document_title: 1980 Philadelphia Phillies season

question_text: who has the highest batting average for the 1980 phillies

text: 1980 Philadelphia Phillies season

text: Off-season[edit]

text:
December 13, 1978: Greg Gross was signed as a free agent by the team.[2]
December 20, 1979: Jerry Willard was signed as an amateur free agent.[3]
March 30, 1980: Dave Rader was traded by the Phillies to the Boston Red Sox for a player to be named later and cash. The Red Sox completed the deal by sending Stan Papi to the Phillies on May 12.[4]

text: Regular season[edit]

text: Season standings[edit]

text:
v
t
e

NL East
W
L
Pct.
GB
Home
Road

Philadelphia Phillies
91
71
0.562
—
49–32
42–39

Montreal Expos
90
72
0.556
1
51–29
39–43

Pittsburgh Pirates
83
79
0.512
8
47–34
36–45

St. Louis Cardinals
74
88
0.457
17
41–40
33–48

New York Mets
67
95
0.414
24
38–44
29–51

Chicago Cubs
64
98
0.395
27
37–44
27–54

text: Record vs. opponents[edit]

text:
1980 National League Records

v
t
e

Sources: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

Team
ATL
CHC
CIN
HOU
LAD
MON
NYM
PHI
PIT
SD
SF
STL

Atlanta
—
8–4
2–16
7–11
11–7
5–7
3–9
5–7
11–1
12–6
11–6
6–6

Chicago
4–8
—
7–5
1–11
5–7
6–12
10–8
5–13
8–10
4–8
5–7
9–9

Cincinnati
16–2
5–7
—
8–10
9–9
3–9
8–4
7–5
6–6
15–3–1
7–11
5–7

Houston
11–7
11–1
10–8
—
9–10
5–7
8–4
3–9
7–5
11–7
11–7
7–5

Los Angeles
7–11
7–5
9–9
10–9
—
11–1
7–5
6–6
6–6
9–9
13–5
7–5

Montreal
7–5
12–6
9–3
7–5
1–11
—
10–8
9–9
6–12
10–2
7–5
12–6

New York
9–3
8–10
4–8
4–8
5–7
8–10
—
6–12
10–8
1–11
3–9
9–9

Philadelphia
7-5
13–5
5–7
9–3
6–6
9–9
12–6
—
7–11
8–4
6–6
9–9

Pittsburgh
1–11
10–8
6–6
5–7
6–6
12–6
8–10
11–7
—
6–6
8–4
10–8

San Diego
6–12
8–4
3–15–1
7–11
9–9
2–10
11–1
4–8
6–6
—
10–8
7–5

San Francisco
6–11
7–5
11–7
7–11
5–13
5–7
9–3
6–6
4–8
8–10
—
7–5

St. Louis
6–6
9–9
7–5
5–7
5–7
6–12
9–9
9–9
8–10
5–7
5–7
—

text: Opening Day lineup[edit]

text:
Pete Rose, 1B[5]
Bake McBride, RF[5]
Garry Maddox, CF[5]
Mike Schmidt, 3B[5]
Greg Luzinski, LF[5]
Bob Boone, C[5]
Larry Bowa, SS[5]
Manny Trillo, 2B[5]
Steve Carlton, P[5]

text: Notable transactions[edit]

text:
April 7, 1980: Roger Freed was signed as a free agent by the Phillies.[6]
April 29, 1980: Juan Samuel was signed as an amateur free agent by the Phillies.[7]
June 3, 1980: 1980 Major League Baseball draft

Steve Jeltz was drafted by the Phillies in the 9th round.[8]
Rocky Childress was drafted by the Phillies in the 21st round.[9]
Darren Daulton was drafted by the Phillies in the 25th round.[10]
Kevin Romine was drafted by the Phillies in the 1st round (21st pick) of the secondary phase, but did not sign.[11]

July 17, 1980: Lerrin LaGrow was released by the Phillies.[12]
September 13, 1980: The Phillies traded a player to be named later to the Texas Rangers for Sparky Lyle. The Phillies completed the deal by sending Kevin Saucier to the Rangers on November 19.[13]

text: Game log[edit]

text:
1980 game log (Overall Record: 91–71)

April (6–9)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

1
April 11
Expos
6–3
Steve Carlton (1–0)
Steve Rogers (0–1)
None
48,460
1–0

2
April 12
Expos
6–2
Dick Ruthven (1–0)
Bill Lee (0–1)
Tug McGraw (1)
22,065
2–0

3
April 13
Expos
4–5 (10)
Elías Sosa (1–0)
Lerrin LaGrow (0–1)
None
28,132
2–1

4
April 15
@ Cardinals
2–7
Pete Vuckovich (2–0)
Randy Lerch (0–1)
None
8,166
2–2

5
April 16
@ Cardinals
8–3
Steve Carlton (2–0)
Bob Forsch (0–1)
None
10,911
3–2

6
April 18
@ Expos
5–7
Scott Sanderson (1–0)
Dick Ruthven (1–1)
Woodie Fryman (1)
41,222
3–3

7
April 19
@ Expos
13–4
Larry Christenson (1–0)
Steve Rogers (1–2)
Dickie Noles (1)
23,088
4–3

8
April 20
@ Expos
6–7
Elías Sosa (2–0)
Tug McGraw (0–1)
None
25,722
4–4

9
April 21
Mets
0–3
Ray Burris (2–1)
Steve Carlton (2–1)
Neil Allen (4)
23,856
4–5

10
April 22
Mets
14–8
Kevin Saucier (1–0)
Kevin Kobel (0–2)
None
21,341
5–5

11
April 23
Mets
2–3
Mark Bomback (1–0)
Lerrin LaGrow (0–2)
Jeff Reardon (1)
23,025
5–6

12
April 25
Cardinals
1–3
Pete Vuckovich (3–1)
Randy Lerch (0–2)
Mark Littell (1)
30,516
5–7

13
April 26
Cardinals
7–0
Steve Carlton (3–1)
John Fulgham (1–2)
None
25,168
6–7

14
April 27
Cardinals
1–10
Bob Forsch (1–1)
Dick Ruthven (1–2)
None
28,200
6–8

–
April 29
@ Mets
Postponed (rain);[14] Makeup: August 17 as a traditional double-header

15
April 30
@ Mets
0–2
Mark Bomback (2–0)
Randy Lerch (0–3)
None
4,559
6–9

May (17–9)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

16
May 1
@ Mets
2–1
Steve Carlton (4–1)
Pete Falcone (1–2)
Tug McGraw (2)
5,928
7–9

17
May 2
Dodgers
9–5
Ron Reed (1–0)
Charlie Hough (0–1)
None
30,294
8–9

18
May 3
Dodgers
7–3
Larry Christenson (2–0)
Burt Hooton (2–2)
None
35,011
9–9

19
May 4
Dodgers
10–12[a]
Joe Beckwith (2–0)
Dickie Noles (0–1)
Jerry Reuss (1)
34,027
9–10

20
May 5
Braves
7–1
Steve Carlton (5–1)
Rick Matula (2–2)
None
26,165
10–10

21
May 6
Braves
10–5
Dick Ruthven (2–2)
Doyle Alexander (0–2)
Dickie Noles (2)
25,302
11–10

–
May 7
Braves
Postponed (rain);[15] Makeup: July 25 as a traditional double-header

22
May 9
@ Reds
2–5
Charlie Leibrandt (3–2)
Randy Lerch (0–4)
None
32,583
11–11

23
May 10
@ Reds
3–5
Tom Seaver (2–1)
Steve Carlton (5–2)
Tom Hume (5)
28,919
11–12

24
May 11
@ Reds
7–3
Dick Ruthven (3–2)
Mike LaCoss (3–3)
None
25,920
12–12

25
May 13
@ Braves
3–7
Doyle Alexander (1–2)
Randy Lerch (0–5)
Rick Camp (1)
10,146
12–13

26
May 14
@ Braves
9–1
Steve Carlton (6–2)
Larry McWilliams (2–3)
None
4,625
13–13

27
May 16
@ Astros
3–0
Dick Ruthven (4–2)
J. R. Richard (4–2)
None
33,610
14–13

28
May 17
@ Astros
4–2
Larry Christenson (3–0)
Joe Niekro (4–3)
Dickie Noles (3)
43,525
15–13

29
May 18
@ Astros
0–3
Nolan Ryan (2–3)
Randy Lerch (0–6)
None
33,950
15–14

30
May 19
Reds
6–4
Steve Carlton (7–2)
Frank Pastore (4–2)
Ron Reed (1)
25,109
16–14

31
May 20
Reds
6–7
Paul Moskau (2–0)
Dick Ruthven (4–3)
Doug Bair (3)
25,202
16–15

32
May 21
Reds
9–8
Ron Reed (2–0)
Tom Hume (3–4)
None
26,099
17–15

33
May 23
Astros
3–0
Steve Carlton (8–2)
Nolan Ryan (2–4)
None
27,822
18–15

34
May 24
Astros
5–4
Kevin Saucier (2–0)
Joaquín Andújar (0–2)
Tug McGraw (3)
28,539
19–15

35
May 25
Astros
6–2
Dick Ruthven (5–3)
Ken Forsch (5–3)
None
37,349
20–15

36
May 26
Pirates
7–6
Ron Reed (3–0)
Kent Tekulve (5–3)
None
45,394
21–15

37
May 27
Pirates
2–3 (13)
Enrique Romo (3–0)
Dickie Noles (0–2)
Kent Tekulve (6)
35,989
21–16

38
May 28
Pirates
6–3
Randy Lerch (1–6)
Don Robinson (1–1)
Ron Reed (2)
30,209
22–16

39
May 29
Pirates
4–5
Eddie Solomon (2–0)
Dick Ruthven (5–4)
Enrique Romo (2)
30,630
22–17

40
May 30
@ Cubs
7–10
Rick Reuschel (4–4)
Dan Larson (0–1)
None
8,632
22–18

41
May 31
@ Cubs
7–0
Steve Carlton (9–2)
Willie Hernández (1–4)
None
26,937
23–18

June (14–14)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

42
June 1
@ Cubs
4–5
Dick Tidrow (2–0)
Ron Reed (3–1)
Bruce Sutter (11)
20,051
23–19

43
June 2
@ Pirates
3–9
Don Robinson (2–1)
Randy Lerch (1–7)
None
19,990
23–20

44
June 3
@ Pirates
3–4
Grant Jackson (5–1)
Tug McGraw (0–2)
None
22,141
23–21

45
June 4
@ Pirates
4–3
Steve Carlton (10–2)
John Candelaria (2–5)
None
31,075
24–21

46
June 6
Cubs
6–5
Bob Walk (1–0)
Mike Krukow (3–6)
Tug McGraw (4)
30,189
25–21

47
June 7
Cubs
5–2
Randy Lerch (2–7)
Rick Reuschel (5–5)
Dickie Noles (4)
31,153
26–21

48
June 8
Cubs
0–2
Lynn McGlothen (3–2)
Dick Ruthven (5–5)
Bruce Sutter (12)
40,206
26–22

49
June 9
Giants
1–3
Allen Ripley (1–0)
Dickie Noles (0–3)
Greg Minton (2)
28,702
26–23

50
June 10
Giants
4–3
Kevin Saucier (3–0)
Bob Knepper (4–8)
Ron Reed (3)
32,635
27–23

51
June 11
Giants
4–7
Ed Whitson (3–7)
Randy Lerch (2–8)
Greg Minton (3)
37,844
27–24

52
June 13
Padres
9–6
Dick Ruthven (6–5)
Randy Jones (4–6)
None
37,873
28–24

53
June 14
Padres
3–1
Steve Carlton (11–2)
Steve Mura (0–2)
Tug McGraw (5)
35,231
29–24

54
June 15
Padres
8–5
Bob Walk (2–0)
Rick Wise (3–4)
Lerrin LaGrow (1)
36,374
30–24

55
June 16
@ Dodgers
3–2 (12)
Ron Reed (4–1)
Rick Sutcliffe (1–4)
Tug McGraw (6)
41,340
31–24

56
June 17
@ Dodgers
6–5
Ron Reed (5–1)
Bobby Castillo (1–3)
Tug McGraw (7)
40,786
32–24

57
June 18
@ Padres
5–1
Steve Carlton (12–2)
Bob Shirley (5–3)
None
15,621
33–24

58
June 19
@ Padres
3–4
Dennis Kinney (2–1)
Kevin Saucier (3–1)
Rollie Fingers (8)
16,712
33–25

59
June 20
@ Giants
1–5
Allen Ripley (2–1)
Dan Larson (0–2)
None
9,490
33–26

60
June 21
@ Giants
3–9
Ed Whitson (5–7)
Randy Lerch (2–9)
None
11,809
33–27

61
June 22
@ Giants
4–3
Steve Carlton (13–2)
Vida Blue (9–4)
None
27,315
34–27

62
June 24
Expos
6–7 (10)
Elías Sosa (5–3)
Tug McGraw (0–3)
None
32,101
34–28

63
June 25
Expos
2–1 (10)
Ron Reed (6–1)
Stan Bahnsen (5–2)
None
31,416
35–28

64
June 26
Expos
0–1
Scott Sanderson (7–4)
Randy Lerch (2–10)
None
31,696
35–29

65
June 27
Mets
2–3
John Pacella (1–0)
Steve Carlton (13–3)
Tom Hausman (1)
37,123
35–30

66
June 28 (1)
Mets
1–2 (11)
Neil Allen (4–5)
Ron Reed (6–2)
None
see 2nd game
35–31

67
June 28 (2)
Mets
4–5
Tom Hausman (3–2)
Kevin Saucier (3–2)
Neil Allen (13)
47,169
35–32

68
June 29
Mets
5–2
Bob Walk (3–0)
Pat Zachry (2–5)
Lerrin LaGrow (2)
41,113
36–32

69
June 30
@ Expos
7–5
Dickie Noles (1–3)
Bill Gullickson (0–2)
Ron Reed (4)
36,347
37–32

July (15–14)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

70
July 1
@ Expos
5–4 (11)
Randy Lerch (3–10)
Woodie Fryman (1–3)
Lerrin LaGrow (3)
33,761
38–32

71
July 2
@ Expos
1–6
Steve Rogers (10–6)
Steve Carlton (13–4)
None
23,233
38–33

72
July 3 (1)
@ Cardinals
2–1
Dick Ruthven (7–5)
Bob Forsch (5–6)
None
see 2nd game
39–33

73
July 3 (2)
@ Cardinals
8–1
Bob Walk (4–0)
Jim Otten (0–3)
None
38,038
40–33

74
July 4
@ Cardinals
0–1 (10)
Bob Sykes (3–6)
Kevin Saucier (3–3)
None
15,481
40–34

75
July 5
@ Cardinals
1–6
Jim Kaat (3–6)
Randy Lerch (3–11)
None
27,932
40–35

76
July 6
@ Cardinals
8–3
Steve Carlton (14–4)
Pete Vuckovich (7–6)
None
17,769
41–35

–
July 8
1980 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles

77
July 10
Cubs
5–3
Dick Ruthven (8–5)
Mike Krukow (6–10)
Dickie Noles (5)
33,130
42–35

78
July 11
Cubs
7–2
Bob Walk (5–0)
Lynn McGlothen (6–6)
Ron Reed (5)
50,204
43–35

79
July 12
Pirates
5–4
Kevin Saucier (4–3)
Kent Tekulve (5–5)
None
53,254
44–35

80
July 13
Pirates
3–7
Don Robinson (3–4)
Nino Espinosa (0–1)
Kent Tekulve (11)
48,132
44–36

81
July 14
Pirates
11–13
Grant Jackson (7–2)
Ron Reed (6–3)
None
44,245
44–37

82
July 15
@ Astros
2–3
Joe Sambito (4–1)
Dick Ruthven (8–6)
None
24,223
44–38

83
July 16
@ Astros
4–2
Bob Walk (6–0)
Ken Forsch (8–9)
None
28,532
45–38

84
July 17
@ Astros
2–1
Steve Carlton (15–4)
Joe Niekro (10–8)
None
26,403
46–38

85
July 18
@ Braves
7–2
Nino Espinosa (1–1)
Phil Niekro (7–12)
Dickie Noles (6)
13,908
47–38

86
July 19 (1)
@ Braves
2–5
Doyle Alexander (8–5)
Dick Ruthven (8–7)
None
see 2nd game
47–39

87
July 19 (2)
@ Braves
2–7
Tommy Boggs (4–5)
Dan Larson (0–3)
Rick Camp (4)
35,524
47–40

88
July 20
@ Braves
2–3
Larry McWilliams (7–6)
Bob Walk (6–1)
None
9,335
47–41

89
July 21
@ Reds
4–5
Charlie Leibrandt (9–6)
Randy Lerch (3–12)
Tom Hume (15)
27,177
47–42

90
July 22
@ Reds
2–3
Mario Soto (4–4)
Steve Carlton (15–5)
None
28,079
47–43

91
July 23
@ Reds
3–7
Bruce Berenyi (2–0)
Nino Espinosa (1–2)
Tom Hume (16)
29,614
47–44

92
July 25 (1)
Braves
5–4 (12)
Dick Ruthven (9–7)
Rick Camp (3–4)
None
see 2nd game
48–44

93
July 25 (2)
Braves
0–3
Tommy Boggs (5–5)
Dan Larson (0–4)
None
38,408
48–45

94
July 26
Braves
6–3
Bob Walk (7–1)
Phil Niekro (8–13)
Ron Reed (6)
33,112
49–45

95
July 27
Braves
17–4
Steve Carlton (16–5)
Rick Matula (6–9)
None
35,249
50–45

96
July 28
Astros
2–3 (10)
Joe Sambito (6–1)
Ron Reed (6–4)
None
30,181
50–46

97
July 29
Astros
9–6
Kevin Saucier (5–3)
Frank LaCorte (7–3)
Tug McGraw (8)
30,252
51–46

98
July 30
Astros
6–4
Dick Ruthven (10–7)
Nolan Ryan (5–8)
Tug McGraw (9)
31,342
52–46

August (16–14)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

99
August 1
Reds
3–1
Bob Walk (8–1)
Charlie Leibrandt (9–7)
Tug McGraw (10)
37,409
53–46

100
August 2
Reds
0–2
Mike LaCoss (6–9)
Steve Carlton (16–6)
None
43,244
53–47

101
August 3
Reds
8–4
Nino Espinosa (2–2)
Bruce Berenyi (2–2)
Ron Reed (7)
41,328
54–47

–
August 5
Cardinals
Postponed (rain);[16] Makeup: September 12 as a traditional double-header

102
August 6
Cardinals
0–14
Bob Sykes (5–8)
Bob Walk (8–2)
None
31,629
54–48

103
August 7
Cardinals
3–2
Steve Carlton (17–6)
John Fulgham (3–4)
Tug McGraw (11)
31,397
55–48

104
August 8
@ Pirates
5–6
Kent Tekulve (8–5)
Tug McGraw (0–4)
Enrique Romo (8)
30,354
55–49

105
August 9
@ Pirates
1–4
John Candelaria (8–11)
Nino Espinosa (2–3)
Kent Tekulve (16)
39,984
55–50

106
August 10 (1)
@ Pirates
1–7
Jim Bibby (14–2)
Randy Lerch (3–13)
None
see 2nd game
55–51

107
August 10 (2)
@ Pirates
1–4
Don Robinson (4–5)
Dan Larson (0–5)
Kent Tekulve (17)
37,323
55–52

108
August 11
@ Cubs
8–5 (15)[b]
Warren Brusstar (1–0)
George Riley (0–2)
None
10,805
56–52

109
August 12
@ Cubs
5–2
Steve Carlton (18–6)
Mike Krukow (7–12)
None
20,808
57–52

110
August 13
@ Cubs
1–2
Dick Tidrow (5–3)
Dick Ruthven (10–8)
None
13,215
57–53

111
August 14
@ Mets
8–1
Nino Espinosa (3–3)
Pat Zachry (6–6)
None
20,149
58–53

112
August 15
@ Mets
8–0
Larry Christenson (4–0)
Mark Bomback (9–4)
Tug McGraw (12)
40,436
59–53

113
August 16
@ Mets
11–6
Bob Walk (9–2)
Craig Swan (5–9)
None
23,514
60–53

114
August 17 (1)
@ Mets
9–4
Steve Carlton (19–6)
Ray Burris (6–7)
None
see 2nd game
61–53

115
August 17 (2)
@ Mets
4–1
Randy Lerch (4–13)
Roy Lee Jackson (1–4)
Ron Reed (8)
25,458
62–53

116
August 19
Padres
7–4
Dick Ruthven (11–8)
Bob Shirley (9–9)
Tug McGraw (13)
30,588
63–53

117
August 20
Padres
5–7
John Curtis (5–8)
Nino Espinosa (3–4)
Rollie Fingers (16)
30,403
63–54

118
August 21
Padres
9–8 (17)
Kevin Saucier (6–3)
Dennis Kinney (4–5)
None
36,201
64–54

119
August 22
Giants
3–4 (10)
Al Holland (5–2)
Steve Carlton (19–7)
None
36,073
64–55

120
August 23
Giants
2–6
Allen Ripley (7–6)
Larry Christenson (4–1)
None
38,541
64–56

121
August 24
Giants
7–1[c]
Dick Ruthven (12–8)
Bob Knepper (9–15)
None
37,325
65–56

122
August 25
Dodgers
4–8
Don Stanhouse (2–2)
Dickie Noles (1–4)
None
34,267
65–57

123
August 26
Dodgers
4–8
Bobby Castillo (4–6)
Bob Walk (9–3)
None
35,358
65–58

124
August 27
Dodgers
4–3
Steve Carlton (20–7)
Steve Howe (6–6)
Tug McGraw (14)
39,116
66–58

125
August 29
@ Padres
3–2
Larry Christenson (5–1)
Steve Mura (4–7)
Tug McGraw (15)
10,742
67–58

126
August 30 (1)
@ Padres
6–1
Dick Ruthven (13–8)
Bob Shirley (9–10)
None
see 2nd game
68–58

127
August 30 (2)
@ Padres
1–5
John Curtis (6–8)
Nino Espinosa (3–5)
None
13,209
68–59

128
August 31
@ Padres
3–10
Gary Lucas (5–7)
Bob Walk (9–4)
Rollie Fingers (18)
7,815
68–60

September (19–10)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

129
September 1
@ Giants
6–4
Steve Carlton (21–7)
Greg Minton (3–5)
None
16,952
69–60

130
September 2
@ Giants
2–1 (13)
Ron Reed (7–4)
Al Holland (5–3)
None
6,135
70–60

131
September 3
@ Giants
4–3
Dick Ruthven (14–8)
Allen Ripley (7–8)
Tug McGraw (16)
5,504
71–60

132
September 4
@ Dodgers
3–2
Bob Walk (10–4)
Jerry Reuss (16–5)
Tug McGraw (17)
41,864
72–60

133
September 5
@ Dodgers
0–1
Don Sutton (10–4)
Steve Carlton (21–8)
Don Stanhouse (5)
41,019
72–61

134
September 6
@ Dodgers
3–7
Bob Welch (12–9)
Randy Lerch (4–14)
Steve Howe (15)
45,995
72–62

135
September 7
@ Dodgers
0–6
Bobby Castillo (6–6)
Dick Ruthven (14–9)
None
39,083
72–63

136
September 8
Pirates
6–2
Tug McGraw (1–4)
Enrique Romo (5–5)
None
40,576
73–63

137
September 9
Pirates
5–4 (14)
Warren Brusstar (2–0)
Mark Lee (0–1)
None
43,333
74–63

138
September 10
@ Mets
5–0
Marty Bystrom (1–0)
Mark Bomback (9–7)
None
6,748
75–63

139
September 11
@ Mets
5–1
Dick Ruthven (15–9)
Ray Burris (7–11)
None
6,376
76–63

140
September 12 (1)
Cardinals
4–7
Pete Vuckovich (11–9)
Bob Walk (10–5)
John Urrea (2)
see 2nd game
76–64

141
September 12 (2)
Cardinals
0–5 (11)
John Littlefield (5–3)
Ron Reed (7–5)
None
44,093
76–65

142
September 13
Cardinals
2–1
Steve Carlton (22–8)
Bob Forsch (11–9)
None
41,728
77–65

143
September 14
Cardinals
8–4
Marty Bystrom (2–0)
Silvio Martínez (5–10)
None
30,137
78–65

144
September 16
@ Pirates
2–3
Jim Bibby (17–5)
Dick Ruthven (15–10)
Kent Tekulve (20)
22,239
78–66

145
September 17
@ Pirates
5–4 (11)
Tug McGraw (2–4)
Kent Tekulve (8–10)
Sparky Lyle (9)
23,650
79–66

146
September 19
@ Cubs
3–4 (11)
Lee Smith (2–0)
Warren Brusstar (2–1)
None
4,352
79–67

147
September 20
@ Cubs
7–3
Marty Bystrom (3–0)
Lynn McGlothen (10–13)
None
11,713
80–67

148
September 21
@ Cubs
7–3
Dick Ruthven (16–10)
Dennis Lamp (10–12)
Ron Reed (9)
10,190
81–67

149
September 22
@ Cardinals
3–2 (10)
Steve Carlton (23–8)
Kim Seaman (3–2)
Tug McGraw (18)
5,654
82–67

150
September 23
@ Cardinals
3–6
Al Olmsted (1–0)
Bob Walk (10–6)
John Littlefield (9)
6,915
82–68

151
September 24
Mets
1–0 (10)
Tug McGraw (3–4)
Neil Allen (7–9)
None
24,258
83–68

152
September 25
Mets
2–1
Marty Bystrom (4–0)
Roy Lee Jackson (1–6)
Sparky Lyle (10)
20,525
84–68

153
September 26
Expos
2–1
Tug McGraw (4–4)
David Palmer (7–6)
None
50,887
85–68

154
September 27
Expos
3–4
Scott Sanderson (16–10)
Steve Carlton (23–9)
Woodie Fryman (17)
53,058
85–69

155
September 28
Expos
3–8
Steve Rogers (16–11)
Bob Walk (10–7)
None
40,305
85–70

156
September 29
Cubs
6–5 (15)
Kevin Saucier (7–3)
Dennis Lamp (10–13)
None
21,127
86–70

157
September 30
Cubs
14–2
Marty Bystrom (5–0)
Lynn McGlothen (11–14)
None
24,349
87–70

October (4–1)[show]

#
Date
Opponent
Score
Win
Loss
Save
Attendance
Record

158
October 1
Cubs
5–0
Steve Carlton (24–9)
Dennis Lamp (10–14)
None
25,658
88–70

159
October 2
Cubs
4–2
Bob Walk (11–7)
Bill Caudill (4–6)
Tug McGraw (19)
23,806
89–70

160
October 3
@ Expos
2–1
Dick Ruthven (17–10)
Scott Sanderson (16–11)
Tug McGraw (20)
57,121
90–70

161
October 4
@ Expos
6–4 (11)
Tug McGraw (5–4)
Stan Bahnsen (7–6)
None
50,794
91–70

162
October 5
@ Expos
7–8 (10)
Charlie Lea (7–5)
Warren Brusstar (2–2)
None
30,104
91–71

^[a] The May 4, 1980, game was protested by the Phillies in the top of the first inning.[17][18] The protest was later denied.[17][19]
^[b] The August 11 game was suspended in the bottom of the 14th with the score 5–5 and was completed August 12, 1980.[20]
^[c] The August 24, 1980, game was protested by the Giants in the bottom of the fourth inning.[21] The protest was later denied.[22]

  Phillies win
  Phillies loss
  Postponement
Bold: Phillies team member

Source:[23]

text: Roster[edit]

text:
1980 Philadelphia Phillies

Roster

Pitchers

40 Warren Brusstar
50 Marty Bystrom
32 Steve Carlton
38 Larry Christenson
43 Mark Davis
35 Nino Espinosa
39 Lerrin LaGrow
49 Dan Larson
47 Randy Lerch
39 Sparky Lyle
45 Tug McGraw
34 Scott Munninghoff
48 Dickie Noles
42 Ron Reed
44 Dick Ruthven
33 Kevin Saucier
41 Bob Walk

Catchers

 8 Bob Boone
17 Don McCormack
 6 Keith Moreland
24 Ozzie Virgil

Infielders

16 Luis Aguayo
15 Ramón Avilés
10 Larry Bowa
22 Jay Loviglio
11 Tim McCarver
14 Pete Rose
20 Mike Schmidt
 9 Manny Trillo
25 Del Unser
18 John Vukovich

Outfielders

30 Bob Dernier
23 Greg Gross
28 Orlando Isales
19 Greg Luzinski
31 Garry Maddox
21 Bake McBride
27 Lonnie Smith
29 George Vukovich

Manager

46 Dallas Green

Coaches

12 Rubén Amaro
 2 Billy DeMars
 3 Lee Elia
 5 Mike Ryan
 4 Herm Starrette
 7 Bobby Wine

text: Player stats[edit]

text: = Indicates team leader

text: Batting[edit]

text: Starters by position[edit]

text: Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases

text:
Pos
Player
G
AB
R
H
2B
3B
Avg.
HR
RBI
SB

C
Boone, BobBob Boone
141
480
34
110
23
1
.229
9
55
3

1B
Rose, PetePete Rose
162
655
95
185
42
1
.282
1
64
12

2B
Trillo, MannyManny Trillo
141
531
68
155
25
9
.292
7
43
8

3B
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt
150
548
104
157
25
8
.286
48
121
12

SS
Bowa, LarryLarry Bowa
147
540
57
144
16
4
.267
2
39
21

LF
Luzinski, GregGreg Luzinski
106
368
44
84
19
1
.228
19
56
3

CF
Maddox, GarryGarry Maddox
143
549
59
142
31
3
.259
11
73
25

RF
McBride, BakeBake McBride
137
554
68
171
33
10
.309
9
87
13

text: Other batters[edit]

text: Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; R = Runs; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; SB = Stolen bases

text:
Player
G
AB
R
H
Avg.
HR
RBI
SB

Smith, LonnieLonnie Smith
100
298
69
101
.339
3
20
33

Gross, GregGreg Gross
127
154
19
37
.240
0
12
1

Moreland, KeithKeith Moreland
62
159
13
50
.314
4
29
3

Unser, DelDel Unser
96
110
15
29
.264
0
10
0

Avilés, RamónRamón Avilés
51
101
12
28
.277
2
9
0

Vukovich, JohnJohn Vukovich
49
62
4
10
.161
0
5
0

Vukovich, GeorgeGeorge Vukovich
78
58
6
13
.224
0
8
0

Aguayo, LuisLuis Aguayo
20
47
7
13
.277
1
8
1

Dernier, BobBob Dernier
10
7
5
4
.571
0
1
3

Loviglio, JayJay Loviglio
16
5
7
0
.000
0
0
1

McCarver, TimTim McCarver
6
5
2
1
.200
0
2
0

Isales, OrlandoOrlando Isales
3
5
1
2
.400
0
3
0

Virgil, OzzieOzzie Virgil
1
5
1
1
.200
0
0
0

McCormack, DonDon McCormack
2
1
0
1
1.000
0
0
0

text: Pitching[edit]

text: Starting pitchers[edit]

text: Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; BB = Walks allowed; SO = Strikeouts

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
ERA
BB
SO

Carlton, SteveSteve Carlton
38
304
24
9
2.34
90
286

Ruthven, DickDick Ruthven
33
223.1
17
10
3.55
74
86

Walk, BobBob Walk
27
151.2
11
7
4.57
71
94

Lerch, RandyRandy Lerch
30
150
4
14
5.16
55
57

Espinosa, NinoNino Espinosa
12
76.1
3
5
3.77
19
13

Christenson, LarryLarry Christenson
14
73.2
5
1
4.03
27
49

Bystrom, MartyMarty Bystrom
6
36
5
0
1.50
9
21

text: Other pitchers[edit]

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
ERA
SO

Larson, DanDan Larson
12
45.2
0
5
3.15
17

Davis, MarkMark Davis
2
7
0
0
2.57
5

text: Relief pitchers[edit]

text: Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

text:
Player
G
IP
W
L
SV
ERA
SO

McGraw, TugTug McGraw
57
92.1
5
4
20
1.46
75

Reed, RonRon Reed
55
91.1
7
5
9
4.04
9

Noles, DickieDickie Noles
48
81
1
4
6
3.89
57

Saucier, KevinKevin Saucier
40
50
7
3
0
3.42
25

Brusstar, WarrenWarren Brusstar
28
38.2
2
2
0
3.72
21

LaGrow, LerrinLerrin LaGrow
25
39
0
2
3
4.15
21

Lyle, SparkySparky Lyle
10
14
0
0
2
1.93
6

Munninghoff, ScottScott Munninghoff
4
6
0
0
0
4.50
2

text: Postseason[edit]

text: National League Championship Series[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text: October 7: Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
7
0

Philadelphia
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
X
3
8
1

W: Steve Carlton (1-0)   L: Ken Forsch (0-1)   S: Tug McGraw (1)

HR: HOU – None  PHI – Greg Luzinski (1)

Pitchers: HOU – Forsch  PHI – Carlton, McGraw (8)

Attendance: 65,277

text: Game 2[edit]

text: October 8: Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
4
7
8
1

Philadelphia
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
4
14
2

W: Frank LaCorte (1-0)   L: Ron Reed (0-1)   S: Joaquín Andújar (1)

HR: HOU – None  PHI – None

Pitchers: HOU – Ryan, Sambito (7), Smith (7), LaCorte (9), Andújar (10)  PHI – Ruthven, McGraw (8), Reed (9), Saucier (10)

Attendance: 65,476

text: Game 3[edit]

text: October 10: Astrodome, Houston, Texas

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
R
H
E

Philadelphia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
1

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
6
1

W: Dave Smith (1-0)   L: Tug McGraw (0-1)   S: None

HR: PHI – None  HOU – None

Pitchers: PHI – Christenson, Noles (7), McGraw (8)  HOU – Niekro, Smith (11)

Attendance: 44,443

text: Game 4[edit]

text: October 11: Astrodome, Houston, Texas

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Philadelphia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
2
5
13
0

Houston
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
5
2

W: Warren Brusstar (1-0)   L: Joe Sambito (0-1)   S: Tug McGraw (2)

HR: PHI – None  HOU – None

Pitchers: PHI – Carlton, Noles (6), Saucier (7), Reed (7), Brusstar (8), McGraw (10)  HOU – Ruhle, Smith (8), Sambito (8)

Attendance: 44,952

text: Game 5[edit]

text: October 12: Astrodome, Houston, Texas

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Philadelphia
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
8
13
2

Houston
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
2
0
0
7
14
0

W: Dick Ruthven (1-0)   L: Frank LaCorte (1-1)   S: None

HR: PHI – None  HOU – None

Pitchers: PHI – Bystrom, Brusstar (6), Christenson (7), Reed (7), McGraw (8), Ruthven (9)  HOU – Ryan, Sambito (8), Forsch (8), LaCorte (9)

Attendance: 44,802

text: World Series[edit]

text: When the modern-day World Series began in 1903, the National and American Leagues each had eight teams. With their victory in the 1980 World Series, the Phillies became the last of the "Original Sixteen" franchises to win a Series.[citation needed] The 1980 World Series was the first World Series to be played entirely on artificial turf. Prior to 1980, the Phillies hadn't won a World Series game since Game 1 of the 1915 World Series against the Boston Red Sox.

text: The series offered many intriguing storylines. Phillies pitcher Bob Walk became the first rookie to start the first game of a World Series since Joe Black of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1952. The 1980 World Series was the first of numerous World Series that journeyman outfielder Lonnie Smith (then with the Phillies) participated in. He was also a part of the 1982 World Series (as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals), 1985 World Series (as a member of the Kansas City Royals), and the 1991 and 1992 World Series as a member of the Atlanta Braves.

text: Game 6 would be the culmination for the Phillies' first championship. Philadelphia scored two in the third on a Mike Schmidt single. It was all that Steve Carlton and Tug McGraw would need for the 4-1 win. Kansas City threatened by loading the bases in the eighth and the ninth innings before Tug McGraw struck out Willie Wilson for the third out in the final inning.

text: While Mike Schmidt was the official MVP of the 1980 World Series, the Babe Ruth Award (another World Series MVP) was given to Tug McGraw. As of 2011, this is the last World Series in which both participating franchises had yet to win a World Series in their history. This was the first time that had happened since 1920.[citation needed]

text: The entire state of Pennsylvania, not just Philadelphia, celebrated the Phillies' win.[26] Minutes after the final out, Governor Dick Thornburgh declared the next day "Philadelphia Phillies Day."[26][27]

text: NL Philadelphia Phillies (4) vs. AL Kansas City Royals (2)

text:
Game
Score
Date
Location
Attendance
Time of Game

1
Royals 6, Phillies 7
October 14
Veterans Stadium (Philadelphia)
65,791
3:01

2
Royals 4, Phillies 6
October 15
Veterans Stadium (Philadelphia)
65,775
3:01

3
Phillies 3, Royals 4 (10 inns)
October 17
Royals Stadium (Kansas City)
42,380
3:19

4
Phillies 3, Royals 5
October 18
Royals Stadium (Kansas City)
42,363
2:37

5
Phillies 4, Royals 3
October 19
Royals Stadium (Kansas City)
42,369
2:51

6
Royals 1, Phillies 4
October 21
Veterans Stadium (Philadelphia)
65,838
3:00

text: Composite box score[edit]

text: 1980 World Series (4-2): Philadelphia Phillies (N.L.) over Kansas City Royals (A.L.)

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
H
E

Philadelphia Phillies
0
2
7
3
5
1
1
6
2
0
27
59
2

Kansas City Royals
5
3
2
1
1
3
4
3
0
1
23
60
7

Total Attendance: 324,516   Average Attendance: 54,086

Winning Player's Share: – $34,693,   Losing Player's Share – $32,212 * Includes Playoffs and World Series

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: In 1980, Mike Schmidt won the National League's Most Valuable Player Award in a unanimous vote. He led the league in home runs with 48 (by a margin of 13 over his nearest competitor). Schmidt was also selected as MVP of the World Series, after hitting two homers and driving in seven runs as his team won their first World Series Championship over the George Brett-led Kansas City Royals.

text: Steve Carlton received the National League Cy Young Award.

text: Tug McGraw received the Babe Ruth Award.

text: Manny Trillo was honored as the MVP of the National League Championship Series.

text: All-Stars[edit]

text:
Steve Carlton, reserve
Pete Rose, reserve
Mike Schmidt, reserve

text: Farm system[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Manager

AAA
Oklahoma City 89ers
American Association
Jim Snyder

AA
Reading Phillies
Eastern League
Ron Clark

A
Peninsula Pilots*
Carolina League
Bill Dancy

A
Spartanburg Phillies
South Atlantic League
Tom Harmon

A-Short Season
Bend Phillies
Northwest League
P. J. Carey

Rookie
Helena Phillies
Pioneer League
Roly de Armas

text: * League Champions[28]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "1980 Philadelphia Philles: Cardiac Kids". Retrieved 2017-02-21.
Jump up ^ Greg Gross at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Jerry Willard at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Dave Rader at Baseball Reference
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Apr 11, 1980, Expos at Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". baseball-reference.com. sports-reference.com. April 11, 1980. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Roger Freed at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Juan Samuel at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Steve Jeltz at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Rocky Childress at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ Darren Daulton at Baseball-Reference
Jump up ^ Kevin Romine at Baseball-Reference
Jump up ^ Lerrin LaGrow at Baseball-Reference
Jump up ^ Sparky Lyle at Baseball Reference
Jump up ^ "In The Majors". The Pittsburgh Press. April 30, 1980. p. F6. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Scoreboard". The Gazette. May 8, 1980. p. 90. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Majors". The Pittsburgh Press. August 6, 1980. p. D3. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Batting Out of Turn". retrosheet.org. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Dodgers 12, Philadelphia Phillies 10". retrosheet.org. May 4, 1980. Retrieved November 30, 2014. Phillies manager Dallas Green argued that Dusty Baker should not have batted [again], protested the decision and was ejected by HP umpire Paul Pryor[.]
Jump up ^ "May 4, 1980, Dodgers at Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". baseball-reference.com. sports-reference.com. May 4, 1980. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Aug 11, 1980, Phillies at Cubs Box Score and Play by Play". baseball-reference.com. sports-reference.com. August 11, 1980. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia Phillies 7, San Francisco Giants 1". retrosheet.org. August 24, 1980. Retrieved November 30, 2014. Lonnie Smith beat throw to 2B on attempted double play but walked off the bag thinking he was out; Smith was tagged but 2B umpire Eric Gregg had called time, so Smith was not out; Giants manager Dave Bristol and pitching coach Don McMahon ejected by Gregg; Giants played game under protest[.]
Jump up ^ "Aug 24, 1980, Giants at Phillies Box Score and Play by Play". baseball-reference.com. sports-reference.com. August 24, 1980. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "1980 Philadelphia Phillies Schedule, Box Scores and Splits". Baseball-Reference.com.
Jump up ^ http://baseball-almanac.com/teamstats/roster.php?y=1980&t=PHI
Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/PHI/1980.shtml
^ Jump up to: a b Robbins, William (October 22, 1980). "City of Philadelphia Bursts into Bedlam After Last Pitch". New York Times. p. B5. Governor Richard Thornburgh declared (today) Philadelphia Phillies Day in the state.
Jump up ^ "On the whole, they'd rather be in...". United Press International. October 21, 1980.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Lloyd, and Wolff, Miles, ed., The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, 2nd and 3rd editions. Durham, North Carolina: Baseball America, 1997 and 2007


document_title: Golden Gate Bridge

question_text: who paid to build the golden gate bridge

root

text: Golden Gate Bridge

text: History

text: Ferry service

text: Before the bridge was built, the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay. A ferry service began as early as 1820, with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco.[10]

tag: p

text: The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service, launched in 1867, eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company, a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary, the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s.[10][11] Once for railroad passengers and customers only, Southern Pacific's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy.[12] The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost $1.00 per vehicle, a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge.[13] The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes.

text: Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County. San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats. Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay, the city's growth rate was below the national average.[14] Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft (2,042 m) strait, which had strong, swirling tides and currents, with water 372 ft (113 m) deep[15] at the center of the channel, and frequent strong winds. Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation.[14]

text: Conception

text: Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new, the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins.[16] San Francisco's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million, which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009, and impractical for the time. He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less.[10] One who responded, Joseph Strauss, was an ambitious engineer and poet who had, for his graduate thesis, designed a 55-mile-long (89 km) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait.[17] At the time, Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges—most of which were inland—and nothing on the scale of the new project.[3] Strauss's initial drawings[16] were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait, connected by a central suspension segment, which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million.[10]

text: Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts.[citation needed] A suspension-bridge design was considered the most practical, because of recent advances in metallurgy.[10]

text: Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California.[18] The bridge faced opposition, including litigation, from many sources. The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic. The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors. Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs. Southern Pacific Railroad, one of the most powerful business interests in California, opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project, leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service.[10]

text: In May 1924, Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction. Deakyne, on behalf of the Secretary of War, approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the "Bridging the Golden Gate Association" and both San Francisco County and Marin County, pending further bridge plans by Strauss.[19] Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry, which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles.[13]

text: The bridge's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy, city engineer of San Francisco, and Strauss. The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923, creating a special district to design, build and finance the bridge.[20] San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District, with the exception being Humboldt County, whose residents opposed the bridge's construction and the traffic it would generate.[21]

text: Design

text: Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project.[14] However, because he had little understanding or experience with cable-suspension designs,[22] responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts. Strauss's initial design proposal (two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint. The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff, the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City.[23]

text: Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge.[24] The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships.[14]

text: Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis, collaborating remotely with Moisseiff, was the principal engineer of the project.[25] Moisseiff produced the basic structural design, introducing his "deflection theory" by which a thin, flexible roadway would flex in the wind, greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers.[25] Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound, a later Moisseiff design, the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge, collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed, because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter.[26] Ellis was also tasked with designing a "bridge within a bridge" in the southern abutment, to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point, a pre–Civil War masonry fortification viewed, even then, as worthy of historic preservation. He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge's southern anchorage.[27]

text: Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree. He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University. He became an expert in structural design, writing the standard textbook of the time.[28] Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge, but he received none of the credit in his lifetime. In November 1931, Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate, Clifford Paine, ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff.[28] Ellis, obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression, continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis, eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations.[28]

text: With an eye toward self-promotion and posterity, Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who, despite receiving little recognition or compensation,[22] are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge. He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge.[28] Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated.[28] In May 2007, the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge.

text: Finance

text: The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District, authorized by an act of the California Legislature, was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design, construct, and finance the Golden Gate Bridge.[14] However, after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the District was unable to raise the construction funds, so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure. The bonds were approved in November 1930,[17] by votes in the counties affected by the bridge.[29] The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million. However, the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932, when Amadeo Giannini, the founder of San Francisco–based Bank of America, agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy.[10]

text: Construction

text:
Construction began on January 5, 1933.[10] The project cost more than $35 million,[30]  ($493 million in 2016 dollars[31]) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget.[32]
The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic-Marshall Construction Co., a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall, both of Lehigh University.

text: Strauss remained head of the project, overseeing day-to-day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions. A graduate of the University of Cincinnati, he placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured. He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site, which saved the lives of many otherwise-unprotected ironworkers. Of eleven men killed from falls during construction, ten were killed on February 17, 1937, when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen.[33] The workers' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear. The platform fell into the safety net, but was too heavy and the net gave way. Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200-foot (61 m) fall into the icy waters, including the 37-year-old foreman, Slim Lambert. Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club.[34]

text: The project was finished and opened May 27, 1937.  The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012.[35]  The Bridge Round House, an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938, has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop.[36]  The diner was renovated in 2012[35] and the gift shop was then removed as a new, official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza.[36]

text: During the bridge work, the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge's road work.[37]  With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012, all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased.

text: Opening festivities, 50th, and 75th anniversaries

text: The bridge-opening celebration began on May 27, 1937, and lasted for one week. The day before vehicle traffic was allowed, 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates.[10] On opening day, Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin, then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial "barriers", the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass. An official song, "There's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate", was chosen to commemorate the event. Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled "The Mighty Task is Done." The next day, President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington, D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon. As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area. Weeks of civil and cultural activities called "the Fiesta" followed. A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge.[16]

text: In May 1987, as part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge. However, this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people, and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people, causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight.[38] Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads, and was estimated not to have exceeded 40% of the yielding stress of the suspension cables,[39] bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday, May 27, 2012,[40][41][42] because of the additional law enforcement costs required "since 9/11".[43]

text:
A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day, 1937.

Play media

Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge

Official invitation to the opening of the bridge. This copy was sent to the City of Seattle.

tag: ul

text: Structural specifications

text: Until 1964, the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world, at 4,200 feet (1,300 m). Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges; it now has the second-longest main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet (2,737 m).[44]

text: The Golden Gate Bridge's clearance above high water averages 220 feet (67 m) while its towers, at 746 feet (227 m) above the water,[44] were the world's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge, in Mexico.

text: The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes, which are attached to two main cables. The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire. The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles (130,000 km).[44]

text: In 1961, BART completed a study that determined the bridge's suspension section was capable of supporting planned rapid transit rail service on a new lower deck.[45] These plans were not followed out.

text: The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets.[citation needed]

text: Aesthetics

text:
The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange.[46] The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow[47] because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog.
Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers.[48] In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

text: The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead-based topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats.[49][46] Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded.[50]

text:
A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise

View of the northern tower of the bridge

text: Traffic

text: Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1. Although part of the National Highway System, the bridge is not officially part of California's Highway System.[51] For example, under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401, Route 101 ends at "the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge" and then resumes at "a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco". The Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans).

text: The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, four lanes run northbound. During off-peak periods and weekends, traffic is split with three lanes in each direction.[52]

text: From 1968 to 2015, opposing traffic was separated by small, plastic pylons, and during that time, there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head-on collisions.[53] To improve safety, the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph (80 to 72 km/h) on October 1, 1983.[54] Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier.[53] Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11, 2015, following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic, the longest in the bridge's history.  The new barrier system, including the zipper trucks, cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install.[53][55]

text: Usage and tourism

text: The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists, and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes. Initially, they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb, but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003, primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway.[56]

text: The main walkway is on the eastern side, and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays (5 am to 3:30 pm), and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours (until 6 pm, or 9 pm during DST). The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends (5 am to 6 pm, or 9 pm during DST), and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight, when it is closed to pedestrians. The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway.[57]

text: Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies: San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit. Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line, and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week.[58][59] The southern end of the bridge, near the toll plaza and parking lot, is also accessible daily from 5:30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28.[60] The Marin Airporter, a private company, also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport.[61]

text: A visitor center and gift shop, dubbed the "Bridge Pavilion", is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge, adjacent to the southeast parking lot.  It opened in 2012, in time for the bridge's 75th anniversary celebration.  A cafe, outdoor exhibits, and restroom facilities are located nearby.[62] On the Marin side of the bridge, only accessible from the northbound lanes, is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point,[63] named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways.[64]

text: Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions.[65][66] Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries/(re)colonizations vicinity to the bridge, and researchers study them to strengthen protections, concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby, or to use a local whale watching operator.[67][68][69]

text: Tolls

text: When the Golden Gate Bridge opened in 1937, the toll was 50 cents per car, collected in each direction. It was reduced to 40 cents each way in 1950, then lowered to 25 cents in 1955. In 1968, the bridge was converted to only collect tolls from southbound traffic, with the toll amount reset back to 50 cents.[70]

text: The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971, with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls.[54] Tolls continued to be collected and subsequently incrementally raised; by 1991, the toll was $3.[70]

text: The bridge began accepting tolls via the FasTrak electronic toll collection system in 2002, with $4 tolls for FasTrak users and $5 for those paying cash.[70] In November 2006, the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit, projected at $80 million over five years. The District promised that the proposal, which it called a "partnership program," would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself. In October 2007, the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means, most likely a toll increase.[71][72] The District later increased the toll amounts in 2008 to $5 for FasTrak users and $6 to those paying cash.[70]

text: In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years, the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling.[73] Subsequently, this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013. The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight-year period. In addition to FasTrak, the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling (branded as "Pay-by-Plate"), and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge. Twenty-eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan.[74]

text: On April 7, 2014, the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6, while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7. Bicycle, pedestrian, and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free. For vehicles with more than two axles, the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system, and $6 per axle for FasTrak users. During peak traffic hours, carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate.[74] The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015, and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years.[75]

text:
Golden Gate Bridge toll increases (2014–18)[75][76]

Effective date

FasTrak

Toll-by-plate

Carpool

Multi-axle vehicle

April 7, 2014

$6.00

$7.00

$4.00

$7.00 per axle

July 1, 2015

$6.25

$7.25

$4.25

$7.25 per axle

July 1, 2016

$6.50

$7.50

$4.50

$7.50 per axle

July 1, 2017

$6.75

$7.75

$4.75

$7.75 per axle

July 1, 2018

$7.00

$8.00

$5.00

$8.00 per axle

tag: table

text: Congestion pricing

text: In March 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge, charging higher tolls during the peak hours, but rising and falling depending on traffic levels. This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant.[77] As a condition of the grant, the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009.[78][79]

text: The first results of the study, called the Mobility, Access and Pricing Study (MAPS), showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible.[80] The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008.[81]

text: In August 2008, transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue.[82]

text: Issues

text: Suicides

text: The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site/suicide bridge in the world, after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge.[83] The deck is about 245 feet (75 m) above the water.[84] After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km/h. Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water.[85][86]

text: After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths, suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017. Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million.[87]

text: Wind

text: Since its completion, the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times: on December 1, 1951, because of gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h); on December 23, 1982, because of winds of 70 mph (113 km/h); and on December 3, 1983, because of wind gusts of 75 mph (121 km/h).[49]

text: An anemometer, placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge, has been used to measure wind speeds. Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers.

text: Seismic vulnerability and improvements

text: Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events. The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake. Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake, the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure (i.e., collapse) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320-foot (98 m) arch over Fort Point.[88] A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal (repairable) damage. One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic. A complex electro-hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts, transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports. This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac, accomplishing this task without disrupting day-to-day San Francisco commuter traffic.[89][90] The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012.[90][91]

text:
The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio, known as Doyle Drive, dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle, President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa, and the man who, more than any other person, made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge.[92] The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north.[93] The road was deemed "vulnerable to earthquake damage", had a problematic 4-lane design, and lacked shoulders, and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced. Construction on the $1 billion[94] replacement, temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway, began in December 2009.[95]
The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27–30, 2012, and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway, until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9–12, 2015. As of May 2012, an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive.[96]

text: In popular culture

text: As a prominent American landmark, the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books, films and video games.


document_title: United States Bullion Depository

question_text: how much gold is there in fort knox

question_tokens: how much gold is there in fort knox

text: United States Bullion Depository

text: History[edit]

text: In 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, which outlawed the private ownership of gold coins, gold bullion, and gold certificates by American citizens, forcing them to sell these to the Federal Reserve. As a result, the value of the gold held by the Federal Reserve increased from $4 billion to $12 billion between 1933 and 1937.[3] This left the federal government with a large gold reserve and no place to store it. In 1936, the U.S. Treasury Department began construction of the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky, on land transferred from the military. The Gold Vault was completed in December 1936 for US $560,000. The site is located on what is now Bullion Boulevard at the intersection of Gold Vault Road.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, in recognition of its significance in the economic history of the United States and its status as a well-known landmark.[4] It is constructed of granite quarried at the North Carolina Granite Corporation Quarry Complex.[5]

text: The first gold shipments were made from January to July 1937. The majority of the United States' gold reserves were gradually shipped to the site, including old bullion and newly made bars made from melted gold coins. Some intact coins were stored. The transfer used a special 9 car train manned by machine gunners and transferred to US Army trucks protected by a US Cavalry brigade.[6] In 1974, a Washington attorney named Peter David Beter circulated a theory that the gold in the Depository had been secretly removed by elites, and that the vaults were empty. A group of reporters was allowed inside in order to refute the theory, which had gained traction thanks to coverage in tabloid newspapers and on the radio. Other than this 1974 event, no member of the public has been allowed inside.[7]

text: During World War II, the depository held the original U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution. It held the reserves of European countries and key documents from Western history. For example, it held the Crown of St. Stephen, part of the Hungarian crown jewels, given to American soldiers to prevent them from falling into Soviet hands. The repository held one of four copies (exemplifications) of Magna Carta, which had been sent for display at the 1939 New York World's Fair, and when war broke out, was kept in the US for the duration.

text: During World War II and into the Cold War, until the invention of different types of synthetic painkillers, a supply of processed morphine and opium was kept in the Depository as a hedge against the US being isolated from the sources of raw opium.[8]

text: Construction and security[edit]

text: Below the fortress-like structure lies the gold vault lined with granite walls and protected by a blast-proof door weighing 20 tons. Members of the Depository staff must dial separate combinations known only to them.[9] Beyond the main vault door, smaller compartments provide further protection.[10] According to a Mosler Safe Company brochure:

text: The most famous, if not the largest, vault door order came from the Federal government in 1935 for the newly constructed gold depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Both the vault door and emergency door were 21-inches thick and made of the latest torch- and drill-resistant material. The main vault door weighed 20 tons and the vault casing was 25-inches thick.[11]

text: The facility is ringed with fences and is guarded by the United States Mint Police. The Depository is near the main entrance to Fort Knox, potentially allowing the Army to provide additional protection.[citation needed] The Depository is protected by layers of physical security, alarms, video cameras, microphones, mine fields, barbed razor wire, electric fences, and heavily armed guards.[citation needed]

text: There is an escape tunnel from the lower level of the vault to be used by someone who has been accidentally locked in.[7]

text: For security reasons, no visitors are allowed inside the depository grounds. This policy has been enforced ever since the vault opened, with only two exceptions. The first was an inspection by members of the United States Congress and the news media on September 23, 1974 led by then Director of the United States Mint, Mary Brooks.[7] The second was a similar inspection made by Kentucky Congressmen on August 21, 2017, led by Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin.[12]

text: Gold[edit]

text: As of  November 2017[update], Fort Knox holdings are 4,582 metric tons (147.3 million oz. troy), with a market value of over $100 billion.[13] In contrast, the GDP of the United States was $19.4 trillion as of April 2017.[14]

text: Some of the gold in the depository is in the form of monetary gold coins.[13] The 1933 Double Eagle was also a temporary resident after transfer from 7 World Trade Center in July 2001, until its sale in July 2002 for $7.59 million. Sometime in 2004, ten additional allegedly stolen 1933 Double Eagles were transported to Fort Knox for safekeeping.[citation needed]

text: Not all the gold bars held in the depository are of exactly the same composition. The mint gold bars are nearly pure gold. Bars made from melted gold coins, called "coin bars", are the same composition as the original coins, which is 90% gold. Unlike many .999 fine gold bullion coins minted in modern times for holding today, the coin alloy for pre-1933 US coins, which were intended for circulation, was a tougher and wear-resistant .900 fine alloy (balance copper) used for all US gold coins since 1837. (See crown gold for further gold coin alloy history.)

text: The US holds more gold than any other country, with about 8,133 metric tons in total (not just at Fort Knox), or about 2.4 times that of the next leading country, Germany (which in 2014 owned 3,387.1 metric tons).[15]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Samsung Knox, an enterprise mobile security solution developed by Samsung Group is named after Fort Knox.[16]

text: The Depository figures prominently as the focus of the villain's plot in the 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger. Auric Goldfinger's goal is to break into the Depository and plant an atomic device. When it explodes, the entire US gold supply will be irradiated for decades to come and the worth of Goldfinger's own personal gold supply will skyrocket, making Goldfinger richer.

text: The depository is also featured in the finale of the 1952 Bugs Bunny cartoon "14  Carrot Rabbit."


document_title: Indian general election, 1951–52

question_text: who contest the first general election of india

text: Indian general election, 1951–52

text: Parties[edit]

text: Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, First Law Minister Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party, which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan's leadership to boast of; and the Communist Party of India. However, these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress.

text: Constituencies[edit]

text:
The first general elections, which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies, represented 25 Indian states. At that time, there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats.[6]
The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s. There were also 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members.

text: Results[edit]

text:
Party
Abbr.
Votes
%
Seats

Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
ABHM

0.95
4

Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
RRP

1.97
3

Bharatiya Jana Sangh
BJS
3,246,288
3.06
3

Bolshevik Party of India
BPI

0.02
0

Communist Party of India
CPI
3,484,401
3.29
16

Forward Bloc (Marxist)
FB(M)

0.91
1

Forward Bloc (Ruiker)
FB(R)

0.13
0

Indian National Congress
INC
47,665,875
44.99
364

Krishikar Lok Party
KLP

1.41
1

Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
KMPP
6,156,558
5.79
9

Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore)
RCPI

0.06
0

Revolutionary Socialist Party
RSP

0.44
3

Scheduled Caste Federation
SCF

2.38
2

Socialist Party
SP
11,266,779
10.59
12

All India Republican Party
REP

0.04
0

All India Republican Party
RPP

0.05
0

All India United Kisan Sabha
UKS

0.06
0

All Manipur National Union
AMNU

0.02
0

All People's Party
APP

0.03
0

Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party
CNSPJP

0.22
1

Cochin Party
CP

0.01
0

Commonweal Party
CWP

0.31
3

Ganatantra Parishad
GP

0.91
6

Gandhi Sebak Seva
GSS

0.01
0

Hill Peoples Party
HPP

0.02
0

Historical Research
HR

0.00
0

Hyderabad State Praja Party
HSPP

0.01
0

Jharkhand Party
JKP

0.71
3

Justice Party
JP

0.06
0

Kamgar Kisan Paksha
KKP

0.13
0

Kerala Socialist Party
KSP

0.1
0

Khasi-Jaintia Durbar
KJD

0.03
0

Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party
KJSP

0.01
0

Kisan Mazdoor Mandal
KMM

0.01
0

Kuki National Association
KNA

0.01
0

Lok Sevak Sangh
LSS

0.29
2

Madras State Muslim League Party
MSMLP

0.08
1

National Party of India
NPI

0.00
0

Peasants and Workers Party of India
PWPI

0.94
2

Peoples Democratic Front
PDF

1.29
7

Praja Party
PP

0.02
0

Punjab Depressed Class League
PDCL

0.01
0

Pursharathi Panchayat
PURP

0.01
0

Revolutionary Socialist Party (Uttar Pradesh)
RSP(UP)

0.02
0

Shiromani Akali Dal
SAD

0.99
4

S.K. Paksha
SKP

0.13
0

Saurashtra Khedut Sangh
SKS

0.03
0

Tamil Nadu Toilers Party
TNTP

0.84
4

Tail Nadu Congress Party
TNCP

0.03
0

Tribal Sangha
TS

0.11
0

Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party
TTNC

0.11
1

Uttar Pradesh Praja Party
UPP

0.2
0

Zamindar Party
ZP

0.27
0

Independents
16,817,910
15.9
37

Nominated Anglo-Indians
–
–
2

Total
105,944,495
100
489

text: Notable losses[edit]

text:
First Law Minister B. R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) (reserved seat) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes.[7]:156
Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress.

text: Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi.[8]

text: Government formation[edit]

text: The speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sitting hours. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1919 until 31 April 2019

text: Duration[edit]

text: While Indian Government's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls, it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February–March 1952; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967, and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March, heavy snow impending free movement.[9]   The rest of the India voted only in February–March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections.  Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952. The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.[7]


document_title: S corporation

question_text: when does s election have to be made

question_tokens: when does s election have to be made

text: S corporation

text: Overview[edit]

text: S corporations are ordinary business corporations that elect to pass corporate income, losses, deductions, and credits through to their shareholders for federal tax purposes.[1][2] The term "S corporation" means a "small business corporation" which has made an election under § 1362(a) to be taxed as an S corporation.[3]

text: The S corporation rules are contained in Subchapter S of Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code (sections 1361 through 1379). Congress, acting on the Department of Treasury's suggestion of 1946, created this chapter in 1958 as part of a larger package of miscellaneous tax items.[4] S status combines the legal environment of C corporations with U.S. federal income taxation similar to that of partnerships.[2]

text: As with partnerships, the income, deductions, and tax credits of an S corporation flow through to shareholders annually, regardless of whether distributions are made.[5] Thus, income is taxed at the shareholder level and not at the corporate level. Payments to S shareholders by the corporation are distributed tax-free to the extent that the distributed earnings were previously taxed.

text: S. corporations vs. C. corporations[edit]

text: Like a C corporation, an S corporation is generally a corporation under the law of the state in which the entity is organized.[5] However, with modern incorporation statutes making the establishment of a corporation relatively easy, firms that might traditionally have been run as partnerships or sole proprietorships are often run as corporations with a small number of shareholders in order to take advantage of the beneficial features of the corporate form; this is particularly true of firms established prior to the advent of the modern limited liability company. Therefore, taxation of S corporations resembles that of partnerships.

text: Unlike a C corporation, an S corporation is not eligible for a dividends received deduction.

text: Unlike a C corporation, an S corporation is not subject to the 10 percent of taxable income limitation applicable to charitable contribution deductions.

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: A corporation is "eligible" if it:[2]

text:
Has no more than 100 shareholders,
Has shareholders who are all individuals (exceptions are made for various tax exempt organizations, estates, and trusts)
Has no nonresident aliens as shareholders, and
Has only one class of stock.[6][7]

text: A limited liability company (LLC) is eligible to be taxed as an S corporation under the check-the-box regulations at § 301.7701-2. The LLC first elects to be taxed as a corporation, at which point it becomes a corporation for tax purposes; then it makes the S corporation election under section 1362(a).

text: Shareholder requirements[edit]

text: Shareholders must be U.S. citizens or residents (not nonresident aliens), and must be natural persons, so corporations and partnerships are ineligible shareholders. However, certain trusts, estates, and tax-exempt corporations, notably 501(c)(3) corporations, are permitted to be shareholders.[8] An S corporation may be a shareholder in another, subsidiary S corporation if the first S corporation owns 100% of the stock of the subsidiary corporation, and an election is made to treat the subsidiary corporation as a "qualified subchapter S subsidiary" (QSub). After the election is made, the subsidiary corporation is not treated as a separate corporation for tax purposes, and all "assets, liabilities, and items of income, deduction, and credit" of the QSub are treated belonging to the parent S corporation.[9]

text: Spouses (and their estates) are automatically treated as a single shareholder.[10] Families, defined as individuals descended from a common ancestor, plus spouses and former spouses of either the common ancestor or anyone lineally descended from that person, are considered a single shareholder as long as any family member elects such treatment.[7]

text: Stock requirements[edit]

text: An S corporation may only have one class of stock.[11] A single class of stock means that all outstanding shares of stock confer "identical rights to distribution and liquidation proceeds," i.e. profits and losses are allocated to shareholders proportionately to each one's interest in the business. § 1.1361-1(l)(1). Differences in voting rights are disregarded, which means that an S corporation may have voting and nonvoting stock.[12]

text: If a corporation meets the foregoing requirements and wishes to be taxed under Subchapter S, its shareholders may file Form 2553: "Election by a Small Business Corporation"[13][14] with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The Form 2553 must be signed by all of the corporation's shareholders. If a shareholder resides in a community property state, the shareholder's spouse generally must also sign the 2553.

text: The S corporation election must typically be made by the fifteenth day of the third month of the tax year for which the election is intended to be effective, or at any time during the year immediately preceding the tax year.[15] Congress has directed the IRS to show leniency with regard to late S elections. Accordingly, often, the IRS will accept a late S election.

text: If a corporation that has elected to be treated as an S corporation ceases to meet the requirements (for example, if as a result of stock transfers, the number of shareholders exceeds 100 or an ineligible shareholder such as a nonresident alien acquires a share), the corporation will lose its S corporation status and revert to being a regular C corporation.

text: An S corporation's election will also terminate if, for each of three consecutive years, (i) its passive investment income exceeds 25% of gross receipts and (ii) it has accumulated earnings and profits. § 1362(d)(3). An S corporation will only have accumulated earnings and profits if it was a C corporation at some time, or acquired or merged with a C corporation. [1]

text: Taxation[edit]

text: The S election affects the treatment of the corporation for Federal income tax purposes. The election does not change the requirements for that corporation for other Federal taxes such as FICA and Federal unemployment taxes.

text: Distributions[edit]

text: While an S corporation is not taxed on its profits, the owners of an S corporation are taxed on their proportional shares of the S corporation's profits.

text: Actual distributions of funds, as opposed to distributive shares, typically have no effect on shareholder tax liability. The term "pass through" refers not to assets distributed by the corporation to the shareholder, but instead to the portion of the corporation's income, losses, deductions or credits that are reported to the shareholder on Schedule K-1 and are shown by the shareholder on his or her own income tax return. However, a distribution to a shareholder that is in excess of the shareholder's basis in his or her stock is taxed to the shareholder as capital gain.

text: Quarterly estimated taxes must be paid by the individual to avoid tax penalties, even if this income is "phantom income".[citation needed]

text: Example[edit]

text: Widgets Inc, an S-Corp, makes $10,000,000 in net income (before payroll) in 2006 and is owned 51% by Bob and 49% by John. Keeping it simple, Bob and John both draw salaries of $94,200 (which is the Social Security Wage Base for 2006, after which no further Social Security tax is owed).

text: Employee salaries are subject to FICA tax (Social Security & Medicare tax) --currently 15.3 percent--(6.2% Social Security paid by the employee; 6.2% Social Security paid by the employer; 1.45% employee medicare and 1.45% employer medicare). The distribution of the additional profits from the S corporation will be done without any further FICA tax liability.

text: If for some reason, Bob (as the majority owner) were to decide not to distribute the money, both Bob and John would still owe taxes on their pro-rata allocation of business income, even though neither received any cash distribution. To avoid this "phantom income" scenario, S corporations commonly use shareholder agreements that stipulate at least enough distribution must be made for shareholders to pay the taxes on their distributive shares.

text: Conversion from C corporation[edit]

text: S corporations that have previously been C corporations may also, in certain circumstances, pay income taxes on untaxed profits that were generated when the corporation operated as a C corporation. This is very common with uncollected accounts receivable or appreciated real estate.

text: For example, if an S corporation that was formerly a C corporation sells an appreciated asset (such as real estate) and the appreciation occurred during the time the corporation was a C corporation, the S corporation will probably pay C corporation taxes on the appreciation—even though the corporation is now an S corporation. This Built In Gain (BIG) tax rate is 35% on the appreciated property, but is only realized if the BIG property is sold within 10 years (starting from the first day of the first tax year of conversion to S-Corp status.) The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 reduced that 10-year recognition period to 7 years (if that 7th year precedes either 2009 or 2010.) The Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 further reduced the recognition period to 5 years.

text: Federal tax[edit]

text: Taxable Income to Shareholders[edit]

text: If a shareholder owns more than 2% of the outstanding stock, amounts paid for group health insurance for that shareholder are included on their W-2 as "wages." The same applies to amounts contributed to Health Savings Accounts (HSA).

text: Filing Form 1120S[edit]

text: Form 1120S generally must be filed by March 15 of the year immediately following the calendar year covered by the return or, if a fiscal year (a year ending on the last day of a month other than December) is used, by the 15th day of the third month immediately following the last day of the fiscal year. The corporation must complete a Schedule K-1 for each person who was a shareholder at any time during the tax year and file it with the IRS along with Form 1120S. The second copy of the Schedule K-1 must be mailed to the shareholder.

text: FICA[edit]

text: As is the case for any other corporation, the FICA tax is imposed only with respect to employee wages and not on distributive shares of shareholders. Although FICA tax is not owed on distributive shares, the IRS and equivalent state revenue agencies may recategorize distributions paid to shareholder-employees as wages if shareholder-employees are not paid a reasonable wage for the services they perform in their positions within the company.[16]

text: Reporting compliance[edit]

text: In 2005, the IRS launched a study to assess the reporting compliance of S corporations[17] The study began in late 2005 and examined 5,000 randomly selected S corporation returns from tax years 2003 and 2004. The IRS intends to use the results to measure compliance in recording of income, deductions and credits from S corporations, and to formulate future audit criteria to better target likely non-compliant returns. This is part of a larger IRS effort to improve tax compliance and reduce the estimated $300 billion gap in gross reported figures each year. A large portion of that gap is thought to come from small businesses, and particularly S corporations, which are now the most common corporate entity, numbering over 3 million in 2002, up from about 750,000 in 1985.

text: State tax[edit]

text: States impose tax laws and regulations for corporate income and distributions, some of which may be directed specifically at S Corporations. Some but not all states recognize a state tax law equivalent to an S corporation, so that the S corporation in certain states may be treated the same way for state income tax purposes as it is treated for Federal purposes. A state taxing authority may require that a copy of the Form 1120S return be submitted to the state with the state income tax return.

text: Some states such as New York and New Jersey require a separate state-level S election in order for the corporation to be treated, for state tax purposes, as an S corporation.

text: California[edit]

text: S corporations pay a franchise tax of 1.5% of net income in the state of California (minimum $800). This is one factor to be taken into consideration when choosing between a limited liability company and an S corporation in California. For highly profitable enterprises, the LLC franchise tax fees (minimum $800), which are based on gross revenues, may be lower than the 1.5% net income tax. Conversely, for high-gross-revenue, low-profit-margin businesses, the LLC franchise tax fees may exceed the S corporation net income tax.

text: Delaware[edit]

text: S Corporations operating in the City of Wilmington are not subject to the city's 1.25% net profits tax, however, S corporation employee wages are subject to the city's 1.25% wage tax.

text: New York City[edit]

text: In New York City, S corporations are subject to the full corporate income tax at an 8.85% rate. However, if the S corporation can demonstrate that a portion of its business was done outside the city, that portion will not be subject to the additional tax.

text: Philadelphia[edit]

text: In Philadelphia, S corporations are subject to the city's income tax (6.35%) and gross receipts tax (1.415%), but not the net profits tax (3.8907%). S corporations also benefit from Pennsylvania's flat personal income tax of 3.07% instead of the high corporation tax rate of 9.99%.


document_title: Nursing in Australia

question_text: what was the first australian nursing organisation called

text: Nursing in Australia

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the transfer of nursing education to the university sector, nurses were trained on the job in a three-year course of theory and practice instruction in hospital nursing schools and on the wards commencing with a 6-week preliminary training school (PTS) with the earliest accepted entry age being 17 years. First, second and third year student nurses were often distinguished by the number of stripes on their uniform caps and or belts. Hospital-based examinations were held each year and a successful pass meant progression to the next year and a fail meant a student nurse was cut, no second chances. Three years of student nursing culminated in final year exams. Student Nurses were paid employees of the parent hospital and there was no sick leave. If a student nurse missed time off through sick leave over the three years of training this time was added on to be worked at the end of the three years and if not worked a nurse was not allowed to graduate. Hospitals awarded distinctive badges and veils (think the flying nun) upon graduation. In addition, state registering authorities awarded a badge of registration. These were generally worn with pride on the uniform collars.

text: As early as the 1930s, attempts were made to establish university credentialed nursing courses in Australia, most notably by then director of nursing at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the University of Melbourne. As recently as the 1970s, Sandra Stacy, one of the first Australian nurses to attain a PhD enrolled in a school of anthropology to submit her thesis.

text: In the late 1970s, the Royal College of Nursing Australia pioneered a course that became the Diploma of Applied Science (Nursing), awarded by the Lincoln Institute in Melbourne and Cumberland College in Sydney. The transfer of nursing education to the university sector continued throughout the 1980s, and gradually hospital schools ceased operating. In the early 1990s, universities finally granted nursing education the same status as allied health, and granted bachelor degrees in nursing rather than diplomas for entry-level courses.

text: The first move towards baccalaureate recognition was the development of the Bachelor of Applied Science (Advanced Nursing), a post graduate degree that required registration as a registered nurse as a prerequisite to admission and completion of 16 units. This course is no longer offered, and has been superseded by the transition of "post basic courses" conducted by various hospitals as a form of in-service training to the tertiary sector. The College of Nursing still runs post graduate certificate courses for nurses in many specialities.

text: The transfer of nursing education to the university sector from the hospital setting was the result of long-time efforts by leaders in Australian nursing. It was opposed by the medical hierarchy who viewed the development of highly trained professional nurses as a threat to their monopoly on the delivery of high-level health care.[citation needed] Many nurses themselves opposed the transfer on the grounds that "hands on experience in hospitals" would be lost.[citation needed] One underlying cause of the opposition was that of societal views toward appropriate gender roles: nursing as a "female" profession and medicine as a "male" profession.

text: Historically, a "double" or "triple certificated sister" would have been a registered nurse who held general, midwifery, psychiatric, or other range of certificates. The post nominal "RN (DC)" or "RN (TC)" was used by some nurses to signify this attainment.

text: Nurse practitioners are being introduced into the Australian healthcare community. It was only in December 2000, that the first Nurse Practitioner was authorised to work in Australia. Since then there are approximately 700 practicing throughout Australia. To become a Nurse Practitioner you must firstly apply to the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, NMBA. After applying to the NMBA you are then required to provide affirmation of the following to be considered:[3]

text: · General registration as a nurse

text: · The required hours of experience in a leading practice, which is 3 years full-time within the space of the last 6 years

text: · A Masters degree which is from an approved provided

text: Legal regulation[edit]

text: As of 1 July 2010, nurses are regulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, an agency under the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme. The practice of nursing was previously governed by state and territorial nursing regulation authorities. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Accreditation Council (ANMAC) was established in 1992 and works with these authorities to facilitate a national approach to nursing and midwifery regulation. Which has now been superseded by the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA).

text: Types of nurses[edit]

text: Nurses fall into the following major categories:

text:
Nurse practitioner (NP)
Registered nurse (RN)
Enrolled nurse (EN)
Assistant In nursing (AIN)

text: Mandatory Registration Requirements for Nurses in Australia[edit]

text: Before being able to work as a nurse you must become registered in Australia. There are specific registration requirements that all new applicants and applicants renewing their registration[5] must meet:

text: · Criminal history check – international as of the 4th of February 2015

text: · Professional indemnity insurance arrangements

text: · English skills

text: · Continuation of professional development

text: · Recency of practice

text: Education[edit]

text: Registration as a registered nurse now requires a Bachelor of Nursing, considered the foundation for any future specialisation within nursing. Postgraduate diplomas provide further vocational training for specialist areas. Masters level courses are available in both research and course work streams; a specialist course has been developed to provide preparation for registration as a nurse practitioner. Professional doctorates are also available.

text: Australia has a long tradition of post-basic courses, usually of a six-month (minor) or twelve-month (major) duration, which included midwifery, maternal and child welfare, psychiatric, perioperative (theatre nursing), intensive care, and coronary care in later years, as well as a myriad of other courses. They are now provided by the university sector as postgraduate diplomas or post graduate certificates, depending on the length and complexity.

text: There are options available for hospital trained nurses to upgrade their qualifications to a Bachelor of Nursing (post registration). However, most opt instead to undertake specialist courses such as a postgraduate diploma or certification in the area of their clinical interest.

text: Enrolled nurses (Endorsed) complete a Diploma of Nursing and are trained in the "technical and further education" (TAFE) sector and also Universities, although still obtaining the same degree. Course length has been increased to 18 months to include a module that permits enrolled nurses to dispense oral medications, as well as perform intramuscular injections, subcutaneous injections, and intradermal injections when. Additional post-graduate certificates are offered. Diploma (Endorsed) and Certificate nurses can attend University to gain a Bachelor of Nursing in just 2 years, as their previous qualification allows most to enter at 2nd year.

text: Professional titles[edit]

text: The professional courtesy title "sister" has fallen into disuse and disapproval, even though it was formerly used by both male and female registered general nurses. The title "nurse" was used when addressing enrolled nurses.

text: Salary[edit]

text: The salary of a nurse depends on two factors: the type of nurse and the years of experience in the position.

text:
Nurse Practitioner: $118,419 to $123,629
Registered Nurse: $62,724 to $86,316
Endorsed Enrolled Nurse: $56,515 to $59,982
Assistant in Nursing: $52,228 to $57,182

text: The initial figure would be the commencing salary, then after years of experience the nurse could potentially receive the larger figure. The salary rates[6] above are the most current rates in Australia, which are from the 1st of April 2016.


document_title: National symbols of India

question_text: what is the national water animal of india

text: National symbols of India

text: National symbols[edit]

text:
Title
Symbol
Image
Notes

National flag
Flag of India

A horizontal rectangular tricolour with equally sized deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the bottom. In the center is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag designed by Pingali Venkayya.[1]

National emblem
National Emblem of India

An adaptation of Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath was adopted as the National Emblem of India on 26 January 1950, the day India became a republic. Forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script: "Satyameva jayate" (English: Truth Alone Triumphs), a quote taken from Mundaka Upanishad, the concluding part of the sacred Hindu Vedas.[3]

National calendar
Saka calendar

Saka calendar was introduced by the Calendar Committee in 1957. Usage officially started at 1 Chaitra 1879 Saka Era, or 22 March 1957.[4]

National anthem
Jana Gana Mana

Jana Gana Mana by Rabindranath Tagore was officially adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the Indian national anthem on 24 January 1950.[5]

National song
Vande Mataram

The first two verses of Vande Mataram by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee was adopted as the National song of India in 1950. "Vande Mataram" was sung during the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress by Rabindranath Tagore.[6]

Oath of allegiance
National Pledge

It was written in Telugu by Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962. Central Advisory Board on Education directed that the pledge to be sung in Schools and that this practice to be introduced by 26 January 1965.[7]

National flower
Indian lotus

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a sacred flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture.[8]

National fruit
Mango

Mango (Mangifera indica) originated in India and the country is home to more than 100 varieties of the fruit.[9]

National river
Ganga

Ganga is the longest river of India with the most heavily populated river basin in the world. The river is revered by Hindus as the most sacred river on earth.[10]

National tree
Indian banyan

Indian banyan (Ficus bengalensis) root themselves to form new trees and grow over large areas. Because of this characteristic and its longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India.[11]

National animal
Royal Bengal tiger

Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), the largest carnivore is found only in the Indian subcontinent and can be found in most regions of the country.[12]

National aquatic animal
River dolphin

Gangetic dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is said to represent the purity of the holy Ganga River as it can only survive in pure and fresh water.[13]

National bird
Indian peacock

Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus) is designated as the national bird of India. A bird indigenous to the subcontinent, peacock represents the unity of vivid colours and finds references in Indian culture.[14] On February 1, 1963, The Government of India have decided to have the Peacock as the national bird of India. The decision has been taken after considering the views of the State Governments and the opinions expressed in the Press.
The question of selecting a national bird has been under consideration since the Tokyo conference of the International Council for Bird Preservation held in May 1960. This matter was taken up by the Indian Board for Wild Life and the State Governments were also asked to give their views. Some of the other birds considered for the honour were the Great Indian Bustard, the Sarus crane, the "Garuda" and the Swan (Hamsa), the strongest contender being the Great Indian Bustard.[15]

National currency
Indian Rupee

Indian Rupee (ISO code: INR) is the official currency of the Republic of India. The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Indian rupee symbol is derived from the Devanagari consonant "र" (ra) and the Latin letter "R" was adopted in 2010.[16]

National Microbe
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

Lactobacillus delbrueckii (subsp. bulgaricus) has been announced as the National Microbe for India by Jayanthi Natarajan, India’s Minister of State for Environment and Forests on October 18, 2012 during the International Conference on ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Education for Sustainable Development - Learning to Conserve Biodiversity in a Rapidly Changing World’ held at Hyderabad during CoP-11. The microbe was selected by children who had visited the Science Express Biodiversity Special, a train which has been visiting various stations across the country.