document_title: Windows 8

question_text: which of the following windows does not have start button

question_tokens: which of the following windows does not have start button

text: Windows 8

text: Development history[edit]

text: Early development[edit]

text: Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009.[11] At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise."[12][13][14][15] Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.[16]

text: Three milestone releases of Windows 8 leaked to the general public. Milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12, 2011.[17] It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left. It was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh... let's not leak our hard work. However, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22, 2010.[18] The leaked copy was Enterprise edition. The OS still reads as "Windows 7". Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25, 2011. The traditional Blue Screen of Death (BSoD) was replaced by a new black screen, although this was later scrapped.[19] This build introduced a new ribbon in Windows Explorer. Build 7959, with minor changes but the first 64-bit version, was leaked on May 1, 2011. The "Windows 7" logo was temporarily replaced with text displaying "Microsoft Confidential". On June 17, 2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked. It introduced a new boot screen featuring the same fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later scrapped, and the circling dots as featured in the final (although the final version comes with smaller circling dots throbber). It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped.[20]

text: On June 1, 2011, Microsoft unveiled Windows 8's new user interface, as well as additional features at both Computex Taipei and the D9: All Things Digital conference in California.[21][22]

text: The "Building Windows 8" blog launched on August 15, 2011, featuring details surrounding Windows 8's features and its development process.[23]

text: Previews[edit]

text: Microsoft unveiled more Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the Build conference on September 13, 2011.[24] Microsoft released the first public beta build of Windows 8, Windows Developer Preview (build 8102) at the event. A Samsung tablet running the build was also distributed to conference attendees.

text: The build was released for download later in the day in standard 32-bit and 64-bit versions, plus a special 64-bit version which included SDKs and developer tools (Visual Studio Express and Expression Blend) for developing Metro-style apps.[25] The Windows Store was announced during the presentation, but was not available in this build.[26][27] According to Microsoft, there were about 535,000 downloads of the developer preview within the first 12 hours of its release.[28] Originally set to expire on March 11, 2012, in February 2012 the Developer Preview's expiry date was changed to January 15, 2013.[29]

text: On February 19, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new logo to be adopted for Windows 8. Designed by Pentagram partner Paula Scher, the Windows logo was changed to resemble a set of four window panes. Additionally, the entire logo is now rendered in a single solid color.[30]

text: On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8 Consumer Preview, the beta version of Windows 8, build 8250. Alongside other changes, the build removed the Start button from the taskbar for the first time since its debut on Windows 95; according to Windows manager Chaitanya Sareen, the Start button was removed to reflect their view that on Windows 8, the desktop was an "app" itself, and not the primary interface of the operating system.[31][32] Windows president Steven Sinofsky said more than 100,000 changes had been made since the developer version went public.[32] The day after its release, Windows 8 Consumer Preview had been downloaded over one million times.[33] Like the Developer Preview, the Consumer Preview expired on January 15, 2013.

text: Many other builds were released until the Japan's Developers Day conference, when Steven Sinofsky announced that Windows 8 Release Preview (build 8400) would be released during the first week of June.[34] On May 28, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview (Standard Simplified Chinese x64 edition, not China-specific version, build 8400) was leaked online on various Chinese and BitTorrent websites.[35] On May 31, 2012, Windows 8 Release Preview was released to the public by Microsoft.[36] Major items in the Release Preview included the addition of Sports, Travel, and News apps, along with an integrated version of Adobe Flash Player in Internet Explorer.[37] Like the Developer Preview and the Consumer Preview, the release preview expired on January 15, 2013.

text: Release[edit]

text: On August 1, 2012, Windows 8 (build 9200[38]) was released to manufacturing with the build number 6.2.9200.16384 .[39] Microsoft planned to hold a launch event on October 25, 2012[40] and release Windows 8 for general availability on the next day.[41] However, only a day after its release to manufacturing, a copy of the final version of Windows 8 Enterprise N (a version for European markets which lacks bundled media players to comply with an antitrust ruling) leaked online, followed by leaks of the final versions of Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise a few days later.[42][43] On August 15, 2012, Windows 8 was made available to download for MSDN and TechNet subscribers.[44] Windows 8 was made available to Software Assurance customers on August 16, 2012.[45] Windows 8 was made available for students with a DreamSpark Premium subscription on August 22, 2012, earlier than advertised.[46]

text: Relatively few changes were made from the Release Preview to the final version; these included updated versions of its pre-loaded apps, the renaming of Windows Explorer to File Explorer, the replacement of the Aero Glass theme from Windows Vista and 7 with a new flat and solid-colored theme, and the addition of new background options for the Start screen, lock screen, and desktop.[47] Prior to its general availability on October 26, 2012, updates were released for some of Windows 8's bundled apps, and a "General Availability Cumulative Update" (which included fixes to improve performance, compatibility, and battery life) was released on Tuesday, October 9, 2012. Microsoft indicated that due to improvements to its testing infrastructure, general improvements of this nature are to be released more frequently through Windows Update instead of being relegated to OEMs and service packs only.[48][49]

text: Microsoft began an advertising campaign centered around Windows 8 and its Surface tablet in October 2012, starting with its first television advertisement premiering on October 14, 2012.[6] Microsoft's advertising budget of US$1.5–1.8 billion was significantly larger than the US$200 million campaign used to promote Windows 95.[50] As part of its campaign, Microsoft set up 34 pop-up stores inside malls to showcase the Surface product line, provided training for retail employees in partnership with Intel, and collaborated with the electronics store chain Best Buy to design expanded spaces to showcase devices. In an effort to make retail displays of Windows 8 devices more "personal", Microsoft also developed a character known in English-speaking markets as "Allison Brown", whose fictional profile (including personal photos, contacts, and emails) is also featured on demonstration units of Windows 8 devices.[51]

text: In May 2013, Microsoft launched a new television campaign for Windows 8 illustrating the capabilities and pricing of Windows 8 tablets in comparison to the iPad, which featured the voice of Siri remarking on the iPad's limitations in a parody of Apple's "Get a Mac" advertisements.[52][53] On June 12, 2013 during game 1 of the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals, Microsoft premiered the first ad in its "Windows Everywhere" campaign, which promoted Windows 8, Windows Phone 8, and the company's suite of online services as an interconnected platform.[54][55]

text: New and changed features[edit]

text: New features and functionality in Windows 8 include a faster startup through UEFI integration and the new "Hybrid Boot" mode (which hibernates the Windows kernel on shutdown to speed up the subsequent boot),[56] a new lock screen with a clock and notifications,[57] and the ability for enterprise users to create live USB versions of Windows (known as Windows To Go).[58][59] Windows 8 also adds native support for USB 3.0 devices, which allow for faster data transfers and improved power management with compatible devices,[60][61] and hard disk 4KB Advanced Format support,[62] as well as support for near field communication to facilitate sharing and communication between devices.[63]

text: Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files.[64] A new "File History" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device,[65] while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.[66] For easier management of files and folders, Windows 8 introduces the ability to move selected files or folders via drag and drop from a parent folder into a subfolder listed within the breadcrumb hierarchy of the address bar in File Explorer.[67]

text: Task Manager has been redesigned, including a new processes tab with the option to display fewer or more details of running applications and background processes, a heat map using different colors indicating the level of resource usage, network and disk counters, grouping by process type (e.g. applications, background processes and Windows processes), friendly names for processes and a new option which allows users to search the web to find information about obscure processes.[68] Additionally, the Blue Screen of Death has been updated with a simpler and modern design with less technical information displayed.[69][70]

text: Safety and security[edit]

text: New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (PINs and picture passwords),[71] the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender (bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials).[72] SmartScreen filtering integrated into Windows,[73] Family Safety offers Parental controls, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls.[74][75][76] Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new "Refresh" and "Reset" functions,[77] including system recovery from USB drive.[78] Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed "critical" by the company.[79]

text: Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process.[80] Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.[81][82][83]

text: Online services and functionality[edit]

text: Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log into Windows with a Microsoft account, which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately.[84] Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console. Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore.[85] Other bundled apps provide the ability to link Flickr and Facebook.[86] Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.[87]

text: Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default.[88] The desktop version does not contain these limitations.[89]

text: Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings (including APNs and carrier branding), and reduce its Internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks. Windows 8 also adds an integrated airplane mode setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile.[90]

text: Windows Store apps[edit]

text: Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, Windows Store apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be snapped to the side of a screen.[91] Apps can provide toast notifications on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content. Apps can use "contracts"; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing.[91] Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook, Skype, and People service), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.[86]

text: Windows Store apps run within a new set of APIs known as Windows Runtime, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript.[91] If written in some "high-level" languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and ARM versions of Windows,[92] otherwise they are not binary code compatible. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting consumption by all compatible languages.[93] To ensure stability and security, apps run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.[94]

text: Retail versions of Windows 8 are only able to install these apps through Windows Store — a namesake distribution platform that offers both apps, and listings for desktop programs certified for comparability with Windows 8.[92][94] A method to sideload apps from outside Windows Store is available to devices running Windows 8 Enterprise and joined to a domain; Windows 8 Pro and Windows RT devices that are not part of a domain can also sideload apps, but only after special product keys are obtained through volume licensing.[95]

text: The term "Immersive app" had been used internally by Microsoft developers to refer to the apps prior to the first official presentation of Windows 8, after which they were referred to as "Metro-style apps" in reference to the Metro design language. The term was phased out in August 2012; a Microsoft spokesperson denied rumors that the change was related to a potential trademark issue, and stated that "Metro" was only a codename that would be replaced prior to Windows 8's release.[16][96] Following these reports, the terms "Modern UI-style apps",[97] "Windows 8-style apps"[98] and "Windows Store apps" began to be used by various Microsoft documents and material to refer to the new apps. In an interview on September 12, 2012, Soma Somasegar (vice president of Microsoft's development software division) confirmed that "Windows Store apps" would be the official term for the apps.[99] An MSDN page explaining the Metro design language uses the term "Modern design" to refer to the language as a whole.[100]

text: Web browsers[edit]

text: Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled").

text: The developers of both Chrome and Firefox committed to developing Metro-style versions of their browsers; while Chrome's "Windows 8 mode" (discontinued on Chrome version 49) uses a full-screen version of the existing desktop interface, Firefox's version (which was first made available on the "Aurora" release channel in September 2013) uses a touch-optimized interface inspired by the Android version of Firefox. In October 2013, Chrome's app was changed to mimic the desktop environment used by Chrome OS.[101][102][103][104][105][106] Development of the Firefox app for Windows 8 has since been cancelled, citing a lack of user adoption for the beta versions.[107]

text: Interface and desktop[edit]

text: Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles".[91] As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen.[91] Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.[108]

text: A vertical toolbar known as the charms[109] (accessed by swiping from the right edge of a touchscreen, or pointing the cursor at hotspots in the right corners of a screen) provides access to system and app-related functions, such as search, sharing, device management, settings, and a Start button.[109][110] The traditional desktop environment for running desktop applications is accessed via a tile on the Start screen. The Start button on the taskbar from previous versions of Windows has been converted into a hotspot in the lower-left corner of the screen, which displays a large tooltip displaying a thumbnail of the Start screen.[111][112] Swiping from the left edge of a touchscreen or clicking in the top-left corner of the screen allows one to switch between apps and Desktop. Pointing the cursor in the top-left corner of the screen and moving down reveals a thumbnail list of active apps.[112] Aside from the removal of the Start button and the replacement of the Aero Glass theme with a flatter and solid-colored design, the desktop interface on Windows 8 is similar to that of Windows 7.[113]

text: Removed features[edit]

text: Several notable features have been removed in Windows 8; support for playing DVD-Video was removed from Windows Media Player due to the cost of licensing the necessary decoders (especially for devices which do not include optical disc drives at all) and the prevalence of online streaming services. For the same reasons, Windows Media Center is not included by default on Windows 8, but Windows Media Center and DVD playback support can be purchased in the "Pro Pack" (which upgrades the system to Windows 8 Pro) or "Media Center Pack" add-on for Windows 8 Pro. As with prior versions, third-party DVD player software can still be used to enable DVD playback.[114]

text: Backup and Restore, the backup component of Windows, is deprecated. It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery".[115]:76 Shadow Copy, a component of Windows Explorer that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer.[115]:74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.[115]:74

text: Hardware requirements[edit]

text: PCs[edit]

text: The minimum system requirements for Windows 8 are slightly higher than those of Windows 7. The CPU must support the Physical Address Extension (PAE), NX bit, and SSE2. Windows Store apps require a screen resolution of 1024×768 or higher to run; a resolution of 1366×768 or higher is required to use the snap functionality.[116] To receive certification, Microsoft requires candidate x86 systems to resume from standby in 2 seconds or less.[117]

text:
Minimum hardware requirements for Windows 8[118]

Component
Minimum
Recommended

Processor
1 GHz clock rate
IA-32 or x64 architecture
Support for PAE, NX and SSE2[119][120]
x64 architecture
Second Level Address Translation (SLAT) support for Hyper-V

Memory (RAM)
IA-32 edition: 1 GB
x64 edition: 2 GB
4 GB

Graphics Card
DirectX 9 graphics device
WDDM 1.0 or higher driver
DirectX 10 graphics device

Display screen
N/A
1024×768 pixels

Input device
Keyboard and mouse
multi-touch display screen

Hard disk space
IA-32 edition: 16 GB
x64 edition: 20 GB
N/A

Other
N/A
UEFI v2.3.1 Errata B with Microsoft Windows Certification Authority in its database
Trusted Platform Module (TPM)
Internet connectivity

text: Microsoft's Connected Standby specification, which hardware vendors may optionally comply with, sets new power consumption requirements that extend above the above minimum specifications.[121] Included in this standard are a number of security-specific requirements designed to improve physical security, notably against Cold Boot Attacks.

text: 32-bit SKUs of Windows 8 only support a maximum of 4 GB of RAM. 64-bit SKUs, however support more: Windows 8 x64 supports 128 GB while Windows 8 Pro and Enterprise x64 support 512 GB.[122]

text: On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism from enterprise customers, Microsoft delayed the end of support and non-critical updates for Skylake systems to July 17, 2018, but stated that they would also continue to receive security updates through the end of extended support.[123][124] On August 2016, Microsoft again extended the Skylake support policy to the date of the end of extended support for Windows 7 (January 2020).[125][126]

text: In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows 8.1 or 7 on devices using Intel's Skylake CPU family effective July 17, 2018, and that all future CPU microarchitectures, as well as Skylake systems after this date, would only be supported on Windows 10. After the deadline, only critical security updates were to be released for users on these platforms.[127][128][123][124] After this new policy faced criticism from users and enterprise customers, Microsoft partially retracted the change and stated that both operating systems would remain supported on Skylake hardware through the end of their Extended support lifecycle. Windows 8.1 remains officially unsupported on all newer CPU families, and neither AMD or Intel will provide official chipset drivers for Windows operating systems other than Windows 10.[129][126]

text: Tablets and convertibles[edit]

text: Microsoft released minimum hardware requirements for tablet and laplet devices to be "certified" for Windows 8, and defined a convertible form factor as a standalone device that combines the PC, display and rechargeable power source with a mechanically attached keyboard and pointing device in a single chassis. A convertible can be transformed into a tablet where the attached input devices are hidden or removed leaving the display as the only input mechanism.[130][131] On March 12, 2013, Microsoft amended its certification requirements to only require that screens on tablets have a minimum resolution of 1024×768 (down from the previous 1366×768). The amended requirement is intended to allow "greater design flexibility" for future products.[132]

text:
Hardware certification requirements for Windows tablets[133]

Graphics card
DirectX 10 graphics device with WDDM 1.2 or higher driver

Storage
10 GB free space, after the out-of-box experience completes

Standard buttons
Power, Rotation lock, Windows key, Volume up, Volume down

Screen
Touch screen supporting a minimum of 5-point digitizers and resolution of at least 1024×768. The physical dimensions of the display panel must match the aspect ratio of the native resolution. The native resolution of the panel can be greater than 1024 (horizontally) and 768 (vertically). Minimum native color depth is 32-bits. If the display is under 1366×768, disclaimers must be included in documentation to notify users that the Snap function is not available.[132]

Camera
Minimum 720p

Accelerometer
3 axes with data rates at or above 50 Hz

USB 2.0
At least one controller and exposed port.

Connect
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.0 + LE (low energy)

Other
Speaker, microphone, magnetometer and gyroscope.
If a mobile broadband device is integrated into a tablet or convertible system, then an assisted GPS radio is required. Devices supporting near field communication need to have visual marks to help users locate and use the proximity technology. The new button combination for Ctrl + Alt + Del is Windows Key + Power.

text: Updated certification requirements were implemented to coincide with Windows 8.1. As of 2014, all certified devices with integrated displays must contain a 720p webcam and higher quality speakers and microphones, while all certified devices that support Wi-Fi must support Bluetooth as well. As of 2015, all certified devices must contain Trusted Platform Module 2.0 chips.[134][135]

text: Editions[edit]

text: Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows. This license also includes Windows Media Center.[136][137][138] Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing.[138] A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.[138]

text: Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99.[139][140] Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99.[141] Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models).[142][143] During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.[136]

text: Unlike previous versions of Windows, Windows 8 was distributed at retail in "Upgrade" licenses only, which require an existing version of Windows to install. The "full version software" SKU, which was more expensive but could be installed on computers without an eligible OS or none at all, was discontinued. In lieu of full version, a specialized "System Builder" SKU was introduced. The "System Builder" SKU replaced the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) SKU, which was only allowed to be used on PCs meant for resale, but added a "Personal Use License" exemption that officially allowed its purchase and personal use by users on homebuilt computers.[144][145][145][146]

text: Retail distribution of Windows 8 has since been discontinued in favor of Windows 8.1. Unlike 8, 8.1 is available as "full version software" at both retail and online for download that does not require a previous version of Windows in order to be installed. Pricing for these new copies remain identical.[147] With the retail release returning to full version software for Windows 8.1, the "Personal Use License" exemption was removed from the OEM SKU, meaning that end users building their own PCs for personal use must use the full retail version in order to satisfy the Windows 8.1 licensing requirements.[144] Windows 8.1 with Bing is a special OEM-specific SKU of Windows 8.1 subsidized by Microsoft's Bing search engine.[148]

text: Software compatibility[edit]

text: The three desktop editions of Windows 8 support 32-bit and 64-bit architectures; retail copies of Windows 8 include install DVDs for both architectures, while the online installer automatically installs the version corresponding with the architecture of the system's existing Windows installation.[136][149] The 32-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 architecture 3rd generation (known as IA-32) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 16-bit applications, although 16-bit support must be enabled first.[150][151] (16-bit applications are developed for CPUs compatible with x86 2nd generation, first conceived in 1978. Microsoft started moving away from this architecture after Windows 95.[150])

text: The 64-bit version runs on CPUs compatible with x86 8th generation (known as x86-64, or x64) or newer, and can run 32-bit and 64-bit programs. 32-bit programs and operating system are restricted to supporting only 4 gigabytes of memory while 64-bit systems can theoretically support 2048 gigabytes of memory.[152] 64-bit operating systems require a different set of device drivers than those of 32-bit operating systems.[152]

text: Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications.[153] Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.[154]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Pre-release[edit]

text: Following the unveiling of Windows 8, Microsoft faced criticism (particularly from free software supporters) for mandating that devices receiving its optional certification for Windows 8 have secure boot enabled by default using a key provided by Microsoft. Concerns were raised that secure boot could prevent or hinder the use of alternate operating systems such as Linux. In a post discussing secure boot on the Building Windows 8 blog, Microsoft developer Tony Mangefeste indicated that vendors would provide means to customize secure boot, stating that "At the end of the day, the customer is in control of their PC. Microsoft's philosophy is to provide customers with the best experience first, and allow them to make decisions themselves."[81][155] Microsoft's certification guidelines for Windows 8 ultimately revealed that vendors would be required to provide means for users to re-configure or disable secure boot in their device's UEFI firmware. It also revealed that ARM devices (Windows RT) would be required to have secure boot permanently enabled, with no way for users to disable it. However, Tom Warren of The Verge noted that other vendors have implemented similar hardware restrictions on their own ARM-based tablet and smartphone products (including those running Microsoft's own Windows Phone platform), but still argued that Microsoft should "keep a consistent approach across ARM and x86, though, not least because of the number of users who'd love to run Android alongside Windows 8 on their future tablets."[82][82][83][156] No mandate is made regarding the installation of third-party certificates that would enable running alternative programs.[157][158][159]

text: Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft),[160] Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam),[161] and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store.[162] However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."[163]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, he felt that Windows 8 tablets "[make] an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services.[163] David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information.[164] In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing"[165] and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface.[166] Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes.[163] Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.[167]

text: The interface of Windows 8 has been the subject of mixed reaction. Bright wrote that its system of hot corners and edge swiping "wasn't very obvious" due to the lack of instructions provided by the operating system on the functions accessed through the user interface, even by the video tutorial added on the RTM release (which only instructed users to point at corners of the screen or swipe from its sides). Despite this "stumbling block", Bright said that Windows 8's interface worked well in some places, but began to feel incoherent when switching between the "Metro" and desktop environments, sometimes through inconsistent means.[167] Tom Warren of The Verge wrote that the new interface was "as stunning as it is surprising", contributing to an "incredibly personal" experience once it is customized by the user, but had a steep learning curve, and was awkward to use with a keyboard and mouse. He noted that while forcing all users to use the new touch-oriented interface was a risky move for Microsoft as a whole, it was necessary in order to push development of apps for the Windows Store.[163] Others, such as Adrian Kingsley-Hughes from ZDNet, considered the interface to be "clumsy and impractical" due to its inconsistent design (going as far as considering it "two operating systems unceremoniously bolted together"), and concluded that "Windows 8 wasn't born out of a need or demand; it was born out of a desire on Microsoft's part to exert its will on the PC industry and decide to shape it in a direction—touch and tablets – that allows it to compete against, and remain relevant in the face of Apple's iPad."[168]

text: In 2013, Frank X. Shaw, a Microsoft corporate vice president, said that while many of the negative reviews were extreme, it was a "good thing" that Microsoft was "listening to feedback and improving a product".[169]

text: The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) reported a decline in Microsoft's customer satisfaction, the lowest it has been since Windows Vista.[170]

text: Market share and sales[edit]

text: Microsoft says that 4 million users upgraded to Windows 8 over the weekend after its release,[171][172] which CNET says was well below Microsoft's internal projections and was described inside the company as disappointing.[173]

text: On November 27, 2012, Microsoft announced that it has sold 40 million licenses of Windows 8 in the first month, surpassing the pace of Windows 7.[174]

text: However, according to research firm NPD, sales of devices running Windows in the United States have declined 21 percent compared to the same time period in 2011.[175] As the holiday shopping season wrapped up, Windows 8 sales continued to lag, even as Apple reported brisk sales.[176] The market research firm IDC reported an overall drop in PC sales for the quarter, and said the drop may have been partly due to consumer reluctance to embrace the new features of the OS and poor support from OEM for these features.[177] This capped the first year of declining PC sales to the Asia Pacific region, as consumers bought more mobile devices than Windows PCs.[178]

text: Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory.[179] However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android and iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8.[180] Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).[180]

text: In March 2013, Microsoft also amended its certification requirements to allow tablets to use the 1024×768 resolution as a minimum; this change is expected to allow the production of certified Windows 8 tablets in smaller form factors—a market which is currently dominated by Android-based tablets.[132] Despite the reaction of industry experts, Microsoft reported that they had sold 100 million licenses in the first six months. This matched sales of Windows 7 over a similar period.[181] This statistic includes shipments to channel warehouses which now need to be sold in order to make way for new shipments.[182]

text: In January 2014, Hewlett-Packard began a promotion for desktops running Windows 7, saying that it was "back by popular demand". Outside sources have suggested that this might be because HP or its customers thought the Windows 8 platform would be more appropriate for mobile computing than desktop computing, or that they were looking to attract customers forced to switch from XP who wanted a more familiar interface.[183][184]

text: In February 2014, Bloomberg reported that Microsoft would be lowering the price of Windows 8 licenses by 70% for devices that retail under US$250; alongside the announcement that an update to the operating system would allow OEMs to produce devices with as little as 1 GB of RAM and 16 GB of storage, critics felt that these changes would help Windows compete against Linux-based devices in the low-end market, particularly those running Chrome OS. Microsoft had similarly cut the price of Windows XP licenses to compete against the early waves of Linux-based netbooks.[185][186] Reports also indicated that Microsoft was planning to offer cheaper Windows 8 licenses to OEMs in exchange for setting Internet Explorer's default search engine to Bing. Some media outlets falsely reported that the SKU associated with this plan, "Windows 8.1 with Bing", was a variant which would be a free or low-cost version of Windows 8 for consumers using older versions of Windows.[187] On April 2, 2014, Microsoft ultimately announced that it would be removing license fees entirely for devices with screens smaller than 9 inches,[188] and officially confirmed the rumored "Windows 8.1 with Bing" OEM SKU on May 23, 2014.[148]

text: On the information gathered by Net Applications, adoption rate in March 2015 for Windows 8.1 was at 10.55%, while the original Windows 8 was at 3.52%.[189]

text: Chinese government ban[edit]

text: In May 2014, the Government of China banned the internal purchase of Windows 8-based products under government contracts requiring "energy-efficient" devices. The Xinhua News Agency claimed that Windows 8 was being banned in protest of Microsoft's support lifecycle policy and the end of support for Windows XP (which, as of January 2014, had a market share of 49% in China), as the government "obviously cannot ignore the risks of running an OS without guaranteed technical support." However, Ni Guangnan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had also previously warned that Windows 8 could allegedly expose users to surveillance by the United States government due to its heavy use of Internet-based services.[190][191][192][193]

text: In June 2014, state broadcaster China Central Television (CCTV) broadcast a news story further characterizing Windows 8 as a threat to national security. The story featured an interview with Ni Guangnan, who stated that operating systems could aggregate "sensitive user information" that could be used to "understand the conditions and activities of our national economy and society", and alleged that per documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the U.S. government had worked with Microsoft to retrieve encrypted information. Yang Min, a computer scientist at Fudan University, also stated that "the security features of Windows 8 are basically to the benefit of Microsoft, allowing them control of the users' data, and that poses a big challenge to the national strategy for information security." Microsoft denied the claims in a number of posts on the Chinese social network Sina Weibo, which stated that the company had never "assisted any government in an attack of another government or clients" or provided client data to the U.S. government, never "provided any government the authority to directly visit" or placed any backdoors in its products and services, and that it had never concealed government requests for client data.[194][195][196]

text: Windows 8.1[edit]

text: A feature update to Windows 8 known as Windows 8.1 was officially announced by Microsoft on May 14, 2013.[197][198] Following a presentation devoted to it at Build 2013, a public beta version of the upgrade was released on June 26, 2013.[199][200] Windows 8.1 was released to OEM hardware partners on August 27, 2013, and released publicly as a free download through Windows Store on October 17, 2013.[147][201][202] Volume license customers and subscribers to MSDN Plus and TechNet Plus were initially unable to obtain the RTM version upon its release; a spokesperson said the policy was changed to allow Microsoft to work with OEMs "to ensure a quality experience at general availability."[203][204] However, after criticism, Microsoft reversed its decision and released the RTM build on MSDN and TechNet on September 9, 2013.[205]

text: Windows 8.1 addressed a number of criticisms faced by Windows 8 upon its release, with additional customization options for the Start screen, the restoration of a visible Start button on the desktop, the ability to snap up to four apps on a single display, and the ability to boot to the desktop instead of the Start screen. Windows 8's stock apps were also updated, a new Bing-based unified search system was added, SkyDrive was given deeper integration with the operating system, and a number of new stock apps, along with a tutorial, were added.[9][206][207][208] Windows 8.1 also added support for 3D printing,[209][210] Miracast media streaming, NFC printing, and Wi-Fi Direct.[211]

text: Microsoft markets Windows 8.1 as an "update" rather than as a "service pack" or "upgrade".[212] However, Microsoft's support lifecycle policy treats Windows 8.1 similarly to previous Windows service packs: it is part of Windows 8's support lifecycle, and upgrading to 8.1 has been required to maintain access to mainstream support and updates after January 12, 2016.[4][213][214] Although Windows 8 RTM is unsupported, Microsoft released an emergency security patch in May 2017 for Windows 8 RTM, as well as other unsupported versions of Windows (including Windows XP and Windows Server 2003), to address a vulnerability that was being leveraged by the WannaCry ransomware attack.[215][216]

text: Retail and OEM installations of Windows 8, Windows 8 Pro, and Windows RT can be upgraded through Windows Store free of charge. However, volume license customers, TechNet or MSDN subscribers and users of Windows 8 Enterprise must acquire a standalone installation media for 8.1 and install through the traditional Windows setup process, either as an in-place upgrade or clean install. This requires an 8.1-specific product key.[217][218][219][220]


document_title: Homeland Security Act

question_text: why did the bush administration create the department of homeland security

root

text: Homeland Security Act

text: Background[edit]

text: The new department assumed a large number of services, offices and other organizations previously conducted in other departments, such as the Customs Service, Coast Guard, and U.S. Secret Service.  It superseded, but did not replace, the Office of Homeland Security, which retained an advisory role.  The Homeland Security Appropriations Act of 2004 provided the new department its first funding. A major reason for the implementation of HSA is to ensure that the border function remains strong within the new Department.[5]

tag: p

text: The Act is similar to the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) in reorganizing and centralizing Federal security functions to meet post–Cold War threats and challenges. Like IRTPA, there are some inherent contradictions in the bill not solved by reorganization.  These reflect compromises with other committees needed to secure passage, but the result is at times inconsistent or conflicting authorities.  For example, the Act identifies the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) first responsibility as preventing terrorist attacks in the United States; but, the law's language makes clear that investigation and prosecution of terrorism remains with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and assigns DHS only an analytical and advisory role in intelligence activities.[6]  Similarly, with Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP), which relates to the preparedness and response to serious incidents, the Act gave DHS broad responsibility to minimize damage but only limited authority to share information and to coordinate the development of private sector best practices.

text: Establishments[edit]

text: The Homeland Security Act of 2002 is the foundation for many other establishments, including:

text:
the Department of Homeland Security, which is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security
an established Directorate for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection within the Department of Homeland Security, which is headed by the Under Secretary for Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection.
the Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002
the Cyber Security Enhancement Act of 2002

tag: ol

text: Titles[edit]

text: The Homeland Security Act of 2002 documented under Public Law is divided into 17 titles that establishes the Department of Homeland Security and other purposes. Each title is broken down into several sections, summarized below.[6][7]

text: Department of Homeland Security[edit]

text: The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), formed November 25, 2002 through the Homeland Security Act, is a Cabinet department composed of several different divisions that work to protect the United States from domestic and foreign terrorism. It was created as a response to the September 11 attacks in 2001.[6] The Department of Homeland Security manages the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate. The directorate helps fulfill the Department's overarching goal: to keep America safe from terrorist attacks.[8] The Department also works to enhance preparedness and response efforts and to integrate these efforts with prevention work.[8] With the Homeland Security Act there are several provisions that identify the specific duties for the EP&R Directorate.

text: Provisions[edit]

text: The Homeland Security Act contains several provisions that identify specific duties for the EP&R Directorate.[8] Title V and Title II outline the way the department ensures the following: that the use of intelligence and its own threat analysis of terrorist capabilities are intended to distribute funds to those areas where the terrorist threat is greatest; and that states provide the Federal Government with their Emergency Response Plans so that the department can coordinate priorities regionally and nationally.[8][9]

text: Establishments under the Homeland Security Department[edit]

text:
Ready.gov which was conceived in March 2002 and launched in February 2003
National Incident Management System which was established in March 2004
National Response Plan (NRP) which was created in December 2004
National Cyber Security Division (NCSD)
E-Verify

tag: ul

text: Amendments[edit]

text: Proposed[edit]

text:
Department of Homeland Security Interoperable Communications Act (H.R. 4289; 113th Congress) - a bill that would amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to make the Under Secretary for Management of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsible for policies and directives to achieve and maintain interoperable communications among DHS components.[10] The bill was written in reaction to a 2012 report by the DHS Inspector General that indicated DHS "lacks an effective governance structure to ensure interoperable communications across divisions.[11]
National Cybersecurity and Critical Infrastructure Protection Act of 2013 (H.R. 3696; 113th Congress) - a bill that would amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to require the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to conduct cybersecurity activities on behalf of the federal government and would codify the role of DHS in preventing and responding to cybersecurity incidents involving the Information Technology (IT) systems of federal civilian agencies and critical infrastructure in the United States.[12] The bill passed in the United States House of Representatives on July 28, 2014.[13]

text: Legislative information[edit]

text:
Senate: S. 2794
House: H.R. 5005 HR. Rept. 107-609
Law: Pub.L. 107–296, 117 Stat. 745


document_title: Selena Gomez

question_text: when did selena gomez first appear on tv

text: Selena Gomez

text: Life and career

text: 1992–2006: Early life and career beginnings

text: Selena Marie Gomez was born in Grand Prairie, Texas on July 22, 1992,[5] to Ricardo Joel Gomez and former stage actress Amanda Dawn "Mandy" Cornett.[6][7][8] Gomez was named after Tejano singer and actress Selena Quintanilla-Pérez, who died in 1995.[9][10] Her father is of Mexican descent while her mother, who was adopted, has some Italian ancestry.[11][12][13] Regarding her Hispanic heritage, Gomez has stated, "My family does have Quinceañeras, and we go to the communion church. We do everything that's Catholic, but we don't really have anything traditional except [that we] go to the park and have barbecues on Sundays after church."[14] Gomez's parents divorced when she was five years old, and she remained with her mother.[6][15] Selena has two younger half-sisters: Gracie Elliot Teefey through Amanda and her second husband Brian Teefey,[16][17] and Victoria "Tori" Gomez through Ricardo and his wife Sara Gomez.[18] She earned her high-school diploma through homeschooling in May 2010.[19]

text: When Gomez was born, her mother was sixteen years old.[20] The family had financial troubles during Gomez's childhood, with her mother struggling to provide for the pair.[21] At one point, Gomez recalled, they had to search for quarters just to get gas for their car.[21] Her mother later recalled that the two would frequently walk to their local dollar store to purchase spaghetti for dinner.[21] Gomez stated, "I was frustrated that my parents weren't together, and never saw the light at the end of the tunnel where my mom was working hard to provide a better life for me. I'm terrified of what I would have become if I'd stayed [in Texas]."[22] She later added that "[My mom] was really strong around me. Having me at 16 had to have been a big responsibility. She gave up everything for me, had three jobs, supported me, sacrificed her life for me."[23] Gomez had a close relationship with her grandparents as a child, and appeared in various pageants growing up.[23] Her grandparents often took care of her  while her parents finished their schooling, and the pair went as far as stating that they "raised her" up until she found success in the entertainment industry.[23]

text: Gomez first gained an interest in pursuing a career in the entertainment industry watching her mother prepare for stage productions.[24] She began auditioning for various roles, meeting Demi Lovato during an audition for Barney & Friends.[25][26] Both Gomez and Lovato were later selected to appear on the series in 2002,[27][28] with Gomez portraying the character of Gianna.[29] The show was her first experience in acting, with Gomez recalling, "I was very shy when I was little [...] I didn't know what 'camera right' was. I didn't know what blocking was. I learned everything from Barney."[30] Gomez appeared in thirteen episodes of the show between 2002 and 2004, though the show's producers released her as she was getting "too old" for the series.[31] While working on the series, Gomez had a cameo role in the film Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003) and the made-for-television film Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire (2005).[32] Gomez made a guest appearance in a 2006 episode of the Disney series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.[33]

text: 2007–2012: Breakthrough with Disney and Selena Gomez & the Scene

text: Gomez was given a recurring role on the popular Disney Channel series Hannah Montana in 2007, portraying pop star Mikayla.[34] During this time, Gomez filmed pilot episodes for two potential Disney Channel series; the first, titled Arwin!,[35] a spin-off of the Suite Life series, while the second titled Stevie Sanchez was a spin-off of the series Lizzie McGuire.[36] She later auditioned for a role in the Disney series Wizards of Waverly Place, ultimately winning the lead role of Alex Russo.[31] Upon receiving the role, Gomez and her mother moved to Hollywood, Los Angeles, California; Lovato and her family also moved to Hollywood, hoping to achieve similar success to Gomez.[37] Wizards of Waverly Place saw Gomez portraying a teenage girl in a family of wizards who own a restaurant in New York.[38] The series quickly became a hit for the network, propelling Gomez to more mainstream success.[39] The series received numerous nominations and awards.[40][41] Gomez recorded the theme song for the series, titled "Everything is Not What It Seems".[42] Gomez later appeared in the music video for the song "Burnin' Up", which the Jonas Brothers had recorded and released,[43] and later, she also appeared in an episode of the reality series Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream.

text: While working on the second season of Wizards of Waverly Place, Gomez appeared on the Disney Channel special Studio DC: Almost Live alongside various other Disney stars.[44] She contributed a cover of the song "Cruella de Vil" to the compilation album DisneyMania 6,[45] and later recorded the original song "Fly to Your Heart" for the soundtrack of the animated film Tinker Bell.[46] She had a leading role as an aspiring dancer Mary Santiago in the direct-to-video film Another Cinderella Story, a sequel to A Cinderella Story, starring Hilary Duff and Chad Michael Murray and the second installment of A Cinderella Story series.  Gomez recorded three songs for the soundtrack, and released one of them, "Tell Me Something I Don't Know", as a promotional single.[47] Later that year, Gomez had the supporting role of Helga in the animated film Horton Hears a Who![48] The film was a commercial success, and went on to gross nearly $300 million worldwide.[49]

text: At 16 years of age, Gomez was signed to a recording contract with the Hollywood Records label, which had already signed both Cyrus and Lovato.[50][51] Gomez formed her own production company in 2008, which she called July Moon Productions.[52][53] She partnered with XYZ Films for the project, giving Gomez the opportunity to option articles, hire writers and create talent packages to shop to studios.[54][55] Gomez was slated to release two films under the company. The first, titled What Boys Want, featured Gomez as a girl who could hear the thoughts of men.[56] She later announced a film adaptation of the novel Thirteen Reasons Why, in which she was to play a young girl who commits suicide; ultimately, neither film was made,[57] though Gomez would later executive produce a television adaptation of Thirteen Reasons Why.[58]

text: Gomez continued to have mainstream success throughout the following year, appearing as Alex Russo in a crossover episode of the Disney series The Suite Life on Deck.[59] She later made a guest appearance on the Disney series Sonny With a Chance, starring Lovato.[60] She appeared in a remix of the Forever the Sickest Kids's single "Whoa Oh! (Me vs. Everyone)", released as a single in April of that year.[61] Gomez, along with Lovato, starred in the Disney Channel film Princess Protection Program, which aired in June 2009. The film was a critical success,[62] and had a total of 8.5 million viewers during its premiere.[63] For the film, Gomez and Lovato recorded the song "One and the Same", which was later released as a promotional single.[64] She later provided the voice of Princess Selenia in the animated film Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard.[65] On August 28, 2009, Gomez starred in Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, a television film based on the series.[66] The film premiered to an audience of 11.4 million viewers becoming cable's No. 1 scripted telecast of 2009 and Disney Channel's second most-viewed film premiere after High School Musical 2.[67] The film won the series its second consecutive Emmy for "Outstanding Children's Program" at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards.[68]

text: Hoping to achieve a successful crossover into music, Gomez formed the pop-rock band Selena Gomez & the Scene through her record deal with Hollywood Records.[69] The name of the band is an "ironic jab" at the people who called Gomez a "wannabe scene."[70] The group released their debut studio album in August 2009,[71][72][73][74] which debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States, with first-week sales of 66,000 copies.[75] The album received a mixed reception, some critics praised the album for its "fun" nature, while others criticized Gomez for her vocal performance.[73][76][77] The lead single failed to have commercial success,[78] however the second single was successful.[79] With heavy promotion through Disney and performances, the song had success on radio and with sales.[80] In 2010, Gomez starred as one of the two female leads in Ramona and Beezus, a film adaption of the children's novel series by Beverly Cleary.[81][82][83] The film premiered on July 23, 2010, and it was met with generally positive reviews.[84] Selena Gomez & the Scene released their second studio album A Year Without Rain that same year,[85][86] which debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 4 with sales of a little over 66,000.[86] The album received mixed to positive reviews where some noticed that Gomez's vocals contained the Auto-Tune effect.[87] The record's two singles both achieved moderate success.[88][89] Having previously announced plans to launch a fashion line, Gomez launched Dream Out Loud in 2010.[90][91] The collection consisted of, and featured, bohemian dresses, floral tops, jeans, skirts, jackets, scarves and hats, all of which were made from recycled or eco-friendly materials.[92][93] Gomez stated, "With my line, I really want to give the customer options on how they can put their own looks together [...] I want the pieces that can be easy to dress up or down, and the fabrics being eco-friendly and organic is super important [...] Also, the tags will all have some of my inspirational quotes on them. I'm just looking to send a good message."[90][93] To design the actual items, Gomez teamed up with designers Tony Melillo and Sandra Campos, both of whom had previously worked with big-name fashion houses.[91] Melillo and Campos teamed with New York-based Adjmi Apparel to manufacture the brand, which was formed by Adjmi CH Brands LLC, the holding company for the brand.[94]

text: In 2011, Gomez starred in the film Monte Carlo. Her character Grace is a teenager "mistaken for a socialite while on a trip to Paris."[95] To prepare for the role, Gomez learned how to play polo and also took two weeks of vocal training to learn two different British accents.[96][97] She also began a relationship with Justin Bieber that year, which lasted until 2014.[98] Before breaking up, they recorded an unreleased duet titled "Can't Steal Our Love".[99] Gomez appeared in a cameo role in the film The Muppets[100] and appeared in the Disney shows So Random! and PrankStars.[101] Selena Gomez & the Scene released their third and final studio album that same year.[102] The album received mixed reviews,[102] with the album's second single receiving a 4x Platinum certification from the RIAA.[103] However, the album's lead single and last single both achieved moderate success.[104][105] It was announced on July 14, 2011, that Gomez had signed a license agreement with Adrenalina, an extreme sports and adventure-themed lifestyle brand, to develop, manufacture, and distribute the actress's fragrance. Chairman and C.E.O. of Adrenalina, Ilia Lekach, said, "We are incredibly enthused to be working with Ms. Gomez and will reveal more details pertaining to the fragrance as we get closer to the launch date."[106] The perfume was released in May 2012.[107]

text: 2012–2014: Solo musical debut and personal struggles

text: Gomez confirmed in January 2012 that she would be taking a break from her music career, thus placing Selena Gomez & the Scene on a hiatus.[108] That year, Wizards of Waverly Place officially ended its run on the Disney Channel after four successful seasons.[109][110] Gomez hoped to focus on her film career outside Disney and starred in the animated film Hotel Transylvania (2012).[111] The film premiered at the 37th annual Toronto International Film Festival and was released on September 28, 2012.[111] Gomez had a role in the controversial exploitation film Spring Breakers (2013), starring James Franco.[112] The film saw Gomez in a more mature role than her previous works, and reportedly led to Gomez having a "bit of a meltdown on set."[15] In 2013, Gomez starred in the film Getaway.[113] The film was a critical and commercial failure,[114] and earned Gomez a nomination for Worst Actress at the 34th Golden Raspberry Awards.[115]

text: Despite her earlier claims that she would be taking a break from her music career, Gomez confirmed in October 2012 that she was working on new material.[116][117] She later confirmed that she would be releasing her solo debut album, as opposed to another album with her band.[118] Gomez released "Come & Get It" as the lead single from the album.[119] The single became Gomez's first top ten entry on the Billboard Hot 100.[120] Another single from the album, Slow Down, peaked at number 27 in the Billboard charts.[121] Stars Dance was released on July 23, 2013. It became her first album to debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart, where it sold 97,000 copies in its first week.[122][123] The album remained in the top ten in its second week, though declined down the chart in the following weeks.[124][125][126] The record was met with mixed reviews where some music critics noticed her inability to create her own musical identity and her lack of vocal abilities "doesn't help."[127][128][129] Gomez incorporated choreography and dance routines into her promotional performances and music videos for the album, feeling inspired by artists such as Janet Jackson and Britney Spears.[130] As of September 2015, the album has sold 392,000 copies in the United States, making it her lowest selling studio album to date in the country.[131] It remains her only studio effort to not receive a certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[132]

text: Gomez embarked on her Stars Dance Tour on August 14, 2013.[133] After touring in North America and Europe, the tour was set to continue throughout 2014, though Gomez cancelled the Australian and Asian leg of the tour in December 2013, claiming that she would be taking a hiatus to spend time with her family.[134] In January 2014, it was reported that Gomez had spent two weeks at Dawn at The Meadows, which is a treatment center in Wickenburg, Arizona that specializes in treating addiction and trauma in young people.[135][136] Her representative stated that she had spent time there "voluntarily [...] but not for substance abuse."[137][138] Gomez confirmed in 2015 that she had been diagnosed with the auto-immune disease, lupus, and that she had cancelled the tour and entered rehab to undergo chemotherapy.[139][140] Gomez appeared in the film Behaving Badly (2014) with Dylan McDermott and Nat Wolff.[141] The project, filmed prior to Gomez's stint in rehab, was released in August 2014 to a generally negative critical and commercial reception.[142][143][144][145] Even the author of the original autobiographical novel, has disavowed the film.[146] She later appeared in the film Rudderless (2014), the directorial debut of William H. Macy.[147][148][149] The independent film received a mixed reception from critics.[150][151]

text: In April of that year, it was reported that Gomez had fired her mother and stepfather as her managers; the two had managed Gomez since her career began.[152] Gomez later signed with the WME and Brillstein companies to manage her career.[153][154] The news of Gomez's new management also fueled rumors that her recording contract with Hollywood Records was ending, and that Gomez was searching for a new label.[155][156] Gomez surprise released her new single "The Heart Wants What It Wants" (2014) on November 6, and confirmed after months of speculation that she would be releasing a compilation album as a means of finishing out her contract with Hollywood Records.[156] The single went on to become her second top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and sold over one million copies in the United States.[157] Gomez released her first solo compilation album, For You (2014), on November 24.[158] The album received minimal promotion and failed to achieve much commercial success, selling 35,506 equivalent album units in the United States during its first week of release, and entered the Billboard 200 at number twenty-four.[159] Gomez officially signed a recording contract with Interscope Records in December 2014.[160]

text: 2015–2016: Revival and mental health

text: While working on her second studio album, Gomez collaborated with Zedd for his single "I Want You to Know" (2015), released as the lead single from his second album on February 23.[161] The single became Gomez's fourth top twenty entry on the Billboard Hot 100, and received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[157] Gomez became the face of haircare brand Pantene in 2015.[162] Gomez released "Good for You" (2015) as the lead single from her second studio album on June 22, 2015; the single features rapper ASAP Rocky.[163] The song sold 179,000 copies in its first week of release alone, and went on to become her first top five single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.[164] The single became her first to top the Mainstream Top 40 chart.[165][166] In August 2015, Gomez appeared in the documentary Unity among many other actors and actresses.[167] She reprised the role of Mavis in Hotel Transylvania 2, which was released on September 25; the film was met with a positive critical and commercial reception upon its release.[168]

text:
Gomez released her second studio album, Revival (2015), on October 9, 2015.[169] The album was met with a positive reaction from critics, who praised the album's production and lyrical content.[170][171][172] The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 117,000 equivalent album units.[173] This remains Gomez's highest first week sales to date.[173] "Same Old Love" (2015) was released as the album's second single, and went on to top the Mainstream Top 40 chart.[174][175] The single peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100, tying with "Good for You" as her highest charting effort.[176] "Hands to Myself" was the album's third single, which became her third consecutive number one on the Mainstream Top 40 chart.[177] This made Gomez one of only six female artists to have three singles from the same album top the chart.[178]
Gomez had a cameo role in the film The Big Short, which was released on December 11 by Paramount Pictures.[179] She was the musical guest on the January 23, 2016 episode of Saturday Night Live, with host Ronda Rousey.[180]

text: Gomez embarked on her worldwide Revival Tour (2016) on May 6.[181] Gomez claimed that the tour would focus solely on her as an artist, thus features less choreography and effects as her previous tour.[181] After touring in North America, Asia and Oceania, she cancelled the European and South America leg of the tour in August 2016 due to anxiety, panic attacks and depression caused by her lupus.[182] Gomez had a supporting role in the comedy film Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising; she portrayed the president of a Phi Lambda sorority.[183] Her collaboration with Charlie Puth, "We Don't Talk Anymore" (2016),[184] reached the top ten in the United States.[185] Gomez starred in the drama film The Fundamentals of Caring[186] which was premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 29, 2016.[187] The film was released on June 24.[187] It was met with a mixed critical reception.[188] She also starred in In Dubious Battle with James Franco; the film was released on September 3, 2016.[189] Gomez has begun working on her third studio album while touring, and added a new song titled "Feel Me" to the setlist of her Revival Tour.[190] The song leaked online nine months after the first performance.[191] The album, which currently has no title or release date, will be her second release through Interscope Records.[190] Gomez and Canadian singer Tory Lanez were featured on "Trust Nobody", the second single from Norwegian DJ Cashmere Cat debut studio album 9. The song was released in September 2016.[192]

text: Following the cancellation of her tour, Gomez rechecked into rehab to focus on her mental health and was noticeably absent from social media.[193] She made her first public appearance at the 2016 American Music Awards,[194] where she was nominated for two awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and Artist of the Year. She further went on to win the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist.[195]

text: 2017–present: 13 Reasons Why and upcoming third studio album

text: On February 4, 2017, she posted a snippet of a new song on her Instagram story.[196] Five days later, Norwegian DJ Kygo posted a snippet of his collaboration with Gomez.[197] Gomez and Kygo confirmed the single titled "It Ain't Me" via their social media accounts a week later, which was released on February 16.[198] The song reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[199]

text: Gomez serves as executive producer for the series adaptation of the novel Thirteen Reasons Why.[58] She shared the first trailer of the show on January 25, 2017,[200] and the show premiered on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[201] Besides the project, Gomez has been working in new music with producers The Futuristics, Jonas Jeberg,[202] Ryan Tedder[203][204] and songwriters Julia Michaels, Justin Tranter[205] and Jacob Kasher.[206][204] On May 5, 2017 Gomez launched a countdown on her official website which led to May 18. Many websites speculated about the release of a new single.[207][208][209] On May 11, it was confirmed the release of the single "Bad Liar" as the countdown result.[210] On May 18, it was premiered alongside its first music video, which was available for streaming only through Spotify.[211] A second music video was released on YouTube the next month which also teased the follow-up single "Fetish",[212] released on July 13, 2017.[213] In August 2017, Gomez was cast in A Rainy Day in New York, a film directed by Woody Allen for Amazon Studios.[214] Gomez announced she would be donating her salary from the film to the Time's Up initiative.[215] On October 19, 2017, Gomez and EDM producer Marshmello announced that they would be collaborating on a new track titled "Wolves," which was released on October 25.[216][217]

text: On May 10, 2018, Gomez released a new single from the 13 Reasons Why Season 2 Soundtrack, titled "Back To You". She once again voiced the character Mavis, in Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation, which was released in July 2018.[218][219] On July 13, 2018, Los Angeles prosecutors announced that a New Jersey woman had been charged with hacking into email accounts belonging to Gomez posting online images and other material she found there.[220] It was also announced that Gomez will also voice a character in The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle, directed by Stephen Gaghan,[221][222] set to be released on January 17, 2020. She will also appear in Jim Jarmusch's film The Dead Don't Die.[223]

text: Artistry

text: Sound

text: Gomez is described as a pop singer,[224][225] showcasing the genre in form of dance-pop[225][226] and incorporating EDM[225][227] into her sound. As her career has been progressing, she has been experimenting with a large number of music genres. While her debut album with The Scene was inspired in electronic rock and pop rock,[228][229] her following records with the band opted for dance-pop[230][231] sound. A Year Without Rain noted synth-pop characteristics[232] and When the Sun Goes Down went into a more electropop[233] and electro-disco-influenced musical direction.[234] Her debut solo record Stars Dance was rooted in the EDM-pop[235][236] genre, and Gomez herself described it as "baby dubstep",[237] featuring elements from multiple genres as electronic, disco, techno or dancehall.[238][239] Her songs "The Heart Wants What It Wants" and "Good for You" have been described as "minimalistic" and "grown-up",[240] transitioning her sound into adult pop.[241]

text: Influences

text: Early in her music career, Gomez cited Bruno Mars as an influence, for "his style of music, his style in general, the way he performs, the way he carries himself."[242] Gomez also named Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, Beyoncé and Rihanna as influences.[243][244][245][246] Gomez has stated that she finds English singer Cheryl Cole as a significant influence to her artistry, "She made me feel better, I just love her music and I think she's a really nice person. She's been through a lot, but she carries herself with a lot of class and I love that."[247] Gomez's debut solo album Stars Dance (2013) was prominently influenced by Spears, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and American electronic producer Skrillex.[248] Her second album, Revival (2015), was mainly influenced by Christina Aguilera's album Stripped (2002) and singer Janet Jackson.[243][249]

text: Endorsements

text: In 2009, Gomez was part of Sears's back-to-school fashion campaign and was featured in television commercials.[250] She hosted the "Sears Arrive Air Band Casting Call" to select five winners for the first-ever "Sears Air Band" to perform at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[251] She also became the spokesperson for Borden Milk and was featured in campaign's print ads and television commercials.[252]

text: From 2010 to 2014, Gomez released her own clothing line, Dream Out Loud by Selena Gomez, through retailer Kmart.[253][254] In 2012, she released a self-titled fragrance, Selena Gomez by Selena Gomez. It was also announced that she would partner with the cellphone brand, Case-Mate, as part of its upcoming "Right Case, Right Occasion" marketing campaign. In 2013, she released her second fragrance, Vivamore by Selena Gomez.[255] She also created her own collection of nail polish colors for Nicole by OPI.[256]

text: From 2013 to 2015, Gomez was a spokesperson and partner for Neo by Adidas.[257] In 2015, Gomez signed $3 million endorsement deal with Pantene.[258]

text: In 2016, Gomez appeared in a fashion campaign for luxury brand Louis Vuitton.[259] Gomez also appeared in ads for Coca-Cola's "Share a Coke" campaign, and she appeared in advertisements for the campaign and lyrics from two of her songs will be featured on packages of Coca-Cola products nationwide.[260]

text: In 2017, Gomez confirmed that she was partnering with Coach, Inc, beginning with their fall line.[261] She has a limited-edition collection of handbags called the "Selena Grace" that she designed in collaboration with luxury brand Coach, Inc. On March 29, 2018, Gomez released photos from her partnership with Coach on her Instagram account. The photos featured a black and brown Coach bag and the numbers “3 29 ‘98”, referencing a date 20 years before.[262] She also partnered with the athletic brand, Puma, as brand ambassador appearing in campaigns, including the Phenom Lux sneakers that was released in March 2018.[263][264]

text: Philanthropy

text: UNICEF

text: In October 2008, Gomez participated in St. Jude's Children's Hospital "Runway For Life" benefit.[265] That same month, Gomez was named UNICEF's spokesperson for the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign, which encouraged children to raise money on Halloween to help children around the world.[266] She said that she was "extremely excited" to "encourage other kids to make a difference in the world."[266] In August 2009, a 17-year-old Gomez became the youngest UNICEF ambassador ever, passing fellow songstress Hayley Westenra, who was 18 when she was chosen. In her first official field mission, Gomez traveled to Ghana on September 4, 2009 for a week to witness first-hand the stark conditions of vulnerable children that lack vital necessities including clean water, nourishment, education and healthcare.[267][268] Gomez explained, during an interview with Associated Press correspondents, that she wanted to use her star power to bring awareness to Ghana: "That's why I feel very honored to have a voice that kids listen to and take into consideration [...] I had people on my tour asking me where IS Ghana, and they Googled it [...] and because I went there, they now know where Ghana is. So it's pretty incredible."[268][269] Gomez said, of her role as ambassador, that "Every day 25,000 children die from preventable causes. I stand with UNICEF in the belief that we can change that number from 25,000 to zero. I know we can achieve this because every moment, UNICEF is on the ground providing children with the lifesaving assistance needed to ensure zero becomes a reality."[267]

text: Gomez was named spokesperson for UNICEF's 2009 Trick-or-Treat campaign, for the second year in a row.[270] Gomez, who raised over $700,000 for the charity in 2008, stated that she hopes to be able to raise 1 million dollars in 2009.[268] Gomez participated in a celebrity auction[271] and hosted a live web cast series on Facebook in support of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign.[272]

text:
Gomez returned as the UNICEF spokesperson for the 60th anniversary of Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF campaign in 2010.[273] In celebration of the organization's 60th anniversary, Gomez and her team, The Scene, held a benefit concert donating all proceeds to the campaign.[274]
In February 2011, Gomez traveled to Chile to witness and meet with the families of UNICEF's supported program, "Programa Puente", which helped families better understand, and developed skills to deal effectively with, early childhood education, development, and other issues related to raising children. From her field trip experience, Gomez said, "UNICEF is helping Chilean families get out of poverty, prevent violence within the home and promote education. To witness first hand these families' struggles, and also their hope and perseverance, was truly inspiring."[275] In March 2011, Gomez participated in the UNICEF Tap Project's "Celebrity Tap Pack" limited-edition, custom-made water bottles which featured tap water from the homes of each celebrity advocate, in order to raise funds and increase profile for the clean water and sanitation programs.[276] She was also featured in videos that promoted the campaign.[277][278]

text: Other charity work

text: Gomez was involved in the UR Votes Count campaign which encouraged teenagers to learn more about 2008 presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain.[279]

text: Selena became the ambassador of DoSomething.org after being involved with the charity Island Dog, which helped dogs in Puerto Rico.[280] She began her involvement while filming Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie in Puerto Rico.[281] Gomez is also involved with the charity RAISE Hope For Congo, an initiative of the Enough Project, which helps raise awareness about conflict minerals and violence against Congolese women.[282]

text: From 2009 to 2012, Gomez was involved in "Disney's Friends for Change", an organization which promoted "environmentally-friendly behavior", and she appeared in its public service announcements.[283] Gomez, Demi Lovato, Miley Cyrus, and the Jonas Brothers, as the ad hoc musical team "Disney's Friends For Change", recorded the charity single "Send It On", all of whose proceeds were accepted into the Disney Worldwide Conservation Fund.[284] It debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 20.[284]

text: In April 2012, Gomez was named ambassador to the Ryan Seacrest Foundation.[285] The year before, Gomez made an appearance at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia during a Ryan Seacrest Foundation broadcast from the hospital’s multimedia center.[286] She was also a spokesperson for State Farm Insurance and appeared in numerous television commercials, which aired on the Disney Channel, to raise awareness of being a safe driver.[287]

text: In April 2018, Gomez attended the WE Day California event in Los Angeles. During the event, Gomez introduced Nellie Mainor, a young fan who had a rare kidney disease.[288]

text: Personal life

text: Religious beliefs

text: Gomez was raised Catholic. When she was 13, she wanted a purity ring, and her dad went to the church and got it blessed. She stated, "He actually used me as an example for other kids. I'm going to keep my promise to myself, to my family and to God." The singer stopped wearing the ring in 2010.[289] Gomez later stated in 2017 that she did not like the term "religion" and that sometimes it "freaks me out", adding "I don't know if it's necessarily that I believe in religion, as much as I believe in faith and a relationship with God."[290] Despite that she did not like the term religion, she attends Hillsong Church.[291][292][293] In 2014, she revealed that she listened to Hillsong United's song Oceans (Where Feet May Fail) before performing in the American Music Awards 2014.[294] In 2016, she appeared at Hillsong Young & Free concert in Los Angeles to leading worship by singing her song titled Nobody.[295][296][297] When a fan asked her who the lyrics referred to in Nobody song, Gomez answer on Twitter “God.”[298] She also covered Hillsong Worship's song Transfiguration in her Revival Tour.[299]

text: Health

text: Gomez was diagnosed with lupus sometime between 2012 and early 2014. On September 14, 2017, she announced via Instagram that she had withdrawn from public events during the previous few months because she had received a kidney transplant from actress and friend Francia Raisa.[300][301][302] During the transplant, Gomez broke an artery. An emergency surgery was conducted to build a new artery using a vein from her leg.[303][304][305]

text: Relationships

text: In December 2010, Gomez began dating Justin Bieber. After separating in November 2012, they reconciled a few weeks later before splitting up again in January 2013.[306][307][308][309][310] They later reconciled for a few months in each of 2013, 2014, and 2015.[311][312] Late in 2017, it was reported that they had gotten back together again. However, they broke up again in March 2018.[313][314]

text: Gomez reportedly started dating The Weeknd in January 2017 and they moved in together temporarily in September 2017 in Greenwich Village, New York.[315][316] They broke up in October 2017.[317] The Weeknd released My Dear Melancholy, in March 2018, which–according to media outlets–referenced Gomez in several songs.[318]

text: Awards and nominations

text: Selena Gomez has won several awards, including an ALMA Award, an American Music Award, two Billboard Women in Music Awards, an iHeartRadio Music Award, an MTV Video Music Award, and sixteen Teen Choice Awards, as well as ten Guinness World Records. She has received four Billboard Music Awards nominations.

text: Discography

text: Gomez has released two studio albums, one EP, and one compilation album in her solo career.

text: Gomez also the lead singer of the former band Selena Gomez & the Scene, releasing three studio albums and one remix album.

text: Solo albums

text:
Stars Dance (2013)
Revival (2015)

text: Selena Gomez & the Scene albums

text:
Kiss & Tell (2009)
A Year Without Rain (2010)
When the Sun Goes Down (2011)

text: Tours

text: Solo tours

text:
Stars Dance Tour (2013–2014)
Revival Tour (2016)

text: Selena Gomez & the Scene tours

text:
Live in Concert (2009–2010)
A Year Without Rain Tour (2010–2011)
We Own the Night Tour (2011–2012)

text: Filmography

text: Film

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2003

Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over

Water Park Girl

2008

Horton Hears a Who!

Helga (voice)

2008

Another Cinderella Story

Mary Santiago

2009

Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard

Princess Selenia (voice)

2010

Ramona and Beezus

Beatrice "Beezus" Quimby

2010

Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds

Princess Selenia (voice)

2011

Monte Carlo

Grace Ann Bennett / Cordelia Winthrop Scott

2011

The Muppets

Herself

2012

Fifty Shades of Blue

Herself / Lauren (voice)

Short video

2012

Spring Breakers

Faith

2012

Hotel Transylvania

Mavis (voice)

2012

Aftershock

VIP Girl

2013

Getaway

The Kid

2013

Girl Rising[319]

Narrator (voice)

2013

Searching

Violet

Short film

2014

Rudderless

Kate Ann Lucas

2014

Behaving Badly

Nina Pennington

2015

Unity

Narrator (voice)

2015

Hotel Transylvania 2

Mavis (voice)

2015

The Big Short

Herself

2015

Taylor Swift: The 1989 World Tour Live

Herself

Concert film

2016

The Fundamentals of Caring

Dot

2016

Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising

Phi Lambda President

2016

In Dubious Battle

Lisa

2017

Puppy!

Mavis (voice)

Short film

2018

A Love Story[320]

Girl

Short film

2018

Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

Mavis (voice)

2020

The Voyage of Doctor Dolittle

Betsy (voice)

Filming

TBA

A Rainy Day in New York

Post-production

TBA

The Dead Don't Die

Zoe

Filming

tag: table

text: Television

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2002–2004

Barney & Friends

Gianna

13 episodes

2005

Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire

Julie

Television film

2006

The Suite Life of Zack & Cody

Gwen

Episode: "A Midsummer's Nightmare"

2007

Hannah Montana

Mikayla

2 episodes

2007–2012

Wizards of Waverly Place

Alex Russo

106 episodes

2008

Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream

Herself

Episode: "Hello Hollywood"

2008

Disney Channel Games

Herself / Contestant

5 episodes, part of Yellow Team

2008

Studio DC: Almost Live

Herself

Episode: "The Second Show"

2009

Sonny with a Chance

Herself

Episode: "Battle of the Networks' Stars"

2009

Princess Protection Program

Carter Mason

Television film

2009

The Suite Life on Deck

Alex Russo

Episode: "Double-Crossed"

2009

Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie

Alex Russo

Television film

2011

So Random!

Herself

Episode: "Selena Gomez & the Scene"

2013

The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex

Alex Russo / Evil Alex

Television special; also executive producer

2016

Saturday Night Live

Herself (musical guest)

Episode: "Ronda Rousey/Selena Gomez"

2016

Inside Amy Schumer

Herself

Episode: "Fame"

2017–present

13 Reasons Why

None

Executive producer[321]

text: Web

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2010

Selena Gomez: Girl Meets World

Herself

7 episodes[322]


document_title: Mary's Boy Child

question_text: who sang mary's boy child in 1957

question_tokens: who sang mary 's boy child in 1957

text: Mary's Boy Child

text: History[edit]

text: The song had its genesis when Hairston was sharing a room with a friend. The friend asked him to write a song for a birthday party.[2] Hairston wrote the song with a calypso rhythm because the people at the party would be mainly West Indians. The song's original title was "He Pone and Chocolate Tea", pone being a type of corn bread.[2] It was never recorded in this form.

text: Some time later Walter Schumann, at the time conducting Schumann's Hollywood Choir, asked Hairston to write a new Christmas song for his choir. Hairston remembered the calypso rhythm from his old song and wrote new lyrics for it.[2]

text: Harry Belafonte heard the song being performed by the choir and sought permission to record it.[2] It was recorded in 1956 for his album An Evening with Belafonte. An edited version was subsequently released as a single,[3] reaching No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957.[1] It was the first single to sell over one million copies in the UK alone.[1] To date, Belafonte's version has sold over 1.19 million copes.[4] In 1962. the full-length version was added to a re-issue of Belafonte's previously released album To Wish You a Merry Christmas.

text: The song was also recorded by Mahalia Jackson in 1956 but titled "Mary's Little Boy Child".[5]

text: Covers[edit]

text: One of the best-known cover versions of the song is from the German-based disco-group Boney M. from 1978, "Mary's Boy Child – Oh My Lord."[6] This version returned the song to the top of the UK chart.[1] It is one of the best-selling singles of all time in the UK, and has sold 1.87 million copies as of November 2015.[4]

text: When Hairston found out how well the Boney M version had done, he said: "God bless my soul. That's tremendous for an old fogey like me".[2] He was 78 at the time.

text: The song has been recorded twice by Andy Williams, once on his 1965 album Merry Christmas and again on his 1997 album We Need A Little Christmas. It has also been recorded by Evie (1977), Anne Murray, The Brothers Four, Charlotte Church (Dream a Dream, 2000), Greg MacDonald, The Lettermen (1966), The Merrymen, Jim Reeves (1963), Rolf Harris (1970), Roger Whittaker, The Little River Band, The Three Degrees, The Pete King Chorale, Nina & Frederik, Carola, Vikingarna, Kiri Te Kanawa (1984), José Mari Chan (1990), Al Bano and Romina Power (1991), Tom Jones (1993), John Denver (1990), the cast of Glee (2013), RJ Jacinto (2015), Harry Connick Jr, Bryn Terfel, Connie Talbot and many others.

text: The song was also included on the 1991 live concert A Carnegie Hall Christmas Concert, featuring Kathleen Battle, Frederica von Stade and Wynton Marsalis.[citation needed]

text: Recent covers include The Wiggles on their 2004 album Santa's Rockin'; Juice Newton's folk-rock version on her 2007 The Gift of Christmas; Mandisa on her 2008 album It's Christmas; Paul Poulton's reggae version on his 2008 album Grooves 4 Scrooge; Daniel O'Donnell on his 2010 album O Holy Night; and Joe McElderry on his 2011 album Classic Christmas.

text: In 2012, the Portuguese priest António Cartageno made a choral arrangement for the song.

text: Translations[edit]

text: Translated versions include "Hankien Joulu" recorded by Georg Malmstén, "Kauan Sitten Beetlehem" recorded by Petri Laaksonen (fi), "Marian Poika" by Tarja Turunen, "Varje människa har ett ljus" recorded by Jan Malmsjö,[7] "...und Frieden für die Welt" by Rolf Zuckowski, "Maria's Kind" by La Esterella, "Bethlehem" by Rob de Nijs, "Det hände sig för länge sen" recorded by Kikki Danielsson on her 1987 Christmas album Min barndoms jular,[8] "Det hände sig för länge sen" recorded by Stefan Borsch on his 1981 Christmas album I kväll jag tänder ett ljus,[9] "Himlens hemlighet" recorded by Tommy Körberg and "Du är som en sommardag" by dance band Schytts. The Schytts version was in the Swedish chart Svensktoppen for 10 weeks in 1979, where it peaked at No. 1.[10] "Ang Batang Hesus" by mayor_junneil (Filipino).

text: Other uses[edit]

text: The words and music featured on a miniature sheet issued with the 1983 Christmas stamps of the Caribbean island of St Kitts,[11] while the adjacent island of Nevis issued a complementary sheet featuring the "Calypso Carol".