document_title: Netball

question_text: how big is a netball court in meters

question_tokens: how big is a netball court in meters

text: Netball

text: History

text: Netball emerged from early versions of basketball and evolved into its own sport as the number of women participating in sports increased. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith in the United States. The game was initially played indoors between two teams of nine players, using an association football that was thrown into closed-end peach baskets.[14] Naismith's game spread quickly across the United States and variations of the rules soon emerged. Physical education instructor Senda Berenson developed modified rules for women in 1892; these eventually gave rise to women's basketball. Around this time separate intercollegiate rules were developed for men and women.[15] The various basketball rules converged into a universal set in the United States.

text: Martina Bergman-Österberg introduced a version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at the Physical Training College in Hampstead, London.[16] The rules of the game were modified at the college over several years: the game moved outdoors and was played on grass; the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; and in 1897 and 1899, rules from women's basketball in the United States were incorporated.[15][17] Madame Österberg's new sport acquired the name "net ball".[18] The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association, later the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom.[11][19] From England, netball spread to other countries in the British Empire. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around 1900 and in New Zealand from 1906,[11][20] while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.[21]

text: From the start, it was considered socially appropriate for women to play netball; netball's restricted movement appealed to contemporary notions of women's participation in sports, and the sport was distinct from potential rival male sports.[11][22] Netball became a popular women's sport in countries where it was introduced and spread rapidly through school systems. School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century,[23][24] and in 1924 the first national governing body was established in New Zealand.[20] International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia hosted New Zealand in the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938; Australia won 40–11.[20] Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later the International Netball Federation (INF), was formed to administer the sport worldwide.[12]

text: Representatives from England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the West Indies were part of a 1960 meeting in Sri Lanka that standardised the rules for the game.[25] The game spread to other African countries in the 1970s.[26][27] South Africa was prohibited from competing internationally from 1969 to 1994 due to apartheid.[28][29] In the United States, Netball's popularity also increased during the 1970s, particularly in the New York area, and the United States of America Netball Association was created in 1992.[30] The game also became popular in the Pacific Island nations of the Cook Islands, Fiji and Samoa during the 1970s.[31] Netball Singapore was created in 1962,[32] and the Malaysian Netball Association was created in 1978.[33]

text: In Australia, the term women's basketball was used to refer to both netball and basketball.[34] During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement arose to change the Australian name of the game from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports. The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay the costs involved to alter the name, but the netball organisation rejected the change.[34] In 1970, the Council of the All Australia Netball Association officially changed the name to "netball" in Australia.[11]

text: In 1963, the first international tournament was held in Eastbourne, England. Originally called the World Tournament, it later became known as the World Netball Championships.[35] Following the first tournament, one of the organisers, Miss R. Harris, declared,

text: England could learn from the mistakes in the past from the empty stands at Eastbourne. To get the right publicity and the right status desired, the game must emerge from the school playground. Netball should be part of a sports centre where social events could also be held.[35]

text: The World Netball Championships have been held every four years since, most recently in 2015. The World Youth Netball Championships started in Canberra in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee designated netball as an Olympic recognised sport.[11] Three years later it debuted at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur.[12] Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, including the Nations Cup and the Asian Netball Championship.[36][37]

text: Gender

text: As of 2006, the IFNA recognises only women's netball.[38] Men's netball teams exist in some areas but attract less attention from sponsors and spectators.[39] Men's netball started to become popular in Australia during the 1980s, and the first men's championship was held in 1985.[38] In 2004, New Zealand and Fiji sent teams to compete in the Australian Mixed and Men's National Championships.[38] By 2006, mixed netball teams in Australia had as many male participants as rugby union.[40][41] Other countries with men's national teams include Canada, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.[42] Unlike women's netball at elite and national levels, men's and mixed gender teams are largely self-funded.[38]

text: An all-transgender netball team from Indonesia competed at the 1994 Gay Games in New York City.[43] The team had been the Indonesian national champions.[43] At the 2000 Gay Games VI in Sydney, netball and volleyball were the two sports with the highest rates of transgender athletes participating.[44] There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgender.[44] They came from places like Palm Island in northern Queensland, Samoa, Tonga and Papua New Guinea.[44] Teams with transgender players were allowed to participate in several divisions including men's, mixed and transgender; they were not allowed to compete against the cisgender women's teams.[44]

text: Description and rules

text: The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition. Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring. The goal rings are 380 millimetres (15 in) in diameter and sit atop 3.05-metre (10.0 ft)-high goal posts that have no backboards.[45] A 4.9-metre (16 ft)-radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is an area at each end of the court. The goal posts are located within the shooting circle. Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other.[45] The netball court is 30.5 metres (100 ft) long, 15.25 metres (50.0 ft) wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds. The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures 680 to 710 millimetres (27 to 28 in) in circumference, and weighs 397 to 454 grams (14.0 to 16.0 oz).[46][47] A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters[46][48] and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.

text: Each team is allowed seven players on the court.[49] Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court. A "bib" worn by each player contains a two-letter abbreviation indicating this position.[50] Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal. Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals. Other players are restricted to two thirds of the court, with the exception of the Centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.[51]

text: At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court. These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal. When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass. The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third.[52][53] The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court. Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time. It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again.[46] Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play. When defending a pass or shot players must be at least 90 centimetres (35 in) away from the player with the ball. If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball.[54] If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.[55]

text: Variants

text: Indoor netball

text: Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, permitting faster play by reducing playing stoppages.[56]

text: Different forms of indoor netball exist. In a seven-per-side version called "action netball", seven players per team play with rules similar to netball. However, a game is split into 15-minute halves with a three-minute break in between. This version is played in Australia,[57] New Zealand,[58] South Africa[59] and England.[60]

text: A six-per-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand. Two Centres per team can play in the whole court except the shooting circles; the remaining attacking and defending players are each restricted to one half of the court, including the shooting circles. The attacking and Centre players may shoot from outside the shooting circle for a two-point goal.[61][62]

text: A five-per-side game is also common in indoor netball. Players can move throughout the court, with the exception of the shooting circles, which are restricted to certain attacking or defending players.

text: Fast5 (originally called Fastnet) is a variation on the rules of netball designed to make games faster and more television-friendly. The World Netball Series promotes it to raise the sport's profile and attract more spectators and greater sponsorship.[63][64] The game is much shorter, with each quarter lasting only six minutes and only a two-minute break between quarters.[65] The coaches can give instructions from the sideline during play, and unlimited substitutions are allowed.[65] Like six-per-side indoor netball, attacking players may shoot two-point goals from outside the shooting circle.[65][66] Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team is worth double points and the centre pass is taken by the team that conceded the goal.[65]

text: For children

text: Netball has been adapted in several ways to meet children's needs. The rules for children are similar to those for adults, but various aspects of the game (such as the length of each quarter, goal height, and ball size) are modified.

text: Fun Net is a version of netball developed by Netball Australia for five- to seven-year-olds. It aims to improve basic netball skills using games and activities.[67] The Fun Net program runs for 8–16 weeks. There are no winners or losers. The goal posts are 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high, and a smaller ball is used.[68]

text: Netball Australia also runs a modified game called Netta aimed at 8- to 11-year-olds.[69] The goal height and ball size are the same as for adults, but players rotate positions during the game, permitting each player to play each position.[70] Netta was created to develop passing and catching skills. Its rules permit six seconds between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game.[69] Most players under 11 play this version at netball clubs.[70]

text: A version called High Five Netball is promoted by the All England Netball Association.[71] It is aimed at 9- to 11-year-old girls and includes only five positions.[71] The players swap positions during the game.[72] When a player is not on the court, she is expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper.[71] High Five Netball has four six-minute quarters.[71][72]

text: Governance

text: The recognised international governing body of netball is the International Federation of Netball Associations (IFNA), based in Manchester, England.[19] Founded in 1960, the organisation was initially called the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball.[12] The IFNA is responsible for compiling world rankings for national teams, maintaining the rules for netball and organising several major international competitions.

text: As of July 2012, the IFNA has 49 full and 24 associate national members in five regions.[73][74] Each region has an IFNA regional federation.[75]

text:
IFNA region
Regional federation

Africa
Confederation of African Netball Associations

Americas
Americas Federation of Netball Associations

Asia
Netball Asia

Europe
Netball Europe

Oceania
Oceania Netball Federation

text: The IFNA is affiliated with the General Association of International Sports Federations, the International World Games Association and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations.[12] It is also a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Code.[76]

text: International competition

text: Netball is a popular participant sport in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations.[77][78] Non-Commonwealth entities with full IFNA membership include Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Argentina, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands and the United States, along with former Commonwealth members Zimbabwe, Ireland and Hong Kong.[73] According to the IFNA, over 20 million people play netball in more than 80 countries.[12][13] International tournaments are held among countries in each of the five IFNA regions, either annually or every four years. School leagues and national club competitions have been organised in England,[79] Australia,[11] New Zealand[20] and Jamaica[21] since the early twentieth century. Franchise-based netball leagues did not emerge until the late 1990s. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries. Despite widespread local interest, participation was largely amateur.[80]

text: Netball was one of three new sports included in the 1998 Commonwealth Games and has been a fixture ever since.[81] Twelve teams competed there in 2010.[81] Australia and New Zealand have won two golds and two silvers each, while England has three bronzes and Jamaica one bronze.[82]

text: The major international tournament in Africa is organised by the Confederation of Southern African Netball Associations, which invites teams from Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and the Seychelles to take part.[83] The tournament is hosted by a country within the region; senior and under 21 teams compete.[83] The tournament has served as a qualifier for the World Championships.[84] South Africa launched a new domestic competition in 2011 called Netball Grand Series. It features eight regional teams from South Africa and is aimed at increasing the amount of playing time for players. It runs for 17 weeks and replaces the National Netball League, which was played over only two weeks. According to Proteas captain Elsje Jordaan, it was hoped that the competition would create an opportunity for players to become professional.[85]

text: The American Federation of Netball Associations (AFNA) hosts two tournaments each year: the Caribbean Netball Association (CNA) Under 16 Championship and the AFNA Senior Championship.[86] The CNA championship involves two divisions of teams from the Caribbean islands. In 2010 five teams competed in two rounds of round robin matches in the Championship Division, while four teams competed in the Developmental Division.[87] Jamaica, which has lost only once in the tournament,[88] decided not to play the 2011 tournament.[87] The AFNA Senior Championship includes Canada and the US along with the Caribbean nations. The tournament serves as a qualifier for the World Championship. Jamaica, with its high ranking, does not have to qualify; this leaves two spots to the other teams in the tournament.[89]

text: The Asian Netball Championship is held every four years. The seventh Asian games were held in 2009 and featured Singapore, Thailand, Maldives, Taiwan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, India and Pakistan.[90] There is also an Asian Youth Netball Championship for girls under 21 years of age, the seventh of which was held in 2010.[91]

text: The major netball competition in Europe is the Netball Superleague, which features nine teams from England, Wales and Scotland.[92][93] The league was created in 2005.[18] Matches are broadcast on Sky Sports.[94]

text: Netball has been featured at the Pacific Games, a multi-sport event with participation from 22 countries from around the South Pacific.[95] The event is held every four years and has 12 required sports; the host country chooses the other four. Netball is not a required sport and has missed selection, particularly when former French or American territories host the games.[96]

text: The ANZ Championship was a Trans-Tasman competition held between 2008 and 2016 that was broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia. It was contested among ten teams from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy and New Zealand's National Bank Cup as the pre-eminent netball league in those countries.[97] The competition was held annually between April and July, consisting of 69 matches played over 17 weeks. The ANZ Championship saw netball become a semi-professional sport in both countries, with increased media coverage and player salaries.[98][99] The competition was replaced by new leagues in 2017, the Suncorp Super Netball (Australia) and ANZ Premiership (New Zealand).

text: Major championships

text: There are four major international netball competitions; the Netball World Cup, Netball at the Commonwealth Games, Netball Quad Series and Fast5 Netball World Series.

text: Netball's important competition is the World Netball Championships (also known as the Netball World Cup), held every four years. It was first held in 1963 at the Chelsea College of Physical Education at Eastbourne, England, with eleven nations competing. Since its inception the competition has been dominated primarily by the Australian and New Zealand teams, which hold ten and four titles, respectively. Trinidad and Tobago is the only other team to win a championship title. That title, won in 1979, was shared with New Zealand and Australia; all three teams finished with equal points at the end of the round robin, and there were no finals.[100]

text: The Fast5 Series is a competition among the top six national netball teams, as ranked by the INF World Rankings.[101] It is organised by the INF in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations, UK Sport, and the host city's local council.[102] The All England Netball Association covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances.[103] It is held over three days, with each team playing each other once during the first two days in a round-robin format. The four highest-scoring teams advance to the semi-finals; the winners face each other in the Grand Final.[104] The competition features modified fastnet rules and has been likened to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens.[105][106] A new format featuring shorter matches with modified rules was designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences.[105] The World Netball Series was held annually in England from 2009 to 2011.

text: Netball gained Olympic recognition in 1995 after 20 years of lobbying.[11][107] Although it has never been played at the Summer Olympics, politicians and administrators have been campaigning to have it included in the near future.[108][109] Its absence from the Olympics has been seen by the netball community as a hindrance in the global growth of the game by limiting access to media attention and funding sources.[26][110][111] Some funding sources became available with recognition in 1995,[112] including the International Olympic Committee, national Olympic committees, national sport organisations, and state and federal governments.[112][113]


document_title: Christopher Robin (film)

question_text: when does chritopher robin come out on dvd

root

text: Christopher Robin (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Christopher Robin is leaving for boarding school, so his friends from the Hundred Acre Wood – Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo, Owl, and Rabbit – throw a goodbye party. Christopher comforts Pooh and tells him that he will never forget him.

tag: p

text: Christopher goes to boarding school but gets reprimanded for drawing pictures of Pooh during class. Soon after this, his father dies, forcing Christopher to grow up. After entering adulthood, Christopher moves to London, meets and marries an architect named Evelyn, with whom he has a daughter named Madeline. He serves in the British Army during World War II. After the war, he works as an efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages. He neglects his family due to his demanding job and plans on sending Madeline to boarding school as well. With the company hitting hard times, Christopher’s boss, Giles Winslow Jr. tells Christopher to decrease expenditures by 20%, largely by choosing which employees to lay off, and to present his plan on Monday. This causes Christopher to reluctantly miss joining his family at their countryside cottage in Sussex for a summer-ending weekend.

text: Meanwhile, Pooh awakens and is unable to find his friends, so he decides to travel through Christopher's door and finds himself in London. He reunites with Christopher, who is shocked to see Pooh, but takes him back to his home.  After a night and morning of chaos (including Pooh knocking down all of his kitchen shelves in search of honey), Christopher escorts Pooh back to Sussex on the next train.

text: After sneaking past Christopher's cottage, the two enter the Hundred Acre Wood. Christopher becomes exasperated by Pooh's absent-mindedness and fear of Heffalumps and Woozles, and angrily tells Pooh that he is not a child anymore, before the two get separated in the fog. After falling into a "Heffalump Trap", which is then flooded by rainfall, soaking him and his belongings, Christopher discovers Eeyore and Piglet, who lead him to the others, hiding in a log out of fear of a Heffalump. Unable to persuade his friends that he is truly Christopher Robin, he pretends to defeat a Heffalump to convince them. Finally realising that he is Christopher Robin, they joyfully greet him. When they reunite with Pooh at their meeting spot, Christopher apologizes for getting upset earlier. Christopher tells Pooh how lost he feels, but Pooh reminds him that they have found each other and comforts him with a hug.

text: The next morning, Christopher, realising how late he is, rushes from the Hundred Acre Wood to make his presentation. He encounters his family and, unable to tell them about his old friends in the Hundred Acre Wood, leaves. Pooh discovers that Tigger removed Christopher's important paperwork when drying his briefcase, so Pooh, Tigger, Piglet and Eeyore decide to travel to London to give it back. They meet Madeline, who recognizes them from her father's drawings. She joins them, wanting to dissuade her father about boarding school; Evelyn follows after discovering a note Madeline left.

text: At the meeting, Christopher discovers that his papers are not in his briefcase, which contains objects from the woods that Tigger left for him, including Eeyore’s detachable tail. Evelyn arrives and Christopher joins her to search for Madeline. Madeline's group stow away in Winslow company crates, but Tigger, Eeyore and Piglet are accidentally thrown out, and they encounter Christopher and Evelyn in the process. Madeline and Pooh arrive near the Winslow building and reunite with Christopher's group, but Madeline accidentally trips on the stairs and loses all but one of the papers, upsetting her and Pooh. Christopher assures Madeline of her importance to him and that he will not send her to boarding school.

text: Christopher improvises a plan involving reducing the prices of luggage, giving employees paid leave, and selling their luggage to everyday people to increase demand. Winslow Jr. dismisses the idea, but his father, Winslow Sr. warms to it and agrees to the plan. Winslow Jr. is humiliated when it is discovered that he contributed nothing to the plan, having been golfing all weekend. Christopher later takes his family into the Hundred Acre Wood to meet the rest of his friends. He and Pooh then share a tender moment at their special spot together.

text: In a mid-credits scene, the employees of Winslow's are seen having fun at the beach while Richard M. Sherman performs "Busy Doing Nothing" on a piano. Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore and Tigger are relaxing on beach chairs with Eeyore saying "Thank you for noticing me".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin, a businessman working as an efficiency expert at Winslow Luggages who was once an imaginative boy.
Orton O'Brien as young Christopher Robin[9]
Hayley Atwell as Evelyn Robin, Christopher's wife who works as an architect
Bronte Carmichael as Madeline Robin, Christopher's daughter
Elsa Minell Solak portrays a 3-year old Madeline
Mark Gatiss as Giles Winslow Jr., Christopher's boss at Winslow Luggages
Oliver Ford Davies as Old Man Winslow, the father of Giles Winslow Jr.
Ronke Adekoluejo as Katherine Dane
Adrian Scarborough as Hal Gallsworthy
Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Ralph Butterworth
Ken Nwosu as Paul Hastings
John Dagleish as Matthew Leadbetter
Amanda Lawrence as Joan MacMillan
Katy Carmichael as Christopher Robin's mother
Tristan Sturrock as Christopher Robin's father
Paul Chahidi as Cecil Hungerford
Matt Berry as Policeman Bobby
Simon Farnaby as a taxi driver
Mackenzie Crook as a newspaper seller

tag: ul

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh, a honey-loving plush toy bear who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood & Tigger, a toy tiger who lives in the Hundred Acre Wood who loves to bounce on his tail like a spring.[10][11][12]
Brad Garrett as Eeyore, a pessimistic toy donkey in the Hundred Acre Wood who always loses his tail and talks with a deep depressing voice and tone.
Nick Mohammed as Piglet, a diminutive toy pig in the Hundred Acre Wood who is afraid of everything but has a big heart.
Peter Capaldi as Rabbit, a rabbit who is  Obsessive-Compulsive and a vegetable farmer in the Hundred Acre Wood.
Sophie Okonedo as Kanga, a toy kangaroo in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the mother of Roo.
Sara Sheen as Roo, a toy joey in the Hundred Acre Wood who is the child of Kanga.[13]
Toby Jones as Owl, the wise owl of the Hundred Acre Wood.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On April 2, 2015, Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live-action adaptation based on the characters from the Winnie the Pooh franchise was in development which would take a similar pattern to 2010's Alice in Wonderland, 2014's Maleficent, and 2015's Cinderella. Alex Ross Perry was hired to write the script and Brigham Taylor hired to produce the film, about an adult Christopher Robin returning to the Hundred Acre Wood to spend time with Pooh and the gang.[14] On November 18, 2016, it was reported that the studio had hired Marc Forster to direct the film, titled Christopher Robin, and the project would have "strong elements of magical realism as it seeks to tell an emotional journey with heartwarming adventure."[15] On March 1, 2017, Tom McCarthy was hired to rewrite the existing screenplay.[16]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On April 26, 2017, Ewan McGregor was announced to play the title character while Allison Schroeder was recruited to do additional work on the script.[17][18] On June 22, 2017, it was revealed that Gemma Arterton had been in negotiations to portray the wife of the title character but, ultimately, she passed on the role.[19] In August and September 2017, Hayley Atwell and Mark Gatiss were cast as Evelyn, Christopher Robin's wife and Giles Winslow, Christopher Robin's boss, while Brad Garrett and Nick Mohammed were cast as Eeyore and Piglet with Jim Cummings reprising his roles as both Winnie the Pooh and Tigger.[20][10][21][22] In January 2018, Peter Capaldi, Sophie Okonedo and Toby Jones were cast as Rabbit, Kanga and Owl respectively. Chris O'Dowd was originally announced as the voice of Tigger, but later stepped down from the role after audiences in test screenings reacted negatively towards how he voiced the character[23] and was replaced by Cummings.[23][24]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in early August 2017, in the United Kingdom,[25][26][19] and concluded on November 4, 2017.[27] Much of the filming of the Hundred Acre Wood scenes took place at Ashdown Forest, which was the original inspiration for the setting, as well as Windsor Great Park.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: Jóhann Jóhannsson was hired to score the film, shortly before his death on February 9, 2018.[28] The film is dedicated to his memory.[1] Klaus Badelt was announced as taking over composing duties for Jóhannsson, but the score was ultimately written by Geoff Zanelli and Jon Brion.[29] At an Academy event, songwriter and Disney Legend Richard M. Sherman revealed that the film would feature the iconic "Winnie the Pooh" theme, and that he was working on three new songs for the film,[30] titled "Goodbye Farewell", "Busy Doing Nothing" and "Christopher Robin",[1] with the first one being performed by the voice cast,[1] and the last two by Sherman.[1] "Up, Down and Touch the Ground" and "The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers" are also included in the film.[1] The film's soundtrack, featuring Zanelli and Brion's score, and Sherman's songs, was released on August 3, 2018[31]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Geoff Zanelli and Jon Brion except where noted.

text: No.TitleWriter(s)ArtistLength1."Storybook"  1:222."Goodbye Farewell"Richard M. ShermanJim Cummings, Brad Garrett, Toby Jones, Peter Capaldi, Sophie Okonedo, Nick Mohammed & Sara Sheen1:193."Not Doing Nothing Anymore"  2:494."I Would Have Liked It to Go on For a While Longer"  2:045."Chapters"  2:596."Evelyn Goes It Alone"  2:337."Easy to Lose Your Way on a Foggy Day"  2:048."Througth the Tree"  1:259."It's Not Stress, It's Pooh"  1:2810."Train Station"  2:2811."Sussex"  1:1212."Returning to the Hundred Acre Wood"  4:2613."Did You Let Me Go?"  3:3714."Swimmer or Sinker"  2:1115."Heffalump Battle"  1:3016."Is It Christopher Robin?"  1:4017."But I Found You, Didn't I?"  2:3518."Madelyn's Red Balloon"  0:5419."Expotition to London"  4:1420."Nothing Ever Bad Came from Bouncing"  1:4021."A Father of Very Little Brain"  3:3422."My Favorite Day"  2:4323."I Do Nothing Every Day"  2:5724."Busy Doing Nothing"ShermanSherman0:4525."Christopher Robin"ShermanSherman1:18

tag: table

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects studios Framestore and Method Studios, are leading the animation for the Hundred Acre Wood characters, with Overall Vfx Supervisor Chris Lawrence and Animation Supervisor Michael Eames leading the teams.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: Christopher Robin premiered in Burbank, California on July 30, 2018,[7] and was released on August 3, 2018 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.[33] The film was denied release in China, as some have speculated it was due to Chinese netizens have drawn comparisons between Winnie the Pooh and Chinese leader Xi Jinping since mid 2017. Other industry insider speculates it was likely due to other reasons such as the film's size and the presence of other Hollywood films in the market.[34][35]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first teaser poster of the film was released on March 5, 2018,[36] and the first teaser trailer was unveiled the following day.[37]

text: On May 24, 2018, it was announced that the full trailer would premiere the following day during McGregor's appearance on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[38]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Christopher Robin will be released on DVD, Blu-ray, and Ultra HD Blu-ray on November 6, 2018.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  October 28, 2018[update], Christopher Robin has grossed $98.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $94.6 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $193.5 million.[5]

text: In the United States and Canada, Christopher Robin was released alongside The Spy Who Dumped Me, The Darkest Minds, and Death of a Nation: Can We Save America a Second Time?.[40] The film made $9.5 million on its first day, including $1.5 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $24.6 million, finishing second at the box office behind holdover Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[41][42] The film fell 47% to $13 million in its second weekend, finishing third behind The Meg and Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[43][44] The film finished sixth in its third through fifth weekends, grossing $8.9 million, $6.3 million, and $5.3 million, respectively.[45][46][47]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 71% based on 219 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Christopher Robin may not equal A. A. Milne's stories – or their animated Disney adaptations – but it should prove sweet enough for audiences seeking a little childhood magic."[48] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[49] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it 4.5 out of 5 stars.[41]

text: Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times reviewed the film this way: "Once Christopher Robin softens its insufferable, needlessly cynical conception of the title character, it offers more or less what a Pooh reboot should: a lot of nostalgia, a bit of humor and tactile computer animation."[50] And David Sims of The Atlantic wrote, "It's an odd, melancholic experience that at times recalls Terrence Malick as it does A. A. Milne, but there will certainly be some viewers in its exact wheelhouse."[51] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said, "Pooh's wisdom and kindness cannot be denied. The same impulses worked for the two Paddington movies, God knows. Christopher Robin isn't quite in their league, but it's affecting nonetheless."[52] Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair gave the film a positive review and heavily praised the voice performance from Cummings, calling it "Oscar-worthy". Overall, he said, "As Winnie the Pooh (and Tigger too), the veteran voice actor gives such sweet, rumpled, affable life to the wistful bear of literary renown that it routinely breaks the heart. Cummings's performance understands something more keenly than the movie around it; he taps into a vein of humor and melancholy that is pitched at an exact frequency, one that will speak to child and adult alike. His Pooh is an agreeable nuisance and an accidental philosopher, delivering nonsensical (and yet entirely sensible) adages in a friendly, deliberate murmur ringed faintly with sadness. I wanted to (gently) yank him from the screen and take him home with me, his fuzzy little paw in mine as we ambled to the subway, the summer sun fading behind us. He's a good bear, this Pooh."[53]

text: Conversely, Alonso Duralde of TheWrap called the film "slow and charmless" and wrote, "What we're left with is a Hook-style mid-life crisis movie aimed at kids, designed to shame parents who spend too much time at the office and not enough with their families."[54] Helen O'Hara of Empire magazine gave the film a 2 out of 5 stars and said "Everyone's trying hard, but they can't quite live up to the particularly gentle, warm tone of Pooh himself. Unlike the bear of very little brain, this is a film pulled in different directions with entirely too many thoughts in its head".[55]

text: The performance of Ewan McGregor as Christopher Robin was particularly well received. David Fear of Rolling Stone said, "He's an actor who can roll with this movie's punches, whether it requires him to be light on his feet or dragged down by existential despair, exhilarated by childlike play or exasperated by a house-wrecking creature who says things like, 'People say nothing is impossible, but I do nothing every day'."  [56] Adam Forsgren for East Idaho News wrote, "First and foremost is McGregor's performance in the title role. The guy sells being the put-upon, overburdened office drone so well that it's a treat to see him begin to rediscover his younger self and let himself play...McGregor is the glue that holds this whole movie together." [57] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine stated, "But it's doubtful the movie would work at all if not for McGregor: He turns Christopher's anxiety into a haunting presence, the kind of storm cloud that we can all, now and then, feel hovering above us. Yet McGregor is also an actor capable of expressing unalloyed delight. And when, as Christopher Robin, he finally does, some of that delight rubs off on us too." [58] Brian Lowry also noted in his review for CNN, "Give much of the credit to McGregor in the thankless task of playing opposite his adorably furry co-stars, ably handling the comedy derived from the fact that he doesn't dare let others see them." [59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

People's Choice Awards

November 11, 2018

The Family Movie of 2018

Christopher Robin

Pending

[60]


document_title: A Knight's Tale

question_text: who plays young william in a knight's tale

question_tokens: who plays young william in a knight 's tale

text: A Knight's Tale

text: Plot[edit]

text: At a jousting tournament in 14th-century Europe, young squires William Thatcher, Roland, and Wat discover that their master, Sir Ector, has died. If he had completed one final pass he would have won the tournament. Destitute, William wears Ector's armour to impersonate him, winning the tournament and taking the prize.

text: Although only nobles are allowed in tournaments, William is now inspired to compete and win more prizes. Roland and Wat would rather take their share of coins and leave, but William convinces them to stay and train him to joust. Along the way to his first tournament in Rouen, the trio encounters a young Geoffrey Chaucer, who is also destitute and agrees to forge the patent of nobility that will allow William to enter under the assumed name of "Sir Ulrich von Liechtenstein" from Gelderland. At the tournament, William is brought before Simon the Summoner and Peter the Pardoner: Chaucer has a gambling problem and is in their debt. William demands Chaucer be released and promises payment.

text: In the course of competition, William's armour is damaged. He goads Kate, a blacksmith, to repair it without payment and goes on to win the sword event at the tournament. In the joust, he faces a Sir Thomas Colville, who withdraws from the tournament after being injured by William, though they exchange a ceremonial pass so that Colville can retain the honour of never having failed to complete a match. The proceedings are observed by Jocelyn, a noblewoman with whom William has become infatuated, and Count Adhemar, a rival both in the joust and for Jocelyn's heart. In the final joust of the tournament, Adhemar defeats William.

text: Kate joins William's party and forges new lightweight armour allowing him greater mobility. In the following tournament, Adhemar and William are both assigned to tilt against Sir Thomas Colville, but they learn that he is actually Edward, the Black Prince. Adhemar withdraws, but William continues the match and then addresses the prince by name, further earning Edward's respect.

text: Adhemar is called away to the Battle of Poitiers, and William achieves several victories in his absence. William proves his love for Jocelyn by complying when she first asks him to deliberately lose (in contrast to the countless knights who promise to win in her name), and then, just before he would be eliminated, to win the tournament in her name after all.

text: The group travels to London for the World Championship. William recalls leaving his father to squire for Sir Ector and learn to become a knight hoping to "change his stars". Adhemar has also arrived in London and announces that he is in negotiations with Jocelyn's father for her hand in marriage. William dominates at the tournament and he returns to visit his father, now blind and living alone in Cheapside, but is discovered by Adhemar, who alerts the authorities to William's false identity.

text: William is placed in the pillory, but is defended from the hostile crowd by his friends. Just as the mob reaches its frenzy, Prince Edward emerges from the crowd, noting that his friends' dedication to him reflects an ability to inspire others that is in the best traditions of knighthood. In acknowledgement of William's honour, Edward announces that, William is in fact, "beyond contestation", descended from a noble lineage, and knights him "Sir William".

text: William returns to the tournament to face Adhemar in the final match, but Adhemar cheats with an illegally sharpened lance, piercing William's shoulder and seriously injuring him. Entering the final pass, William is losing by two lances and must unhorse Adhemar to win. He demands to be stripped of his armour while Chaucer buys time by performing the introduction of William that he omitted earlier. Finally he tilts against Adhemar, with his father and Jocelyn in attendance. Bellowing his true name as he tilts, he knocks Adhemar to the ground with a crushing blow. Over his defeat, Adhemar experiences a vision of William and his friends mocking him that he has been weighted, measured and found wanting (ironically just like Adhemar did to William before). In the ensuing celebration, as Jocelyn and William embrace, Chaucer remarks that he should write this whole story down.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Heath Ledger as William Thatcher / Sir Ulrich von Liechtenstein

Leagh Conwell as young William Thatcher

Rufus Sewell as Count Adhemar
Shannyn Sossamon as Jocelyn
Mark Addy as Roland
Alan Tudyk as Wat
Paul Bettany as Geoffrey Chaucer
Laura Fraser as Kate
Bérénice Bejo as Christiana
James Purefoy as Edward, the Black Prince / Sir Thomas Colville
Christopher Cazenove as John Thatcher
Nick Brimble as Sir Ector
Roger Ashton-Griffiths as Old Bishop
Steven O'Donnell as Simon the Summoner
Jonathan Slinger as Peter the Pardoner
Alice Connor as Lone Girl in Cheapeside
Berwick Kaler as Man in Stocks

text: Production[edit]

text: The entire film was shot at the Barrandov Studios in Prague, Czech Republic.[6]

text: The film includes a great deal of jousting footage. The initial scene of the two knights jousting is actually footage of Heath Ledger's stunt double in an accident. During filming of a later scene in the film, the lance of the stunt double's opponent moved off target and hit him in the head. The double fell to the ground unconscious. In another incident, Ledger knocked out one of director Helgeland's front teeth with a broomstick when the two were demonstrating a jousting move. It took several months for Helgeland's mouth to heal enough to repair the damage.

text: Plenty of effort was expended creating lances that would convincingly explode upon impact without injuring the stunt riders. The body of each lance was scored so it would break easily, and the tips were made of balsa wood. Each was also hollowed out, with the holes filled with balsa splinters and uncooked linguine.[7] Jousting armour was made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo Ltd. using a unique sprayed polyurethane system that they invented for the film Gladiator. Onscreen, it is almost impossible to distinguish between the polyurethane stunt armour and steel armour, much of which was also made by Armordillo. Heath Ledger's armour was originally made in steel along with three polyurethane stunt replicas.

text: In the DVD commentary, director Helgeland, co-commentating with Bettany, states that the film was intended to have occurred sometime in the 1370s during a six-month period in which Chaucer had apparently gone missing and show what he might have done during this time, which Helgeland says later on in the commentary inspired Chaucer to write The Canterbury Tales. (The first Canterbury Tale is The Knight's Tale. Chaucer also threatens two men he meets in the film with undying humiliation through fiction; these characters seem to have inspired the vitriolic descriptions of the Tales' Pardoner and Summoner.)

text: The scene in which the lady Jocelyn asks William to lose a joust to prove his love and then reverses her proposal for him to suddenly win, is also a direct reference to the classic tale of Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, in which Queen Guinevere asks Lancelot to do the same during a tournament.

text: Epigrams[edit]

text: The script is notable for its use of epigrams.

text:
"Love should end with hope" (Kate)
"If he believes enough, a man can do anything!" (William's father)
"Your men love you. If I knew nothing else about you, that would be enough" (Prince Edward)
"Better a silly girl with a flower than a silly boy with a horse and a stick" (Jocelyn)
"I was naked for a day; you will be naked for eternity" (Chaucer)

text: Music[edit]

text: The film, which notionally took place during the Middle Ages, is notable for its deliberate use of classic rock songs in its soundtrack. The ten that were credited in the film are listed in order of appearance:[8]

text:
"We Will Rock You" – Queen
"Low Rider" – War
"Takin' Care of Business" – Bachman–Turner Overdrive
"Golden Years" – David Bowie
"Further on Up the Road" – Eric Clapton
"Get Ready" – Rare Earth
"I Want to Take You Higher" – Sly and the Family Stone
"The Boys Are Back in Town" – Thin Lizzy
"You Shook Me All Night Long" – AC/DC
"We Are the Champions" – Robbie Williams & Queen

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Critical reception was mixed, with complaints about the anachronisms (the classic rock in a film that takes place during the Middle Ages), the many jousting scenes, and the thin plot. Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and argued that the anachronisms made little difference, writing that the director himself "pointed out that an orchestral score would be equally anachronistic, since orchestras hadn't been invented in the 1400s."[9][10]

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 59% based on reviews from 147 critics. "Once you get past the anachronism," according to the site, "A Knight's Tale becomes a predictable, if spirited, Rocky on horseback."[11] On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 54 out of 100, sampled from 32 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[12]

text: Newsweek revealed in June 2001 that print ads contained glowing comments from a film reviewer who did not exist for at least four films released by Columbia Pictures, including A Knight's Tale and The Animal (2001).[13] The fake critic was named David Manning and was created by a Columbia employee who worked in the advertising department.[13] "Manning" was misrepresented as a reviewer for The Ridgefield Press, a small Connecticut weekly.[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Despite the mixed critical reception, the film won four cinematic awards:

text:
The 2002 Golden Trailer Best Action Award,
The 2002 London Critic Circle Film Awards British Supporting Actor of the Year (Paul Bettany),
The 2002 World Stunts Awards' Best Work with an Animal, and
The 2002 World Stunts Awards' Hardest Hit.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film earned $56,569,702 at the North American domestic box office, and an additional $60,917,771 internationally for a worldwide total of $117,487,473.[5]


document_title: List of Indian Premier League records and statistics

question_text: who has hit the most number of sixes in all ipl tournaments

text: Team records

text: Results summary

text:
Team
Span
Mat
Won
Lost
Tie+W
Tie+L
NR
Win %
Titles

Mumbai Indians
2008–2017
157
91
65
1
0
0
58.28
3

Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008–2017
153
72
76
1
1
3
48.66
0

Kolkata Knight Riders
2008–2017
148
77
69
0
2
0
52.70
2

Kings XI Punjab
2008–2017
148
68
78
2
0
0
46.62
0

Delhi Daredevils
2008–2017
147
62
82
0
1
2
43.10
0

Chennai Super Kings
2008–2015
132
79
51
0
1
1
60.68
2

Rajasthan Royals
2008–2015
118
61
53
2
1
1
53.41
1

Sunrisers Hyderabad
2013–2017
76
41
34
1
0
0
54.60
1

Deccan Chargers
2008–2012
75
29
46
0
0
0
38.66
1

Pune Warriors India
2011–2013
46
12
33
0
0
1
26.66
0

Rising Pune Supergiants
2016–2017
30
15
15
0
0
0
50.00
0

Gujarat Lions
2016–2017
30
13
16
0
1
0
45.00
0

Kochi Tuskers Kerala
2011–2011
14
6
8
0
0
0
42.85
0

text: Note:

text:
Defunct Teams
Tie+W and Tie+L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by "Super Over"
The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win
The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7002264166666666669♠263/5 [a]
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
2013

248/3
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

7002247166666666670♠246/5
Chennai Super Kings
Rajasthan Royals
2010

7002241166666666670♠240/5
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
2008

7002235166666666670♠235/1
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Mumbai Indians
2015

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Lowest totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

7001680909090909090♠49
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kolkata Knight Riders
2017

7001680909090909090♠58
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2009

7001680909090909090♠66
Delhi Daredevils
Mumbai Indians
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Delhi Daredevils
Kings XI Punjab
2017

7001680909090909090♠67
Kolkata Knight Riders
Mumbai Indians
2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Highest successful run chases

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

217/7
Rajasthan Royals
Deccan Chargers
2008

214/3
Delhi Daredevils
Gujarat Lions
2017

211/4
Kings XI Punjab
Sunrisers Hyderabad
2014

208/5
Chennai Super Kings
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2012

206/4
Kings XI Punjab
Chennai Super Kings
2014

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Lowest scores defended

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Opponent score
Season

116/9
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
92/8
2009

118
Sunrisers Hyderabad
Mumbai Indians
87
2018

119/8
Kings XI Punjab
Mumbai Indians
116/7
2009

Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
108/10
2013

120/9
Mumbai Indians
Pune Warriors India
119/6
2012

126/8
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Chennai Super Kings
112/8
2008

Sunrisers Hyderabad
Pune Warriors India
104/10
2013

text: Largest victories (by runs)

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Season

146
Mumbai Indians
Delhi Daredevils
2017

144
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
2016

140
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2008

138
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
2015

130
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Batting records

text: Most runs

text:
Batsman
Inns
Runs
Span

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
142
4767
2008–2018

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
158
4544
2008–2018

 Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma (DC, MI)
155
4222
2008–2018

 Gambhir, GautamGautam Gambhir (DD, KKR)
148
4187
2008–2018

 David Warner (DD, SRH)
114
4014
2009–2017

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Highest individual score

text:
Batsman
Runs
Balls
Opp
Season

 Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle (RCB)
7002175000000000000♠175*
66
PWI
2013

 McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum (KKR)
7002158000000000000♠158*
73
RCB
2008

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002133000000000000♠133*
59
MI
2015

 Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers (RCB)
7002129000000000000♠129*
52
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
7002128000000000000♠128*
62
DD
2012

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (overall)

text:
Batsman
Inn
6's
Span

 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
100
265
2009–2017

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
157
173
2008–2017

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
154
172
2008–2017

 David Warner (DD, SRH)
114
160
2009–2017

 Virat Kohli (RCB)
141
159
2008–2017

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most sixes (innings)

text:
Batsman
6's
Opponent
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
17
PWI
2013

 Brendon McCullum (KKR)
13
RCB
2008

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
DD
2012

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
12
KXIP
2015

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
30
PWI
2013

 Yusuf Pathan (RR)
37
MI
2010

 David Miller (KXIP)
38
RCB
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
42
MI
2008

 AB de Villiers (RCB)
43
GL
2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Batsman
Balls
Opp
Season

 K. L. Rahul (KXIP)
14
DD
2018

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
15
RCB
2017

 Yusuf Pathan (KKR)
SRH
2014

 Suresh Raina (CSK)
16
KXIP
2014

 Sunil Narine (KKR)
17
RCB
2018

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
KKR
2016

 Chris Morris (DD)
GL
2016

 Chris Gayle (RCB)
PWI
2013

 Adam Gilchrist (DC)
DD
2009

 Jos Buttler (RR)
18
DD
2018

text: Last updated: 8 April 2018

text: Best strike rate

text:
Batsman
SR
Span

 Russell, AndreAndre Russell (DD, KKR)
173.41
2012–2016

 Chris Morris (CSK, DD, RR)
165.66
2013–2017

 Maxwell, GlennGlenn Maxwell (DD, KXIP, MI)
164.39
2012–2017

 Pandya, KrunalKrunal Pandya (MI)
158.41
2016–2017

 Lynn, ChrisChris Lynn (DC, KKR)
158.02
2012–2017

text: Minimum balls faced – 125

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Bowling records

text: Most wickets

text:
Bowler
Inn
Wkts
Span

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
154
2009–2017

 Mishra, AmitAmit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
126
134
2008–2017

 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
134
127
2008–2017

 Piyush Chawla (KXIP, KKR)
128
126
2008–2017

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, GL, MI)
103
122
2008–2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling figures in an innings

text:
Player
Ovr
BBI
Opp
Season

 Sohail TanvirSohail Tanvir (RR)
4.0
7000706666666666670♠6-14
CSK
2008

 Zampa, AdamAdam Zampa (RPS)
4.0
7000616666666666670♠6-19
SRH
2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
3.1
7000616666666666670♠5-5
RR
2009

 Sharma, IshantIshant Sharma (DC)
3.0
7000607692307692310♠5-12
KTK
2011

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
3.4
7000607142857142860♠5-13
DD
2011

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best bowling averages

text:
Player
Mat
Average
Span

 Doug Bollinger (CSK)
27
18.72
2010–2012

 Mascarenhas, DimitriDimitri Mascarenhas (KXIP, RR)
13
18.73
2008–2013

 Malinga, LasithLasith Malinga (MI)
110
19.01
2009–2017

 Farveez Maharoof (DC)
20
19.25
2008–2010

 Chaminda Vaas (DC)
13
19.72
2008–2010

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Best economy rates

text:
Player
Mat
Econ
Span

 Narine, SunilSunil Narine (KKR)
82
6.33
2012–2017

 Shaun Pollock (MI)
13
6.54
2008–2008

 Ashwin, RavichandranRavichandran Ashwin (CSK, RPS, KXIP)
111
6.54
2009–2016

 Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble (RCB)
42
6.57
2009–2010

 Glenn Mcgrath (DD)
14
6.61
2008–2008

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Bowler
Overs
Wkts
Runs
Opp
Season

 Ishant Sharma (SRH)
4.0
0
66
CSK
2013

 Umesh Yadav (DD)
4.0
0
65
RCB
2013

 Sandeep Sharma (KXIP)
4.0
1
65
SRH
2014

 Varun Aaron (DD)
4.0
2
63
CSK
2012

 Ashok Dinda (PWI)
4.0
0
63
MI
2013

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most dot balls bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Dot Balls

 Praveen Kumar
119
1075

 Harbhajan Singh
134
1062

 Lasith Malinga
110
1060

 Dale Steyn
90
978

 Amit Mishra
126
953

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most maiden overs bowled

text:
Player
Inns
Maidens

 Praveen Kumar
119
14

 Irfan Pathan
101
10

 Lasith Malinga
110
8

 Sandeep Sharma
56
8

 Dhawal Kulkarni
72
7

 Dale Steyn
90
7

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: List of hat-tricks

text:
No.
Bowler
Opp
Season

1
 Lakshmipathy Balaji (CSK)
KXIP
2008

2
 Amit Mishra (DD)
DC
2008

3
 Makhaya Ntini (CSK)
KKR
2008

4
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
RCB
2009

5
 Rohit Sharma (DC)
MI
2009

6
 Yuvraj Singh (KXIP)
DC
2009

7
 Praveen Kumar (RCB)
RR
2010

8
 Amit Mishra (DC)
KXIP
2011

9
 Ajit Chandila (RR)
PWI
2012

10
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
KXIP
2013

11
 Amit Mishra (SRH)
PWI
2013

12
 Pravin Tambe (RR)
KKR
2014

13
 Shane Watson (RR)
SRH
2014

14
 Axar Patel (KXIP)
GL
2016

15
 Samuel Badree (RCB)
MI
2017

16
 Andrew Tye (GL)
RPS
2017

17
 Jaydev Unadkat (RPS)
SRH
2017

text: Hat-tricks in IPL[1]

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Wicketkeeping and fielding records

text: Most dismissals

text:
Wicket Keeper
Dis
Ct
St
Span

 Karthik, DineshDinesh Karthik (DD, KXIP, MI, RCB)
106
80
26
2008–2017

 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
102
72
30
2008–2017

 Uthappa, RobinRobin Uthappa (KKR, MI, PWI, RCB)
90
58
32
2008–2017

 Naman Ojha (DD, RR, SRH)
75
65
10
2008–2017

 Patel, ParthivParthiv Patel (CSK, DC, KTK, MI, RCB, SRH)
71
57
14
2008–2017

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Most catches (fielder)

text:
Player
Ct
Span

 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
86
2008–2017

 AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)
72
2008–2017

 Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)
71
2008–2017

 Kieron Pollard (MI)
70
2010–2017

 Dwayne Bravo (CSK, MI)
60
2008–2016

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Miscellaneous records

text:
Records
Player /
Team
Stats
Season /
Span

Team

Most wins[2]
Mumbai Indians
91
(2008–2017)

Most defeats[2]
Delhi Daredevils
82
(2008–2017)

Highest win%[2]
Chennai Super Kings
60.68
(2008–2015)

Largest victory (runs)[3]
Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils
146
2017

Most consecutive wins
(season)[4]
Kolkata Knight Riders
9
2014

Most consecutive wins
(overall)
Kolkata Knight Riders
10
(2014–2015)

Most consecutive defeats
(season)[5]
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
9
2014
2012

Most consecutive defeats
(overall)
Delhi Daredevils
Pune Warriors
11
(2014–2015)
(2012–2013)

Batting

Most 100s[6]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
6
(2008–2018)

Most 50s[7]
 David Warner (DD, SRH)
36
(2009–2017)

Highest Partnership[8]
 Virat Kohli (RCB)
 AB de Villiers (RCB)
229
2016

Most ducks[9]
 Harbhajan Singh (MI)
13
(2008–2016)

Bowling

Most 4 wicket hauls[10][11]
 Sunil Narine (KKR)
6
(2012–2016)

Most 5 wicket hauls[12]
 James Faulkner (KXIP, PWI, RR )
2
(2011–2015)

Most hat-tricks[1]
 Amit Mishra (DC, DD, SRH)
3
(2008–2014)

Other Miscellaneous

Most matches[13]
 Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)
161
(2008–2017)

Most matches as captain[14]
 MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)
143
(2008–2016)

Most man of the matches[15]
 Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)
20
(2008–2018)

Most matches as umpire[16]
 Kumar Dharmasena
87
(2009–2016)

text: Last updated: 21 May 2017

text: Awards


document_title: Nissan Maxima

question_text: when did nissan change the maxima body style

text: Nissan Maxima

text: North America[edit]

text: First generation (G910; 1981–1984)[edit]

text:
First generation (G910)

1984 Nissan Maxima

Overview

Also called
Datsun 810
Datsun Maxima

Production
1980–1981 (Datsun 810)
1981–1983 (Datsun Maxima)
1983–1984 (Nissan Maxima)

Model years
1981 (Datsun 810)
1982–1983 (Datsun Maxima)
1984 (Nissan Maxima)

Assembly
Japan: Oppama Plant, Yokosuka, Kanagawa

Body and chassis

Body style

4-door sedan
5-door station wagon

Layout
Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive

Related
Datsun Bluebird (910)

Powertrain

Engine

2.4 L L24E I6
2.8 L LD28 I6 diesel

Transmission

5-speed manual
4-speed Jatco L4N71B automatic

text: The first car to wear the Maxima name, the second generation Datsun 810, was introduced in 1980 for the 1981 model year. It was essentially a Japanese-market Datsun Bluebird (910) with a 3.9 in (99 mm) longer nose to accommodate the inline-six engine. This model replaced the Datsun 810 (first generation). The second generation Datsun 810 was not sold in Japan, only in North America as the more basic Datsun 810 Deluxe and the fully equipped 810 Maxima.[2] Both were available with either sedan or wagon bodywork.[3] In 1981 for the 1982 model year, all 810s were rebranded as Datsun Maxima. In 1983 for model year 1984, the last year of the first generation Maxima, North American Datsuns began carrying the "Nissan" badge as well. Only 1984 model year Nissans have both "Nissan" and "Datsun" badges on the back of the car, although earlier models had a "Datsun" badge with a tiny "by Nissan" section underneath.

text: For the first model year, the 810 Deluxe was the only version to receive the five-speed manual, while the luxurious 810 Maxima only came with a three-speed automatic.[2] The Maxima's introduction to North America followed the successful introduction of the Nissan S30, and used the same engine and transmission while offering luxurious accommodations and four doors. The sedans have independent rear suspension while the wagon has a leaf sprung live rear axle. The wagon also received rear drums rather than disc brakes.[4]

text: The second generation retained the same 2.4-liter base engine as the previous Datsun 810, although up 2 to 120 hp (1 to 89 kW) and with more torque available at a lower engine speed.[5] It was also available with the 2.8-liter LD28 OHC inline-six diesel engine (available in the US from mid-1981 through 1983) with either a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission with overdrive.

text: Some of the power steering pumps were sourced from General Motors' Saginaw Gear division, while others were sourced from Atsugi. This was the second Nissan to use US-sourced parts besides the Borg-Warner T-5 transmission used in the 82–86 Nissan ZX Turbos. The use of USA-made parts was phased in prior to the passage of local content laws imposed by the U.S. Government.

text: One unique feature of the car was its phonograph-based voice warning system. Warnings like those for a door being open, etc. would be relayed through the mini phonograph and played for the driver to hear. A common thing to hear would be, "door is open, key is in ignition." 1981 models were the first 'talking car' sold in the US and offered only one voice warning, a female voice reminding the driver to "please turn off the lights".

text:
1981 Datsun 810 wagon

1983 Datsun Maxima sedan

text: Second generation (PU11; 1985–1988)[edit]

text:
Second generation (PU11)

Overview

Production
July 1984 – August 1988

Model years
1985–1988

Assembly
Japan: Oppama Plant, Yokosuka, Kanagawa

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan
4-door hardtop sedan (Japan)
5-door station wagon

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Related
Nissan Bluebird (U11)

Powertrain

Engine
2.0 L VG20E/VG20ET V6 (Japan)
3.0 L VG30E V6

Transmission
5-speed RS5F50A manual
4-speed RL4F02A automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,550 mm (100 in)

Length
Wagon: 184.8 in (4,694 mm)
Sedan: 181.5 in (4,610 mm)

Width
66.5 in (1,689 mm)

Height
Sedan: 54.7 in (1,389 mm)
Wagon: 55.7 in (1,415 mm)

text: In the fall of 1984, the first front-wheel drive Maxima (based on the Bluebird U11) was introduced for the 1985 model year. This Maxima was available with a 157 hp (117 kW), 3.0-liter VG30E V6 engine and a four-speed automatic or a five-speed manual transmission. In Japan, a smaller 2.0-liter version of this engine was fitted. These engines were the first V6 engine to be mass-produced in Japan. The second generation was assigned compact status in the US market. This was the last generation to be available as a station wagon, a version which had been offered since the Datsun 810 days.

text: In late 1986, the 1987 Maxima was introduced with a freshened exterior and interior. Automatic shoulder belts were now found on both the 1987 sedan and wagons built after February 1987. Luxury amenities were offered on both the "base" GL, later renamed GXE and SE trim levels. Such features for the GL/GXE included digital touch entry system on the driver and passenger side door panel, power windows, locks, antenna, power seats, remote trunk release, voice warning system, optional leather seating, optional heated front seats, an optional Electronics Pkg (a sedan exclusive, it included a digital instruments and a trip computer) and an optional power sunroof (sunroof was standard on Maxima wagons). 15-inch alloy wheels were standard for the Maxima.

text: An exclusive option for 1988 was the Sonar Suspension System -which was part of the Electronics Pkg- replacing the trip computer that was previously offered. This feature used sonar waves to monitor the road conditions ahead and adjusted the shocks accordingly for the most controlled ride. 1988 was also the year that the previously standard digital touch system offered on the GXE sedan became part of the 'Electronics Package' option as well. The SE (and some GXEs) offered dual power seats, a five-speed manual transmission, three-way shock adjust suspension, front and rear windshield defroster, and a factory-installed security system. The SE also has a small rear spoiler, all-wheel disc brakes, black side rear view mirrors, and body molding (GXE got body-color side rear-view mirrors and matching body molding). Again, the Maxima's prime competitor was the similarly specified Toyota Cressida, which remained rear wheel drive. The Maxima provided a combination of luxury and sporty features while the Cressida was generally seen as being softer and more luxurious.

text: The Japanese market "Bluebird Maxima" received either four-door hardtop sedan or pillared sedan bodywork and a 2.0-liter V6 engine (with an available turbocharger). It received the smaller V6 engine so that it would comply with Japanese Government dimension regulations that tax larger vehicles. The station wagon bodywork was not available in the home market, with the hardtop exclusive to Nissan Bluebird Store Japanese dealerships.

text: Third generation (J30; 1989–1994)[edit]

text:
Third generation (J30)

Overview

Production
August 1988 – March 1994

Assembly
Japan: Oppama Plant, Yokosuka, Kanagawa

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Powertrain

Engine
3.0 L VG30E V6
3.0 L VE30DE V6

Transmission
5-speed manual
(88–91 RS5F50A)
(SE 91–94 RS5F50V)
4-speed automatic
(88–94 RE4F02A)
(SE 91–94 RE4F04V)

Dimensions

Wheelbase
104.3 in (2,649 mm)

Length
187.6 in (4,765 mm)

Width
69.3 in (1,760 mm)

Height
1988–91: 55.1 in (1,400 mm)
1991–94: 53 in (1,346 mm)

text: The Maxima was redesigned in 1988 for the 1989 model year as the J30 series (not to be confused with the unrelated Infiniti J30) model. Bigger dimensions made it the second Japanese sedan sold in North America to qualify as a "mid-size" (after the Mazda 929). Nissan marketed this generation Maxima in North America a four-door sports car and even gave it a "4DSC" window decal showing this, and this generation was briefly sold in Japan, replacing the Nissan Leopard sedan at Nissan Bluebird Store locations. A refresh occurred in August 1991 for the 1992 model year (from July 1991 production), adding a driver's side SRS airbag and the facelifted version was no longer offered in Japan.

text: It now featured the 160 hp (119 kW), 3.0-liter VG30E V6, with the 190 hp (142 kW), VE30DE unit standard on the SE model starting in 1991. In the United States, the VG30E engine, which featured a variable intake manifold on both automatic and manual transmission models, was used on all 1989 to 1994 GXE models and 1989 to 1991 SE models. This generation Maxima was fitted with an independent rear suspension, and continued to offer the road scanning, electronic Super Sonic Suspension (sonar). An interesting feature was the digital touch entry system on the GXE (in conjunction with the new Luxury Package), which allowed the windows to be lowered and the moon roof opened from outside the vehicle on a keypad integrated on the front door handle without the key in the ignition.

text: The VE30DE engine was exclusively offered on the 1992–1994 Maxima SE. It was a 3.0-liter, 24 valve, DOHC motor. Its iron block was topped with aluminum cylinder heads and featured a dual length intake manifold (5-speed model only), variable intake valve timing, coil on plug ignition, plus a limited-slip differential. The VE30DE was rated at 190 hp (142 kW) at 5600 rpm and 190 lb·ft (258 N·m) at 4000 rpm, and had a 6500 rpm redline. The SE models can be further distinguished from the GXE by their white-faced gauges, twisted-spoke turbine wheels (.5 inch wider than GXE wheels and similar in design to wheels offered on the Z31 300ZX), body-colored grille, twin-tip mufflers, factory-tinted tail lights, black trim replacing chrome, firmer sport suspension, and optional 5-speed manual transmission. The automatic transmission on all GXEs (RE4F02A) was an innovative compact unit from Jatco, which featured "sport" and "comfort" modes that shifted at different points. The 1992 to 1994 SE received an optional automatic transmission (RE4F04V) that had stronger internals, but kept the "sport" and "comfort" modes. The SE also had a rear spoiler and black side mirrors, whereas the GXE has body-color side mirrors.

text: During this year, the Maxima was first introduced to the European market, replacing the Laurel. For European markets, the model range was: 3.0, 3.0 S, and 3.0 SE.

text: Nissan Australia began importing the J30 series for a May 1990 release to replace the locally assembled Nissan Skyline (R31) sedan and station wagon.[6] Powertrain comprised the 3.0-liter VG30E V6 rated at 122 kW (164 hp) and a four-speed automatic. Nissan made the Maxima available in two equipment grades, the M and Ti.[7] The M featured air conditioning, alloy wheels, central locking, cruise control, power steering, and power windows. The Ti added a rear spoiler, climate control air conditioning, anti-lock brakes, electric seats and a PIN touch-pad locking system. The M-based LE of late 1991 featured a CD player and sunroof.[7] There was also a leather/sunroof pack optional on Ti.[6] Nissan Australia released a facelift in January 1993 that included a new grille insert, revised tail lamps, wheels and cabin trim.[8] A driver airbag was now fitted to the Ti, and made optional on the new Executive trim that replaced M.[6] The J30 in Australia was replaced in February 1995 by a new Maxima based on the Nissan Cefiro (A32).[6]

text: The three variants assembled locally in New Zealand had automatic transmissions and the VG30E Engine only. Versions sold in Japan and Europe had a manual transmission option as an alternative to the automatic transmission that was standard in North America and Australia/New Zealand. The Maxima SE was on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1990.

text: Another Bluebird Maxima continued on as a Nissan Bluebird (U12) and solely as a station wagon with the VG20ET engine during this period until the introduction of the U13 Bluebird , and the Avenir replaced the Bluebird wagon altogether.

text: Fourth generation (A32; 1995–1999)[edit]

text:
Fourth generation (A32)

Overview

Also called

Infiniti I30
Nissan Cefiro (A32)
Nissan Maxima QX (EU)
Renault Samsung SM5

Production
February 1994 – 31 March 1999

Assembly
Japan: Oppama Plant, Yokosuka, Kanagawa
South Africa: Rosslyn, Gauteng

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Powertrain

Engine

1995 cc VQ20DE V6
2988 cc VQ30DE V6

Transmission
5-speed manual
4-speed automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
106.3 in (2,700 mm)

Length
1996–99: 189.4 in (4,811 mm)
1994–96: 187.7 in (4,768 mm)

Width
69.7 in (1,770 mm)

Height
55.7 in (1,415 mm)

Curb weight
2,870 lb (1,300 kg)

text: Designed in 1991, the fourth generation Maxima arrived in May 1994 for the 1995 model year as the A32. A new VQ30DE 190 hp (141 kW), 205 lb·ft (278 N·m) 3.0 liter V6 was the only engine option for the North American market. The VQ30DE earned a first spot on the Ward's 10 Best Engines List, and the VQ has now been recognized consecutively for every year since its introduction (as of 2012, 18 years running).[9] The independent rear suspension of the previous generation was replaced with a lighter and cheaper torsion bar solid axle system, part of a general trend of cost cutting by Japanese manufacturers in the wake of the bursting of Japan's economic bubble of the late 1980s.

text: The Maxima's primary competitor, the Toyota Cressida, was discontinued after the 1992 model year, with Toyota touting the front-wheel-drive Toyota Avalon, a stretched version of the Toyota Camry introduced in 1994, as its replacement.

text: In October 1996, the Maxima's exterior was refreshed for 1997, with new five-spoke alloy wheels, plastic (clear-lens) headlights vs. the previous glass headlights, a slightly different front and rear fascia with new redesigned tail-lights, the rear-facing part of the trunk was smoothed out to match the tail-lights, re-designed fog-lights and badge designs, and a chrome grille insert for GLE's (body color for SE models) was added. Among interior changes were a different steering wheel and CD player. Front seat-mounted side impact airbags were added as an option for 1998 and 1999 SE and GLE models. There were also structural modifications to improve crash worthiness for the 1997 to 1999 models. The 1999 Nissan Maxima also saw some minor changes: an Anti-Theft Engine Immobilizer was standard using a chip in the ignition key, as well as some minor body trims.[10]

text: The 1999 Maxima SE was also available with a Limited Package which consisted of Titanium tinted SE-Limited emblems on the front doors, titanium tinted trunk emblems, and titanium tinted 16" alloy wheels. The interior gauge cluster was also titanium tinted and the optional leather seats were perforated and embossed with SE on the backrests. The front floor mats were also embossed with SE-Limited logos.

text: The North American 1995 Maxima included a Bose Sound System on the GLE (optional on the SE) which had a 6 speaker sound system, a Clarion system was also an option (non-Bose). The fourth generation Maxima was highly praised for its quiet, roomy interior.

text: This Maxima was Motor Trend's Import Car of the Year for 1995. The Maxima SE again made Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 1995 and 1996.

text: The 1995's VQ30DE (3.0 litre) engine produced 190 hp (142 kW) and 205 lb·ft (278 N·m) of torque. With the manual transmission 0–60 mph took 6.6 seconds with a quarter-mile time of 15.2-seconds at 92.4-mph, making it both the quickest and fastest (142 mph top speed) Japanese sedan on the North American market at that time.[citation needed] A top-of-the-line 1994 Maxima GLE equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission turned in a 8.0-second 0-60-mph run with a 16.0-second/89.4-mph quarter-mile time.[11]

text: At the time, the Maxima was one of few four-door, six-cylinder cars sold in North America with a standard manual transmission. A viscous limited slip differential came standard on Canadian SE models equipped with the 5-speed manual (In the US, the VLSD was restricted to the Infiniti I30). The automatic was a no cost option, which most Maximas were equipped with.

text: As the Maxima badge was retired in Japan, this particular generation was sold there as the Nissan Cefiro A32. The Cefiro badge had previously been used on a Nissan Laurel-based, higher specification model with rear-wheel drive (see A31 Cefiro). For the Japanese market, a Cefiro-badged station wagon was also available. One version of the Cefiro (Brougham VIP spec) was sold in the US as the Infiniti I30, yet the Cefiro had subtle differences including different fog light arrangements, one-piece headlights and a few assorted engine options (VQ20/25/30DE). The Cefiro was actually introduced first, in August 1994, and was originally available with 2 and 2.5-liter V6 engines with 155 or 190 PS (114 or 140 kW) JIS.[12]

text: This generation was also sold as the Maxima QX in Europe and other parts of the world, and was mostly identical to the Japanese Cefiro except for minor trim differences. In Europe a smaller, two-litre V6 engine with 140 PS (103 kW) was available in addition to the larger 3.0, to suit local taxation structures.[12]

text: Fifth generation (A33; 2000–2003)[edit]

text:
Fifth generation (A33)

Overview

Also called
Nissan Cefiro (A33)
Nissan Maxima QX (Europe)

Production
April 1999 – December 2002

Model years
2000–2003

Assembly
Japan: Oppama Plant, Yokosuka, Kanagawa

Designer
Jerry Hirshberg (1997)

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Related
Infiniti I30/I35

Powertrain

Engine

3.0 L VQ30DE-K V6
3.5 L VQ35DE V6

Transmission

4-speed automatic
5-speed manual
6-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
108.3 in (2,751 mm)

Length
1999–2001: 190.5 in (4,839 mm)
2001–03: 191.5 in (4,864 mm)

Width
70.3 in (1,786 mm)

Height
1999–2001: 56.5 in (1,435 mm)
2001–03 GXE: 56.3 in (1,430 mm)
2001–03 SE: 56.7 in (1,440 mm)
2001–03 GLE: 57.1 in (1,450 mm)

Curb weight
3,245 lb (1,472 kg)

text: Introduced in May 1999, the 2000 model year Maxima (designated A33) was a refresh of the previous car, designed at Nissan's La Jolla, California design studio during 1996–1997 under Jerry Hirshberg. The engine was a 222 hp (166 kW) (227 hp SE) 3.0 L VQ30DE V6. The vehicle has a 0–60 mph time of 7.0 seconds. This variant of the VQ30DE was referred to as the VQ30DE-K. In this variation, there were three models (GXE, GLE, and SE). The "GXE" was the base Maxima. The GLE was the "luxury" variant and had 16 inch wheels.[13]

text: This generation was used for the Infiniti I30 (a rebadged Nissan Cefiro). The 2001 Maxima had a special edition of the SE model which commemorates the 20th anniversary of this particular Nissan. In addition to the usual SE content, this car has the Infiniti I30's engine, special side skirts (ground effects) all around the lower perimeter, and a few special touches to the interior. The last addition includes drilled metal "brushed metallic" pedals, a brushed metallic shifter, and stainless steel door sill plates that bear the name Nissan Maxima. The optional leather is perforated, unlike that in the regular SE. Finally, the "SE Comfort and Convenience Package" which includes a sunroof, 17-inch chrome wheels, and a few other things is standard.

text: This generation of Maxima also saw Nissan introduce a Bridgestone-made engine mount with sensors that communicate with the ECM. Many transmission-like problems such as 'unable to shift into higher gears' resulted from worn engine mounts triggering signals to prevent the vehicle gaining higher speed. This problem was not often detected by the diagnostics conducted on the transmission and ECM as they were not the cause of the problem.

text: The 2002-2003 models are nicknamed the 5.5 generation as the engine was replaced for the whole lineup with a 3.5 L VQ35DE that produced 255 hp (190 kW) and 246 lb·ft (334 N·m) of torque. In addition, the model got a slight refresh with a larger grille opening, headlamps with high-intensity discharge (HID) low beams, a six-speed manual transmission with optional helical Torsen limited-slip differential borrowed from the Japan market Nissan Skyline GT-R (identified by brushed, metal pedals for the accelerator, brake, and clutch), revised 17-inch six-spoke wheels on the SE models, new 17-inch seven spoke wheels on the GLE models, clear taillights, and some interior and exterior refinements over the 2000 to 2001 models. Some interior differences include slightly redesigned seats, a smaller shift knob on automatic models along with a different shift pattern, and a different cup holder lid.

text: For 2003, there was a special package called the Titanium Edition with special wheels and interior treatment, as well as a Meridian Edition package which included heated seats and steering wheel (usually leather, although some were available with heated cloth), and a GPS navigation system. The Titanium Edition was available in all colors, but a new color was available only with the Titanium Edition (Polished Titanium). In Russia and Europe, the Maxima is being sold as Nissan Maxima QX.

text: Sixth generation (A34; 2004–2008)[edit]

text:
Sixth generation (A34)

Overview

Production
January 2003 – May 2008[14]

Model years
2004–2008

Assembly
United States: Smyrna, Tennessee

Designer
Shiro Nakamura (2000)

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Platform
Nissan FF-L platform

Powertrain

Engine
3.5 L VQ35DE V6

Transmission
6-speed manual
4/5-speed automatic
CVT

Dimensions

Wheelbase
111.2 in (2,824 mm)

Length
2003–2006: 193.5 in (4,915 mm)
2006–2008: 194.4 in (4,938 mm)

Width
71.7 in (1,821 mm)

Height
58.3 in (1,481 mm)

text: The sixth generation Maxima, code-named A34, was sold only in the United States, Canada and Mexico. It was introduced in production form as a 2004 model at the 2003 North American International Auto Show. In the US, it came with the venerable VQ35DE, a DOHC V6 engine that produced 265 hp (198 kW) at 5,800 rpm, and 255 lb·ft (346 N·m) of torque at 4,400 rpm and a standard SkyView fixed glass paneled roof that ran down the center of the roof (from front to back) or an optional traditional style moonroof. Sixth generation Maximas were available in two trim levels, SE and SL. The sporty SE model came standard with 18 inch alloy wheels, P245/45R18 V-rated tires, stiffer suspension, rear spoiler, and an optional 6-speed manual transmission. The luxurious SL model came standard with 17 inch alloy wheels, P225/55R17 H-rated tires, wood interior trim, 6-disc CD changer, Bose stereo, leather seats, and HID headlights and optional heated front seats. The manual transmission was never offered in the SL model and the suspension is tuned for a softer ride. For all models, the rear independent suspension returned, this time using a multilink setup similar to the Altima.

text: For 2007, the U.S. Maxima became available with a standard Xtronic CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) (similar to the CVT found in the Nissan Murano) as the only transmission choice; a manual transmission was no longer offered; however the CVT featured a manual mode. It featured a freshened front fascia (lacking the center block, the new grille closely resembled that of the 2007 Altima). Headlights were also more squared around the edges. New interior changes included an Intelligent Key system with integrated ignition tab, new center console, and new white-and-orange gauges as opposed to the older pure orange ones.

text: For 2008, the Maxima's fuel economy dropped from 21MPG-City / 28MPG-Highway to 19/25 due to new EPA measurement methods. A Platinum Edition package of convenience features was added for 2008 on both SE and SL trim levels.

text: In Australia, the Maxima had the same engine, but Nissan set the maximum power to only 170 kW (228 hp). The Australian version was code-named J31, shared the VQ engine, initially only came with a four-speed automatic transmission, and had quite noticeable styling differences to the North American version as it was based on the Nissan Teana. In 2007, it received a minor mid-life facelift and an all new CVT automatic transmission.

text: In Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Singapore, Brunei, Latin America & the Caribbean, it was sold as the Nissan Cefiro. It was built on the standard FF-L platform of the Altima/ US Maxima combined with certain pieces of the JM Nissan Presage design same as the Nissan Teana previously mentioned. The American Maxima was known for a balance between sport and luxury; other models tended to focus more on comfort.

text: Seventh generation (A35; 2008–2014)[edit]

text:
Seventh generation (A35)

Overview

Production
27 May 2008 – 2014[15][16]

Model years
2009–2014

Assembly
United States: Smyrna, Tennessee

Designer
Shiro Nakamura (2006)

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Platform
Nissan D platform

Powertrain

Engine
3.5 L VQ35HR V6

Transmission
CVT

Dimensions

Wheelbase
109.3 in (2,776 mm)

Length
190.6 in (4,841 mm)

Width
73.2 in (1,859 mm)

Height
57.8 in (1,468 mm)

Curb weight
3,565 lb (1,617 kg)

text: The Maxima was redesigned for the 2009 model year and made its debut at the 2008 New York International Auto Show. The newest Maxima (A35) is built on the Nissan D platform sharing this platform with the fourth generation Nissan Altima and second generation Nissan Murano. The exterior and interior design are somewhat similar to the Infiniti G and Infiniti M, with an updated navigation interface and optional USB interface system that works with the main console monitor and steering wheel controls. It serves as Nissan's North American top front wheel drive sedan at Nissan dealerships.

text: It comes equipped with Nissan's VQ35HR, with "HR" standing for High Revolution, producing 290 hp (216 kW) and 261 lb·ft (354 N·m) of torque. A revised version of Nissan's Xtronic CVT (Continuously variable transmission) with paddle shifting is the only transmission offered, with no manual or regular automatic available.[17] A diesel version was expected to be released for the 2010 model year, although those plans were not realized.[18] The new Maxima is offered in S and SV trims with several premium and technology packages available. The current Maxima's design trades height and length for a sleeker styling, although the width has been increased slightly. The keyless ignition uses a push button to start and stop the engine. In the U.S., the seventh generation Maxima went on sale in late June 2008. The SkyView center glass was replaced by a retractable panoramic moonroof for A35 series Maxima.

text:
0–60 mph: 5.8 sec.
Skid Pad Lateral acceleration: 0.85 g
1/4 Mile: 14.5 sec. @ 99 mph (159 km/h)
60–0 mph: 128 feet (39 m)

text: For 2012, Nissan modestly freshened the Maxima's exterior, with a new grille, taillamps and new alloy wheels in 18- and 19-inch diameters. Three new exterior colors, Java Metallic, Dark Slate, and Pearl White are available.

text: The cabin receives a few small trim changes, but is mostly carried over from 2011. A new $710 Limited Edition package on the Maxima 3.5 S bundles smoked xenon headlights, a compass in the rearview mirror, 18-inch dark-silver-finish alloy wheels, rear spoiler, dark satin chrome grille, foglamps, outside mirrors with integrated turn signals and metallic trim.

text: The 2013 Nissan Maxima still remains the same for the most part and will be available with three new option packages for the new model year. There is the Bose Audio Package, a Bose audio upgrade with SiriusXM Satellite Radio functionality. The "SV Value Package" includes the premium Bose audio setup along with heated front seats, a heated steering wheel and heated outside mirrors. The Sport Package includes alloy wheels and a climate-controlled driver's seat, combined with the Maxima Monitor Package (a rearview camera system, seven-inch color monitor, USB port and an iPod storage net).

text: Nissan's flagship Maxima sedan entered the 2014 model year in late August 2013 with the addition of a new S Value Package. This has smoked appearance HID Xenon headlights, a compass in the rearview mirror, rear spoiler, fog lights, outside mirrors with integrated turn signals and metallic trim treatment. The Monitor and HID Xenon Packages were no longer available, while the SV received most of the Monitor package as standard. There were two new exterior colors: Gun Metallic (replaces Dark Gray) and Midnight Garnet (replaces Tuscan Sun); for eight available exterior colors total. The 3.5 S and 3.5 SV were the available models, each powered by a 290 hp (216 kW) 3.5-liter V6 engine mated to an Xtronic CVT. 2014 was the last year for this generation Nissan Maxima, despite it carrying over into 2015 as a 2014 model year. Nissan has stated "they will have plenty 2014 Nissan Maximas on dealer lots until the all-new 2016 Nissan Maxima arrives" in calendar year 2015.

text: Eighth generation (A36; 2015–present)[edit]

text:
Eighth generation (A36)

Overview

Also called
Nissan 西玛(China)

Production
April 2015–present

Model years
2016–present

Assembly
United States: Smyrna, Tennessee
China: Xiangyang (DMCL)

Designer
Giovanni Arroba (exterior: 2012)[20]
Jackie Chang (interior: 2012)[21]

Body and chassis

Body style
4-door sedan

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive

Platform
Nissan D platform

Related
Nissan Sport Sedan Concept

Powertrain

Engine
2.5 L QR25DE I4 (gasoline)
3.5 L VQ35DE V6 (gasoline)

Transmission
CVT

Dimensions

Wheelbase
109.3 in (2,776 mm)

Length
192.8 in (4,897 mm)

Width
73.2 in (1,859 mm)

Height
56.5 in (1,435 mm)

Curb weight
3,471–3,488 lb (1,574–1,582 kg)

text: On 1 February 2015, Nissan aired an ad during Super Bowl XLIX titled "With Dad". Near the end of this ad a brief view of the new Maxima was seen.[22] Following the Super Bowl ad, Nissan released two official images of the new Maxima.

text: The Maxima was unveiled at the April 2015 New York Auto Show. Sporting an athletic body redesign, it features Nissan's "Four-Door Sports Car" positioning, a return to a marketing term used on the Third Generation J30 series (1988-1992). The vehicle is 82 pounds lighter than before, and it presents the revamped interior taking inspiration from aerospace.[23] The VQ35DE engine was carried over with minor updates and 10 hp (7.5 kW) more power, now rated at 300 hp (224 kW) and 261 lb·ft (354 N·m) of torque. The Maxima is available with nine exterior color options and five trim levels: S, SV, SL, SR, and Platinum.[24]

text: This generation Maxima made its debut at the China in 2015 Guangzhou Auto Show with the Chinese name 西玛, which they used as previous generation Nissan Cima.

text: Though no connection, the Nissan Maxima shares the appearance of the Nissan Sport Sedan Concept.[citation needed]

text: Other markets[edit]

text: In other markets, the Maxima J30 series sold internationally between 1990 and 1994, albeit with different frontal styling to the North American version. Between 1994 and 2003, the "Maxima" name was applied to the Nissan Cefiro sold in Australasia, Europe, and South America. From 2003 until 2013, Nissan in Australasia also retailed the Teana under the Maxima badge.

text: In the United Kingdom, the "Maxima" name was also used in the mid 1980s as a high series trim designation on the B11 Sunny, N12 Cherry and the Japanese built versions of the T12 Bluebird/Stanza.

text:
J30 (1990–1994)
(sold worldwide)
Main article: Nissan Maxima (J30)

A32 (1994–1999)
(Australasia, Europe, South America)
Main article: Nissan Cefiro (A32)

A33 (1999–2003)
(Australasia, Europe, South America)
Main article: Nissan Cefiro (A33)

J31 (2003–2009)
(Australasia)
Main article: Nissan Teana (J31)

J32 (2009–2013)
(Australasia)
Main article: Nissan Teana (J32)