from the Central Powers.

text: Easter Rising (1916)[edit]

text:
John Rogers (1894–2000) – British Army. Also served in WWI.[155]
Lily Kempson (1897–1996) – Irish Citizen Army.[156]
William Connor Hogan (1898–1995) – Irish Volunteers.[157] Also served in the War of Independence and the Civil War.[158]

text: October Revolution (1917)[edit]

text: Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in Russian Civil War.[159]

text: Russian Civil War (1917–22)[edit]

text: Russian participants:

text:
Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in October Revolution.[159]
Nikolai Fyodorov (1901–2003) – White Army.[160]

text: Veterans of Allied military intervention forces:

text:
Warren V. Hileman (1901–2005) – last US Army veteran of Polar Bear Expedition.[161][162]
Harold Edwin Radford (1897–2003) – last known Canadian veteran, was stationed at Vladivostok.[163]
Jean Piry (1896–2003) – last known French Army veteran[164]
Frank William Ivers (1902–2003) – last known British veteran, served in Royal Navy off north Russia.
Harold Gunnes (1899–2003) – last US Navy veteran of the Polar Bear Expedition. Saw action against the Bolsheviks on USS Olympia (C-6) in 1918.

text: Finnish Civil War (1918)[edit]

text:
Lauri Nurminen (1906–2009) – White Guards.[165]
Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009) – Red Guards.[166]

text: Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)[edit]

text: Jan Rzepa (1899–2005) – Last Polish fighter.[167]

text: German Revolution of 1918–19[edit]

text:
Helmut Fink (1901–2009) – Freikorps.[168][169]
William Seegers (Also second last German World War One Veteran) (1900–2007) – German Army.[170]

text: Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)[edit]

text: Major Aleksander Sałacki (1904–2008) – Poland. Last surviving Lwów Eaglet.[171][172]

text: Estonian War of Independence (1918–20)[edit]

text:
Ants Ilus (1901–2006) – Died in Estonia.[173]
Karl Jaanus (1899–2000) – Last surviving Cross of Liberty recipient awarded during war.[174]

text: Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)[edit]

text:
Arnolds Hofmanis (1900–2006) – Died in Tukums, Latvia.[175]
Arvīds Lauris (1901–2003) – Last surviving Order of Lāčplēsis recipient awarded during war.[176]

text: Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–20)[edit]

text:
Kazys Varkala (1900–2005) – Lithuania. Fought against the Soviets and the Bermontians[177]
Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania. Fought the Polish in 1920.[178]

text: Irish War of Independence (1919–21)[edit]

text:
Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Irish Republican Army.[179]
Bert Clark (1899–2005) – British Army.[180]
Hugh McIvor (1901–2002) – Last survivor of the Royal Irish Constabulary[181]

text: Polish–Soviet War (1919–21)[edit]

text: Alexander Imich (1903–2014) - Poland.[182]

text: Silesian Uprisings (1919–21)[edit]

text: Wilhelm Meisel (1904–2009) – Last survivor.[183][184]

text: Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–20)[edit]

text:
Stefan Jan Ostrowski (1902–2003) – Poland. Also fought against the Soviets.[185]
Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania.[178]

text: Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)[edit]

text: Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008) – Died in Turkey.[186]

text: Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)[edit]

text:
Veysel Turan (1901–2007) – Turkey
Napoleon Patricios (1899–2006)[187] – Greece. Served on board the destroyer Ierax.

text: Rif War (1920-1926)[edit]

text: Francisco Nunez Olivera (born 1904) – Spain.[188]

text: March on Rome (1922)[edit]

text: Vasco Bruttomesso (1903–2009)[189]

text: Irish Civil War (1922-23)[edit]

text:
Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Anti-treaty forces. Served in the Irish Republican Army.[179]
Seán Clancy (1901-2006) – Pro-treaty forces. Served in the National Army[190]

text: Northern Expedition (1926–28)[edit]

text: Tsien Tsuen-hsuin (1909–2015) – National Revolutionary Army.[191]

text: Cristero War (1926–29)[edit]

text: Juan Daniel Macías Villegas (1912–2016) – Last surviving Cristero.[192]

text: Nanchang Uprising (1927)[edit]

text: Xiao Ke (1907–2008) – Last Communist officer.[193]

text: Brazilian Revolution of 1930[edit]

text: Waldemar Levy Cardoso (1900–2009) – Brazilian army.[194]

text: Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)[edit]

text:
Delmer Berg (1915–2016) - United States. Last veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Günther Scholz (1911–2014) - Germany. Last veteran of the Condor Legion.
At least six Republicans and three Nationalists still living as of 2017[update].


document_title: NHL Entry Draft

question_text: how old do you have to be to be in the nhl

root

text: NHL Entry Draft

text: History[edit]

text: The first NHL Entry Draft (at that time known as the "NHL Amateur Draft") was held on June 5, 1963 at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec.[1] Any amateur player under the age of 20 was eligible to be drafted. In 1979, the rules were changed allowing players who had previously played professionally to be drafted. This rule change was made to facilitate the absorption of players from the defunct World Hockey Association. Consequently, the name of the draft was changed from "NHL Amateur Draft" to "NHL Entry Draft". Beginning in 1980, any player who is between the ages of 18 and 20 is eligible to be drafted. In addition, any non-North American player over the age of 20 can be selected. From 1987 through 1991, 18 and 19-year-old players could only be drafted in the first three rounds unless they met another criterion of experience which required them to have played in major junior, U.S. college and high school, or European hockey.[1][2]

tag: p

text: In 1980, the Entry Draft became a public event, and was held at the Montreal Forum. Prior to that year the Entry Draft was conducted in Montreal hotels or league offices and was closed to the general public.[1] The first draft outside of Montreal was held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in Toronto, Ontario, in 1985.[3] Live television coverage of the draft began in 1984 when the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation covered the event in both English and French for Canadian audiences. The 1987 Entry Draft, held at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan, was the first NHL Draft to be held in the United States. SportsChannel America began covering the event in the United States in 1989.[1]

text: Prior to the development of the Draft, NHL teams sponsored junior teams, and signed prospects in their teens to the junior teams. Players were signed to one of three forms: the "A" form, which committed a player to a tryout; a "B" form, which gave the team an option to sign a player in return for a bonus; and the "C" form, which committed a player's professional rights. The "C" form could only be signed by the player at age eighteen or by the player's parents, often in exchange for some signing bonus.[4] The first drafts (up until the 1968 Amateur Draft) were held to assign players who had not signed with an NHL organization before the sponsorship of junior teams was discontinued after 1968.

text: Selection order and draft lottery[edit]

text: The selection order in the NHL Entry Draft is determined by a combination of lottery, regular season standing, and playoff results. While teams are permitted to trade draft picks both during the draft and prior to it (sometimes several years prior), in all cases, the selection order of the draft picks is based on the original holder of the pick, not a team which may have acquired the pick via a trade or other means.[5][6] The order of picks discussed in this section always references the original team.

text: The basic order of the NHL Entry Draft is determined based on the standings of the teams in the previous season. As with the other major sports leagues, the basic draft order is intended to favour the teams with the weakest performance who presumably need the most improvement in their roster to compete with the other teams. Subject to the results of the NHL Draft Lottery (discussed below), the teams pick in the same order each round, with each team getting one pick per round. The basic order of the picks is determined as follows:[7]

text:
The teams that did not qualify for the playoffs the previous season (picks 1–15)
The teams that made the playoffs in the previous season but did not win either their division in the regular season or play in the Conference Finals (picks 16–23 up to 27)
The teams that won their divisions in the previous season but did not play in the Conference Finals (potentially picks 24–27)
The teams that lose in Conference Finals (picks 28 and 29)
The team that was the runner-up in the Stanley Cup Finals (pick 30)
The team that won the Stanley Cup in the previous season (pick 31)

tag: ol

text: The number of teams in the second and third group depends on whether the Conference finalists also won their division. The teams in each group (other than the Stanley Cup winner and runner up) are ordered within that group based on their point totals in the preceding regular season (with the lowest point total picking first). Tie-breakers are governed by the same rules used to determine ties in the regular season standings. The order of picks 1–15 may change during the first round of the draft based on the results of the NHL Draft lottery. In the subsequent rounds, the basic order based on point totals is used.[6]

text: When teams lose their rights to a first-round draft choice, because that player was not signed to a contract and consequently re-entered the entry draft or became an unrestricted free agent, they are awarded a compensatory draft pick. This selection will be the same numerical choice as the first round draft pick who was not signed, but in the second round. For example, if a team cannot sign the seventh overall first round draft choice, it will receive the seventh pick in the second round of the next draft as compensation.[8]

text: Draft lottery[edit]

text: At the conclusion of the regular season, the 15 teams that did not qualify for the playoffs are entered in a weighted lottery to determine the initial draft picks in the first round. The teams are seeded in the basic draft order based on their regular season point totals. The odds of winning the lottery are weighted on a descending scale that gives the greatest chance of winning to the team with the lowest point total (18.5%), and the worst chance to the team with the highest point total (1.0%).

text: The prize for winning the draft lottery is to be upgraded to pick first in the first round of the draft, with each team that preceded the winner in the basic draft order bumped one pick lower. For example, if the team with the 5th worst point total wins the lottery, it would pick first, and the teams with the worst through 4th-worst records would pick second through fifth. The remaining teams would be unaffected. The teams would return to the basic order for the second and all subsequent rounds.

text: From its inception until 2015, there was one winner for the lottery, who would win the first pick in the draft. Beginning with the 2016 draft, three winners are picked in the lottery. These teams win the first three picks in the lottery, with the remaining teams dropping as many as three places from their spot in the basic order.[9]

text: The NHL Draft Lottery takes place during the Stanley Cup playoffs and is hosted at Sportsnet's studios in Toronto from 2015 onwards. From 2006 to 2014, the draft lottery took place at TSN's studios in Toronto.

text: Eligible players[edit]

text: All players who will be 18 years old on or before September 15 and not older than 20 years old before December 31 of the draft year are eligible for selection for that year's NHL Entry Draft. In addition, non-North American players over the age of 20 are eligible.[10]

text: List of NHL Entry Drafts[edit]

text:
Draft
Location
City
Date
Rounds
Total drafted
#1 pick

1963
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001963-06-05-0000June 5, 1963
4
21
Monahan, GarryGarry Monahan (Montreal Canadiens)

1964
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001964-06-11-0000June 11, 1964
4
24
Gauthier, ClaudeClaude Gauthier (Detroit Red Wings)

1965
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001965-04-27-0000April 27, 1965
3
11
Veilleux, AndreAndre Veilleux (New York Rangers)

1966
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001966-04-25-0000April 25, 1966
4
24
Gibbs, BarryBarry Gibbs (Boston Bruins)

1967
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001967-07-07-0000July 7, 1967
3
18
Pagnutti, RickRick Pagnutti (Los Angeles Kings)

1968
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001968-06-13-0000June 13, 1968
3
24
Plasse, MichelMichel Plasse (Montreal Canadiens)

1969
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001969-06-11-0000June 11, 1969
10
84
Houle, RejeanRejean Houle (Montreal Canadiens)

1970
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001970-06-11-0000June 11, 1970
13
115
Perreault, GilbertGilbert Perreault (Buffalo Sabres)

1971
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001971-06-10-0000June 10, 1971
15
117
Lafleur, GuyGuy Lafleur (Montreal Canadiens)

1972
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001972-06-08-0000June 8, 1972
11
152
Harris, BillyBilly Harris (New York Islanders)

1973
Mount Royal Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001973-05-15-0000May 15, 1973
13
168
Potvin, DenisDenis Potvin (New York Islanders)

1974
NHL Montreal Office
Montreal, Quebec
000000001974-05-28-0000May 28, 1974
25
247
Joly, GregGreg Joly (Washington Capitals)

1975
NHL Montreal Office
Montreal, Quebec
000000001975-06-03-0000June 3, 1975
18
217
Bridgman, MelMel Bridgman (Philadelphia Flyers)

1976
NHL Montreal Office
Montreal, Quebec
000000001976-06-01-0000June 1, 1976
15
135
Green, RickRick Green (Washington Capitals)

1977
NHL Montreal Office
Montreal, Quebec
000000001977-06-14-0000June 14, 1977
17
185
McCourt, DaleDale McCourt (Detroit Red Wings)

1978
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001978-06-15-0000June 15, 1978
21
234
Smith, BobbyBobby Smith (Minnesota North Stars)

1979
Queen Elizabeth Hotel
Montreal, Quebec
000000001979-08-09-0000August 9, 1979
6
126
Ramage, RobRob Ramage (Colorado Rockies)

1980
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001980-06-11-0000June 11, 1980
10
210
Wickenheiser, DougDoug Wickenheiser (Montreal Canadiens)

1981
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001981-06-10-0000June 10, 1981
11
211
Hawerchuk, DaleDale Hawerchuk (Winnipeg Jets)

1982
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001982-06-09-0000June 9, 1982
12
252
Kluzak, GordGord Kluzak (Boston Bruins)

1983
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001983-06-08-0000June 8, 1983
12
242
Lawton, BrianBrian Lawton (Minnesota North Stars)

1984
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001984-06-09-0000June 9, 1984
12
250
Lemieux, MarioMario Lemieux (Pittsburgh Penguins)

1985
Toronto Convention Centre
Toronto, Ontario
000000001985-06-15-0000June 15, 1985
12
252
Clark, WendelWendel Clark (Toronto Maple Leafs)

1986
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001986-06-21-0000June 21, 1986
12
252
Murphy, JoeJoe Murphy (Detroit Red Wings)

1987
Joe Louis Arena
Detroit, Michigan
000000001987-06-13-0000June 13, 1987
12
252
Turgeon, PierrePierre Turgeon (Buffalo Sabres)

1988
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001988-06-11-0000June 11, 1988
12
252
Modano, MikeMike Modano (Minnesota North Stars)

1989
Met Center
Bloomington, Minnesota
000000001989-06-17-0000June 17, 1989
12
252
Sundin, MatsMats Sundin (Quebec Nordiques)

1990
BC Place
Vancouver, British Columbia
000000001990-06-16-0000June 16, 1990
12
250
Nolan, OwenOwen Nolan (Quebec Nordiques)

1991
Buffalo Memorial Auditorium
Buffalo, New York
000000001991-06-22-0000June 22, 1991
12
264
Lindros, EricEric Lindros (Quebec Nordiques)

1992
Montreal Forum
Montreal, Quebec
000000001992-06-20-0000June 20, 1992
11
264
Hamrlik, RomanRoman Hamrlik (Tampa Bay Lightning)

1993
Colisée de Québec
Quebec City, Quebec
June 26–27, 1993
11
286
Daigle, AlexandreAlexandre Daigle (Ottawa Senators)

1994
Hartford Civic Center
Hartford, Connecticut
000000001994-06-28-0000June 28, 1994
11
286
Jovanovski, EdEd Jovanovski (Florida Panthers)

1995
Edmonton Coliseum
Edmonton, Alberta
000000001995-06-28-0000June 28, 1995
9
234
Berard, BryanBryan Berard (Ottawa Senators)

1996
Kiel Center
St. Louis, Missouri
000000001996-06-22-0000June 22, 1996
9
241
Phillips, ChrisChris Phillips (Ottawa Senators)

1997
Civic Arena
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
000000001997-06-21-0000June 21, 1997
9
246
Thornton, JoeJoe Thornton (Boston Bruins)

1998
Marine Midland Arena
Buffalo, New York
000000001998-06-27-0000June 27, 1998
9
258
Lecavalier, VincentVincent Lecavalier (Tampa Bay Lightning)

1999
FleetCenter
Boston, Massachusetts
000000001999-06-26-0000June 26, 1999
9
272
Stefan, PatrikPatrik Stefan (Atlanta Thrashers)

2000
Canadian Airlines Saddledome
Calgary, Alberta
June 24–25, 2000
9
293
DiPietro, RickRick DiPietro (New York Islanders)

2001
National Car Rental Center
Sunrise, Florida
June 23–24, 2001
9
289
Kovalchuk, IlyaIlya Kovalchuk (Atlanta Thrashers)

2002
Air Canada Centre
Toronto, Ontario
June 22–23, 2002
9
290
Nash, RickRick Nash (Columbus Blue Jackets)

2003
Gaylord Entertainment Center
Nashville, Tennessee
June 21–22, 2003
9
292
Fleury, Marc-AndreMarc-Andre Fleury (Pittsburgh Penguins)

2004
RBC Center
Raleigh, North Carolina
June 26–27, 2004
9
291
Ovechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin (Washington Capitals)

2005
Westin Hotel Ottawa
Ottawa, Ontario
000000002005-07-30-0000July 30, 2005
7
230
Crosby, SidneySidney Crosby (Pittsburgh Penguins)

2006
General Motors Place
Vancouver, British Columbia
000000002006-06-24-0000June 24, 2006
7
213
Johnson, ErikErik Johnson (St. Louis Blues)

2007
Nationwide Arena
Columbus, Ohio
June 22–23, 2007
7
211
Kane, PatrickPatrick Kane (Chicago Blackhawks)

2008
Scotiabank Place
Ottawa, Ontario
June 20–21, 2008
7
211
Stamkos, StevenSteven Stamkos (Tampa Bay Lightning)

2009
Bell Centre
Montreal, Quebec
June 26–27, 2009
7
211
Tavares, JohnJohn Tavares (New York Islanders)

2010
Staples Center
Los Angeles, California
June 25–26, 2010
7
210
Hall, TaylorTaylor Hall (Edmonton Oilers)

2011
Xcel Energy Center
St. Paul, Minnesota
June 24–25, 2011
7
211
Nugent-Hopkins, RyanRyan Nugent-Hopkins (Edmonton Oilers)

2012
Consol Energy Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
June 22–23, 2012
7
211
Yakupov, NailNail Yakupov (Edmonton Oilers)

2013
Prudential Center
Newark, New Jersey
000000002013-06-30-0000June 30, 2013
7
211
Nathan MacKinnon (Colorado Avalanche)

2014
Wells Fargo Center
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
June 27–28, 2014
7
210
Aaron Ekblad (Florida Panthers)

2015
BB&T Center
Sunrise, Florida
June 26–27, 2015
7
211
Connor McDavid (Edmonton Oilers)

2016
First Niagara Center
Buffalo, New York
June 24–25, 2016
7
211
Auston Matthews (Toronto Maple Leafs)

2017
United Center
Chicago, Illinois
June 23–24, 2017
7
217
Nico Hischier (New Jersey Devils)

2018
American Airlines Center
Dallas, Texas
June 22–23, 2018
7
217
TBD

2019
Rogers Arena
Vancouver, British Columbia
June 21–22, 2019
7
TBD
TBD

tag: table


document_title: Nettles (surname)

question_text: where did the last name nettles come from

text: Nettles (surname)

text: Nettles or Nettle is a locational surname of British origin, which means a person from a place overgrown with nettles.[1] The name may refer to:

text:
Bea Nettles (born 1946), American photographer
Bert Nettles (born 1936), American politician
Bob Nettle (born 1924), American politician
Bonnie Nettles (1928–1985), American cult founder
Doug Nettles (born 1951), American football player
Geoffrey Nettle (born 1950), Australian judge
Graig Nettles (born 1944), American baseball player
Jennifer Nettles (born 1974), American singer
Jim Nettles (born 1947), American baseball player
Jim Nettles (football player) (born 1942), American fooftball player
John Nettles (born 1943), British actor
Kerry Nettle (born 1973), Australian politician
Morris Nettles (born 1952), American baseball player
Ray Nettles (born 1949), American football player
Stephen Nettles (1595–1647), British priest

tag: ul


document_title: The Flash (season 4)

question_text: who is the flash season 4 main villain

question_tokens: who is the flash season 4 main villain

text: The Flash (season 4)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)701"The Flash Reborn"Glen WinterStory by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric WallaceOctober 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)T27.134012.84[1]
Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refuses to grieve Barry. A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help, but is forbidden by Iris to bring Barry back. Against Iris' orders, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls. Wally engages the samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai, who is revealed to be an android. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The "Samuroid" is revealed to have been controlled by a supremely intelligent man in a superpowered wheelchair, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.
712"Mixed Signals"Alexandra La RocheJonathan Butler & Gabriel GarzaOctober 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)T27.134022.54[2]
When Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car controlled by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, a former member of a tech team that stole his idea for profit. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris' instruction, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are "others."
723"Luck Be a Lady"Armen V. KevorkianSam Chalsen & Judalina NeiraOctober 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)T27.134032.62[3]
In flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2 and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up with him in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated the events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the "Samuroid" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.
734"Elongated Journey Into Night"Tom CavanaghSterling Gates & Thomas PoundOctober 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)T27.134041.99[4]
Gypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, but allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, a former corrupt CCPD detective who Barry exposed that is now a private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows over his adultery, so the latter hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions, but Ralph maintains he was a "good cop." He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned a DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.
745"Girls Night Out"Laura BelseyLauren Certo & Kristen KimNovember 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)T27.134052.38[5]
While failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris' bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they find Cecile's daughter, Joanie, working. Joe confronts her, but she states that she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls the "Weeper," whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris' party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet of her metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.
756"When Harry Met Harry..."Brent CrowellJonathan Butler & Gabriel GarzaNovember 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)T27.134062.46[6]
Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers from alternate Earths, dubbed The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, but find a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.
767"Therefore I Am"David McWhirterEric Wallace & Thomas PoundNovember 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)T27.134072.20[7]
Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe's house, narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe's wife. Barry later confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him "The Thinker". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.
778"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"Dermott DownsStory by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd HelbingNovember 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)T27.134082.82[8]
Barry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X wearing power dampeners. The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who plans to execute them, but they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and Ray Terrill. Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader, General Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learn that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal, during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded. On Earth-1, Eobard Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.

This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on   Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.
789"Don't Run"Stefan PleszczynskiSam Chalsen & Judalina NeiraDecember 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)T27.134092.22[9]
While out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Harry's claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his "murder"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.
7910"The Trial of The Flash"Philip ChiperaLauren Certo & Kristen KimJanuary 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)T27.134102.51[10]
Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe, with Cecile representing him. Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation, in which a meta caused people to collapse. Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry. The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman, who is a meta who produces radiation, which is causing the illness and collapsing. Barry takes him on, but is ill equipped to deal with the situation. Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman, who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin. Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation, with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth-15, draining the meta and defeating him. Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison.
8011"The Elongated Knight Rises"Alexandra La RocheSterling Gates & Thomas PoundJanuary 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)T27.134112.12[11]
Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot. He also befriends Dave Ratchet, his father's former cellmate. The next day, Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark, his father's one-time partner Prank. Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city. Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco. Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is. Barry reassures him that being a hero isn't about not being scared, but about having the ability to rise above your fear. Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages, but get captured by Axel and Zoey, who intend to kill them. Ralph arrives, and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower, until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity. Iris visits Barry in prison, where they reaffirm their love for each other. Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee, where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding. The girl writes in her journal, where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force.
8112"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash"Chris PeppeSam Chalsen & Judalina NeiraJanuary 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)T27.134122.60[12]
Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy, combined with dormant dark matter in her cells, which Caitlin assures her should be temporary. In prison, Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery-homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior. Barry asks the team to look into the case. Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects, and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping. Harry's attempted cure backfires, and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time, their bodies will explode. The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse, where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco. Rundine is arrested, but refuses to confess to the earlier crime. Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free, he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju, but fears he will never get there. Barry then uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju, where he can live out his dream. After discovering Barry is the Flash, the prison's warden, Gregory Wolfe, locks Barry in his private metahuman wing, intending to sell him to Amunet.
8213"True Colors"Tara Nicole WeyrJonathan Butler & Gabriel GarzaFebruary 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)T27.134132.28[13]
Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas (Ramsey Deacon, Becky Sharpe, Mina Chaytan, and Sylbert Rundine) to Amunet, so they plan to escape. Cecile discovers Wolfe's plans after reading his mind. Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift. His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet's deal with Wolfe. Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners, but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet. DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas' abilities, before transferring his mind into Sharpe's body. He then kills Wolfe as Marlize looks on in horror; Amunet flees. Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry's appeal, claiming that he was unconscious at Barry's loft but not dead, which clears Barry's name. Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed, which means he will likely target Ralph as well. Back at the DeVoes' house, their marriage continues to deteriorate, and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper's tears to maintain her devotion towards him.
8314"Subject 9"Ralph HemeckerMike Alber & Gabe SnyderFebruary 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)T27.134142.12[14]
Barry is put on indefinite leave at the CCPD due to his connection with the DeVoe case. The team encounter another bus metahuman named Izzy Bowin with sound wave abilities, amplified by her violin. She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe (inside Sharpe's body) comes to claim her. Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities, which proves difficult when she gets hurt. Eventually DeVoe shows up once again, using Dominic's and Becky's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm, while using Rundine's abilities to incapacitate Ralph. DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy's body and escapes. Both Ralph and Barry comfort each other over their respective losses: Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe. These losses enforce both Barry's and Ralph's determination to bring DeVoe down and save the three remaining metas.
8415"Enter Flashtime"Gregory SmithTodd Helbing & Sterling GatesMarch 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)T27.134152.04[15]
Jesse comes to Earth-1 to have a talk with her dad. Eco-terrorist Veronica Dale sets off a nuclear bomb, which Barry tries to stop, entering a form of superspeed known as Flashtime, where everything is frozen. However, the bomb has already detonated, and he and Jesse cannot stop it or save everyone with superspeed. Jay Garrick comes from Earth-3 to help, but they are still unable to stop it. Barry remains in Flashtime for hours, bringing each of his friends into it, in an attempt to find a solution; they discuss options such as freezing it or sending it to another Earth, but none of those solutions prove to be viable. Eventually, Iris gives him the idea to retrieve the Quark Sphere from the Speed Force to send a blast lightning through the bomb, enough to disable it. Barry does so, and throws the Sphere back into the Speed Force, saving Central City. Jay admits he is retiring and going to train a new "female" speedster. Jesse and Jay return to their Earths, and Caitlin and Wells go for a coffee, where they encounter the mysterious girl.
8516"Run, Iris, Run"Harry JierjianEric WallaceMarch 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)T27.134162.09[16]
A metahuman with fire powers tries to rob Central City bank. Another bus meta named Matthew Kim touches the metahuman, which causes his powers to transfer to another individual. When Joe, Iris and Barry turn up to ask Kim a few questions, Barry and Iris come into contact with Kim, causing Barry to lose his speed and Iris to gain superspeed. Inspired by Thawne, Harry plans to build his own thinking cap to outwit DeVoe. With their roles reversed, Iris becomes Central City's hero speedster, while Barry must learn to act as team leader. The new metahuman demands money and terrorizes the city with his fire powers. Using Wells' thinking cap, the Team comes up with the idea for Iris to create a tidal wave, negating the flames and defeating the meta. Back at S.T.A.R. Labs, Kim touches Iris and Barry again, restoring the Flash's speed. At home, Iris admits that while she did enjoy having superspeed, Central City needs the light that Barry was, and she is happy being team leader. Wells uses his thinking cap once more, determining the final two bus metas are Janet Petty and Edwin Gauss.
8617"Null and Annoyed"Kevin SmithLauren Certo & Kristen KimApril 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)T27.134171.82[17]
Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe, with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph's apparent inability to be serious. The team manages to locate another bus meta, Janet Petty. When Barry and Ralph confront her, it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person's gravitational pull, which she demonstrates on Barry. Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously, Barry refuses to work with him. Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him, causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure. Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event. Janet uses her powers on Barry, causing him to float into the atmosphere. Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise. Ralph detains Janet, then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely. DeVoe's wife discovers he has been drugging her, so she will continue to assist him. Breacher comes to Earth-1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed. Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon.
8718"Lose Yourself"Hanelle CulpepperJonathan Butler & Gabriel GarzaApril 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)T27.134181.88[18]
Team Flash track down the final bus meta Edwin Gauss, but are followed by the Samuroid, who injures Caitlin. The team rush back to Star Labs to regroup and heal. Caitlin reveals to Iris that Killer Frost is activated by her adrenal gland, and she is working on a way to separate them. Harry comes up with a tuning fork weapon that mimics Izzy's abilities in order to defeat DeVoe. Ralph reveals to Barry that he isn't afraid of losing his own life, but of Team Flash losing theirs, as he considers them family. Wells is shown to be addicted to the Thinking Cap, which Joe helps him deal with. Ralph takes the fork, with the intent to go with Edwin to kill DeVoe, which Barry argues against. Eventually, DeVoe manages to take over Edwin's mind, and as well takes the abilities of Janet Petty and Matthew Kim, before transferring his mind into Ralph's body. The team try to stop him, but DeVoe incapacitates them, and alters Caitlin's DNA, removing the dark matter and Killer Frost, before leaving. Back at his lair, DeVoe uses Ralph's morphing abilities to morph back into his original form, while he and Marlize plan their next move to destroy Team Flash.
8819"Fury Rogue"Rachel TalalayJoshua V. Gilbert & Jeff HershApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)T27.134191.90[19]
With DeVoe moving forward with his plans, Team Flash decide to secure Neil Borman. Barry and Cisco travel to Earth-X to recruit Leo Snart as a backup, but are followed to Earth-1 by the Earth-X doppelganger of Laurel Lance. Team Flash plan to deliver Borman to a safe ARGUS facility, using a suit to contain the radiation, with Snart on hand, in case Borman goes nuclear. Snart agrees to help, but claims he can only stay for 24 hours, as he is due to get married to Ray Terrill. DeVoe attempts to intercept the transfer, but he and Team Flash are further ambushed by Earth-X Laurel, who kidnaps Caitlin, Borman and Joe, holding them at CCPD. Snart learns about Ralph, and convinces Barry to allow himself to grieve his fallen allies, which Barry eventually does, giving him strength to defeat Laurel. Lyla transfers Borman to another facility and Leo returns to Earth-X. Cisco and Wells come up with a plan to boost Wells' thinking cap. DeVoe goes more into his "god-complex"; stating that human emotion is a weakness, causing Marlize to doubt him.
8920"Therefore She Is"Rob J. GreenleaSterling Gates & Thomas PoundMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)T27.134201.70[20]
DeVoe starts gathering the technology required to build the Enlightenment Machine, including murdering anyone who gets in his way. Barry, Cisco, Iris and Harry attempt to trigger Killer Frost's powers in Caitlin, but do not succeed. Harry reveals to the team that the amount of dark matter he used with the Thinking Cap caused brain damage. Cisco, Gypsy, Barry and Caitlin fight Marlize and DeVoe when they acquire the computers required to power the Enlightenment Machine. Flashbacks reveal partially why Marlize follows DeVoe: she was a humanitarian worker in Kenya who created a water purifier for a villager, but when warlords found out about it, they attacked and killed everyone. Marlize pleads with DeVoe when he begins choking Gypsy; she later decides to leave him, encasing his chair in a force-field so DeVoe cannot stop her from leaving the pocket dimension. The team realizes that DeVoe plans to use the Enlightenment Machine to launch dark matter towards Earth, reverting all of humanity into a simplified state, similar to what Harry is dealing with. The mysterious girl brings a gift to Cecile and Joe's baby shower and, after leaving quickly, runs away using speedster abilities.
9021"Harry and the Harrisons"Kevin MockJudalina Neira & Lauren CertoMay 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)T27.134211.74[21]
After Harry is expelled from the Council of Wells due to his declining intelligence, Cisco assembles a Council of Harrisons to try and come up with a way of stopping Harry's intelligence loss. Team Flash reluctantly go to Amunet for help, encountering her successor Norvok in the process, though Barry insists Amunet must not kill. The team is eventually given a bomb made from Amunet's metal which will be capable of destroying one of DeVoe's satellites, and Harry manages to work out that DeVoe's plan might be changing because Marlize is no longer with him. Iris posts an article revealing DeVoe's plan and the residents of Central City begin reporting DeVoe sightings, which Iris believes will hamper his ability to remain undetected.
9122"Think Fast"Viet NguyenSam Chalsen & Kristen KimMay 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)T27.134221.93[22]
DeVoe infiltrates the A.R.G.U.S. facility holding Fallout by impersonating John Diggle and kills most of the security, except for a few hostages; overcharging and killing Fallout to be a nuclear battery for the satellites. Barry runs to Star City and brings back John to reveal the location of the facility. Caitlin and Cisco ask Barry to train them in Flashtime so that they can save the hostages and Barry can follow DeVoe through the breach before it closes. In the last stages of pregnancy, Cecile's telepathy causes her to take on the personality and thoughts of anyone nearby. Harry and Iris track Marlize to London, and use the last extrapolator to get there. Caitlin and Cisco are able to rescue the hostages. Searching her mind for Killer Frost, Catlin has Cisco vibe her into a repressed memory of a childhood accident; Killer Frost was already part of Caitlin decades before the particle accelerator had created any metas. Barry manages to follow DeVoe through the breach and destroys one of the satellites with Amunet's bomb. DeVoe takes control of S.T.A.R. Labs and uses its satellite to replace the one destroyed. He initiates the Enlightenment protocol in the time vault.
9223"We Are the Flash"David McWhirterTodd Helbing & Eric WallaceMay 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)T27.134232.16[23]
After the Enlightenment begins, Marlize joins Team Flash as Cecile goes into labor. Marlize uses Cecile's powers to send Barry into DeVoe's consciousness to find the good left in him. Barry finds Ralph alive in DeVoe's consciousness and together they find the "good" DeVoe dead. DeVoe attempts to keep them from reaching the nexus of his mind, as he follows Team Flash to a pocket dimension. In his consciousness, DeVoe multiplies himself to fight Barry and Ralph as he takes down Team Flash. Barry and Ralph make it to the nexus; Barry wakes up in the real world and Ralph reclaims his body just as DeVoe was going to kill Cecile. DeVoe reappears as a hologram through his chair until Marlize destroys it, killing him. Barry, Cisco and Ralph shield civilians from the falling satellites and the mysterious girl helps Barry destroy the last one. Harry's brain resets but is mostly restored by Marlize; he decides to return to Earth-2 to be with Jesse. Team Flash celebrates DeVoe's defeat with Wally (who returned from the Legends) and Cecile's newborn daughter Jenna. The mysterious girl arrives to reveal herself as Barry and Iris' daughter from the future, Nora; she claims to have made "a big, big mistake".

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash[24]
Candice Patton as Iris West[24]
Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost[25]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe[24]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash[24]
Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker[26]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison "Harry" Wells and Eobard Thawne / Reverse-Flash[24]
Jesse L. Martin as Joe West[24]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton[27]
Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic[26]
Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy[28][29]
Patrick Sabongui as David Singh[30]
Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkel
Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe[31]
Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man[32]
Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith[33]
Jessica Parker Kennedy as Nora West-Allen[34]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo[35]
Mark Sweatman as Norvok[36]
Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg%re[37]
Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard[38] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison[39]
Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick[40]
Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher[26][29]
Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows
Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak[33]
Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie[41]
Matt Afonso as Weeper[42]
Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow[43]
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm[43]
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary[43]
Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers[43]
Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm[43]
Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer
Jeremy Jordan as General Schott[43]
Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary
Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl[43]
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold[44]
Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray[43]
Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo-X
Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm[45] and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
Mark Valley as Anton Slater[46]
Ryan Alexander McDonald as Neil Borman / Fallout
Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster[47]
Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank[47]
Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir[47]
Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar[48]
Paul McGillion as Earl Cox
Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler[49]  and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker
John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick[50]
Leonardo Nam as Matthew Kim / Melting Point[51]
Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro[52]
Bethany Brown as Janet Petty / Null
Arturo Del Puerto as Edwin Gauss / Folded Man
Katie Cassidy as Siren-X
David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan
Victoria Askounis as young Caitlin Snow[53]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017,[54] earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season."[55] In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons.[56] Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season's showrunners.[57][58] In November 2017, Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment.[59][60] By the end of the month, he had been fired, with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on. In addition, Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season.[61]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
The way I see it is, time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force. In some ways he's had an awakening and he's had a rebirth. Our first episode is called 'Reborn,' and it is a rebirth for Barry, but he's kind of scrambled, too, because he's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months, even though for him it was an eternity. He's not Barry when we see him for the first time.
—Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four.[62]

tag: div

text: In March 2017, Kreisberg  confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster, like the previous three seasons.[63] Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season, with Aaron saying, "We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past. For now, I think we're going to focus on the present."[64]  In June 2017, Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season. He was first hinted in the third season episode "Abra Kadabra" when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash's greatest enemies, and again in the season finale "Finish Line" when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet.[65] At the series' San Diego Comic-Con panel, the speculation was confirmed, with Todd Helbing saying, "With three Speedsters in a row, this year it's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive."[27] He added that the writers were "making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up".[66]

text:
Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry's absence, Keiynan Lonsdale said that "It's not something that's on my radar. I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for."[67] With the action picking up six months after season three, Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City, with Carlos Valdes saying "the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together,... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it's just not the same without Barry... So in light of that, Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back."[68] Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco's more lighthearted joking manner.[68]
Candice Patton explained Iris West's larger role within Team Flash as "a way of distracting herself,"[68] adding that "[Iris] is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City... We're seeing a very different Iris, almost a very hardened Iris."[69] Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry".[70]

text: In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff.[71] At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons,"[72] and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains".[73] Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2, saying that "season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better, more complete person, and so he's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker's plan," in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character.[74]

text: In September 2017, Helbing noted "There's a lot of love in the air this season," and compared Barry and Iris' reunion to "somebody going off to war for six months and coming back. There's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry didn't when he was gone, and it's really [about] the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they weren't together." Helbing also explained that the Speed Force "let [Barry] deal with all of the baggage [from the past three seasons]. When he comes out, he's sort of left that all behind."[75] That month, Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season,[76] while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since "[they] keep comically clashing inadvertently because [both are] used to being in charge, and so they wind up going... to work through it." He added, "The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show, but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship."[77]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West / Kid Flash, Harrison Wells, and Joe West, respectively.[24] Cavanagh primarily portrayed Harry Wells from Earth-2 in the season,[68] in addition to several other versions of Wells in smaller roles: Herr Wells of Earth-12, Wells 2.0 of Earth-22, H. Lothario Wells of Earth-47, Wells the Grey of Earth-13,[78] Sonny Wells of Earth-24 and H.P. Wells of Earth-25.[79] Also returning from earlier in the series is Jessica Camacho as Gypsy.[28] It was revealed that Tom Felton, who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season, would not be a series regular in the fourth season, and that there were no plans for him to appear.[80] Julian's absence will be addressed "pretty quickly — there's a reason why he's no longer with the team," said Helbing.[81] In the season premiere, it is revealed that Julian has returned to London.[82] Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show, but did not rule out a possible return in the future.[83] Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode "Luck Be a Lady".[40] Britne Oldford, who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco, reprised her role in the season premiere.[35]

text: In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, DeVoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[26] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that "should put the visual effects department to the test",[84] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[85] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[32] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[86] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017,[87] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded on April 21, 2018.[88] Kevin Smith returned to direct an episode in January 2018.[89]

text: Music[edit]

text: In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season.[90]

text: Arrowverse tie-ins[edit]

text: In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow.[91] The crossover, Crisis on Earth-X, began with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27, 2017, and concluded on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28.[92] In August 2017, Berlanti noted that it would be "a big life event for a few different people" that would bring them all together for the crossover, adding "There are many life events that happen."[93] Prior to that, Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season.[33] Following the crossover, Katie Cassidy (who has previously appeared on The Flash as both Laurel Lance and Black Siren) appears in the nineteenth episode as Siren-X, an alternate version of Laurel from Earth-X. Arrow actor David Ramsey appears as John Diggle, as well as DeVoe's Diggle disguise earlier in the twenty-second episode.

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[94] and on CTV in Canada.[95] The season concluded on May 22, 2018.[96] Sky One acquired the rights to air the season in the UK & Ireland, airing it alongside the other Arrowverse shows. The season premiered October 17.[97][98]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[99] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up."[100] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest."[101] Collider's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it's great!"[102]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The season was made available for streaming on Netflix in late May 2018, soon after the season finale aired.[103] It will be released on Blu-ray on August 28, 2018.[104]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"The Flash Reborn"

October 10, 2017
1.1/4
2.84[1]
0.7
1.92
1.8
4.77[105]

2

"Mixed Signals"

October 17, 2017
0.9/4
2.54[2]
0.8
1.82
1.7
4.36[106]

3

"Luck Be a Lady"

October 24, 2017
1.0/4
2.62[3]
0.8
1.84
1.8
4.46[107]

4

"Elongated Journey Into Night"

October 31, 2017
0.7/3
1.99[4]
0.7
1.79
1.4
3.79[108]

5

"Girls Night Out"

November 7, 2017
0.9/4
2.38[5]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.22[109]

6

"When Harry Met Harry..."

November 14, 2017
1.0/4
2.46[6]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.29[110]

7

"Therefore I Am"

November 21, 2017
0.8/3
2.20[7]
0.8
2.08
1.6
4.28[111]

8

"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"

November 28, 2017
1.0/4
2.82[8]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.64[112]

9

"Don't Run"

December 5, 2017
0.8/3
2.22[9]
0.6
1.45
1.4
3.67[113]

10

"The Trial of The Flash"

January 16, 2018
0.8/3
2.51[10]
0.7
1.55
1.5
4.06[114]

11

"The Elongated Knight Rises"

January 23, 2018
0.7/3
2.12[11]
0.7
1.69
1.4
3.81[115]

12

"Honey, I Shrunk Team Flash"

January 30, 2018
0.9/3
2.60[12]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.43[116]

13

"True Colors"

February 6, 2018
0.8/3
2.28[13]
0.9
2.00
1.7
4.28[117]

14

"Subject 9"

February 27, 2018
0.7/3
2.12[14]
0.8
1.86
1.5
3.98[118]

15

"Enter Flashtime"

March 6, 2018
0.7/3
2.04[15]
0.8
1.83
1.5
3.87[119]

16

"Run, Iris, Run"

March 13, 2018
0.7/3
2.09[16]
0.7
1.58
1.4
3.67[120]

17

"Null and Annoyed"

April 10, 2018
0.6/2
1.82[17]
0.7
1.64
1.3
3.47[121]

18

"Lose Yourself"

April 17, 2018
0.7/3
1.88[18]
0.6
1.54
1.3
3.43[122]

19

"Fury Rogue"

April 24, 2018
0.6/2
1.90[19]
0.7
1.61
1.3
3.51[123]

20

"Therefore She Is"

May 1, 2018
0.6/2
1.70[20]
0.8
1.62
1.4
3.31[124]

21

"Harry and the Harrisons"

May 8, 2018
0.7/3
1.74[21]
0.6
1.52
1.3
3.26[125]

22

"Think Fast"

May 15, 2018
0.7/3
1.93[22]
0.6
1.40
1.3
3.30[126]

23

"We Are the Flash"

May 22, 2018
0.8/4
2.16[23]
0.7
1.57
1.5
3.73[127]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2018)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 82% approval rating with an average rating of 6.65/10 based on 17 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "After an unsteady turn in season three, The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor, spectacle, and a whole lot of heart."[128]

text: Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines. On the second episode, Keene described it as "truly a delight" with the show taking "the time to focus on character relationships, and not just romantic relationships" and each character "feeling like a refreshed version of themselves, with new narrative purpose". She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker "as an Alchemy-like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash's path as part of some kind of masterplan", saying "The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural, with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week."[129]

text: In reviewing the finale, IGN's Jesse Schedeen gave the episode "We Are The Flash" a rating of 4.6/10, opining that, "As troubled as the series has been this year, it's disappointing but unsurprising to see The Flash's fourth season end on such a bland note."[130] Mike Cecchini of Den of Geek! similarly assigned the episode a rating of 2.5/5. In his review, Cecchini felt that the finale was "the weakest season finale [The Flash] has ever produced," and that, "despite several high points, wasn't really enough to salvage the season."[131] In a more positive review from The A.V. Club, Scott Von Doviak gave the finale a B+, praising the light tone and character moments, while adding that "None of this can make up for the long stretches of mediocrity this year, but at least it doesn’t leave me with a bad taste in my mouth."[132]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2018

BMI Film, TV & Visual Media Awards

BMI Network Television Music Award

Nathaniel Blume and Blake Neely

Won

[133]

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Actor

Grant Gustin

Nominated

[134]

Favorite TV Show

The Flash

Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Hero

Grant Gustin

Nominated

[135]

Saturn Awards

Best Guest-Starring Performance on Television

Hartley Sawyer

Nominated

[136][137]

Best Superhero Television Series

The Flash

Won

Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series

Candice Patton

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Action TV Actor

Grant Gustin

Won

[138]

Choice Action TV Actress

Danielle Panabaker

Nominated

Candice Patton

Nominated

Choice Action TV Show

The Flash

Won

Choice TV Ship

Grant Gustin and Candice Patton

Nominated