document_title: Borg (Star Trek)

question_text: when did the borg first appear in star trek

question_tokens: when did the borg first appear in star trek

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text: Borg (Star Trek)

text: Concept[edit]

text: In the text commentary to the collector's edition of Star Trek: First Contact, Michael Okuda revealed that Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) writers began to develop the idea of the Borg as early as the Season 1 episode, "Conspiracy", which introduced a coercive, symbiotic life form that took over key Federation personnel. It was thwarted by the Enterprise crew and presumably never heard of again (the 'alien conspiracy' plotline itself was scrapped when it became clear that the concept was too grim for Star Trek's target audience).[citation needed] Plans to feature the Borg as an increasingly menacing threat were subsequently scrapped in favor of a more subtle introduction, beginning with the mystery of missing colonies on both sides of the Neutral Zone in "The Neutral Zone" and culminating in the encounter between Borg and the Enterprise crew in "Q Who?".

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text: The Borg represented a new antagonist and regular enemy that was lacking during the first season of TNG; the Klingons were allies and the Romulans mostly absent. The Ferengi were originally intended as the new enemy for the United Federation of Planets, but their comical appearance and devotion to capitalist accumulation by free enterprise failed to portray them as a convincing threat. The Borg, however, with their frightening appearance, their immense power, and their sinister motive, became the signature villains for the TNG and Voyager eras of Star Trek. In Voyager episode "Q2", even Q tells his son "don't provoke the Borg."

text: "Resistance is futile"[edit]

text: Individual Borg rarely speak, though they do send a collective audio message to their targets, stating that "resistance is futile", generally followed by a declaration that the target in question will be assimilated and its "biological and technological distinctiveness" will be added to their own. The exact phrasing varies and evolves over the various series episodes and film. One phrase, from TNG, is:

text: "We are the Borg. Your biological and technological distinctiveness will be added to our own. Resistance is futile."

text: The complete phrase used in Star Trek: First Contact, as performed by Jeff Coopwood[3] is:

text: "We are the Borg. Lower your shields and surrender your ships. We will add your biological and technological distinctiveness to our own. Your culture will adapt to service us. Resistance is futile."[4]

text: The phrase "resistance is futile" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show TNG.[5][6][7][8]

text: The Borg uttered the phrase in several Star Trek episodes and the film Star Trek: First Contact (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in "The Best of Both Worlds" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of "The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases".[9] It was used as the title for an episode of the TV series Dexter. The phrase appears in several preceding TV series, including Doctor Who episode "The Deadly Assassin" (1976), where it is used by the Master through the voice of his mouthpiece, Chancellor Goth, and on Space: 1999 (series 2, episode 24, 1976) where it was used by Maya responding to "The Dorcons", during an attack on Moonbase Alpha.[10] As well as the Borg bearing remarkable resemblance to Lord Dread and the bio-dreads of Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future, the similar phrase "resistance was futile" was used in reference to Lyman Taggert, the human who became Lord Dread.[11] This comic book also antedates the appearance of the Borg in TNG.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The origin of the Borg is never made clear, though they are portrayed as having existed for hundreds of thousands of years (as attested by Guinan and the Borg Queen). In Star Trek: First Contact, the Borg Queen merely states that the Borg were once much like humanity, "flawed and weak", but gradually developed into a partially synthetic species in an ongoing attempt to evolve and perfect themselves.

text: In TNG's "Q Who?", Guinan mentions that the Borg are "made up of organic and artificial life [...] which has been developing for [...] thousands of centuries." In the later episode of Star Trek: Voyager, "Dragon's Teeth", Gedrin, of the race the Vaadwaur, says that before he and his people were put into suspended animation 892 years earlier (1482), the Borg had assimilated only a few colonies in the Delta Quadrant and were considered essentially a minor nuisance, which suggests the Borg began expansion through space only around 1,000 years ago. Now awake in the 24th century, he is amazed to see that the Borg control a vast area of the Delta Quadrant. Seven of Nine comments that the Borg's collective memories of that time period are fragmentary, though it is never established why that is.

text: The Star Trek Encyclopedia speculates that a connection could exist between the Borg and V'ger, the vessel encountered in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. In this movie, Spock states, "Any show of resistance would be futile, Captain," which could be paraphrased as the Borg's "Resistance is futile". This idea of a connection is advanced in William Shatner's novel The Return. The connection was also suggested in a letter included in Starlog no. 160 (November 1990). The letter writer, Christopher Haviland, also speculated that the original Borg drones were members of a race called "the Preservers", which Spock had suggested in the original series episode "The Paradise Syndrome" might be responsible for why so many humanoids populate the galaxy. It was confirmed in the TNG episode "The Chase" that an ancient species seeded hundreds, if not thousands of planets with their DNA, creating the Humans, Vulcans, Klingons, Romulans, Cardassians, and many more. Coincidentally, in the novelization of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (written by Gene Roddenberry), the V'ger entity notes that the Ilia probe is resisting the programming given to it because of residual memories and feelings for Captain Decker, from its precise replication of the Deltan lieutenant. When V'ger becomes aware of this, it decides that "the resistance was futile, of course".

text: The extra section of the non-canon game Star Trek: Legacy contains the supposed "Origin of the Borg", which tells the story of V'ger being sucked into a black hole. V'ger was found by a race of living machines which gave it a form suitable to fulfilling its simplistic programming. Unable to determine who its creator could be, the probe declared all carbon-based life an infestation of the creator's universe, leading to assimilation. From this, the Borg were created, as extensions of V'ger's purpose. Drones were made from those assimilated and merged into a collective consciousness. The Borg Queen was created out of the necessity for a single unifying voice. With thoughts and desires of her own, she was no longer bound to serve V'ger.

text: In the graphic novel Star Trek: The Manga, the Borg resulted from an experiment in medical nanotechnology gone wrong. An alien species under threat of extinction by an incurable disease created a repository satellite containing test subjects infused with body parts, organs, and DNA of multiple species along with cybernetic enhancements put in place by advanced medical technology. The satellite was maintained by nanomachines, which also maintained the medical equipment on board. The medical facility is parked in orbit by a black hole, and along with the anomalous states of time around the black hole, allows long-term research to continue at an accelerated time scale rather than in real-time speed. As the medical facility deteriorates, so does the programming of the nanomachines. The nanomachines began infusing themselves into the patients, interpreting them as part of the satellite in need of repair. Among the patients is the daughter of the head medical researcher of the satellite. The satellite eventually falls apart in an encounter with an away team from the Enterprise under the command of James T. Kirk. In the final moments of the satellite's destruction and the escape of the crew members of the Enterprise with the patients, the subjects display qualities inherently resembling the Borg: injection of nanomachines in a fashion like assimilation, rapid adaptation to weaponry, and a hive mind consciousness, as all the subjects begin following the whim of the daughter. As succumbing to the disease was inevitable, and the corrupt nanomachine programming infused itself into the bodies, the final image of the page of the manga Borg origin is left with the daughter turned Borg Queen, stating, "Resistance is futile."

text: In the novel Lost Souls (the third book in the Star Trek: Destiny trilogy), the Borg are revealed to be the survivors of the Caeliar city Mantilis. Thrown across the galaxy in the Delta Quadrant and back in time to about 4500 BC by the destruction of Erigol at the climax of Gods of Night, the first book in the trilogy, a group of human survivors from the starship Columbia NX-02 and Caeliar scientists try to survive in a harsh arctic climate. Most of the human survivors die of exposure, while several Caeliar are absorbed into their race's gestalt to give life to the others in their group mind.

text: The Caeliar offer the remaining humans a merging of human and Caeliar, to allow both groups to survive. The human survivors are resistant and as time goes on, the Caeliar called Sedin becomes the sole survivor of her group, her mental processes and her form both degrading as time goes on. When the humans return to Sedin for help, she forces them to merge with her, unwilling to allow herself to die when a union can save her life. The forced merging of the humans and the mostly decayed Caeliar results in the creation of the first Borg, the name being created due to the fragmented thought of the first drone as he was assimilated (his last thought was that he would not become some cyborg, with his individuality ceasing before he could finish thinking the final word). The gestalt group mind is perverted to become the collective, driven by Sedin's desperate hunger and need to add the strength, technology, and life-force of others to her own. Ironically, while the Caeliar were–albeit accidentally–involved in the creation of the Borg, they also provide the means to end it; in the 24th century, the Caeliar absorb the entire Borg collective back into themselves, ending the cyborgs' centuries-long reign of terror.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: General design[edit]

text: Though Borg costumes are all unique, they share several common characteristics. Borg commonly have one eye (most often the left eye) replaced with a sophisticated ocular implant which allows them to see beyond the human visual spectrum, though it may not always be added to them. This implant usually projects a red laser beam, particularly in later appearances. They also usually have one arm replaced with a prosthetic one, bearing one of a variety of multipurpose tools in place of a humanoid hand. Since different drones have slightly different roles, the arm may be specialized for medical purposes, or weaponized for tactical usage. Another defining feature is flat white skin, giving them an almost zombie-like appearance. This skin was originally dry and human-looking, but it later had a more "slick" look to it, with veins showing.

text: Due to their cybernetic enhancements, all Borg are far stronger than humans to varying degrees (depending on the species from which the drone came). Some Borg drones are just able to easily overpower most humans and similar species, while others are strong enough to pick up or lift such species off the ground or shove or toss them across a room. However they rarely, if ever, run to their destination and most species can outpace them. Borg drones are resistant to phaser fire, being completely immune to the stun setting. In addition, all Borg drones possess personal shielding which collectively adapts to phaser fire. In various episodes, phasers tend to become ineffective after a dozen shots at most, depending on the settings and time between shots. Phaser frequencies can be altered to penetrate the shield, but the Borg adapt more quickly with each change in modulation. Due to this, crews have been known to employ a variety of other countermeasures such as holodeck-generated bullets and mêlée weapons, as demonstrated in Star Trek: First Contact. The Borg hive mind can lead to certain downsides: Borg drones have a weakness in that they usually ignore anything which does not present itself as a direct threat (unless specifically directed to attack), allowing armed but passive Starfleet crew to walk among them relatively unscathed until threatening behavior was observed.

text: The most important cybernetic component of any Borg is their "cortical node", which controls every other implanted "fixed location" cybernetic device within a Borg's body, and is most often implanted in the forehead above the usually retained organic right eye. If the cortical node fails, the afflicted individual Borg eventually dies, as it cannot be replicated or repaired. Successful replacement of the node can be carried out on a Borg vessel if the failure is detected promptly before the afflicted Borg's impending death.

text: Travel[edit]

text: The Borg are a spacefaring race, and their primary interstellar transport is known as a "Borg Cube" due to its shape. A cube was first seen in the Next Generation episode "Q Who?" upon the Borg's first contact with the Federation Starfleet in 2365. Common capabilities of cubes include high warp (transwarp) capabilities, self-regeneration and multiple-redundant systems, adaptability to assault, and various beam (tractor beams and cutting beams) and missile weapons. Different types and size of Cube have been observed, as well as Borg Spheres, which are launched from a Cube in similar fashion to an escape pod, as seen in First Contact.

text: As with most other spacefaring races, the Borg also have transporter capability, and their ability to survive in the vacuum of space means they have no need for environment or hazmat suits.

text: Assimilation[edit]

text: Assimilation is the process by which the Borg integrate beings, cultures, and technology into their collective. "You will be assimilated" is one of the few on-screen phrases employed by the Borg when communicating with other species. The Borg are portrayed as having found and assimilated thousands of species and billions to trillions of individual life-forms throughout the galaxy. The Borg designate each species with a number assigned to them upon first contact; humanity for example being 'Species 5618'.

text: When first introduced, the Borg are said to be more interested in assimilating technology than people, roaming the universe as single-minded marauders that have assimilated starships, planets, and entire societies to collect new technology. They are discriminating in this area, finding certain races, for example the Kazon, to be technologically inferior and not worthy of assimilation. A Borg infant found aboard the first cube introduced (TNG: "Q Who?") shows that the Borg will even assimilate the children of a conquered race. The Borg then place the assimilated children into maturation chambers, to quickly and fully grow them into mature drones that can be of use.

text: In their second appearance, "The Best of Both Worlds", they capture and assimilate Captain Jean-Luc Picard into the collective by surgically altering him, creating Locutus of Borg, meaning "he who has spoken" or "he who speaks", in Latin, fitting as he speaks to Federation humans for them. After this, life-form assimilation becomes much more prominent in their overall behavior, as they learn about the nuances in tactics, as well as what they consider diplomacy with the human race.

text: The method of assimilating individual life-forms into the collective has been represented differently over time. The only constant is that the infant, and fetal humanoids have been grown in an accelerated state and surgically receive implants connected directly into the brain (cannot be removed without death), as well as ocular devices, tool-enhanced limbs, armor, and other prosthetics. In Star Trek: First Contact, the method of adult assimilation is depicted with the more efficient injection of nanoprobes into the individual's bloodstream through a pair of tubules that spring forth from the drone's hand (while in "The Best of Both Worlds" and Star Trek: Borg, at least some Borg were shown with a syringe like prosthetic that also acted as a data port that allowed them to interface directly with technology and share data between each other). Assimilation by tubules is depicted on-screen as being a usually fast-acting process, with the victim's skin pigmentation turning gray and mottled with visible dark tracks forming within moments of contact, though it seems that the longer the victim is being injected, the quicker they can be fully transformed. The individual is then taken away for complete assimilation by drones. The tubules can also allow for direct interfacing with technology, while they are also shown to be able to reconfigure and enhance such technology into Borg technology. Sometimes assimilated Borg have been noted to be neither male nor female.[12] One theory could be that their reproductive systems have been removed upon assimilation, yet drones such as Captain Picard and Seven of Nine are easily identified as male and female. The other reason may be that the species from whence they came was gender-less. Drones who have escaped the collective have also been shown to have a gender. The individual has all traces of individuality removed and implants are attached to the new drone so it can become an integrated part of the collective. This method of assimilation is also shown to be much more surgical in nature.[1] In Star Trek: First Contact a captured crew member is shown to have a forearm and an eye physically removed and replaced with cybernetic implants.

text: Because assimilation depends on nanoprobes, species with extremely advanced immune systems are able to resist assimilation. Thus far, Species 8472 is the only race shown to be capable of completely rejecting assimilation attempts, but other species, such as the Hirogen, have also proved more than a match, both physically and technologically against the Borg.[13] Phlox was able to partially resist the assimilation process in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Regeneration".

text: Nanoprobes are microscopic machines that inhabit a Borg's body, bloodstream, and many cybernetic implants. The probes perform the function of maintaining the Borg cybernetic systems, as well as repairing damage to the organic parts of a Borg. They generate new technology inside a Borg when needed, as well as protecting them from many forms of disease. Borg nanoprobes, each about the size of a human red blood cell, travel through the victim's bloodstream and latch on to individual cells. The nanoprobes rewrite the cellular DNA, altering the victim's biochemistry, and eventually form larger, more complicated structures and networks within the body such as electrical pathways, processing and data-storage nodes, and ultimately prosthetic devices that spring forth from the skin, similar to cancers or tumors, which can lead to severe deformation in the skin. In "Mortal Coil", Seven of Nine states that the Borg assimilated the nanoprobe technology from "Species 149". In addition, the nanoprobes work to maintain and repair their host's mechanical and biological components on a microscopic level, allowing both sets of components regenerative capabilities.

text: Though used by the Borg to exert control over another being, reprogrammed nanoprobes were used by the crew of the starship Voyager in many instances as medical aids. In one instance, the probes were used to revive crewman Neelix 18 hours, 49 minutes, and 13 seconds after death by repairing his body, and are used to treat various visitors' ailments. The ability to perform such a feat was thanks to a species that the Borg had previously assimilated.

text: The capability of nanoprobes to absorb improved technologies they find into the Borg collective is shown in the Voyager episode "Drone", where Seven of Nine's nanoprobes are fused with the Doctor's mobile emitter which uses technology from the 29th century of the history line of the Federation, creating an individual 29th-century drone existing outside the collective, with capabilities far surpassing that of late 24th-century drones. The attempt by the Borg to assimilate this drone is unsuccessful, so its enhanced capabilities are not disseminated throughout the collective.

text: The Borg do not try to immediately assimilate any being with which it comes to contact; in fact, Borg drones tend to completely ignore beings that are identified as too weak to be a threat and too inferior to be worth assimilating. Captain Picard and his team walk safely past a group of Borg drones in a scene from the film Star Trek: First Contact because they are unarmed, while the drones fulfill a programmed mission. In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Mortal Coil", Seven of Nine told Neelix that the Kazon were "unworthy" of assimilation and would only detract from the Borg's quest for perceived perfection.

text: Maturation chamber[edit]

text: The Borg use maturation chambers as the means of assimilating children that have been captured.

text: The child is kept in the maturation chamber for a period of 17 cycles.[14] Information conflicts as to how long 17 cycles is. Based on information from Star Trek: Voyager (Mortal Coil) and Star Trek: Voyager (Drone), the time equates to about six months, but in "Collective", Seven of Nine mentions that she was in her maturation chamber for five years.

text: During this time spent in the maturation chamber, nanoprobes are introduced into the child's body along with cybernetic implants which are either surgically implanted or constructed by the nanoprobes. The child's physical age is also accelerated. When the children emerge from the maturation chambers, they have physically grown into adult drones, being no different from a drone that was already an adult when assimilated.

text: The appearance of maturation chambers has changed over time, originally seen in Star Trek: The Next Generation ("Q Who") and later in Star Trek: Voyager (Drone) and (Collective).

text: Unicomplex[edit]

text: The Unicomplex is a location in the fictional Star Trek universe that is considered the central base for the Borg pseudo-race. It is located in an unknown area of the Delta Quadrant and is the center of all processing activity for the Borg collective, as well as the home of the Borg Queen. The Unicomplex resembles a patchwork-like collection of thousands of cubes, connected by assorted conduits and transportation hubs. Borg cubes frequently cross into and out of the Unicomplex on their way to other parts of the galaxy, using transwarp conduits. The Unicomplex primarily appears in the episodes leading towards the conclusion of Star Trek: Voyager. The Unicomplex was destroyed in 2378 after the Borg Queen assimilated a neurolytic pathogen from the future by Admiral Kathryn Janeway, who had traveled back in time, as seen in the Star Trek: Voyager series finale, "Endgame".

text: Borg Collective[edit]

text: Also referred to as the "hive mind" or "collective consciousness", the Borg Collective is a civilization with a group mind. Each Borg individual, or drone, is linked to the collective by a sophisticated subspace network that ensures each member is given constant supervision and guidance. The collective is broadcast over a subspace domain similar to that used by the transporter. Being part of the collective offers significant biomedical advantages to the individual drones. The mental energy of the group consciousness can help an injured or damaged drone heal or regenerate damaged body parts or technology. The collective consciousness not only gives them the ability to "share the same thoughts", but also to adapt with great speed to defensive tactics used against them.[15]

text: Borg Queen[edit]

text: Before the movie Star Trek: First Contact, the Borg exhibited no hierarchical command structure, instead using a structure with no control center and distributed processing. First Contact introduced the Borg Queen, who is not named as such in the film, but is referred to by that name during the credits. The Queen is played by Alice Krige in this film and in the finale of Star Trek: Voyager, "Endgame". The character also appeared in Voyager's two-part episodes "Dark Frontier" and "Unimatrix Zero", but was portrayed by Susanna Thompson (due to Krige's unavailability during the filming of those episodes). Whether or not all of these appearances represent exactly the same Queen is never confirmed.

text: The Borg Queen is the focal point within the Borg collective consciousness and a unique drone within the collective, who originates from Species 125, who brings "order to chaos", referring to herself as "we" and "I" interchangeably. In First Contact, the Queen's dialogue suggests she is an expression of the Borg Collective's overall intelligence, not a controller but the avatar of the entire Collective as an individual. This sentiment is contradicted by Star Trek: Voyager, where she is seen explicitly directing, commanding, and in one instance even overriding the Collective. She also identified herself as having originally been a member of Species 125. The introduction of the Queen radically changed the canon understanding of the Borg function with the authors of The Computers of Star Trek noting "It was a lot easier for viewers to focus on a villain rather than a hive-mind that made decisions based on the input of all its members."[16] First Contact writers Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore have defended the introduction of the Queen as a dramatic necessity, noting on the film's DVD audio commentary that they had initially written the film with drones, but finding that it was essential for the main characters to have someone to interact with, beyond mindless drones.

text: In First Contact, the Borg Queen is seen as apparently present during Picard's former assimilation at the start as flashbacks in Picard's mind, and was believed destroyed along with that Borg cube years earlier. Here, she instead directs her attentions to Data. After he is captured by her drones, she tries to tempt him to join her by playing on his desire to be more human. She claims that she desires a semi-independent non-Borg being as an intellectual companion. This Queen is partially destroyed when her organic components are liquefied as a result of Data rupturing one of the Enterprise's warp core plasma coolant conduits. Picard finishes her off by breaking her spinal column with his own hands. The Queen is also destroyed in the Voyager episode "Endgame".

text: In the Star Trek: The Experience attraction The Borg Invasion 4-D, the Borg Queen reappears after Voyager returns to the Alpha Quadrant, but as Admiral Janeway attempts to kill her, she activates a transporter, allowing her to survive.

text: In the post-Star Trek Nemesis novels, the Borg Queen is not a single, irreplaceable entity, but the product of a program called "the Royal Protocol" that shares its name with a Starfleet document outlining requirements when dealing with foreign royalty. This program is used to create a Borg Queen from any female Borg (though Borg drones supposedly have no gender), commanding the technology within her to alter and adapt to the protocol's specifications. In the relaunch novels, one of the leaders of Starfleet Intelligence gets her hands on the Royal Protocol, and with the use of an emergency medical hologram, turns herself into a new kind of Borg Queen who cares about and loves her drones.

text: Alternatively, in the game Star Trek: Legacy, bonus content unlockable throughout the course of the game offers further information on the role of the queen. It is suggested that the females of a particular species have a natural ability to filter and control the immense 'traffic' of thought present in the collective consciousness of the Borg. These females, in a sense, serve as regulators or signal boosters even assisting in maintaining the complete consciousness over the thousands of lightyears of Borg space. This also presents the possibility of multiple queens, which would be a suitable explanation for why, on more than one occasion, a Starfleet officer has 'killed the queen'. In the illustration accompanying the explanation, all the females distinctly resemble the queen portrayed on screen, suggesting that this is Species 125, mentioned by the Borg Queen as her original species in "Dark Frontier".

text: In the novel Before Dishonor by Peter David, Admiral Janeway is assimilated while exploring a supposedly "dead" Borg supercube and is later transformed into the Borg Queen. She is later stopped by Seven of Nine, who introduced a virus into the Borg ship. This leads to the events of the Destiny trilogy.

text: In the Mirror Universe novella The Worst of Both Worlds by Greg Cox, the Borg are led by a king.

text: Character history[edit]

text: The Next Generation[edit]

text: The Borg first appear in the Star Trek: The Next Generation second-season episode "Q Who?", when the omnipotent life-form Q hurls the Enterprise-D across the galaxy to challenge Jean-Luc Picard's assertion that his crew is ready to face the unexplored galaxy's unknown dangers and mysteries. The Enterprise crew is quickly overwhelmed by the relentless Borg, and Picard eventually begs for and receives Q's help in returning the ship to its previous coordinates in the Alpha Quadrant. At the episode's conclusion, Picard suggests to Guinan that Q did "the right thing for the wrong reason" by showing the dangers they will eventually face. It is suggested that the Borg may have been responsible for the destruction of Federation and Romulan colonies in the final episode of season one, "The Neutral Zone".[17]

text: The Borg next appear in The Next Generation's third-season finale and fourth-season premiere, "The Best of Both Worlds". In the third-season cliffhanger, Picard is abducted and subsequently assimilated by the Borg and transformed into Locutus, the Latin term for "he who has spoken" or "he who speaks". "Locutus" is the Borg method of describing the former Picard as the representative of the Borg in all future contacts related to humanity. Picard's knowledge of Starfleet is gained by the collective, and the single cube easily wipes out all resistance in its path, notably the entire Starfleet armada at Wolf 359, which consisted of 40 starships, some of which were sent from the Klingon Empire. The Enterprise crew manages to capture Locutus and gain information through him which allows them to destroy the cube. Picard is later "deassimilated", a process quite different from what happened to Seven of Nine in Star Trek: Voyager (Seven of Nine had to be completely "re-schooled" on humanity, while Picard merely needed to be reminded of humanity. This could be because unlike Seven of Nine, Picard was assimilated for only a short while, while Seven of Nine was assimilated as a child).

text: In the fifth-season episode "I, Borg", the Enterprise crew rescues a solitary adolescent Borg who is given the name "Hugh" by Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge. The crew faces the moral decision of whether or not to use Hugh (who begins to develop a sense of independence as a result of a severed link to the collective consciousness of the Borg) as an apocalyptic means of delivering a devastating computer virus, in the form of a topological paradox problem, that would theoretically destroy the Borg, or to humanely allow him to return to the Borg with his individuality intact.[18] They decide to return him without the virus. This is followed up in the sixth-season cliffhanger "Descent", which depicts a group of rogue Borg who had "assimilated" individuality through Hugh. These rogue Borg fell under the control of the psychopathic android Lore, the "older brother" of Data.

text: In cult leader-like fashion, Lore had manipulated them into following him by appealing to their restored emotions and exploiting their new-found senses of individuality and fear, hoping to turn them on the Federation. Lore also corrupts Data through the use of the emotion chip he had stolen from Noonien Soong (Data and Lore's creator). In the end, Data's ethical subroutines are restored (having been suppressed by Lore through use of the emotion chip) and he manages to deactivate Lore after a battle in which a renegade Borg faction led by Hugh attacks the main complex. Data reclaims the emotion chip, Lore is mentioned as needing to be dismantled (for safety) and the surviving Borg fall under the leadership of Hugh. The fate of these deassimilated Borg is not revealed, though non-canon material suggests that they remained on the planet and established a permanent colony.

text: First Contact[edit]

text: The Borg return as the antagonists in one of the Next Generation films, Star Trek: First Contact. After again failing to assimilate Earth by a direct assault in the year 2373, the Borg travel back in time to the year 2063 to try to stop Zefram Cochrane's first contact with the Vulcans, which would have erased the Federation from history. The Enterprise-E crew follows the Borg back in time, and restores the original timeline. First Contact introduces the Borg Queen, a recurring character on Star Trek: Voyager.

text: Parts of this destroyed Borg sphere, along with at least two drones, are shown to have crash landed in the Arctic in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Regeneration".

text: Deep Space Nine[edit]

text: The only appearance the Borg made on this series was in the premiere episode Emissary. Benjamin Sisko (Avery Brooks) was an officer on the USS Saratoga, one of the ships in the Starfleet armada dispatched to Wolf 359. The Saratoga was hailed by the Borg cube with Locutus speaking as their representative. The Borg opened fire on the Saratoga, leading to the deaths of most of the ship's personnel, including Sisko's wife Jennifer. This created great resentment in Sisko when dealing with Picard; for Sisko, Picard was the living embodiment of the suffering the Borg inflicted at Wolf 359, making their meeting in "Emissary" tense when Picard gave Sisko his orders for taking over the station. Sisko found it hard to separate Jean-Luc Picard from the Borg drone who was responsible for his wife's death.

text: Despite their absence for the vast majority of the series beyond the pilot, references to the Borg, as well as the Wolf 359 massacre, are made occasionally throughout the series. In fact, the USS Defiant, a primary starship setting from the third season onwards, is explicitly stated to have been designed as a countermeasure against the Borg though it is later used against the Dominion.[19] In addition, the battle from Star Trek: First Contact is used as a plot point in Season 5 as Starfleet is spread thin to deal with a Dominion incursion.

text: In First Contact, the Defiant is heavily damaged during a battle with the Borg; the ship is later declared 'adrift, but salvageable', which allowed Deep Space Nine's producers to retain their signature starship.

text: Voyager[edit]

text: The Borg make frequent appearances in Star Trek: Voyager, which takes place in the Delta Quadrant, the region of the galaxy from which the Borg are believed to have originated. The Borg are first discovered by Voyager in the third-season episode "Blood Fever". Chakotay discovers the body of what the local humanoids refer to as "the Invaders"; which turns out to be the Borg. In "Scorpion", the Borg are engaged in a war of attrition against Species 8472, whose biological defences are a match for the Borg's nanoprobes. In one of the few instances of the Borg negotiating, in exchange for safe passage through Borg space, the Voyager crew devises a way to destroy the otherwise invulnerable Species 8472. A Borg drone, Seven of Nine, is dispatched to Voyager to facilitate this arrangement as Captain Janeway refuses to allow the Borg to use neural implants for communication with the Voyager crew.

text: After successfully driving Species 8472 back into their fluidic space, Seven of Nine attempts to assimilate Voyager but is severed from the hive mind and stripped of most of her Borg implants, becoming a member of Voyager's crew. Seven of Nine's rediscovery of her individuality becomes a recurring theme throughout the series. Flashbacks and allusions in several episodes, such as "The Raven", establish that before her assimilation, Seven of Nine was Annika Hansen, the child of scientists who studied the Borg in the Delta Quadrant independent of the Federation. Unfortunately her parents were assimilated into the collective with her, but her father makes a temporary appearance in the final episode of Voyager.

text: In "Drone", an advanced Borg drone is created when Seven of Nine's nanoprobes are fused with the Doctor's mobile emitter in a transporter accident. The drone, who adopts the moniker "One", involuntarily sends a signal to the collective, bringing a sphere to Voyager. One destroys the Borg ship and lets himself die to protect Voyager from further Borg pursuits.

text: In "Infinite Regress" it was revealed that all Borg starships have a device called a vinculum which connects all the minds of the drones, eliminates individual thoughts, and disseminates information to the Borg Collective.

text: In "Dark Frontier", Captain Kathryn Janeway decides to attack the Borg in the hopes of stealing a transwarp coil to aid Voyager's journey home. The Borg Queen learns of the plot and offers Seven of Nine a deal to spare Voyager in exchange for her rejoining the collective. Voyager recovers the transwarp coil and uses it, with the Delta Flyer, to save Seven from the Queen. Voyager uses the transwarp coil to travel 20,000 light-years before it burns out.

text: In "Collective", the crew of Voyager stumble upon a severely damaged cube that is holding Tom Paris, Neelix, Harry and Chakotay hostage. The crew later finds out that the ship is run by five Borg children who left their maturation chambers early. There are no living adult drones on board the ship due to a pathogen that somehow infected the entire vessel. The children sent a message to the collective that they were attacked. The collective replied and told them they were irrelevant. Seven of Nine is sent to assist in repairs and negotiate a trade for the prisoners. Voyager is soon attacked by the cube when the Borg children attempt to rip the main deflector off of the hull so they can rejoin the collective. When the cube's leader dies, Seven takes the children onto Voyager, has their non-essential Borg components removed. Most of the deassimilated children were returned to their home planets; one chose to remain with Voyager, and was eventually given the provisional rank of Cadet.

text: In "Q2", Q's son places Voyager in danger and brings Borg onto the ship. Q intercedes, saves Voyager and angrily warns his son about provoking the Borg.

text: In the Voyager finale, "Endgame", an elderly Admiral Janeway from the future travels back in time, to aid in Voyager's return to the Alpha Quadrant through the use of a Borg transwarp hub. This hub is one of six such structures scattered across the galaxy, which allow Borg ships to traverse galactic distances in mere minutes. The future Janeway uses the hub and travels to Unicomplex 1, the primary control center of the Borg and the residence of the Queen. She deliberately infects herself with a neurolytic pathogen, and when she was assimilated, the pathogen rapidly spreads and infects a majority of the collective and kills the Queen. With the Queen dead, the hive mind is fractured and Borg technology ceases to adapt to weapons fire. Without the adaptations against transphasic torpedoes, Voyager fires the torpedoes at the transwarp conduits holding the transwarp network together and they are easily destroyed. On the way, a Borg sphere pursues and captures Voyager, but upon arrival at Earth, it is destroyed from the inside by Voyager's transphasic torpedo.

text: Enterprise[edit]

text: The Borg make their last canon appearance in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Regeneration", the remnants of the destroyed sphere from Star Trek: First Contact are discovered in the Arctic along with two frozen drones. Once unearthed, the Borg quickly revive and assimilate the human scientists who found them before stealing an unarmed research ship, modifying it to match Starfleet technology in a matter of hours. The drones manage to send a transmission toward the Delta Quadrant before they are destroyed. According to dialogue, their transmission would reach its destination in 200 years, essentially establishing a closed time loop with the events of "Q Who", explaining why the cube in the latter episode was already en route to Earth[citation needed]. Although the Borg never identify themselves as such in dialogue, the episode's events prompt characters to allude to Zefram Cochrane's claims that "strange cybernetic creatures from the future" tried to interfere with First Contact.

text: Writers Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens developed an unproduced idea for an episode which would have featured Alice Krige as a Starfleet medical technician who encounters the Borg and is assimilated – thereby becoming the Borg Queen.[20]

text: Other media[edit]

text: In the non-canonical Star Trek: The Manga story 'Side Effects' written by Chris Dows, the crew of the Enterprise under James T. Kirk discovers an alien station operating near a black hole. The commander of the station appears to be abducting races in a desperate attempt to cure a strange plague among his people. Using his own daughter as a guinea pig, he is able to create a cure for the plague, though the end result is always assimilation into the consciousness of his daughter, the future Borg Queen, for those cured.

text: In the Star Trek novel Probe, which takes place following the events of Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, the Borg are mentioned obliquely in communication with the whale-probe as spacefaring "mites" (the whale-probe's term for humanoid races) who traveled in cubical and spherical spacefaring vessels; the Borg apparently attacked the whale-probe and damaged its memory in some fashion before the events of the film.

text: In the Star Trek Game Star Trek: Legacy, the Borg are featured midway through the TOS era as "Assimilated Klingon ships". In the final mission, once the player has completed the primary objective, a confrontation with T'urell ensues; she departs, and the player must destroy a Borg Sphere.

text: The Peter David novel Vendetta reveals that the planet killer weapon from the Original Series episode "The Doomsday Machine" is a prototype for a weapon against the Borg, with a woman whose race were destroyed by the Borg trying to use the weapon against them despite the damage she will cause on her journey due to its need to consume planets. David revisited this concept in a 2007 sequel novel, Before Dishonor, which features the Enterprise-E working with Spock and Seven of Nine to reactivate the original planet killer to stop the Borg.

text: In William Shatner's novel The Return, Spock is nearly assimilated by the Borg, but is saved because he mind-melded with V'ger, an earlier form of the Borg, causing the Borg to register an "imprint" of the Collective already in Spock's mind and spare him as they assume that he is already a Borg. Using the information he subconsciously acquired in the meld, Spock is able to lead a crew of Enterprise officers- consisting of the Enterprise-D senior staff, himself, Admiral McCoy, and the resurrected Kirk- in a Defiant-class ship to destroy the Borg central node, severing all branches of the Collective from each other and limiting their future threat.

text: In David Mack's novel trilogy Star Trek: Destiny, set over a year after Star Trek: Nemesis, the Borg stage a massive invasion of local space using the totality of their forces. Due to Kathryn Janeway crippling their infrastructure in "Endgame", the Borg fear for their survival and thus attempt to exterminate the Federation and its neighbors. They wipe out the populations of numerous Federation worlds before being dismantled by the Caeliar, the advanced species that spawned them. The crews of the Enterprise-E, the Titan, and the Aventine had made contact with the Caeliar, learned of their role in the creation of the Borg from Erika Hernandez, and convinced them to end the threat of the Borg once and for all.

text: In the Doctor Who/Star Trek crossover comic, Assimilation2, the Borg join forces with the Cybermen, but the Enterprise-D crew are later forced to work with the Eleventh Doctor and the Borg when the Cybermen subvert the Collective, resulting in them restoring the Borg to full strength and erasing the Borg/Cyberman alliance from existence.[21]

text: In the video game Star Trek: Armada, the Borg invades a Dominion cloning facility to create a clone of Jean-Luc Picard to assimilate him into Locutus.

text: In video games[edit]

text: The Borg appear as antagonists to the player in the following Star Trek videogame titles:

text:
Star Trek: The Next Generation: Birth of the Federation
Star Trek: A Final Unity
Star Trek: Armada
Star Trek: Armada II
Star Trek: Away Team
Star Trek: Borg
Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force
Star Trek: Elite Force II
Star Trek: Starfleet Command III
Star Trek: Encounters
Star Trek: Invasion
Star Trek: Legacy
Star Trek: Conquest
Star Trek Online
Star Trek: Borg Contact

tag: ul

text: They also appear as the main characters in one of the Star Trek arcade games, Star Trek: Borg Contact, where players must squeeze two handles without letting go.

text: Activision at one point planned to release Star Trek: Borg Assimilator, in which the player would play a Borg, but later canceled the game.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The depiction of the Borg cube in "Q Who" garnered the episode an Emmy Award nomination.[22]


document_title: Fifteen Million Merits

question_text: what is the meaning of black mirror episode 2

text: Fifteen Million Merits

text: Plot[edit]

text: The episode is a satire on entertainment shows and insatiable thirst for distraction set in a satirical future dystopia. In this world, everyone must cycle on exercise bikes in order to power their surroundings and generate currency called Merits. Everyday activities are constantly interrupted by advertisements that cannot be skipped or ignored without financial penalty. Obese people are considered to be second-class citizens, and either work as cleaners around the machines (where they are verbally abused, especially from a fellow cyclist named Dustin) or are humiliated on game shows.

text: Bingham "Bing" Madsen (Daniel Kaluuya) has inherited 15 million merits from his dead brother and thus has the luxury of skipping advertisements as often as he likes. In the toilet he overhears Abi Khan (Jessica Brown Findlay) singing and encourages her to enter an X-Factor style game show called Hot Shot, which offers a chance for people to get out of the slave-like world around them. Bing persuades her and, feeling there is nothing "real" worth buying, purchases the ticket for her, costing him nearly his entire balance of just more than 15 million merits. The judges (Rupert Everett, Julia Davis, Ashley Thomas) and the crowd enjoy her cover of "Anyone Who Knows What Love Is", but they state there is no room for an 'Above Average Singer' and instead give her the chance to become an adult actress on a pornographic TV station. After goading from the judges and the crowd, and drugged on a substance called "cuppliance", Abi reluctantly agrees.

text: Bing returns to his cell without Abi or any Merits. When an advert showing Abi performing a sexual act appears on the screen, he can't skip it (as he doesn't have enough Merits) and desperately tries to escape his cell, ramming the door until the glass breaks. He hides a shard of glass under his bed. Over some time he leads a frugal lifestyle and is shown cycling harder than anyone else, saving up 15 million merits to buy another competition ticket. He patiently waits in the Hot Shot room until he is called to compete.

text: On stage he interrupts his dance performance, draws the shard of glass, and threatens to kill himself live on the show. He tearfully rants about how unfair the system is and how heartless people have become, and expresses his anger for how the judges took away, corrupted, and sold the only thing he found that was real. The judges, instead of taking his words into consideration, are impressed by his 'performance' and offer him his own show, where he can rant about the system all he likes. While he originally had come onto the show to express his anger and frustration, Bing accepts the judges' offer, even though he hadn't been drugged with the "cuppliance" and made the decision entirely on his will.

text: Later, Bing is shown finishing one of his streams in his penthouse, still holding the shard of glass to his neck. He pours himself a glass of orange juice and stands staring through the window of his cell, beyond which is a vast green forest stretching to the horizon, in a cell much larger than his original.

text: Production[edit]

text: This episode was the first Black Mirror episode to be written, though it aired second.[1] It was written by Charlie Brooker and Konnie Huq; Brooker described it as "sort of her idea", as she once remarked that he would "basically be happy in a room where every wall was [an iPad screen]".[2] Additionally, it is based on the "narrative in talent shows", where "there are a lot of people who do a job they hate for little reward, and one of the main means of salvation that's held up is to become an overnight star."[1] According to Brooker, the sets feature working screens as it was decided that using visual effects would not really be possible.[2]

text: Scenes from "Fifteen Million Merits" were featured at a Barbican Centre exhibit entitled "Into the Unknown: A Journey Through Science Fiction". The entrance contained a 6 feet (1.8 m) high installation containing extracts from the episode across multiple screens.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: "But 'Fifteen Million Merits' is a grander work in every way to 'The National Anthem', a dazzling piece of science fiction that builds its world out slowly but perfectly over the course of an hour—and packs an emotional wallop along with the '15 minutes into the future' warning you already expect. 'The National Anthem' was grey and grim, tough to watch, but 'Fifteen Million Merits' is actually frightening to contemplate, and that's how good dystopian sci-fi should feel."

text: "Brimming with gorgeous visuals, a moving score, and a fully realized future that might not be too far off, there's never a moment where '15 Million Merits' is anything less than gripping, scary, and thought-provoking. It may make you want to hang yourself, it may make you want to throw your computer out of the window, it may make you want to quit your job, it may make you ponder the meaning of life, but its goal is simply to make you aware of such things so that we may avoid such an awful future. '15 Million Merits' wants you to look in the mirror and do something about it. "

text: "[t]he warmth of Bing and Abi's brief romance, contrasted against the coldness of TV screens, jeering avatars and manipulative reality show judges, is among the most moving I've seen in for a while, and the main reason why Fifteen Million Merits is such a captivating piece of genre television."

text: "[t]he tone was very different compared to last week and there was more of an emotional connection to the characters. Kaluuya and Brown Findlay were excellent as the central protagonists Bing and Abi. Therefore, the way in which they met their respective fates was sad because there was no sense of hope. Additionally, the aesthetic quality of the world of black mirrors was fantastic and looked plausible."

text: "Sure, these were all familiar tropes, but they were explored with style, savvy and lashings of acerbic humour."

text: "[t]his is more artful [than "The National Anthem"]. It's striking to look at and beautiful – the virtual reality, the interactiveness, all the screens. Well, beautiful in a stifling, suffocating way that has you gasping for an open window, a plant, an emotion, something real. None of it feels too far-fetched, though. It's not much of a leap from what we have already with videogames, our reliance on screens, everyone an avatar, social media, talent shows..."


document_title: Robert Langdon (book series)

question_text: which book is first the davinci code or angels and demons

text: Robert Langdon (book series)

text: Novel series[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Identifier(s)
Date of publication
Summary

1
Angels & Demons
ISBN 1-59315-140-3
May 2000
Following the murder of a physicist, Leonardo Vetra, a symbolist, Robert Langdon, and a scientist, Vittoria Vetra, are on an adventure involving a secret brotherhood, the Illuminati. Clues lead them all around the Vatican, including the four altars of science, Earth, Air, Fire and Water.

2
The Da Vinci Code
ISBN 0-385-50420-9
April 2003
Secret of the Holy Grail. In the novel, Sir Leigh Teabing explains to Sophie Neveu that the figure at the right hand of Jesus in Leonardo da Vinci's painting The Last Supper is not the apostle John, but actually Mary Magdalene.

3
The Lost Symbol
ISBN 978-0-385-50422-5
September 2009
A thriller set in Washington, D.C., after the events of The Da Vinci Code, and relies on Freemasonry for both its recurring theme and its major characters, which included Robert Langdon.

4
Inferno
ISBN 978-0-385-53785-8
May 2013
Robert Langdon wakes up in a hospital bed suffering from amnesia. A woman tries to kill him and he is saved by a doctor, Sienna. Robert finds links to Dante's Divine Comedy in all the messages projected by the canister and uses his knowledge of symbology to reach Venice where he believes he will find the cave.

5
Origin[1]
ISBN 978-0593078754
October 2017[1]
TBA

tag: table

text: Fictional books[edit]

text: In the book series, Langdon is himself an author of six (fictional) books:

text:
The Symbology of Secret Sects
The Art of the Illuminati: Part 1
The Lost Language of Ideograms
Religious Iconology
Symbols of the Lost Sacred Feminine
Christian Symbols in the Muslim World

text: In the real book The Lost Symbol on page 8, a minor character, Pam, refers to the (fictional) Symbols of the Lost Sacred Feminine as creating 'a delicious scandal'.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has sold over 100 million copies.[2][3]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: The novels were a success around the world and became bestsellers, and soon adapted into films in which Ron Howard directed and produced 3 of 4 novels: The Da Vinci Code (2006), Angels & Demons (2009), and Inferno (2016), with Tom Hanks portrayed the lead character, Professor Robert Langdon, which was released by Columbia Pictures.


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria

question_text: who was the prime minister of bulgaria from 1950 to 1956

text: List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria

text: Prime Ministers of Bulgaria (1879–present)[edit]

text: Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908)[edit]

text:
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Elected
Term of Office
Political Party

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
1879–1908

Todor Burmov
1834–1906
(Lived: 72 years)

1879
(Jan)
17 July 1879
6 December 1879
Conservative Party

Archbishop
Kliment Turnovski
1841–1901
(Lived: 60 years)

—
6 December 1879
7 April 1880
Conservative Party

Dragan Tsankov
1828–1911
(Lived: 82 years)

1879
(Sep–Oct)
1880
7 April 1880
10 December 1880
Liberal Party

Petko Karavelov
1843–1903
(Lived: 59 years)

1881
(Jan)
10 December 1880
9 May 1881
Liberal Party

Johann Casimir Ehrnrooth
1833–1913
(Lived: 79 years)

1881
(Jun)
[NA 1]
9 May 1881
13 July 1881
Imperial Russian Army

Authoritarian regime by Prince
Alexander I
1857–1893
(Lived: 36 years)

—
13 July 1881
5 July 1882
—

Leonid Sobolev
1844–1913
(Lived: 69 years)

1882
[NA 2]
5 July 1882
19 September 1883
Imperial Russian Army

Dragan Tsankov
1828–1911
(Lived: 82 years)
2nd time

1884
19 September 1883
11 July 1884
Liberal Party

Petko Karavelov
1843–1903
(Lived: 59 years)
2nd time

—
11 July 1884
21 August 1886
Liberal Party

Archbishop
Kliment Turnovski
1841–1901
(Lived: 60 years)
2nd time

—
21 August 1886
24 August 1886
Conservative Party

Petko Karavelov
1843–1903
(Lived: 59 years)
3rd time

—
24 August 1886
28 August 1886
Liberal Party

Vasil Radoslavov
1854–1929
(Lived: 75 years)

1886
28 August 1886
10 July 1887
Liberal Party

Konstantin Stoilov
1853–1901
(Lived: 47 years)

—
10 July 1887
1 September 1887
Conservative Party

Stefan Stambolov
1854–1895
(Lived: 41 years)

1887
1890
1893
(Apr)
1893
(Jul)
1 September 1887
31 May 1894
People's Liberal Party

Konstantin Stoilov
1853–1901
(Lived: 47 years)
2nd time

1894
1896
31 May 1894
30 January 1899
People's Party

Dimitar Grekov
1847–1901
(Lived: 53 years)

1899
30 January 1899
13 October 1899
People's Liberal Party

Todor Ivanchov
1858–1905
(Lived: 46 years)

—
13 October 1899
25 January 1901
Liberal Party (Radoslavists)

Racho Petrov
1861–1942
(Lived: 80 years)

1901
25 January 1901
5 March 1901
Independent

Petko Karavelov
1843–1903
(Lived: 59 years)
4th time

—
5 March 1901
4 January 1902
Democratic Party

Stoyan Danev
1858–1949
(Lived: 91 years)

1902
4 January 1902
19 May 1903
Progressive Liberal Party

Racho Petrov
1861–1942
(Lived: 80 years)
2nd time

1903
19 May 1903
5 November 1906
Independent

Dimitar Petkov
1858–1907
(Lived: 48 years)

—
5 November 1906
11 March 1907
(Assassinated)
People's Liberal Party

Dimitar Stanchov
1863–1940
(Lived: 76 years)
Acting Prime Minister

—
12 March 1907
16 March 1907
Independent

Petar Gudev
1863–1932
(Lived: 68 years)

—
16 March 1907
29 January 1908
People's Liberal Party

Aleksandar Malinov
1867–1938
(Lived: 70 years)

1908
29 January 1908
5 October 1908
Democratic Party

text: Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)[edit]

text:
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Elected
Term of Office
Political Party

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
1908–1946

Aleksandar Malinov
1867–1938
(Lived: 70 years)

—
5 October 1908
29 March 1911
Democratic Party

Ivan Evstratiev Geshov
1849–1924
(Lived: 75 years)

1911
(Jun)
1911
(Sep)
29 March 1911
14 June 1913
People's Party

Stoyan Danev
1858–1949
(Lived: 91 years)
2nd time

—
14 June 1913
17 July 1913
Progressive Liberal Party

Vasil Radoslavov
1854–1929
(Lived: 75 years)
2nd time

1913
1914
17 July 1913
21 June 1918
Liberal Party (Radoslavists)

Aleksandar Malinov
1867–1938
(Lived: 70 years)
2nd time

—
21 June 1918
28 November 1918
Democratic Party

Teodor Teodorov
1869–1924
(Lived: 55 years)

—
28 November 1918
6 October 1919
People's Party

Aleksandar Stamboliyski
1879–1923
(Lived: 44 years)

1919
1920
1923
(Apr)
6 October 1919
9 June 1923
(Deposed)
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union

Aleksandar Tsankov
1879–1959
(Lived: 80 years)

1923
(Nov)
9 June 1923
4 January 1926
Democratic Alliance

Andrey Lyapchev
1866–1933
(Lived: 66 years)

1927
4 January 1926
29 June 1931
Democratic Alliance

Aleksandar Malinov
1867–1938
(Lived: 70 years)
3rd time

1931
29 June 1931
12 October 1931
Democratic Party

Nikola Mushanov
1872–1951
(Lived: 79 years)

—
12 October 1931
19 May 1934
(Deposed)
Democratic Party

Kimon Georgiev
1882–1969
(Lived: 87 years)

—
19 May 1934
22 January 1935
Zveno

Pencho Zlatev
1881–1948
(Lived: 66 years)

—
22 January 1935
21 April 1935
Bulgarian Army

Andrey Toshev
1867–1944
(Lived: 76 years)

—
21 April 1935
23 November 1935
Independent

Georgi Kyoseivanov
1884–1960
(Lived: 76 years)

1938
1939
23 November 1935
16 February 1940
Independent

Bogdan Filov
1883–1945
(Lived: 61 years)

—
16 February 1940
9 September 1943
Independent

Petar Gabrovski
1898–1945
(Lived: 46 years)
Acting Prime Minister

—
9 September 1943
14 September 1943
Warrior for the Advancement of the Bulgarian National Spirit

Dobri Bozhilov
1884–1945
(Lived: 60 years)

—
14 September 1943
1 June 1944
Independent

Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov
1891–1945
(Lived: 53 years)

—
1 June 1944
2 September 1944
Independent

Konstantin Muraviev
1893–1965
(Lived: 71 years)

—
2 September 1944
9 September 1944
(Deposed)
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union

Kimon Georgiev
1882–1969
(Lived: 87 years)
2nd time

1945
9 September 1944
15 September 1946
Zveno

text: People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990)[edit]

text:
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Elected
Term of Office
Political Party

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
1946–1990

Kimon Georgiev
1882–1969
(Lived: 87 years)
2nd time

—
15 September 1946
23 November 1946
Zveno

Georgi Dimitrov
1882–1949
(Lived: 67 years)

1946
23 November 1946
2 July 1949
(Died in office)
Bulgarian Communist Party

Vasil Kolarov
1877–1950
(Lived: 72 years)

1949
2 July 1949
Acting until
20 July 1949
23 January 1950
(Died in office)
Bulgarian Communist Party

Valko Chervenkov
1900–1980
(Lived: 80 years)

1953
23 January 1950
Acting until
3 February 1950
17 April 1956
Bulgarian Communist Party

Anton Yugov
1904–1991
(Lived: 86 years)

1957
17 April 1956
19 November 1962
Bulgarian Communist Party

Todor Zhivkov
1911–1998
(Lived: 86 years)

1962
1966
19 November 1962
7 July 1971
Bulgarian Communist Party

Stanko Todorov
1920–1996
(Lived: 76 years)

1971
1976
7 July 1971
16 June 1981
Bulgarian Communist Party

Grisha Filipov
1919–1994
(Lived: 75 years)

1981
16 June 1981
21 March 1986
Bulgarian Communist Party

Georgi Atanasov
Born 1933
(84 years old)

1986
21 March 1986
3 February 1990
Bulgarian Communist Party

Andrey Lukanov
1938–1996
(Lived: 58 years)

—
3 February 1990
15 November 1990
Bulgarian Communist Party

Bulgarian Socialist Party

text: Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present)[edit]

text:
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Elected
Term of Office
Political Party

Minister-Chairmen
1990 onwards

Andrey Lukanov
1938–1996
(Lived: 58 years)

—
15 November 1990
7 December 1990
Bulgarian Socialist Party

Dimitar Iliev Popov
1927–2015
(Lived: 88 years)

1990
7 December 1990
8 November 1991
Independent

Philip Dimitrov
Born 1955
(63 years old)

1991
8 November 1991
30 December 1992
Union of Democratic Forces

Lyuben Berov
1925–2006
(Lived: 81 years)

—
30 December 1992
17 October 1994
Independent
supported by
Movement for Rights and Freedoms

Reneta Indzhova
Born 1953
(64 years old)
Acting Prime Minister

—
17 October 1994
25 January 1995
Independent

Zhan Videnov
Born 1959
(59 years old)

1994
25 January 1995
13 February 1997
Bulgarian Socialist Party

Stefan Sofiyanski
Born 1951
(66 years old)
Acting Prime Minister

—
13 February 1997
21 May 1997
Union of Democratic Forces

Ivan Kostov
Born 1949
(68 years old)

1997
21 May 1997
24 July 2001
Union of Democratic Forces

Simeon Sakskoburggotski
Born 1937
(80 years old)

2001
24 July 2001
17 August 2005
National Movement Simeon II

Sergei Stanishev
Born 1966
(52 years old)

2005
17 August 2005
27 July 2009
Bulgarian Socialist Party

Boyko Borisov
Born 1959
(59 years old)

2009
27 July 2009
13 March 2013
GERB

Marin Raykov
Born 1960
(57 years old)
Acting Prime Minister

—
13 March 2013
29 May 2013
Independent

Plamen Oresharski
Born 1960
(58 years old)

2013
29 May 2013
6 August 2014
Independent
supported by
Bulgarian Socialist Party

Georgi Bliznashki
Born 1956
(61 years old)
Acting Prime Minister

—
6 August 2014
7 November 2014
Independent

Boyko Borisov
Born 1959
(59 years old)
2nd time

2014
7 November 2014
27 January 2017
GERB

Ognyan Gerdzhikov
Born 1946
(72 years old)
Acting Prime Minister

—
27 January 2017
4 May 2017
National Movement for Stability and Progress

Boyko Borisov
Born 1959
(59 years old)
3rd time

2017
4 May 2017
Incumbent
GERB

text: Living former Prime Ministers[edit]

text:
Number
Name
Tenure
Date of birth
Age

1
Atanasov !Georgi Atanasov
1986–1990
(1933-07-25)25 July 1933
84

2
Dimitrov !Philip Dimitrov
1991–1992
(1955-03-31)31 March 1955
63

3
Indzhova !Reneta Indzhova
1994–1995
(1953-07-06)6 July 1953
64

4
Videnov !Zhan Videnov
1995–1997
(1959-03-22)22 March 1959
59

5
Sofiyanski !Stefan Sofiyanski
1997
(1951-11-07)7 November 1951
66

6
Kostov !Ivan Kostov
1997–2001
(1949-12-23)23 December 1949
68

7
Sakskoburggotski !Simeon Sakskoburggotski
2001-2005
(1937-06-16)16 June 1937
80

8
Stanishev !Sergey Stanishev
2005–2009
(1966-05-05)5 May 1966
52

9
Raykov !Marin Raykov
2013
(1960-12-17)17 December 1960
57

10
Oresharski !Plamen Oresharski
2013–2014
(1960-02-21)21 February 1960
58

11
Bliznashki !Georgi Bliznashki
2014
(1956-10-04)4 October 1956
61

12
Gerdzhikov !Ognyan Gerdzhikov
2017
(1946-03-19)19 March 1946
72

text: Facts and records of Bulgarian Prime Ministers[edit]

text: Age at appointment[edit]

text:
Oldest person to assume office: Vasil Kolarov (71 years, 351 days)
Youngest person to assume office: Vasil Radoslavov (32 years, 32 days)

text: Age at retirement[edit]

text:
Oldest person to leave office: Vasil Kolarov (72 years, 191 days)
Youngest person to leave office: Vasil Radoslavov (32 years, 348 days)

text: Oldest and youngest living prime ministers[edit]

text:
Oldest living prime minister: Georgi Atanasov (7004310060000000000♠84 years, 325 days)
Youngest living prime minister: Sergey Stanishev (7004190340000000000♠52 years, 41 days)

text: Longest and shortest lived prime ministers[edit]

text:
Longest-lived prime minister: Stoyan Danev 91 years, 183 days
Shortest-lived prime minister: Stefan Stambolov 41 years, 156 days

text: Longest and shortest retirements[edit]

text:
Living prime minister with the longest period lived after leaving office: Georgi Atanasov (7004103590000000000♠28 years, 132 days)
Living prime minister with the shortest period lived after leaving office: Ognyan Gerdzhikov (7002407000000000000♠1 year, 42 days)
Deceased prime minister with the longest period lived after leaving office: Stoyan Danev (7004131620000000000♠36 years, 13 days)
Deceased prime minister with the shortest period lived after leaving office: Aleksandar Stamboliyski (7000500000000000000♠5 days)

text: Age difference between incoming and outgoing officeholders[edit]

text:
Largest age difference between an incoming and outgoing prime minister: Sergey Stanishev (born 5 May 1966) was 28 years, 323 days younger than Simeon Sakskoburggotski (born 16 June 1937) whom he succeeded in 2005.
Smallest age difference between an incoming and outgoing prime minister: Aleksandar Tsankov (born 29 June 1879) was 120 days younger than Aleksandar Stamboliyski (born 1 March 1879) whom he succeeded in 1923.

text: Length of service[edit]

text:
Longest-serving prime minister: Stanko Todorov (9 years, 344 days)
Shortest-serving prime minister: Dimitar Stanchov (4 days)

text: Female prime ministers[edit]

text: First female prime minister: Reneta Indzhova

text: Foreign-born prime ministers[edit]

text:
Johan Casimir Ehrnrooth was born in Nastola, Finland
Leonid Sobolev was born in Toropetskiy county, Russia
Dimitar Grekov was born in Bolhrad, Ukraine
Dimitar Petkov was born in Tulcea, Romania
Aleksandar Malinov was born in Pandakli, Ukraine
Leonid Sobolev was born in Toropetskiy county, Russia
Anton Yugov was born in Rugunovec, Greece
Grisha Filipov was born in Kadievka, Ukraine
Andrey Lukanov was born in Moscow, Russia
Sergey Stanishev was born in Kherson, Ukraine
Marin Raykov was born in Washington, United States

text: Prime ministers of Bulgaria born after the announcement of Bulgaria as a republic[edit]

text: (10): Ivan Kostov (1949), Stefan Sofiyanski (1951), Reneta Indzhova (1953), Philip Dimitrov (1955), Georgi Bliznashki (1956), Zhan Videnov (1959), Boyko Borisov (1959), Plamen Oresharski (1960), Marin Raykov (1960) and Sergey Stanishev (1966)

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Johann Casimir Ehrnrooth was appointed by Prince Alexander I to preside over the election. Ehrnrooth was not elected by the Grand National Assembly.
Jump up ^ Leonid Sobolev was appointed by Prince Alexander I during his authoritarian regime. Sobolev was not elected by the National Assembly.

tag: ol