document_title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

question_text: who played dr smith lost in space 2018

question_tokens: who played dr smith lost in space 2018

text: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the aftermath of an impact event that threatens the survival of humanity, the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute (24th Colonist Group), an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize the Alpha Centauri star system.

text: Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the Resolute's hull. Forced to evacuate the mothership in short-range Jupiter spacecraft, scores of colonists, among them the Robinsons, crash on a nearby habitable planet. There they must contend with a strange environment and battle their own personal demons as they search for a way back to the Resolute.[1]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly Parker as mission commander Maureen Robinson, an aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri in hopes of building a new life on a better world. Married to John Robinson, she is the biological mother of Judy, Penny, and Will Robinson.[3]
Toby Stephens as John Robinson, former U.S. Marine and husband to Maureen. He is adoptive father to Judy and biological father to Penny and Will.[4]
Maxwell Jenkins as 11-year-old Will Robinson, who forms a tight bond with the Robot, which he saves from destruction during a forest fire.[5]
Taylor Russell as 18-year-old Judy Robinson, who serves as mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training.[6][7]
Mina Sundwall as 15-year-old Penny Robinson.[7][8]
Ignacio Serricchio as Don West, ship's mechanic and smuggler of luxury goods. He is accompanied by Debbie, which he calls his lucky chicken.[9]
Parker Posey as June Harris, a criminal and psychopath who assumes the identity of her sister Jessica to take her place on the colony ship and subsequently impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith during the attack to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship. After landing on the planet, Harris attempts to sabotage the colonists' chances of rescue by the Resolute, all the while manipulating and gaslighting other survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes.[10] The theft of the doctor's identity is a reference to the corresponding character of Dr. Smith in the original television series.[11]
Brian Steele as the Robot,[12] an alien robot being that Will encounters following the crash. The robot has a different form from the ones that appeared in the previous series and film.[13]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar, an officious politician whose arrogance and impatience mask an underlying sense of insecurity.[14]
Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar, Victor's son and Penny's love interest
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe, scientist and friend of Maureen
Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe, Hiroki's daughter
Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe, Hiroki's wife
Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar, Victor's wife
Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert
Amelia Burstyn as Diane
Iain Belcher as Evan
Shaun Parkes as Captain Radic, commander of the Resolute
Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard,[15] a fellow survivor struggling with post traumatic stress disorder in the wake of her husband's death during the attack on the Resolute.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Selma Blair as Jessica Harris, June's wealthy younger sister
Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith, the real Dr. Smith, whose identity June steals

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Impact"Neil MarshallMatt Sazama & Burk SharplessApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
The spacecraft Resolute is carrying colonists, including the Robinson family, to Alpha Centauri. The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole, crash-landing on an Earth-like planet. The Robinsons' craft, Jupiter 2, crashes into a glacial bed. The family evacuates before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water. Eldest Robinson child Judy, a doctor, dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment. She becomes encased in ice, and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy's suit, John and son Will set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice. Judy guides her sister, Penny, through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother, Maureen. Inside a cave, Will falls down a chasm, landing at the edge of a forest. Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self-repair. In return, it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them. The family attempt to free Judy, but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress. Will and the Robot arrive, and the Robot rescues Judy. In a flashback scene, a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft, along with Don West and Tam Roughneck.
2"Diamonds in the Sky"Neil MarshallMatt Sazama & Burk SharplessApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Don West and Smith survive the Jupiter 18 landing. While looking for other survivors, they find Angela Goddard, who is barely alive. When a storm approaches, Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out. Meanwhile, the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2. Maureen, John, Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot's ship. They leave Penny and Judy behind to raise the ship out of the ice. Inside the alien ship, a holographic map of the planet is activated, showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy. Outside, the robot touches the ship's hull, creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute. When Penny sees the storm approaching she raises the Jupiter 2 enough to exit with the ship's Chariot all-terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm. As they head back to Jupiter 2 they see a flare and find Smith, who claims to be alone.
3"Infestation"Tim SouthamZack EstrinApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
In a flashback, Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris, the older, ex-con sister of Jess Harris, a successful businesswoman. Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth, but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister's identity. Aboard the Resolute, she bumps into her sister's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock. June is arrested but escapes during the robot's attack. In the present, Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth. At night, the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks, endangering the ship. They rush to complete repairs, but the engines are losing fuel. When Will and the robot discover large eel-like creatures in the conduits, the robot locks Will, along with Smith, in the storeroom for safety. The glacier shifts, which forces the crew to make an emergency take-off after flushing the eels from the engines. They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region. Comms pick up radio communication from other survivors and also from Resolute, who are searching for survivors. Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun. Will finds it, and hides the gun under his mattress, unaware Smith is watching.
4"The Robinsons Were Here"Alice TroughtonKatherine CollinsApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Stuck without fuel, the family initiates Jupiter 2's colonization protocol. Smith and Will discuss the robot, who does Will's bidding. Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela. She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute. None of the other surviving families can fly either due to the giant eels consuming fuel. Maureen, John, and Don realize that the Resolute cannot receive messages when they discover it's comm dish broken off. Judy confronts Will about the robot attack on the Resolute. They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave, unaware Smith is following them. On the way they meet Vijay Dhar, the son of another survivor group. While away, Maureen and John discuss their marital problems. The next morning, the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive. Smith talks to the robot inside the cave, attempting to instill distrust in it about Will. When John and Maureen return home, the kids tell them that the robot wandered away.
5"Transmission"Deborah ChowKari DrakeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
The surviving colonists build a light tower to try signal the Resolute. Maureen, noticing strange weather phenomena discovers that the sun is paired with a black hole which will render the planet uninhabitable. Penny develops a crush on Vijay. When Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun she claims she took it by mistake. In a flashback, Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri. Don tells Judy about his suspicions about Dr. Smith's identity. When Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this she lies and casts doubt on Don. When the colonists activate the light signal, Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence, allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower. When another creature shows up Will calls the robot. It saves the survivors, assuming its original multi-limb form. The colonists recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute.
6"Eulogy"Vincenzo NataliEd McCardieApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Maureen tells her family about the black hole. In a heated discussion John convinces the other survivors to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss his responsibility for the robot's actions. He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties. Don takes the community leader and Vijay's father, Victor Dhar, to retrieve the fuel in his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel-like creatures. Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith, later showing Judy. Maureen learns that Hiroki knows the planet is dying. Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy, and they share a kiss. Dr. Smith manipulates the distraught Angela into firing a gun at the robot causing it to go into attack mode and accidentally injures John. Distraught, Will has the robot walk off a cliff and then places a stone on the memorial for the robot.
7"Pressurized"Tim SouthamVivian LeeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
While driving back to Jupiter 2, Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her. When Will is confronted by his mother, he confirms the robot 3D-printed the gun and that he hid it. Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela's attack, and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun. John and Maureen's rover gets stuck in a tar pit. As they sink to the bottom, Maureen admits to doctoring Will's test results. To escape the vehicle, Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface. Meanwhile, Smith locates the destroyed robot, but cannot get it to reassemble. Don's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem, a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him. Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they will lose most of the fuel. Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker, spilling the fuel, but Evan dies anyway. Back on Jupiter 2, Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot. When Victor returns home, Vijay tells him about the planet's coming demise. Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4.
8"Trajectory"Stephen SurjikKatherine Collins & Kari DrakeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Maureen cannot talk Victor out of launching, but John sneaks aboard the Dhar's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down. Later, he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become uninhabitable. Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father. Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel, stripping out non-essential modules, and relying on old-school manual piloting. Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don's Jupiter. Returning to Jupiter 2, Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell. Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris, a physicist. Maureen tells John about Smith, and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off. With life support also removed, the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G-forces. They select John, but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone. When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet's orbit within 24 hours, Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship. With his assistance the test run is a success. As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4, Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions. With everyone watching, the ship explodes mid-air.
9"Resurrection"Tim SouthamStory by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari DrakeApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
Will tries to signal his father using his radio, convinced he survived the explosion. Dr. Smith drives Maureen to the alien wreck, where she tells her she did not know Maureen was needed for the ship launch. She promises to help Maureen get her children off the planet, if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship. Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute. While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass, Judy leaves to find Maureen. The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters, but they must sneak it out quietly so as to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave. When John manages to send a signal, Penny and others are trapped inside the cave after the creatures wake up. Throughout the episode, flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft, and that its engine was used to build Resolute. The robot's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine. The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape. Judy tracks Smith and Maureen. She manages to disable Dr. Smith, but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor's commands.
10"Danger, Will Robinson"David NutterMatt Sazama & Burk SharplessApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit, with only a few hours of oxygen left. Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith. John responds to Will, confirming that he and Don are still alive. Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected. Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute, telling them it will leave in just over an hour. Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don. Just as they are about to retrieve them, Dr Smith and the robot escape. Maureen leads the robot into the garage as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine. When the alien robot is about to kill Will, his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot, saving Will. In the fight, both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged. Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch. Afterwards, he loses his grip but is saved by his father, who was rescued by Dr. Smith. With everyone safely back on the Jupiter, Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith, but still locks her up. Before they can dock with the Resolute, the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy. Will recognizes its shape from the robot's sand drawing: Danger.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes.[16] In November 2015, Netflix landed the project.[17][18] On June 29, 2016, Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space, with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the first season began in February 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in July 2017.[20][21] Season 2 began production in September 2018, in Iceland, and is set to conclude in January 2019.[22]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix.[1] On March 31, 2018, the series pilot was screened at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C..[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.21/10, based on 65 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "Lost in Space's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do."[24] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[25]

text: David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10, calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticizing Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character who lacks redeeming qualities.[26] In contrast, Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey's performance as providing "understated, sly comedic touches".[27]


document_title: JDBC driver

question_text: which driver converts jdbc calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol

root

text: JDBC driver

text: Type 1 driver – JDBC-ODBC bridge[edit]

text: The JDBC type 1 driver, also known as the JDBC-ODBC bridge, is a database driver implementation that employs the ODBC driver to connect to the database. The driver converts JDBC method calls into ODBC function calls.

tag: p

text: The driver is platform-dependent as it makes use of ODBC which in turn depends on native libraries of the underlying operating system the JVM is running upon. Also, use of this driver leads to other installation dependencies; for example, ODBC must be installed on the computer having the driver and the database must support an ODBC driver. The use of this driver is discouraged if the alternative of a pure-Java driver is available.  The other implication is that any application using a type 1 driver is non-portable given the binding between the driver and platform. This technology isn't suitable for a high-transaction environment. Type 1 drivers also don't support the complete Java command set and are limited by the functionality of the ODBC driver.

text: Sun (now Oracle) provided a JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver: sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver. This driver is native code and not Java, and is closed source. Sun's/Oracle's JDBC-ODBC Bridge was removed in Java 8 (other vendors' are available).[3][4][5][6]

text: If a driver has been written so that loading it causes an instance to be created and also calls DriverManager.registerDriver with that instance as the parameter (as it should do), then it is in the DriverManager's list of drivers and available for creating a connection.

text: It may sometimes be the case that more than one JDBC driver is capable of connecting to a given URL. For example, when connecting to a given remote database, it might be possible to use a JDBC-ODBC bridge driver, a JDBC-to-generic-network-protocol driver, or a driver supplied by the database vendor. In such cases, the order in which the drivers are tested is significant because the DriverManager will use the first driver it finds that can successfully connect to the given URL.

text: First the DriverManager tries to use each driver in the order it was registered. (The drivers listed in jdbc.drivers are always registered first.) It will skip any drivers that are untrusted code unless they have been loaded from the same source as the code that is trying to open the connection.

text: It tests the drivers by calling the method Driver.connect on each one in turn, passing them the URL that the user originally passed to the method DriverManager.getConnection. The first driver that recognizes the URL makes the connection.

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Almost any database for which an ODBC driver is installed can be accessed, and data can be retrieved.

tag: ul

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Performance overhead since the calls have to go through the JDBC bridge to the ODBC driver, then to the native database connectivity interface (thus may be slower than other types of drivers).
The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.
Not suitable for applets, because the ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client.
Specific ODBC drivers are not always available on all platforms; hence, portability of this driver is limited.
No support from JDK 1.8 (Java 8) .

text: Type 2 driver – Native-API driver[edit]

text: The JDBC type 2 driver, also known as the Native-API driver, is a database driver implementation that uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts JDBC method calls into native calls of the database API. For example: Oracle OCI driver is a type 2 driver.

text: Advantages[edit]

text: As there is no implementation of JDBC-ODBC bridge, it may be considerably faster than a Type 1 driver.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
The vendor client library needs to be installed on the client machine.
Not all databases have a client-side library.
This driver is platform dependent.
This driver supports all Java applications except applets.

text: Type 3 driver – Network-Protocol driver (middleware driver)[edit]

text: The JDBC type 3 driver, also known as the Pure Java driver for database middleware,[7] is a database driver implementation which makes use of a middle tier between the calling program and the database. The middle-tier (application server) converts JDBC calls directly or indirectly into a vendor-specific database protocol.

text: This differs from the type 4 driver in that the protocol conversion logic resides not at the client, but in the middle-tier. Like type 4 drivers, the type 3 driver is written entirely in Java.

text: The same client-side JDBC driver may be used for multiple databases. It depends on the number of databases the middleware has been configured to support. The type 3 driver is platform-independent as the platform-related differences are taken care of by the middleware. Also, making use of the middleware provides additional advantages of security and firewall access.

text: Functions[edit]

text:
Sends JDBC API calls to a middle-tier net server that translates the calls into the DBMS-specific network protocol.The translated calls are then sent to a particular DBMS.
Follows a three-tier communication approach.
Can interface to multiple databases – Not vendor specific.
The JDBC Client driver written in java, communicates with a middleware-net-server using a database independent protocol, and then this net server translates this request into database commands for that database.
Thus the client driver to middleware communication is database independent.

text: Advantages[edit]

text:
Since the communication between client and the middleware server is database independent, there is no need for the database vendor library on the client. The client need not be changed for a new database.
The middleware server (which can be a full-fledged J2EE Application server) can provide typical middleware services like caching (of connections, query results, etc.), load balancing, logging, and auditing.
A single driver can handle any database, provided the middleware supports it.
E.g.: IDA Server

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
The middle ware layer added may result in additional latency, but is typically overcome by using better middle ware services..

text: Type 4 driver – Database-Protocol driver (Pure Java driver)[edit]

text: The JDBC type 4 driver, also known as the Direct to Database Pure Java Driver, is a database driver implementation that converts JDBC calls directly into a vendor-specific database protocol.

text: Written completely in Java, type 4 drivers are thus platform independent. They install inside the Java Virtual Machine of the client. This provides better performance than the type 1 and type 2 drivers as it does not have the overhead of conversion of calls into ODBC or database API calls. Unlike the type 3 drivers, it does not need associated software to work.

text: As the database protocol is vendor specific, the JDBC client requires separate drivers, usually vendor supplied, to connect to different types of databases. This type includes, for example, the widely used Oracle thin driver.

text: Advantages[edit]

text:
Completely implemented in Java to achieve platform independence.
These drivers don't translate the requests into an intermediary format (such as ODBC).
The client application connects directly to the database server. No translation or middleware layers are used, improving performance.
The JVM can manage all aspects of the application-to-database connection; this can facilitate debugging.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: Drivers are database specific, as different database vendors use widely different (and usually proprietary) network protocols.

text: List of JDBC drivers[edit]

text:
List of jdbc vendors registered with Oracle
Open Source Performance Benchmark


document_title: Sausage Party

question_text: what was the white thing in sausage party

text: Sausage Party

text: Plot[edit]

text: A supermarket called Shopwell's is filled with anthropomorphic grocery items that worship the human shoppers as gods who take groceries to a utopia known as the "Great Beyond" when they are purchased. Among the groceries in the store is a sausage named Frank, who has dreams of living with his hot dog bun girlfriend, Brenda, in the Great Beyond, where they can finally consummate their relationship.

text: After Frank and Brenda's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave Shopwell's, a returned jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard tries to warn the groceries that the Great Beyond is a lie; nobody listens except for Frank. Honey Mustard calls on Frank to seek out a bottle of liquor named Firewater, and then falls to his death. This creates an accidental cart collision that causes Frank, Brenda, and several groceries to fall out, including an aggressive Douche who gets his nozzle bent, and plots revenge against Frank and Brenda.

text: Seeking to verify Honey Mustard's warning, Frank leads Brenda, a lavash named Kareem Abdul Lavash, and a bagel named Sammy Bagel Jr. to the store's liquor aisle under the guise of taking a shortcut to their proper aisles. There, he smokes cannabis out of a kazoo and learns from Firewater that he and other non-perishable foods invented the story of the Great Beyond as a noble lie to assuage past foods' fears of being eaten by shoppers. Frank, vowing to reveal the truth to the groceries, is encouraged to travel beyond the store's freezer section to find proof. While waiting for Frank, Brenda and the others are led into the Mexican aisle by a bottle of Tequila, where they meet Teresa, a taco who falls in love with Brenda on sight.

text: Meanwhile at Camille's house, Frank's friends Carl and deformed sausage Barry are horrified as they witness the other purchased foods being cooked and eaten by Camille, shown from the foods' perspective as a brutal murder. They try to escape out a window, but only Barry succeeds when Carl is killed when he is sliced in half by Camille. He then stumbles across a human druggie, who becomes able to communicate with his groceries after he injects himself with bath salts. After sobering up and unsuccessfully attempting to cook Barry, the druggie is decapitated in a domestic accident.

text: After Frank separates from his friends, who disapprove of his skepticism of the Great Beyond, he discovers a cookbook behind the freezer section and reveals its contents to the rest of Shopwell's groceries. Initially panicking, the groceries choose not to believe Frank out of fear of losing their sense of purpose, prompting Frank to lash out at them for their blind belief. Barry and other groceries from the druggie's home return to the store with the druggie's severed head, revealing that the humans can be killed. The groceries are able to drug the human shoppers and employees using toothpicks laced with bath salts. When the drugged humans begin attacking the groceries, Frank convinces everyone to listen to him and join the fight against the shoppers, and a store-wide battle ensues.

text: After absorbing the contents of liquor bottles, Douche becomes a wild monster and takes control of Darren, the store manager, by inserting himself into his anus and yanking on his scrotum to puppeteer his actions. Once they caught Frank, Douche gets revenge by biting on his torso. Barry and the other foods launch a rocket at Douche and Darren made from propane tanks and a garbage bin used to dispose of expired foods. Brenda rescues Frank from Douche and Darren just as the rocket hits them, killing them both. With the battle over, the foods celebrate their victory in a massive orgy.

text: Afterwards, Frank, Brenda, Barry, Kareem, Sammy and Teresa meet with Firewater and Gum, a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum, who have had a psychedelic experience and discovered that their world is not real, and they are merely cartoons voiced by famous actors in another dimension. Gum has constructed a portal to this dimension, and the groceries decide to travel there to meet their creators.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Seth Rogen as Frank Wienerton, a sausage who sets out to discover and expose the truth of his and his fellow groceries existence.[7][12][13]
Kristen Wiig as Brenda Bunson, a hot dog bun from an 8-bun package of Glamour Buns (net weight 340 grams) who is Frank's girlfriend.[13][14]
Jonah Hill as Carl, a sausage who is friends with Frank and Barry.[7][12][13]
Bill Hader as Firewater, an old Native American bottle of liquor and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables.[13]
Michael Cera as Barry, a deformed sausage who is one of Frank's friends.[7][13][14]
James Franco as the Druggie, a drug-addled pot-bellied human who is the first one to see the foods as sentient beings after injecting himself with bath salts.
Danny McBride as a jar of Bickle's Honey Mustard who is returned to his Shopwell's shelf upon the shopper mistaking him for actual mustard and tries to warn Frank and the other products of the reality of the "Great Beyond".[15]
Craig Robinson as Mr. Grits, a box of grits who is one of the immortal Non-Perishables.
Paul Rudd as Darren, the manager of Shopwell's who is nicknamed the "Dark Lord" as he disposes of expired food and spilled items.[15]
Nick Kroll as a literal and figurative douche who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the "Great Beyond".[13][14]
David Krumholtz as Kareem Abdul Lavash, a Middle Eastern lavash who has a rivalry with Sammy Bagel Jr.[7][13][14]
Edward Norton as Sammy Bagel Jr., a Jewish Woody Allen-esque bagel who has an on and off rivalry with Lavash.[7][13][14]
Salma Hayek as Teresa del Taco, a Mexican lesbian taco shell who has a crush on Brenda.[13][16]

text: Rogen has an additional minor role in the film as Sgt. Pepper, a red pepper sergeant. Hader similarly has two additional roles as a bottle of Sigueme Tequila and a guacamole gangster named El Guaco.[13] Both Rogen and Norton also appear as the uncredited live-action heads of themselves at the end of the film. Anders Holm voices Troy, one of the sausages who picks on Barry. Rogen's wife Lauren Miller voices Camille Toh, a woman who purchases Frank and Brenda's packages, and a tampon who absorbs Darren's spilled blood. Harland Williams voices Baba Ganoush, a drug dealer that the Druggie gets the bath salts from, and a bottle of ketchup that tries to comfort Honey Mustard upon his return. Directors Conrad Vernon and Greg Tiernan have various cameo appearances throughout the film: Vernon as an Ed Wynn-esque roll of toilet paper, an Adolf Hitler-esque sauerkraut, a catcalling sausage, a grape, a beer can, and a pop bottle; and Tiernan as an Irish potato and a can of noodle soup. Storyboard artist Scott Underwood plays Gum, a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum; Twink, a homosexual Twinkie who is one of the Non-Perishables; and two groceries owned by the druggie: a bag of Krinkler's Potato chips and a half-eaten slice of pizza.

text: Production[edit]

text: Rogen has stated that he worked for eight years to get the film made; however, the content worried most film studios and they thus did not pick it up.[17] Noting that the film came from "an innocent place", Rogen stated "'What would it be like if our food had feelings?' We very quickly realized that it would be f*cked up."[18] Goldberg revealed the project to Indiewire in July 2010, stating it was a "top secret super project". Initially, Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg's part, but after vetting, it did confirm that it was in the works.[12] In November 2010, Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R-rated 3D animated film.[19]

text: The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment, Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures.[20] On May 29, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on June 3, 2016,[21] but in early 2016, the release date was revised to August 12, 2016. In January 2014, Rogen, Hill, James Franco and Kristen Wiig were announced as the leads in the film. The other cast includes Edward Norton, Michael Cera, David Krumholtz and Nick Kroll.[14] On April 9, 2014, Salma Hayek was set to lend her voice to the film as Teresa the Taco.[16] It was also announced that Paul Rudd, Danny McBride and Anders Holm would voice characters in the film.[15]

text: The film received an R rating for strong crude sexual content, pervasive language and drug use. When Rogen initially submitted the film to the MPAA, however, they assigned it with an NC-17 rating due to the visibility of pubic hair on Lavash's scrotum. In order to be assigned an R rating, the pubic hair was removed.[22][23][24][25]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Sausage Party

Film score by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz

Released
August 5, 2016

Recorded
2016

Genre
Film score

Length
74:49

Label
Madison Gate Records
Sony Music Masterworks

Producer
Alan Menken
Christopher Lennertz

Alan Menken film scores chronology

Mirror Mirror
(2012)Mirror Mirror2012
Sausage Party
(2016)
Beauty and the Beast
(2017)Beauty and the Beast2017

Christopher Lennertz chronology

The Boss
(2016) The Boss2016
Sausage Party
(2016) Sausage Party2016
Smurfs: The Lost Village
(2017) Smurfs: The Lost Village2017

text: The film’s score was composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz. The soundtrack was released on August 5, 2016 by Madison Gate Records and Sony Music Masterworks.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz, except as noted.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Great Beyond" (performed by Sausage Party Cast)
3:13

2.
"Darren, the Dark Lord"
0:55

3.
"Chosen"
1:50

4.
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" (performed by Meat Loaf)
5:14

5.
"The Crash"
2:34

6.
"Douche Loses It"
2:16

7.
"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" (performed by Wham!)
3:50

8.
"Our Heroes"
2:31

9.
"He's Coming"
1:47

10.
"Food Massacre"
3:15

11.
"Hungry Eyes" (performed by Eric Carmen)
3:47

12.
"True" (performed by Spandau Ballet)
5:31

13.
"The Spooge"
3:46

14.
"Magical Sausage"
1:40

15.
"Gone" (performed by JR JR)
3:46

16.
"We're Home"
3:29

17.
"The Cookbook"
1:26

18.
"I Have Proof"
3:06

19.
"Big Speech"
3:04

20.
"The Big Fight"
2:37

21.
"Final Battle"
4:04

22.
"It's Your Thing" (performed by The Isley Brothers)
2:46

23.
"Finale"
2:24

24.
"Joy to the World" (performed by Three Dog Night)
3:14

25.
"The Great Beyond Around the World" (performed by Sausage Party Cast)
2:44

Total length:
74:49

text: Release[edit]

text: Premiere and theatrical release[edit]

text: A rough cut of the film was shown at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14, 2016.[11] The final cut of the film screened at Just for Laughs on July 30, 2016.[26] The film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12, 2016.[27] The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 2, 2016.[28]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sausage Party was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on November 8, 2016.[29]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Frank and Brenda, two main characters from the film, make guest appearances in the mobile fighting game Sausage Legend, released by Milkcorp for iOS and Android, as part of a limited special event, running from March 6, 2017 through July 31, 2017. [30][31] As this game involves dueling with sausages, players in this game can unlock and control Brenda, who swings Frank around to battle other sausages.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sausage Party grossed $97.7 million in North America and $42.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $140.4 million, against a budget of $19 million.[6] The film is the most commercially successful R-rated animated film of all time, replacing South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (which held the record for 17 years),[33] and made a net profit of $47.06 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[34]

text: In the United States and Canada, Sausage Party was released on August 12, 2016, alongside Pete's Dragon and Florence Foster Jenkins, and was initially projected to gross $15–20 million from 2,805 theaters in its opening weekend.[4] However, after grossing $3.3 million from Thursday night previews (more than the $1.7 million made by Rogen's Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising in May) and $13.5 million on its first day, weekend projections were increased to $30–35 million. The film ended up grossing $33.6 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office, behind Suicide Squad.[35]

text: Outside North America, the biggest markets are the United Kingdom, Australia, Spain, Germany, Russia and Israel, where the film grossed $10.2 million, $6.8 million, $4.1 million, $3.5 million $2.6 million and $2 million respectively.[36]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 82% based on 192 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sausage Party is definitely offensive, but backs up its enthusiastic profanity with an impressively high laugh-to-gag ratio – and a surprisingly thought-provoking storyline."[37] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[39]

text: Vince Mancini of Uproxx wrote "Sausage Party's most charming quality is that it feels exactly like a group of 13-year-olds trying to entertain themselves, with excessive C-bombs and constant groan-worthy food puns."[40] Richard Roeper gave the film three out of four stars, saying, "Despite all the cursing and envelope-pushing and bat-bleep crazy sexual stuff, Sausage Party isn't mean-spirited. It's just … stupid. But also pretty smart. And funny as hell."[41] Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and wrote: "There is no one out there making comedies quite like Rogen and Goldberg. They are putting their definitive stamp on the modern American comedy one decency-smashing double entendre at a time."[42]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated Feature Production
Kevin Pavlovic
Nominated
[43]

Central Ohio Film Critics Association
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sausage Party

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Song – Animated Film
"The Great Beyond" – Alan Menken, Glenn Slater, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg
[44][45]

Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sausage Party
[46][47]

Indiana Film Journalists Association
December 19, 2016
Best Animated Feature Film
Runner-up
[48]

Best Vocal/Motion Capture Performance
Nick Kroll
2nd Place

2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards
May 7, 2017
Best Comedic Performance
Seth Rogen
Nominated
[49]

Village Voice Film Poll
January 6, 2017
Best Animated Feature
Sausage Party
5th Place
[50]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 5, 2016
Best Animated Feature
Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon
Nominated
[51]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Work conditions[edit]

text: After release, controversy emerged after anonymous comments attributed to the animators on a Cartoon Brew article suggested that the animators at Nitrogen Studios worked under poor conditions and were forced by director Greg Tiernan to work overtime without pay.[52] A total of 36 of the 83 animators were blacklisted and went uncredited in the film, believed to be due to their complaints; comments made in anonymous interviews by some of the animators involved in the project by Variety, The Washington Post, and The Hollywood Reporter alleged that the comments were accurate. All the animators in the film were reportedly told outright that they would be blacklisted if they did not work overtime without pay.[52][53][54]

text: Rating in France[edit]

text: The film was granted a −12 certificate by France's classification commission. Jean-Frédéric Poisson, the President of the Christian Democratic Party, criticized the decision and said, "An orgy scene for 12-year-olds! Everything remains to be done to combat early exposure to pornography".[55]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Rogen has expressed interest in making a Sausage Party 2 and more animated films aimed for adults. When asked about a sequel, Rogen stated: "It's something we talk about, yeah. That's one of the reasons why we took away the [original] ending[56] because we thought, well, if that was the first scene of the next movie it's probably not what you would want it to be, with them just seeing us and finding us basically. But the idea of a live-action/animated movie, like a Who Framed Roger Rabbit-style hybrid, is also very exciting, mostly because Who Framed Roger Rabbit is one of my favorite movies of all time."[57]


document_title: Northeast India

question_text: the states of manipur tripura and meghalaya were formed in

question_tokens: the states of manipur tripura and meghalaya were formed in

text: Northeast India

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest settlers may have been Austro-Asiatic speakers from Southeast Asia, followed by Tibeto-Burmese from China and by 500 B.C. Indo-Aryans speakers from Gangetic Plains.[6]  Due to the bio- and crop diversity of the region, archaeological researchers believe that early settlers of Northeast India had domesticated several important plants.[7]  Writers believe that the 100 BC writings of Chinese explorer, Zhang Qian indicate an early trade route via Northeast India.[8] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention a people called Sêsatai in the region,[9] who produced malabathron, so prized in the old world.[10]

text: In the early historical period (most of first millennium), Kamarupa straddled most of present-day Northeast India, besides Bhutan and Sylhet in Bangladesh. Xuanzang, a travelling Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Kamarupa in the 7th century. He described the people as "short in stature and black-looking", whose speech differed a little from mid-India and who were of simple but violent disposition. He wrote that the people in Kamarupa knew of Sichuan, which lay to the kingdom's east beyond a treacherous mountain.[11] For many of the tribal peoples, their primary identification is with subtribes and villages, which have distinct dialects and cultures.

text: The northeastern states were established during the British Raj of the 19th and early 20th centuries, when they became relatively isolated from traditional trading partners such as Bhutan and Myanmar.[12] Many of the peoples in present-day Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland converted to Christianity under the influence of British (Welsh) missionaries.

text: Formation of North Eastern states[edit]

text: In the early 19th century, both the Ahom and the Manipur kingdoms fell to a Burmese invasion.  The ensuing First Anglo-Burmese War resulted in the entire region coming under British control. In the colonial period (1826–1947), North East India was made a part of Bengal Province from 1839 to 1873, when Assam became its own province.[13]

text: After Indian Independence from British Rule in 1947, the Northeastern region of British India consisted of Assam and the princely states of Manipur and Tripura.  Subsequently, Nagaland in 1963, Meghalaya in 1972, Arunachal Pradesh in 1975 (capital changed to Itanagar) (formed on 20 February 1987) and Mizoram in 1987 were formed out of the large territory of Assam.[14] Manipur and Tripura remained as Union Territories of India between 1956 until 1972, when they attained fully-fledged statehood. Sikkim was integrated as the eighth North Eastern Council state in 2002.[4]

text: The city of Shillong served as the capital of the Assam province created during British Rule. It remained as the capital of undivided Assam until formation of the state of Meghalaya in 1972.[15] The capital of Assam was shifted to Dispur, a part of Guwahati, and Shillong was designated as the capital of Meghalaya.

text:
State

Historic Name

Capital(s)

Statehood

Arunachal Pradesh
North-East Frontier Agency
Itanagar
1987 (earlier a Union Territory of India, constituted in 1971)[16]

Assam
Pragjyotisha, Kamarupa
Shillong (till 1969), Dispur
1947

Manipur
Kangleipak[17]
Imphal
1971 (earlier a Union Territory of India, constituted in 1956)[16]

Meghalaya
Khasi hills, Jaintia hills and Garo hills
Shillong
1971[16]

Mizoram
Lushai hills
Aizawl
1987 (earlier a Union Territory of India, constituted in 1971)[16][18]

Nagaland
Naga hills
Kohima
1963

Sikkim
Sukhim
Gangtok
1975

Tripura
Tipperah[19]
Agartala
1971 (earlier a Union Territory of India, constituted in 1956)[16]

text: Seven Sister States[edit]

text: The Seven Sister States[20]  is a popular term for the contiguous states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura prior to inclusion of the state of Sikkim into the North Eastern Region of India. The sobriquet 'Land of the Seven Sisters' was coined to coincide with the inauguration of the new states in January 1972 by Jyoti Prasad Saikia,[21] a journalist in Tripura, in the course of a radio talk show. He later compiled a book on the interdependence and commonness of the Seven Sister States, and named it the Land of Seven Sisters. It has been primarily because of this publication that the nickname has caught on.

text: World War II[edit]

text: In 1944, the Japanese planned a daring attack on India. Traveling through Burma, its forces were stopped at Kohima and Imphal by British and Indian troops. This marked the furthest western expansion of the Japanese Empire; its defeat in this area presaged Allied victory .

text: Sino-Indian War (1962)[edit]

text: Arunachal Pradesh, a state in the Northeastern tip of India, is claimed by China as South Tibet.[citation needed] Sino-Indian relations degraded, resulting in the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The cause of the escalation into war is still disputed by both Chinese and Indian sources. During the war in 1962, the PRC (China) captured much of the NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency) created by India in 1954. But on 21 November 1962, China declared a unilateral ceasefire, and withdrew its troops 20 kilometres (12 mi) behind the McMahon Line. It returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.[22]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Northeast region can be physiographically categorised into the Eastern Himalaya, the Patkai and the Brahmaputra and the Barak valley plains. Northeast India (at the confluence of Indo-Malayan, Indo-Chinese, and Indian biogeographical realms) has a predominantly humid sub-tropical climate with hot, humid summers, severe monsoons, and mild winters. Along with the west coast of India, this region has some of the Indian sub-continent's last remaining rain forests, which support diverse flora and fauna and several crop species. Reserves of petroleum and natural gas in the region are estimated to constitute a fifth of India's total potential.

text: The region is covered by the mighty Brahmaputra-Barak river systems and their tributaries. Geographically, apart from the Brahmaputra, Barak and Imphal valleys and some flat lands in between the hills of Meghalaya and Tripura, the remaining two-thirds of the area is hilly terrain interspersed with valleys and plains; the altitude varies from almost sea-level to over 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) above MSL. The region's high rainfall, averaging around 10,000 millimetres (390 in) and above, creates problems of ecosystem, high seismic activity, and floods. The states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim have a montane climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.

text:
Ropeway, Gangtok

Aizawl, Mizoram

Aerial view of Shillong

Dzükou Valley (Borders of Manipur and Nagaland)

Sela Pass, Tawang (Arunachal Pradesh)

Bhalukpong, Arunachal Pradesh

Loktak lake, Manipur

Majuli Island, Assam

Nohkalikai Falls, Cherrapunji

text: Topography[edit]

text: Highest peaks[edit]

text: Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain peak in the world rising to an altitude of 8,586 m (28,169 ft), lies in-between the state Sikkim and adjacent country Nepal.

text:
Mountains and hills by state

Peak

State

Range/Region

Height (m)

Height (ft)

Coordinates

Kangchenjunga (shared with Nepal)

Sikkim

Eastern Himalaya

8,586

28,169

27°42′11″N 88°08′53″E / 27.703°N 88.148°E / 27.703; 88.148

Kangto (shared with Tibet)

Arunachal Pradesh

Eastern Himalaya

7,090

23,261

27°51′54″N 92°31′59″E / 27.865°N 92.533°E / 27.865; 92.533

Mount Saramati (Shared with Myanmar)

Nagaland

Naga Hills

3,841

12,602

25°44′31″N 95°01′59″E / 25.742°N 95.033°E / 25.742; 95.033

Mount Iso (also known as Tenipu)

Manipur

Senapati District

2,994

9,823

25°31′52″N 94°05′06″E / 25.531°N 94.085°E / 25.531; 94.085

Phawngpui (Blue Mountain)

Mizoram

Saiha District

2,165

7,103

22°37′55″N 93°02′20″E / 22.632°N 93.039°E / 22.632; 93.039

Shillong Peak

Meghalaya

Khasi Hills

1,965

6,447

25°31′55″N 91°51′04″E / 25.532°N 91.851°E / 25.532; 91.851

Unnamed peak near Laike

Assam

Dima Hasao District

1,960

6,430

25°19′16″N 93°27′11″E / 25.321°N 93.453°E / 25.321; 93.453

Betalongchhip

Tripura

Jampui Hills

930

3,051

23°48′36″N 92°15′40″E / 23.810°N 92.261°E / 23.810; 92.261

text: Brahmaputra River Basin[edit]

text: Tributaries of the Brahmaputra River in Northeast India:

text:
Beki River
Bhogdoi River
Dhansiri River
Dibang River
Dihing River
Kameng River
Kolong
Kopili River
Lohit River
Manas River
Sankosh River
Subansiri River
Teesta River

text: Climate[edit]

text: Northeast India has a subtropical climate that is influenced by its relief and influences from the southwest and northeast monsoons.[23][24] The Himalayas to the north, the Meghalaya plateau to the south and the hills of Nagaland, Mizoram and Manipur to the east influences the climate.[25] Since monsoon winds originating from the Bay of Bengal move northeast, these mountains force the moist winds upwards, causing them to cool adiabatically and condense into clouds, releasing heavy precipitation on these slopes.[25] It is the rainiest region in the country, with many places receiving an average annual precipitation of 2,000 mm (79 in), which is mostly concentrated in summer during the monsoon season.[25] Cherrapunji, located on the Meghalaya plateau is one of the rainiest place in the world with an annual precipitation of 11,777 mm (463.7 in).[25] Temperatures are moderate in the Brahmaputra and Barak valley river plains which decreases with altitude in the hilly areas.[25] At the highest altitudes, there is permanent snow cover.[25]

text:
Temperature
Temperatures vary by altitude with the warmest places being in the Brahmaputra and Barak River plains and the coldest at the highest altitudes.[26] It is also influenced by proximity to the sea with the valleys and western areas being close to the sea, which moderates temperatures.[26] Generally, temperatures in the hilly and mountainous areas are generally lower than the plains which lie at a lower altitude.[27] Summer temperatures tend to be more uniform than winter temperatures due to high cloud cover and humidity.[28]

text: In the Brahmaputra and Barak valley river plains, mean winter temperatures vary between 16 to 17 °C (61 to 63 °F) while mean summer temperatures are around 28 °C (82 °F).[26] The highest summer temperatures occur in the West Tripura plain with Agartala, the capital of Tripura having mean maximum summer temperatures ranging between 33 to 35 °C (91 to 95 °F) in April.[29] The highest temperatures in summer occur before the arrival of monsoons and thus eastern areas have the highest temperatures in June and July where the monsoon arrives later than western areas.[29] In the Cachar Plain, located south of the Brahmaputra plain, temperatures are higher than the Brahmaputra plain although the temperature range is smaller owing to higher cloud cover and the monsoons that moderate night temperatures year round.[29][27]

text: In the mountainous areas of Arunachal Pradesh, the Himalayan ranges in the northern border with India and China experience the lowest temperatures with heavy snow during winter and temperatures that drop below freezing.[27] Areas with altitudes exceeding 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) receive snowfall during winters and have cool summers.[27] Below 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) above sea level, winter temperatures reach up to 15 °C (59 °F) during the day with nights dropping to zero while summers are cool, with a mean maximum of 25 °C (77 °F) and a mean minimum of 15 °C (59 °F).[27] In the hilly areas of Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, winters are cold while summers are cool.[28]

text:
The plains in Manipur has colder winter minimums than what is warranted by its elevation owing to being surrounded by hills on all sides.[30] This is due to temperature inversions during winter nights when cold air descends from the hills
into the valleys below and its geographic location which prevents winds that bring hot temperatures and humidity from coming into the Manipur plain.[30]

text:
Rainfall
The southwest monsoon is responsible for bringing 90% of the annual rainfall to the region.[31] April to late October are the months where most of the rainfall in Northeast India occurs with June and July being the rainiest months.[31] Southern areas are the first to receive the monsoon (May or June) with the Brahmaputra valley and the mountainous north receiving later (later May or June).[31] In the hilly parts of Mizoram, the closer proximity to the Bay of Bengal causes it to experience early monsoons with June being the wettest season.[31]

text: High risk seismic zone[edit]

text: The North Eastern Region of India is a mega-earthquake prone zone caused by active fault planes beneath formed by the convergence of three tectonic plates viz. India Plate, Eurasian Plate and Burma Plate. Historically the region has suffered from two great earthquakes (M > 8.0) – 1897 Assam earthquake and 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake – and about 20 large earthquakes (8.0 > M > 7.0) since 1897.[32][33] The 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake is still the largest earthquake in India.

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: Flora[edit]

text: WWF has identified the entire Eastern Himalayas as a priority Global 200 Ecoregion. Conservation International has upscaled the Eastern Himalaya hotspot to include all the eight states of Northeast India, along with the neighbouring countries of Bhutan, southern China and Myanmar.

text: The region has been identified by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research as a centre of rice germplasm. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India, has highlighted the region as being rich in wild relatives of crop plants. It is the centre of origin of citrus fruits. Two primitive variety of maize, Sikkim Primitive 1 and 2, have been reported from Sikkim (Dhawan, 1964). Although jhum cultivation, a traditional system of agriculture, is often cited as a reason for the loss of forest cover of the region, this primary agricultural economic activity practised by local tribes supported the cultivation of 35 varieties of crops. The region is rich in medicinal plants and many other rare and endangered taxa. Its high endemism in both higher plants, vertebrates, and avian diversity has qualified it as a biodiversity hotspot.

text: The following figures highlight the biodiversity significance of the region:[34]

text:
51 forest types are found in the region, broadly classified into six major types — tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical semi evergreen forests, tropical wet evergreen forests, subtropical forests, temperate forests and alpine forests.
Out of the nine important vegetation types of India, six are found in the North Eastern Region.
These forests harbour 8,000 out of 15,000 species of flowering plants. In floral species richness, the highest diversity is reported from the states of Arunachal Pradesh (5000 species) and Sikkim (4500 species) amongst the North Eastern states.
According to the Indian Red Data Book, published by the Botanical Survey of India, 10 percent of the flowering plants in the country are endangered. Of the 1500 endangered floral species, 800 are reported from Northeast India.
Most of the North Eastern states have more than 60% of their area under forest cover, a minimum suggested coverage for the hill states in the country in order to protect from erosion.
Northeast India is a part of Indo-Burma hotspot. This hotspot is the second largest in the word, next only to the Mediterranean Basin, with an area 2,206,000 square kilometres (852,000 sq mi) among the 25 identified.[citation needed]

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The International Council for Bird Preservation, UK identified the Assam plains and the Eastern Himalaya as an Endemic Bird Area (EBA). The EBA has an area of 220,000 km2 following the Himalayan range in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Nepal, Myanmar and the Indian states of Sikkim, northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, southern Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Mizoram. Because of a southward occurrence of this mountain range in comparison to other Himalayan ranges, this region has a distinctly different climate, with warmer mean temperatures and fewer days with frost, and much higher rainfall. This has resulted in the occurrence of a rich array of restricted-range bird species. More than two critically endangered species, three endangered species, and 14 vulnerable species of birds are in this EBA. Stattersfield et al. (1998) identified 22 restricted range species, out of which 19 are confined to this region and the remaining three are present in other endemic and secondary areas. Eleven of the 22 restricted-range species found in this region are considered as threatened (Birdlife International 2001), a number greater than in any other EBA of India.[citation needed]

text: WWF has identified the following priority ecoregions in North-East India:

text: National Parks[edit]

text:
National park
Location
State
Area (km2)
Importance
Vegetation

Namdapha National Park
Changlang district
Arunachal Pradesh
1,985
Largest protected area in Eastern Himalaya
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, montane forests

Manas National Park
Barpeta district
Assam
950
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Kaziranga National Park
Golaghat and Nagaon districts
Assam
[35] 882
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests, Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands

Khangchendzonga National Park
North Sikkim district
Sikkim
850
UNESCO Mixed World Heritage Site and highest altitude wildlife protected area in India
Sub-tropical to Alpine, Krummholz (stunted forest)[36]

Mouling National Park
Upper Siang, West Siang and East Siang districts
Arunachal Pradesh
483

Tropical to Temperate forests

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts
Assam
350

Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests|

Balphakram National Park
South Garo Hills district
Meghalaya
220

Sub-tropical evergreen deciduous forests

Intangki National Park
Peren district
Nagaland
202

Temperate evergreen forests

Nameri National Park
Sonitpur district
Assam
200

Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests

Murlen National Park
Champhai district
Mizoram
100

Montane sub-tropical semi-evergreen forest[37]

Orang National Park
Darrang and Sonitpur
Assam
79

Eastern seasonal swamp forests, Eastern Himalayan moist mixed deciduous forests, eastern wet alluvial grasslands[38]

Phawngpui National Park
Lawngtlai district
Mizoram
50

Temperate forests[39]

Nokrek National Park
West Garo Hills district
Meghalaya
48

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

Sirohi National Park
Ukhrul district
Manipur
41

Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rainforest

Keibul Lamjao National Park
Bishnupur district
Manipur
40
World's only floating National park
Phumdi (floating marshes)

Bison (Rajbari) National Park
South Tripura district
Tripura
32

Tropical semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests

Clouded Leopard National Park
Sepahijala district
Tripura
5

Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests

text: State Symbols[edit]

text:
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya

Animal
Mithun (Bos frontalis)

Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

Sangai (Rucervus eldii eldii)

Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)

Bird
Hornbill (Buceros bicornis)

White-winged duck (Asarcornis scutulata)

Mrs. Hume's pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae)

Hill myna (Gracula religiosa)

Flower
Foxtail orchid (Rhynchostylis retusa)

Foxtail orchid (Rhynchostylis retusa)

Siroi lily (Lilium mackliniae)

Lady’s Slipper Orchid (Paphiopedilum insigne)

Tree
Hollong (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus)

Hollong (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus)

Uningthou (Phoebe hainesiana)

Gamhar (Gmelina arborea)

Mizoram
Nagaland
Sikkim
Tripura

Animal
Himalayan serow  (Capricornis thar)

Mithun (Bos frontalis)

Red panda (Ailurus fulgens)

Phayre's leaf monkey (Trachypithecus phayrei)

Bird
Mrs. Hume's pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae)

Blyth's tragopan (Tragopan blythii)

Blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus)

Green imperial pigeon (Ducula aenea)

Flower
Red Vanda (Renanthera imschootiana)

Tree rhododendron (Rhododendron arboreum)

Noble dendrobium (Dendrobium nobile)

Indian rose chestnut (Mesua ferrea)

Tree
Indian rose chestnut (Mesua ferrea)

Alder (Alnus nepalensis)

Rhododendron (Rhododendron niveum)

Agarwood (Aquillaria agallocha)

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The total population of Northeast India is 46 million with 68 percent of that living in Assam alone. Assam also has a higher population density of 397 persons per km² than the national average of 382 persons per km².  The literacy rates in the states of the Northeastern region, except those in Arunachal Pradesh and Assam, are higher than the national average of 74 percent. As per 2011 census, Meghalaya recorded the highest population growth of 27.8 percent among all the states of the region, higher than the national average at 17.64 percent; while Nagaland recorded the lowest in the entire country with a negative 0.5 percent.[40]

text:
State

Population

Males
Females

Sex Ratio

Literacy %

Rural Population

Urban Population

Area (km²)

Density (/km²)

Arunachal Pradesh
1,383,727
713,912
669,815
938
65.38
870,087

227,881
83,743
17

Assam
31,205,576
15,939,443
15,266,133
958
72.19
23,216,288

3,439,240
78,438
397

Manipur
2,570,390
1,290,171
1,280,219
992
79.21
1,590,820
575,968

22,327
122

Meghalaya
2,966,889
1,491,832
1,475,057
989
74.43
1,864,711
454,111

22,429
132

Mizoram
1,097,206
555,339
541,867
976
91.33
447,567
441,006

21,081
52

Nagaland
1,978,502
1,024,649
953,853
931
79.55
1,647,249
342,787

16,579
119

Sikkim
610,577
323,070
287,507
890
81.42
480,981
59,870
7,096

86

Tripura
3,673,917
1,874,376
1,799,541
960
87.22
2,653,453
545,750

10,486
350

text: Largest cities by population[edit]

text: According to 2011 Census of India, the largest cities in Northeast India are

text:
Rank
City
Type
State
Population
Rank
City
Type
State
Population

1
Guwahati
UA
Assam
1,260,419
9
Jorhat
UA
Assam
153,249

2
Agartala
City
Tripura
522,613
10
Nagaon
UA
Assam
147,137

3
Imphal
UA
Manipur
414,288
11
Tinsukia
UA
Assam
125,637

4
Dimapur
City
Nagaland
379,769
12
Dhubri
UA
Assam
109,234

5
Shillong
UA
Meghalaya
354,325
13
Tezpur
UA
Assam
100,477

6
Aizawl
City
Mizoram
291,822
14
Kohima
UA
Nagaland
100,000

7
Silchar
UA
Assam
228,985
15
Gangtok
City
Sikkim
98,658

8
Dibrugarh
UA
Assam
154,019
16
Itanagar
City
Arunachal Pradesh
95,650

UA: Urban Agglomeration[41]

text: Languages[edit]

text: Northeast India constitutes a single linguistic region within the Indian national context, with about 220 languages in multiple language families (Indo-European, Trans-Himalayan/Sino-Tibetan, Kra–Dai, Austroasiatic, as well as some creole languages) that share a number of features that set them apart from most other areas of the Indian subcontinent (such as alveolar consonants rather than the more typical dental/retroflex distinction).[42][43] Assamese, an Indo-Aryan language spoken mostly in the Brahmaputra Valley, developed as a lingua franca for many speech communities.  Assamese-based pidgin/creoles have developed in Nagaland (Nagamese) and Arunachal (Nefamese),[44] though their use has been on a decline in recent times.  The Austro-Asiatic family is represented by the Khasi, Jaintia and War languages of Meghalaya. A small number of Tai–Kadai languages (Ahom, Tai Phake, Khamti, etc.) are also spoken. Trans-Himalayan/Sino-Tibetan is represented by a number of languages that differ significantly from each other,[45] some of which are: Bodo, Rabha, Karbi, Mising, Tiwa, Deori, Biate etc. (Assam); Garo, Biate (Meghalaya) Ao, Angami, Sema, Lotha, Konyak etc.(Nagaland); Mizo, Hmar, Chakma (Mizoram); Hrusso, Tanee, Nisi, Adi, Abor, Nocte, Apatani, Misimi etc. (Arunachal). Meitei is the official language in Manipur, the dominant language of the Imphal Valley; while "Naga" languages such as Poumai, Mao, Maram, Rongmei (Kabui) and Tangkul, and Kuki-Chin languages such as Thadou, Hmar, Simte and Paite predominate in individual hill areas of the state.[46]

text: Among other Indo-Aryan languages, Bengali is spoken in South Assam in the Barak Valley. Besides the Sino-Tibetan Tripuri language, Bengali is a majority language in Tripura. Nepali, an Indo-Aryan language, is dominant in Sikkim, besides the Sino-Tibetan languages Limbu, Bhutia and Lepcha. Bengali was the official language of Colonial Assam for about forty years from the 1830s.

text: Official languages[edit]

text:
State

Official Languages[47]

Arunachal Pradesh
Hindi, English

Assam
Assamese, Bengali (in the Barak Valley), Bodo (in Bodoland)

Manipur
Meiteilon

Meghalaya
Khasi, Garo, English

Mizoram
Mizo, English

Nagaland
English[48]

Sikkim
Nepali, English

Tripura
Bengali, Kokborok

text: Etymology of state names[edit]

text:
Name of state

Origin

Literal meaning

Arunachal Pradesh
Sanskrit
Land of the rising sun

Assam
Sanskrit
Asama ("unequalled", "peerless", etc.)

Manipur
Sanskrit
Land abundant with jewels, adopted in the 18th century

Meghalaya
Sanskrit
Abode of the clouds, coined by Shiba P. Chatterjee

Mizoram
Mizo language
Land of the Mizo people

Nagaland
English
Land of the Naga people

Sikkim
Limbu Language
New House – Derived from the word "Sukhim", "Su" meaning new and "Khim" meaning house

Tripura
Kokborok
Sanskrit version of native names: Tripra, Tuipura, Twipra, Tippera etc.

text: Endangered languages[edit]

text: Given the diverse population in the region with only a few widely spoken ones recognised as the official languages by both the state and central governments, a large number of languages from the North Eastern Region of India have become vulnerable. Without proper teaching and preservation efforts, the already underdeveloped literature of the endangered languages are on the verge of extinction. Additionally, the younger generation are rapidly adopting the widely spoken languages to secure employment and livelihood.[49]

text: Religions[edit]

text: Religion in Northeast India (2011)

text:
Religious population in North Eastern Region, according to 2011 Census of India[50]

State
Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
Buddhism
Jainism
Sikhism
Other Religions
Religion Not Stated

Arunachal Pradesh
401,876
27,045
418,732
162,815
771
3,287
362,553
6,648

Assam
19,180,759
10,679,345
1,165,867
54,993
25,949
20,672
27,118
50,873

Manipur
1,181,876
239,836
1,179,043
7,084
1,692
1,527
233,767
10,969

Meghalaya
342,078
130,399
2,213,027
9,864
627
3,045
258,271
9,578

Mizoram
30,136
14,832
956,331
93,411
376
286
808
1,026

Nagaland
173,054
48,963
1,739,651
6,759
2,655
1,890
3,214
2,316

Sikkim
352,662
9,867
60,522
167,216
314
1,868
16,300
1,828

Tripura
3,063,903
316,042
159,882
125,385
860
1,070
1,514
5,261

Total
24,726,344
11,466,329
7,893,055
627,527
33,244
33,645
903,545
88,499

text: Ethnic groups[edit]

text: Northeast India has over 220 ethnic groups and equal number of dialects in which Bodo form the largest indegenous ethnic group.[citation needed] The hills states in the region like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland are predominantly inhabited by tribal people with a degree of diversity even within the tribal groups. The region's population results from ancient and continuous flows of migrations from Tibet, Indo-Gangetic India, the Himalayas, present Bangladesh and Myanmar.[51]

text: Major communities[edit]

text:
Adivasi
Anāl Naga
Assamese
Bahun
Bhutia
Bishnupriya
Biate
Bodo
Chakma
Chhetri
Chorei
Deori
Dimasa
Garo
Gurung
Hajong
Hmar
Jamatia
Karbi
Khasi
Khampti
Koch
Kom
Kuki
Lepcha
Limbu
Mao
Maram
Meitei
Mishing
Mizo
Monsang
Mishmi
Naga
Nepali
Noatia
Paite
Pnar
Poumai
Purvottar maithili
Rabha
Ranglong (Langrong)
Reang
Rongmei
Singpho
Sylheti
Tamang
Tangkhul
Tiwa
Tripuri
Zomi people (Paite, Vaiphei, Zou, Teddim, Simte, Gangte)

text:
British India map of Northeast India by ethnicity, 1891

A Naga warrior in 1960

Bishnupuriya bride

Shad suk Mynsiem, a Khasi festival

Aka tribe, Arunachal Pradesh

Mizo school girls

Women selling fruits in Senapati, Manipur

Princess of Sikkim in traditional royal dress

text: Culture[edit]

text: Cuisines[edit]

text:
State

Staple diet

Popular dishes

Related article

Arunachal Pradesh
Rice, fish, meat, leaf vegetables
Thukpa, momo, apong (rice beer)
Cuisine of Arunachal Pradesh

Assam
Rice, fish, meat, leaf vegetable
Assam tea, khar, tenga, pura, pitha, tamul (betel nut) – paan, rice beer
Assamese cuisine

Manipur
Rice, fish, local vegetables
Eromba, u-morok, singju, ngari (fermented fish), kangshoi
Cuisine of Manipur

Meghalaya
Rice, spiced meat, fish
Jadoh, ki kpu, minil, nakham (dried fish), momo, bamboo shoot
Cuisine of Meghalaya

Mizoram
Rice, fish, meat
Bai, bekang (fermented soya beans), sa-um (fermented pork), sawhchiar

Nagaland
Rice, meat, stewed or steamed vegetables
fermented bamboo shoot, smoked pork and beef, axone, bhut jolokia
Naga cuisine

Sikkim
Rice, meat, dairy products
Thukpa, momo, sha Phaley, gundruk, sinki, sel roti
Sikkimese cuisine

Tripura
Rice, fish, meat
Fish stew, bamboo shoot, fermented fish
Tripuri cuisine

text:
Nagamese meal

Bhangui - ethnic food of Tripura

Paknam (Manipur)

Smoked freshwater fish (Manipur)

Thukpa - a popular Northeast India cuisine

North Sikkim meal

Assamese thali

Red rice with pork (Arunachal Pradesh)

text: Arts[edit]

text: Sattriya (from Assam) and Manipuri dance (from Manipur) have been listed as classical dances of India. Besides these, all tribes in the Northeast India have their own folk dances associated with their religion and festivals. The tribal heritage in the region is rich with the practice of hunting, land cultivation and indigenous crafts. The rich culture is vibrant and visible with the traditional attires of each community.[citation needed]

text: All states in Northeast India share the handicrafts of bamboo and cane, wood carving, making traditional weapons and musical instruments, pottery and handloom weaving. Traditional tribal attires are made of thick fabrics primarily with cotton.[52] Assam silk is a famous industry in the region.

text:
State

Traditional Performing Arts

Traditional Visual Arts

Traditional Crafts

Arunachal Pradesh
Wancho dances, Idu Mishmi dance, Digaru Mishmi Buiya dance, Khampti dance, Ponung dance, Sadinuktso[53]

Cane and bamboo, cotton and wool weaving, wood carving, blacksmithy (hand tools, weapons, ornaments, dishes, sacred bells and smoking pipes)[53][54]

Assam
Sattriya, Bagurumba, Bihu dance, Bhaona (For more see Music of Assam)
Hastividyarnava (For more see Fine Arts of Assam)
Cane and bamboo, bell metal and brass, silk, toy and mask making, pottery and terracotta, jewellery, musical instruments making, boat making, paints

Manipur
Manipuri dance (Ras Lila), Kartal Cholam, Manjira Cholom, Khuba Kishei, Pung Cholam, Lai-Haraoba

Cotton textile, bamboo crafts (hats, baskets), pottery[54][52]

Meghalaya
Nongkrem, Shad suk, Behdienkhlam, Wangala, Lahoo dance[55][54] (For more see Music of Meghalaya)

Making hand tools and weapons, musical instruments (drums), cane and bamboo work, weaving traditional attires, jewellery making (gold, coral, glass), wall engravings, wood carving[54][56]

Mizoram
Cheraw, Khuallam, Chheih-Lam, Chai, Rallu-Lam, Solakia, Sarlamkai, Par-lam, Sakei Lu Lam[57] (For more see Music of Mizoram)

Traditional hand tools, weapons and textile work, bamboo and cane handicrafts[58][54]

Nagaland
Zeliang dance, war dance, Nruirolians (cock dance) (For more see Music of Nagaland)

Cane and bamboo crafts, traditional hand tools, weapons and textile work, wood carving, pottery, ornaments for traditional attire, musical instruments (drum and trumpet)[54]

Sikkim
Chu Faat dance, Lu Khangthamo, Gha To Kito, Rechungma, Maruni, Tamang Selo, Singhi Chaam, Yak Chaam, Khukuri dance, Rumtek Chaam (mask dance)[59][60][61] (See also Music of Sikkim)
Thangka (showcasing Buddhist teachings on cotton canvas using vegetable dyes)[60]
Handmade paper, carpet making, woollen textile, wood carving[60]

Tripura
Goria dance, Jhum dance, Lebang dance, Mamita dance, Mosak sulmani dance, Hojagiri dance, Bizhu dance, Wangala, Hai-hak dance, Sangrai dance, Owa dance

Cane and bamboo, weaving and handloom, sitalpati (mat making), wood carving,[54] string and wind musical instruments

text:
Sattriya dance (Assam)

Nyokum festival of Nyishi tribe (Arunachal Pradesh)

Manipuri dance

Bagurumba dance of Bodo tribe (Assam)

Wangala dance of Garo tribe (Assam, Meghalaya)

Dance of Angami tribe (Nagaland)

Hojagiri dancers (Tripura)

Students performing traditional dance at Jorethang (Sikkim)

text: Administration and political disputes[edit]

text: International borders management[edit]

text:
McMahon Line and manned by Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force with China along Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh
India-Bangladesh border and crossings manned by Border Security Force along Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram
India–Myanmar barrier, crossings and Look-East connectivity manned by Assam Rifles and Indian Army along Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram
India-Bhutan borders manned by Sashastra Seema Bal along Sikkim, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
India-Nepal border manned by Sashastra Seema Bal along Sikkim

text: Pan-states development authorities[edit]

text:
Ministry for Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER)
North Eastern Council

text: Development and connectivity projects[edit]

text:
NE road, rail, air services, water, power and tourism projects
Look-East connectivity projects with ASEAN and SAARC

text: States and sub-divisions[edit]

text:
State
Code
Capital
Districts
Sub-division Type
Number of Subdivisions

Arunachal Pradesh
IN-AR
Itanagar
20
Circle
149

Assam
IN-AS
Dispur
33
Sub-division
78

Manipur
IN-MN
Imphal
9
Sub-division
38

Meghalaya
IN-ML
Shillong
11
Community Development Block
39

Mizoram
IN-MZ
Aizawl
8
Community Development Block
22

Nagaland
IN-NL
Kohima
11
Circle
33

Sikkim
IN-SK
Gangtok
4
Sub-division
9

Tripura
IN-TR
Agartala
8
Mahakuma
23

text:
Autonomous Administrative Divisions in North Eastern States

State

Autonomous Division

Establishment

Assam
Bodoland Territorial Area Districts
February 2003

Dima Hasao district
February 1970

Karbi Anglong district
February 1970

Mising Autonomous Council
1995

Rabha Hasong Autonomous Council
1995

Manipur[62][63]
Churachandpur Autonomous District Council
1971

Chandel Autonomous District Council
1971

Senapati Autonomous District Council
1971

Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council
1971

Tamenglong Autonomous District Council
1971

Ukhrul Autonomous District Council
1971

Meghalaya
Garo Hills Autonomous District Council

Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council
July 2012

Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council

Mizoram
Chakma Autonomous District Council
April 1972

Lai Autonomous District Council
April 1972

Mara Autonomous District Council
May 1971

Tripura
Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
January 1982

Main article: Autonomous administrative divisions of India

text: Government[edit]

text: The northeastern states, having 3.8% of India's total population, are allotted 25 out of a total of 543 seats in the Lok Sabha. This is 4.6% of the total number of seats.[citation needed]

text:
State

Chief Minister[64]

Governor[65]

High Court

Chief Justice

Arunachal Pradesh
Pema Khandu
B. D. Mishra
Guwahati High Court (Itanagar Bench)
Justice Ajit Singh

Assam
Sarbananda Sonowal
Professor Jagdish Mukhi
Guwahati High Court
Justice Ajit Singh

Manipur
Nongthombam Biren Singh
Najma Heptulla
Manipur High Court
Justice N. Kotiswar Singh

Meghalaya
Conrad Sangma
Ganga Prasad
Meghalaya High Court
Justice Dinesh Maheshwari

Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
Lt. General (Retd.) Nirbhay Sharma
Guwahati High Court (Aizawl Bench)
Justice Ajit Singh

Nagaland
Neiphiu Rio
Shri Padmanabha Balakrishna Acharya
Guwahati High Court (Kohima Bench)
Justice Ajit Singh

Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Shri Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil
Sikkim High Court
Justice Satish K. Agnihotri

Tripura
Biplab Kumar Deb
Shri Tathagata Roy
Tripura High Court
Justice Tinlianthang Vaiphei

text: 21st century separatist unrest[edit]

text: In 1947 Indian independence and partition resulted in the North East becoming a landlocked region. This exacerbated the isolation that has been recognised, but not studied. East Pakistan controlled access to the Indian Ocean.[66]  The mountainous terrain has hampered the construction of road and railways connections in the region.[citation needed]

text: The militant groups have formed an alliance to fight against the governments of India, Bhutan, and Myanmar, and now use the term "Western Southeast Asia" (WESEA) to refer to the region.[67] The separatist groups include the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak-Pro (PREPAK-Pro), Revolutionary People's Front (RPF) and United National Liberation Front (UNLF) of Manipur, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (HNLC) of Meghalaya, Kamatapur Liberation Organization (KLO), which operates in Assam and North Bengal, National Democratic Front of Bodoland and ULFA of Assam and the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT).[68]

text: Malom Massacre[edit]

text: Some political groups have argued for creating states independent of India. On 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the Imphal Valley of Manipur, ten civilians were shot and killed while waiting at a bus stop. The incident, known as the "Malom Massacre",[69][70] was allegedly committed by the Assam Rifles, one of the Indian Paramilitary forces operating in the state.[71][72] This incident resulted in continuing unrest in the area.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) is the deciding body under Government of India for socio-economic development in the region. The North Eastern Council under MDoNER serves as the regional governing body for Northeast India. The North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi) is a Public Limited Company providing assistance to micro, small, medium and large enterprises within the north eastern region (NER). Other organisations under MDoNER include North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC), Sikkim Mining Corporation Limited (SMC) and North Eastern Handlooms and Handicrafts Development Corporation (NEHHDC).

text: Industries[edit]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text:
The economy is agrarian. Little land is available for settled agriculture. Along with settled agriculture, jhum (slash-and-burn) cultivation is still practised by a few indigenous groups of people.
The inaccessible terrain and internal disturbances has made rapid industrialisation difficult in the region.[citation needed]

text:
Jhum cultivation

Tea garden in Darrang, Assam

Paddy fields in Manipur

Oil palm plantation in Mizoram

Terrace farming in Nagaland

Local vegetables in Assam

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Living Root Bridges

text: Northeast India is also the home of many Living root bridges. In Meghalaya, these can be found in the southern Khasi and Jaintia Hills.[73][74][75] They are still widespread in the region, though as a practice they are fading out, with many examples having been destroyed in floods or replaced by more standard structures in recent years.[76] Living root bridges have also been observed in the state of Nagaland, near the Indo-Myanmar border.[77]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Air[edit]

text: States in the North Eastern Region are well connected by air-transport conducting regular flights to all major cities in the country. The states also own several small airstrips for military and private purposes which may be accessed using Pawan Hans helicopter services. The region currently has two international airpots viz. Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport and Bir Tikendrajit International Airport conducting flights to Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. While the airport in Sikkim is under-construction, Bagdogra Airport (IATA: IXB, ICAO: VEBD) remains the closest domestic airport to the state.

text:
Public airports operational in Northeast India

State

Airport

City

IATA Code

Arunachal Pradesh
Itanagar Airport (Under construction)
Itanagar

Assam
Dibrugarh Airport
Dibrugarh
DIB

Jorhat Airport
Jorhat
JRH

Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport
Guwahati
GAU

Lilabari Airport
Lakhimpur
IXI

Rupsi Airport
Dhubri
RUP

Silchar Airport
Silchar
IXS

Tezpur Airport
Tezpur
TEZ

Manipur
Bir Tikendrajit International Airport
Imphal
IMF

Meghalaya
Baljek Airport
Tura
VETU (ICAO)

Shillong Airport
Shillong
SHL

Mizoram
Lengpui Airport
Aizawl
AJL

Nagaland
Dimapur Airport
Dimapur
DMU

Sikkim
Pakyong Airport (Under construction)
Gangtok
VEPY (ICAO)

Tripura
Agartala Airport
Agartala
IXA

text: Railway[edit]

text: Railway in Northeast India is delineated as Northeast Frontier Railway zone of Indian Railways. The regional network is poor with the states of Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim remaining almost disconnected till date (11 June 2017). Projects are underway to extend the network and connect all the capital cities in the region.[78]

text: Look East Policy[edit]

text: In the 21st century, there has been recognition among policy makers and economists of the region that the main stumbling block for economic development of the Northeastern region is the disadvantageous geographical location.[79] It was argued that globalisation propagates deterritorialisation and a borderless world which is often associated with economic integration. With 98 percent of its borders with China, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal, Northeast India appears to have a better scope for development in the era of globalisation.[80] As a result, a new policy developed among intellectuals and politicians that one direction the Northeastern region must be looking to as a new way of development lies with political integration with the rest of India and economic integration with the rest of Asia, with East and Southeast Asia in particular, as the policy of economic integration with the rest of India did not yield much dividends. With the development of this new policy the Government of India directed its Look East policy towards developing the Northeastern region. This policy is reflected in the Year End Review 2004 of the Ministry of External Affairs, which stated that: "India’s Look East Policy has now been given a new dimension by the UPA Government. India is now looking towards a partnership with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN countries, both within BIMSTEC and the India-ASEAN Summit dialogue as integrally linked to economic and security interests, particularly for India’s East and North East region."[81]