document_title: Drax the Destroyer

question_text: who played the role of drax in infinity war

text: Drax the Destroyer

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Drax first appeared in The Invincible Iron Man #55 (February 1973), and was created by Jim Starlin with the help of writer Mike Friedrich.  He had a recurring role in Captain Marvel, beginning with issue #27 (July 1973).  He also appeared in Warlock #10 (December 1975), Iron Man #88 (July 1976), Warlock #15 (November 1976), Logan's Run #6 (June 1977), Thor #314 (December 1981), and Avengers #219 (May 1982), before being killed by Moondragon in Avengers #220 (June 1982).

text: Starlin resurrected Drax in Silver Surfer vol 3 #35 (1990), and he had a recurring role until issue 50. After appearing in The Infinity Gauntlet #1–6 (1991), he was featured in Warlock and the Infinity Watch #1–42 (1992–1995) as a member of the titular team, the Infinity Watch. The character reappeared in Warlock vol. 3 #1–4 (1998–1999) and Captain Marvel vol. 4 #4–6 (2001).

text: Drax received an eponymous 4 issue miniseries in 2004, and was a starring character in Annihilation: Nova #1–4 (2005) and Annihilation #1–6 (2006). After a follow up appearance in Nova vol 4 #4–7 (2007) and the 2008 "Annihilation: Conquest" storyline, he was featured as a team member in the 2008 relaunch of Guardians of the Galaxy, and appeared in the 25 issue series of the same name. The character had a small role in The Thanos Imperative #1–3 (2010), in which he was killed.

text: The character reappeared in Avengers Assemble issues #4–8 (June–October 2012), with no reference to his death.  He will star in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3, a part of the Marvel NOW! relaunch.[2]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Creation and early life[edit]

text: While driving through a desert with his wife and daughter, Arthur Douglas' car is attacked by a spaceship piloted by Thanos, who thinks the humans have seen him.[3] His daughter, Heather, survives the crash and is adopted by Thanos' father, Mentor, and raised on Titan. She later becomes Moondragon.[4]

text: Needing a champion to combat the threat from Thanos, Mentor and the Titan god Kronos capture Douglas' spirit and place it in a powerful new body. He is rechristened "Drax the Destroyer", and his sole purpose is to kill Thanos. With Iron Man, Drax battles Thanos and the Blood Brothers,[5] but Thanos escapes. While trying to prevent Thanos from getting the Cosmic Cube,[6] Drax's memories are restored to him.[3] After seeing Captain Marvel defeat Thanos,[7] Drax attacks Captain Marvel, for robbing him of his purpose.[8] Drax wanders space in grim contemplation, searching for a resurrected Thanos. By the time he learns that Thanos had managed to rematerialize himself, Thanos has once again been destroyed in battle with Captain Marvel, the Avengers, and Adam Warlock.[9][10] Alongside Captain Marvel, Drax battles ISAAC, Stellarax, Lord Gaea, Elysius, and Chaos.[11][12]

text: Some time later, Drax, possessed by an alien entity, battles his daughter Moondragon and the superhero Thor. After Drax recovers, he and Moondragon journey through space in search of knowledge.[13] Eventually, they come upon the planet Ba-Banis, a world of humanoid aliens caught in a vast civil war. Moondragon uses her mental powers to quell the conflict and then decides to set herself up as the world's goddess. Drax recognizes that her ambitions are ignoble and so sends their ship to Earth with a holographic distress message. The Avengers respond and discover Moondragon's world of mentally enforced tranquility.[14] Freed by the Avengers from his daughter's mental domination, Drax advances toward her, seeking to end her menace. In order to stop him, Moondragon mentally forces Drax's life essence to vacate his artificial body.[15]

text: Infinity Watch[edit]

text: When Thanos is resurrected by Mistress Death, Kronos reanimates the Destroyer and grants him even greater physical power.[16] However, Kronos does not consider the effects of Drax's death, and the Destroyer's mind retains the damage done by Moondragon. Alongside a multitude of other heroes, Drax helps battle Thanos and Nebula for possession of the Infinity Gauntlet.[17] Drax is chosen by Adam Warlock to safeguard the Power Gem as part of the Infinity Watch.[18]

text: After the energy vampire Rune steals the gems,[19] the Watch members go their separate ways.[20] Drax returns to Titan with Moondragon, who successfully petitions Kronos to restore Drax's mind to its former acuity at the cost of some physical power. Thus, Drax is restored to his original condition.[21] Drax is accused of the murder of Elysius and several others, but is cleared when it is discovered that the creature Syphon was manipulating him.[22] While seeking out Moondragon, Drax enters into an altercation with Genis-Vell.[23] In the course of this struggle, Drax is transported to the Microverse with Genis, where, for a time, he finds acceptance and happiness on the planet K'ai.[24]

text: Reborn[edit]

text: Later, Drax is seen on a prison transport ship with Paibok, Lunatik, and the Blood Brothers. The ship crashes in Alaska, and Drax attacks the others to keep them from harming innocent lives.[25] He mistakes a young girl named Cammi for his daughter, and tries to protect her from Paibok. Drax appears to be killed, but a slimmer, smarter Drax emerges from the larger shell of the dead body.[26] When a second prison ship arrives to recapture the prisoners, both Drax and Cammi are arrested.[27]

text: Surviving Annihilus' attack on the intergalactic prison known as the Kyln, Drax and Cammi team up with the last member of the Xandarian Nova Corps, Richard Rider. Together they fight against the advancing Annihilation Wave as Drax trains Nova to be a warrior.[28] Drax learns that Thanos has taken Moondragon hostage, and that she will be killed if Drax pursues him.[29] During a doomed battle between the Annihilation Wave and the United Front, Drax stays behind to fight off the invaders while Nova and the rest of the group (including Cammi) finish the evacuation.[30] Drax fights his way to the Annihilation Wave's mother ship, where he finds Thanos and kills him. Drax helps to free a captive Galactus, who teleports Moondragon and Drax to a far-off planet to spare them from his wrath on the Annihilation Wave.[31] Afterwards, Moondragon says Drax just "disappeared". Cammi is later seen, alive, allied with one of Thanos' powerful, miniature assistants.[32]

text: When the Phalanx invade the Kree home-world, Drax is assimilated as a "select" of the Phalanx hive mind. They dispatch him, along with Gamora, to apprehend Nova, who had fled the planet.[33] Following Nova to Kvch, the home planet the Technarchy (parental race of the Phalanx), Drax and Gamora are freed from the Phalanx by the Technarch Tyro. Together they return to Hala where they help in the defeat of Ultron.[34]

text: Guardians of the Galaxy[edit]

text: Star-Lord recruits Drax for the new Guardians of the Galaxy.[35] The Guardians are forced to ally themselves with a resurrected Thanos and travel into an alternate reality known as the "Cancerverse".[36] While experiencing a bout of madness, Drax attacks Thanos and is killed.[37] Drax later reappears with the Guardians on Earth without reference to his death.[38][39]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Drax's initial incarnation's powers included superhuman strength, stamina and resistance to physical injury as well the ability to project concussive blasts of cosmic energy from his hands. He could also travel at high speeds in outer space and hyperspace without air, food, or water. Drax also had telepathy,[40] having used it to engage Thanos in a psychic battle and stalemating him mind to mind.[41]

text: After his resurrection, his physical capabilities are greatly enhanced beyond their original levels but he suffered severe mental disability in his new incarnation.[16] Instead of his telepathy which enabled him to track Thanos across vast distances, he now possessed the ability to sense either him or other beings who have been in recent contact with Thanos, alongside a precognitive ability to sense when beings will be in contact with Thanos in the near future. For a time, Drax possessed the Power Gem that had the potential to grant him superhuman physical and energy manipulation powers with no feasible limit. However, because of his severely-reduced intellect, he lacked the mental capacity and imagination to use the gem for anything other than bolstering his physical strength. While possessing the gem, Drax's strength has been compared with that of the merged incarnation of the Hulk, but lacking the latter's rage-fueled potential.

text: Just prior to the 2006 "Annihilation" mini-series and continuing through the present, Drax undergoes a physical change, resulting in a much-smaller physical form, his superhuman, physical powers greatly reduced to a level comparable to those of his original form and the loss of his energy projection, flight and most any residual psionic capabilities; having just enough to glean the moments of his demise from Cammi.[26] However, his intellect has returned to its original level, and he has taken a liking to using knives in battle.[27][28] At least temporarily, he had the ability to pass through Thanos's force field; his power levels seem to increase the closer he is to Thanos.[42] He could also heal at an accelerated rate and had senses sharp enough to tell humans from aliens by smell,[43] root out a skrull in disguise and detect when energy weapons were about to go off.[44]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Drax appears in the episode "Learning Curve" of the Silver Surfer animated series, voiced by Norm Spencer. He is a cyborg, stated to have an organic brain in a mechanical body, and is a companion of Mentor.
Drax the Destroyer appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Guardians of the Galaxy", voiced by David Sobolov. He is seen as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy. In the episode "The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy", Drax the Destroyer was seen recuperating on the Guardians' spaceship when they land on Earth at the time when Titus and the Chitauri target Nova's helmet. Drax the Destroyer recovers in time to help fight Titus's forces.
Drax the Destroyer appears in the Avengers Assemble episode "Guardians and Spaceknights", voiced again by David Sobolov.
Sobolov reprises his role as Drax in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "It's a Wonderful Smash",[45] and "Guardians of the Galaxy".
Drax appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers episodes 24 and 25, voiced by Yoshinori Sonobe.
Sobolov reprises his role as Drax in the Guardians of the Galaxy animated series.[46] It was shown in the "Origins" episode that Drax surrendered himself to the Nova Corps in exchange that the aliens with him that were abducted by Ronan the Accuser are returned safely to their planets. In "Undercover Angle", Drax screamed the Wilhelm scream after Supergiant threw him.
Drax appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy: The Thanos Threat, voiced again by David Sobolov.[47][better source needed]

tag: ul

text: Film[edit]

text: Dave Bautista plays Drax in the live-action 2014 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy.[48] In the film, Drax is an alien whose wife and daughter were slaughtered by Ronan the Accuser, on the instructions of Thanos, for which Drax vows revenge. He first meets the other Guardians of the Galaxy in prison, including Gamora, whom he holds responsible for his family's deaths because she is a daughter of Thanos. She tells him that she was raised by Thanos only after he slaughtered her own family, and bears no loyalty to him, and the two join Peter Quill in escaping prison in order to confront Ronan, whom they eventually kill. A recurring gag throughout the film is Drax's inability to understand metaphors because Drax's species is, according to Rocket, completely literal. Bautista reprises his role as Drax in its 2017 sequel Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, and has reprised the role in Avengers: Infinity War (2018).[49][50]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Drax makes a cameo appearance as he is seen as frozen statues in the backgrounds of Thanos stages in Marvel Super Heroes.[citation needed] Once Thanos is defeated by any of the superheroes, he is unfrozen and the heroes are saved.
Drax the Destroyer appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced by David Sobolov.[citation needed]
Drax appears as an unlockable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.[citation needed]
Drax is a non-playable Team-Up character in Marvel Heroes.[citation needed] He can be called in to assist heroes in combat if purchased or unlocked.
Drax is a playable character in the video game Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes, along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy members.[citation needed]
Drax is an unlockable and playable character in the game Marvel Contest of Champions, along with other Guardians of the Galaxy members like Gamora, Star-Lord and Rocket Raccoon.[citation needed]
Drax is a playable character in the video game Disney Infinity 3.0.[citation needed]
Drax is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.[citation needed]
Drax appears in Guardians of the Galaxy: The Telltale Series, voiced by Brandon Paull Eells.[citation needed] This version has a wife named Hovat and daughter named Kamaria, who were killed by Thanos.
Drax is a playable character in Lego Marvel Superheroes 2.[citation needed]
Drax is a playable character in Marvel Strike Force, with Dave Bautista reprising his role.[51]


document_title: Economy of ancient Greece

question_text: what are three places that mainland greece imported (brought in) goods from

question_tokens: what are three places that mainland greece imported ( brought in ) goods from

root

text: Economy of ancient Greece

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Greek soil has been likened to "stinginess" or "tightness" (Ancient Greek: stenokhôría, στενοχωρία) which helps explain Greek colonialism and the importance of the cleruchies of Asia Minor in controlling the supply of wheat. The olive tree and grapevine as well as orchards were complemented by the cultivation of herbs, vegetables, and oil-producing plants. Husbandry was badly developed due to a lack of available land. Sheep and goats were the most common types of livestock. Woods were heavily exploited, first for domestic use and eventually to build triremes. Bees were kept to produce honey, the only source of sugar known to the ancient Greeks.

tag: p

text: Since it was so labor-intensive, up to 80% of the Greek population were employed in the agricultural industry. Agricultural work followed the rhythm of the seasons: harvesting olives and trimming grapevines at the beginning of autumn and the end of winter; setting aside fallow land in the spring; harvesting cereals in the summer; cutting wood, sowing seeds, and harvesting grapes in autumn.

text: In the ancient era, most land was held by the aristocracy. During the 7th century BC, demographic expansion and the distribution of successions created tensions between these landowners and the peasants. In Athens, this was changed by Solon's reforms, which eliminated debt bondage and protected the peasant class. Nonetheless, a Greek aristocrat's domains remained small compared with the Roman latifundia.

text: The Greeks would also have animals like cows, goats and chickens.

text: Crafts[edit]

text: Much of the craftsmanship of ancient Greece was part of the domestic sphere. However, the situation gradually changed between the 8th and 4th centuries BC, with the increased commercialization of the Greek economy. Thus, weaving and baking, activities so important to the Western late medieval economy, were done only by women before the 6th century BC. After the growth of commerce, slaves started to be used widely in workshops. Only fine dyed tissues, like those made with Tyrian purple, were created in workshops. On the other hand, working with metal, leather, wood, or clay was a specialized activity that was looked down upon by most Greeks.

text: The basic workshop was often family-operated. Lysias's shield manufacture employed 120 slaves; Demosthenes' father, a maker of swords, used 32. After the death of Pericles in 429 BC, a new class emerged: that of the wealthy owners and managers of workshops. Examples include Cleon and Anytus, noted tannery owners, and Kleophon, whose factory produced lyres.

text: Non-slave workers were paid by assignment, since the workshops could not guarantee regular work. In Athens, those who worked on state projects were paid one drachma per day, no matter what craft they practiced. The workday generally began at sunrise and ended in the afternoon.

text: Pottery[edit]

text: The potter's work consisted of selecting the clay, fashioning the vase, drying and painting and baking it, and applying varnish. Part of the production went to domestic usage (dishes, containers, oil lamps) or for commercial purposes, and the rest served religious or artistic functions. Techniques for working with clay have been known since the Bronze Age; the potter's wheel is a very ancient invention. The ancient Greeks did not add any innovations to these processes[citation needed].

text: The creation of artistically decorated vases in Greece had strong foreign influences. For instance, the famed black-figure style of Corinthian potters was most likely derived from the Syrian style of metalworking. The heights to which the Greeks brought the art of ceramics is therefore due entirely to their artistic sensibilities and not to technical ingenuity.

text: Pottery in ancient Greece was most often the work of slaves. Many of the potters of Athens assembled between the agora and the Dipylon, in the Kerameikon. They most often operated as small workshops, consisting of a master, several paid artisans, and slaves.

text: Metalworking[edit]

text: Deposits of metal ore are common in Greece. Of these, the best known are the silver mines of Laurium. These mines contributed to the development of Athens in the 5th century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and refine the ore. Fortuitously, the composition of the earth below the mines rendered drainage unnecessary, an important provision given that ancient mine drainage techniques did not allow for excavation below the level of subsoil waters. The passageways and steps of Greek mines were dug out with the same concern for proportion and harmony found in their temples. The work was extremely difficult, due to the tunnels' depth—they were sometimes more than 100 metres (110 yd) deep. The miner, armed with his pick and iron hammer and hunched over in two, labored to extract lead ore. The Laurium mines were worked by a large slave population, originating for the most part from Black Sea regions such as Thrace and Paphlagonia. Weapons, armor tools, and a variety of other goods were created with these metals.

text: Other Greek mines include:

text:
Gold: Sifnos, Thasos
Silver: Cyprus, Sifnos
Iron: Euboea, Rhodes
Copper: Chalcis, Euboea, and Cyprus

text: Maritime commerce[edit]

text: The main participants in Greek commerce were the class of traders known as emporoi (ἕμποροι). The state collected a duty on their cargo. At Piraeus (the main port of Athens), this tax was set initially at 1%, then at 2%. By the end of the 5th century, the tax had been raised to 33 talents (Andocides, I, 133-134). In 413, Athens ended the collection of tribute from the Delian League and imposed a 5% duty on all the ports of her empire (Thucydides, VII, 28, 4) in the hope (unrealized) of increasing revenues. These duties were never protectionist, but were merely intended to raise money for the public treasury.

text: The growth of trade in Greece led to the development of financial techniques. Most merchants, lacking sufficient cash assets, resorted to borrowing to finance all or part of their expeditions. A typical loan for a large venture in 4th century BC Athens, was generally a large sum of cash (usually less than 2,000 drachmas), lent for a short time (the length of the voyage, a matter of several weeks or months), at a high rate of interest (often 12% but reaching levels as high as 100%). The terms of the contract were always laid out in writing, differing from loans between friends (eranoi). The lender bore all the risks of the journey, in exchange for which the borrower committed his cargo and his entire fleet, which were precautionarily seized upon their arrival at the port of Piraeus.

text: Trade in ancient Greece was free: the state controlled only the supply of grain. In Athens, following the first meeting of the new Prytaneis, trade regulations were reviewed, with a specialized committee overseeing the trade in wheat, flour, and bread.

text: The number of shipwrecks found in the Mediterranean Sea provides valuable evidence of the development of trade in the ancient world. Only two shipwrecks were found that dated from the 8th century BC. However, archeologists have found forty-six shipwrecks dated from the 4th century BC, which would appear to indicate that there occurred a very large increase in the volume of trade between these centuries. Considering that the average ship tonnage also increased in the same period, the total volume of trade increased probably by a factor of 30.

text: Trade[edit]

text: Greece's main exports were olive oil, wine, pottery, and metalwork. Imports included grains and pork from Sicily, Arabia, Egypt, Ancient Carthage, Bosporan Kingdom.

text: Retail[edit]

text: While peasants and artisans often sold their own wares, there were also retail merchants known as kápêloi (κάπηλοι). Grouped into guilds, they sold fish, olive oil, and vegetables. Women sold perfume or ribbons. Merchants were required to pay a fee for their space in the marketplace. They were viewed poorly by the general population, and Aristotle labeled their activities as: "a kind of exchange which is justly censured, for it is unnatural, and a mode by which men gain from one another."[3]

text: Parallel to the "professional" merchants were those who sold the surplus of their household production such as vegetables, olive oil, or bread. This was the case for many of the small-scale farmers of Attica. Among townsfolk, this task often fell to the women. for the prfect For instance, Euripides' mother sold chervil from her garden (cf. Aristophanes, The Acharnians, v. 477-478).

text: Taxation[edit]

text: Direct taxation was not well-developed in ancient Greece. The eisphorá (εἰσφορά) was a tax on the wealth of the very rich, but it was levied only when needed — usually in times of war. Large fortunes were also subject to liturgies which was the support of public works. Liturgies could consist of, for instance, the maintenance of a trireme, a chorus during a theatre festival, or a gymnasium. In some cases, the prestige of the undertaking could attract volunteers (analogous in modern terminology to endowment, sponsorship, or donation). Such was the case for the choragus, who organized and financed choruses for a drama festival. In other instances, like the burden of outfitting and commanding a trireme, the liturgy functioned more like a mandatory donation (what we would today call a one-time tax). In some cities, like Miletus and Teos, heavy taxation was imposed on citizens.

text: On the other hand, indirect taxes were quite important. Taxes were levied on houses, slaves, herds and flocks, wines, and hay, among other things. The right to collect many of these taxes was often transferred to publicans, or telônai (τελῶναι). However, this was not true of all cities. Thasos' gold mines and Athens' taxes on business allowed them to eliminate these indirect taxes. Dependent groups such as the Penestae of Thessaly and the Helots of Sparta were taxed by the city-states to which they were subject.

text: Currency[edit]

text: Coinage probably began in Lydia around 600 BC, and circulated in the cities of Asia Minor under its control.[4] Early electrum coins have been found at the Temple of Diana at Ephesus. The technique of minting coins arrived in mainland Greece around 550 BC, beginning with coastal trading cities like Aegina and Athens. Their use spread, and the city-states quickly secured a monopoly on their creation. The very first coins were made from electrum (an alloy of gold and silver), followed by pure silver, the most commonly found valuable metal in the region. The mines of the Pangaeon hills allowed the cities of Thrace and Macedon to mint a large quantity of coins. Laurium's silver mines provided the raw materials for the "Athenian owls", the most famous coins of the ancient Greek world. Less-valuable bronze coins appeared at the end of the 5th century.

text: Coins played several roles in the Greek world. They provided a medium of exchange, mostly used by city-states to hire mercenaries and compensate citizens. They were also a source of revenue as foreigners had to change their money into the local currency at an exchange rate favorable to the State. They served as a mobile form of metal resources, which explains discoveries of Athenian coins with high levels of silver at great distances from their home city. Finally, the minting of coins lent an air of undeniable prestige to any Greek city or city state.

text: Shopping[edit]

text: The shopping centers in Ancient Greece were called agoras. The literal meaning of the word is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center of the athletic, artistic, spiritual and political life of the city. The Ancient Agora of Athens was the best-known example. Early in Greek history (18th century–8th century BC), free-born citizens would gather in the agora for military duty or to hear statements of the ruling king or council. Every city had its own agora where merchants could sell their products. There was linen from Egypt, Ivory from Africa, Spices from Syria, and more. Prices were rarely fixed, so bargaining was a common practice.


document_title: The Winds of Winter

question_text: when does the new got book come out

question_tokens: when does the new got book come out

text: The Winds of Winter

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in the book.[2] The previous installment, A Dance with Dragons, covered less story than Martin intended, excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers.[3] Martin intends to resolve these storylines "very early" in The Winds of Winter, saying "I'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to, the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen—the battle of Slaver's Bay. And then take it from there."[2] A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons, taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders' arrival in Slaver's Bay.[9] Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon.[10][11]

text: Viewpoint characters[edit]

text: George R. R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point-of-view chapters in The Winds of Winter:

text:
Sansa Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[12] and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin's website in April 2015.[13]
Arya Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[12] and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin's website in March 2014.[14][15]
Arianne Martell: Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010.[12] One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in January 2013,[10] and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015.[16] Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016.[17] In May 2016, Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon.[18]
Aeron Greyjoy: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010.[19] A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon. It was written in, or before, 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons.[20]
Theon Greyjoy: One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in December 2011.[21][22] It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons (part two).
Victarion Greyjoy: Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012.[9]
Tyrion Lannister: One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012,[23] and another one at Worldcon in August 2013,[24] the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20, 2014.[25]
Barristan Selmy: One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons.[26] In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone.[27][better source needed]

text: George R. R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter.[28] Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah[29] and Melisandre[30] will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in, and that Bran Stark[31] will appear in the novel, but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint. In addition, he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con that Jeyne Westerling, Robb Stark's widow, will appear in the prologue chapter, but did not reveal who will be the POV character.[32]

text: Background and publication[edit]

text: Chapters[edit]

text: The Winds of Winter[12] was originally intended, in the very early stages of the series, to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire (then conceived as a trilogy).[33] Following his expansion of the series, Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel, A Dream of Spring.[34] By June 2010, Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, and Arianne Martell.[12] In July 2010, he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter, accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages.[19] Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011, Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012,[3] having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions. He continued to work, with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson, on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history, which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011. He also worked on a Westeros story, the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella, that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere. A year after that eventual publication, the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand-alone fix-up novel.[35]

text: In December 2011, Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons,[2][36] which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012,[2] but was released on October 29, 2013.[37] (International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new, as yet unpublished sample chapter.)[38] In the first quarter of 2012, Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events, including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister.[23] Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large, highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire, which was published in October 2012.[39][40] Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell's POV on his website in January 2013.[10] On March 27, ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere, Martin posted a chapter on his website, titled Mercy. Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one, though never published nor publicly read.[14] In April 2015, Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne.[13] In May 2016, Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon,[18] and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon.

text: As of June 2016, a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter. The point of view characters with released material are Victarion, Aeron, Tyrion, Barristan, Arianne, Theon, Mercy (Arya), and Alayne (Sansa).[8] Several websites, including Goodreads, have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter, including plot twists, theories, and speculations.

text: At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016, George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter: ... "I’ve been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming. Winter is the time when things die, and cold and ice and darkness fill the world, so this is not going to be the happy feel-good that people may be hoping for. Some of the characters [are] in very dark places. .... Things get worse before they get better, so things are getting worse for a lot of people.”[41]

text: Publication date[edit]

text: Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] He does not intend to separate characters by geography again, as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows' original manuscript. But, as Martin stated in a 2011 interview, "Three years from now when I'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight, who the hell knows".[42] In April 2011, shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write, Martin hoped that "the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has" and estimated that it would take "three years to finish the next one at a good pace".[43][44] By October 2012, 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written, although Martin considered only the first 200 as "really finished", the rest still needing revisions.[45] In April 2013, Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book.[46] In the past, Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically; therefore, he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] Ultimately the book "will be done when it's done".[33] In 2012, Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel, A Dream of Spring, not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels.[47]

text: In January 2014, Martin's UK publisher, Jane Johnson, declared on Twitter that the book would "certainly" not be published before 2015.[48] In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was "not a 2015 release",[49] a statement she repeated in January 2015.[50][51] In April 2015, Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year[52] but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones (which would cover material from the book) aired in 2016.[53][54] In Autumn 2015, statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016.[55][56][57][58]

text: In early January 2016, Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show. He added that there was "a lot still left to write" and that completion of the book was "months away still... if the writing goes well". Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones[59] but one of the showrunners, David Benioff, claimed that while certain key elements would be the same, the show would diverge from the book in many respects.[60] In February 2016, Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[61]

text: In September 2014, Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight[4] and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post[5] estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018, based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace.

text: On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[6][7][8] He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being "still months away" from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later.[62]


document_title: Legends of Tomorrow

question_text: where is dc's legends of tomorrow filmed

question_tokens: where is dc 's legends of tomorrow filmed

text: Legends of Tomorrow

text: Premise[edit]

text: Time Master Rip Hunter goes rogue after Vandal Savage murders Hunter's family. Intending to stop Savage, Hunter recruits a team consisting of Ray Palmer / Atom, Sara Lance / White Canary, Martin Stein and Jefferson "Jax" Jackson, who together become the hero Firestorm, Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl, Carter Hall / Hawkman, Leonard Snart / Captain Cold, and Mick Rory / Heat Wave. They discover that the Time Masters are backing Savage in his domination of the world in 2166 to facilitate a successful repulsion of a Thanagarian invasion. Due to Snart's sacrifice, the Time Masters are destroyed.

text: In season two, with the Time Masters defeated, the team are left to guard the timeline themselves, and learn to cope with Rip's absence after he disappears. However, they are continually plagued by the Legion of Doom, a time-travelling supervillain team led by Reverse Flash (Eobard Thawne), who has recruited past versions of Damien Darhk, Malcolm Merlyn, and Leonard Snart to help him find the Spear of Destiny of Biblical fame, with which they can rewrite their fates. The team is joined by new members Amaya Jiwe / Vixen, an African superhero from 1940s superhero team the Justice Society of America, and Nate Heywood / Steel, a modern-day historian with the power to become solid metal.

text: In season three, the team land in Star City after defeating Legion of Doom, learning that they created anachronisms through time. Rip Hunter has formed a new organization, the Time Bureau, tasked with fixing the anachronisms. Zari Adrianna Tomaz joins the team, a hacktivist from 2042 who can manipulate air by using a powerful amulet connected to Amaya's totem. Rip Hunter tells the team of a demonic entity, Mallus, whose follower, Eleanor, has resurrected Amaya's granddaughter Kuasa and Damien Darhk for a dark purpose.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewership
(in millions)

1
16
January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
135
3.16[3]

2
17
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
141
2.57[4]

3
18[5]
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)[6]
TBA
TBA

tag: table

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm:
A nuclear physicist focused on transmutation who was also half of the character Firestorm with Jefferson Jackson. During “Crisis on Earth-X” he sacrificed himself to help the heroes escape Earth-X.[7][8][9] Graeme McComb portrays a young Stein in the 1970s and 1980s, also the 1990s.[10] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Brandon Routh as Ray Palmer / Atom:
A scientist, inventor, businessman and former CEO of Palmer Technologies who developed a power-suit that is now capable of shrinking.[7][8] The character was first introduced on Arrow.
Arthur Darvill as Rip Hunter:
A roguish time traveler and leader of the team, who hides the strains of being responsible for history itself behind a façade of charm and wit.[7][11] His goal is to defeat Vandal Savage in order to save the world and his family. He and Savage are archenemies throughout the timeline. Aiden Longworth portrays a young Rip Hunter.[12] In the second season, Rip disappears and gives command of the Waverider to the Legends. He later returns, first as a film student in the 60s who has no recollection of his past life, then as a brainwashed killer working for the Legion and later back to his original self. He remains with the team for a while, allowing Sara to remain captain. He later departs for good, as he realizes that the Legends no longer need him as their captain. In the third season, he is the founder and leader of the Time Bureau.
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary:
A Star City vigilante and former League of Assassins member suffering from rage issues after being resurrected by the mystical Lazarus Pit.[7][8][13] In the second season, Sara becomes the leader of the Legends and captain of the Waverider. The character is partially based on the Black Canary and was first introduced on Arrow.
Franz Drameh as Jefferson "Jax" Jackson / Firestorm:
A former high school athlete whose pro career was derailed by an injury who now works as an auto mechanic.[7][14][15] He served as the other half of the character Firestorm with Martin Stein. After Stein died, Jax decided to leave the Waverider and return to the present to live his life since he was no longer a metahuman.[9] The producers decided to create Jax as the other half of Firestorm to have him be someone in his early 20s and different from Ronnie's Firestorm, bringing comedy and camaraderie with Stein.[16] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Ciara Renée as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl:
A young woman who is just beginning to learn that she has been repeatedly reincarnated over the centuries. When provoked, her ancient warrior persona manifests itself along with wings that grow out of her back.[7][17][18] She chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season.[19] Saunders is also known by her Egyptian name Chay-Ara, and Edith Boardman in the series. Anna Deavere Smith portrays an older Kendra in 1871, known as Cinnamon.[20][21] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Falk Hentschel as Carter Hall / Hawkman:
The latest reincarnation of the Egyptian prince Khufu who is fated to reincarnate throughout time along with his soulmate Kendra, with powers similar to hers.[18][22][23][24] A reincarnated version is recruited by Vandal Savage where he is known as Scythian Torvil before remembering his life as Carter Hall. He chooses to leave the team at the end of the first season.[19] Hall is also known by the name Joe Boardman in the series. Hentschel received guest credit in his subsequent appearances in season one after the character's death in "Pilot, Part 2." The character was first introduced on The Flash.[19][25]
Amy Pemberton (credited as Amy Louise Pemberton since season 3) voices Gideon:
The artificial intelligence of the Waverider.[26] Pemberton portrayed a physical version of the character in the second-season episode, "Land of the Lost."[27] An alternate version of Gideon (voiced by Morena Baccarin) was first introduced in The Flash.[26]
Dominic Purcell as Mick Rory / Heat Wave:
An arsonist, career criminal, and accomplice of Leonard Snart who, in contrast to his partner, uses a heat gun capable of burning almost anything.[7][28] After being deserted in the past by Snart, he is recruited by the Time Masters and becomes the bounty hunter Chronos, who hunts the team, but he becomes again a member of the team. Mitchell Kummen portrays a young Rory.[29] The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold:
The son of a career criminal who turns to the quick and easy life of crime, and uses a cryonic gun to freeze objects and people on contact.[7][8] Trestyn Zradicka portrays a young Leo. At the end of the first season, Snart sacrificed himself to save his team. In the second season, the Legion of Doom[30] recruits a past version of Snart from before he joined the team with the promise of averting his future death. Following the Legion's defeat, Mick returns Snart to the exact moment where he was recruited by the Legion, wiping his memories in the process and ensuring that Snart will eventually join the Legends. During the "Crisis on Earth-X" event, a parallel universe version from Earth-X, Leonard "Leo" Snart is introduced; Leo temporarily joins the Legends. The character was first introduced on The Flash.
Matt Letscher as Eobard Thawne / Reverse Flash:
A supervillain speedster from the future and the archenemy of the Flash. He is the leader of the Legion of Doom. In the season 2 finale, he is finally defeated by the Legends and the Black Flash, apparently erasing Thawne from existence once again. The character was first introduced on The Flash.[31]
Maisie Richardson-Sellers as Amaya Jiwe / Vixen:
A member of the Justice Society of America in the 1940s who is able to magically channel the abilities of the animal kingdom thanks to the mysterious Tantu Totem. She is the grandmother of Mari McCabe, who is portrayed by Megalyn Echikunwoke in other Arrowverse series.[32] It was originally intended for the McCabe version of Vixen to be used in Legends as well, but Echikunwoke was unable to reprise the role due to previous commitments.[33]
Nick Zano as Nathaniel Heywood / Steel:
A historian from Star City who gains the ability to transform himself into a steel-like form, and is the grandson of Commander Steel, a member of the Justice Society of America.[34][35]
Tala Ashe as Zari Adrianna Tomaz:
A Muslim-American computer hacker from the year 2042 who lives a double life with powers from a mystical amulet.[36]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2015, co-creator Greg Berlanti stated that there were "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer / Atom (Brandon Routh), from Arrow and The Flash.[37] In February 2015, it was reported that a spin-off series, described as a superhero team-up show, was in discussion by The CW for a possible 2015–16 midseason release. Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Marc Guggenheim, and Sarah Schechter would serve as executive producers. The potential series would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash, including Palmer, Leonard Snart (Wentworth Miller), and Dr. Martin Stein (Victor Garber). Caity Lotz was also mentioned to be among the main cast. There would be potential for other Arrow/Flash characters to cross over to the new series, and the series would be casting "three major DC Comics characters who have never appeared in a TV series".[8]

text: In March 2015, Stephen Amell, who portrays Oliver Queen / Green Arrow on Arrow, confirmed the series would air in the 2015–16 midseason. Additionally, Kreisberg stated more would be revealed about the nature of the series by the end of Arrow's third season, specifically why Lotz is slated to appear, given her previous character, Sara, was killed at the start of Arrow season three.[38] Berlanti also stated there was a particular reason for the other half of Firestorm—Ronnie Raymond (Robbie Amell), as seen on The Flash—not being mentioned in the initial cast announcement.[39] On the purpose of the series, Berlanti said it was designed to be "most similar to our crossover episodes, where you feel that 'event-iness', but all the time. For us, first and foremost, with all of [our shows], it's about 'how is it its own thing?' Because we don't just want to do it to do it." He also revealed the producers were focusing on "making sure that the villain that we have on [the] show is distinct too... another big character who hasn't been used yet."[40] Also in March, Dominic Purcell was revealed to be reprising his role as Heat Wave in the series,[28] and Blake Neely, composer of Arrow and The Flash, would serve as composer.[41] At the end of the month, Arthur Darvill was cast as Rip Hunter, one of the "new to TV" DC characters,[11] while Ciara Renée was cast as Kendra Saunders / Hawkgirl.[17] In April 2015, in a Variety article on the recent MipTV event, it noted the title for the series would be Legends of Tomorrow, despite it still being unconfirmed by those involved with the series.[42] Also in the month, Franz Drameh was cast as Jax Jackson.[14]

text: In May 2015, actor Victor Garber said that The CW was impressed with what was shown to them, giving the project a straight-to-series order.[43] The network officially confirmed the order for the series on May 7, 2015, as well as the official title, DC's Legends of Tomorrow.[7] Later in the month, it was confirmed that Lotz would reprise her role as Sara Lance, who would be taking the name White Canary,[13] as well as revealing the antagonist as Vandal Savage.[44] In June 2015, it was announced that Phil Klemmer had been made the series showrunner as well as executive producer;[45] Chris Fedak serves as executive producer and co-showrunner with Klemmer.[46] At the end of the month, Grant Gustin stated he would appear in the series as Barry Allen / Flash,[47] though he ultimately did not appear in the first season. In August 2015, Casper Crump was cast as Vandal Savage.[48]

text: On March 11, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season,[49] which debuted in October 2016.[50] The producers have considered adjusting the Legends team for additional seasons, with Joseph David-Jones' Connor Hawke and Megalyn Echikunwoke's Vixen potential additions.[51][52] For the second season, Klemmer revealed that Arrow writer Keto Shimizu and The Flash writer Grainne Godfree would be working on Legends in order to "make our stories work in concert" with Arrow and The Flash. Klemmer also noted the challenges of creating more crossover elements, since Amell and Gustin work full days for their respective shows. In terms of working within the Arrowverse, Klemmer said that the death of Laurel Lance on Arrow would "resonate into Season 2... [since] something that happens on Arrow can create ripples that appear on our show in a huge way. It fundamentally alters the DNA of our series."[53] The second season initially consisted of 13 episodes,[54] with four more ordered in November 2016 to bring the season total to 17.[55]

text: Teasing the premise of season two in April 2016, Klemmer stated, "We're coming at it from a completely different angle. We're determined to make every part of season two feel like its own show. [The first episode of season two] will very much be a new pilot with new good guys, new bad guys, new stakes, new dynamics, new goals. The team will basically have to find a new purpose. Once you save the world, what do you do then?... The fact that the world was in peril sort of forced our team to fall into its own dysfunctional version of lockstep. Season two, they're no longer going to be hunted by Time Masters. They're no longer going to be burdened with having to save the world. It's no longer going to be about saving Miranda and Jonas. The interesting thing about season two is I think it's going to have a much, much different tone because our Legends are going to have a totally different purpose. They're actually going to have a totally different constitution. There will be new faces and new everything."[53] The season also introduced members of the Justice Society of America.[56] The Society consisted of Hourman, Vixen, Commander Steel, Obsidian, Stargirl and Dr. Mid-Nite.[57] The season also featured a version of the Legion of Doom, composed of the Reverse-Flash, Malcolm Merlyn, Damien Darhk and Captain Cold.[30]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In May 2015, Garber revealed filming would begin in August 2015, for a January 2016 premiere.[43] The series shot a presentation for the network's upfront showcase, which was filmed over the course of one night, and directed by Arrow and The Flash veteran Dermott Downs.[9] Filming of the series began on September 9, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[58][59][60] Director/producer Glen Winter discussed in a January 2016 interview with Comic Book Resources the process of filming key elements of the series' pilot,

text: The new facet for Legends was that there's no #1 [actor] on the call sheet. There are seven or eight leads. For me, that was the intimidating part. I wasn't as worried about the action and tone as I was with wrangling all these personalities and finding out how they all work together. Or, how to shoot a scene with eight people in the Waverider, day after day.[61]

text: He stated of the series style of shooting on location as opposed to predominantly shooting on a soundstage,

text: As is typical with any pilot, most of the time you are going to shoot more on location. Because you don't necessarily know if you are going to have a show that's been picked up, they don't want to invest a lot of money in the infrastructure, so you end up shooting more on location. The only set that was built was the Waverider. That being said, because we knew there was a pickup for the show, it wasn't a conventional pilot. All the resources of construction went into the Waverider. That's continuing into the series. I don't think they tend to build much. I think they tend to adapt locations because there's so much time travel and so many eras to create.[61]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Legends of Tomorrow premiered in the United States on January 21, 2016,[62] and the first season consisted of sixteen episodes.[63] The series premiere in Australia was originally announced as January 20, 2016,[64][65] however it was pushed back until January 22.[66] It started airing in the United Kingdom on March 3, 2016.[67]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The pilot was well reviewed for its potential. Russ Burlingame from ComicBook.com praised it saying, "The series delivers a sharp, enjoyable pilot that's arguably the most attention-grabbing and entertaining from any of the current crop of superhero shows."[68] Jesse Schedeen of IGN gave the first part of the pilot episode a 7.7/10, praising the show's "epic scope", "fun character dynamics", and Arthur Darvill's performance;[69] and gave the second part of the pilot a 8.4/10, saying it "improved in its sophomore episode thanks to great character dynamics and superhero action".[70]

text: However, review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the complete first season only a 58% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.05/10 based on 36 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Fancy effects, comic-book nostalgia, and an alluring cast help keep it afloat, but DC's Legends of Tomorrow suffers from an overloaded cast of characters that contribute to a distractingly crowded canvas."[71] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[72]

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the second season a 77% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.06/10 based on 13 reviews. The website's consensus reads: "Though the narrative remains too ambitious, DC's Legends of Tomorrow enjoys a freer creative arc with the removal of problem characters."[73] The third season holds an approval rating of 100% on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.98/10 based on 10 reviews.[74]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 8:00 pm
16
January 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)
3.21[75]
May 19, 2016 (2016-05-19)
1.85[76]
2015–16
135
3.16
1.2[77]

2
Thursday 8:00 pm (1–8)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (9–17)
17
October 13, 2016 (2016-10-13)
1.82[78]
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
1.52[79]
2016–17
141
2.57
0.9[4]

3
Tuesday 9:00 pm (1–9)
Monday 8:00 pm (10–18)[80]
18[81]
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
1.71[82]
April 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)[80]
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Ep. 17
Ep. 18

1
3.21
2.89
2.32
2.39
2.25
2.47
2.28
2.01
1.97
1.88
1.98
1.78
1.86
1.63
1.89
1.85
N/A

2
1.82
1.80
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.85
3.39
2.00
1.74
1.78
1.77
1.64
1.54
1.34
1.72
1.59
1.52
N/A

3
1.71
1.58
1.43
1.38
1.52
1.53
1.49
2.80
1.61
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
Saturn Awards
Best Superhero Adaption Television Series
Legends of Tomorrow
Nominated
[86]

The Joey Awards
Young Actor in a TV Series Featured Role 6–10 Years
Glen Gordon
Won
[87]

Young Actor in an Action TV Series Guest Starring/Principal Role
Aiden Longworth
Nominated

Cory Gruter-Andrew
Nominated

Mitchell Kummen
Won

Young Actor in a TV Series Recurring Role 6–9 Years
Kiefer O'Reilly
Won

2017
Leo Awards
Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
David Geddes
Nominated
[88]

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
Armen V. Kevorkian, Meagan Condito, Rick Ramirez, Andranik Taranyan, James Rorick
Nominated

Best Sound in a Dramatic Series
Kristian Bailey
Won

text: Home release[edit]

text:
Complete Season
DVD/Blu-ray Release dates
Additional info

Region 1/A
Region 2/B
Region 4/C

1
August 23, 2016[89]
August 29, 2016[90]
August 31, 2016[91]
The Blu-ray/DVD box-sets include featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reels and highlights from Comic-Con.

2
August 15, 2017[92]
August 14, 2017[93]
August 16, 2017[94]

text: Arrowverse[edit]

text: In May 2015, Renée made a cameo in the final episode of The Flash's first season, "Fast Enough", and later made appearances in the show's second season in November 2015.[95][96][97] In July 2015, Guggenheim revealed that the resurrection of Sara Lance would be launched in the first few episodes of Arrow's fourth season, with the events of the eighth episodes of Arrow and The Flash—which were a crossover event—being used to set up the other characters of Legends of Tomorrow.[98] Franz Drameh was introduced as the new other half of Firestorm in the fourth episode of the second season of The Flash. Crump, Hentschel and James debut in the crossover episodes for the second season of The Flash and the fourth season of Arrow.[23][48][99] In November 2016, the cast of Legends of Tomorrow appeared on The Flash and Arrow as part of the three-part "Invasion!" crossover event; the crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist, reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series Supergirl.


document_title: Maroon (people)

question_text: descendants of the maroons can be found in four major communities

text: Maroon (people)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The American Spanish  word cimarrón is often given as the source of the English word maroon used to describe the runaway slave communities of Florida and of the Great Dismal Swamp on the border of Virginia and North Carolina, on colonial islands of the Caribbean, and other parts of the New World. Lyle Campbell says the Spanish word cimarrón means "wild, unruly" or "runaway slave".[1] The linguist Leo Spitzer, writing in the journal Language, says, "If there is a connection between Eng. maroon, Fr. marron, and Sp. cimarron, Spain (or Spanish America) probably gave the word directly to England (or English America)."[2] The Cuban philologist José Juan Arrom has traced the origins of the word maroon further than the Spanish cimarrón, used first in Hisapaniola to refer to feral cattle, then to enslaved Indians who escaped to the hills, and by the early 1530s to enslaved Africans who did the same. He proposes that the American Spanish word derives ultimately from the Arawakan root word simarabo, construed as "fugitive", in the Arawakan language spoken by the Taíno people native to the island.[3][4][5][6][7]

text: History[edit]

text: In the New World, as early as 1512, enslaved Africans escaped from Spanish captors and either joined indigenous peoples or eked out a living on their own.[8] Sir Francis Drake enlisted several cimarrones during his raids on the Spanish.[9] As early as 1655, escaped Africans had formed their own communities in inland Jamaica, and by the 18th century, Nanny Town and other villages began to fight for independent recognition.[10]

text: When runaway Blacks and Amerindians banded together and subsisted independently they were called Maroons. On the Caribbean islands, they formed bands and on some islands, armed camps. Maroon communities faced great odds to survive from colonists, obtain food for subsistence living, and to reproduce and increase their numbers. As the planters took over more land for crops, the Maroons began to lose ground on the small islands. Only on some of the larger islands were organized Maroon communities able to thrive by growing crops and hunting. Here they grew in number as more Blacks escaped from plantations and joined their bands. Seeking to separate themselves from Whites, the Maroons gained in power and amid increasing hostilities, they raided and pillaged plantations and harassed planters until the planters began to fear a massive revolt of the enslaved Blacks.[11]

text: The early Maroon communities were usually displaced. By 1700, Maroons had disappeared from the smaller islands. Survival was always difficult as the Maroons had to fight off attackers as well as attempt to grow food.[11] One of the most influential Maroons was François Mackandal, a houngan, or voodoo priest, who led a six-year rebellion against the white plantation owners in Haiti that preceded the Haitian Revolution.[12]

text:
In Cuba, there were maroon communities in the mountains, where African refugees who escaped the brutality of slavery and joined refugee Taínos.[13] Before roads were built into the mountains of Puerto Rico, heavy brush kept many escaped maroons hidden in the southwestern hills where many also intermarried with the natives. Escaped Blacks sought refuge away from the coastal plantations of Ponce.[14]
Remnants of these communities remain to this day (2006) for example in Viñales, Cuba,[15] and Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.

text: Maroon communities emerged in many places in the Caribbean (St. Vincent and Dominica, for example), but none were seen as such a great threat to the British as the Jamaican Maroons.[16] A British governor signed a treaty in 1738 and 1739 promising them 2,500 acres (1,012 ha) in two locations, to bring an end to the warfare between the communities. In exchange they were to agree to capture other escaped Blacks. They were paid a bounty of two dollars for each African returned.[17]

text: Beginning in the late 17th century, Jamaican Maroons fought British colonists to a draw and eventually signed treaties in the 18th century that effectively freed them over 50 years before the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. To this day, the Jamaican Maroons are to a significant extent autonomous and separate from Jamaican society. The physical isolation used to their advantage by their ancestors has today led to their communities remaining among the most inaccessible on the island. In their largest town, Accompong, in the parish of St. Elizabeth, the Leeward Maroons still possess a vibrant community of about 600. Tours of the village are offered to foreigners and a large festival is put on every January 6 to commemorate the signing of the peace treaty with the British after the First Maroon War.[10][18]

text: In the plantation colony of Suriname, which the Dutch received from the English after signing the Treaty of Breda, escaped Blacks revolted and started to build their own villages from the end of the 17th century. As most of the plantations existed in the eastern part of the country, near the Commewijne River and Marowijne River, the Marronage (i.e., running away) took place along the river borders and sometimes across the borders of French Guiana. By 1740 the Maroons had formed clans and felt strong enough to challenge the Dutch colonists, forcing them to sign peace treaties. On October 10, 1760, the Ndyuka signed such a treaty forged by Adyáko Benti Basiton of Boston, a former enslaved African from Jamaica who had learned to read and write and knew about the Jamaican treaty. The treaty is still important, as it defines the territorial rights of the Maroons in the gold-rich inlands of Suriname.[19]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Slaves escaped frequently within the first generation of their arrival from Africa and often preserved their African languages and much of their culture and religion. African traditions include such things as the use of medicinal herbs together with special drums and dances when the herbs are administered to a sick person. Other African healing traditions and rites have survived through the centuries.

text: The jungles around the Caribbean Sea offered food, shelter, and isolation for the escaped slaves. Maroons sustained themselves by growing vegetables and hunting. Their survival depended upon military abilities and culture of these communities, using guerrilla tactics and heavily fortified dwellings involving traps and diversions. Some defined leaving the community as desertion and therefore punishable by death.[20] They also originally raided plantations. During these attacks, the maroons would burn crops, steal livestock and tools, kill slavemasters, and invite other slaves to join their communities. Individual groups of Maroons often allied themselves with the local indigenous tribes and occasionally assimilated into these populations. Maroons played an important role in the histories of Brazil, Suriname, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Jamaica.

text: There is much variety among Maroon cultural groups because of differences in history, geography, African nationality, and the culture of indigenous people throughout the Western hemisphere.

text: Maroon settlements often possessed a clannish, outsider identity. They sometimes developed Creole languages by mixing European tongues with their original African languages. One such Maroon Creole language, in Suriname, is Saramaccan. At other times, the Maroons would adopt variations of local European language (Creolization) as a common tongue, for members of the community frequently spoke a variety of mother tongues.[20]

text: The Maroons created their own independent communities which in some cases have survived for centuries and until recently remained separate from mainstream society. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Maroon communities began to disappear as forests were razed, although some countries, such as Guyana and Suriname, still have large Maroon populations living in the forests. Recently, many of them moved to cities and towns as the process of urbanization accelerates.

text: Types of Maroons[edit]

text: A typical maroon community in the early stage usually consists of three types of people.[20]

text: Most of them were slaves who ran away right after they got off the ships. They refused to accept enslavement and often tried to find ways to go back to Africa.

text: The second group were unskilled slaves who had been working on plantations for a while. Those slaves were usually somewhat adjusted to the slave system but had been abused by the plantation owners, with brutality excessive even when compared to the normal standards. Others ran away when they were being sold suddenly to a new owner.

text: The last group of maroons were usually skilled slaves with particularly strong ideals against the slave system.

text: Relationship with colonial governments[edit]

text: Maroonage was a constant threat to New World plantation societies.[21]  Punishments for recaptured maroons were severe, like removing the Achilles tendon, amputating a leg, castration, and being roasted to death.[21]

text: Maroon communities had to be inaccessible and located in inhospitable environments in order to be sustainable.[21]  For example, maroon communities were located in remote swamps in the southern United States; in deep canyons with sinkholes but little water or fertile soil in Jamaica; and in deep jungles in the Guianas.[21]

text: Maroon communities turned the severity of their environments to their advantage to hide and defend their communities.[21]  Disguised pathways, false trails, booby traps, underwater paths, quagmires and quicksand, and natural features were all used to conceal maroon villages.[21]

text: Maroon men utilized exemplary guerrilla warfare skills to fight their European enemies. Nanny, the famous Jamaican Maroon, developed guerrilla warfare tactics that are still used today by many militaries around the world.[21]  European troops used strict and established strategies while maroon men attacked and retracted quickly, used ambush tactics, and fought when and where they wanted to.[21]

text: Even though colonial governments were in a perpetual state of hatred toward the maroon communities, individuals in the colonial system traded goods and services with maroons.[21] They also traded with white settlers and Native American communities.[21]  Maroon communities played interest groups off of one another.[21]  At the same time, maroon communities were also used as pawns when colonial powers clashed.[21]

text: Absolute secrecy and loyalty of members was crucial to the survival of maroon communities.[21] To ensure this loyalty, maroon communities used severe methods to protect against desertion and spies.[21]  New members were brought to communities by way of detours so they couldn't find their way back and served probationary periods, often as slaves.[21]  Crimes such as desertion and adultery were punishable by death.[21]

text: Geographical distribution[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text: Maroon communities were formed among the Afro-Asians in South Asia who resisted slavery.[22] These communities of maroons still inhabit the South Asian countries.

text: Caribbean islands[edit]

text: Cuba[edit]

text: In Cuba, escaped slaves had joined refugee Taínos in the mountains to form maroon communities.[13] Remnants of these communities remain to this day (2006), for example in Viñales.[15]

text: Dominica and St. Vincent[edit]

text: Similar Maroon communities developed on islands across the Caribbean, such as the Garifuna. Many of the Garifuna were deported to the mainland, where some eventually settling along the Mosquito Coast or in Belize.

text: Dominican Republic[edit]

text: See History of the Dominican Republic.

text: Haiti[edit]

text: The French encountered many forms of slave resistance during the 17th and 18th centuries. The African slaves who fled to remote mountainous areas were called marron (French) or mawon (Haitian Creole), meaning "escaped slave". The maroons formed close-knit communities that practised small-scale agriculture and hunting. They were known to return to plantations to free family members and friends. On a few occasions they also joined the Taíno settlements, who had escaped the Spanish in the 17th century. Certain maroon factions became so formidable that they made treaties with local colonial authorities, sometimes negotiating their own independence in exchange for helping to hunt down other escaped slaves. [1].

text: Other slave resistance efforts against the French plantation system were more direct. The maroon leader Mackandal led a movement to poison the drinking water of the plantation owners in the 1750s. Boukman declared war on the French plantation owners in 1791, sparking off the Haitian Revolution. A statue called the Le Nègre Marron or the Nèg Mawon is an iconic bronze bust that was erected in the heart of Port-au-Prince to commemorate the role of maroons in Haitian independence.

text: Jamaica[edit]

text: Escaped slaves during the Spanish occupation of the island of Jamaica fled to the interior and joined the Taíno living there, forming refugee communities. Additional slaves gained freedom during the confusion surrounding the 1655 British invasion. Refugee slaves continued to join them through the decades until the abolition of slavery in 1838. During the late 17th and 18th centuries, the British tried to capture them because they occasionally raided plantations, and made expansion into the interior more difficult. An increase in armed confrontations over decades led to the First Maroon War in 1731, but the British were unable to defeat the Maroons. They finally settled with the groups by treaty in 1739 and 1740, allowing them to have autonomy in their communities in exchange for agreeing to be called to military service with the colonists if needed.

text: Due to tensions and repeated conflicts with Maroons, the Second Maroon War erupted in 1795. In an effort to break up the Maroon communities, the colonial government deported approximately 600 captive maroons to Nova Scotia. Due to their difficulties and those of Black Loyalists settled at Nova Scotia and England after the American Revolution, Great Britain established a colony in Sierra Leone in West Africa. It offered ethnic Africans a chance to set up their own community there, beginning in 1792. Around 1800 a number of Jamaican Maroons were transported to Freetown, the first settlement of Sierra Leone.

text: The only Leeward Maroon settlement that retained formal autonomy on Jamaica after the Second Maroon War was Accompong, in Saint Elizabeth Parish, whose people had abided by their 1739 treaty with the British. A Windward Maroon community is also located at Charles Town, on Buff Bay River in Portland Parish. Another is at Moore Town (formerly Nanny Town), also in the parish of Portland. In 2005 the music of the Moore Town Maroons was declared by UNESCO as a 'Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.'[23] A fourth community is at Scotts Hall, also Portland Parish.[24] Accompong's autonomy was ratified by the government of Jamaica when the island gained independence in 1962.

text: The government has tried to encourage survival of the other Maroon settlements. Since 2008, the Jamaican government and Maroon communities have held the Annual International Maroon Conference at rotating communities around the island. Maroons from other Caribbean, Central and South America nations are invited.[24] In 2016 Accompong's colonel and a delegation traveled to the Kingdom of Ashanti in Ghana to renew ties with the Akan and Asante people of their ancestors.[25]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: In Puerto Rico, Taíno families from neighboring Utuado moved into the southwestern mountain ranges, along with escaped African slaves who intermarried with them. DNA analysis of contemporary persons from this area shows maternal ancestry from the Mandinka, Wolof, and Fulani peoples through the mtDNA African haplotype associated with them, L1b, which is present here. This was carried by African slaves who escaped from plantations around Ponce and formed communities with the Taíno in the mountains.[26] Taíno haplogroups A and C can also be found in this area.

text: Central America[edit]

text: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua[edit]

text: Several different maroon societies developed around the Gulf of Honduras. Some were found in the interior of modern-day Honduras, along the trade routes by which silver mined in the Pacific side of the isthmus was carried by slaves down to coastal towns such as Trujillo or Puerto Caballos to be shipped to Europe. When slaves escaped, they went to the mountains for safety. In 1648 the English bishop of Guatemala, Thomas Gage, reported active bands of maroons numbering in the hundreds along these routes.

text: The Miskito Sambu were a maroon group who formed from slaves who revolted on a Portuguese ship around 1640, wrecking the vessel on the coast of Honduras-Nicaragua and escaping into the interior. They intermarried with the indigenous people over the next half-century. They eventually rose to leadership of the Mosquito Coast, and led extensive slave raids against Spanish-held territories in the first half of the 18th century.

text: The Garifuna are descendants of maroon communities that developed on the island of Saint Vincent. They were deported to the coast of Honduras in 1797. From their original landing place in Roatan Island, the maroons moved to Trujillo. Gradually groups migrated south into the Mosquito Kingdom and north into Belize.

text: Panama[edit]

text: Bayano, a Mandinka man who had been enslaved and taken to Panama in 1552, led a rebellion that year against the Spanish in Panama. He and his followers escaped to found villages in the lowlands. Later these people, known as Cimarron, assisted Sir Francis Drake in fighting against the Spanish.

text: North America[edit]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: See Gaspar Yanga, Afro-Latin, Afro-Mexican.

text: Nova Scotia[edit]

text: From 1796 to 1800, 550 maroons, who had been deported from Jamaica after the Second Maroon War, lived in Nova Scotia. In 1800, they were sent to Sierra Leone.

text: United States[edit]

text: Florida[edit]

text: The Black Seminoles, who allied with Seminole Indians in Florida, were one of the largest and most successful Maroon communities in the United States. Some intermarried and were culturally Seminole; others maintained a more African culture. Descendants of those who were removed with the Seminole to Indian Territory in the 1830s are recognized as Seminole Freedmen. Many were formerly part of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, but have been excluded since the late 20th century by new membership rules that require proving Native American descent from historic documents.

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: Until the mid-1760s, maroon colonies lined the shores of Lake Borgne, just downriver of New Orleans, Louisiana. These fugitive slaves controlled many of the canals and back-country passages from Lake Pontchartrain to the Gulf, including the Rigolets. These colonies were finally eradicated by militia from Spanish-controlled New Orleans led by Francisco Bouligny. Free people of color aided in the capture of these fugitives.[27][28]

text: North Carolina and Virginia[edit]

text: A large settlement of the Great Dismal Swamp maroons lived in the marshlands of today's North Carolina and Virginia.

text: South America[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: One of the best-known quilombos (maroon settlements) in Brazil was Palmares (the Palm Nation) which was founded in the early 17th century. At its height, it had a population of over 30,000 free people and was ruled by king Zumbi. Palmares maintained its independent existence for almost a hundred years until it was conquered by the Portuguese in 1694.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: Escaped slaves established independent communities along the remote Pacific coast, outside of the reach of the colonial administration. In Colombia the Caribbean coast still sees maroon communities like San Basilio de Palenque, where the creole Palenquero language is spoken.

text: Ecuador[edit]

text: In addition to escaped slaves, survivors from shipwrecks formed independent communities along rivers of the northern coast and mingled with indigenous communities in areas beyond the reach of the colonial administration. Separate communities can be distinguished form the cantones Cojimies y Tababuela, Esmeraldas, Limones.

text: French Guiana and Suriname[edit]

text: In French Guiana and Suriname (where Maroons account for about 15% of the population),[29] escaped slaves, or Bushinengues, fled to the interior and joined with indigenous peoples and created several independent tribes, among them the Saramaka, the Paramaka, the Ndyuka (Aukan), the Kwinti, the Aluku (Boni), and the Matawai. By the 1980s the Bushinengues in Suriname had begun to fight for their land rights.[30] Between 1986 and 1991, the Surinamese Interior War was waged by the Jungle Commando, a guerrilla group fighting for the rights of the Maroon minority, against the military dictatorship of Dési Bouterse.[31] In 2005, following a ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the Suriname government agreed to compensate survivors of the 1986 Moiwana village massacre, in which soldiers had slaughtered 39 unarmed Ndyuka people, mainly women and children.[29]