document_title: UEFA Champions League

question_text: how much money do you get from winning the champions league

text: UEFA Champions League

text: History

text: The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[9] The Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs.[10] In 1930, the Coupe des Nations (French: Nations Cup), the first attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette.[11] Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent. The tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary.[11] Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949.[12] After receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948, Gabriel Hanot, editor of L'Équipe, began proposing the creation of a continent-wide tournament.[13] After Stan Cullis declared Wolverhampton Wanderers "Champions of the World" following a successful run of friendlies in the 1950s, in particular a 3–2 friendly victory against Budapest Honvéd, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice such a tournament.[2] It was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup.[2]

text: 1955–66: Beginnings

text: The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season.[14][15] Sixteen teams participated: Milan (Italy), AGF Aarhus (Denmark), Anderlecht (Belgium), Djurgården (Sweden), Gwardia Warszawa (Poland), Hibernian (Scotland), Partizan (Yugoslavia), PSV Eindhoven (Netherlands), Rapid Wien (Austria), Real Madrid (Spain), Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany), Saarbrücken (Saar), Servette (Switzerland), Sporting CP (Portugal), Stade de Reims (France), and Vörös Lobogó (Hungary).[14][15] The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan.[14][15] The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP.[14][15] The inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid.[14][15][16] The Spanish squad came back from behind to win 4–3 thanks to goals from Alfredo Di Stéfano and Marquitos, as well as two goals from Héctor Rial.[14][15][16]

text: Real Madrid successfully defended the trophy next season in their home stadium, the Santiago Bernabéu, against Fiorentina.[17][18] After a scoreless first half, Real Madrid scored twice in six minutes to defeat the Italians.[16][17][18] In 1958, Milan failed to capitalise after going ahead on the scoreline twice, only for Real Madrid to equalise.[19][20] The final held in Heysel Stadium went to extra time where Francisco Gento scored the game-winning goal to allow Real Madrid to retain the title for the third consecutive season.[16][19][20] In a rematch of the first final, Real Madrid faced Stade Reims at the Neckarstadion for the 1958–59 season final, easily winning 2–0.[16][21][22] West German side Eintracht Frankfurt became the first non-Latin team to reach the European Cup final.[23][24] The 1959–60 season finale still holds the record for the most goals scored, but the record is overshadowed by the 7–3 thrashing Eintracht Frankfurt received in Hampden Park, courtesy of four goals by Ferenc Puskás and a hat-trick by Alfredo Di Stéfano.[16][23][24] This was Real Madrid's fifth consecutive title, a record that still stands today.[8]

text: Los Merengues reign ended in the 1960–61 season when bitter rivals Barcelona dethroned them in the first round.[25][26] Barcelona themselves, however, would be defeated in the final by Portuguese side Benfica 3–2 at Wankdorf Stadium.[25][26][27] Reinforced by Eusébio, Benfica defeated Real Madrid 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam and kept the title for a second, consecutive season.[27][28][29] Benfica wanted to repeat Real Madrid's successful run of the 1950s after reaching the showpiece event of the 1962–63 European Cup, but a brace from Brazilian-Italian José Altafini at the Wembley Stadium gave the spoils to Milan, making the trophy leave the Iberian Peninsula for the first time ever.[30][31][32] Internazionale beat an ageing-Real Madrid 3–1 in the Ernst-Happel-Stadion to win the 1963–64 season and replicate their local-rival's success.[33][34][35] The title stayed in the city of Milan for the third year in a row after Inter beat Benfica 1–0 at their home ground, the San Siro.[36][37][38]

text: Anthem

text: The UEFA Champions League anthem, officially titled simply as "Champions League", was written by Tony Britten, and is an adaptation of George Frideric Handel's Zadok the Priest (one of his Coronation Anthems).[39][40] UEFA commissioned Britten in 1992 to arrange an anthem, and the piece was performed by London's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields.[39] The chorus contains the three official languages used by UEFA: English, German, and French. The anthem's chorus is played before each UEFA Champions League game, as well as at the beginning and end of television broadcasts of the matches. The complete anthem is about three minutes long, and has two short verses and the chorus. For the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final in Rome, tenor Andrea Bocelli sang backing lyrics to the Champions League anthem, whilst similarly Juan Diego Flórez provided the tenor for the 2010 UEFA Champions League Final. Girl band All Angels performed at the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final. Jonas Kaufmann provided the tenor for 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, whilst David Garrett performed with his violin. The anthem has never been released commercially in its original version.

text: Branding

text: In 1991, UEFA asked its commercial partner, Television Event and Media Marketing (TEAM), to help "brand" the Champions League. This resulted in the anthem, "house colours" of black and white or silver and a logo, and the "starball". The starball was created by Design Bridge, a London-based firm selected by TEAM after a competition.[41] TEAM gives particular attention to detail in how the colours and starball are depicted at matches. According to TEAM, "Irrespective of whether you are a spectator in Moscow or Milan, you will always see the same stadium dressing materials, the same opening ceremony featuring the 'starball' centre circle ceremony, and hear the same UEFA Champions League Anthem". Based on research it conducted, TEAM concluded that by 1999, "the starball logo had achieved a recognition rate of 94 percent among fans".[42]

text: Format

text: Qualification

text: As of 2009, the UEFA Champions League begins with a double round-robin group stage of 32 teams, which is preceded by two qualification 'streams' for teams that do not receive direct entry to the tournament proper. The two streams are divided between teams qualified by virtue of being league champions, and those qualified by virtue of finishing 2nd–4th in their national championship.

text: The number of teams that each association enters into the UEFA Champions League is based upon the UEFA coefficients of the member associations. These coefficients are generated by the results of clubs representing each association during the previous five Champions League and UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup seasons. The higher an association's coefficient, the more teams represent the association in the Champions League, and the fewer qualification rounds the association's teams must compete in.

text: Five of the remaining ten qualifying places are granted to the winners of a four-round qualifying tournament between the remaining 40 or 39 national champions, within which those champions from associations with higher coefficients receive byes to later rounds. The other five are granted to the winners of a two-round qualifying tournament between the 15 clubs from the associations ranked 1 through 15, which have qualified based upon finishing second, third, or fourth in their respective national league.

text: In addition to sporting criteria, any club must be licensed by its national association to participate in the Champions league. To obtain a license, the club must meet certain stadium, infrastructure, and finance requirements.

text: In 2005–06, Liverpool and Artmedia Bratislava became the first teams to reach the Champions League group stage after playing in all three qualifying rounds. In 2008–09, both BATE Borisov and Anorthosis Famagusta achieved the same feat. Real Madrid holds the record for the most consecutive appearances in the group stage, having qualified 19 times in a row (1997–2016). They are followed by Manchester United on 18 (1996–2014)[43] and Arsenal on 18 (1998–2016).[44]

text: Between 2003 and 2008, no differentiation was made between champions and non-champions in qualification. The 16 top ranked teams spread across the biggest domestic leagues qualified directly for the tournament group stage. Prior to this, three preliminary knockout qualifying rounds whittled down the remaining teams, with different teams starting in different rounds.

text: An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers.[45] UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that, if the Champions League winner fell outside of its domestic league's top four, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. Until 2015–16, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League.[46] In May 2012, Tottenham Hotspur finished fourth in the Premier League, two places ahead of Chelsea, but failed to qualify for the 2012–13 Champions League, after Chelsea won the 2012 Champions League Final.[47] Tottenham were demoted to the Europa League for the 2012–13 season.[47]

text: In May 2013,[48] it was decided that, starting from the 2015–16 season (and continuing at least for the three-year cycle until the 2017–18 season), the winners of the previous season's UEFA Europa League would qualify for the UEFA Champions League, entering at least the play-off round, and entering the group stage if the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders was not used. The previous limit of a maximum of four teams per association was increased from four to five, meaning that a fourth-placed team from one of the top three ranked associations would only have to be moved to the Europa League if both the Champions League and Europa League winners came from that association and both finished outside the top four of their domestic league.[49]

text: The top three leagues in Europe are allowed to enter four teams into the Champions League. Michel Platini, the UEFA president, had proposed taking one place from the top three leagues and allocating it to that nation's cup winners. This proposal was rejected in a vote at a UEFA Strategy Council meeting.[50] In the same meeting, however, it was agreed that the third-placed team in the top three leagues would receive automatic qualification for the group stage, rather than entry into the third qualifying round, while the fourth-placed team would enter the play-off round for non-champions, guaranteeing an opponent from one of the top 15 leagues in Europe. This was part of Platini's plan to increase the number of teams qualifying directly into the group stage, while simultaneously increasing the number of teams from lower-ranked nations in the group stage.[51]

text: In 2012, Arsène Wenger referred to qualifying for the Champion's League by finishing in the top four places in the English Premier League as the "4th Place Trophy". The phrase was coined after a pre-match conference when he was questioned about Arsenal's lack of a trophy after exiting the FA Cup. He said "The first trophy is to finish in the top four".[52] At Arsenal's 2012 AGM, Wenger was also quoted as saying: "For me there are five trophies every season: Premier League, Champions League, the third is to qualify for the Champions League..."[53]

text: Tournament

text: The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into eight groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same country may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The winning team and the runners-up from each group then progress to the next round. The third-placed team enters the UEFA Europa League.

text: For this stage, the winning team from one group plays against the runners-up from another group, and teams from the same association may not be drawn against each other. From the quarter-finals onwards, the draw is entirely random, without association protection. The tournament uses the away goals rule: if the aggregate score of the two games is tied, then the team who scored more goals at their opponent's stadium advances.[54]

text: The group stage is played from September to December, whilst the knock-out stage starts in February. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. This is typically held in the final two weeks of May.

text: Default distribution (from 2015–16)

text: Starting with the 2015–16 edition, the winners of the UEFA Europa League will be entered into the Champions League, initially at the level of the playoff round, ensuring group stage participation in either competition. The maximum number of teams that an association can field in the tournament has also been increased from four to five.[55]

text:
Teams entering in this round
Teams advancing from previous round

First qualifying round
(8 teams)

8 champions from associations 47–54

Second qualifying round
(34 teams)

30 champions from associations 16–46 (except Liechtenstein)

4 winners from the first qualifying round

Third qualifying round
Champions
(20 teams)

3 champions from associations 13–15

17 winners from the second qualifying round

Non-champions
(10 teams)

9 runners-up from associations 7–15
1 third-placed team from association 6

Play-off round
Champions
(10 teams)

10 winners from the third qualifying round for champions

Non-champions
(10 teams)

2 third-placed teams from associations 4–5
3 fourth-placed teams from associations 1–3[UCL]
UEFA Europa League champion[UEL]

5 winners from the third qualifying round for non-champions

Group stage
(32 teams)

12 champions from associations 1–12
6 runners-up from associations 1–6
3 third-placed teams from associations 1–3
UEFA Champions League champion

5 winners from the play-off round for champions
5 winners from the play-off round for non-champions

Knockout phase
(16 teams)

8 group winners from the group stage
8 group runners-up from the group stage

text: Future distribution (from 2018–19)

text: In August 2016, UEFA announced changes in the access list of the tournament, driven to avoid the creation of European Super League. The top four clubs from the four top-ranked national associations will receive guaranteed qualification automatically for the group stage. The Europa League champion also will automatically qualify for the group stage.[56] However, the plan passed by UEFA caused outrage among smaller associations and after the election of the new UEFA president Aleksander Čeferin it is still possible to be amended[57]. On December 9, 2016 UEFA confirmed the planned reform.[58]

text: Referees

text: Ranking

text: The UEFA Refereeing Unit is broken down into five experience-based categories. A referee is initially placed into Category 4 with the exception of referees from France, Germany, England, Italy, or Spain. Referees from these five countries are typically comfortable with top professional matches and are therefore directly placed into Category 3. Each referee's performance is observed and evaluated after every match; his category may be revised twice per season, but a referee cannot be promoted directly from Category 3 to the Elite Category.[59]

text: Appointment

text: In co-operation with the UEFA Refereeing Unit, the UEFA Referee Committee is responsible for appointing referees to matches. Referees are appointed based on previous matches, marks, performances, and fitness levels. To discourage bias, the Champions League takes nationality into account. No referee may be of the same origins as any club in his or her respecting groups. Referee appointments, suggested by the UEFA Refereeing Unit, are sent to the UEFA Referee Committee to be discussed and/or revised. After a consensus is made, the name of the appointed referee remains confidential up to two days before the match for the purpose of minimising public influence.[59]

text: Limitations

text: Since 1990, a UEFA international referee cannot exceed the age of 45 years. After turning 45, a referee must step down at the end of his season. The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness. Today, UEFA Champions League referees are required to pass a fitness test even to be considered at the international level.[59]

text: Prizes

text: Trophy and medals

text: Each year, the winning team is presented with the European Champion Clubs' Cup, the current version of which has been awarded since 1967. Any team that wins the Champions League three years in a row or five times overall wins the right to retain a full-sized replica of the trophy (UEFA retains the original at all times). Six clubs have earned this honour: Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan, Liverpool and Barcelona.[60] Since then instead the club which wins three years in a row or five overall receives a conmemorative badge to wear permanently on their uniform.

text: The current trophy is 74 cm (29 in) tall and made of silver, weighing 11 kg (24 lb). It was designed by Jörg Stadelmann, a jeweller from Bern, Switzerland, after the original was given to Real Madrid in 1966 in recognition of their six titles to date, and cost 10,000 Swiss francs.

text: As of the 2012–13 season, 40 gold medals are presented to the Champions League winners, and 40 silver medals to the runners-up.[61]

text: Prize money

text: As of 2016–17, the fixed amount of prize money paid to the clubs is as follows:[62]

text:
First qualifying round: €220,000
Second qualifying round: €320,000
Losers third qualifying round: €420,000
Losers play-off round: €3,000,000
Winners play-off round: €2,000,000
Base fee for group stage: €12,700,000
Group match victory: €1,500,000
Group match draw: €500,000
Round of 16: €6,000,000
Quarter-finals: €6,500,000
Semi-finals: €7,500,000
Losing finalist: €11,000,000
Winning the Final: €15,500,000

text: This means that at best, a club can earn €57,200,000 of prize money, not counting shares of the qualifying rounds, play-off round and/or the market pool. As no club will win the UEFA Champions League in 2016–17 without dropping points in the group stage, no club will earn this much money.

text: A large part of the distributed revenue from the UEFA Champions League is linked to the "market pool", the distribution of which is determined by the value of the television market in each country. For the 2014–15 season, Juventus, who were the runners-up, earned nearly €89.1 million in total, of which €30.9 million was prize money, compared with the €61.0 million earned by Barcelona, who won the tournament and were awarded €36.4 million in prize money.[63]

text: Sponsorship

text: Like the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor typically found in national top-flight leagues. When the Champions League was created in 1992, it was decided that a maximum of eight companies should be allowed to sponsor the event, with each corporation being allocated four advertising boards around the perimeter of the pitch, as well as logo placement at pre- and post-match interviews and a certain number of tickets to each match. This, combined with a deal to ensure tournament sponsors were given priority on television advertisements during matches, ensured that each of the tournament's main sponsors was given maximum exposure.[64]

text: From the 2012–13 knockout phase, UEFA used LED advertising hoardings installed in knock-out participant stadiums, including the final stage. From the 2015–16 season onwards, UEFA has used such hoardings from the play-off round until the final.[65]

text: The tournament's current main sponsors are:[66]

text:
Gazprom
Heineken[67]
MasterCard[68]
Nissan[69]
PepsiCo[70]

Pepsi/Pepsi Max,[71] Gatorade, and Lay's/Walkers are the brands being advertised.

Sony[72]

PlayStation and Xperia are the brands being advertised.

UniCredit[73]

text: Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, the Adidas Finale, and referee uniform, as they do for all UEFA competitions.[74] Konami's Pro Evolution Soccer is also a secondary sponsor as the official Champions League video game.[75]

text: Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey in addition to that of the kit manufacturer (exceptions are made for non-profit organisations, which can feature on the front of the shirt, incorporated with the main sponsor or in place of it; or on the back, either below the squad number or on the collar area.[76]

text: If clubs play a match in a country where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as France's alcohol advertising restriction), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys. For example, when Rangers played French sides Auxerre and Strasbourg in the 1996–97 Champions League and the UEFA Cup, respectively, Rangers players wore the logo of Center Parcs instead of McEwan's Lager (both companies at the time were subsidiaries of Scottish & Newcastle).[77]

text: Media coverage

text: The competition attracts an extensive television audience, not just in Europe, but throughout the world. The final of the tournament has been, in recent years, the most-watched annual sporting event in the world.[78] The 2013 final was the most watched final to date, drawing 360 million television viewers.[1]

text: Records and statistics

text: Winners

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

v
t
e

Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runner-up

 Real Madrid
12
3
1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017
1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan
7
4
1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich*
5
5
1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013
1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Barcelona
5
3
1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015
1961, 1986, 1994

 Liverpool
5
2
1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005
1985, 2007

 Ajax*
4
2
1971, 1972, 1973, 1995
1969, 1996

 Internazionale
3
2
1964, 1965, 2010
1967, 1972

 Manchester United*
3
2
1968, 1999, 2008
2009, 2011

 Juventus*
2
7
1985, 1996
1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica
2
5
1961, 1962
1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest
2
0
1979, 1980
—

 Porto
2
0
1987, 2004
—

 Celtic
1
1
1967
1970

 Hamburg
1
1
1983
1980

 Steaua București
1
1
1986
1989

 Marseille
1
1
1993
1991

 Borussia Dortmund
1
1
1997
2013

 Chelsea*
1
1
2012
2008

 Feyenoord
1
0
1970
—

 Aston Villa
1
0
1982
—

 PSV Eindhoven
1
0
1988
—

 Red Star Belgrade
1
0
1991
—

 Atlético Madrid
0
3
—
1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims
0
2
—
1956, 1959

 Valencia
0
2
—
2000, 2001

 Fiorentina
0
1
—
1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt
0
1
—
1960

 Partizan
0
1
—
1966

 Panathinaikos
0
1
—
1971

 Leeds United
0
1
—
1975

 Saint-Étienne
0
1
—
1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach
0
1
—
1977

 Club Brugge
0
1
—
1978

 Malmö FF
0
1
—
1979

 Roma
0
1
—
1984

 Sampdoria
0
1
—
1992

 Bayer Leverkusen
0
1
—
2002

 Monaco
0
1
—
2004

 Arsenal
0
1
—
2006

text: * Club has won all three major UEFA competitions

text: By nation

text:
Performance by nation

Nation
Winners
Runners-up

 Spain
17
11

 Italy
12
16

 England
12
7

 Germany
7
10

 Netherlands
6
2

 Portugal
4
5

 France
1
5

 Scotland
1
1

 Romania
1
1

 Yugoslavia
1
1

 Greece
0
1

 Belgium
0
1

 Sweden
0
1

text: By city

text:
Performance by city

City
Winners
Runners-up

 Madrid
12
6

 Milan
10
6

 Munich
5
5

 Barcelona
5
3

 Liverpool
5
2

 Amsterdam
4
2

 Manchester
3
2

 Turin
2
7

 Lisbon
2
5

 Nottingham
2
0

 Porto
2
0

 London
1
2

 Glasgow
1
1

 Hamburg
1
1

 Bucharest
1
1

 Belgrade
1
1

 Marseille
1
1

 Dortmund
1
1

 Rotterdam
1
0

 Birmingham
1
0

 Eindhoven
1
0

 Reims
0
2

 Valencia
0
2

 Florence
0
1

 Frankfurt
0
1

 Athens
0
1

 Leeds
0
1

 Saint-Étienne
0
1

 Mönchengladbach
0
1

 Bruges
0
1

 Malmö
0
1

 Rome
0
1

 Genoa
0
1

 Leverkusen
0
1

 Monaco
0
1

text: All-time top scorers

text:
The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.
Bold indicates players active in the competition in the 2017–18 season and their current club.

text:
Player
Country
Goals
Apps
Ratio
Years
Clubs

1
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
110
143
0.77
2003–
Manchester United, Real Madrid

2
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
97
118
0.82
2005–
Barcelona

3
Raúl
 Spain
71
142
0.5
1995–2011
Real Madrid, Schalke 04

4
Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Netherlands
56
73
0.77
1998–2009
PSV, Manchester United, Real Madrid

5
Karim Benzema
 France
51
96
0.53
2006–
Lyon, Real Madrid

6
Thierry Henry
 France
50
112
0.45
1997–2012
Monaco, Arsenal, Barcelona

7
Alfredo Di Stéfano
 Argentina
49
58
0.84
1955–1964
Real Madrid

8
Andriy Shevchenko
 Ukraine
48
100
0.48
1994–2012
Dynamo Kyiv, Milan, Chelsea

Zlatan Ibrahimović
 Sweden
48
119
0.4
2001–2016
Ajax, Juventus, Internazionale, Barcelona, Milan, Paris Saint-Germain

10
Eusébio
 Portugal
47
63
0.75
1961–1974
Benfica

text: Most appearances

text: The table below does not include appearances made in the qualification stage of the competition. The table below does include appearances made in the European Champion Clubs' Cup.

text:
Player
Nation
Appearances
Years
Clubs

1
Iker Casillas
 Spain
166
1999–
Real Madrid, Porto

2
Xavi
 Spain
151
1998–2015
Barcelona

3
Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
143
2003–
Manchester United, Real Madrid

4
Raúl
 Spain
142
1995–2011
Real Madrid, Schalke 04

5
Ryan Giggs
 Wales
141
1993–2014
Manchester United

6
Paolo Maldini
 Italy
139
1988–2008
Milan

7
Clarence Seedorf
 Netherlands
125
1994–2012
Ajax, Real Madrid, Internazionale, Milan

8
Paul Scholes
 England
124
1994–2013
Manchester United

Andrés Iniesta
 Spain
124
2002–
Barcelona

10
Roberto Carlos
 Brazil
120
1997–2007
Real Madrid, Fenerbahçe


document_title: List of The Emperor's New Groove characters

question_text: who plays yzma in the emperor's new groove

question_tokens: who plays yzma in the emperor 's new groove

root

text: Kuzco[edit]

text:
Emperor KuzcoFirst appearance
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)Created by
Mark Dindal Roger Allers (original character from Kingdom of the Sun)Voiced by
David Spade (Movies and Video Games in Movie Stock)J. P. Manoux (Video Games, TV Show and Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom)James Arnold Taylor (Occasionally)Occupation
Emperor of the IncasFamily
Unnamed father (lost at sea)Significant other(s)
Malina (girlfriend)

tag: table

text: Emperor Kuzco is the 18-year-old[1] emperor of the Incas. He is initially portrayed as a selfish, callous and spoiled brat, but has a sense of charm and style. For example, when he is shown beautiful girls in hopes one of them will be his wife, he rudely insults all of them and continues to sing about himself and be pampered by his servants. His name is a reference to the ancient Incan city of Cusco. Throughout the series, he turns into various animals.

tag: p

text: In The Emperor's New Groove, Kuzco is turned into a llama by the malevolent Yzma, following her termination as his adviser. He is presumed dead, and finds himself lost in the jungle. Kuzco teams up with Pacha, a llama herder, who helps Kuzco turn back into a human again, regaining his humility and his throne. Kuzco learns the meaning of friendship and generosity throughout the film.

text: In Kronk's New Groove, Kuzco plays a significantly smaller role. He occasionally shows up onscreen acting as if he's the director and breaks the fourth wall by talking to the audience. He admits he has changed: "I'm nice now. Didn't you see the first movie?" However, he remains arrogant; near the end of the film, he shows up in women's clothing, claiming he is Kronk's wife, announcing, "You like how I weaseled my way into this movie?"

text: In The Emperor's New School, to remain emperor, Kuzco must to go to Kuzco Academy, a school he instituted and financed; He must pass all his classes, but Yzma and Kronk are out to make sure he fails. If he fails even one class, he will not be emperor, and Yzma will take over the empire. In the series Kuzco develops a love interest named Malina.

text: In the episode "Father O Mine," Kuzco's real father appears in a flashback. He is a strong, muscular man, and was emperor before Kuzco. According to Kuzco and Yzma, he was lost at sea on a trip when Kuzco was just a baby; thereby granting the throne to Kuzco. It is revealed that Kuzco and his father share two things: a llama birthmark and the same necklace. In another episode, it is revealed that Kuzco has a fear of frogs after a traumatic childhood experience with them as a baby. In another, it is discovered that Kuzco's favorite food is Mudka's Meat Mug which is the only thing he orders. In "Graduation Groove", Kuzco completed school and got to be emperor again; having grown attached to Pacha's family, he lets them move into the palace with him. Kuzco and Malina also become an official couple and are seen going on a date together.

text: Pacha[edit]

text:
PachaFirst appearance
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)Created by
Mark Dindal Roger Allers (original character from Kingdom of the Sun)Voiced by
John Goodman (Movies and Season 2 of series)Fred Tatasciore (Season 1 Only)Bill Farmer (Video Games)Joel McCrary (Occasionally)Owen Wilson (Kingdom of the Sun)

text: Pacha is a portly farmer from the countryside of the Incas. He was a character added during the production process that completely revamped the story.  The original role to assist emperor-turned-llama Kuzco was to be female, and a potential love interest for the cold-hearted teen.  The major overhaul of story made the film a buddy movie, with Pacha and Kuzco having to work through the adventure together. His name is possibly a reference to Incan emperor Pachacuti.

text: Pacha is a laid-back peasant and family man, and a subject in the egotistical Emperor Kuzco's kingdom. His bravery, kindness, and value of both friendship and family helps Kuzco change into a friendly and accommodating young man. Pacha is married to Chicha, who is pregnant with Yupi when first seen. During the time of the first movie they have two children: their daughter, Chaca, and their younger son Tipo. Yupi is born before the movie's final scene and appears in all spin-off material.

text: In The Emperor's New Groove, Pacha is summoned to the palace by Kuzco and is told that his house on the hill will be destroyed to make room for Kuzco's summer home. Surprised and appalled that the emperor could be so careless, he travels home to tell Chicha and his two children (Chaca and Tipo) that they have to leave their ancestral home. However, before he can tell them, he discovers that Kuzco has been transformed into a llama and dropped in the back of his cart. He is initially reluctant to help Kuzco, since the emperor seems to make it clear that he still intends to destroy Pacha's village. Over time, however, Pacha gradually helps Kuzco to start thinking of people other than himself, and he eventually cleans up his act. The two set out to turn Kuzco back to a human by getting to Yzma's lab. Upon returning to being human, Kuzco lets Pacha keep his village and even spends his summer vacation with Pacha's family.

text: In Kronk's New Groove, the story revolves around Kronk, but Pacha is one of Kronk's friends. In one scene he disguises himself as "Pachita", Kronk's mother-in-law. He was once again voiced by Goodman.

text: In The Emperor's New School, he continues his fatherly role to Kuzco and lets the young emperor-to-be live with him and his family while Kuzco goes to school. He always gives Kuzco advice to help him out of any situation. For example, when Kuzco was transformed into a rabbit, he told Kuzco to "Make the best of what you've got," which in this case was speed. As a result of the events of the original film, Kuzco and Pacha share an attachment as both friends and surrogate father and son.

text: In the series Pacha’s voice acting was taken over by Fred Tatasciore, and then again by Goodman later in the series.

text: Yzma[edit]

text:
YzmaFirst appearance
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)Created by
Mark Dindal Roger Allers (original character from Kingdom of the Sun)Voiced by
Eartha Kitt (Original)Grey DeLisle (as a teen, "Yasmin")Candi Milo (after Kitt's death)Aliases
Principal Amzy

Nurse MazyFamily
Momma Azma (mother)Relatives
Zim (nephews)Zam (nephew)

text: Yzma /ˈiːzmə/ is Kuzco's primary parental guardian and advisor. In the English version, she was voiced by Eartha Kitt, who received three Annie Awards and two Emmy Awards for the role.

text: Yzma's character in the series is seen to be cruel, but comically eccentric, often calling herself beautiful even though all other characters in the series consider her appearance "scary beyond all reason". She is intelligent and comes up with grandiose plans and schemes with a set objective in mind, but fails to pay attention to the minor details of it. More often than not, it causes the scheme to backfire on her. Yzma is seen to possess vast knowledge in alchemy, as she accidentally uses extract of llama on Kuzco, thinking that it was poison. In the first film, Kronk states that she should re-label her potions, because everything she makes in her "secret lab" has exactly the same pinkish color. It is implied that Yzma practices magic, but this is never shown. She is portrayed as more of an mad scientist, though she claims to be a sorceress.

text: Originally serving as the Emperor Kuzco's advisor, she is later fired after meddling in his affairs and attempting to act as Empress in his absence. Furious at her redundance, Yzma conspires with her assistant Kronk to kill Kuzco. The two head to the "secret lab"—which apparently everybody already knows about—to concoct a plan to harm Kuzco. The film producers have stated that she is a complicated thinker; an example given with her original plan to kill Emperor Kuzco. The plan involved her turning him into a flea, putting him in a box, putting that box into another box and then mailing that box to herself only to smash it with a hammer. But after thinking it over (and partially because she knocked over some poison onto a plant), she decides to save on postage and simply poison him. The concept of her formulating a nonsensical plan before settling on an easier-to-pull-off idea (always a potion) would later be used as a running gag on the series.[2]

text: Yzma also appears in the direct-to-DVD sequel Kronk's New Groove. During the first half of the film, she sells sewer sludge to the old people, telling them that it is a youth potion, but once Kronk finds out her potion is a fake, the old people chase her down, where she uses a potion to transform herself into a rabbit, to prevent them from attacking her. She is then snatched and carried away by a vulture. At the end of the movie, in a nest outside the restaurant, Yzma (still in rabbit form) witnesses the falcon's chicks hatch but they immediately reveal themselves to be vicious and prepare to attack Yzma, who screams for dear life. Her appearance in the television series proves that she was not killed.

text: In The Emperor's New School, Yzma constantly plots to get Kuzco to fail his classes at Kuzco Academy, allowing her to become empress; to this end, she poses as Amzy (her first name spelled backwards), the principal of Kuzco Academy. Kronk is constantly fooled by her disguise, but Kuzco knows it's her. Her plans mainly consist of transforming Kuzco into different animals to foil his attempts to pass a class, though they often work to his advantage. In the episode "Monster Masquerade", Yzma takes a cobra form similar to Jafar's from the Disney film Aladdin.

text: Yzma shares many of Kuzco's negative traits including arrogance, unreliability and narcissism. Some of Yzma's known relatives appear at times in the series. They include her twin nephews, Zim and Zam, (voiced by Dylan and Cole Sprouse) who appear in "Chipmunky Business", and her mother Azma, (voiced by Ellen Albertini Dow) who appears in "The Bride of Kuzco" and appears just as frail as Yzma (possibly even more so) and converses by sighs and coughs. In one episode, Yzma remarks that her plots to destroy Kuzco are primarily due to her mother constantly nagging her. A running gag throughout the show is that Yzma is often referred to as, and mistaken for, a dinosaur (a reference to the first movie, in which Kuzco states that she is "living proof that dinosaurs once roamed the Earth"). In one episode, he also calls her a wrinklesaurous and old dinosaur.

text: In the finale of the series, Yzma is demoted to Kronk's assistant, while Kronk is made Kuzco's new adviser.

text: In Pop Culture[edit]

text: In the animated series, Descendants: Wicked World, it's revealed that she has a son named Zevon, played by Bradley Steven Perry.

text: Kronk[edit]

text:
KronkFirst appearance
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)Created by
Mark DindalVoiced by
Patrick WarburtonA.J. Locascio (Occasionally)Aliases
Nurse Kronk Principal KnorkGod

text: Kronk Pepikrankenitz[3] is the 28-year old muscular henchman of Yzma, the royal adviser to Emperor Kuzco from The Emperor's New Groove. He also starred as in his own film, Kronk's New Groove, and is a recurring character in the TV series, The Emperor's New School.  In all of his appearances, Kronk is voiced by Patrick Warburton. Although he is viewed as slow-witted by Kuzco and Yzma, he is quite knowledgeable.

text: Despite working for the villain Yzma, he is surprisingly courteous and patient. Whenever he faces a moral dilemma, smaller versions of Kronk, his shoulder angel and devil, appear, but they usually bicker and mock one another instead of helping Kronk with the problem at hand.

text: He is revealed to be a great cook who can make such things as spinach puffs and fondue, and also has a secret recipe for foie gras. He also knows a variety of recipes and kitchen slang, as revealed in first film when he takes over for the chef. He is capable of incredible superhuman athletics, such as running from a school to his house and back in mere seconds, and climbing a mountain (while having a seat tied to his body with Yzma riding atop). Through the animated series, it is learned that Kronk comes from a family of athletic health and fitness advocates. It was revealed in the episode of The Emperor's New School "Oops, All Doodles" that Kronk has a talent for drawing. In addition, Kronk is shown to be Jewish; in the film Kronk's New Groove, he fantasizes about marrying Miss Birdwell in a Jewish ceremony, complete with him stepping on a glass.

text: In The Emperor's New Groove, Kronk is Yzma's henchman, and helps her turn Kuzco into a llama. He almost throws Kuzco over a waterfall, but has a change of heart and drops him on Pacha's cart instead of killing him. He then helps Yzma find him. He is shown as a sympathetic character through Yzma's mistreatment of him and his ability to "speak Squirrel."

text: In the sequel, he is head chef and owner of a restaurant called Mudka's. He is happy with his new position, rather than his position with Yzma. However, Yzma eventually tricks him into helping her with a fake "youth potion" to con money out of elderly villagers. He develops a love interest, named Birdwell, and his father, Papi (voiced by John Mahoney) is introduced.

text: In the animated television series, Kronk plays the role of hero, sidekick, villain, or a combination of these roles in varying episodes. He is Yzma's henchman and also Kuzco's classmate and close friend. Though he frequently helps Yzma with her schemes, he just as often helps Kuzco out of them. As a running gag, he can never remember that Principal Amzy is really Yzma, and as a result, thinks he is in trouble when Yzma calls for him. In the last episode, he tells Yzma how obvious her disguise is, but when asked how long he has known, he replies "About three episodes back." Also a running gag, whenever Yzma tells Kronk to pull the lever to access the secret lab, he constantly pulls the wrong one and as a result, Yzma constantly gets hit by random objects. In a rather fitting irony of the show's outcome, Kuzco appoints Kronk his new advisor (since he sometimes gives thoughtful, eloquent advice), while Yzma is his assistant.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Chicha: Pacha's protective wife. Throughout most of the first film, she is heavily pregnant with her third child, Yupi, who is born before the final scene. She was voiced by Wendie Malick.
Chaca and Tipo: Pacha and Chicha's children, who constantly try to one-up each other and compete for their father's attentions. Chaca is a little 7-year-old[4] girl, has pigtails, a yellow shawl and a red skirt with her bellybutton showing up. Her name is not mentioned in the first film, though. Her younger brother is Tipo, who is a 6-year-old.[4] In their first film, he has a nightmare about Kuzco and Pacha tied to the log in a vine. In Kronk's New Groove, they join Kronk's Junior Chipmunks at Camp Chippamunka. They were respectively voiced by Kellyann Kelso and Eli Russell Linnetz, and Jessie Flower and Shaun Baumel in later appearances.
Matta: the waitress at Mudka's Meat Hut. In The Emperor's New School, she is Kuzco Academy's lunch lady. Matta likes to cook weird stuff such as octopus burgers, and speaks in cafeteria speech when she talks. She was voiced by Patti Deutsch.
Rudy: is an old man who first appears accidentally interrupting Kuzco's "groove", for which he is thrown out a window. He warns Pacha about this, and Kuzco apologizes to him at the end of the film, which he accepts with good grace. In Kronk's New Groove, Rudy and his friends from the old folks' home are tricked by Yzma, who sells them sewer slime as a youth potion. They have to sell their home to pay for it, but Kronk gives them their home back. Rudy was voiced by John Fiedler and currently by Travis Oates.
Bucky: a squirrel whom Kuzco first encounters; after he is rude to him, Bucky causes the panthers to wake up and chase after him. Bucky later tells Kronk and Yzma which way Kuzco went, and appears in the final scene as Kronk's helper in teaching squirrel talking. Bucky makes various appearances in The Emperor's New School. He was Kuzco's tutor in the episode "Squeakend at Bucky's". Bucky was voiced by Bob Bergen in all of his appearances.
Miss Birdwell: Kronk's love interest in Kronk's New Groove. Like Kronk, Birdwell is a camp counselor. When Tipo pulls a prank to win the camp championships and is caught, Kronk protects the boy at the cost of alienating his love. However, at the end of the film, Tipo reunites them and Kronk wins Birdwell's love. In the credits, it is hinted that the two got married. She was voiced by Tracey Ullman.
Papi: Kronk's father. Though he has few appearances in Kronk's New Groove, he is instrumental to the plot of the film as Kronk is always trying to get Papi's approval. He was voiced by John Mahoney. In The Emperor's New School episode, "Clash of the Families," Papi makes a return appearance, this time voiced by Jeff Bennett.

tag: ul

text: Introduced in The Emperor's New School[edit]

text: Malina[edit]

text:
MalinaFirst appearance
The Emperor's New SchoolCreated by
Mark DindalVoiced by
Jessica DiCicco

text: Malina is the only major character from that series that has not previously appeared in either The Emperor's New Groove or Kronk's New Groove. She is Kuzco's good friend and love interest. However, he has a not-so-secret crush on her (he often calls her "a hottie hot hottie" or " the hottiest hot hottie in hottie-ville").

text: Malina is a cheerleader and the school council president who also is very smart. She prints the Academy's news scroll (which later leads her to be a reporter of the Kuzconian Times). She is a straight-A+ student, which is apparently a requirement for the cheerleading squad (a twist to most stereotypical "airheaded" cheerleaders). She is driven to excel almost to the point of having a nervous breakdown if she does not do everything perfectly perfect (a prime example of a Type A personality), and has a very moral mindset which the show uses as a foil against Kuzco's slacker life-choices.

text: Malina also has an incredibly strong sense of winning every contest she enters by any means, which first appeared in the episode "The Emperor's New Tuber" in which Malina was determined to fill all the spots on the Whack-A-Weasel arcade game on the high score board with her name (the last person on the list was Yzma). Also, both her devil and angel sides encouraged her to cheat in the potato growing contest despite her angel side was supposed to "tell her not to do it", in which she responded that she was not about to lose her perfect record.

text: In the second season, Malina shows that she is not as perfect as most people think. For example, she is sometimes headstrong, and shows greed, mentioned by Kuzco in the episode "Gold Fool's". Malina is also very strict and has a serious face referred to as 'The Stare' by Kuzco and Kronk. In "Oops, All Doodles", it is revealed that Malina's doodles are drawn in a super deformed anime-style. Malina is also set with a challenge before her: get Kuzco to do the right thing. She tries to reason with him about cheating, being selfish, not thinking of others and superstitions that make no sense. Malina mentors Kuzco because she wants to help him graduate and learn how to become a good emperor.

text: Malina is the smart side of her group of friends. She always has to show Kuzco the correct decision to take (though he rarely listens). Malina seems to know what Kuzco is thinking, as she has commented on what he was saying in his head multiple times. She is incredibly observant, as she is instantly and accurately able to figure out many of Kuzco's wrongdoings despite not witnessing them herself. As shown in the episode "The Mystery of Machu Picchu", she has a pink rabbit stuffed animal, named Floopy, similar to Kuzco's 'Wompy.'(Malina: I always take her on trips. She makes me feel safe. Kuzco: Malina gone loco.) At the end of the episode, it shows a picture of Kuzco, Malina, Wompy, and Floopy. In the episode "The Emperor's New Musical" at the end Kuzco and Malina kiss. She makes the comment, "Wow", although she claims it was just acting.

text: At the end of the episode "Working Girl" after she got fired from Mudkas so Yatta can get re-hired with help from Kuzco she asks him on a date but he can't go because he ate too much food at Mudkas so he can talk to her and ended up having a sick moment.

text: She often also uses Kuzco's crush to get him to do the right thing. It has been proved that Malina likes Kuzco, for example in one episode, she seems to look forward to a date with Kuzco that she had accepted reluctantly; in the episode "The Emperor's New Musical," she admitted that she was beginning to genuinely like him. In "Everybody Loves Kuzco," after Kuzco was infected with a cutie potion, the two went on an actual date; afterward, she came on to him and got ditched by Kuzco. In "Come Fly With Me," while Kuzco was spying on Malina, she does admit that she has feelings for him, but his personality annoys her at times and is why she helps him to change. In "Too Many Malinas" Kuzco uses Yzma's machine to get rid of Malina's annoying traits. One of those traits was "Smochy Malina" whom Kuzco dates with. At the end she says that she loves Kuzco but he doesn't notice.

text: Later in "Auction Action," Kuzco uses Yatta to make Malina, successfully, jealous. She in turn uses Kronk. Later in the episode, during an argument between the two, she admits again that she does like Kuzco, much to her own chagrin as she then lowers her head stating "Oh no, I can't believe I just told him that." In "Kuzcokazooza" It is stated that she does like Kuzco but is disappointed that he does not think about others. Also in this episode, she gets jealous when she thinks he has a girlfriend. In the final episode of the series, at the end she goes on a date with Kuzco straight after he is made emperor and happily becomes his girlfriend.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: The following is a list of minor characters from The Emperor's New School.

text:
Name
Voiced by
First Appearance

Mr. Flaco Moleguaco

Curtis Armstrong

″Squeakend at Bucky's″

A teacher of Kuzco Academy. He hates Kuzco's smart-alec attitude and threatens to fail him quite often. His best student is Malina in his class. His only known relative is his cousin Mr. Nadaempa and works as a substitute whenever Mr. Moleguaco cannot teach.

Mr. Nadaempa

John DiMaggio

"Attack Sub"

Kuzco Academy's substitute who is a very hard teacher. He made one appearance in the episode Attack Sub. He is also Mr. Moleguaco's cousin and fills in for him to work his students back in line whenever Mr. Moleguaco is not teaching. His last name seems to be empanada, having the first half placed after the second like his cousin therefore, he is also a perfect example of spoonerism.

Coach Sweaty/Sweetie

Candi Milo

"Rabbit Face"

Coach of Kuzco Academy. Addressed as Coach Sweaty by Kuzco, Malina, and Mr. Purutu. Addressed as Coach Sweetie by Kronk in 'Rabbit Face'. She made an error on Malina's grade list by giving her an A- while writing an A+ when her pen had run out of ink in the middle of the plus.

Imatcha the Royal Matchmaker

Michael Gough

"The Bride of Kuzco"

Kuzco's matchmaker who went to find Kuzco a perfect bride when he was born. Made one appearance in 'The Bride of Kuzco'. He found Princess Lalala. But after Kuzco cancelled the wedding and turned her down, she ended up with him for a short time until she was nagging him like she did to Kuzco. He then turned himself into a llama and turned down Lalala for his llama.

Herbie the rope ball

N/A

"The New Kid"

Not an actual character. "Herbie" is a rope ball Kronk brought to Show and Tell in "The New Kid" and gave him the name just to spice up Show and Tell. Kuzco is run over by "Herbie" in the end of the episode and Kronk tries to chase after him.

Topo and Ipi

Jeff Bennett

"The Emperor's New Groove"

Two old men who always play checkers. Topo is the one who always makes jokes. It is possible that Topo is Kavo's grandfather according to Clash of the Families tug-o-warring in Kuzco's slideshow of his memory from the Familyimpics before.

Yatta

Miley Cyrus

"The Emperor's New Tuber"

Yatta is a waitress at Mudka's Meat Hut and a friend of Malina. In Working Girl, she is replaced as a waitress by Malina. Kuzco then comes up with a plan to get Yatta rehired. She is later rehired thanks to Kuzco and Malina's plan. Miley Cyrus guest voices her. Auditions for Kuzco and Malina's Fundraising Musical.

Ramon

Rene Mujica

"Ramon's a Crowd"

Ramon is an athletic student at Kuzco Academy who seems to be of Hispanic descent. Malina has a crush on him, which causes Kuzco to greatly dislike him. He is afraid of clowns.

Mr. Purutu

Ben Stein

"Girls Behaving Oddly"

Kuzco Academy's school counselor. Made one appearance in Girls Behaving Oddly and a cameo in Officer Kronk. He is obsessed with wind chimes and points out Coach Sweetie's mistake on Malina's grade. Also points out that Moxie is an A student like Malina. In Officer Kronk, he is sent to the dungeon for obsession with wind chimes.

Krank Pepikrankenitz

N/A

"Clash of the Families"

Kronk's brother. Made one appearance in Clash of the Families. Krank has no voice role and was replaced by Kuzco because of his broken ankle and could not compete in the Familympics.

Moxie

Grey DeLisle

"Girls Behaving Oddly"

Not really a bad girl, but an A student instead. Makes one appearance in Girls Behaving Oddly. In that episode, Kuzco appears to like her other than he does Malina. Mr. Purutu pointed out that she is really an A student just like Malina, but she does not tell anyone.

Ozker

Corey Burton

"The New Kid"

Not really an emperor, but he is still admired by Curi, Cuxi, and Cuca for being a Full Varsity Decathlon Champion. Made one appearance in The New Kid. He is a big fan of Kuzco and thinks he is really great. Although Kuzco thought he was really Yzma and also thought she wanted to do something to his yearbook picture. Near the end of the episode, Kuzco saved his bacon by falling into his own trap.

Homework

Frank Welker

"The Emperor's New Pet"

Kuzco's cat to take care of to learn responsibility. Made one appearance in The Emperor's New Pet. He was turned into a black jaguar by Yzma and then got his feelings hurt because of what Kuzco said. He ran away heartbroken but Kuzco went looking for him because he really felt bad about hurting him, that and he would fail if he did not. He later found Kuzco being chased by a pack of real black jaguars and did not attack Kuzco, saving him instead because he had a change of heart and was happy to see Kuzco. He also knows how to dance like Kuzco. Homework is changed back to a kitten at the end of the episode.

Miss Ni

Tisha Terrasini Banker

"Evil and Eviler"

An emperor exterminator Yzma hired to get rid of Kuzco. Made one appearance in Evil and Eviler. Like Yzma, she is undercover as a faculty member of Kuzco Academy. Unlike Yzma, she is as evil as Yzma is. Twice she has kicked "Principal Amzy" out of her own office. She was then fired for putting Crocodiles in Solitary Detention, kicking Yzma/Amzy out of her office twice, and butting into Yzma's territory.

Gizo the Shuaka

Maurice LaMarche

"Gold Fools"

Possibly the remaining Shuaka left. Made one appearance in Gold Fool's. He tricked Kuzco, Malina, and Kronk into doing his chores but did that to teach them a lesson (Mostly Kuzco).

Security Cam

Jeff Bennett

"Oops, All Doodles"

Kuzco Academy's security guard named Cam who hangs from a ceiling hence the name. Made one appearance in Oops, All Doodles. He told the real truth just like Kuzco did. After he told everyone what he should be addressed as, Kronk thought it was funny.

Urkon, the village leader

Jeff Bennett

"Clash of the Families"

First appeared in Clash of the Families. He also announces the prizes and winners in the Familympics. He also gets Kuzco's name wrong in the episode U.F.Kuzco. Kuzco addressed him as the "talk-a-tron 2000" in Clash of the Families.

Curi, Cuxi, and Cuca

Courtney Peldon

"Cart Wash"

Cheerleaders of Kuzco Academy and also good friends with Malina. They seem to have a crush on Ozker because he is a Full Varsity Decathlon Champion. They seem to be sisters because their names all start with C.

Guaka

Gabriel Iglesias/Justin Cowden

"Rabbit Face"

One of the students who attend Kuzco academy. His name was not revealed until the episode Monster Masquerade. He has made various appearances in episodes such as Unfit to Print where he always said "Kuzco rules".

Delivery Clown

Mark Schiff

"Monster Masquerade"

He delivers mail to people in Kuzco Academy. He makes an appearance in Monster Masquerade. He made a mistake by sending Mr. Moleguaco's letter to Amzy/Yzma instead of Nurse Pitihiya.

Nurse Pitihaya

N/A

Never seen on TV

Never seen in this show but was mentioned by Mr. Moleguaco in Monster Masquerade when the delivery clown described her as "creepy beyond reason" just like Yzma. She is supposedly the nurse of Kuzco Academy.

Delivery Man

Jeff Bennett/Brian Cummings/Fred Tatasciore

The Emperor's New Groove

He makes wrong deliveries in various episodes. His original appearance was in The Emperor's New Groove delivering a giant trampoline that coincidentally enough saves a falling Yzma. He made a return appearance in The Adventures of Red-Eyed Tree Frog Man delivering a box of marshmallows and in The Bride of Kuzco delivering a giant pie that coincidentally enough saves a falling Yzma.

The Creepy Little Old Man

Frank Welker

"The Mystery of Micchu Pachu"

Told the legend of Emperor Micchu. Made one appearance in The Mystery of Micchu Pachu (an obvious parody of Machu Picchu). He was disguised as the skeleton anteater because he wanted to keep the legend alive to get rich off of it.

Kavo

Kevin Michael Richardson

"The Big Fight"

The big classroom "bully" who in reality has a soft-heart. Kuzco makes fun of him, because of the way he speaks. He easily becomes angry when Kuzco does that. Oddly, he is a member of the Kuzco Academy musical club

Princess Lalala

Teresa Ganzel

"The Bride of Kuzco"

A princess found by Kuzco's royal matchmaker, Imatcha. She made an appearance in The Bride of Kuzco. She is serious which was why Kuzco did not want to marry her. She gets turned into a frog by Yzma then turned back to a human thanks to Kronk's mistake by adding grenadine. Kuzco then cancels the wedding and then she ends up with Imatcha for a short time before he turned himself into a llama to get away from her uptight and no-nonsense attitude thus she is alone again.

Zim and Zam

Dylan and Cole Sprouse

"Chipmunky Business"

Yzma's great nephews. Made one appearance in Chipmunky Business. During Kuzclub week, they tried to prevent Kuzco from earning a patch. They successfully made him lose every single patch except for the Condor Patch which was given to Kronk and the "I didn't earn a single patch" Patch. They failed to make him lose a chance to pass Kuzclub week and are taken by a condor at the end of the episode alongside Yzma.

Azma

Ellen Albertini Dow

"The Bride of Kuzco"

Azma is Yzma's 119-year-old mother and made one appearance in The Bride of Kuzco. She has the disability to talk or walk and always coughs throughout the episode., although Yzma seems to understand her. She appears to be older and more ancient than Yzma.

Cyro the Sneaky

Kevin Michael Richardson

"Evil and Eviler"

Only played a minor role in this show. Made one appearance in Evil and Eviler. He appeared to be one of the most evil villains ever according to Mr. Moleguaco's lecture on Crime and Punishment. He also had a job interview with Yzma to be an emperor exterminator but it didn't work out because he took Yzma's sign.

Furi

Chloë Grace Moretz

"Kuzcogarten"

Tipo's friend at Kuzco Academy. She is also in Kuzcogarten with Tipo. She only made one appearance in Kuzcogarten.

Fuzzico

N/A

"Kuzco's Little Secret"

A Chinchilla Kuzco accidentally endangered, saved and then adopted when he looked deeply into its eyes and became soft. Kuzco eventually had to put him back into the wild after Chicha found him since she strictly did not allow pets in the house.


document_title: The Challenge: Champs vs. Stars (season 3)

question_text: who wins challenge champs vs stars season 3

text: Cast[edit]

text: Host: Mike "The Miz" Mizanin, WWE pro wrestler, former The Challenge winner and RW: Back to New York cast member

text:
Player

Known From

Charity

Raised

Finish

Chris "CT" Tamburello

RW: Paris

F.I.G.H.T.

$52,950

Winners

Tony Raines

RW: Skeletons

Hands on NOLA

$57,700

Casper Smart

Dancer

Inner-City Arts

$30,700

Second Place

Louise Hazel

Olympian

BLSYW

$30,200

Daniel Gibson

Former NBA guard

American Diabetes Association

$3,200

Third Place

Wes Bergmann

RW: Austin

36 Degrees North

$3,200

Drake Bell

Actor

Global Down Syndrome

$3,200

Episode 9/10

Kailah Casillas

RW: Go Big or Go Home

4Kids of South Florida

$1,450

Lil Mama

Rapper

Man Up! Inc

$950

Episode 8

Tori Deal

AYTO? 4

PanCAN

$950

Brooke Hogan

TV personality

PETA

$2,450

Shane Landrum

RR: Campus Crawl

True Colors Fund

$2,950

Jozea Flores

Big Brother 18

JDRF

$950

Episode 7/8

Selita Ebanks

Model

New Yorkers for Children

$950

Ashley Mitchell

RW: Ex-Plosion

The Malala Fund

$3,200

Episode 6

Devin Walker

AYTO? 3

Bregamos Community Theater

$950

Episode 5

Aneesa Ferreira

RW: Chicago

RAINN

$1,450

Episode 4[a]

Hennessy Carolina

Social media personality

BronxWorks

$400

Episode 3[b]

Kam Williams

AYTO? 5

LUCY Outreach

$400

Episode 2

Arian Foster

NFL running back

Arian Foster Foundation

Unknown

Episode 1

text: Draft[edit]

text: The winners of the first challenge were made team captains that would divide the Champs and Stars into two separate teams. Tony and CT were the captains.

text:
Round

Blue Team

Red Team

Captain

Tony

CT

1

Tori[c]

Kailah

2

Wes

Shane

3

Kam

Ashley[c]

4

Casper

Devin

5

Louise

Brooke

6

Daniel

Arian

7

Aneesa

Lil Mama

8

Drake

Jozea

9

Hennessy

Selita

text: In Episode 7, the remaining players were paired into teams of two. The leaders on the scoreboard got to choose their partners.

text:
Round

Captain

Selection

1

Tony

CT

2

Daniel

Wes

3

Louise

Casper

4

Drake

Kailah

5

Brooke

Shane

6

Lil Mama

Tori

7

Selita

Jozea

text: Game Summary[edit]

text: Challenge games[edit]

text:
Stair Down: Challengers compete in two heats, half Champs and half Stars each heat. They are covered in lube and must make their way to the top of a flight of stairs. The winners of each heat become the team captains for drafting the mixed teams. Once drafted, the total combined time from each individual player determined which newly formed team with the fastest time was the winner.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Tony
Over the Edge: Similar to shuffleboard, players must sit on top of a giant puck while another teammate pushes them to score points. Touching the ground while on the puck of going over the edge of the board disqualifies that player.
Winners: Red Team - MVP: Ashley
Release the Rainbow: Competitors are connected to a piece of ribbon and must untangle themselves from a giant jungle gym. Players may assist other players on their teams as long as they don't lock their ribbon in its final position. The first team to have all their players untangle themselves and connected to their final puzzle wins.
Winners: Red Team - MVP: CT
Face Off: Played on a football field in heats, players take turns on offense and defense. On offense, a player must kick a small ball past the 10-yard line while their teammates try to protect them, by blocking defenders with giant blown up balls. Similarly, the players on defense must stop the offensive player from bringing the small ball back into the endzone by knocking them over with the blown up balls.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Louise
Jumbo Table Hockey: Contestants play a game of field hockey, however the area they can move around is limited to moving their hockey sticks which are connected to the table.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Daniel
Crossfire: Players must divide their teams: half chosen to shoot dodgeballs using slingshots at giant stacks of boxes they must knock over, the other half hanging over the stack of boxes trying to defend them. When a player's stack of boxes is knocked over, they drop down to the ground and then may help retrieve balls for their teammates. The first team to have all the other team's boxes knocked over wins.
Winners: Blue Team - MVP: Drake
Go Deep: Partners must dive into an Olympic swimming pool and take turns moving a ring along a series of pipes. The first team to figure out the puzzle and remove the ring from the pipes and return it outside of the pool wins.
Winners: Brooke & Shane - MVP: Shane
Spot On: Similar to Twister, players must hold themselves between two walls with colored pegs. They must move their arms and legs to the corresponding colored peg that is called out. If players stop touching a peg, they are eliminated, and the last player remaining wins for their team.
Winners: Casper & Louise - MVP: Casper
Text Tile: Similar in style to the "Die Hard" Gulag from Cutthroat, teams must move a large crate across a beach, where one player lifts and moves the crate, while the other balances on top of the crate. Once at a certain mark, players must then open up their crate to find letters for a puzzle. The first players to solve the "Millennial Crossword Puzzle" wins.
Winners: CT & Tony - MVP: Tony

text: Arena Games[edit]

text:
Screw Off: Contestants must use a baseball bat to hit a flat piece of metal connected to a giant screw. The first contestant to successfully completely unscrew their piece wins.
Played by: Arian vs. Casper
Rock & Roll: Contestants start in the middle of a platform. Contestants must wrestle a large box with handles to their sides of the platform twice to defeat their opponent.
Played by: Brooke vs. Kam
Throwing Shade: Similar to cornhole, contestants must smash boxes and use the objects found inside to throw at picture targets of their opponent's face. The first contestant to hit all of the targets wins.
Played by: Shane vs. Tony
Popping Tags: Contestants are covered in large clothing tags and must wrestle their opponent to pull of three of their tags while defending their own tags.
Played by: Devin vs. Wes
Free Your Mind: This puzzle elimination has contestants placed within a cylinder bodysuit with pipes jutting out of it, and then placed within a cage with which the pipes they are connected to intersect. Contestants must figure out how to maneuver their bodies in order to escape from the cage. The first one to do so wins.
Played by: Ashley vs. Kailah
Flip Cup: Similar to the drinking game, players must flip over 3 cups face down before their partner must do the same. They then must flip over a giant flip cup with their partner inside, before switching with their partner and flipping the giant cup back to the start position.
Played by: Casper & Louise vs. Jozea & Selita
Icy Hot: Contestants must work with their partners and jump to touch buttons one thousand times total. They then must use an ice pick to break open a block of ice, untangle frozen jerseys inside, put on the jerseys, and then jump and touch the buttons another thousand times.
Played by: Casper & Louise vs. Drake & Kailah

text: Elimination chart[edit]

text:
Episode

Gender

Winners

Arena contestants

Arena game

Arena outcome

#

Challenge

Team

MVP

LVP Pick

Voted In

Winner

Loser

1

Stair Down

Male

Blue Team

Tony

Casper

Arian

Screw Off

Casper

Arian

2

Over The Edge

Female

Red Team

Ashley

Brooke

Kam[d]

Rock & Roll

Brooke

Kam

3[b]

Release the Rainbow

Male

Red Team

CT

Shane

Tony

Throwing Shade

Tony

Shane[e]

4

Face Off

Female

Blue Team

Louise

N/A[a]

5

Jumbo Table Hockey

Male

Blue Team

Daniel

Wes

Devin[f]

Popping Tags

Wes

Devin

6

Crossfire

Female

Blue Team

Drake

Ashley

Kailah[g][h]

Free Your Mind

Kailah

Ashley

7/8

Go Deep

N/A

Brooke & Shane

Shane

Casper & Louise

Jozea & Selita [i]

Flip Cup

Casper & Louise

Jozea & Selita

8

Spot On

Casper & Louise

Casper[j]

N/A

Brooke & Shane

Lil Mama & Tori

9/10

Text Tile

CT & Tony

Tony

Casper & Louise

Drake & Kailah

Icy Hot

Casper & Louise

Drake & Kailah

10

Bankroll

CT & Tony

Second Place: Casper & Louise, Third Place: Daniel & Wes

text: Episode progress[edit]

text:
Players
Episodes

1

2

3[b]

4[a]

5[f]

6[g][h]

7/8

8

9/10

10

CT

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

WINNER

Tony

WIN

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

WINNER

Casper

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

WIN

ARENA

SECOND

Louise

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

WIN

ARENA

SECOND

Daniel

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

THIRD

Wes

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

THIRD

Drake

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Kailah

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Lil Mama

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Tori

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Brooke

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

OUT

Shane

SAFE

SAFE

ARENA

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

WIN

OUT

Jozea

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

ARENA

Selita

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Ashley

SAFE

WIN

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Devin

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Aneesa

SAFE

SAFE

SAFE

OUT

Hennessy

SAFE

SAFE

QUIT

ARENA

Kam

SAFE

OUT

Arian

OUT

text: Bank progress[edit]

text:
Players
Episodes

1

2

3[b]

4[a]

5[f]

6[h]

7/8

8

9/10

10

CT

$0

$450

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$1,950

$2,950

$52,950

Tony

$1,400

$1,400

$1,900

$2,450

$3,050

$3,700

$3,700

$3,700

$7,700

$57,700

Casper

$900

$900

$900

$1,450

$2,050

$2,700

$2,700

$5,200

$5,700

$30,700

Louise

$400

$400

$400

$1,950

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$4,700

$5,200

$30,200

Daniel

$400

$400

$400

$950

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Wes

$400

$400

$900

$1,450

$2,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Drake

$400

$400

$400

$950

$1,550

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

$3,200

Kailah

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

Lil Mama

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Tori

$400

$400

$400

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Brooke

$0

$950

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$1,450

$2,450

$2,450

Shane

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$2,950

$2,950

Jozea

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Selita

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

$950

$950

Ashley

$0

$450

$1,950

$1,950

$2,550

$3,200

Devin

$0

$450

$950

$950

$950

Aneesa

$400

$400

$400

$1,450

Hennessy

$400

$400

$400

Kam

$400

$400

Arian

$0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d At the end of Episode 4, Aneesa was forced to withdraw from the competition, after she suffered a fractured ankle during the "Face Off" mission. As a result, no LVP nomination or female Arena was held.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Prior to the third Arena, Hennessy withdrew from the competition, after she engaged in a verbal altercation with Devin.

^ Jump up to: a b In episode 4, MVP Louise was given the Power Play "Trade", which meant that she could switch any member of the blue team for any member of the red team. She switched Tori for Ashley.

Jump up ^ After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Casper, received the power to cast the deciding vote.

Jump up ^ After losing the elimination round, the Red Team voted to save Shane from being eliminated.

^ Jump up to: a b c Devin was placed into the Arena in place of Jozea, who was originally voted in, by the Blue Team's MVP, Daniel, whose Power Play gave him the chance to switch out the players at the nomination ceremony.

^ Jump up to: a b After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Wes, received the power to cast the deciding vote. He chose Lil Mama.

^ Jump up to: a b c Kailah was placed into the Arena in place of Lil Mama, who was originally voted in, by the Blue Team's MVP, Drake, whose Power Play gave him the chance to switch out the players at the elimination arena.

Jump up ^ After a tie with the vote, the winner of the previous elimination, Kailah, received the power to cast the deciding vote.

Jump up ^ As the MVP, Casper received the Power Play, Eliminate, which granted him the choice of which two of the bottom three teams from the challenge to eliminate.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inseason

No. inseries

Title

Original air date

U.S. TV first-run viewers(million)
115"Staring Down the Competition"April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)0.56[2]
216"Over the Edge and Under a Bus"April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)0.49[3]
317"Stars From Rainbows to Storm Clouds"May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)0.62 [4]
418"Face Off, Gloves On"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)0.52 [5]
519"Fire in the Heart, Ice in the Veins"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)0.50 [6]
620"Champs Caught in Cross Fire"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)0.56 [7]
721"Go Deep, or Go Home"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)0.62 [8]
822"When Loyalty Is Spot On"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)0.49 [9]
923"Crossed Words and Mixed Signals"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)0.52 [10]
1024"Bank Rolling in the Deep"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)0.53 [11]
1125"Champs vs. Stars Reunion"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)0.44 [12]

text: After filming[edit]

text: The reunion special aired on June 26, 2018, and was hosted by WWE pro wrestler, The Real World: Back to New York alum, and former Challenge champion Mike "The Miz" Mizanin. Most of the cast members attended at the MTV Studios in New York. Missing from the reunion were Hennessy Carolina and Arian Foster. Drake Bell made his appearance via video chat.


document_title: Pepsin

question_text: where is pepsin found in the digestive system

text: Pepsin

text: History[edit]

text: Pepsin was one of the first enzymes to be discovered. It was discovered in 1836 by Theodor Schwann. Schwann coined its name from the Greek word πέψις pepsis, meaning "digestion" (from πέπτειν peptein "to digest").[4][5][6][7] Scientists around this time began discovering many biochemical compounds that play a significant role in biological processes, and pepsin was one of them. An acidic substance that was able to convert nitrogen-based foods into water-soluble material was determined to be pepsin.[8]

text: In 1928, it became one of the first enzymes to be crystallized when John H. Northrop crystallized it using dialysis, filtration, and cooling.[9]

text: Precursor[edit]

text: Pepsin is expressed as a zymogen called pepsinogen, whose primary structure has an additional 44 amino acids.

text: In the stomach, chief cells release pepsinogen. This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. The hormone gastrin and the vagus nerve trigger the release of both pepsinogen and HCl from the stomach lining when food is ingested. Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment, which allows pepsinogen to unfold and cleave itself in an autocatalytic fashion, thereby generating pepsin (the active form). Pepsin cleaves the 44 amino acids from pepsinogen to create more pepsin.

text: Activity and stability[edit]

text: Pepsin is most active in acidic environments between 37 °C and 42 °C.[10][11] Accordingly, its primary site of synthesis and activity is in the stomach (pH 1.5 to 2). Pepsin will digest up to 20% of ingested amide bonds by cleaving preferentially at the N-terminal side[12]:96 of aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine.[12]:675  Pepsin exhibits preferential cleavage for hydrophobic, preferably aromatic, residues in P1 and P1' positions. Increased susceptibility to hydrolysis occurs if there is a sulfur-containing amino acid close to the peptide bond, which has an aromatic amino acid.  Pepsin cleaves Phe1Val, Gln4His, Glu13Ala, Ala14Leu, Leu15Tyr, Tyr16Leu, Gly23Phe, Phe24 in the insulin B chain. Pepsin exhibits maximal activity at pH 2.0 and is inactive at pH 6.5 and above, however pepsin is not fully denatured or irreversibly inactivated until pH 8.0.[13] Therefore, pepsin in solution of up to pH 8.0 can be reactivated upon re-acidification. The stability of pepsin at high pH has significant implications on disease attributed to laryngopharyngeal reflux. Pepsin remains in the larynx following a gastric reflux event.[14][15] At the mean pH of the laryngopharynx (pH = 6.8) pepsin would be inactive  but could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events resulting in damage to local tissues.

text: In laryngopharyngeal reflux[edit]

text: Pepsin is one of the primary causes of mucosal damage during laryngopharyngeal reflux.[16][17] Pepsin remains in the larynx (pH 6.8) following a gastric reflux event.[14][15] While enzymatically inactive in this environment, pepsin would remain stable and could be reactivated upon subsequent acid reflux events.[13] Exposure of laryngeal mucosa to enzymatically active pepsin, but not irreversibly inactivated pepsin or acid, results in reduced expression of protective proteins and thereby increases laryngeal susceptibility to damage.[13][14][15]

text: Pepsin may also cause mucosal damage during weakly acidic or non-acid gastric reflux. Weak or non-acid reflux is correlated with reflux symptoms and mucosal injury.[18][19][20][21] Under non-acid conditions (neutral pH), pepsin is internalized by cells of the upper airways such as the larynx and hypopharynx by a process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis.[22] The receptor by which pepsin is endocytosed is currently unknown. Upon cellular uptake, pepsin is stored in intracellular vesicles of low pH at which its enzymatic activity would be restored. Pepsin is retained within the cell for up to 24 hours.[23] Such exposure to pepsin at neutral pH and endoyctosis of pepsin causes changes in gene expression associated with inflammation, which underlies signs and symptoms of reflux,[24] and tumor progression.[25] This and other research[26] implicates pepsin in carcinogenesis attributed to gastric reflux.

text: Pepsin in airway specimens is considered to be a sensitive and specific marker for laryngopharyngeal reflux.[27][28] Research to develop new pepsin-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic tools for gastric reflux is ongoing. A rapid non-invasive pepsin diagnostic called Peptest is now available which determines the presence of pepsin in saliva samples.[29]

text: Storage[edit]

text: Pepsins should be stored at very low temperatures (between −80 °C and −20 °C) to prevent autolysis (self-digestion).

text: Inhibitors[edit]

text: Pepsin may be inhibited by high pH (see "Activity" and "Stability", above) or by inhibitor compounds. Pepstatin is a low molecular weight compound and potent inhibitor specific for acid proteases with a Ki of about 10−10 M for pepsin. The statyl residue of pepstatin is thought to be responsible for pepstatin inhibition of pepsin; statine is a potential analog of the transition state for catalysis by pepsin and other acid proteases. Pepstatin does not covalently bind pepsin and inhibition of pepsin by pepstatin is therefore reversible.[30] 1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane reversibly inactivates pepsin at pH 5, a reaction which is accelerated by the presence of Cu(II).[31]

text: Pepsin also undergoes feedback inhibition; a product of protein digestion slows down the reaction by inhibiting pepsin.[32][33]

text: Sucralfate also inhibits pepsin activity.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Commercial pepsin is extracted from the glandular layer of hog stomachs. It is a component of rennet used to curdle milk during the manufacture of cheese. Pepsin is used for a variety of applications in food manufacturing: to modify and provide whipping qualities to soy protein and gelatin,[34] to modify vegetable proteins for use in nondairy snack items, to make precooked cereals into instant hot cereals,[35] and to prepare animal and vegetable protein hydrolysates for use in flavoring foods and beverages. It is used in the leather industry to remove hair and residual tissue from hides and in the recovery of silver from discarded photographic films by digesting the gelatin layer that holds the silver.[36] Pepsin was historically an additive of Beemans gum brand chewing gum by Dr. Edward E. Beeman.

text: Pepsin is commonly used in the preparation of F(ab')2 fragments from antibodies. In some assays, it is preferable to use only the antigen-binding (Fab) portion of the antibody. For these applications, antibodies may be enzymatically digested to produce either an Fab or an F(ab')2 fragment of the antibody. To produce an F(ab')2 fragment, IgG is digested with pepsin, which cleaves the heavy chains near the hinge region.[37] One or more of the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains in the hinge region are preserved, so the two Fab regions of the antibody remain joined together, yielding a divalent molecule (containing two antibody binding sites), hence the designation F(ab')2. The light chains remain intact and attached to the heavy chain. The Fc fragment is digested into small peptides. Fab fragments are generated by cleavage of IgG with papain instead of pepsin. Papain cleaves IgG above the hinge region containing the disulfide bonds that join the heavy chains, but below the site of the disulfide bond between the light chain and heavy chain. This generates two separate monovalent (containing a single antibody binding site) Fab fragments and an intact Fc fragment. The fragments can be purified by gel filtration, ion exchange, or affinity chromatography.[38]

text: Fab and F(ab')2 antibody fragments are used in assay systems where the presence of the Fc region may cause problems. In tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen, or in peripheral blood preparations, cells with Fc receptors (macrophages, monocytes, B lymphocytes, and natural killer cells) are present which can bind the Fc region of intact antibodies, causing background staining in areas that do not contain the target antigen. Use of F(ab')2 or Fab fragments ensures that the antibodies are binding to the antigen and not Fc receptors. These fragments may also be desirable for staining cell preparations in the presence of plasma, because they are not able to bind complement, which could lyse the cells. F(ab')2, and to a greater extent Fab, fragments allow more exact localization of the target antigen, i.e., in staining tissue for electron microscopy. The divalency of the F(ab')2 fragment enables it to cross-link antigens, allowing use for precipitation assays, cellular aggregation via surface antigens, or rosetting assays.[39]

text: Genes[edit]

text: The following three genes encode identical human pepsinogen A enzymes:

text:
pepsinogen 3, group I (pepsinogen A)IdentifiersSymbol
PGA3Entrez
643834HUGO
8885OMIM
169710RefSeq
NM_001079807UniProt
P00790Other dataEC number
3.4.23.1Locus
Chr. 11 q13

pepsinogen 4, group I (pepsinogen A)IdentifiersSymbol
PGA4Entrez
643847HUGO
8886OMIM
169720RefSeq
NM_001079808UniProt
P00790Other dataEC number
3.4.23.1Locus
Chr. 11 q13

pepsinogen 5, group I (pepsinogen A)IdentifiersSymbol
PGA5Entrez
5222HUGO
8887OMIM
169730RefSeq
NM_014224UniProt
P00790Other dataEC number
3.4.23.1Locus
Chr. 11 q13

text: A fourth human gene encodes gastricsin also known as pepsinogen C:

text:
progastricsin(pepsinogen C)IdentifiersSymbol
PGCEntrez
5225HUGO
8890OMIM
169740RefSeq
NM_001166424UniProt
P20142Other dataEC number
3.4.23.3Locus
Chr. 6 pter-p21.1