document_title: Beyond the Law (1992 film)

question_text: who is the movie beyond the law based on

root

text: Beyond the Law (1992 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Based on a true story,[2] the film centers on Dan Saxon, a cop with a troubled childhood.  He is enlisted by Conroy Price, an agent in Arizona's State Attorney General's office, to go undercover to bust the illegal drugs and arms trafficking.  Saxon is unsuccessful until he meets and befriends Virgil, a mechanic who introduces him to the seedy world of criminal bikers.

tag: p

text: Virgil tutors Saxon on bikes and customs of the "outlaw motorcycle brotherhood."  After many lessons and a major change in appearance Saxon develops an alter ego named Sid and ends up infiltrating the Jackals and earning the trust of Blood, their president.  At the same time, he begins a relationship with a photojournalist, Renee Jason, who is aware of his dual life.

text: As Saxon falls deeper into this world of crime, he becomes more unbalanced. After a violent situation that led to the murder of a 20-year-old convenience store attendant, Saxon is brought back to earth. Saxon's Identity is revealed, by Price, to the local, state, and federal law enforcement, much to their praise for Saxon's undercover skills. Concluding the undercover operation, over 200 arrests are made including Blood. The end of the film shows Saxon walking into the desert. It is revealed in the narrated epilogue that Saxon and Renee are living in California, and Blood is serving 3 consecutive life sentences.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Sheen – Daniel "Dan" Saxon (AKA Sid)
Linda Fiorentino – Renee Jason
Michael Madsen – "Blood"
Courtney B. Vance – Conroy Price
Leon Rippy – Virgil (aka Dildo)
Rip Torn – Deputy Prescott
Dennis Burkley – Oatmeal
Michael Waltman – Jailer

tag: ul

text: Background[edit]

text: Larry Ferguson wrote the screenplay after reading the article "Undercover Angel" by Lawrence Linderman in the July, 1981 issue of Playboy on an undercover agent named Dan Black.[2] Black served as a technical advisor on the film and appeared as an extra in the movie.[2]


document_title: List of Darling in the Franxx episodes

question_text: when does darling in the franxx episode 23 come out

text: List of Darling in the Franxx episodes

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.

Title[9][b]

Director

Writer

Studio[c]

Original air date[12]

Ref.

1
"Alone and Lonesome""Hitori to Hitori" (独りとヒトリ) Atsushi NishigoriToshifumi AkaiAtsushi NishigoriA-1 PicturesJanuary 13, 2018[13]
In the distant future, humanity is forced to reside in massive fortress cities due to fear of attack by giant monsters called Klaxosaurs. Klaxosaurs can only be fought by Franxx, giant robots that can only be operated by a male and female pilot working in unison. Dr. Franxx and Zero Two arrive in one such city to develop his latest Franxx. Hiro, meanwhile, is left depressed after failing his test to become a Franxx pilot and encounters Zero Two by chance, who briefly flirts with him when he shows no fear of her horns. As Hiro's classmates attend the welcoming ceremony to become official Franxx pilots, Hiro debates leaving the city when a Mohorovičić class Klaxosaur attacks. Zero Two deploys in her Franxx, Strelizia, to fight it, but ends up getting injured and her partner is mortally wounded. Hiro volunteers to become Zero Two's partner and she kisses him in response, activating Strelizia's true form. Strelizia effortlessly defeats the Klaxosaur, and it is revealed that 002 is a human-Klaxosaur hybrid who has a reputation for killing her partners.
2
"What It Means to Connect""Tsunagaru to Iu Koto" (繋がるということ) Shōko NakamuraNaotaka HayashiA-1 PicturesJanuary 20, 2018[14]
Despite being able to pilot Strelizia with 002, Hiro has no memories of what happened in the cockpit, leading some of his fellow pilots to be skeptical about what really happened, since it is rumored Zero Two is capable of piloting a Franxx on her own. Hiro's fellow pilots are also wary of Zero Two due to her reputation, especially Ichigo who is concerned about Hiro's safety. Meanwhile, the leadership of APE decide to further test Hiro's abilities and instruct him to participate in a mock Franxx battle, though he is forbidden from partnering with Zero Two or using Strelizia. Ichigo volunteers to partner with him in Delphinium. Zorome and Miku volunteer to be their opponents. During the mock battle, Hiro is briefly able to connect with Ichigo and pilot Delphinium, but suddenly loses his connection with her and is unable to restart Delphinium. This breaks Hiro's confidence in himself and leaves Ichigo frustrated that she can't do anything to help Hiro.
3
"Fighting Puppet""Tatakau Ningyō" (戦う人形) Toshifumi AkaiMasahiko ŌtsukaA-1 PicturesJanuary 27, 2018[15]
Following the mock battle, Hiro's fellow pilots are assigned to their first sortie, with the task of defeating a Klaxosaur under the city, but as they are about to leave, Ikuno and Mitsuru's connection falters, thus the pilots of Delphinum, Argenta and Genista proceed without them. However, the situation turns to the worst when they end up surrounded by a horde of Klaxosaurs and are forced to flee. Zero Two asks to assist them on Strelizia, but she is not allowed to sortie with Hiro, until Mitsuru, determined to prove he is a better pilot than Hiro, offers himself to pair up with Zero Two. Together, Mitsuru and Zero Two defeat the enemies with ease and rescue the others, but when they return, they find a heavily wounded Mitsuru, as a consequence of pairing up with 002, who reaffirms her claim that Hiro is the only pilot compatible with her.
4
"Flap Flap""Frappu Frappu" (フラップ・フラップ) Yuichi ShimohiraNaotaka HayashiTriggerFebruary 3, 2018[16]
Mitsuru begins to recover, but it traumatized with his experience with Zero Two. In fear of what happened in the last battle, Zero Two is called back by the authorities to return to the front lines. As Zero Two is escorted to a transport with Strelizia, a Klaxosaur appears and attacks. The other pilots are dispatched to face it, but are overpowered by the enemy. Seeing Zero Two being taken away, Hiro finally makes his mind and urges her not to leave and become his partner instead. Zero Two then disobeys her orders and boards Strelizia with Hiro, which he manages to successfully pilot. The two then help the others to defeat the klaxosaur. Afterwards, Plantation 13 lifts off to rendezvous with Plantation 26, and Hiro resolves that he will pilot Strelizia with Zero Two, even if it kills him.
5
"Your Thorn, My Badge""Kimi no Toge, Boku no Shirushi" (キミの棘、ボクのしるし) Noriko TakaoNaotaka HayashiA-1 PicturesFebruary 10, 2018[17]
Plantation 13 links up with Plantation 26 in order to transfer much needed magma fuel. However, the process is sure to attract klaxosaurs, requiring the Franxx pilots of both Plantations to work together. Meanwhile, Hiro becomes an accepted member of the squad but Goro notices that Hiro's health has been declining significantly, with a blue tumor-like growth growing on his chest ever since he rode with Zero Two. Hiro manages to convince Goro to keep quiet about his condition. Klaxosaurs are detected heading for the Plantation and a plan to defend against them is made, though the pilots of Plantation 26 express their misgivings about Zero Two and Strelizia being involved due to them suffering losses in a past mission due to Zero Two's actions. That night, Ichigo confronts Zero Two in an attempt to convince her not to put too much of a burden on Hiro's body, but fails. Ichigo and Goro are then both left feeling frustrated over how neither of them can help Hiro. Hiro meets Zero Two the next morning, and despite her warning that this would be his third ride with her, which may result in his death, Hiro reaffirms his desire to ride with her.
6
"DARLING in the FRANXX""Dārin in za Furankusu" (ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランクス[d]) Yoshihiro MiyajimaNaotaka HayashiTriggerFebruary 17, 2018[18]
As the horde of Conrad class Klaxosaurs, accompanied by a massive structure approach the Plantations, the Parasites make a line of defense with Squad 26 on the front, Squad 13 on the middle, and Strelizia on the rear guard. After the minor Klaxosaurs are defeated, the structure reveals itself as a giant Gutenberg class Klaxosaur that overpowers Squad 26. Squad 13 then rescues them and join for a combined attack to give an opening for Strelizia to give the final blow. However, Strelizia fails to destroy the enemy and Hiro collapses from exhaustion. He then accepts his death until seeing Zero Two fighting back desperately and decides to not give up, recovering from his tumor and joining with his companions to destroy the Gutenberg Klaxosaur. As the pilots celebrate, Dr. Franxx rejoices upon the prospect that Hiro may one day realize Zero Two's wish. Zero Two on the other hand, affirms that there are many more Klaxosaurs for her to kill in order to attain it.
7
"Shooting Star Moratorium""Ryūsei Moratoriamu" (流星モラトリアム) Tōko YatabeRino YamazakiA-1 PicturesFebruary 24, 2018[19]
Due to their achievements in the previous battle, Zero Two is permanently assigned to Squad 13 and Hiro is officially recognized as a Franxx pilot. Squad 13 is then rewarded with a vacation to a nearby beach. As Squad 13 plays around, they observe Hiro's relationship with Zero Two and begin wondering what exactly a "kiss" and "love" are. They then stumble upon the ruins of a town nearby and begin exploring them. They are perplexed at the existence of the town since they initially believed civilization only existed in the Plantations. Zero Two explains to them that humans used to live on the surface but were forced to abandon it for the Plantations. Later that night, Zero Two decides to go for a swim while Hiro and Ichigo walk on the beach and admire the stars, catching sight of a rain of shooting stars.
8
"Boys × Girls""Otokonoko × Onnanoko" (男の子×女の子) Tensai OkamuraNaotaka HayashiTriggerMarch 3, 2018[20]
The female pilots get into a fallout with the males after a battle where the females' clothes were destroyed by the enemy Klaxosaur's acid, much to the boys' enjoyment. The females then set a line across the dorms and forbids the boys from crossing over. Zero Two ignores the fight at all and willingly crosses back and forth to get close to Hiro and even sets up a trap for the boys who end up seeing the girls naked in the bath by accident. With the situation out of control, Nana steps in and reprimands the pilots for their behavior, and while the boys and the girls discuss the situation in separate, Miku decides to flee. When the others become worried and decide to look for her, they find her in one of the sealed off rooms in the dorm, where they discover items related to the previous members of Squad 13, which were possibly killed in battle long ago. After that, the boys and the girls finally make amends and resume their duties together.
9
"Triangle Bomb""Toraianguru Bomu" (トライアングル・ボム) Ryūta OnoRino YamazakiA-1 PicturesMarch 10, 2018[21]
Squad 13 is dispatched to take down another Gutenberg class Klaxosaur en route of collision with the Plantation. During the battle, Delphinium is caught by the enemy and Goro ejects Ichigo to save her, but becomes trapped in side the creature while the others are ordered to retreat. Once back at the base, the others contact Goro who affirms that he has a plan to take down the creature himself, while the other pilots are informed that despite Goro's situation, they will fire on the Klaxosaur should it approaches the Plantation. The others then decide to fight the enemy again, but Ichigo insists to come with them, fearing for Goro's safety. Just as Goro is about to activate the self-destruct sequence to Delphinum's energy tank, sacrificing himself to destroy the enemy core, Ichigo dives inside the creature and reaches him, allowing Delphinum to escape to a safe distance as the energy tank destroys the creature. After the battle, Goro confesses his feelings for Ichigo, but claims that he is not in a hurry to hear an answer from her.
10
"The City of Eternity""Eien no Machi" (永遠の街) Masato NakazonoMasahiko ŌtsukaTriggerMarch 17, 2018[22]
The Seven Sages decide to reward the members of Squad 13 for their numerous victories against the Klaxosaurs and they are briefly allowed into the city to be awarded with medals. The ceremony is short and sweet, but on the way back, Zorome drifts away from the rest and falls after seeing one of the few residents. When Zorome awakes, he is greeted by the woman who saved him and he questions her about adult life. Her life seems worlds away from his experience and it is implied that the parasites will never become adults as their physiology is completely different because she had to use diagnostic instruments for animals to analyze his injuries. As they talk, Zorome can't shake the feeling that they have met before, but the woman denies it. The authorities arrive to pick him up, and treat him as if he carries an infection, then they quickly send him back to the dorm. He spends the following days wondering why the woman was so familiar to him, but immersed in his activities his memory of her gradually fades.
11
"Partner Shuffle""Pātonā Shaffuru" (パートナーシャッフル) Takahiro ShikamaHiroshi SekoA-1 PicturesMarch 24, 2018[23]
Squad 13 guards one of the facilities for the top secret S-Planning, when Mitsuru collapses in the mid of battle. As he is treated it is revealed that he underwent a dangerous procedure with only 15% of survival rate to become a parasite. Later, Nana asks the Parasites if they want to switch partners. Ikuno asks Ichigo to partner with her, but the two girls fail to synchronize. Kokoro offers to partner with Mitsuru, breaking a promise she made to Futoshi to stay together, much to Futoshi's despair. When a massive Klaxosaur appears, the Parasites dispatch with Mitsuru and Kokoro piloting Genista and Futoshi piloting Chlorophytum with Ikuno. During the battle, the pilots decide to use Genista's close range attack to open a break for them, but cannot reach the core. Mitsuru gives up, still disheartened about Hiro forgetting the promise he made to Mitsuru in the past, so Kokoro attempts to cheer him up before unsuccessfully and dangerously trying to pilot Genista by herself. Regaining control, Mitsuru and Kokoro manage to synchronize and open a big hole in the enemy to expose the core for Strelizia to destroy it. After the battle, Futoshi reprimands Mitsuru for his behaviour, but Mitsuru promises that he will protect Kokoro in future.
12
"The Garden Where It All Began""Gāden/ Hajimari no Niwa" (ガーデン／始まりの庭) Yoshihiro MiyajimaNaotaka HayashiTriggerMarch 31, 2018[24]
Squad 13 is sent back to The Garden to undergo some tests, the place where they were raised. They are greeted by the Nines, Zero Two's former squad, and their leader Nine Alpha who wonders what Zero Two, formerly coded Nine Iota, saw in them. Disobeying orders, Hiro and the others visit the old facilities where they used to live hoping to meet Naomi again, but she is nowhere to be seen and the adults refuse to tell them where she is. They also discover that the children from Garden are being developed into Parasites at a much earlier age, in response to the increased number of Klaxosaur attacks. When a group of Klaxosaurs attack the Garden, Squad 13 is dispatched, and Hiro notes that Zero Two's horns and canines grew further. During the battle, a desperate Zero Two ignores orders and attacks alone, claiming that she must kill more Klaxosaurs in order to become truly human. After the battle, Hiro asks the meaning of her words, but she refuses to answer. Meanwhile, Ichigo eavesdrops on a conversation between Nana and Hachi in which they affirm that the Saurification process in Zero Two and Hiro is intensifying, much to her horror. When a second wave of Klaxosaurs attacks, Squad 13 sorties again and once more Zero Two turns rogue. She starts attacking Hiro when he attempts to stop her, causing Hiro to have visions of a past he has long forgotten.
13
"The Beast and the Prince""Mamono to Ōji-sama" (まものと王子様) Manabu OkamotoNaotaka HayashiCloverWorksApril 7, 2018[25]
Hiro and Zero Two recall their childhoods in the Garden. Hiro was a successful subject of the Parasite program who easily became friends with his peers, giving them names instead of numbers and promising Mitsuru that they would pilot together prior to his Elixir injection. However Hiro was plagued by unanswered questions. Zero Two was an experimental subject with animal features undergoing painful research into her regenerative abilities, her only comfort being a picture book of "The Beast and the Prince". After encountering Zero Two, Hiro was horrified when he discovered her tortured treatment and eventually broke her out of her cell and convinced her to escape with him. Unable to comprehend language, Zero Two saw a parallel in the storybook and her time with Hiro, vowing to become human and be with him. They are eventually hunted down and captured by security forces. Their memories were erased, including Hiro's memory of his promise to Mitsuru, leading to his anger at Hiro. Back in the present, Ichigo in Delphinium warns Hiro to get away from Zero Two as she will consume his energy, but Hiro suddenly remembers that Zero Two is the girl from his past.
14
"Punishment and Confession""Tsumi to Kokuhaku" (罪と告白) Hiroyuki KanekoHiroshi SekoTriggerApril 14, 2018[26]
After the battle, Zero Two also remembers her childhood experience with Hiro. Meanwhile, Hiro is hospitalized while Ichigo and her friends forbid Zero Two from seeing him. As Hiro rests, Squad 13 is informed that they will take part in a large scale operation involving the Nines and squads from various Plantations, and that Zero Two will be transferred back to the Nines. Before the operation begins, Squad 13 works to prevent Hiro and Zero Two meeting. She finally convinces them to let her see him, but Hiro left his room to meet her so they discover his room empty. Believing that she is being deceived by the others, Zero Two attacks them. When Hiro returns to his room and sees Zero Two's behavior, he reprimands her, calling her a monster. Contrite, Zero Two believes that this is her punishment for her past deeds, and accepts that she must leave his side. As the operation is about to begin, Zero Two leaves the dorm to rejoin the Nines, but just when Hiro decides to go after her, Ichigo holds him back with a kiss and confesses her feelings for him.
15
"Jian""Hiyoku no Tori" (比翼の鳥) Toshifumi AkaiHiroshi SekoCloverWorksApril 21, 2018[27]
Hiro stays behind while the rest of Squad 13 take part in the operation against the massive Klaxosaur horde on the Grand Crevasse. Led by the Nines, the human forces appear to be defeating the Klaxosaurs until a gigantic, Super-Lehmann class Klaxosaur emerges and completely destroys Plantation 26. In an attempt to halt its progress, the members of Squad 26 are ordered to make a suicide assault on the creature but fail, and the monster starts towards Plantation 13. It stops and disgorges a hoard of small Conrad Class Klaxosaurs which Ichigo and the others begin fighting until Hiro in a training unit joins them. With Ichigo's help, he reaches Zero Two aboard Strelizia, but finds her almost losing her sanity from operating alone, until he confesses his love for her and they synchronize. Together, they power up Strelizia to the point of single-handedly destroying the Super-Lehmann Klaxosaur and breaking open the doorway to the Grand Crevasse with help from the Nines. However, the Super-Lehmann's cores are still active and about to explode, when a colossal hand emerges from the Grand Crevasse and retrieves the cores, astonishingly sparing the lives of Squad 13 and the residential area of Plantation 13.
16
"Days of Our Lives""Bokutachi no Hibi" (ぼくたちの日々) Yuuki ItohRino YamazakiCloverWorksMay 5, 2018[28]
After the battle at the Grand Crevasse, the members of Squad 13 are left by themselves on standby at Mistilteinn in the ruins of Plantation 13. They do not realize that their new environment is part of an experiment by Dr. Franxx. Most of the services are suspended except for a weekly delivery of supplies and they have no external contact, forcing the Parasites to manage by themselves. Despite their new responsibilities and hardships, they enjoy their new life together; especially Zero Two who is more relaxed and warmly welcomed back into the Squad. Kokoro gives Mitsuru a haircut and then unexpectedly kisses him. Later, Hiro and Zero Two share a quiet moment together, but then Zero Two has a foreboding of something lurking outside the plantation.
17
"Eden""Rakuen" (楽園) Ryōji MasuyamaNaotaka HayashiCloverWorksMay 12, 2018[29]
The Nines visit Squad 13 on Mistilteinn causing them to feel less abandoned. Meanwhile, Hiro has started growing horns making him more like his beloved. The Nines discover a book about human reproduction which Kokoro was hiding. Meanwhile, Kokoro makes a pass at Mitsuru which confuses him. Later, when the Nines question Kokoro about possessing forbidden knowledge, she expresses the desire to bear a child. She suggests that they may not be creations of Papa and exist for more than fighting Klaxosaurs. Later, while Hachi and Nana interview Kokoro, Nana collapses which Nine Alpha claims is a symptom of a regression into puberty. Hachi then informs Dr. Franxx who decides to terminate the experiment of leaving the parasites alone. Meanwhile, members from APE meet with the Princess of the Klaxosaurs, demanding her surrender, but she slays them instead, calling them "human wannabes" [e]. Back in Mistilteinn, Squad 13 debate Kokoro’s ideas. That night, Mitsuru visits Kokoro, and after he expresses affection for her, they spend the night together. Meanwhile at APE, Papa discusses his plans to wipe out all Klaxosaurs when the Nines appear with news from their visit to Mistilteinn.
18
"When the Sakura Blooms""Sakura no Hanagasaku-goro ni" (桜の花が咲く頃に) Shigeki KawaiNaotaka HayashiA-1 PicturesMay 19, 2018[30]
Ichigo is informed by Hachi that Squad 13 is about to be transferred from Mistilteinn to a special facility where the rest of the Parasites are stationed. Upon returning, she pays a visit to Ikuno who is recovering from a fever and Ikuno then confesses her love for Ichigo. Before their depart, Hiro and the others hold a wedding celebration for Mitsuru and Kokoro but during the ceremony, the Nines invade Mistilteinn with a team of soldiers and take both into custody. In a flashback, Nana is shown emotionally distraught at the death of her partner in a Franxx. Weeks later, at the Birds Nest camp for children, Mitsuru and Kokoro are reunited with Squad 13, but the others are shocked to see that they have no recollection of each other. Both Zero Two and Hiro realize that Mitsuru and Kokoro have had their memories erased, similar to what happened to Zero Two and Hiro in the past.
19
"Inhumanity""Hito Narazaru Mono-tachi" (人ならざるモノたち) Takahiro HaradaMasahiko OtsukaCloverWorksMay 26, 2018[31]
The APE supreme commanders justify wiping the memories of Mitsuru and Kokoro in the interests of achieving their objectives.  Dr. Franxx remembers in 2025 when, as the scientist Werner Frank, he was hired by APE to research human immortality and his success, although at the cost of human reproductive processes. He  recalls how heavy mining of the magma energy on the planet led to the appearance of the Klaxosaurs and consequent creation of the autonomous Plantations. He developed the Franxx units to combat the Klaxosaurs, but at a considerable loss of life for their human pilots, including his wife Karina Milsa. Sometime later, an expedition including Werner Frank was sent to meet the Princess of Klaxosaurs. The humanoid princess captivated him, but she then tore off his arm as punishment for destroying her Klaxosaurs. However, he returned to APE with a sample of her hair from which he extracted DNA to create Zero Two. Back in the present, Hiro and the others demand that Papa restore Kokoro and Mitsuru's memories, but are told that their memories were erased and restoring them is impossible. When Squad 13 realize that they will never become "adults", Papa agrees to release them from duty once their next mission against the Klaxosaurs is over.
20
"A New World""Atarashī Sekai" (新しい世界) Miyoki KurokiNaotaka HayashiCloverWorksJune 9, 2018[32]
The Parasites gather at the site of the Grand Crevasse for the final battle against the Klaxosaurs. As the others confront a huge army of Klaxosaurs attacking the base, Hiro and Zero Two are tasked to use Strelizia to control the "Star Entity", a massive weapon stored inside the Grand Crevasse. Amidst the battle, the Princess of Klaxosaurs sneaks past security and assumes control of Strelizia by dragging Zero Two out of the cockpit and synchronizing with Hiro by force. Suddenly, an armada of spaceships appear on Earth's orbit and the Klaxosaurs stop fighting the Parasites to attack it. Papa then reveals that he and his companions are actually members of "VIRM", an alien race who once attacked Earth in the past but was defeated by the Klaxosaurs, and all of APE's actions were part of their plan to use mankind against them. Having predicted the princess' attempt to take control of the Star Entity, the VIRM trigger a self-destruct mechanism installed on it to wipe out all the Klaxosaurs, along with Earth.
21
"For You, My Love""Daisukina Anata no Tame ni" (大好きなあなたのために) Manabu OkamotoNaotaka HayashiCloverWorksJune 16, 2018[33]
As the VIRM use their powers to upload the consciousness of the humans from the Plantation into their system, Hiro uses his connection with the Princess to delay the explosion of the Star Entity, while the rest of Squad 13 rushes back to the Grand Crevasse to help their friends. Meanwhile a wounded Zero Two meets with Dr. Franxx, who explains that she and the rest of the Nines were created by cloning the Princess' cells, but she was the only of them who inherited her powers. Determined to rescue Hiro, Zero Two then rushes back to Strelizia, assisted by Dr. Franxx and her friends. Upon reuniting with Hiro, Zero Two and the Princess use all their energy to restore him and take back the control of the Star Entity, which transforms into the gigantic Strelizia Apus and defeats the invaders. The VIRM then decide to retreat, promising to return with their entire armada to wipe out Earth. Just as Hiro celebrates their victory, he finds that Zero Two is not responding.
22
"Stargazers""Sutāgeizā" (スターゲイザー) Noriko TakaoHiroshi SekoCloverWorksJune 23, 2018[34]
The Klaxosaurs depart for space to fight VIRM, taking Strelizia Apus with them, while the surviving Parasites work together to ensure their survival, led by Squad 13. Zero Two is still in a catatonic state and Hiro is puzzled by a series of wounds which appear on her body. Nana informs the others that Kokoro is pregnant with Mitsuru's child. Meanwhile, Hachi and the original Nana locate the facility where the discarded Parasites are being held, including Naomi. They read a message left by Dr. Franxx before his death instructing them to take care of the Parasites. Desperate about Zero Two's condition, Hiro realizes that her mind is still inside the Strelizia Apus, fighting VIRM with the other Klaxosaurs at the orbit of Mars. He decides to leave for space to reunite with her, despite his friends' protests. In the end, the other members of Squad 13 agree to accompany Hiro in an abandoned Klaxosaur spaceship, and are joined by the surviving members of the Nines. However, Mitsuru stays behind, concerned for the pregnant Kokoro.
23
"DARLING in the FRANXX""Dārin in za Furankisu" (ダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス[f]) Yoshihiro MiyajimaNaotaka HayashiCloverWorksJune 30, 2018[35]
Leaving Mitsuru, Kokoro and Zero Two's body behind, Squad 13 departs into space to join the fight against VIRM. With help from the others, Nine Alpha partners Hiro who safely enters Strelizia Apus before Nine Alpha goes on to sacrifice himself in the battle. The VIRM offer perpetual tranquility and peace to the humans, but Nana and Hachi reject that as an unacceptable option. Meanwhile back on Earth, Kokoro initially refuses Mitsuru's support, but he convinces her that despite losing their memories they share a common bond through their unborn child, and they reconcile. Aboard Strelizia Apus, Hiro slowly reunites with Zero Two's consciousness and they agree to fight together again, converting the Strelizia Apus into the more powerful Strelizia True Apus. After defeating the VIRM forces, a  warp gate appears, created a long time ago by the Klaxo sapiens. Hiro and Zero Two enter the warp gate, carrying a massive bomb created by the Klaxosaurs in an attempt to destroy VIRM,  promising their friends that they will return home.
24
"Never Let Me Go""Watashi o Hanasanaide" (わたしを離さないで) Atsushi Nishigori Manabu Okamoto Miyoki KurokiAtsushi Nishigori Naotaka HayashiCloverWorksJuly 7, 2018[36]
While Hiro and Zero Two fight VIRM in space, the surviving Parasites work together to rebuild society from scratch, with Naomi and the other missing children rescued, Kokoro giving birth to her daughter Ai, and Goro leaving to travel the world in search for other survivors and resources. Just as the Strelizia True Apus reaches the VIRM homeworld, Hiro and Zero Two's connection is cut off by VIRM's interference, leaving them vulnerable. Realizing that something is wrong by Ai's intuition, the members of Squad 13 join together to pray for their safety, and their thoughts reach Hiro, allowing him to reconnect with Zero Two, and together they sacrifice themselves to destroy the VIRM homeworld, liberating all souls trapped there. Despite that, VIRM declares that they will return one day. With the war over, the remaining Klaxosaurs return to Earth's underground, restoring nature with their energy, and the Parasites declare that they will never use Magma Energy again. Years later, the world is restored to a prosperous state thanks to the Parasites' hard work, and Hiro and Zero Two's souls reincarnate as a pair of children that meet each other again.

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Yūichirō Umehara was replaced by Daiki Hamano in last two episodes due to health problem.[1]

Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.

Jump up ^ The first half of the anime was produced by Trigger and A-1 Pictures' Kōenji Studio, while the second half is produced by Trigger and CloverWorks, A-1 Pictures' subsidiary studio, rebranded from Kōenji Studio.[10][11]

Jump up ^ The Japanese title of episode 6 is somewhat different from that of episode 23 in spelling.

Jump up ^ Wannabe: a person who tries to be like someone else or to fit in with a particular group of people

Jump up ^ The Japanese title of episode 23 is somewhat different from that of episode 6 in spelling.

tag: ol


document_title: The End of the F***ing World

question_text: who plays alyssa in the end of the fing world

text: The End of the F***ing World

text: Premise[edit]

text: James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath. He kills animals as a hobby, but grows bored of the practice. He decides he wants to try killing a human. He settles on Alyssa, a mouthy, rebellious 17-year-old classmate with issues of her own. She proposes they run away together, hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home-life, and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her. They embark on a road trip across England, and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alex Lawther as James, a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa.[1] Jack Veal portrays a young James.
Jessica Barden as Alyssa, a rebellious teenage girl. Initially James' intended victim but later his love interest.[1] Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa.
Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon, Darego's police partner.
Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego, Noon's stern police partner.
Steve Oram as Phil, James' caring father.
Christine Bottomley as Gwen, Alyssa's mother.
Navin Chowdhry as Tony, Alyssa's abusive stepfather.
Barry Ward as Leslie Foley, Alyssa's estranged drug-dealing father.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Kierston Wareing as Debbie, Leslie's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child.
Geoff Bell as Martin, a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride.
Alex Sawyer as Topher, a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with.
Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch, an author, professor, serial killer and James' first human victim.
Eileen Davies as Flora, Clive's mother.
Earl Cave as Frodo, a miserable petrol station employee.
Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station.
Alex Beckett as Jonno, one of Leslie's buyers.
Leon Annor as Emil, an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by.
Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow.
Kelly Harrison as James' dead mother.
Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa's baby-stepsister.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
Episode 1
Jonathan Entwistle
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)[a]

James is a 17-year-old who believes he is a psychopath, having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something, and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old. At school, he encounters Alyssa, a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next. He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating. When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day, he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her. However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left. After this incident, she reaches James's home later than planned, and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in, wanting him to say yes. Resolving that he could kill her later, he accepts and steals his father Phil's car and punches him in the face, something he has always wanted to do.

2
Episode 2
Jonathan Entwistle
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

With their newfound freedom, Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money. After crashing their car, they hitchhike in the van of Martin, a middle-aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to. While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food, Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand, before smelling it and putting it on his crotch; James is submissive, despite being disgusted by it. Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet. After booking a hotel room, Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries, while James waits with his knife by the door, hesitantly. He does not try to kill her. Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers. He denies her request to speak to her mother, Gwen, implying his dominance over her mother. Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her; he replies that he wants her. She decides to go see her biological father, Leslie, who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her.

3
Episode 3
Jonathan Entwistle
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

After leaving the hotel, Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father's house, internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her. The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch. Later that day, Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves, angrily, when a picture of Koch puts him off. During her walk, Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house, vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher. Distraught, he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims, revealing Koch to be a serial rapist. Meanwhile, Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse. Topher leaves angrily. While Alyssa is asleep, James tries to kill her, but he cannot because he knows he is falling in love with her. Koch returns home and suspecting a break-in, arms himself; James hides under the bed. When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed, she lies and says she is alone. Koch becomes malevolent, attempting to rape her. James stabs him in the neck with a knife, killing Koch, and saving Alyssa.

4
Episode 4
Jonathan Entwistle
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch's body out of the bedroom, James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay. James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her, and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body. James hides the knife in the pool drain. When she questions him about the knife, he does not answer. Koch's mother, Flora, arrives at the house and discovers his body; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage. The police, led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa's and James's identity and presence at the house. They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes "involving two teenagers" while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list. Despite James's attempts, Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him. He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions. Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up, he also realises his growing interest in her. James decides to report a murder to police, coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath.

5
Episode 5
Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy Tcherniak
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

At the police station, James changes his mind about reporting Koch's murder and instead describes his mother's suicide as the "murder" he was referring to. In a flashback, his mother, Vanessa, killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond. Thinking of Alyssa, James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe. Meanwhile, Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James, as well as informed about his car. He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa. They also question Tony, who is rather nonchalant and self-absorbed, before moving to Gwen about Alyssa. Concurrently, Alyssa is caught by Emil, a security officer, while attempting to shoplift clean underwear, but is eventually let go. She returns to the cafe to find James waiting. Although without money, both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie. Meanwhile, investigators find James's knife at Koch's house.

6
Episode 6
Lucy Tcherniak
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa's father's house. They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel. When Jocelyn, the petrol station manager, begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money, James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn's co-worker, Frodo. However, when he wants to join, they wait until he is distracted to dash. Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive, this time with years-old accusations of sexual assault against him. She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave. On their way to Leslie's, Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home. At the police station, Flora gives Noon the camcorder, having a change of heart. When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self-defence, Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead. After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home, James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home.

7
Episode 7
Lucy Tcherniak
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other. Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer, as well as a non-conforming individual himself. Meanwhile, Tony, Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery. Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie's former residence, assuming that both have not arrived. On the drive to Leslie's former residence, it becomes clear that Darego's law-abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon's open-minded and sympathetic morals. As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar, James begins feeling distant to Alyssa. At Leslie's former residence, Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie's whereabouts to Noon and Darego. She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son, Milton. When questioned by Alyssa, Leslie takes off in his truck, running over a dog in the process. Although he has killed many animals before, James is unable to euthanise it with a rock; Alyssa does it instead. Bitter, Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie's location, later, and she drives there without Darego. Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television.

8
Episode 8
Lucy Tcherniak
Charlie Covell
24 October 2017 (2017-10-24)

James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach, then passionately and sincerely make out. At dawn, ruminating about their current situation, they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country. When they ask Leslie for the boat keys, he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession. James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself. Noon, listening in, arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead. Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea, would James and her still be together. When Noon tells that that would be unlikely, Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie's shotgun, takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James, only to find that the tide had gone out. With the police armed response unit closing in, James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach. In a voiceover, James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other. A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black.

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman. Originally self-published as a series of mini-comics, the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013. It was republished in hardback in 2017, in anticipation of the television series.[3]

text: While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics, Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format – the original idea was to make an American film, and later a web series was considered. A film was pitched to Film4, and Entwistle was given funding for a short.[4] Made in 2014,[5] it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series. Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer;[6] Jessica Barden played Alyssa. However, instead of Alex Lawther, James was played by Craig Roberts.[7]

text: Though the short was well-received, no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full-length film.[4] Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films, following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved. Forsman had no official role in the show's production, wanting to continue working on his comics, though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated.[8]

text: The programme's plot differs from that of Forsman's comics. In print, the children kill a satanist serial killer, whose wife was a police officer; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego, and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist.[9] Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel: the satanist police officer chases after James, and the two begin to attack each other, while police try to break up the fight. There is then a gunshot. In the final scene, Alyssa's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James, while Alyssa is seen carving the name "JAMES" into her arm. Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead,[9] but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show's release in October 2017. Though filmed in England, the programme has an American tone to it; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo. Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey, with locations such as Woking, Bracknell and Longcross Studios.[4] Another filming location was Leysdown-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey.[10] Entwistle uses mostly close-up shots, particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character. He uses this for deadpan humour, by moving from face to face to get shots of characters' reactions.[4]

text: The series is set in the present day, but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set "any time from 1988 to 2006". Additionally, diners have a 1970s-style design, and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s, 60s and 70s, along with original music from Graham Coxon, the founding member of Blur. Entwistle describes Coxon's scores as "guitar-based suburban noir", and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers.[4]

text: Potential continuation[edit]

text: The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman's original comics.[11] On 25 January 2018, Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series. He confirmed that "We're exploring and we're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to." Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived.[12] Writer Charlie Covell said "I think there are a number of stories we could tell" and that she would "love to write more".[13] Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be "very excited" for a second series, as it would give Covell "a chance to explore something from her imagination".[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4.[2] The End of the F***ing World was a co-production with Netflix[2] who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018.[14] On that weekend, sales of the graphic novel rose considerably, with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The End of the F***ing World' currently holds an approval rating of 98% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.21/10. The site's consensus states, "Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F***ing World."[15] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[16][17]

text: Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme's writing, characters, and soundtrack, as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden, calling it a "pitch-black, eight-episode comedy gem of a U.K. import."[18] Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it "batty fun," also praising Lawther and Barden's performances while praising the programme's surreal concept and execution.[19]


document_title: Like Water for Chocolate (film)

question_text: who played tita in like water for chocolate

text: Like Water for Chocolate (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story is about a girl named Tita, the youngest of three daughters. Their mother, Elena, insists on upholding the family tradition that the youngest daughter has the duty of caring for her mother until she dies. When Tita meets a boy named Pedro they quickly fall in love. Pedro goes to Tita’s house and asks her mother if they are allowed to marry. Elena forbids it and instead suggests he marry Tita’s older sister Rosaura. Pedro decides to accept and Tita is devastated. After the wedding, Pedro tells Tita that he only married her sister so that he will be able to stay close to his true beloved.

text: Within the family structure, Rosaura is the oldest. Next is Gertrudis, who was created by an affair with another man. Last is Tita, who is always fighting for her rights. Each daughter represents something within the Mexican revolution. Rosaura is representing the upper class, the people who get things handed to them and have nothing to worry about. Gertrudis represents people who are actually in the revolution, since she runs away and joins it. Tita represents the people who are left fighting for their rights, who are given nothing in return.

text: Before her sister’s wedding, Tita is preparing the food with Nacha, and some of Tita’s tears get mixed in with the batter. This results in an emotional riot in which everyone feels devastated and longs for their one true love. After Pedro gives Tita some roses, she uses the petals to prepare a sauce. As they are eating dinner everyone feels an intense passion and Gertrudis even sets the shower on fire with her passion.

text: Tita was born on a kitchen table and spent most of her time with Nacha. She knew the smells of the kitchen and learned how to cook at a young age. In the kitchen Tita is able to connect with Pedro. She states that when she puts all of her passion into her food, and after Pedro eats it, it is like she is entering his body in a sexual way. That has always been how the two connected. They did not need to touch physically, as Tita is an expert in the kitchen and able to make others feel what she feels when she prepares food.

text: When Rosaura has a baby boy, Elena becomes more suspicious about Tita and Pedro, and sends Pedro and Rosaura away to a different state to keep Pedro away from Tita. The baby then becomes sick and dies. Everyone blames Elena because she sent them away and they were not able to care for the boy the way Tita did. Tita then becomes extremely sad due to the loss, and is sent away where Dr. John Brown heals her. They begin a relationship and plan to marry shortly thereafter. However, Elena dies and Pedro and Rosaura come back. Pedro is still in love with Tita even after finding out that she is going to marry Dr. Brown.

text: When Dr. Brown leaves on business, Tita sleeps with Pedro. After an alarming false pregnancy, Tita tells Dr. Brown and he supports her decision to call off the wedding. Years later, Rosaura dies of digestive problems and her daughter, Esperanza, marries Dr. Brown’s son. After the wedding Tita and Pedro make love, but Pedro died of being too happy all at once. Tita then swallows matches which results in the entire house catching on fire. Esperanza goes back to the house’s ruins and finds a cook book with recipes and the story of Tita’s and Pedro’s forbidden love story.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Lumi Cavazos as Tita
Marco Leonardi as Pedro
Regina Torné as Mama Elena
Mario Iván Martínez as Doctor John Brown
Ada Carrasco as Nacha
Yareli Arizmendi as Rosaura
Claudette Maillé as Gertrudis
Pilar Aranda as Chencha
Farnesio de Bernal as Cura
Joaquín Garrido as Sargento Treviño
Rodolfo Arias as Juan Alejándrez
Margarita Isabel as Paquita Lobo
Sandra Arau as Esperanza Muzquiz
Andrés García Jr as Alex Brown
Regino Herrera as Nicolás
Genaro Aguirre as Rosalio
David Ostrosky as Juan de la Garza
Brígida Alexander as Tia Mary
Amado Ramírez as Pedro's father
Arcelia Ramírez as Esperanza's daughter
Socorro Rodríguez as friend of Paquita

text: Filming location[edit]

text:
Ciudad Acuna, Mexico
Eagle Pass, Texas
Piedras Negras, Coahuila

text: Reception[edit]

text: Like Water for Chocolate received positive reviews from critics, as the film holds a 91% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews.

text: The American release of this film is quite shorter than the original Mexican version, in the original release you see the main character Tita, return home to take care of her dying mother who still makes her life as difficult as she can, in the American release this complete sequence is removed and instead Tita only returns home for her mother's funeral.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Ariel Awards[edit]

text: The Ariel Awards are awarded annually by the Mexican Academy of Film Arts and Sciences in Mexico. Como Agua Para Chocolate received ten awards out of 14 nominations.[6]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1992
Como Agua Para Chocolate
Best Picture
Won

Alfonso Arau
Best Director
Won

Mario Iván Martínez
Best Actor
Won

Regina Torné
Best Actress
Won

Lumi Cavazos
Nominated

Claudette Maillé
Best Supporting Actress
Won

Pilar Aranda
Nominated

Joaquín Garrido
Best Actor in a Minor Role
Nominated

Margarita Isabel
Best Actress in a Minor Role
Won

Laura Esquivel
Best Screenplay
Won

Emmanuel Lubezki
Best Cinematography
Won

Carlos Bolado and Francisco Chiú
Best Editing
Nominated

Emilio Mendoza, Gonzalo Ceja and Ricardo Mendoza
Best Production Design
Won

Marco Antonio Arteaga, Carlos Brown, Mauricio De Aguinaco and Denise Pizzini
Best Set Design
Won

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1992
Como Agua Para Chocolate
Best Foreign Language Film
Nominated


document_title: Ash Wednesday

question_text: why do we get ashes on ash wed

question_tokens: why do we get ashes on ash wed

text: Ash Wednesday

text: Observances[edit]

text: Fasting and abstinence[edit]

text: Many Christian denominations emphasize fasting, as well as abstinence during the season of Lent and in particular, on its first day, Ash Wednesday. The First Council of Nicæa spoke of Lent as a period of fasting for forty days, in preparation for Eastertide.[6] In many places, Christians historically abstained from food for a whole day until the evening, and at sunset, Western Christians traditionally broke the Lenten fast, which is often known as the Black Fast.[7][8] In India and Pakistan, many Christians continue this practice of fasting until sunset on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, with some fasting in this manner throughout the whole season of Lent.[9]

text: In the Roman Catholic Church, Ash Wednesday is observed by fasting, abstinence from meat, and repentance – a day of contemplating one's transgressions. On Ash Wednesday and Good Friday, Roman Catholics between the ages of 18 and 59 (whose health enables them to do so) are permitted to consume only one full meal, which may be supplemented by two smaller meals, which together should not equal the full meal. Some Catholics will go beyond the minimum obligations demanded by the Church and undertake a complete fast or a bread and water fast until sunset. Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are also days of abstinence from meat (mammals and fowl), as are all Fridays during Lent.[10] Some Roman Catholics continue fasting throughout Lent, as was the Church's traditional requirement,[11] concluding only after the celebration of the Easter Vigil. Where the Ambrosian Rite is observed, the day of fasting and abstinence is postponed to the first Friday in the Ambrosian Lent, nine days later.[12]

text: Many Lutheran parishes teach communicants to fast on Ash Wednesday, with some people choosing to continue doing so throughout the entire season of Lent, especially on Good Friday.[13][14][15][16] A Handbook for the Discipline of Lent recommends the Lutheran guideline to "Fast on Ash Wednesday and Good Friday with only one simple meal during the day, usually without meat".[17]

text: In the Anglican Communion, the entire forty days of Lent are designated days of fasting and abstinence in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer,[18] with the Traditional Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for Members of the Anglican Communion defining "Fasting, usually meaning not more than a light breakfast, one full meal, and one half meal, on the forty days of Lent."[19] The same text defines abstinence as refraining from flesh meat on all Fridays of the Church Year, except for those during Christmastide.[19]

text: The historic Methodist homilies regarding the Sermon on the Mount stress the importance of the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday.[20] The United Methodist Church therefore states that:

text: There is a strong biblical base for fasting, particularly during the 40 days of Lent leading to the celebration of Easter. Jesus, as part of his spiritual preparation, went into the wilderness and fasted 40 days and 40 nights, according to the Gospels.[21]

text: Rev. Jacqui King, the minister of Nu Faith Community United Methodist Church in Houston explained the philosophy of fasting during Lent as "I'm not skipping a meal because in place of that meal I'm actually dining with God".[22]

text: The Reformed Church in America describes Ash Wednesday as a day "focused on prayer, fasting, and repentance."[1] The liturgy for Ash Wednesday thus contains the following "Invitation to Observe a Lenten Discipline" read by the presider:[23]

text: We begin this holy season by acknowledging our need for repentance and our need for the love and forgiveness shown to us in Jesus Christ. I invite you, therefore, in the name of Christ, to observe a Holy Lent, by self-examination and penitence, by prayer and fasting, by practicing works of love, and by reading and reflecting on God's Holy Word.[23]

text: Many of the Churches in the Reformed tradition retained the Lenten fast in its entirety, although it was made voluntary, rather than obligatory.[24]

text: Ashes[edit]

text: Ashes are ceremonially placed on the heads of Christians on Ash Wednesday, either by being sprinkled over their heads or, in English-speaking countries, more often by being marked on their foreheads as a visible cross. The words (based on Genesis 3:19) used traditionally to accompany this gesture are, "Memento, homo, quia pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris." ("Remember, man, that thou art dust, and to dust thou shalt return.") This custom is credited to Pope Gregory I the Great (c. 540–604).[26] In the 1969 revision of the Roman Rite, an alternative formula (based on Mark 1:15) was introduced and given first place "Repent, and believe in the Gospel" and the older formula was translated as "Remember that you are dust, and to dust you shall return." The old formula, based on the words spoken to Adam and Eve after their sin,[27] reminds worshippers of their sinfulness and mortality and thus, implicitly, of their need to repent in time.[28] The newer formula makes explicit what was only implicit in the old.

text: Various manners of placing the ashes on worshippers' heads are in use within the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, the two most common being to use the ashes to make a cross on the forehead and sprinkling the ashes over the crown of the head. Originally, the ashes were strewn over men's heads, but, probably because women had their heads covered in church, were placed on the foreheads of women.[29] In the Catholic Church the manner of imposing ashes depends largely on local custom, since no fixed rule has been laid down.[25] Although the account of Ælfric of Eynsham shows that in about the year 1000 the ashes were "strewn" on the head,[30] the marking of the forehead is the method that now prevails in English-speaking countries and is the only one envisaged in the Occasional Offices of the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea, a publication described as "noticeably Anglo-Catholic in character".[31] In its ritual of "Blessing of Ashes", this states that "the ashes are blessed at the beginning of the Eucharist; and after they have been blessed they are placed on the forehead of the clergy and people."[31] The Ash Wednesday ritual of the Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, contains "The Imposition of Ashes" in its Ash Wednesday liturgy.[32] On Ash Wednesday, the Pope, the Bishop of Rome, traditionally takes part in a penitential procession from the Church of Saint Anselm to the Basilica of Santa Sabina, where, in accordance with the custom in Italy and many other countries, ashes are sprinkled on his head, not smudged on his forehead, and he places ashes on the heads of others in the same way.[33]

text: The Anglican ritual, used in Papua New Guinea states that, after the blessing of the ashes, "the priest marks his own forehead and then the foreheads of the servers and congregation who come and kneel, or stand, where they normally receive the Blessed Sacrament."[31] The corresponding Catholic ritual in the Roman Missal for celebration within Mass merely states: "Then the Priest places ashes on the head of those present who come to him, and says to each one ..."[34] Pre-1970 editions had much more elaborate instructions about the order in which the participants were to receive the ashes, but again without any indication of the form of placing the ashes on the head.[35] The 1969 revision of the Roman Rite inserted into the Mass the solemn ceremony of blessing ashes and placing them on heads, but also explicitly envisaged a similar solemn ceremony outside of Mass.[34] The Book of Blessings contains a simple rite.[25] While the solemn rite would normally be carried out within a church building, the simple rite could appropriately be used almost anywhere. While only a priest or deacon may bless the ashes, laypeople may do the placing of the ashes on a person's head. Even in the solemn rite, lay men or women may assist the priest in distributing the ashes. In addition, laypeople take blessed ashes left over after the collective ceremony and place them on the head of the sick or of others who are unable to attend the blessing.[25][36] (In 2014, Anglican Liverpool Cathedral likewise offered to impose ashes within the church without a solemn ceremony.)[37]

text: In addition, those who attend such Catholic services, whether in a church or elsewhere, traditionally take blessed ashes home with them to place on the heads of other members of the family,[38] and it is recommended to have envelopes available to facilitate this practice.[39] At home the ashes are then placed with little or no ceremony.

text: Unlike its discipline regarding sacraments, the Catholic Church does not exclude from receiving sacramentals, such as the placing of ashes on the head, those who are not Catholics and perhaps not even baptized.[36] Even those who have been excommunicated and are therefore forbidden to celebrate sacramentals are not forbidden to receive them.[40] After describing the blessing, the rite of Blessing and Distribution of Ashes (within Mass) states: "Then the Priest places ashes on the heads of all those present who come to him."[34] The Catholic Church does not limit distribution of blessed ashes to within church buildings and has suggested the holding of celebrations in shopping centres, nursing homes, and factories.[39] Such celebrations presume preparation of an appropriate area and include readings from Scripture (at least one) and prayers, and are somewhat shorter if the ashes are already blessed.[41]

text: The Catholic Church and the Methodist Church say that the ashes should be those of palm branches blessed at the previous year's Palm Sunday service,[34][42] while a Church of England publication says they "may be made" from the burnt palm crosses of the previous year.[31][32] These sources do not speak of adding anything to the ashes other than, for the Catholic liturgy, a sprinkling with holy water when blessing them. An Anglican website speaks of mixing the ashes with a small amount of holy water or olive oil as a fixative.[43]

text: Where ashes are placed on the head by smudging the forehead with a sign of the cross, many Christians choose to keep the mark visible throughout the day. The churches have not imposed this as an obligatory rule, and the ashes may even be wiped off immediately after receiving them;[44][45] but some Christian leaders, such as Lutheran pastor Richard P. Bucher and Catholic bishop Kieran Conry, recommend it as a public profession of faith.[46][47] Morgan Guyton, a Methodist pastor and leader in the Red-Letter Christian movement, encourages Christians to wear their ashed cross throughout the day as an exercise of religious freedom.[48]

text: Ashes to Go[edit]

text: Since 2007, some members of major Christian Churches, including Anglicans, Catholics, Lutherans, and Methodists, have participated in the Ashes to Go program, in which clergy go outside of their churches to public places, such as downtowns, sidewalks and train stations, to distribute ashes to passersby,[49][50][51] even to people waiting in their cars for a stoplight to change.[52] The Anglican priest Emily Mellott of Calvary Church in Lombard took up the idea and turned it into a movement, stated that the practice was also an act of evangelism.[53][54] Anglicans and Catholics in parts of the United Kingdom such as Sunderland, are offering Ashes to Go together: Marc Lyden-Smith, the priest of Saint Mary's Church, stated that the ecumenical effort is a "tremendous witness in our city, with Catholics and Anglicans working together to start the season of Lent, perhaps reminding those who have fallen away from the Church, or have never been before, that the Christian faith is alive and active in Sunderland."[49] The Catholic Student Association of Kent State University, based at the University Parish Newman Center, offered ashes to university students who were going through the Student Center of that institution in 2012,[55] and Douglas Clark of St. Matthew's Roman Catholic Church in Statesboro, among others, have participated in Ashes to Go.[56][57] On Ash Wednesday 2017, Father Paddy Mooney, the priest of St Patrick's Roman Catholic Church in the Irish town of Glenamaddy, set up an Ashes to Go station through which commuters could drive and receive ashes from their car; the parish church also had "drive-through prayers during Lent with people submitting requests into a box left in the church grounds without having to leave their car".[58] Reverend Trey Hall, pastor of Urban Village United Methodist Church, stated that when his local church offered ashes in Chicago "nearly 300 people received ashes – including two people who were waiting in their car for a stoplight to change."[52] In 2013, churches not only in the United States, but also at least one church each in the United Kingdom, Canada and South Africa, participated in Ashes to Go.[59] Outside of their church building, Saint Stephen Martyr Lutheran Church in Canton offered Ashes to Go for "believers whose schedules make it difficult to attend a traditional service" in 2016.[60] In the United States itself 34 states and the District of Columbia had at least one church taking part. Most of these churches (parishes) were Episcopal, but there were also several Methodist churches, as well as Presbyterian and Catholic churches.[61]

text: Commination Office[edit]

text: Robin Knowles Wallace states that the traditional Ash Wednesday church service includes Psalm 51 (the Miserere), prayers of confession and the sign of ashes.[62] No single one of the traditional services contains all of these elements. The Anglican church's traditional Ash Wednesday service, titled A Commination,[63] contains the first two elements, but not the third. On the other hand, the Catholic Church's traditional service has the blessing and distribution of ashes but, while prayers of confession and recitation of Psalm 51 (the first psalm at Lauds on all penitential days, including Ash Wednesday) are a part of its general traditional Ash Wednesday liturgy,[64] they are not associated specifically with the rite of blessing the ashes. The rite of blessing has acquired an untraditional weak association with that particular psalm only since 1970, when it was inserted into the celebration of Mass, at which a few verses of Psalm 51 are used as a responsorial psalm. Coincidentally, it was only about the same time that in some areas Anglicanism resumed the rite of ashes.

text: In the mid-16th century, the first Book of Common Prayer removed the ceremony of the ashes from the liturgy of the Church of England and replaced it with what would later be called the Commination Office.[65] In that 1549 edition, the rite was headed: "The First Day of Lent: Commonly Called Ash-Wednesday".[66] The ashes ceremony was not forbidden, but was not included in the church's official liturgy.[67] Its place was taken by reading biblical curses of God against sinners, to each of which the people were directed to respond with Amen.[68][69] The text of the "Commination or Denouncing of God's Anger and Judgments against Sinners" begins: "In the primitive Church there was a godly discipline, that, at the beginning of Lent, such persons as stood convicted of notorious sin were put to open penance, and punished in this world, that their souls might be saved in the day of the Lord; and that others, admonished by their example, might be the more afraid to offend. Instead whereof, until the said discipline may be restored again, (which is much to be wished,) it is thought good that at this time (in the presence of you all) should be read the general sentences of God's cursing against impenitent sinners".[70] In line with this, Joseph Hooper Maude wrote that the establishment of The Commination was due to a desire of the reformers "to restore the primitive practice of public penance in church". He further stated that "the sentences of the greater excommunication" within The Commination corresponded to those used in the ancient Church.[71] The Anglican Church's Ash Wednesday liturgy, he wrote, also traditionally included the Miserere, which, along with "what follows" in the rest of the service (lesser Litany, Lord's Prayer, three prayers for pardon and final blessing), "was taken from the Sarum services for Ash Wednesday".[71] From the Sarum Rite practice in England the service took Psalm 51 and some prayers that in the Sarum Missal accompanied the blessing and distribution of ashes.[64][72] In the Sarum Rite, the Miserere psalm was one of the seven penitential psalms that were recited at the beginning of the ceremony.[73] In the 20th century, the Episcopal Church introduced three prayers from the Sarum Rite and omitted the Commination Office from its liturgy.[67]

text: Low church ceremonies[edit]

text: In some of the low church traditions, other practices are sometimes added or substituted, as other ways of symbolizing the confession and penitence of the day. For example, in one common variation, small cards are distributed to the congregation on which people are invited to write a sin they wish to confess. These small cards are brought forth to the altar table where they are burned.[74]

text: Regional customs[edit]

text: In Victorian era, theatres refrained from presenting costumed shows on Ash Wednesday, so they provided other entertainment, as mandated by the Church of England (Anglican Church).[75] Also, "in Iceland, on Ash Wednesday children pin small bags of ashes on the back of some unsuspecting person".[76]

text: Biblical significance of ashes[edit]

text: Ashes were used in ancient times to express grief. When Tamar was raped by her half-brother, "she sprinkled ashes on her head, tore her robe, and with her face buried in her hands went away crying" (2 Samuel 13:19). The gesture was also used to express sorrow for sins and faults. In Job 42:3–6, Job says to God: "I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear: but now mine eye seeth thee. Wherefore I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes." The prophet Jeremiah calls for repentance by saying: "O daughter of my people, gird on sackcloth, roll in the ashes" (Jer 6:26). The prophet Daniel recounted pleading to God: "I turned to the Lord God, pleading in earnest prayer, with fasting, sackcloth and ashes" (Daniel 9:3). Just prior to the New Testament period, the rebels fighting for Jewish independence, the Maccabees, prepared for battle using ashes: "That day they fasted and wore sackcloth; they sprinkled ashes on their heads and tore their clothes" (1 Maccabees 3:47; see also 4:39).

text: Examples of the practice among Jews are found in several other books of the Bible, including Numbers 19:9, 19:17, Jonah 3:6, Book of Esther 4:1, and Hebrews 9:13. Jesus is quoted as speaking of the practice in Matthew 11:21 and Luke 10:13: "If the mighty works done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago (sitting) in sackcloth and ashes."

text: Christian use of ashes[edit]

text: Christians continued the practice of using ashes as an external sign of repentance. Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225) said that confession of sin should be accompanied by lying in sackcloth and ashes.[77] The historian Eusebius (c. 260/265 – 339/340) recounts how a repentant apostate covered himself with ashes when begging Pope Zephyrinus to readmit him to communion.[78]

text: John W. Fenton writes that "by the end of the 10th century, it was customary in Western Europe (but not yet in Rome) for all the faithful to receive ashes on the first day of the Lenten fast. In 1091, this custom was then ordered by Pope Urban II at the council of Benevento to be extended to the church in Rome. Not long after that, the name of the day was referred to in the liturgical books as "Feria Quarta Cinerum" (i.e., Ash Wednesday)."[79]

text: The public penance that grave sinners underwent before being admitted to Holy Communion just before Easter lasted throughout Lent, on the first day of which they were sprinkled with ashes and dressed in sackcloth. When, towards the end of the first millennium, the discipline of public penance was dropped, the beginning of Lent, seen as a general penitential season, was marked by sprinkling ashes on the heads of all.[80] This practice is found in the Gregorian Sacramentary of the late 8th century.[28][81] About two centuries later, Ælfric of Eynsham, an Anglo-Saxon abbot, wrote of the rite of strewing ashes on heads at the start of Lent.[30][82]

text: The article on Ash Wednesday in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says that, after the Protestant Reformation, the ashes ceremony was not forbidden in the Church of England, a statement that may explain the research by Blair Meeks that the Anglican tradition "never lapsed in this observance".[83] It was even prescribed under King Henry VIII in 1538 and under King Edward VI in 1550, but it fell out of use in many areas after 1600.[67] In 1536, the Ten Articles issued by authority of Henry VIII commended "the observance of various rites and ceremonies as good and laudable, such as clerical vestments, sprinkling of holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash-Wednesday".[84] After Henry's death in January 1547, Thomas Cranmer, within the same year, "procured an order from the Council to forbid the carrying of candles on Candlemas-day, and the use of ashes on Ash-Wednesday, and of palms on Palm-Sunday, as superstitious ceremonies", an order that was issued only for the ecclesiastical province of Canterbury, of which Cranmer was archbishop.[85][86][87] The Church Cyclopædia states that the "English office had adapted the very old Salisbury service for Ash-Wednesday, prefacing it with an address and a recital of the curses of Mount Ebal, and then with an exhortation uses the older service very nearly as it stood."[71][88] The new Commination Office had no blessing of ashes and therefore, in England as a whole, "soon after the Reformation, the use of ashes was discontinued as a 'vain show' and Ash Wednesday then became only a day of marked solemnity, with a memorial of its original character in a reading of the curses denounced against impenitent sinners".[89] The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, in the 19th century, observed Ash Wednesday: "as a day of fasting and humiliation, wherein we are publicly to confess our sins, meekly to implore God's mercy and forgiveness, and humbly to intercede for the continuance of his favour".[90] In the 20th century, the Book of Common Prayer provided prayers for the imposition of ashes.[91]

text: Monte Canfield and Blair Meeks state that after the Protestant Reformation, Anglicans and Lutherans kept the rite of blessing and distributing ashes to the faithful on Ash Wednesday, and that the Protestant denominations that did not keep it encouraged its use "during and after the ecumenical era that resulted in the Vatican II proclamations".[83][92] Jack Kingsbury and Russell F. Anderson likewise state that the practice was continued among some Anglicans and Lutherans.[93][94] On the other hand, Edward Traill Horn wrote: "The ceremony of the distribution of the ashes was not retained by the reformers, whether Lutheran, Anglican or Reformed", although these denominations honored Ash Wednesday as the first day of Lent.[95] Frank Senn, a liturgical scholar, has been quoted as saying: "How and why the use of ashes fell out of Lutheran use is difficult to discern from the sources… [C]hurch orders don't specifically say not to use ashes; they simply stopped giving direction for blessing and distributing them and eventually the pastors just stopped doing it."[96]

text: As part of the liturgical revival ushered in by the ecumenical movement, the practice was encouraged in Protestant churches,[92] including the Methodist Church.[97][98] It has also been adopted by Anabaptist and Reformed churches and some less liturgical denominations.[99]

text: The Eastern Orthodox churches generally do not observe Ash Wednesday,[100] although in recent times, the creation of the Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate has led to the observance of Ash Wednesday among Western Orthodox parishes.[79] In this tradition, ashes "may be distributed outside of the mass or any liturgical service" although "commonly the faithful receive their ashes immediately before the Ash Wednesday mass".[79] In Orthodoxy, historically, "serious public sinners in the East also donned sackcloth, including those who made the Great Fast a major theme of their entire lives such as hermits and desert-dwellers."[101] Byzantine Catholics, although in the United States use "the same Gregorian calendar as the Roman Catholic rite", do not practice the distribution of ashes as it is "not part of their ancient tradition".[102]

text: In the Ambrosian Rite, ashes are blessed and placed on the heads of the faithful not on the day that elsewhere is called Ash Wednesday, but at the end of Mass on the following Sunday, which in that rite inaugurates Lent, with the fast traditionally beginning on Monday, the first weekday of the Ambrosian Lent.[103][12][104][105]

text: Lent[edit]

text: Ash Wednesday marks the start of a 40-day period which is an allusion to the separation of Jesus in the desert to fast and pray. During this time he was tempted. Matthew 4:1–11, Mark 1:12–13, and Luke 4:1–13.[106] While not specifically instituted in the Bible text, the 40-day period of repentance is also analogous to the 40 days during which Moses repented and fasted in response to the making of the Golden calf.(Exo. 34:27–28) (Jews today follow a 40-day period of repenting in preparation for and during the High Holy Days from Rosh Chodesh Elul to Yom Kippur.)

text: Dates[edit]

text: Ash Wednesday is exactly 46 days before Easter Sunday, a moveable feast based on the cycles of the moon. The earliest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 4 February (which is only possible during a common year with Easter on 22 March), which happened in 1598, 1693, 1761 and 1818 and will next occur in 2285.[107] The latest date Ash Wednesday can occur is 10 March (when Easter Day falls on 25 April) which occurred in 1666, 1734, 1886 and 1943 and will next occur in 2038. Ash Wednesday has never occurred on Leap Year Day (29 February), and it will not occur as such until 2096. The only other years of the third millennium that will have Ash Wednesday on 29 February are 2468, 2688, 2840 and 2992. (Ash Wednesday falls on 29 February only if Easter is on 15 April in a leap year starting on a Sunday.)

text: Observing churches[edit]

text: These Christian Churches are among those that mark Ash Wednesday with a particular liturgy or service.

text:
African Methodist Episcopal Church[108]
African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church[108]
Anglican Communion[109]

Church of England[110]
Church of North India[109][111]
Church of South India[109][112]
Episcopal Church (United States)[113]

Anglican Continuum[114]

Traditional Anglican Communion
Anglican Catholic Church

Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)[115]
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church[116]
Some congregations of the Church of the Nazarene[117]
Community of Christ[118]
Ecclesia Gnostica[119]
Evangelical Covenant Church[120]
Independent Catholic denominations

Liberal Catholic Church[121]
Old Catholic Church[122]

Lutheran Churches[122]

Church of Sweden[123]

Some Mennonite congregations[124][125]
Methodist Church in Great Britain[126]
Metropolitan Community Churches[127]
Moravian Church[128][129]
Reformed churches (Presbyterian[130], United Church of Christ, etc.)
Roman Catholic Church[131]
United Church of Christ Congregations[132]
United Methodist Church[116]
Wesleyan Church[133]

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church does not, in general, observe Ash Wednesday; instead, Orthodox Great Lent begins on Clean Monday. There are, however, a relatively small number of Orthodox Christians who follow the Western Rite; these do observe Ash Wednesday, although often on a different day from the previously mentioned denominations, as its date is determined from the Orthodox calculation of Pascha, which may be as much as a month later than the Western observance of Easter.

text: National No Smoking Day[edit]

text: In the Republic of Ireland, Ash Wednesday is National No Smoking Day.[134][135] The date was chosen because quitting smoking ties in with giving up luxury for Lent.[136][137] In the United Kingdom No Smoking Day was held for the first time on Ash Wednesday 1984[138] but is now fixed as the second Wednesday in March.[139]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Not all Catholics observe Ash Wednesday. Eastern Catholic Churches, who do not count Holy Week as part of Lent, begin the penitential season on Clean Monday, the Monday before Ash Wednesday, and Catholics who follow the Ambrosian Rite begin it on the First Sunday in Lent. Ashes are blessed and ceremonially distributed at the start of Lent throughout the Latin Church and in the Maronite Catholic Church and the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. In the Ambrosian Rite, this is done at the end of the Sunday Mass or on the following day (see Il Sussidiario, Giorno delle Ceneri: Cos'è il rito delle Ceneri Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. & Sapere, Perché il Carnevale ambrosiano si festeggia in ritardo rispetto al resto d’Italia? Archived 24 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine.)