document_title: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

question_text: total number of accounting standards issued by icai

question_tokens: total number of accounting standards issued by icai

text: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

text: International Affiliations[edit]

text: ICAI is a founder member of the International Federation of Accountants(IFAC),[6] South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA),[7] and Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA) [8] and International Innovation Network (IIN). ICAI is an Associate member of the Chartered Accountants Worldwide, Member of International Valuation Standards Council (IVSC).

text: Motto and mission[edit]

text: The motto of the ICAI is Ya Aeshu Suptaeshu Jagruti [Sanskrit].[9] The motto literally means "a person who is awake in those that sleep". It is a quotation from the Upanishads (Kathopanishad). It was given to the ICAI at the time of its formation in 1949 by Sri Aurobindo[10] as a part of its emblem. CA. C. S. Shastri, a Chartered Accountant from Chennai went to Sri Aurobindo and requested him through a letter to give an emblem to the newly formed Institute of which he was an elected member from the Southern India. In reply to this request, Sri Aurobindo gave him the emblem with a Garuda, the mythical eagle in the centre and a quotation from the Upanishad:Ya Aeshu Suptaeshu Jagruti. The emblem along with the motto was placed at the first meeting of the Council of the Institute and was accepted amongst many other emblems placed by other members of the Council.

text: Apart from its emblem, ICAI also has a separate logo for its members. As a part of a brand building exercise, ICAI introduced this separate new CA logo for the use of its members in 2007.[11] The logo is free for use by all members of ICAI subject to certain conditions.[12] The logo was launched by the then Minister of Corporate Affairs, Prem Chand Gupta at the occasion of the Chartered Accountant Day (1 July) in the presence of the then President of ICAI Sunil Talati. Members of ICAI cannot use the ICAI emblem, but they are encouraged to use the CA logo instead on their official stationery.

text: The Mission of the ICAI as stated by it is: “The Indian Chartered Accountancy profession will be the Valued Trustees of World Class Financial Competencies, Good Governance and Competitiveness.”[13]

text: History[edit]

text: The Companies Act, 1913 passed in pre-independent India prescribed various books which had to be maintained by a Company registered under that Act. It also required the appointment of a formal Auditor with prescribed qualifications to audit such records. In order to act as an auditor a person had to acquire a restricted certificate from the local government upon such conditions as may be prescribed. The holder of a restricted certificate was allowed to practice only within the province of issue and in the language specified in the restricted certificate. In 1918 a course called Government Diploma in Accountancy was launched in Bombay (now known as Mumbai). On passing this diploma and completion of three years of articled training under an approved accountant, a person was held eligible for grant of an unrestricted certificate. This certificate entitled the holder to practice as an auditor throughout India. Later on the issue of restricted certificates was discontinued in the year 1920.

text:
In the year 1930 it was decided that the Government of India should maintain a register called the Register of Accountants. Any person whose name was entered in such register was called a Registered Accountant.[14] Later on a board called the Indian Accountancy Board was established to advise the Governor General of India on accountancy and the qualifications for auditors. However it was felt that the accountancy profession was largely unregulated, and this caused lots of confusion as regards the qualifications of auditors.
Hence in the year 1948, just after independence in 1947, an expert committee was created to look into the matter.[15] This expert committee recommended that a separate autonomous association of accountants should be formed to regulate the profession. The Government of India accepted the recommendation and passed the Chartered Accountants Act in 1949 even before India became a republic. Under section 3 of the said Act, ICAI is established as a body corporate with perpetual succession and a common seal.

text: Unlike most other commonwealth countries, the word chartered does not refer to a royal charter, since India is a republic. At the time of passing the Chartered Accountants Act, various titles used for similar professionals in other countries were considered, such as Certified Public Accountant.[16] However, many accountants had already acquired membership of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales and other Chartered Societies of Great Britain and were practising as Chartered Accountants. This had created some sort of brand value. This designation inherited a public impression that Chartered Accountants had better qualifications than Registered Accountants.[17] Hence the accountants were very stern in their stand that, the Indian accountancy professionals should be designated only as Chartered Accountants. After much debate in the Indian Constituent Assembly, the controversial term, chartered was accepted. When the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 came into force on 1 July 1949, the term Chartered Accountant superseded the title of Registered Accountant. This day is celebrated as Chartered Accountants day every year.[18]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Members of the Institute are known as Chartered Accountants. Becoming a member requires passing the prescribed examinations, three years of practical training (known as articleship) and meeting other requirements under the Act and Regulations. A member of ICAI can use the title CA before his/her name.[19] A member of ICAI may either be an Associate Chartered Accountant (A.C.A.) or a Fellow Chartered Accountant (F.C.A.) based on his experience. Further based on holding Certificate of Practice, they may also be classified as practising and non-practicing Chartered Accountants. As of December 2017, the Institute has 2,80,221 members out of which 1,89,707 are Associates and 90,514 are Fellows.[20] The B.N. Chaturvedi Family is credited to be the only family in India to be Chartered Accountants in 5 Generations. [2]

text: Associates and fellows[edit]

text: Any person who is granted membership of the Institute becomes an Associate Chartered Accountant and is entitled to use the letters A.C.A. after his name. Generally, associates are members of the Institute with less than 5 years of membership after which they become entitled to apply for being a fellow member. Some associate members, particularly those not in practice, often voluntarily chose not to apply to be a fellow due to a variety of reasons.

text: An associate member who has been in continuous practice in India or has worked for a commercial or government organisation for at least five years and meets other conditions as prescribed can apply to the Institute to get designated as a "Fellow". A fellow Chartered Accountant is entitled to use the letters FCA. after his name. Responsibilities and voting rights of both types of members remain the same but only fellows can be elected to the Council and Regional Councils of ICAI.  Fellows are perceived as enjoying a higher status due to their longer professional experience.

text: Practicing Chartered Accountants.[edit]

text: Any member wanting to engage in public practice has to first apply for and obtain a Certificate of Practice from the Council of ICAI.[21] Only members holding a Certificate of Practice may act as auditors or certify documents required by various tax and financial regulatory authorities in India. Once a member obtains a Certificate of Practice, his responsibility to the society increases manifold. The ethical principles applicable to a practising CA provided in first and second schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 are more rigorous than the ones applicable to non-practicing CAs or both.

text: In India an individual Chartered Accountant, a firm or a Limited Liability Partnership of Chartered Accountants can practice the profession of Chartered Accountancy.[3]

text: Role of Chartered Accountants[edit]

text: Chartered Accountants enjoy a statutory monopoly in audit of financial statements under the Companies Act, 2013, Income Tax Act, 1961 and various other statutes in India.[22] Financial statements audited by a chartered accountant are presumed to have been prepared according to GAAP in India (otherwise the audit report should be modified). However, not all Chartered Accountants work in audit. Firms of accountants provide varied business services, and many accountants are employed in commerce and industry.  Their areas of expertise include Financial Reporting, Auditing and Assurance, Corporate Finance, Investment Banking, Financial Modelling, Equity Research. Fund Management, Credit Analysis, Capital Markets, Arbitration, Risk Management, Economics, Strategic/Management Consultancy, Management Accounting, Information Systems Audit, Corporate Law, Direct Tax, Indirect Tax and valuation of businesses..[citation needed][importance?] Apart from the field of professional practice, many CAs work in the industry and commerce in financial and general management positions such as CFO and CEO.

text: Council of the Institute[edit]

text: The management of the affairs of the Institute is undertaken by a Council constituted under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.[3] The Council consists of 32 elected fellow members and up to 8 members nominated by the Government of India. The elected members of the council are elected under the single transferable vote system by the members of the institute. The Council is re-elected every 3 years. The Council elects two of its members to be president and vice-president who hold office for one year. The president is the chief executive Authority of the Council.[23]

text: Presidents[edit]

text: ICAI's first president was CA G.P. Kapadia (1949 to 1952). CA Naveen N. D. Gupta is the current president.[24][25]

text: Code of Ethics[edit]

text: The Institute has a detailed code of ethics and actions in contravention of such code results in disciplinary action against the erring members. The Institute publishes a Members Hand book containing the Chartered Accountants Act 1949, Chartered Accountants Regulation 1988, Professional Opportunities for Members – an Appraisal, Code of Ethics and Manual for members. These together form the basis of regulation of the profession. The Council also has a Peer Review Board that ensures that in carrying out their professional attestation services assignments, the members of the Institute (a) comply with the Technical Standards laid down by the Institute and (b) have in place proper systems (including documentation systems) for maintaining the quality of the attestation services work they perform.[26]

text: Disciplinary process[edit]

text: The Disciplinary Directorate, the Board of Discipline, and the Disciplinary Committee form the foundation of the disciplinary process of the Institute. These entities are quasi-judicial and have substantial powers like that of a Civil Court to summon and enforce attendance or require discovery and production of documents on affidavit or otherwise.[27] The Disciplinary Directorate is headed by an officer designated as Director (Discipline). On receipt of any information or complaint that a member has allegedly engaged in any misconduct, the Director (Discipline) shall arrive at a prima facie opinion whether or not there is any misconduct. If the Director (Discipline) is of the opinion that the misconduct is covered by the items listed in the first schedule of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, he shall refer the case to the Board of Discipline. If he is of the Opinion that the case is covered by the Second Schedule or both schedules of the CA Act, he will refer the case to the Disciplinary Committee. If the Board of Discipline finds a member guilty of professional or other misconduct, it may at its discretion reprimand the member, remove the name of the member from the register of members for up to three months or impose a fine up to ₹1,00,000/-. If the Disciplinary Committee finds a member guilty of professional or other misconduct, it may at its discretion reprimand the member, remove the name of the member from the register of members permanently or impose a fine up to ₹5,000/-.  Any member aggrieved by any order may approach the Appellate Authority.

text: It should be born in mind that this disciplinary proceeding is not in lieu of or alternative for criminal proceedings in a court. Criminal proceedings against a Chartered Accountant and disciplinary action by ICAI are two separate issues and one need not wait for another to be completed first.[28]

text: Recent actions[edit]

text: One of the most recent (2009–10) public actions of The ICAI Disciplinary Committee was proceedings for professional misconduct against two auditors from the firm Price Waterhouse partners for wrongly auditing and inflating the financial statements of Satyam Computer Services Limited. The Supreme Court of India (November 2010) rejected a plea by the two charged auditors to stay the proceedings by the ICAI Disciplinary committee. The court's order came in response to the pleas of the charged auditors seeking a stay on the disciplinary proceedings against  them on the ground that it violated their fundamental right against self-incrimination under Article 20 (3) of the Constitution of India.

text:
Other publicized actions included, the SEBI referred case of brokerage firm, Karvy, in which the internal auditors, Haribhakti & Co (an associate of BDO). were held guilty of negligence for failing to detect thousands of demat accounts being opened with the same address. The Committee has also taken action against members for alleged irregularities in the books of Maytas Properties and Maytas Infra and the role played by their auditors.[29]
The names of the members found guilty of misconduct are published in ICAI's website. The ICAI website lists 35 as the number of cases in which inquiry was completed by the Disciplinary Committee in the past one year since February 2010. The list of members held guilty of professional or other misconduct is published periodically.[30]

text: Request for more power[edit]

text: Many of the recent financial frauds and scams relate to organisations that had multinational accounting firms as their auditors. These multinational firms cannot legally practice in India but they are practising in India by surrogate means, operating through tie-ups with local firms, though the partners involved are from India, since only a member of the Institute can be an auditor of an Indian entity. The example for this is an elaborate list, Price Waterhouse in case of Global Trust Bank Scam, again Price Waterhouse in Satyam Computer Services Limited scam, Ernst and Young in the Maytas case.  ICAI lacks jurisdictional powers to punish these or for that matter any firm, as under its current regulations it only has the power to proceed against individual members. The Institute has asked the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India to grant additional powers so that it may proceed against firms whose partners or employees are frequent offenders.[31] ICAI also has sent a proposal to the Government of India to amend the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 in order to enable to it to impose a fine of ₹1,00,00,000/- on audit firms if they are found guilty of colluding with companies to commit a fraud.[32]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: A person is eligible to apply for membership either by passing all three levels of examinations prescribed by ICAI and completing three years of practical training or by availing themselves of exemptions under mutual recognition agreement (MRAs).[33]

text: Examination[edit]

text: This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed. (December 2015)

tag: table

text: The ICAI has recently revised its Scheme of Education and Training. The Scheme has become applicable on 1 July 2017. The first examination under the New Scheme will be held in May 2018. The Revised Scheme is as under:

text: I.                  Revised Scheme of Education and Training

text: Revised Scheme: Route I - Foundation Course#

text: Under the Foundation Course Route, the following steps are required:

text: •          Register with Board of Studies (BoS) after appearing in Class XII examination.

text: •          Appear for Foundation examination after four months of study period. The first Foundation examination can be taken in November/May, as applicable, following passing of Class XII examination.

text: •          Qualify Foundation Course.

text: •          Register with the BoS for the Intermediate Course.

text: •          Complete 8 months of study course.

text: •          Appear and Pass in either or both Groups of Intermediate Course.

text: ·             Successfully complete Four Weeks Integrated Course on Information Technology and Soft Skills (ICITSS) before commencement of the practical training.

text: •          Register for Three years Practical Training on passing either or both the Groups of Intermediate.

text: •          Register for the Final Course after qualifying both the Groups of Intermediate Course.

text: •          Successfully complete Four Weeks Advanced ICITSS during the last two years of Practical Training.

text: •          Appear in Final examination during last six months of practical training.

text: ·         Complete Practical Training

text: •          Become Member.

text: Revised Scheme: Route II – Direct Entry Route

text: The ICAI allows Commerce Graduates/Post-Graduates (with minimum 55% marks) or Other Graduates/Post-Graduates (with minimum 60% marks) and Intermediate level passed students of Institute of Company Secretaries of India and Institute of Cost Accountants of India to enter directly to its Intermediate Course. The following steps are required to be undertaken by the eligible Graduates and Post Graduates under this route:

text: •          Register with the BOS for the Intermediate course (provisional registration allowed to the students doing Final year of graduation).

text: •          Successfully complete Four Weeks Integrated Course on Information Technology and Soft Skills (ICITSS) before commencement of the practical training.

text: •          Register for Three Years Practical Training.

text: •          Appear in Intermediate Examination after Nine months of Practical Training.

text: •          Qualify Intermediate Course.

text: •          Register for the Final Course after qualifying both Groups of Intermediate Course.

text: •          Complete Practical Training.

text: •          Become Member

text: Note: Candidates who have passed Intermediate level examination of Institute of Company Secretaries of India or Institute of Cost Accountants of India and enter the CA Intermediate Course directly shall be treated at par with Foundation passed students and shall have to undergo the CA course in the manner akin to the Foundation passed students.

text: Foundation Course

text: Number of Papers – 4

text: ·       Paper 1: Principles and Practices of Accounting (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 2: Business Law & Business Correspondence and Reporting (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 3*: Business Mathematics and Logical Reasoning &Statistics (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 4*: Business Economics & Business and Commercial Knowledge (100 Marks)

text: Notes

text: o  *Paper 3 and Paper 4 will be Objective type papers.

text: o  Passing percentage: Aggregate- 50% and Subject-wise- 40% at one sitting.

text: o  Objective type question of 1 or more marks.

text: o  Examination: In the month of November and May after passing Class XII.

text: Intermediate Course

text: Number of Papers – 8

text: Group I

text: ·       Paper 1: Accounting (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 2: Corporate Laws & Other Laws (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 3: Cost and Management Accounting (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 4: Taxation (100 Marks)

text: Section A: Income Tax Law (60 Marks)

text: Group II

text: ·       Paper 5: Advanced Accounting (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 6: Auditing and Assurance (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 7: Enterprise Information System & Strategic Management (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 8: Financial Management & Economics for Finance (100 Marks)

text: Section A: Financial Management (60 Marks)

text: Final Course

text: Number of Papers – 8

text: Group I

text: ·       Paper 1: Financial Reporting (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 2: Strategic Financial Management (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 3: Advanced Auditing and Professional Ethics (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 4: Corporate Laws and other Economic Laws (100 Marks)

text: Group II

text: ·       Paper5: Strategic Cost Management and Performance Evaluation (100 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 6: Elective Paper (100 Marks) (One to be chosen from the list of Elective Papers)

text: Elective Papers

text: o  Risk Management

text: o  International Taxation

text: o  Economic Laws

text: o  Financial Services & Capital Markets

text: o  Global Financial Reporting Standards

text: o  Multidisciplinary Case Study

text: ·       Paper 7: Direct Tax Laws (70 Marks) & International Taxation(30 Marks)

text: ·       Paper 8: Advanced Indirect Tax Laws (100 Marks)

text: Four Weeks Integrated Course on Information Technology and Soft Skills (ICITSS)

text: •Duration: 4 weeks (2 weeks for soft skills and 2 weeks for IT)

text: •When to complete: Students registering for the Intermediate course shall be required to successfully complete ICITSS before commencement of practical training.

text: Practical Training

text: •Duration of Practical Training: Three Years

text: •Commences after completing Integrated Course on Information Technology and Soft Skills (ICITSS) and passing either or both groups of Intermediate.

text: •For direct entrants coming through Graduation and Post Graduation route, the practical training commences immediately after they complete four weeks ICITSS.

text: Advance Four Weeks Integrated Course on Information Technology and Soft Skills (AICITSS)

text: Duration: 4 weeks (2 weeks for soft skills and 2 weeks for Advance IT)

text: When to complete: Students undergoing Practical training shall be required to do AICITSS during the last 2 years of Practical training but to complete the same before being eligible to appear in the Final Examination.

text: ICAI also introduced the Accounting Technician Course.[42] Any person who passed Group-I of IPCC and completed one year of practical training under a member could  apply for an Accounting Technician Certification. After obtaining the certificate the person could designate himself as an Accounting Technician. This Certification was introduced to help a large number of students who were unable to complete the CA Final Examinations and obtain membership.(This course is also undergoing changes)

text: ICAI has entered into agreement with Indira Gandhi National Open University, to help CA students acquire a Bachelor's degree by writing  a few papers. For example, a bachelor's degree in Commerce can be obtained from IGNOU with a major in Accounting and Finance provided the student is able to provide the grades received in CPT and IPCC and pass the term end examination conducted by IGNOU. This initiative has helped a lot of students attain both the degrees without any duplication of subjects and credits.

text: (For details regarding the new scheme and course curriculum, please refer to the Prospectus at the link https://resource.cdn.icai.org/45785bos35964.pdf)[34]

text: Membership through MRA[edit]

text: The second method of obtaining membership is through mutual recognition agreements or MRAs. ICAI has entered into MRAs with several institutes globally, of equivalent standing, to enable members of those institutes to acquire membership of ICAI and to enable the members of ICAI to gain membership of its counterpart in other country.This is done by granting some exemptions in the regular scheme of examination and training.

text: ICAI currently has MRAs with following professional accounting bodies:

text:
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (since 20 November 2008)[35]
CPA Australia(originally signed in February 2009 and re-signed in September 2014)[36][37]

text: MoUs with the following are on the anvil

text:
CPA Canada
CPA Ireland
The South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand
National Board of Accountants & Auditors, Tanzania
Institute of Certified Public Accountants of Kenya

text: ICAI is also in process of negotiating MRAs with Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants and Certified General Accountants Association of Canada.

text: Technical Co-operation Agreements[38][edit]

text: The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) has signed Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with professional accounting bodies of various countries. These MOUs aim at establishing mutual co-operation between the two institutions for the advancement of accounting knowledge, professional and intellectual development, advancing the interests of their respective members and positively contributing to the development of the accounting profession.

text: Currently ICAI has MOUs with following professional accounting bodies:

text:
Accounting and Auditing Standards Board of Bhutan, Bhutan (signed on 22 November 2013)[34]
The Vietnam Association of Certified Public Accountants, Vietnam[39]
Higher Colleges of Technology, UAE (signed on 4 January 2011)[40]
College of Banking and Financial Studies, Oman[41]
Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal

text: The MoUs with CPA Afghanistan and Saudi Organization for Certified Public Accountants (SOCPA) are in pipeline.

text: Courses for members[edit]

text: ICAI provides various professional certifications for its members. Some of them are as follows:

text:
Part of a series onAccounting
Historical cost
Constant purchasing power
Management
Tax
Major types[show]
Audit
Budget
Cost
Forensic
Financial
Fund
Governmental
Management
Social
Tax

Key concepts[show]
Accounting period
Accrual
Constant purchasing power
Economic entity
Fair value
Going concern
Historical cost
Matching principle
Materiality
Revenue recognition
Unit of account

Selected accounts[show]
Assets
Cash
Cost of goods sold
Depreciation / Amortization
Equity
Expenses
Goodwill
Liabilities
Profit
Revenue

Accounting standards[show]
Generally-accepted principles
Generally-accepted auditing standards
Convergence
International Financial Reporting Standards
International Standards on Auditing
Management Accounting Principles

Financial statements[show]
Annual report
Balance sheet
Cash-flow
Equity
Income
Management discussion
Notes to the financial statements

Bookkeeping[show]
Bank reconciliation
Debits and credits
Double-entry system
FIFO and LIFO
Journal
Ledger / General ledger
T accounts
Trial balance

Auditing[show]
Financial
Internal
Firms
Report

People and organizations[show]
Accountants
Accounting organizations
Luca Pacioli

Development[show]
History
Research
Positive accounting
Sarbanes–Oxley Act

 Business portalvte

text: ·        Certificate Course on GST

text: ·        Certificate Course on ADR (Arbitration, Mediation & Conciliation)

text: ·        Certificate Course on Anti Money laundering Laws (Anti- Money Laundering Specialist)

text: ·        Certificate Course on Cooperatives

text: ·        Certificate Course on Not-for-Profit Organizations (NPOs)

text: ·        Certificate Course on Wealth Management and Financial Planning

text: ·        Certificate Course on Enterprise Risk Management

text: ·        Certificate Course on Concurrent Audit of Banks

text: ·        Certificate Course on Internal Audit

text: ·        Certificate Course on Master in Business Finance

text: ·        Certificate Course on International Taxation

text: ·        Certificate Course on Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection

text: ·        Certificate Course on Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS)

text: ·        Certificate Course on Forex and Treasury Management

text: ·        Certificate Course on Derivatives

text: ·        Certificate Course on Valuation

text: Post Qualification Courses

text: ·        Information Systems Audit (ISA)

text: ·        Post Qualification Diploma in International Taxation

text: ·        Diploma in Insurance and Risk Management (DIRM)

text: ·        Management Accountancy Course (MAC)/ Corporate Management Course (CMC)/ Tax Management Course (TMC)

text: ·        International Trade Laws & World Trade Organisation (ITL & WTO)

text: Source**ICAI website- member section

text: Placement[edit]

text: The Institute maintains a placement portal on its web site for qualified members and partially qualified students.[42] This is supplemented with campus placement events and advertising through its professional journals and website.

text: In early 2010, the ICAI placed three of its freshly qualified Associates, at a record annual salary of US$160,000 each, at Singapore-based agriculture supply chain major Olam International.[43]

text: Technical standards[edit]

text: ICAI formulates and issues technical standards to be followed by Chartered Accountants and others. Non-compliance of these standards by the members will lead to disciplinary action against them. The technical standards issued by ICAI includes, Accounting Standards, Engagement and Quality Control Standards, Standards on Internal Audit, Corporate Affairs Standard, Accounting Standards for Local Bodies, etc.

text: Accounting Standards [edit]

text: As of  2010[update], the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India has issued 32 Accounting Standards. These are numbered AS-1 to AS-7 and AS-9 to AS-32 (AS-8 is no longer in force since it was merged with AS-26).[44]  Compliance with accounting standards issued by ICAI has become a statutory requirement with the notification of Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006 by the Government of India.[45] Before the constitution of the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards (NACAS), the institute was the sole accounting standard setter in India. However NACAS is not an independent body. It can only consider accounting standards recommended by ICAI and advise the Government of India to notify them under the Companies Act, 2013. Further the Accounting Standards so notified are applicable only to companies registered under the companies act, 2013. For all other entities the accounting standards issued the ICAI continue to apply.

text: Convergence with IFRS[edit]

text: The inception of the idea of convergence of Indian GAAP with IFRS was made by the Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh by committing in G20 to align Indian accounting standards with IFRS. As per the original roadmap for implementation of IFRS-converged Ind AS issued by the Government of India, initially Ind AS were expected to be implemented from the year 2011. However, keeping in view the fact that certain issues including tax issues were still to be addressed, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs decided to postpone the date of implementation of Ind AS. For smooth transition to IFRS, ICAI has taken up the matter of convergence with the National Advisory Committee on Accounting Standards and various regulators such as the RBI, SEBI and IRDA, CBDT. IASB, the issuer of IFRS, is also supporting the ICAI in its endeavours towards convergence. ICAI has revised/formulated Ind AS on the basis of the amendments and new IFRS issued by the IASB subsequent to February 2011. IFRS-converged Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) has been implemented in India in a phased manner from 1 April 2015 being the voluntary date of adoption of Ind AS. The mandatory application of Ind AS has been restricted to listed and unlisted companies with a net worth of Rs. 500 crore and above from the accounting year beginning on or after 1 April 2016.  With effect on 1 April 2017, all listed companies and unlisted companies having net worth of Rs. 250 crore and above would be required to prepare their financial statements in accordance with the applicable Ind AS.  Banks and NBFCs are also required to implement Ind AS on 1 April 2018 onwards based on the criteria of net worth.

text: In order to ensure that these standards are implemented in the same spirit in which these have been formulated, ICAI has been providing guidance to members through its various initiatives such as issuance of Educational Materials on Ind AS containing Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). For addressing transition and implementation related queries clarifications on a timely basis are also being issued by the ICAI. Queries raised are also addressed through Support-desk for implementation of Ind AS. Apart from this, Certificate Course on Ind AS, In-house training programmes on Ind AS for corporate and regulatory bodies are also being organised to educate and train the members on these standards

text: Engagement and Quality Control Standards [edit]

text:
Engagement and Quality Control Standards comprises the following Standards:
1 Standards on Auditing (SAs), to be applied in the audit of historical financial information.
2 Standards on Review Engagements (SREs), to be applied in the review of historical financial information.
3 Standards on Assurance Engagements (SAEs), to be applied in assurance engagements, other than audits and reviews of historical financial information.
4  Standards on Related Services (SRSs), to be applied to engagements involving application of agreed-upon procedures to information, compilation engagements, and other related services engagements, as may be specified by the ICAI.
The aforesaid Standards are collectively known as Engagement Standards.
5. Standards on Quality Control (SQCs) - These Standards are to be applied for all services covered by the Engagement Standards as described above.
As of  October 2017[update] ICAI has issued 46 Engagement and Quality Control Standards (formerly known as Auditing and Assurance Standards) covering various topics relating to auditing and other engagements.[46] These standards have been harmonized with the International Standards issued by the IAASB of the IFAC except for two standards i.e. ISA 600 and ISAE 3000 .[47]

text: Notable members[edit]

text: Corporate[edit]

text:
Vinay Maloo, billionaire businessman
Yusuff Ali M.A., A billionaire businessman from Kerala, Founder & MD of Lulu Group International, LuLu International Shopping Mall[citation needed]
Parvataneni Brahmayya, founder of Brahmayya & Co. 1st CA firm in South India
Radhe Shyam Agarwal, co-founder and Executive Chairman of Emami
Srikanth Balachandran, Global CHRO of Bharti Airtel
Pramod Bhasin, President, CEO, Genpact
Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman of Aditya Birla Group, billionaire, among top 10 richest Indians[48]
Niranjan Hiranandani, Real estate tycoon, Founder, Hiranandini Group, billionaire, among Top 100 richest Indians
Krish Iyer, CEO of Walmart India
Rakesh Jhunjhunwala, noted Investor ("the Warren Buffett of India"), billionaire, among Top 100 richest Indians
Shekar Kapur, Film
Naina Lal Kidwai, first Indian woman who pursued MBA from Harvard University, Group General Manager and Country Head of HSBC India
T K Kurien, CEO of Wipro
H. V. Lodha, Chairman of Birla Corporation, suspended by ICAI in 2014 for malpractice[49]
R. S. Lodha, former Chairman, Birla Corporation
T. N. Manoharan, Padma Shri awardee
Keki Mistry, Vice Chairman & CEO HDFC Bank
Keshav R Murugesh, Group CEO of WNS Global Services
George Alexander Muthoot, CEO of Muthoot Group
Motilal Oswal, Chairman and MD of Motilal Oswal Group
T.V. Mohandas Pai, Chairman of Manipal Global Education, former CFO of Infosys, Padma Shri awardee
Girish Paranjpe, Venture Capitalist
Deepak Parekh, Chairman of Housing Development Finance Corporation & HDFC Bank
Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu, Incumbent Minister of commerce, Government of India
Piyush Goyal, Incumbent Minister of Coal & Incumbent Minister of Railways Government of India
Aditya Puri, MD of HDFC Bank
Aroon Purie, founder and editor-in-chief of India Today and Chief Executive of the India Today Group
Chitra Ramkrishna, Former CEO of National Stock Exchange (NSE)
Prannoy Roy, Chairman of NDTV[50]
Raman Roy, "Father of BPO in India"
Subhash Runwal, Founder and Chairman of Runwal Group, billionaire, among Top 100 richest Indians
N.J. Yasaswy, Founder of ICFAI Business School
Dinesh Nandwana, Founder and Managing Director and CEO of Vakrangee Limited
Sudha Balakrishnan, First CFO of Reserve Bank of India.[51]

text: Other[edit]

text:
Subhash Chandra Baheria, Member of the 16th Lok Sabha, from Bhilwara, Rajasthan
Thomas Chazhikadan, Member of Legislative Assembly, Government of Kerala
Anil R. Dave, Judge of the Supreme Court of India
Shyam Pathak, Television actor known for his role as 'Patrakar Popatlal' in TMKOC
Vishaka Hari, singer of Harikatha
Gurumurthy, Co-Convenor of the Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, journalist
Bhupen Khakhar, painter
K. Rahman Khan,  Minister of Minority Affairs in UPA-II, former Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Atul Satya Koushik, Indian theatre director and playwright
Harish Salve, Padma Bhushan, former Solicitor General of India
Narendra Kumar Salve, former Union minister and President of Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)
Kirit Somaiya, Politician, MP, BJP
Sanjay Subrahmanyan, musician
Rameshwar Thakur, Former Union Minister of India, Governor of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Buddhadeb Guha, Novelist
G. Venkateswaran, film producer
N. D. Gupta, Politician, Aam Aadmi Party
Ramesh ranganathan Chief Justice, High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad for the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh
Amresh Vashisht, Author & Moderator of largest Chartered Accountant on line group


document_title: Super Bowl LII halftime show

question_text: who is performing during the super bowl halftime show

root

text: Super Bowl LII halftime show

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The show began with Jimmy Fallon introducing Justin Timberlake, followed by a video screen depicting Timberlake performing "Filthy" in a club setting below the field level of the stadium. He then walked up a staircase and appeared on a ramp stage extending outward into the field, descending into a series of stages surrounded by a crowd. Timberlake proceeded to move through the crowd performing "Rock Your Body" with a troupe of female backup dancers, abruptly stopping short of the end of the song and shifting to "Señorita" on a small stage with his backing dancers. Upon reaching the main stage, he performed a number of songs, including "SexyBack", "My Love", and "Cry Me a River", which featured a dance break mid-field. Upon reaching the next stage, Timberlake performed his hit song "Suit & Tie" as the University of Minnesota Marching Band, wearing black tuxedos, played backup instrumentals and marched out to meet him.[2]

tag: p

text: Timberlake proceeded to walk up to a white grand piano while performing "Until the End of Time", then segued into "I Would Die 4 U" as a tribute to Minneapolis-native Prince. A video of Prince performing the song played in the background, projected onto on a large multi-story sheet. An aerial shot showed downtown Minneapolis covered in purple lighting that morphed into Prince's trademark Love Symbol, with the stadium at the center. He then returned to the main stage to perform "Mirrors", as hundreds of dancers and members of the marching band performed choreography with large mirrors, creating bright reflections in the broadcast and across the roof of the stadium. Timberlake closed the show with "Can't Stop the Feeling!", entering the stands at the conclusion of the song.[3][4]

text: For the first time since the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in Indianapolis in 2012, no pyrotechnics were used throughout the performance. The show relied mostly on lasers and video screens for visual effects.[5]

text: Background[edit]

text: In July 2017, multiple media outlets reported that Britney Spears was in talks to perform at Halftime, but Pepsi quickly denied it a few days later. During August and September 2017, several publications informed that Timberlake was the frontrunner to performer at the Super Bowl LII halftime, first along with his frequent-collaborator Jay-Z as co-headliner, and then as the solo performer.[6] A spokesperson from the NFL stated at the time, "along with Pepsi, we know that we will put on a spectacular show. When it is time to announce her name we will do it. Or his name. Or their names."[7] The NFL confirmed the announcement on October 22 with a video starring Timberlake and Jimmy Fallon.[8]

text: This was Timberlake's third appearance in a Super Bowl halftime show. As a member of NSYNC, Timberlake appeared in the Super Bowl XXXV (2001) halftime show, and as a guest artist in the Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004), which performance featured a controversial incident where Timberlake accidentally exposed one of Janet Jackson's breasts on national television, described as a wardrobe malfunction. The Parents Television Council penned an open letter to Timberlake asking to keep the performance "family-friendly." While the organization acknowledged that Timberlake apologized for the 2004 incident, they asked him to stay true to his word, saying "we are heartened by your response that the events of 2004 are not going to happen in 2018," as the singer stated in a prior interview that "we are not going to do that again."[9]

text: In an interview with Billboard, Pepsi executives expressed:

text: We are all big fans of Justin Timberlake. We’ve kind of felt that Justin deserves, and has for a number of years, to be the main artist for the halftime show because previously he wasn’t the main artist. It was just about the timing. To be honest, we have discussed Justin for the last number of years for coming and doing halftime, and this year just felt really right to us. He is hands down one of the greatest entertainers currently alive, it was a no-brainer. We know he’s gonna bring it.[10]

text: The Halftime Show included a remembrance for Indianapolis Colts linebacker Edwin Jackson, who died just hours before Super Bowl LII after being struck by a vehicle.

text: Development[edit]

text: During the performance, Timberlake wore an outfit designed by Stella McCartney, which consists of "alter nappa fringed jacket with a shirt, featuring a landscape artwork by British artist Martin Ridley," according to a press release. Also part of the look is a Prince of Wales-check and camouflage splatter-print suit and matching jacket. As usual for McCartney, these pieces were made from animal-free leather and organic cotton.[11][12]

text: Timberlake stated in a press conference that there would be no guest musicians in the halftime show and that the event would focus solely on himself and his backing band, the Tennessee Kids.[13] Regarding the Prince tribute, the performance's creative visual lead, Fireplay's Nick Whitehouse, told Rolling Stone:

text: Paying tribute to Prince was something JT highlighted as an important moment for this show, and we spent quite a bit of time ensuring this moment would be true to his legacy. Ultimately, Justin decided that the only person who could do Prince justice is Prince. The band held 50-hours worth of rehearsals in preparation for the show.[14]

text: Prince had previously stated he did not want to be included in new music after death in a 1998 interview, citing The Beatles' "Free as a Bird" as an example of a practice he considered to be "demonic." His family granted permission to use Prince's likeness on the condition that it not be used in a hologram, and they approved of the final result.[15][2] Sheila E, a former bandmate of Prince's who was involved in negotiations over the use of his likeness, stated that "a bigger company" (she declined to specify whether it was Pepsi or the NFL) had insisted on including the Prince apparition and that the notion was not originally Timberlake's idea.[16]

text: Despite the lack of an individual guest artist, the more than 300-member University of Minnesota Marching Band was featured in the show. The band's drumline, brass, and saxophone sections pre-recorded and performed with Timberlake during his performance of "Suit & Tie." The upper woodwind and auxiliary sections led drill formations and held large mirrors during Timberlake’s performance of his song "Mirrors", and acted as fans and dancers throughout other portions of the show, including the club scene at the show's opening. All members of the band were featured on the field in the show's finale, "Can't Stop the Feeling!". The band had previously performed in the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVI.[4]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Timberlake’s performance received mixed reviews.[17] In a positive review, Bruce R. Miller of Sioux City Journal wrote "Timberlake is a masterful live performer – which made Sunday's Super Bowl performance about the only sure bet," he continued commenting the performer "did a lot of infectious dancing and managed to play with the crowd like no other." Although it did not have a moment that "stuck," he considered the Prince tribute the best moment of the show.[18] In a similarly positive review, Taylor Weatherby of Billboard said "there is no denying that Timberlake absolutely rocked his first headlining [halftime]", further adding "Timberlake's halftime show was undeniably mesmerizing. From starting in the concourse to making his way into the crowd (and making #SelfieKid an instant superstar) for the ending." She also considered it "is made for a TV experience" rather than for the public in the stadium, mainly for the sound quality difficulties, but also criticized him for including Rock Your Body in the set list.[19] From the same magazine, Nina Braca wrote "his moves were on point,"[17] and Andrew Ubterberger said two things were "relatively certain" about the performance. "most of America would love it, and most of the Internet would hate it," and added Timberlake was "in a situation that was both a can't-lose and a can't-win. It would've been virtually impossible for him to please the critics he'd alienated over the last couple years."[20] Also from Billboard, Andrew Unterberge wrote, "Timberlake's audio was somewhat lacking throughout...but the choreography, live-band energy and song selection were all pretty impeccable".[21]

text: Chris Willman of Variety stated that, "Timberlake turned in a more enjoyably physical performance than just about anybody else who's done the Bowl show… and if it was more a feat of athleticism than aestheticism, you can’t say that’s entirely inappropriate for the occasion."[22] Willman also wrote that the show, "wasn't one for the ages, but was impressive as a show of athleticism"[22]

text: Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that Timberlake's performance was, "heavy on dance spectacle, light on vocal authority".[23] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called the show, "energetic, but also entirely lacking in live excitement." Feinberg criticized the show for largely lacking spontaneity and live vocals. Feinberg wrote that Timberlake delivered, "one of the most over-planned, least surprising performances imaginable."[24] Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly graded Timberlake's performance a "C", calling it, "dutiful, and empty". Franich faulted Timberlake for playing too safe with his performance.[25] Similarly, Fran Guan of Vulture.com wrote, "Technically speaking, Timberlake’s set was a testament to precision". Guan, however, criticized Timberlake's performance from lacking in personality, and regarded his performance as unmemorable.[26]

text: The Guardian gave Timberlake 3 out of 5 stars, calling his performance forgettable but flashy.[27] In an interview with NPR, Ann Powers said that "the entire performance was shrouded in the sense of Timberlake not being right for this moment — and the Janet Jackson controversy haunted it."[28] Daniel D’Addarrio of Time.com gave the performance a negative review, criticizing Timberlake for singing Cry Me A River in addition to Rock Your Body, calling the song’s lyrics about an evil promiscuous woman out of step with the national mood, and said that the only message from Timberlake’s performance was that he loves his back catalog[29] Deadline felt "but you could see the motions more than you felt the music."[30] Chris Richards of The Washington Post regarded Timberlake’s performance as, “unambiguously underwhelming”.[31]

text: USA Today and Vulture compared Timberlake's performance unfavorably to Prince's own 2007 halftime show.[32][26] Amanda Petrusich of The New Yorker wrote that Timberlake’s decision to omit the end of "Rock Your Body" (which was performed during the controversial 2004 halftime) felt, “less like an apology than yet more spineless deflection”.[33] However, Andrew Unterberge of Billboard considered Timberlake's decision to cut the song short to be wise.[21] Timberlake's Stella McCartney-designed outfit received negative reviews, with some critics regarding it as "tacky".[17][24][19][21] The LA Times also gave a very critical review, one which also stated that Timberlake had nothing to say in his performance, and said that it lacked soul and meaning.[34] The Digital Journal gave him 2/5 stars and called it lackluster.[35]

text: Commercial reception[edit]

text: The Super Bowl LII halftime show was seen by 106.6 million television viewers in the United States, 9% less than Lady Gaga's in 2017. It had higher average viewership than the game itself, and the decline for the halftime show was roughly in line with that of the game as a whole, which had lost 7% compared to the previous year.[36]

text: According to initial sales reports from Nielsen Music, sales of the songs Timberlake performed during the halftime show gained 534% in the United States on February 4, the day of the Super Bowl, compared to Feb. 3, while his streams on Spotify gained 214%.[37][38] Janet Jackson likewise gained 150% on Spotify.[39]

text: Setlist[edit]

text:
"Filthy"
"Rock Your Body"
"Señorita"
"SexyBack" (with elements of "Supplies")
"My Love"
"Cry Me a River" (with elements of "Kashmir")
"Suit & Tie" (with elements of "Pusher Love Girl") (featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band)
"Until the End of Time"
"I Would Die 4 U" (along with a pre-recorded video of Prince, displayed on a projection screen)
"Mirrors"
"Can't Stop the Feeling!"

tag: ol


document_title: John Heisman

question_text: which school did john heisman win 33 games in a row as a coach

text: John Heisman

text: Early life and playing career[edit]

text: Heisman was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bavarian German immigrant Johann Michael Heissmann and Sara Lehr Heissman.[n 1] He grew up in northwestern Pennsylvania near Titusville, where he played varsity football for Titusville High School from 1884 to 1886, and was salutatorian of his graduating class.[8] Although he was a drama student, he confessed he was "football mad."[8] Heisman's father refused to watch him play at Titusville, calling football "bestial".[9]

text: He went on to play football as a lineman at Brown University (1887–1888)[4] and at the University of Pennsylvania (1889–1891);[3][10][11] "a 158-pound center ... in constant dread that his immediate teammates—guards weighing 212 and 243—would fall on him."[12] He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1892.[11]

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: In his book Principles of Football, Heisman described his coaching strategy: "The coach should be masterful and commanding, even dictatorial. He has no time to say 'please' or 'mister'. At times he must be severe, arbitrary, and little short of a czar."[13][14] Heisman always used a megaphone at practice.[15]

text: Early coaching career[edit]

text: Oberlin[edit]

text: Heisman first coached at Oberlin College in 1892.[8][10] Wrote The Oberlin Review in 1892: "Mr. Heisman has entirely remade our football. He has taught us scientific football."[16] Influenced by Yale and Pudge Heffelfinger, Heisman implemented seven-man interference.[17] His best lineman at Oberlin was the half German, half Hawaiian John Henry Wise.[18] Heisman also used a fake pass (from center) and a double pass.[17] Heisman returned to Oberlin in 1894.[17]

text: Buchtel[edit]

text: In 1893 he moved to Buchtel College, where he helped make the first of many permanent alterations to the sport of football. It was then customary for the center to begin a play by rolling the ball backwards, but this was troublesome for Buchtel's unusually tall quarterback, Harry Clark. Under Heisman, the center began tossing the ball to Clark, a practice that evolved into the snap that today begins every play.[19][20]

text: Auburn[edit]

text: In 1895 Heisman became the fifth head football coach at Auburn University. He witnessed one of the first illegal forward passes.[21][22] His 1895 team once executed a "hidden ball trick" in a game against Vanderbilt while appearing to run a revolving wedge.[23] Vanderbilt won nevertheless, 9 to 6; it was the first time in the history of southern football that a field goal decided a game.[24] "Billy" Williams recalled:[25]

text: I was playing left half for Auburn and Tichenor was quarterback. We were on Vandy's 15-yard line and had the ball in our possession. Tich passed the ball to me; I raised his jersey and hid the ball under it, at the same time dashing toward our right end, protected by several members of the Auburn team ... Vandy thought I had the ball. Tich journeyed around his own left and went over the Vanderbilt's goal line. The first time the Vandy players knew Tich had the ball and had made a touchdown was when they saw him pulling the ball from under his jersey.

text: Quarterback Reynolds Tichenor described the nature of the play as follows:[24]

text: The play was simply this. When the ball was snapped it went to a halfback. The play was closely massed and well screened. The halfback then thrust the ball under the back of my jersey. Then he would crash into the line. After the play I simply trotted away to a touchdown.

text: The 1899 team lost just one game, by a single point to the "Iron Men" of Sewanee, and ran an early version of the hurry-up offense.[26][27] As Heisman recalled:

text: The team of '99—my last at Auburn—was a great one. It only weighed about 160 (pounds per player), but its speed and team work were something truly wonderful. I do not think I have ever seen so fast a team as that was. It would line up and get the ball in play at times before the opposing players were up off the ground. You see it was a 'stunt' of ours to catch them off side and get the benefit of the penalty. Nowadays no team is taken by surprise by such lightning lining up; but that Auburn team of '99 was the first to show what could be done with speedy play, and then it wasn't long before all other teams were laboring with might and main to inject speed into their work.

text: Fuzzy Woodruff relates on All-Southern selections: "The first selections that had any pretense of being backed by a judicial consideration were made by W. Reynolds Tichenor, old-time Auburn quarterback, who had kept in intimate contact with football through being a sought-after official. The next selections were made by John W. Heisman, who was as good a judge of football men as the country ever produced."[28][29] Heisman drew much acclaim as a sportswriter.[30]

text: Clemson[edit]

text: In 1900 Heisman, then "the undisputed master of Southern football",[31] went to Clemson University, where he coached four winning seasons and three Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) titles. Auburn graduate Walter Riggs led the effort to raise the $415.11 to hire Heisman,[32] the first Clemson coach who had experience coaching at another school.[33] As Riggs recalled, "By 1899 the Clemson football team had risen steadily until its material was equal to that of any southern college, and the time had come to put on the long-planned finishing touch."[34] Heisman once described his style of play at Clemson as "radically different from anything on earth".[35][36][n 2] On opening day in 1900, Clemson beat Davidson by a 64–0 score, which was then the largest ever made in the south.[38]

text: The 1901 Clemson team was tied by Tennessee. The 1902 team beat Tennessee 11–0, during which the Volunteers' Tootsie Douglas launched a 109-yard punt (the field length was 110 yards in those days).[39][40][41] Heisman described the kick:

text: The day was bitterly cold and a veritable typhoon was blowing straight down the field from one end to the other. We rushed the ball with more consistency than Tennessee, but throughout the entire first half they held us because of the superb punting of "Toots" Douglas, especially because, in that period he had the gale squarely with him. Going against that blizzard our labors were like unto those of Tantalus. Slowly, with infinite pains and a maximum of exertion, we pushed the ball from our territory to their 10-yard line. We figured we had another down to draw on, but the referee begged to differ. He handed the ball to Tennessee and the "tornado." Their general cheerfully chirped a signal—Saxe Crawford, it must have been—and "Toots" with sprightly step, dropped back for another of his Milky Way punts. I visualize him still, standing on his own goal line and squarely between his uprights. One quick glance he cast overhead—no doubt to make sure that howling was still the same old hurricane.

text: I knew at once what he proposed to do. The snap was perfect. "Toots" caught the ball, took two smart steps and—BLAM!—away shot the ball as though from the throat of Big Bertha. And, say, in his palmiest mathematical mood, I don't believe Sir Isaac Newton himself could have figured a more perfect trajectory to fit with that cyclone. Onward and upward, upward and onward, the crazy thing flew like a brainchild of Jules Verne. I thought it would clear the Blue Ridge Mountains. Our safety man, the great Johnny Maxwell, was positioned 50 yards behind our rush line, yet the punt sailed over his head like a phantom aeroplane. Finally, it came down, but still uncured of its wanderlust it started in to roll—toward our goal, of course, with Maxwell chasing and damning it with every step and breath. Finally it curled up and died on our one-footline, after a bowstring journey of just 109 yards.[42]

text: In 1902 Clemson lost 12–6 to South Carolina in Columbia, for the first time since 1896, when their rivalry began.[43] Several fights broke out that day. As one writer describes, "The Carolina fans that week were carrying around a poster with the image of a tiger with a gamecock standing on top of it, holding the tiger's tail as if he was steering the tiger". Another brawl broke out before both sides agreed to burn the poster in an effort to defuse tensions. The immediate aftermath resulted in the suspension of the rivalry until 1909.[44][45]

text: The 1903 team tied Cumberland 11–11 in a game billed as the championship of the South. Clemson's 73–0 victory over Georgia Tech led Clemson to name a street on the campus for Heisman and led Georgia Tech to hire him for the following season. Rival school Georgia offered a bushel of apples for every point over 29 Clemson could score on Tech (the week before, Clemson had beaten Georgia 29–0.). Clemson then rushed for 615 yards.[46] Star players for Clemson under Heisman included Vedder Sitton, Hope Sadler, and Jock Hanvey.[47] One publication reads: "Vetter Sitton and Hope Sadler were the finest ends that Clemson ever had perhaps."[48]

text: Georgia Tech[edit]

text: Heisman moved from Clemson to Georgia Tech in 1904, where he coached for the longest tenure of his career, 16 years.[49][n 3] A banner proclaiming "Tech Gets Heisman for 1904" was strung across Atlanta's Piedmont Park.[51] Heisman was hired by Tech for $2,250 a year and 30% of the home ticket sales,[52] a $50 raise over his Clemson salary.[51] Later in his time at Tech, his salary went up but the percentage of receipts went down.[52]

text: Baseball and basketball[edit]

text: At Georgia Tech, Heisman coached basketball and baseball in addition to football.[53] Heisman eventually coached track as well and became the head of the Atlanta Baseball Association and the athletic director of the Atlanta Athletic Club.[52][54][n 4] He cut back on these expanded duties in 1918, when he only coached football between September 1 and December 15.[52]

text: Football[edit]

text: Heisman won 77% of his football games and put together 16 consecutive non-losing seasons, including three undefeated campaigns and a 32-game undefeated streak.[n 5] Georgia Tech is where Heisman first utilized the jump shift.[57][58]

text: His first season was a strong 8–1–1 performance, the first winning season for the school since 1893.[52] One source relates: "The real feature of the season was the marvelous advance made by the Georgia School of Technology which burst from fetters that kept it in the lowest class for ten years."[59] His team posted victories over Georgia, Tennessee, University of Florida at Lake City, and Cumberland, and a tie with his previous employer, Clemson. He suffered just one loss, to another first year coach, Mike Donahue of Auburn. The 1905 team went 6–0–1,[60] and Heisman gained a reputation as a coaching "wizard".[61]

text: In 1906 the rules committee legalized the forward pass, for which Heisman was instrumental.[2] The 1906 team beat Auburn for the first time. Stars of this early period for Tech included Lob Brown and Billy Wilson.[62][63] The 1907 and 1908 teams were led by Chip Robert and "Twenty Percent" Davis, who was captain in 1909.[60]

text: The team continued to post winning records but with multiple losses each season. The 1911 team featured future coach William Alexander as a reserve quarterback,[64][65] and was captained by Pat Patterson.[60] Alf McDonald made an All-Southern team in 1912,[66] and the team moved to Grant Field from Ponce de Leon Park (where the Atlanta baseball team also played) by 1913.[67]

text: From 1915 to 1918 Georgia Tech went 30–1–2 and outscored opponents 1611 to 93. The 1915 team was immediately dubbed the greatest in Tech's history.[68][69] One writer claimed the 1916 team "seemed to personify Heisman".[70] This was the first team to vault Georgia Tech to national prominence.[65] In a game played in Atlanta in 1916, Heisman's Georgia Tech squad defeated the Cumberland College Bulldogs, 222–0, in the most one-sided college football game ever played. Heisman's running up the score against his out-manned opponent was supposedly motivated by revenge against Cumberland's baseball team for running up the score against Tech 22–0 the previous year with a team primarily composed of semi-pro players, and against sportswriters he felt were too focused on numbers.[71]

text: In 1917, the backfield of Everett Strupper, Joe Guyon, Al Hill, and Judy Harlan helped propel Heisman to his finest success, a national championship, the first for a southern team. The team produced the first two players from the Deep South ever selected All-American: Strupper and team captain, tackle Walker Carpenter.[72] Heisman challenged Pop Warner's undefeated Pittsburgh team to a decisive national championship game, but he declined. In the next season of 1918, after losing several players to World War I, Tech lost a lopsided game to Pitt 32–0. Historian Francis J. Powers wrote:

text: At Forbes Field, the dressing rooms of the two teams were separated only by a thin wall. As the Panthers were sitting around, awaiting Warner's pre-game talk, Heisman began to orate in the adjoining room. In his charge to the Tech squad, Heisman became flowery and fiery. He brought the heroes of ancient Greece and the soldier dead in his armor among the ruins of Pompeii. It was terrific and the Panthers sat, spellbound. When Heisman had finished, Warner chortled and quietly said to his players: 'Okay, boys. There's the speech. Now go out and knock them off.'[73]

text: Tech eclipsed 100 points three different times in 1918. Buck Flowers, a small back in his first year on the team, was in the backfield after transferring from Davidson a year before, where he had starred in a game against Tech. Flowers had grown to weigh 150 pounds and was a backup until Heisman discovered his ability as an open-field runner on punt returns.[74] "Heisman's eyes bulged. And bulged again. On the first punt, Buck ran through the entire first team. Same thing again ... and again. Heisman had uncovered one of the greatest broken-field runners."[74]

text: Also in 1918, center Bum Day became the first player from the south selected for Walter Camp's first team All-America, historically loaded with college players from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and other northeastern colleges.[75]

text: Penn and Washington & Jefferson[edit]

text: With Bill Alexander hired as his successor, Heisman left Atlanta after the 1919 season,[76] going back to Penn for three seasons from 1920 to 1922. Most notable perhaps is the 1922 loss to Alabama, the Tide's first major inter-sectional victory.[77] In 1923 Heisman coached the Washington & Jefferson Presidents, which beat the previously undefeated West Virginia Mountaineers.[78]

text: Rice University[edit]

text: Following the season at Washington and Jefferson College, Heisman ended his coaching career with four seasons at Rice. In 1924, after being selected by The Committee on Outdoor Sports,[79] he took over the job as Rice University's first full-time head football coach and athletic director, succeeding Phillip Arbuckle.[80] His teams saw little success, and there was an uproar as he earned more than any faculty member. Rice University was his last coaching job before he retired in 1926 to lead the New York Downtown Athletic Club.[80]

text: Acting career[edit]

text: Heisman was a Shakespearean actor in the off-season.[4] His oration at his Titusville Highschool graduation entitled "The Dramatist as Sermonizer" was described as "full of dramatic emphasis and fire, and showed how the masterpieces of Shakespeare depicted the ends of unchecked passion."[8][81] He was known for his use of polysyllabic language. "Heisman's voice was deep, his diction perfect, his tone biting."[12] This is exemplified in his speeches, one of which is given here. He was known to repeat this annually, at the start of each football season, to encourage his team:[82]

text: What is this? It is a prolate spheroid, an elongated sphere in which the outer leather casing is drawn tightly over a somewhat smaller rubber tubing. Better to have died as a small boy than to fumble this football.

text: In 1897 the Auburn football team finished $700 in debt, and Heisman directed, produced, and acted in David Garrick to raise the money.[83] As such, he became the founder of Auburn's first theatrical group: The A.P.I. Dramatic Club.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Heisman met his first wife, an actress, while he was at participating in theater during his time at Clemson.[84] Evelyn McCollum Cox was a widow with a single child, a boy named Carlisle.[85] They got married during the 1903 season. Carlisle was 12 at the time, and he and Heisman would remain close after John and Evelyn had divorced each other.[84][86] They decided to separate in 1918 when Heisman was coaching at Georgia Tech and he and Evelyn were living in Atlanta.[84] To prevent any social embarrassment to his former wife, who chose to remain in the city, he left Atlanta after the divorce and took the head coaching position at Penn.[67][84]

text: In 1924, while living in Washington, Pennsylvania, and coaching at Washington and Jefferson College, Heisman remarried. He first met Edith Maora Cole when she was a student in Buchtel College, where he was coaching football during the 1893 and 1894 seasons.[84] The two were close but decided not to marry due to Edith's problems with tuberculosis.[84] When they met again in their later years, the two decided to marry; this was in 1924, right before Heisman left Pennsylvania and took his last job as a coach at Rice University in Texas.[84]

text: Death and legacy[edit]

text: Heisman became the athletics director of the Downtown Athletic Club in Manhattan, New York. In 1935 the club began awarding a Downtown Athletic Club trophy for the best football player east of the Mississippi River.[4]

text: Heisman died of pneumonia on October 3, 1936, in New York City.[4] Three days later he was taken by train to his wife's hometown of Rhinelander, Wisconsin, where he was buried in Grave D, Lot 11, Block 3 of the city-owned Forest Home Cemetery.[87][88] When Heisman died, he was preparing to write a history of football.[89]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Heisman was an innovator. He developed one of the first shifts:[90] he had both guards pull to lead an end run, and had his center toss the ball back instead of rolling or kicking it.[91][n 6] He was a proponent of the legalization of the forward pass in 1906, and he originated the "hike" or "hep" shouted by the quarterback to start each play. He led the effort to cut the game from halves to quarters, and is credited with the idea of the scoreboard and of putting his quarterback at safety on defense.[2]

text: On December 10, 1936, just two months after Heisman's death on October 3, the Downtown Athletic Club trophy was renamed the Heisman Memorial Trophy,[4] and is now given to the player voted as the season's most outstanding collegiate football player. Voters for this award consist primarily of media representatives, who are allocated by regions across the country in order to filter out possible regional bias, and former recipients.[4] Following the bankruptcy of the Downtown Athletic Club in 2002, the award is now given out by the Heisman Trust.

text: Heisman Street on Clemson's campus is named in his honor. Heisman Drive, located directly south of Jordan–Hare Stadium on the Auburn University campus, is named in his honor as well.[93] A wooden statue of Heisman was placed at the Rhinelander–Oneida County Airport.[94] Heisman has also been the subject of a musical.[95]

text: Coaching tree[edit]

text: Heisman's coaching tree includes:

text:
Bill Alexander: played for Georgia Tech (1911–1912), head coach for Georgia Tech (1920–1944)[96]
Bill Fincher: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1920), head coach for William & Mary (1921), assistant for Georgia Tech (1927–1928)[97]
Jack Forsythe: played for Clemson (1900–1903), head coach for Florida State College (1904), Florida (1906)[98]
Charles "Wahoo" Guyon: assistant for Georgia Tech (1917)[72]
Joe Guyon: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1917), head coach for Union College (1919; 1923–1927)[99]
Jock Hanvey: played for Clemson (1902–1903), assistant for Florida State College (1904)[100]
Froggie Morrison: played for Georgia Tech (1914–1916), assistant for Georgia Tech (1933)[101]
Pup Phillips: played for Georgia Tech (1916–1917; 1919), head coach for University School for Boys (1923)[102]
Carl Sitton: played for Clemson (1901–1903), head baseball coach for Clemson (1915–1916)[103]
Everett Strupper: played for Georgia Tech (1915–1917), assistant for Mercer (1922)[104]
Reynolds Tichenor: played for Auburn (1893–1896), assistant for Auburn (1911–1919)[105]
Billy Watkins, who replaced Heisman at Auburn (1900), "an old pupil of Heisman's".[106]
Fay Wood: assistant for Georgia Tech (1918–1920)[96]

text: Head coaching record[edit]

text: Football[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing

Oberlin Yeomen (Independent) (1892)

1892
Oberlin
7–0

Buchtel (Independent) (1893–1894)

1893
Buchtel
5–2

1894
Buchtel
1–0

Buchtel:
6–2

Oberlin Yeomen (Independent) (1894)

1894
Oberlin
4–3–1

Oberlin:
11–3–1

Auburn Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1895–1899)

1895
Auburn
2–1
2–1
3rd

1896
Auburn
3–1
3–1
4th

1897
Auburn
2–0–1
2–0–1
3rd

1898
Auburn
2–1
2–1
4th

1899
Auburn
3–1–1
2–1–1
6th

Auburn:
12–4–2
11–4–2

Clemson Tigers (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1900–1903)

1900
Clemson
6–0
3–0
T–1st

1901
Clemson
3–1–1
2–0–1
2nd

1902
Clemson
6–1
6–0
T–1st

1903
Clemson
4–1–1
4–0–1
T–1st

Clemson:
19–3–2
15–0–2

Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1904–1913)

1904
Georgia Tech
8–1–1
2–1–1
6th

1905
Georgia Tech
6–0–1
4–0–1
2nd

1906
Georgia Tech
5–3–1
3–3
8th

1907
Georgia Tech
4–4
2–4
10th

1908
Georgia Tech
6–3
5–3
6th

1909
Georgia Tech
7–2
5–2
5th

1910
Georgia Tech
5–3
3–3
11th

1911
Georgia Tech
6–2–1
5–2–1
5th

1912
Georgia Tech
5–3–1
5–3
5th

1913
Georgia Tech
7–2
5–2
4th

Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets (Independent) (1914–1915)

1914
Georgia Tech
6–2

1915
Georgia Tech
7–0–1

Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets / Golden Tornado (Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1916–1919)

1916
Georgia Tech
8–0–1
4–0–1
T–1st

1917
Georgia Tech
9–0
4–0
1st

1918
Georgia Tech
6–1
3–0
1st

1919
Georgia Tech
7–3
3–2
8th

Georgia Tech:
102–29–7
53–25–4

Penn Quakers (Independent) (1920–1922)

1920
Penn
6–4

1921
Penn
4–3–2

1922
Penn
6–3

Penn:
16–10–2

Washington & Jefferson Presidents (Independent) (1923)

1923
Washington & Jefferson
6–1–1

Washington & Jefferson:
6–1–1

Rice Owls (Southwest Conference) (1924–1927)

1924
Rice
4–4
2–2
T–3rd

1925
Rice
4–4–1
1–2–1
5th

1926
Rice
4–4–1
0–4
7th

1927
Rice
2–6–1
1–3
6th

Rice:
14–18–3
4–11–1

Total:
186–70–18
83–41–9

      National championship         Conference title         Conference division title

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Born Johann Wilhelm Heisman on October 23, 1869 ... The name John William was later adopted in order to make less apparent the fact that he was the son of immigrants. His father was ostensibly the estranged son of German aristocrats and husband to his Ohio born wife, for whom he gave up his family, inheritance, and surname."[5][6] His mother's grandfather had been an aide-de-campe to Napoleon.[7]
Jump up ^ Fuzzy Woodruff wrote "the just historian will reach the inevitable conclusion that Heisman never did anything that it wasn't customary for his rivals to do."[37]
Jump up ^ The same season, Dan McGugin was hired by Vanderbilt and Mike Donahue by Auburn, challenging Heisman's eminence in the South.[50]
Jump up ^ In 1909, Atlanta captured the Southern Association title.[55]
Jump up ^ Georgia Tech selected an "All-Heisman Era" team; in the line: Al Staton, Walker Carpenter, Bob Lang, Pup Phillips, Dummy Lebey, Bill Fincher, Jim Senter, and in the backfield: Al Hill, Joe Guyon, Everett Strupper, and Tommy Spence.[56]
Jump up ^ Former Yale center Pa Corbin described how one used to snap the ball with his foot: "By standing the ball on end and exercising a certain pressure on the same, it was possible to have it bound into the quarterback's hands."[92]


document_title: History of Corpus Christi, Texas

question_text: how long has it been since a hurricane hit corpus christi

text: History of Corpus Christi, Texas

text: Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War[edit]

text: Corpus Christi was founded in 1839 by Colonel Henry Lawrence Kinney as Kinney's Trading Post, or Kinney's Ranch, a small trading post to sell supplies to a Mexican revolutionary army camped about 25 miles west, just three years after Texas declared independence from Mexico but the post was located in the disputed territory south of the Nueces River.[5] In July 1845, U.S. troops under General Zachary Taylor set up camp there in preparation for war with Mexico, where they remained until March 1846, when they marched south to the Rio Grande to enforce it as the southern border of the United States.[6]

text: Civil War[edit]

text: On February 23, 1861, in a statewide vote on secession, the vote in Corpus Christi was 87 for secession and 40 against, which brought the total vote in Nueces County to 164 for and 42 against. There were many Union sympathizers in the city. Some originally came from the North and some were veterans of the Mexican War.

text: In the second week of August 1862, five Union warships under the command of Lt. J.W. Kittredge sailed into Corpus Christi Bay and bombarded the city. Stores and houses below the bluff made easy targets for Kittredge's guns. The bombardment did considerable damage to the town. Many of the residents had evacuated before the battle. After it was over, people began to return to town. The Confederates, provoked by the attack, then began to take revenge by plundering the homes and property of known Union supporters.[7]

text: Port of Corpus Christi[edit]

text: The port of Corpus Christi opened in 1925 after culminating efforts that began as early as 1848 to obtain a deep-water port.[5] The Port of Corpus Christi currently is the sixth largest U.S. port and deepest inshore port on the Gulf of Mexico, it handles mostly oil and agricultural products. In 2005 it was ranked as the 47th largest in the world by cargo tonnage.

text: Natural disasters[edit]

text: Hurricanes[edit]

text: Corpus Christi has been affected by many hurricanes and tropical storms.

text:
1916 Texas hurricane
1919 Florida Keys hurricane
Hurricane Carla (1961)
Hurricane Beulah (1967)
Hurricane Celia (1970)
Tropical Storm Amelia (1978)
Hurricane Bret (1999)
Hurricane Harvey (2017)

tag: ul

text: Timeline[edit]