document_title: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

question_text: who won the olympic women's hockey match

question_tokens: who won the olympic women 's hockey match

text: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

text: Inception as an Olympic sport[edit]

text: The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.[3] At the time, organized international ice hockey was still relatively new.[4] The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the sport's governing body, was created on May 15, 1908, under the name Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace.[5] At the 1914 Olympic Congress in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organizers could include.[6] The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games.[7] Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for figure skating unless ice hockey was included.[7] The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship.[8] The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes, so the players of the National Hockey League (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.[9]

text: The first Winter Olympic Games were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.[10] Chapter 1, article 6, of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as "sports which are practised on snow or ice".[11] Ice hockey and figure skating were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics programme.[12] The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture and they were held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992. Following that, further Winter Games have been held on the third year of each Olympiad.[13]

text: Events[edit]

text: Men's tournament[edit]

text: 1920 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The men's tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics was organized by a committee that included future IIHF president Paul Loicq. The tournament used the Bergvall System, in which three rounds were played.[14] The first round was an elimination tournament that determined the gold medal winner. The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal. The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners; the winner of that round received the bronze medal.[15]

text: The tournament was played from April 23 to April 29 and seven teams participated: Canada, Czechoslovakia, the United States, Switzerland, Sweden, France and Belgium. Canada chose to send the Allan Cup-winning Winnipeg Falcons. The Americans began a tournament to determine their representative team but abandoned it, deciding instead to send an all-star team that included four Canadian-born players. The Swedish team consisted of mostly bandy players, many of whom had only started playing hockey in preparation for the tournament.[15] Canada won all three of the team's games in the first round and won the gold medal, defeating Sweden in the final and outscoring opponents 27–1.[16] In the two subsequent rounds, the United States and Czechoslovakia won the silver and bronze medals respectively.[17] The Bergvall System was criticized, especially in Sweden, because the Swedish team had to play six games (winning three) while the bronze medal winning Czech team only had to play three (winning one). Erik Bergvall, the creator of the system, stated that it was used incorrectly and that a tournament of all of the losing teams from the first round should have been played for the silver medal.[15] Because of these criticisms, the Bergvall System was not used again for ice hockey.[15]

text: In 1924, the tournament was played in a round-robin format, consisting of a preliminary round and a medal round. The medals were awarded based on win–loss records during the medal round.[18] This format was used until 1988, although the number of teams and games played varied slightly. The Toronto Granites, representing Canada, became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history, outscoring opponents 110–3, led by Harry Watson, who scored 36 goals.[19] The United States won silver and Great Britain won bronze.[20] Watson's 36 goals remains the tournament record for career goals. He also set the record for career points with 36 (assists were not counted at the time), which stood until 2010.[21]

text: Eleven teams participated in the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The Canadian team was given a bye to the medal round and won all of its games by a combined score of 38–0.[22] The Swedish and Swiss teams won their first medals—silver and bronze respectively—and a German team participated for the first time, finishing ninth.[23] At the 1932 Winter Olympics, Canada won gold in a tournament that consisted of four teams that played each other twice.[24] Germany won bronze, the nation's first medal in the sport.[25]

text: Two days before the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Canadian officials protested that two players on the British team—James Foster and Alex Archer—had played in Canada but transferred without permission to play for clubs in the English National League. The IIHF agreed with Canada, but Great Britain threatened to withdraw the team if the two were barred from competing. To avoid a conflict, Canada withdrew the protest shortly before the Games began. The tournament consisted of four groups and fifteen teams. Great Britain became the first non-Canadian team to win gold; Canada won silver and the United States bronze.[26] World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics.[27]

text: During the run-up to the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, a conflict broke out between two American ice hockey bodies, the American Hockey Association (AHA) and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). The AAU, which had run amateur hockey in the United States since 1930, was expelled by the IIHF in 1947 when it refused to support a team composed of players from the AHA. The AAU stated that the AHA players were "openly paid salaries"; at the time, the Olympics were strictly for amateur players.[28] The Swiss Olympic Organizing Committee (SOOC) had accepted the AHA's application, but Avery Brundage of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) threatened to withdraw the entire American team if the AHA participated in the Olympics. The IIHF countered by threatening to withdraw hockey from the Games if the AHA were banned. The IOC suggested that both American teams be banned but the SOOC rejected this proposal. The IOC decided to switch hockey to an unofficial event but relented when a compromise was reached. The AHA team was allowed to compete but would not be considered an official participant or allowed to win a medal. The AHA team finished fourth in the standings.[28][29][30] Both Czechoslovakia and Canada won seven games and tied when they played each other. The gold medal winner was determined by goal difference: Canada won the gold because it had an average of 13.8 goals per game compared to Czechoslovakia's average of 4.3.[31] Czechoslovakia's team was quickly improving; it won the 1947 and 1949 World Championships.[32]

text: At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, the gold medal was won by Canada's team for the second consecutive Games. It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years.[33] The United States won silver and Sweden won bronze. A team from Finland competed for the first time.[34]

text: The Soviet Union competed in its first World Championship in 1954, defeating Canada and winning the gold medal.[35] At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, the Soviet team went undefeated and won its first gold medal. Canada's team lost to the Soviets and the United States in the medal round, winning the bronze.[35] The 1960 Winter Olympics, in Squaw Valley, United States, saw the first, and to date only, team from Australia compete in the tournament. Canada, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Sweden were the top four teams heading into the Games, but were all defeated by the American team, which won all seven games en route to its first Olympic gold medal. Canada won the silver medal and the Soviet Union won the bronze.[36]

text: At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, the Soviet team won all seven of its games, earning the gold medal. Canada finished the tournament with five wins and two losses, putting the team in a three-way tie for second place with Sweden and Czechoslovakia. Before 1964, the tie-breaking procedure was based on goal difference in games against teams in the medal round; under that system, Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechoslovakian team. During the tournament the procedure was changed to take all games into consideration, which meant that the Canadians finished fourth.[37] At the time, the Olympics counted as the World Championships; under their (unchanged) rules, Canada should have received bronze for the World Championships.[38][39][40]

text: The Soviet Union won its third gold medal with a 7-1 record in the 1968 Grenoble Olympics. Czechoslovakia and Canada won the silver and bronze medals.[41] It was the last time that the Olympics were counted as the World Championships. In 1970, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition protesting the use of full-time "amateurs" by the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia,[42][43][44] and the team did not participate in the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics.[44] Led by goaltender Vladislav Tretiak and forwards Valeri Kharlamov, Alexander Yakushev, Vladimir Petrov and Boris Mikhailov, the Soviet team won gold at both the 1972 Games in Sapporo, Japan and 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.[45] In 1971, the United States finished last at the World Championships and was relegated to Pool B. The team qualified for the 1972 Olympics and won silver, making it the first Pool B team to win an Olympic medal.[46] Czechoslovakia won the bronze medal in 1972.[47] In 1976, Czechoslovakia won the silver and West Germany won bronze.[48] Along with Canada, the Swedish team did not participate in the 1976 tournament joining the boycott.[49]

text: 1980: The "Miracle on Ice"[edit]

text: The Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, New York in 1980. Twelve teams participated in the tournament, including Canada for the first time since 1968. The Soviet Union entered the tournament as favourites and were considered natural rivals with the American team due to the Cold War.[51] The Americans, coached by Herb Brooks and consisting mainly of college students, tied Sweden and scored an upset win over Czechoslovakia in the preliminary round. They advanced to the medal round along with Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union.[51]

text: The February 22 medal-round game between the Soviet Union and the United States became famously known as the "Miracle on Ice." The Soviets took a 2–1 lead, but the Americans tied the game with one second left in the first period.[52] In the second period, Soviet goaltender Vladislav Tretiak was replaced by Vladimir Myshkin.[51] The Soviets regained the lead early in the second period. However, the Americans kept the game close due to the goaltending of Jim Craig. In the third period, the Americans scored two goals, including the game winner by captain Mike Eruzione with exactly 10 minutes left to give the Americans a 4–3 lead.[52] Craig withstood another series of Soviet shots to preserve the win. In the final seconds of the game, American Broadcasting Company sportscaster Al Michaels delivered his famous line: "Do you believe in miracles? Yes!"[51][53]

text: The final rankings were based on points accumulated in matches against the other teams in the medal round. Despite the common misconception that the Americans won gold the night they beat the Soviets, this did not occur until February 24 when they defeated Finland 4–2 and finished the tournament undefeated.[54] The Soviets finished with silver; Sweden won the bronze. In 2008, the IIHF picked the Miracle on Ice as the top international hockey story of the past 100 years.[51]

text: At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union won its sixth gold medal. Czechoslovakia and Sweden won the silver and bronze medals.[55] The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where the Soviet team captured its seventh and final gold medal. The Soviets' last Olympic game was a loss to Finland. The Finnish team was not considered a serious medal contender—it had competed in the World Championships since 1939 and had not won a single medal. However, Finland upset the Soviets 2–1 and won silver.[56] The IIHF decided to change the tournament format because in several cases, the gold medal winner had been decided before the final day of play. During a congress in 1990, the IIHF introduced a playoff system.[57] The new system was used at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. Preliminary round-robin games were held and followed by an eight-team cup-system style medal round that culminated in a gold medal game.[8]

text: Before 1989, players who lived in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and other nations behind the Iron Curtain were not allowed to leave and play in the NHL.[59] Soviet officials agreed to allow players to leave following the 1989 World Championships.[60] Many of the Soviet Union's top players left to play in the NHL, including the entire "Green Unit"—Igor Larionov, Viacheslav Fetisov, Vladimir Krutov, Sergei Makarov and Alexei Kasatonov.[61] The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. Nine former Soviet states became part of the IIHF and started competing internationally, including Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Ukraine.[62] At the 1992 Olympics, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan competed as one entity, known as the Unified Team.[63] In the final, the Unified Team defeated Canada to win gold while Czechoslovakia won the bronze.[63]

text: Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in January 1993. The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia, allowing the team to retain its position in the top World Championship division, while Slovakia started in the lowest division (Pool C) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up.[64] Both nations competed in the tournament at the 1994 Winter Olympics, as did Russia. Slovakia and Finland both finished the preliminary round undefeated. Slovakia lost their medal round quarter-final game to Russia 2–3 OT, who later lost to Sweden 3–4 in the semi-final and Finland (who was defeated by Canada in the another semi-final) 0–4 in the bronze medal game. In the gold medal game between Sweden and Canada, both teams finished regulation and overtime play with a 2–2 tie. In the resulting shootout, the first in Olympic competition,[65] both nations scored two goals, which resulted in a sudden death shootout. Peter Forsberg of Sweden scored one of the most famous goals in Olympic history by faking a forehand shot, then sliding a one-handed backhand shot past goaltender Corey Hirsch.[66][67][68] Canada's final shooter Paul Kariya's shot was saved by Tommy Salo and Sweden won the game and its first gold medal.[69]

text: In 1995, an agreement to allow NHL players to participate in Olympics was reached between the IOC, IIHF, NHL, and National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA).[70] The format of the 1998 tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL's schedule. Canada, considered a pre-tournament favourite, was upset in the semi-final round by the Czech Republic and then lost the bronze medal game to Finland.[71] Led by goaltender Dominik Hašek, the Czech team defeated Russia, winning its first gold medal in the sport.[9] Following the tournament, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman commented that it "was what we had predicted and hoped for from a pure hockey perspective, [it was] a wonderful tournament".[72]

text: The next tournament format was hosted at in Salt Lake City, United States. Finnish centre Raimo Helminen became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments.[58] In the quarter-finals, Belarus defeated Sweden in one of the biggest upsets since the Miracle on Ice.[73][74] The team lost to Canada 7-1 in the semi-final and Russia 7-2 in the bronze medal game, respectively.[75] The Canadian team rebounded from a disappointing first round and defeated the American team (who eliminated Russia 3–2 in the semi-final) in the gold medal game, winning their first gold medal in 50 years and seventh in men's hockey overall.[76]

text: The tournament format was adjusted for 2006. In the semi-finals, Sweden defeated the Czech Republic 7–3, and Finland ousted Russia 4–0. Sweden won the gold medal over Finland 3–2 and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal over Russia 3–0. Three months later, Sweden won the 2006 World Championships and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year.[77]

text: The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the first time since NHL players started competing that the Olympics were held in a city with an NHL team. Teemu Selänne of Finland scored his 37th point, breaking the record of 36 first set by Canadian Harry Watson in 1924 and later tied by Vlastimil Bubník of Czechoslovakia, and Valeri Kharlamov of the Soviet Union.[21] Slovakia made the final four for the first time, but lost the bronze medal game to Finland 3–5.[78] In the gold medal game, Canada and the United States ended regulation play with a 2–2 tie, making it only the second Olympic gold medal match to go into overtime. Canadian player Sidney Crosby scored the winning goal 7:40 into overtime play to give Canada its eighth gold medal in men's hockey.[79]

text: The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi, Russia, and retained the same game format used in Vancouver 2010, while returning to the larger international-sized ice rinks.[80] Slovenia participated for the first time, upsetting Slovakia in the round-robin before losing to Sweden in the quarterfinals 0–5, for its best finish in any international tournament.[81] Latvia upset Switzerland 3–1 in the qualification playoffs, also making it to the Olympic quarterfinals for the first time, where they were narrowly defeated by Canada 2–1.[82] Host nation Russia, considered a pre-tournament favourite, lost 3–1 in the quarterfinals to Finland and finished 5th.[83] Entering the semi-finals undefeated after outscoring opponents 20–6, the United States lost to Canada 0–1, then lost the bronze medal game against Finland 0–5. Teemu Selänne scored six more points in the tournament, was named tournament MVP and boosted his modern-era Olympic career record for points to 43 (24 goals, 19 assists). At the age of 43, he also set records as both the oldest Olympic goal-scorer and oldest Olympic ice hockey medal winner.[84] Canada defeated Sweden 3–0 to win its ninth Olympic gold medal. The team did not trail at any point over the course of the tournament, and became the first back-to-back gold medal winner since the start of NHL participation in 1998, as well as the first team to go undefeated since 1984.[85]

text: Women's tournament[edit]

text: Addition to the programme[edit]

text: At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics.[88] Women's ice hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics in June 1991, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NAOOC). The NAOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships, could not be competitive.[89] According to Glynis Peters, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's (CAHA) head of female hockey, "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years, which they were also really reluctant to do."[90] In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme.[89] Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive.[90] The IOC had agreed that if the NAOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[89] The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.[91]

text: Before 1998, women's hockey had been dominated by Canada. Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point; however, by 1997, the American team had improved and was evenly matched with Canada. In thirteen games played between the two teams in 1997, Canada won seven and the United States won six. The 1998 Olympic tournament also included teams from Finland, Sweden, China and host Japan. Canada and the United States dominated the round-robin portion. In their head-to-head match, the United States overcame a 4–1 deficit to win 7–4.[92] The two teams met in the final, which the United States won 3–1 to become the third American ice hockey team to win Olympic gold. Finland defeated China 4–1 to win the bronze medal.[93]

text: For the 2002 Winter Olympics, the number of teams was increased to eight with Russia, Germany and Kazakhstan qualifying for the first time.[94] The Canadian and American teams went undefeated in the first round and semi-finals, setting up a gold medal rematch that the Canadian team won 3–2.[95] Following the game, members of the Canadian team accused the Americans of stomping on a Canadian flag in their dressing room, although an investigation later proved the rumour false.[96] The Swedish team won the bronze medal over Finland 2–1, the nation's first in women's ice hockey.[97]

text: In 2006, the American team was upset in the semi-final game, by Sweden 2–3 SO, marking the first time that it had lost to an opponent other than Canada.[98] The upset drew comparisons to the Miracle on Ice from 1980.[99][100] In the medal games, Canada defeated Sweden 4–1 to claim its second consecutive gold medal, while the Americans beat Finland 4–0 to win the bronze.[101][102]

text: In 2010, eight teams participated, including Slovakia for the first time.[103] In the gold medal game, Canada defeated the United States 2–0 to win their third consecutive gold. The Finnish team won the bronze medal over Sweden 3–2 OT, their first since 1998.[104]

text: At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Canada defeated the United States 3–2, as Marie-Philip Poulin scored at 8:10 of overtime to win their fourth consecutive gold, rebounding from a two-nothing deficit late in the game. With the win, Canadians Hayley Wickenheiser, Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette became the first athletes to win four ice hockey gold medals. They also joined Soviet biathlete Alexander Tikhonov and German speedskater Claudia Pechstein as the only athletes to win gold medals in four straight Winter Olympics.[105] In the bronze medal game Switzerland beat Sweden 4–3 to win their first women's medal.[106]

text: Team USA beat Canada at the 2018 games in Pyeongchang in a shootout to win their first gold medal in 20 years.

text: Rules[edit]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Since 1976, 12 teams have participated in the men's tournament, except in 1998 and 2002, when the number was raised to 14. The number of teams has ranged from 4 (in 1932) to 16 (in 1964). After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the "Big Six" teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) were given automatic qualification and byes to the final round.[107] The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round-robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held. The top two teams from the preliminary round (Belarus and Kazakhstan) joined the "Big Six" in the finals. A similar system was used in 2002.[108] For the following tournament, the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games.[109] Qualification for the men's tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics was structured around the 2008 IIHF World Ranking. Twelve spots were made available for teams. The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 19th through 30th played in a first qualification round in November 2008. The top three teams from the round advanced to the second qualification round, joined by teams ranked 10th through 18th. The top three teams from this round advanced to the Olympic tournament.[110][111]

text: The women's tournament uses a similar qualification format. The top six teams in the IIHF Women's World Ranking after the 2008 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 13th and below were divided into two groups for a first qualification round in September 2008. The two group winners advanced to the second qualification round, where the teams ranked seventh through twelfth joined them.[112]

text: Players[edit]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: The IIHF lists the following requirements for a player to be eligible to play in international tournaments:[113]

text:
"Each player must be under the jurisdiction of an IIHF member national association."
"Each player must be a citizen of the country he/she represents."

text: If a player who has never played in an IIHF competition changes their citizenship, they must participate in national competitions in their new country for at least two consecutive years and have an international transfer card (ITC).[113] If a player who has previously played in an IIHF tournament wishes to change their national team, they must have played in their new country for four years. A player can only do this once.[113] The original IOC rules stated that an athlete that had already played for one nation could not later change nations under any circumstances.[7]

text: Use of professional players[edit]

text: Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the IOC, was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public schools.[114] The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education and there was a prevailing concept of fairness in which practicing or training was considered cheating.[114] As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated.[114] The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[1] Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until 1988.[115]

text: Near the end of the 1960s, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC. Avery Brundage, president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players[44] at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[116] The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.[44] In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.[44][117] Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.[118]

text: Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.[119] This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the World Hockey Association—were allowed to play.[119] Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.[120] Murray Costello of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.[121] In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988.[122][123]

text: NHL participation[edit]

text: The NHL decided not to allow all players to participate in 1988, 1992, 1994 and 2018 because the Winter Olympics typically occur in February, during the league's regular season. To allow participation, the NHL would have been forced to take a break in its schedule.[124]

text: In 1992, National Basketball Association (NBA) players participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics. The American "Dream Team" dominated the tournament, and NHL commissioner Gary Bettman (an NBA executive in 1992) commented that the "[NBA]'s worldwide awareness grew dramatically". He hoped that NHL participation would "get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey".[70] The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring, so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule. Bettman "floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games", but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter.[70] In March 1995, Bettman, René Fasel, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and NHLPA executive director Bob Goodenow met in Geneva, Switzerland. They reached an agreement that allowed NHL players to participate in the Olympics, starting with the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan.[70] The deal was officially announced by the NHL on October 2, 1995. Bettman said: "We're doing this to build the game of hockey, pure and simple, we think whatever benefits are recouped, it will end up making this game bigger, stronger and healthier."[125]

text: The 2004–05 NHL season was locked out and eventually cancelled because of a labour dispute between the league and its players. In January 2005, Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid-season after the cancellation of the previous season.[127] The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement allowed league participation in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics.[128] Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament because of concerns about injury or exhaustion. Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider commented that "I'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it's good for the NHL to participate, having said that, the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy."[129] Some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament,[130] and several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games. Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be "a little easier for everybody".[131]

text: It was originally thought that for NHL participating in the 2014 Winter Olympics a deal would have to be negotiated between the NHL and NHLPA in the Collective Bargaining Agreement.[133] In January 2013, the NHL and NHLPA agreed on a new Collective Bargaining Agreement.[134] However, the decision on NHL participation at the Olympics was later announced on 19 July 2013. As part of the deal, the NHL will go on break for 17 days during the Olympics and will send 13 on-ice officials to help with the Games.[135] NHL management was hesitant to commit to the tournament; Bettman argued the Olympic break is a "strain on the players, on the schedule and on fans", adding that "the benefits we get tend to be greater when the Olympics are in North America than when they're in distant time zones."[136] According to Bettman, most of the NHL team owners agree with his position, and feel that the league does not receive enough benefits to justify the schedule break and risk of player injuries.[137] René Fasel wants NHL participation and vowed that he would "work day and night to have NHL players in Sochi".[138]

text: At an October 2008 press conference, then-NHLPA executive director Paul Kelly stated that the players want to return to the Olympics and would try to include the ability in the next agreement.[137] Russian NHL players Alexander Ovechkin and Evgeni Malkin stated that they want to participate in the tournament and would do so without the permission of the NHL, if necessary.[132] Paul Kelly also believed that the NHL's strained relationship with the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia and the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) could affect participation.[133] In a 2009 interview, KHL president Alexander Medvedev claimed that the unwillingness of NHL officials to immediately commit to the Sochi Games was "an instrument of pressure" to force a transfer agreement between the two leagues.[139]

text: A major sticking point over NHL participation has been the insurance of players; for the 2014 Winter Olympics, the IOC paid around US$7 million to insure NHL players participating in the Games. In April 2016, the IOC announced that beginning in 2018, it would no longer cover accommodations, insurance, or travel for NHL players in the Olympics, prompting the IIHF to ask for support from national ice hockey associations and National Olympic Committees to help cover costs; Matti Nurminen of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association argued that it was the responsibility of the event's organizer to cover costs, and that "In our opinion, the same party should pay the bills, and that’s not us. All the countries replied to the IIHF that they are not willing to pay for the insurance or the travel or any of the other expenses that are related to having the NHL players participate in Pyeongchang." The New York Times felt that the removal of this financial support would put NHL participation at Pyeongchang in jeopardy, noting the already-strenuous relationship between the NHL and the IOC; Gary Bettman noted that the NHL does not profit from their presence, adding that "in fact, we kind of disappear for two weeks because historically the IOC hasn't even let us join in promoting our participation in the Olympics."[140]

text: On 3 April 2017, the NHL announced that it would not participate in the 2018 Winter Olympics. In that statement, the NHL said that it had been open to hearing from the IOC, the IIHF, and the players' association on ways to make Olympic participation more attractive to team owners, but no meaningful dialogue on that matter had materialized. As to reasons the Board of Governors might be interested in re-evaluating their strongly held views on the subject, the NHLPA "confirmed that it has no interest or intention of engaging in any discussion that might make Olympic participation more attractive to the Clubs", and that it would not schedule a break for the Olympics in the 2017–18 season.[141]

text: Game rules[edit]

text: At the first tournament in 1920, there were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed,[15] the rink (which had been intended to be used only for figure skating) was 56 m × 18 m (165 ft × 58.5 ft)[7] and two 20-minute periods were played.[14] Each team had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the rover.[8] Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules—six men per side and three periods of play.[15]

text: The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF. At the 1969 IIHF Congress, officials voted to allow body-checking in all three zones in a rink similar to the NHL. Before that, body-checking was only allowed in the defending zone in international hockey.[142] Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s: players were required to wear helmets starting in 1970, and goaltender masks became mandatory in 1972.[8] In 1992, the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a shootout.[143] In 1998, the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two-line passes. Before then, the neutral zone trap had slowed the game down and reduced scoring.[144]

text: The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL.[145] One difference between NHL and IIHF rules is standard rink dimensions: the NHL rink is narrower, measuring 61 m × 26 m (200 ft × 85 ft), instead of the international size of 61 m × 30.5 m (200 ft × 100 ft)[146] The larger international size allows for a faster and less physical style of play.[147][148] Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how icing is called. In the NHL, a linesman stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) is not behind an attacking player in the race to the end-zone faceoff dots in his defensive zone,[149] in contrast to the IIHF rules in which play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line.[149] The NHL and IIHF also differ in penalty rules. The NHL calls five-minute major penalties for more dangerous infractions of the rules, such as fighting, in addition to the minor and double minor penalties called in IIHF games.[150] This is in contrast to the IIHF rule, by which players who fight are ejected from the game.[151] Beginning with the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted several new rules. Some were already used by the IIHF, such as the shootout and the two-line pass.[152] Others were not picked up by the IIHF, such as those requiring smaller goaltender equipment and the addition of the goaltender trapezoid to the rink.[153] However, the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL's zero-tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more hooking, holding, and interference penalties.[154][155]

text: Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters (forwards and defencemen) and two or three goaltenders, all of whom must be citizens of the nation they play for.[156][157]

text: One of the conditions of the NHL's participation in the Olympics is to include regular NHL referees and linesmen in the tournament, despite the fact that they are American or Canadian, and thus gives the perception of American or Canadian bias in the officiating.[158][159][160]

text: Banned substances[edit]

text: The IIHF follows the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) regulations on performance-enhancing drugs. The IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool, a list of top players who are subjected to random in-competition and out-of-competition drug tests.[161] According to the WADA, a positive in-competition test results in disqualification of the player and a suspension that varies based on the number of offences. When a player tests positive, the rest of their team is subjected to testing; another positive test can result in a disqualification of the entire team.[162] In 2001, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) pushed for American NHL players who were potential Olympians to be subject to random drug tests. The USOC requires all Olympic-bound athletes to be randomly tested by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, but had exempted NHL players in 1998. The NHL preferred a more uniform method, in which all players would undergo the same number of tests from the WADA.[163][164] An agreement was reached that the WADA would start testing players after the NHL playoffs were finished.[165]

text:
Players who have tested positive for banned substances

Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Substance
Punishment
Notes

Alois Schloder
 West Germany
1972
Ephedrine
Six month suspension from IIHF
The first Winter Olympics athlete to test positive for a banned substance,[166] Schloder was banned from the rest of the Games but his team was allowed to continue playing.[47]

František Pospíšil
 Czechoslovakia
1976
Codeine
None
Team doctor Otto Trefny, who prescribed Pospíšil the drug as treatment for the flu, received a lifetime ban. The team was forced to forfeit a game against Poland but went on to win the silver medal, which Pospíšil also received.[167][168]

Jarosław Morawiecki
 Poland
1988
Testosterone
18-month suspension from IIHF
The Polish team was allowed to continue playing without Morawiecki, but were stripped of two points they earned in a victory over France.[169]

Mattias Öhlund
 Sweden
2002
Acetazolamide
None
Öhlund had inadvertently ingested the substance in medication he was taking after undergoing eye surgery and was not suspended.[170]

Vasily Pankov
 Belarus
2002
19-Norandrosterone
Retroactively disqualified
Pankov was also forced to return his Olympic diploma. Evgeni Lositski, the team doctor, was banned from the following two Olympics.[171]

Ľubomír Višňovský
 Slovakia
2010
Pseudoephedrine
Issued a reprimand
Višňovský took Advil Cold & Sinus to combat a cold, unaware that it contained a WADA prohibited substance. He had consulted with the Slovak national team doctor and declared that he was taking the medication. Levels on samples two and three were well below WADA limits.[172]

Vitalijs Pavlovs
 Latvia
2014
Methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine)
Disqualified from quarter-final game
Pavlovs was disqualified from the Canada-Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma. According to Pavlovs, he had "been taking food supplements upon the recommendation of the doctor of his club team and that he did not understand how this substance entered his body."[173]

Nicklas Bäckström
 Sweden
2014
Pseudoephedrine
Pulled from gold medal game
Bäckström was taking an over-the-counter medication to treat a sinus condition. He consulted with the team doctor and was informed that there would not be a problem. Bäckström's medal was initially withheld but was returned the following month. The IOC determined that "there was no indication of any intent of the athlete to improve his performance by taking a prohibited substance."[174][175]
[176]

Ralfs Freibergs
 Latvia
2014
Anabolic androgenic steroid
Disqualified from quarter-final game
Freibergs was disqualified from the Canada-Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma.

Inna Dyubanok
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[177]

Yekaterina Lebedeva
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[178]

Yekaterina Pashkevich
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[179]

Anna Shibanova
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[180]

Yekaterina Smolentseva
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[181]

Galina Skiba
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[182]

Tatiana Burina
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[183]

Anna Shukina
 Russia
Ice hockey
Women's tournament
Disappearing Sample
Retroactively disqualified
IOC sanction imposed in 2017[184]

text: In late 2005, two NHL players who had been listed as potential Olympians failed drug tests administered by the WADA. American Bryan Berard, who had competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics, tested positive for 19-Norandrosterone.[185] Canadian José Théodore failed a drug test because he was taking Propecia, a hair loss medication that contains the non-performance-enhancing drug Finasteride.[186] Both players received two-year bans from international competition, although neither had made their team's final roster.[187] On December 6, 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations. Results of the Russian women's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics were made void.[188] Two other Russian players, Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina, were also disqualified ten days later.[189]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Participating nations[edit]

text:
#
The final rank of the team.

=#
Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank.

–
The team did not participate that year.

Q
The team has qualified for the tournament.

DSQ
The team was disqualified during the tournament.

The nation did not exist with that designation at that time.

References:[190][191]

text:
Nation
1920
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
94
98
02
06
10
14
18
Total

 Australia (AUS)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
1

 Austria (AUT)
98 !–
98 !–
05 !5
98 !–
07 !7
07 !7
98 !–
10
98 !–
13
13
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
10
09 !9
98 !–
12
14
12
98 !–
98 !–
10
98 !–
13

 Belarus (BLR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
07 !7
04 !4
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
3

 Belgium (BEL)
06 !6
07 !7
08 !8
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
4

 Bulgaria (BUL)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
12
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
1

 Canada (CAN)
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
02 !2
01 !1
01 !1
03 !3
02 !2
04 !4
03 !3
98 !–
98 !–
06 !6
04 !4
04 !4
02 !2
02 !2
04 !4
01 !1
07 !7
01 !1
01 !1
03 !3
22

 Czech Republic (CZE)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
05 !5
01 !1
07 !7
03 !3
07 !7
06 !6
04 !4
7

 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
03 !3
05 !5
05 !5
98 !–
04 !4
02 !2
04 !4
05 !5
04 !4
03 !3
02 !2
03 !3
02 !2
05 !5
02 !2
06 !6
03 !3
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
16

 Finland (FIN)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
07 !7
98 !–
07 !7
06 !6
05 !5
05 !5
04 !4
04 !4
06 !6
02 !2
07 !7
03 !3
03 !3
06 !6
02 !2
03 !3
03 !3
06 !6
17

 France (FRA)
06 !6
05 !5
05 !5
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
14
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
11
08 !8
10
11
14
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
10

 Germany (GER)
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
03 !3
05 !5
98 !–
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
06 !6
07 !7
09 !9
08 !8
10
11
98 !–
02 !2
10

 West Germany (FRG)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
08 !8
06 !6
06 !6
07 !7
07 !7
07 !7
03 !3
10
05 !5
05 !5
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
10

 East Germany (GDR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
1

 Great Britain (GBR)
98 !–
03 !3
04 !4
98 !–
01 !1
05 !5
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
4

 Hungary (HUN)
98 !–
98 !–
11
98 !–
07 !7
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
16
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
3

 Italy (ITA)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
08 !8
98 !–
07 !7
98 !–
15
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
12
09 !9
12
98 !–
11
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
9

 Japan (JPN)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
11
10
09 !9
09 !9
12
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
13
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
8

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
2

 Latvia (LAT)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
12
12
08 !8
98 !–
5

 Netherlands (NED)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
1

 Norway (NOR)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
10
11
08 !8
98 !–
11
12
12
09 !9
11
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
10
12 !12
08 !8
12

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
01 !1
1

 Poland (POL)
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
04 !4
09 !9
06 !6
06 !6
08 !8
98 !–
09 !9
98 !–
06 !6
06 !6
07 !7
08 !8
10
11
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
13

 Romania (ROU)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
12
12
98 !–
07 !7
09 !9
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
4

 Russia (RUS)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
04 !4
02 !2
03 !3
04 !4
06 !6
05 !5
98 !DSQ[192]
6

 Slovakia (SVK)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
06 !6
10
13
05 !5
04 !4
11 !11
11
7

 Slovenia (SLO)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
07 !7
09 !9
2

 South Korea (KOR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
12
1

 Soviet Union (URS)
99 !
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
01 !1
03 !3
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
02 !2
01 !1
01 !1
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
9

 Sweden (SWE)
04 !4
04 !4
02 !2
98 !–
05 !5
04 !4
03 !3
04 !4
05 !5
02 !2
04 !4
04 !4
98 !–
03 !3
03 !3
03 !3
05 !5
01 !1
05 !5
05 !5
01 !1
05 !5
02 !2
05 !5
22

 Switzerland (SUI)
05 !5
07 !7
03 !3
98 !–
09 !9
03 !3
05 !5
09 !9
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
10
11
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
10
98 !–
98 !–
11
06 !6
08 !8
09 !9
10
17

 Ukraine (UKR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
98 !–
98 !–
10
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
1

 Unified Team (EUN)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
01 !1
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
1

 United States (USA)
02 !2
02 !2
98 !–
02 !2
03 !3
04 !DSQ
02 !2
02 !2
01 !1
05 !5
06 !6
02 !2
05 !5
01 !1
07 !7
07 !7
04 !4
08 !8
06 !6
02 !2
08 !8
02 !2
04 !4
07 !7
23

 Yugoslavia (YUG)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
14
09 !9
11
10
98 !–
11
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
5

Total teams
7
8
11
4
15
9
9
10
9
16
14
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
12
12
12
12
262

text:
Nation
98
02
06
10
14
18
Total

 Canada (CAN)
02 !2
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
01 !1
02 !2
6

 China (CHN)
04 !4
07 !7
98 !–
7
98 !–
98 !–
3

 Finland (FIN)
03 !3
04 !4
04 !4
03 !3
05 !5
03 !3
6

 Germany (GER)
98 !–
06 !6
05 !5
98 !–
07 !7
98 !–
3

 Italy (ITA)
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
02 !–
98 !–
1

 Japan (JPN)
06 !6
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
08 !8
6
3

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
98 !–
08 !8
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
1

 Korea (COR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
8
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
99 !
4
1

 Russia (RUS)
98 !–
05 !5
06 !6
6
06 !DSQ[193]
98 !DSQ[194]
4

 Slovakia (SVK)
98 !–
98 !–
98 !–
8
98 !–
98 !–
1

 Sweden (SWE)
05 !5
03 !3
02 !2
04 !4
04 !4
7
6

 Switzerland (SUI)
98 !–
98 !–
07 !7
5
03 !3
5
4

 United States (USA)
01 !1
02 !2
03 !3
02 !2
02 !2
01 !1
6

Total teams
6
8
8
8
8
8
32

text: Medal winners[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1920 Antwerp
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1924 Chamonix
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Great Britain (GBR)

1928 St. Moritz
 Canada (CAN)
 Sweden (SWE)
 Switzerland (SUI)

1932 Lake Placid
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Germany (GER)

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Great Britain (GBR)
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)

1948 St. Moritz
 Canada (CAN)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 Switzerland (SUI)

1952 Oslo
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Sweden (SWE)

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Soviet Union (URS)
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)

1960 Squaw Valley
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)
 Soviet Union (URS)

1964 Innsbruck
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Sweden (SWE)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1968 Grenoble
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 Canada (CAN)

1972 Sapporo
 Soviet Union (URS)
 United States (USA)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1976 Innsbruck
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 West Germany (FRG)

1980 Lake Placid
 United States (USA)
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Sweden (SWE)

1984 Sarajevo
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 Sweden (SWE)

1988 Calgary
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Finland (FIN)
 Sweden (SWE)

1992 Albertville
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Canada (CAN)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1994 Lillehammer
 Sweden (SWE)
 Canada (CAN)
 Finland (FIN)

1998 Nagano
 Czech Republic (CZE)
 Russia (RUS)
 Finland (FIN)

2002 Salt Lake City
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Russia (RUS)

2006 Turin
 Sweden (SWE)
 Finland (FIN)
 Czech Republic (CZE)

2010 Vancouver
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Finland (FIN)

2014 Sochi
 Canada (CAN)
 Sweden (SWE)
 Finland (FIN)

2018 Pyeongchang
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
 Germany (GER)
 Canada (CAN)

text: Women[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)
 Finland (FIN)

2002 Salt Lake City
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Sweden (SWE)

2006 Turin
 Canada (CAN)
 Sweden (SWE)
 United States (USA)

2010 Vancouver
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Finland (FIN)

2014 Sochi
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Switzerland (SUI)

2018 Pyeongchang
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)
 Finland (FIN)

text: Medal table[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
9
4
3
16

2
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
1
1
9

3
 United States (USA)
2
8
1
11

4
 Sweden (SWE)
2
3
4
9

5
 Czech Republic (CZE)
1
0
1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1
0
1
2

7
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
0
0
1

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
0
0
1

9
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
0
4
4
8

10
 Finland (FIN)
0
2
4
6

11
 Germany (GER)
0
1
1
2

 Russia (RUS)
0
1
1
2

13
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
0
2
2

14
 West Germany (FRG)
0
0
1
1

text: Women[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
4
2
0
6

2
 United States (USA)
2
3
1
6

3
 Sweden (SWE)
0
1
1
2

4
 Finland (FIN)
0
0
3
3

5
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
0
1
1

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
13
6
3
22

2
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
1
1
9

3
 United States (USA)
4
11
2
17

4
 Sweden (SWE)
2
4
5
11

5
 Czech Republic (CZE)
1
0
1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1
0
1
2

7
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
0
0
1

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
0
0
1

9
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
0
4
4
8

10
 Finland (FIN)
0
2
7
9

11
 Germany (GER)
0
1
1
2

 Russia (RUS)
0
1
1
2

13
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
0
3
3

14
 West Germany (FRG)
0
0
1
1

text: Officials[edit]

text: The following is a list of the officials for the Men's Gold Medal Game beginning in 1998. The Olympics in which National Hockey League players participated--from 1998 to 2014--were primarily officiated by NHL Officials.

text:
Olympics
Referee
Referee
Linesman
Linesman

2018
 Mark Lemelin
 Aleksi Rantala
 Jimmy Dahmen
 Sakari Suominen

2014
 Kelly Sutherland
 Brad Meier
 Derek Amell
 Greg Devorski

2010
 Bill McCreary
 Dan O'Halloran
 Jean Morin
 Stefan Fonselius

2006
 Paul Devorski

 Thor Nelson
 Milan Mášik

2002
 Bill McCreary

 Mike Cvik
 Antti Hämäläinen

1998
 Bill McCreary

 Ray Scapinello
 Ulf Rönnmark


document_title: Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend

question_text: who starred with marilyn monroe in diamonds are a girl's best friend

question_tokens: who starred with marilyn monroe in diamonds are a girl 's best friend

root

text: Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend

text: Marilyn Monroe version[edit]

text: The song is perhaps most famously performed by Marilyn Monroe in the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Monroe's character, Lorelei Lee, has been followed on a Transatlantic ocean liner by a detective hired by her fiancé's father, who wants assurance that she is not marrying purely for money. He is informed of compromising pictures taken with a British diamond mine owner and cancels her letter of credit before she arrives in France, requiring her to work in a nightclub to survive. Her fiancé arrives at the cabaret to see her perform this song, about exploiting men for riches. Diamonds are an element in another story line in the film, in which Lorelei is given a diamond tiara by the mine owner, in gratitude for her recovering the photographs. In a later scene, Jane Russell, who played opposite Monroe, sang "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in court, while pretending to be Lorelei.

tag: p

text: Most of the song in the film is Monroe's own voice but she needed help in two phrases – "These rocks don't lose their shape, diamonds are a girl's best friend", and at the beginning with a series of high-pitched "no's", all of which were dubbed in by the soprano Marni Nixon.[1]

text: The number was later re-shot in CinemaScope, to be used as part of a CinemaScope demonstration held on the Fox lot in March 1953. Producer Darryl F. Zanuck told Daily Variety that it only took 3-1/2 hours to shoot the number in CinemaScope versus four days for the original film version. The public finally saw the CinemaScope version ten years later when it closed Fox's documentary tribute to Marilyn, however this has not been released on DVD or VHS.

text: The song was listed as the 12th most important film song of all time by the American Film Institute.[2]

text: Monroe's rendition of the song has been considered an iconic performance and has since been copied by other entertainers ranging from Madonna and Kylie Minogue to Geri Halliwell and Anna Nicole Smith. Madonna's video "Material Girl" uses a similar set and costumes for the singer and her male dancers.

text: Moulin Rouge! version[edit]

text: The song is also featured in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge!, in which it is sung principally by Nicole Kidman in the role of Satine, the (fictional) star performer of the famous Moulin Rouge nightclub in Paris, at the turn of the 20th century. This film version is technically a musical adaptation that director Baz Luhrmann titled "Sparkling Diamonds". Although it consists almost entirely of an adaptation of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend", this version differs from the lyrics in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in several ways. For example, it does not include the name Harry Winston in the chant of famous jewelers; rather, Moulin Rouge founder Charles Zidler's name was changed to Harold in the film, so his name replaces Winston's in the song as "Harry Zidler". Black Starr & Frost-Gorham was known by that name only after 1925, but instead of using their 1875-1925 name of "Black Starr & Frost", their name was replaced in the Luhrmann film by nonsense words (understood by many listeners as "Ross Cole;" in the 2002 DVD release, the words printed in the text captioning are "Black Star, Roscor"). And the potentially anachronistic line "help you at the Automat" was altered in the Luhrmann film to "help you feed your pussycat." Additionally, a lyrical snippet from Madonna's song "Material Girl" was worked into this adaptation of the song.

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Ethel Merman recorded the song in 1950.
Jo Stafford recorded the song in 1950.
Lena Horne recorded the song in 1958, for her album Give the Lady What She Wants.
Della Reese recorded the song in 1960, for her album Cha Cha Cha.
Julie London recorded the song in 1961.
Eartha Kitt recorded the song in 1962.
Emmylou Harris recorded a country/rock version in 1983, for her album White Shoes.
Thalía performed this song in 1991, on Spanish television.
Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French, dressed as Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell, respectively, parodied the number in their 1993 BBC special Gentlemen Prefer French & Saunders.
Kylie Minogue performed this song in 1995. She also performed the song in 1999, dressed as Marilyn Monroe for the opening of 20th Century Fox's Australian Studios. In 2007, she recorded another version for her film White Diamond.
Anna Nicole Smith recorded the song in 1998. The single went on to reach the top 100 dance singles in France.
In 2007, Beyoncé did an updated version for Giorgio Armani's new fragrance Emporio Armani Diamonds in an ad directed by Jake Nava and titled "Can You Resist?".
Wendi Peters performed a version for BBC Children in Need on November 16, 2007, adding, "I am a Material Girl" halfway through, then returning to the normal song.
Nicole Scherzinger performed a version for the 2007 CBS special, Movies Rock, which paid tribute to the strong relationship between films and music.
T-Bone Burnett's rock version of the song is both campy and cynical, while capturing the essence of the lyric.
Nadine Coyle recorded a demo for this song.
Deanna & The Downbeats, a cabaret-jazz quintet from Portland, Oregon, performs a traditional version of the song that segues into a lounge-swing version of Madonna's "Material Girl".
In the cartoon Hey Arnold!, Helga's mother sang, "Beepers Are a Girl's Best Friend", for a commercial in the same manner as Marilyn Monroe's performance.
In the 100th episode of Gossip Girl, titled "G.G.", Serena Van der Woodsen (portrayed by Blake Lively) has a dream in which she is Marilyn Monroe and sings "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend".[3]
In the music video for her single "Material Girl" (1985), Madonna emulates the scene in which Marilyn Monroe sang the song. She also included a snippet of the song during selected shows of her Rebel Heart Tour (2015-2016), following a cover of "La Vie en rose".
Christina Aguilera also did the song on her first featured film Burlesque (2010). Kristen Bell and Julianne Hough first lip-synched Marilyn's version, then Christina finished it with her own vocals.
The Puppini Sisters sing a version on their 2011 album Hollywood
The song is performed by the female Glee Cast in the TV show Glee, in the 2013 episode "Girls (and Boys) On Film", as a mashup with Madonna's "Material Girl".
Anne Ducros sings the song on her album Either way : from Marilyn to Ella (Naïve, 2013)
Shirley Bassey and Paloma Faith sing the song for Bassey's album Hello Like Before (2014)
Saara Aalto performed a mashup of the song with Diamonds Are Forever in Week 8 of the live shows on The X Factor (UK series 13)
The 1986 Herb Alpert single "Diamonds", which features Janet Jackson on lead vocals, contains the "Diamonds are a girl's best friend" refrain within the lyrics.

tag: ul


document_title: Snow White and the Huntsman

question_text: where was the movie snow white and the huntsman filmed

text: Snow White and the Huntsman

text: Plot[edit]

text: While admiring a rose blooming in the winter, Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns. Three drops of blood fall onto the snow-covered ground, and she wishes for a daughter as white as the snow, with lips as red as the blood, hair as black as a raven's wings and a heart as strong and defiant as the rose. Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter Snow White, but soon after falls ill and dies. After her death, Snow White's father, King Magnus, and his army battle an invading Dark Army of demonic glass soldiers. Upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna, he becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her.

text: Ravenna, is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Army's master. On their wedding night, Magnus, enchanted, throws Ravenna into the bed and proceeds to make love. Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that spoiled her. During foreplay, she declares she cannot be a weak queen and kills Magnus. Snow White's childhood friend William and his father Duke Hammond escape the castle but are unable to rescue her, and she is captured by Ravenna's brother Finn, and locked away in the north tower of the castle for many years.

text: Tabor is ruined under Queen Ravenna's rule as she periodically drains the youth from the kingdom's young women in order to maintain a spell cast over her as a child by her mother which allows her to keep her youthful beauty. When Snow White comes of age, Queen Ravenna learns from her Magic Mirror, in the form of a golden, reflective liquid shaped like a man, that her stepdaughter Snow White is destined to destroy her unless Queen Ravenna consumes the young girl's heart, which will make her truly immortal. Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow White's heart, but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest, where Ravenna has no power. Queen Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman, a widower and drunkard, to capture Snow White, promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange. The Huntsman tracks down Snow White, but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to do what she promised, the Huntsman fights him and his men while Snow White runs away. When the Huntsman catches up with her, she promises him gold if he will escort her to Duke Hammond's castle. Meanwhile, Finn gathers another band of men to find her, and Duke Hammond and his son William learn that she is alive. William leaves the castle on his own to find her, joining Finn's band as a bowman.

text: The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest, where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them. They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to save their own lives, becoming useless to Queen Ravenna, who wants to use their beauty and youth to extend and prolong hers, as she does with Gretta whilst Snow White is still imprisoned. While there, the Huntsman learns Snow White's true identity, and initially leaves her in the care of the women. He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn's men. Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves named Beith, Muir, Quert, Coll, Duir, Gort, Nion, and Gus. The blind Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the former king, and the only person who can defeat Ravenna and end her reign.

text: As they travel through a fairy sanctuary, Snow White encounters a magical reindeer that was only in tales of legend, but as the reindeer and Snow White are about to embrace, the group is attacked by Finn and his men. The Huntsman battles Finn and eventually kills him, and William reveals himself and helps defeat Finn's men. However, Gus is killed when he sacrifices himself to take an arrow meant for Snow White. William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammond's castle.

text: Halfway to Duke Hammond's castle, Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple, but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her. William kisses Snow White, whom he believes to be dead and does not notice a tear fall from one of her eyes. She is taken to Hammond's castle. As she lies in repose, the Huntsman professes his regret for not saving Snow White, who reminds him of his late wife, Sara; and he kisses her, not noticing a second tear coming from her other eye falling. The spell broken by the love of two men she treasures, Snow White awakens and walks into the courtyard; rallying the Duke's army to mount a siege against Queen Ravenna.

text: The dwarves infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates, allowing the Duke's army inside. Snow White confronts Queen Ravenna, but is overpowered. Queen Ravenna is about to kill Snow White and consume her heart. Eventually, Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and mortally wounds Queen Ravenna, and Duke Hammond's army is victorious. With Queen Ravenna defeated, the kingdom once again enjoys peace and harmony as Snow White is crowned queen.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kristen Stewart as Snow White[6]

Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White

Chris Hemsworth as Eric, the Huntsman
Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Snow White's evil stepmother

Izzy Meikle-Small as young Ravenna

Sam Claflin as William, son of Duke Hammond

Xavier Atkins as young William

Sam Spruell as Finn, Ravenna's brother and enforcer

Elliot Reeve as young Finn

Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond, William's father
Lily Cole as Greta, a young girl who befriends Snow White
Noah Huntley as King Magnus, Snow White's father
Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor, Snow White's mother
Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man, the physical form of the Magic Mirror
Rachael Stirling as Anna
Hattie Gotobed as Lily
Greg Hicks as Black Knight General
Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight
Anastasia Hille as Ravenna's Mother
Annabelle Wallis as Sara, The Hunstsman's Wife

text: The Dwarves[edit]

text:
Ian McShane as Beith, the leader of the Dwarves.
Bob Hoskins as Muir, the blind elder Dwarf, who possesses the powers of premonition. This was Hoskins's final role before his retirement from acting (and his death) due to Parkinson's disease.
Ray Winstone as Gort, an ill-tempered Dwarf.
Nick Frost as Nion,[7] Beith's right-hand man.
Toby Jones as Coll, Duir's brother.
Eddie Marsan as Duir, Coll's brother.
Johnny Harris as Quert, Duir's son.
Brian Gleeson as Gus, the youngest of the Dwarfs who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003, when he was studying at NYU. [8] At the time reboots of fairy tales were not a popular film genre and according to Daugherty "no one really knew what to do with it" [8] More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam's The Brothers Grimm (2005) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script.[8] The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010).[8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Film producers considered casting a lesser-known actress for the role of Snow White, with mention of Riley Keough, Felicity Jones, Bella Heathcote, Alicia Vikander, and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks. This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short-listed for the role.[9] On March 4, 2011 a series of tweets from co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role.[10] Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna, before the role went to Charlize Theron.[11] Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric, the Huntsman, but turned down the offer. The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender,[12] and then Johnny Depp, but both claim to have declined it.[13] Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part, but supposedly turned down the role, too.[14] It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role, but that he declined.[15] In 2011, Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman.[16] The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally superimposed onto small bodies. This caused a protest from the Little People of America.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom.[18] The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire, on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29, 2011.[19] Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming, as filming progressed, certain parts were advised to be off limits. A computer-generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island. A field above the beach was used for production purposes, and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach.[citation needed] The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back-up research on fairy tales and medieval battles.[20] The English band Florence and the Machine recorded "Breath of Life" exclusively for the film, which was reportedly inspired by Theron's character Queen Ravenna.[21][22]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its premiere on May 14, 2012, at the Empire, Leicester Square, in London.[23]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 on September 11, 2012,[24] with both the theatrical version (127 minutes) and an extended version (132 minutes) available on both formats. The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1, 2012.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155,332,381 in North America, along with $241,260,448 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $396,592,829.[5] In North America, the film earned $1,383,000 from midnight showings.[26] For its opening day, the film topped the box office with $20,468,525.[27] It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56,217,700.[28] It is the seventeenth highest-grossing 2012 film.[29] Outside North America, Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39.3 million, ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3; however, it ranked number 1 in 30 countries.[30]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics. The film has a 49% "rotten" score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 218 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's consensus states: "While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it, Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting, problematic pacing, and a confused script."[31] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 57 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a "B" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: David Edelstein of New York praised the film's revisionist tone and said the film was "strongly influenced by a lot of smart, feminist thinking".[33] Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4.[34] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Theron's performance and also wrote, "Though it is an ambitious – at times mesmerizing – application of the latest cinematic technology, the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them."[35] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women's beauty and then toss them away. She's a fascist of feminism, and Theron's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it."[36] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is, "an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages. But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love – its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white."[37] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers called it "a visual marvel" while noting that Stewart "morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess."[38] MSN news said that Stewart "grows into her character, it seems, and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side.[39] Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4/4 stars.[40] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is "less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror", "this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem," and that, "The result is tangled and overblown."[41] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it "[a] slow, boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron's truly evil queen."[42] Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post also gave the film a negative review: "Overlong, overcrowded, overstimulating and with an over-the-top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna, the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess, starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters."[43] Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said, "Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care. We can almost glean Snow White's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes. As much as we'd like to, we certainly can't from Stewart's efforts."[44] Scott Foundas states that "Stewart’s Snow White... pouts her lips, bats her bedroom eyes, and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom—let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom."[45] Richard Roeper gave the movie a B+, calling it "Vastly superior to Mirror, Mirror", and praising Theron and Stewart's performances.[46]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Year
Recipient
Award
Category
Result

2012
Charlize Theron
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Hissy Fit
Won

Kristen Stewart
Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star: Female
Won

Chris Hemsworth
Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star: Male (also for The Avengers)
Won

Sam Claflin
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Breakout
Nominated

Charlize Theron
Teen Choice Award
Choice Movie: Villain
Nominated

Charlize Theron
Teen Choice Award
Choice Summer Movie Star: Female (also for Prometheus)
Nominated (she lost to Kristen Stewart)

Chris Hemsworth
GQ Award
GQ Men Of The Year Award for International Breakthrough
Won

Colleen Atwood
Gucci Award
Best Costume Design
Nominated

Florence and the Machine
World Soundtrack Awards
Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film
Nominated

Chris Munro and Craig Henighan
Satellite Award
Best Sound (Editing & Mixing)
Nominated

Wild Card and Universal Pictures
Golden Trailer Award
Best Action (for "Forever")
Won

Universal Pictures
Golden Trailer Award
Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Ravenna")
Won

Universal Pictures
Golden Trailer Award
Best Motion/Title Graphics (for "Domestic Trailer 2")
Nominated

Universal Pictures and Wild Card
Golden Trailer Award
Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Bound")
Nominated

Universal Pictures and Aspect Ratio
Golden Trailer Award
Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot (for "Kingdom")
Nominated

Universal Pictures and Wild Card
Golden Trailer Award
Best in Show (for "Forever")
Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
Best Visual Effects
Nominated

Greig Fraser
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
Special Award
Won

Film
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Film
Nominated

2013
Chris Hemsworth
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Action Movie Star (also for The Avengers)
Nominated

Charlize Theron
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress (also for Prometheus)
Nominated

Kristen Stewart and Chris Hemsworth
People's Choice Awards
Favorite On-Screen Chemistry
Nominated

Kristen Stewart
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Face of Heroism
Nominated

Colleen Atwood
Academy Awards
Best Costume Design
Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould, and Michael Dawson
Academy Awards
Best Visual Effects
Nominated

Kristen Stewart
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Actress (also for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2)
Won

Film
Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Film
Nominated

Charlize Theron
Saturn Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated

Colleen Atwood
Saturn Awards
Best Costume
Nominated

Cedric Nicolas-Troyan, Philip Brennan, Neil Corbould and Michael Dawson
Saturn Awards
Best Special Effects
Nominated

Kristen Stewart
2013 MTV Movie Awards
Best Hero
Nominated

tag: table

text: Prequel/Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was planned, with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return.[citation needed] In August 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin-off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead, which would not star Stewart.[47] Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel.[48] A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel[49] and Stewart was set to reprise her role, but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal.[50] The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013.[49]

text: The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015.[51] In September 2013, Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E!.[52] On June 4, 2014, Deadline reported that Frank Darabont, Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel.[53] On June 26, 2014, Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel.[54] Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Legendary Pictures were set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures. On July 31, 2014, the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22, 2016, which would not star Stewart as Snow White.[55] In January 2015, Darabont left the project as director,[56] but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt. It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas-Troyan would take over as the new director for the film.[57][58] Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star.[59] On March 18, 2015, Rob Brydon, Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves.[60] TheWrap confirmed on May 7, 2015, that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel.[61]

text: It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna's sister, the Ice Queen, and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman, while also continuing the story of the first film.[62]


document_title: Grand Slam (rugby union)

question_text: when did england last win 6 nations grand slam

text: Grand Slam (rugby union)

text: Five and Six Nations Grand Slams[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the annual Six Nations Championship (among England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and Italy), and its predecessor the Five Nations Championship (before Italy joined in 2000), a Grand Slam occurs when one team beats all of the others during one year's competition.[1] The Grand Slam winners are awarded the Six Nations trophy (as tournament winners), but there is no special grand slam trophy – the Grand Slam is an informal honour recognizing a Championship-winning team which has won all their games.

text: Although the term grand slam had long been in use in the game of contract bridge, the first time[citation needed] that the expression is known to have been applied to rugby union was in 1957, in a preview of a match between England and Scotland:

text: There is much more than usual at stake for England to-day in the match against Scotland at Twickenham... The last time when England achieved the Grand Slam under present conditions was as long ago as the 1927–28 season, but it is difficult to try to build up a case against her repeating the performance to-day.

text: The Grand Slam honour is applied retroactively to teams which won all of their matches in Five Nations tournaments before the term came into use.[citation needed] It is also applied to the 1908 and 1909 seasons, when matches with France took place during, but outside of, the then Home Nations Championships.[citation needed] However the Grand Slam honour is not applied to seasons in which only the four home nations were involved (1883–1907 and 1932–1939) – in that case a team that won all its matches is said to have achieved the Triple Crown. This honour is still competed for between the four home nations within the Six Nations Championship, and any Grand Slam-winning home nation will necessarily also win the Triple Crown.

text: A Grand Slam was therefore available in the years 1908–1931 and 1947–1999 (Five Nations) and 2000–2016 (Six Nations), a total of 94 seasons to date. Grand Slams were in fact achieved on 39 of these occasions – 13 by England, 11 by Wales, 9 by France, 3 by Scotland and 3 by Ireland. (Italy, involved in the tournament since 2000, have yet to win a Grand Slam.)

text: Consecutive Grand Slams have been won by Wales in 1908–1909, by England in 1913–1914, 1923–1924 and 1991–1992, and by France in 1997–1998. No team has yet achieved three consecutive Grand Slams.

text: Prior to 2000, each team played four matches, two at home and two away from home. Following the inclusion of Italy in 2000, each team plays five matches, two at home and three away in one year, and the opposite in the following season. When Wales won the Grand Slam in 2005, it was the first time that the feat had been achieved by a team that had played more matches away than at home. This was repeated by Ireland in 2009 and by England in 2016.

text: The 2017 Six Nations Championship will use bonus points on a trial basis. A team that wins the Grand Slam will get three bonus points.[2] This will eliminate the possibility of a Grand Slam winner losing the championship on bonus points.

text: Table of Grand Slam winners[edit]

text:
Nation
Grand Slams
Grand Slam winning seasons

 England
13
1913, 1914, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1957, 1980, 1991, 1992, 1995, 2003, 2016

 Wales
11
1908*, 1909*, 1911, 1950, 1952, 1971, 1976, 1978, 2005, 2008, 2012

 France
9
1968, 1977, 1981, 1987, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2010

 Ireland
3
1948, 2009, 2018

 Scotland
3
1925, 1984, 1990

 Italy
0

text: * In 1908 and 1909 matches with France were played, although they were not part of the Championship.

text: Chronological list of Grand Slam winners[edit]

text:
1882–1907
France did not take part in the championship

1908
 Wales (*see note above)

1909
 Wales (*see note above)

1911
 Wales

1913
 England

1914
 England

1915–19
No tournament due to World War I

1921
 England

1923
 England

1924
 England

1925
 Scotland

1928
 England

1932–39
France was suspended from the championship

1940–46
No tournament due to World War II

1948
 Ireland

1950
 Wales

1952
 Wales

1957
 England

1968
 France

1971
 Wales

1976
 Wales

1977
 France

1978
 Wales

1980
 England

1981
 France

1984
 Scotland

1987
 France

1990
 Scotland

1991
 England

1992
 England

1995
 England

1997
 France

1998
 France

2000
Tournament expanded to include Italy.

2002
 France[3]

2003
 England[4]

2004
 France[5]

2005
 Wales[6]

2008
 Wales[7]

2009
 Ireland[8]

2010
 France[9]

2012
 Wales[10]

2016
 England[11]

2018
 Ireland

text: Grand Slam tours[edit]

text: A Grand Slam tour is one in which a touring national team from New Zealand, South Africa or Australia plays Test matches against all four home nations (England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland). If the tourists win all four of these games, they are said to have achieved a Grand Slam.

text: Grand Slams by touring teams have been achieved nine times: four times each by South Africa and New Zealand, and once by Australia.

text: Australia is the only country to have lost against all four home nations, on their 1957–58 tour.

text: After 1984, Southern Hemisphere sides started to tour the British Isles more frequently, but to play fewer Tests on each tour, and thus there were no Grand Slam tours between 1984 and 1998. However, since 1998 Grand Slam tours have become quite common again, as the number of Tests on each tour has again increased. The All Blacks' tours of 2005 and 2008 were originally planned to include only three Test matches; the late inclusion of matches against Wales and England respectively turned these into Grand Slam tours.

text: Grand Slams achieved by touring sides[edit]

text:
South Africa
1912–13, 1931–32, 1951–52, 1960–61

 New Zealand
1978, 2005, 2008, 2010

 Australia
1984