document_title: Addison Montgomery

question_text: what episode of grey's does addison go to la

question_tokens: what episode of grey 's does addison go to la

text: Addison Montgomery

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Backstory[edit]

text: Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed "The Captain" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice "Bizzy" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]

text: Grey's Anatomy[edit]

text: The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]

text: During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]

text: Private Practice[edit]

text: In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]

text: In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]

text: Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]

text: Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.

text: At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Anna, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]

text: In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text:
"I discovered I had endless stories to write for her. Grey's is mainly about young people starting their careers. I realized Kate could anchor a show about people 10 years down the line — what happens if they didn't achieve their dreams, or if they did?"

— Shonda Rhimes on creating a show centered on Kate Walsh's character[31]

tag: div

text: Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. "It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years," she said.[33]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Montgomery was initially described as "cold and unforgiving".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had "softened" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as "a girl you love to hate".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: "She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker — a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled."[36]

text: Walsh felt that Montgomery had become "stronger" and "more centered" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, "Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back."[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that "she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying."[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because "the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there."[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); "It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'"[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: "Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show."[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she "went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn." Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, "the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character "fun" and added: "Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting."[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[45][46]

text: In 2006, Walsh was among the cast of Grey's Anatomy to win the Satellite Award for Best Ensemble in a Television Series.[47] The cast, including her, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series,[48] which they won in 2007,[49] and were nominated for again the following year.[50] For her work on Private Practice, Walsh earned a nomination for Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 37th People's Choice Awards.[51]


document_title: Moss

question_text: moss is an example of which type of plant

root

text: Moss

text: Physical characteristics

text: Description

text: Botanically, mosses are non-vascular plants in the land plant division Bryophyta. They are small (a few centimeters tall) herbaceous (non-woody) plants that absorb water and nutrients mainly through their leaves and harvest carbon dioxide and sunlight to create food by photosynthesis.[5][6] They differ from vascular plants in lacking water-bearing xylem tracheids or vessels. As in liverworts and hornworts, the haploid gametophyte generation is the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. Mosses reproduce using spores, not seeds, and have no flowers.

tag: p

text: Moss gametophytes have stems which may be simple or branched and upright or prostrate. Their leaves are simple, usually only a single layer of cells with no internal air spaces, often with thicker midribs. They do not have proper roots, but have threadlike rhizoids that anchor them to their substrate. Mosses do not absorb water or nutrients from their substrate through their rhizoids. They can be distinguished from liverworts (Marchantiophyta or Hepaticae) by their multi-cellular rhizoids. Spore-bearing capsules or sporangia of mosses are borne singly on long, unbranched stems, thereby distinguishing them from the polysporangiophytes, which include all vascular plants. The spore-bearing sporophytes (i.e. the diploid multicellular generation) are short-lived and dependent on the gametophyte for water supply and nutrition. Also, in most mosses, the spore-bearing capsule enlarges and matures after its stalk elongates, while in liverworts the capsule enlarges and matures before its stalk elongates.[6] Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts, but the presence of clearly differentiated stem with simple-shaped, ribbed leaves, without deeply lobed or segmented leaves and not arranged in three ranks, all point to the plant being a moss.

text: Life cycle

text: Vascular plants have two sets of chromosomes in their vegetative cells and are said to be diploid, i.e. each chromosome has a partner that contains the same, or similar, genetic information. By contrast, mosses and other bryophytes have only a single set of chromosomes and so are haploid (i.e. each chromosome exists in a unique copy within the cell). There is a period in the moss life cycle when they do have a double set of paired chromosomes, but this happens only during the sporophyte stage.

text: The moss life-cycle starts with a haploid spore that germinates to produce a protonema (pl. protonemata), which is either a mass of thread-like filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like). Massed moss protonemata typically look like a thin green felt, and may grow on damp soil, tree bark, rocks, concrete, or almost any other reasonably stable surface. This is a transitory stage in the life of a moss, but from the protonema grows the gametophore ("gamete-bearer") that is structurally differentiated into stems and leaves. A single mat of protonemata may develop several gametophore shoots, resulting in a clump of moss.

text: From the tips of the gametophore stems or branches develop the sex organs of the mosses. The female organs are known as archegonia (sing. archegonium) and are protected by a group of modified leaves known as the perichaetum (plural, perichaeta). The archegonia are small flask-shaped clumps of cells with an open neck (venter) down which the male sperm swim. The male organs are known as antheridia (sing. antheridium) and are enclosed by modified leaves called the perigonium (pl. perigonia). The surrounding leaves in some mosses form a splash cup, allowing the sperm contained in the cup to be splashed to neighboring stalks by falling water droplets.

text: Mosses can be either dioicous (compare dioecious in seed plants) or monoicous (compare monoecious). In dioicous mosses, male and female sex organs are borne on different gametophyte plants. In monoicous (also called autoicous) mosses, both are borne on the same plant. In the presence of water, sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia and fertilisation occurs, leading to the production of a diploid sporophyte. The sperm of mosses is biflagellate, i.e. they have two flagellae that aid in propulsion. Since the sperm must swim to the archegonium, fertilisation cannot occur without water. Some species (for example Mnium hornum or several species of Polytrichum) keep their antheridia in so called 'splash cups', bowl-like structures on the shoot tips that propel the sperm several decimeters when water droplets hit it, increasing the fertilization distance.[7]

text: After fertilisation, the immature sporophyte pushes its way out of the archegonial venter. It takes about a quarter to half a year for the sporophyte to mature. The sporophyte body comprises a long stalk, called a seta, and a capsule capped by a cap called the operculum. The capsule and operculum are in turn sheathed by a haploid calyptra which is the remains of the archegonial venter. The calyptra usually falls off when the capsule is mature. Within the capsule, spore-producing cells undergo meiosis to form haploid spores, upon which the cycle can start again. The mouth of the capsule is usually ringed by a set of teeth called peristome. This may be absent in some mosses.

text: Most mosses rely on the wind to disperse the spores. In the genus Sphagnum the spores are projected about 10–20 cm (4–8 in) off the ground by compressed air contained in the capsules; the spores are accelerated to about 36,000 times the earth's gravitational acceleration g.[8][9]

text: It has recently been found that microarthropods, such as springtails and mites, can effect moss fertilization[10] and that this process is mediated by moss-emitted scents. Male and female fire moss, for example emit different and complex volatile organic scents.[11] Female plants emit more compounds than male plants. Springtails were found to choose female plants preferentially, and one study found that springtails enhance moss fertilization, suggesting a scent-mediated relationship analogous to the plant-pollinator relationship found in many seed plants.[11] The stinkmoss species Splachnum sphaericum develops insect pollination further by attracting flies to its sporangia with a strong smell of carrion, and providing a strong visual cue in the form of red-coloured swollen collars beneath each spore capsule. Flies attracted to the moss carry its spores to fresh herbivore dung, which is the favoured habitat of the species of this genus.[12]

text: In many mosses, e.g. Ulota phyllantha, green vegetative structures called gemmae are produced on leaves or branches, which can break off and form new plants without the need to go through the cycle of fertilization. This is a means of asexual reproduction, and the genetically identical units can lead to the formation of clonal populations.

text: Dwarf males

text: Moss dwarf males (also known as nannandry or phyllodioicy) originate from wind-dispersed male spores that settle and germinate on the female shoot where their growth is restricted to a few millimeters. In some species, dwarfness is genetically determined, in that all male spores become dwarf.[13] More often, however, it is environmentally determined in that male spores that land on a female become dwarf, while those that land elsewhere develop into large, female-sized males.[13][14][15][16] In the latter case, dwarf males that are transplanted from females to another substrate develop into large shoots, suggesting that the females emit a substance which inhibits the growth of germinating males and possibly also quickens their onset of sexual maturation.[15][16] The nature of such a substance is unknown, but the phytohormone auxin may be involved[13]

text: Having the males growing as dwarfs on the female is expected to increase the fertilization efficiency by minimizing the distance between male and female reproductive organs. Accordingly, it has been observed that fertilization frequency is positively associated with the presence of dwarf males in several phyllodioicous species.[17][18]

text: Dwarf males occur in several unrelated lineages[18][19] and is showing to be more common than previously thought.[18] For example, it is estimated that between one quarter and half of all dioicous pleurocarps have dwarf males.[18]

text: DNA repair

text: This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The moss Phycomitrella patens has proven to be an excellent model organism for analyzing repair of DNA damages in plants, especially repair by the homologous recombination pathway. Loss of the ability to repair double-strand breaks and other DNA damages by homologous recombination in somatic cells leads to cell dysfunction or death, and loss of this ability during meiosis leads to infertility. The determination of the genome sequence of P. patens has allowed identification of numerous genes that encode proteins necessary for removal of DNA damages by homologous recombination and by other DNA repair pathways.[20] Studies of P. patens mutants defective in key steps of homologous recombination have provided insight into the functions of this process in plants. For example, a study of P. patens mutants defective in RpRAD51, a gene that encodes a protein at the core of the recombinational repair reaction, indicated that homologous recombination is essential for repairing DNA double-strand breaks in this plant.[21] Similarly, studies of mutants defective in Ppmre11 or Pprad50 (that encode key proteins of the MRN complex, the principal sensor of DNA double-strand breaks) showed that these genes are necessary for repair of DNA damages as well as for normal growth and development.[22]

text: Classification

text: Traditionally, mosses were grouped with the liverworts and hornworts in the division Bryophyta (bryophytes, or Bryophyta sensu lato), within which the mosses made up the class Musci. However, this definition of Bryophyta was paraphyletic, as the mosses appear to be more closely related to vascular plants than to liverworts. Bryophytes are now split among three divisions: Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta and Anthocerotophyta. The current circumscription of Bryophyta includes only the mosses.

text: The mosses, now division Bryophyta (Bryophyta sensu stricto), are divided into eight classes:

text:
division Bryophyta

class Takakiopsida
class Sphagnopsida
class Andreaeopsida
class Andreaeobryopsida
class Oedipodiopsida
class Polytrichopsida
class Tetraphidopsida
class Bryopsida

liverworts

hornworts

vascular plants

Bryophyta

Takakiopsida

Sphagnopsida

Andreaeopsida

Andreaeobryopsida

Neomusci

Oedipodiopsida

Cenomusci

Polytrichopsida

Altamusci

Tetraphidopsida

Bryopsida

The current phylogeny and composition of the Bryophyta.[2][23]

text: Six of the eight classes contain only one or two genera each. Polytrichopsida includes 23 genera, and Bryopsida includes the majority of moss diversity with over 95% of moss species belonging to this class.

text: The Sphagnopsida, the peat-mosses, comprise the two living genera Ambuchanania and Sphagnum, as well as fossil taxa. However, the genus Sphagnum is a diverse, widespread, and economically important one. These large mosses form extensive acidic bogs in peat swamps. The leaves of Sphagnum have large dead cells alternating with living photosynthetic cells. The dead cells help to store water. Aside from this character, the unique branching, thallose (flat and expanded) protonema, and explosively rupturing sporangium place it apart from other mosses.

text: Andreaeopsida and Andreaeobryopsida are distinguished by the biseriate (two rows of cells) rhizoids, multiseriate (many rows of cells) protonema, and sporangium that splits along longitudinal lines. Most mosses have capsules that open at the top.

text: Polytrichopsida have leaves with sets of parallel lamellae, flaps of chloroplast-containing cells that look like the fins on a heat sink. These carry out photosynthesis and may help to conserve moisture by partially enclosing the gas exchange surfaces. The Polytrichopsida differ from other mosses in other details of their development and anatomy too, and can also become larger than most other mosses, with e.g. Polytrichum commune forming cushions up to 40 cm (16 in) high. The tallest land moss, a member of the Polytrichidae is probably Dawsonia superba, a native to New Zealand and other parts of Australasia.

text: Geological history

text: The fossil record of moss is sparse, due to their soft-walled and fragile nature. Unambiguous moss fossils have been recovered from as early as the Permian of Antarctica and Russia, and a case is put forwards for Carboniferous mosses.[24] It has further been claimed that tube-like fossils from the Silurian are the macerated remains of moss calyptræ.[25] Mosses also appear to evolve 2–3 times slower than ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.[26]

text: Recent research show that ancient moss could explain why the Ordovician ice ages occurred. When the ancestors of today's moss started to spread on land 470 million years ago, they absorbed CO2 from the atmosphere and extracted minerals by secreting organic acids that dissolved the rocks they were growing on. These chemically altered rocks in turn reacted with the atmospheric CO2 and formed new carbonate rocks in the ocean through the weathering of calcium and magnesium ions from silicate rocks. The weathered rocks also released a lot of phosphorus and iron which ended up in the oceans, where it caused massive algal blooms, resulting in organic carbon burial, extracting more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Small organisms feeding on the nutrients created large areas without oxygen, which caused a mass extinction of marine species, while the levels of CO2 dropped all over the world, allowing the formation of ice caps on the poles.[27][28]

text: Ecology

text: Habitat

text: Since moss gametophytes are autotrophic they require enough sunlight to perform photosynthesis.[29] Shade tolerance varies by species, just as it does with higher plants. In most areas, mosses grow chiefly in areas of dampness and shade, such as wooded areas and at the edges of streams; but they can grow anywhere in cool damp cloudy climates, and some species are adapted to sunny, seasonally dry areas like alpine rocks or stabilized sand dunes.

text: Choice of substrate varies by species as well. Moss species can be classed as growing on: rocks, exposed mineral soil, disturbed soils, acid soil, calcareous soil, cliff seeps and waterfall spray areas, streamsides, shaded humusy soil, downed logs, burnt stumps, tree trunk bases, upper tree trunks, and tree branches or in bogs. Moss species growing on or under trees are often specific about the species of trees they grow on, such as preferring conifers to broadleaf trees, oaks to alders, or vice versa.[6] While mosses often grow on trees as epiphytes, they are never parasitic on the tree.

text: Mosses are also found in cracks between paving stones in damp city streets, and on roofs. Some species adapted to disturbed, sunny areas are well adapted to urban conditions and are commonly found in cities. Examples would be Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, a garden weed in Vancouver and Seattle areas; Bryum argenteum, the cosmopolitan sidewalk moss, and Ceratodon purpureus, red roof moss, another cosmopolitan species. A few species are wholly aquatic, such as Fontinalis antipyretica, common water moss; and others such as Sphagnum inhabit bogs, marshes and very slow-moving waterways.[6] Such aquatic or semi-aquatic mosses can greatly exceed the normal range of lengths seen in terrestrial mosses. Individual plants 20–30 cm (8–12 in) or more long are common in Sphagnum species for example.

text: Wherever they occur, mosses require liquid water for at least part of the year to complete fertilisation. Many mosses can survive desiccation, sometimes for months, returning to life within a few hours of rehydration.[29]

text: It is generally believed that in northern latitudes, the north side of trees and rocks will generally have more luxuriant moss growth on average than other sides.[30] This is assumed to be because the sun on the south side creates a dry environment. South of the equator the reverse would be true. However, naturalists feel that mosses grow on the damper side of trees and rocks.[5] In some cases, such as sunny climates in temperate northern latitudes, this will be the shaded north side of the tree or rock. On steep slopes it may be the uphill side. For mosses that grow on tree branches, this is generally the upper side of the branch on horizontally growing sections or near the crotch. In cool damp cloudy climates, all sides of tree trunks and rocks may be equally damp enough for mosses. And different species of mosses have different moisture and sun requirements so will grow on different sections of the same tree or rock.

text: Moss-cyanobacteria relationship

text: In boreal forests, some species of moss play an important role in providing nitrogen for the ecosystem due to their relationship with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria colonizes moss and receives shelter in return for providing fixed nitrogen. Moss releases the fixed nitrogen, along with other nutrients, into the soil "upon disturbances like drying-rewetting and fire events," making it available throughout the ecosystem.[31]

text: Cultivation

text: Moss is often considered a weed in grass lawns, but is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic principles exemplified by Japanese gardening. In old temple gardens, moss can carpet a forest scene. Moss is thought to add a sense of calm, age, and stillness to a garden scene. Moss is also used in bonsai to cover the soil and enhance the impression of age.[32] Rules of cultivation are not widely established. Moss collections are quite often begun using samples transplanted from the wild in a water-retaining bag. However, specific species of moss can be extremely difficult to maintain away from their natural sites with their unique requirements of combinations of light, humidity, substrate chemistry, shelter from wind, etc.

text: Growing moss from spores is even less controlled. Moss spores fall in a constant rain on exposed surfaces; those surfaces which are hospitable to a certain species of moss will typically be colonised by that moss within a few years of exposure to wind and rain. Materials which are porous and moisture retentive, such as brick, wood, and certain coarse concrete mixtures are hospitable to moss. Surfaces can also be prepared with acidic substances, including buttermilk, yogurt, urine, and gently puréed mixtures of moss samples, water and ericaceous compost.

text: In the cool cloudy damp Pacific Northwest, moss is sometimes allowed to grow naturally as a lawn substitute, one that needs little or no mowing, fertilizing or watering. In this case, grass is considered to be the weed.[33] Landscapers in the Seattle area sometimes collect boulders and downed logs growing mosses for installation in gardens and landscapes. Woodland gardens in many parts of the world can include a carpet of natural mosses.[29] The Bloedel Reserve on Bainbridge Island, Washington State, is famous for its moss garden. The moss garden was created by removing shrubby underbrush and herbaceous groundcovers, thinning trees, and allowing mosses to fill in naturally.[34]

text: Mosses are sometimes used in green roofs. Advantages of mosses over higher plants in green roofs include reduced weight loads, increased water absorption, no fertilizer requirements, and high drought tolerance. Since mosses do not have true roots, they require less planting medium than higher plants with extensive root systems. With proper species selection for the local climate, mosses in green roofs require no irrigation once established and are low maintenance.[35]

text: Inhibiting moss growth

text: Moss can be a troublesome weed in containerized nursery operations and greenhouses.[36] Vigorous moss growth can inhibit seedling emergence and penetration of water and fertilizer to the plant roots.

text: Moss growth can be inhibited by a number of methods:

text:
Decreasing availability of water through drainage.
Increasing direct sunlight.
Increasing number and resources available for competitive plants like grasses.
Increasing the soil pH with the application of lime.
Heavy traffic or manually disturbing the moss bed with a rake
Application of chemicals such as ferrous sulfate (e.g. in lawns) or bleach (e.g. on solid surfaces).
In containerized nursery operations, coarse mineral materials such as sand, gravel, and rock chips are used as a fast-draining top dressing in plant containers to discourage moss growth.

tag: ul

text: The application of products containing ferrous sulfate or ferrous ammonium sulfate will kill moss; these ingredients are typically in commercial moss control products and fertilizers. Sulfur and Iron are essential nutrients for some competing plants like grasses. Killing moss will not prevent regrowth unless conditions favorable to their growth are changed.[37]

text: Mossery

text: A passing fad for moss-collecting in the late 19th century led to the establishment of mosseries in many British and American gardens. The mossery is typically constructed out of slatted wood, with a flat roof, open to the north side (maintaining shade). Samples of moss were installed in the cracks between wood slats. The whole mossery would then be regularly moistened to maintain growth.

text: Uses

text: Traditional

text: Preindustrial societies made use of the mosses growing in their areas.

text: Laplanders, North American tribes, and other circumpolar people used mosses for bedding.[5][29] Mosses have also been used as insulation both for dwellings and in clothing. Traditionally, dried moss was used in some Nordic countries and Russia as an insulator between logs in log cabins, and tribes of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada used moss to fill chinks in wooden longhouses.[29] Circumpolar and alpine peoples have used mosses for insulation in boots and mittens. Ötzi the Iceman had moss-packed boots.[29]

text: The capacity dried mosses have to absorb fluids, has made their use practical in both medical and culinary uses. North American tribal people used mosses for diapers, wound dressing, and menstrual fluid absorption.[29] Tribes of the Pacific Northwest in the United States and Canada used mosses to clean salmon prior to drying, and packed wet moss into pit ovens for steaming camas bulbs. Food storage baskets and boiling baskets were also packed with mosses.[29]

text: Commercial

text: There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration. Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is "mined" for use as a fuel, as a horticultural soil additive, and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch whisky.

text: Sphagnum moss, generally the species cristatum and subnitens, is harvested while still growing and is dried out to be used in nurseries and horticulture as a plant growing medium. The practice of harvesting peat moss should not be confused with the harvesting of moss peat. Peat moss can be harvested on a sustainable basis and managed so that regrowth is allowed, whereas the harvesting of moss peat is generally considered to cause significant environmental damage as the peat is stripped with little or no chance of recovery.

text: Some sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water.[38] In World War I, Sphagnum mosses were used as first-aid dressings on soldiers' wounds, as these mosses said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton, retain liquids better, better distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves, and are cooler, softer, and be less irritating.[38] It was also claimed that they have mild antibacterial properties.[citation needed] Native Americans were one of the peoples to use Sphagnum for diapers and napkins, which is still done in Canada.[39]

text: In rural UK, Fontinalis antipyretica was traditionally used to extinguish fires as it could be found in substantial quantities in slow-moving rivers and the moss retained large volumes of water which helped extinguish the flames. This historical use is reflected in its specific Latin/Greek name, the approximate meaning of which is "against fire".

text: In Finland, peat mosses have been used to make bread during famines.[40] In Mexico, Moss is used as a Christmas decoration.

text: Physcomitrella patens is increasingly used in biotechnology. Prominent examples are the identification of moss genes with implications for crop improvement or human health[41] and the safe production of complex biopharmaceuticals in the moss bioreactor, developed by Ralf Reski and his co-workers.[42]


document_title: Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1996–1997

question_text: when did the snl schweddy balls skit air

text: The Ambiguously Gay Duo[edit]

text: A cartoon by Robert Smigel, part of the Saturday TV Funhouse series. Debuted September 28, 1996.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
September 28, 1996
Tom Hanks
It Takes Two To Tango

22
November 2, 1996
Chris Rock
Queen of Terror

22
December 14, 1996
Rosie O'Donnell
Don We Now... Or Never

22
April 19, 1997
Pamela Anderson
Safety Tips

23
November 15, 1997
Claire Danes
Blow Hot, Blow Cold

23
May 9, 1998
David Duchovny
A Hard One To Swallow

24
November 21, 1998
Jennifer Love Hewitt
The Ambiguously Gay Duo Fan Club

24
May 8, 1999
Cuba Gooding Jr.
AmbiguoBoys

25
May 13, 2000
Britney Spears
Trouble Coming Twice

28
October 19, 2002
John McCain
The Third Leg Of Justice

33
September 29, 2007
LeBron James
First Served, First Come

36
May 14, 2011
Ed Helms
The Dark, Clenched Hole Of Evil

text: Mr. Peepers[edit]

text: Mr. Peepers was a part-monkey/part-human character created and portrayed by Chris Kattan. His signature bits of physical comedy involved eating apples one after another in rapid succession, and spitting out the pieces machine gun style. Often he would spit the apple chunks directly at characters in the scene. His other physical act was dry humping other characters, with the recipient of the act getting reprimanded when they tried to push him off.

text: Mr. Peepers was first introduced as an animal act brought out by John Barbary (played by Tom Hanks) on a parody of The Tonight Show (with Darrell Hammond as Jay Leno). In an episode in the 25th season, "Papa Peepers" (played by The Rock) was revealed to be Mr. Peepers's father. Another memorable sketch was a parody of an episode of Dawson's Creek, featuring Katie Holmes as Joey, the character she played on that show. On the Weekend Update segment of the May 17, 2003 episode, Chris Kattan performed a lightning-round montage of his most popular characters, and assumed the character of Mr. Peepers for a brief moment during that bit. It was the final episode of the 2002-2003 season, and also Kattan's last episode as a cast member.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
September 28, 1996
Tom Hanks

22
January 11, 1997
Kevin Spacey

22
March 15, 1997
Sting

23
November 15, 1997
Claire Danes

24
October 3, 1998
Kelsey Grammer

24
December 5, 1998
Vince Vaughn

25
November 20, 1999
Jennifer Aniston

25
December 11, 1999
Danny DeVito

25
March 18, 2000
The Rock

26
November 4, 2000
Charlize Theron

26
February 24, 2001
Katie Holmes

27
April 6, 2002
Cameron Diaz

text: Kincaid[edit]

text: Played by Ana Gasteyer, Kincaid was a fast-talking MTV VJ. Sketch debuted September 28, 1996.

text: Gene, the Ex-Convict[edit]

text: A Colin Quinn sketch. Debuted October 5, 1996.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
October 5, 1996
Lisa Kudrow

23
December 6, 1997
Nathan Lane

text: The Quiet Storm[edit]

text: The Quiet Storm was a radio show hosted by Chris "Champagne" Garnett (Tim Meadows). Debuted October 19, 1996.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
October 19, 1996
Bill Pullman

22
February 22, 1997
Alec Baldwin

23
December 6, 1997
Nathan Lane

text: The Culps[edit]

text: The Culps, or "The Culp Family Musical Performances", were recurring characters that appeared on SNL between 1996 and 2002, and were portrayed by Will Ferrell (as Marty Culp), and Ana Gasteyer (as Bobbi Mohan-Culp). Marty and Bobbi were an awkward, unstylish, married couple who served as music teachers at Altadena Middle School. In the sketches, they would perform prim, conservative medleys of modern pop, R&B or rap songs at various school functions, much to the embarrassment of their unseen son who attended the school; when Claire Danes hosted, she played their college-student daughter, embarrassed beyond words when her parents performed during Career Day.

text: Marty played the keyboard and sings backup, while Bobbi was the lead vocalist, who sang in a high-pitched, operatic style. In between medleys, the Culps make comments to the audience of middle school students, often implying that the children are mocking them, most often by showing them the finger. Debuted November 2, 1996.

text: The Culps followed in the tradition of earlier skits that began with 1970s sketch Nick The Lounge Singer and continued in the 1980s with The Sweeney Sisters. The basic premise being that the singers, who usually perform in bottom-of-the-barrel gigs, sing modern songs in their own unique style, but are totally oblivious to how unstylish and "cheesy" their performances are.

text: Ferrell and Gasteyer reprised their roles in 2012 when Ferrell hosted the May 12th episode. The couple had a gig at an LGBT prom. They later returned for the 40th anniversary special on February 15, 2015 in a tribute of musical sketches.

text: The Delicious Dish[edit]

text: An Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon sketch. Debuted November 16, 1996. Margaret Jo McCullen (Gasteyer) and Teri Rialto (Shannon) host a fictitious culinary-themed show on National Public Radio called The Delicious Dish. They both speak in extremely bland monotone voices and imply that their greatest joys in life are derived from absurdly simple things such as purchasing a new funnel. When Molly Shannon left the show during the 2000 - 2001 season, the character of Teri Rialto was replaced by the equally bland and monotone Lynn Bershad, played by Rachel Dratch.

text: In each sketch they have a guest, always played with a similarly bland personality by the host of the episode. The most frequently replayed installment of this sketch, which originally aired on December 12, 1998, featured Alec Baldwin as Christmas treat maker Pete Schweddy, who owned a holiday-themed store called Seasons Eatings. He was famous for his "Schweddy Balls" (assortments of spherical food treats made out of anything from meat to cake to candy), which were sold as an assortment in a "Schweddy ball sack". The two hosts and their guest were, as usual, completely oblivious to the double entendres.

text: On the May 8, 2010 episode, Gasteyer and Shannon both reprised their Delicious Dish characters in cameo with host Betty White playing their guest Florence Dusty, famous for her "Dusty Muffin", with all concerned again being oblivious to the double entendre.

text: Episodes featuring The Delicious Dish[edit]

text:
November 16, 1996: Host Robert Downey Jr.
December 14, 1996: Host Rosie O'Donnell
February 8, 1997: Host Neve Campbell
May 10, 1997: Host John Goodman
October 18, 1997: Host Brendan Fraser
December 19, 1997: Host Helen Hunt
March 14, 1998: Host Julianne Moore
October 3, 1998: Host Kelsey Grammer
December 12, 1998: Host Alec Baldwin (The perennially replayed "Schweddy Balls" installment of the sketch.)
December 11, 1999: Host Danny DeVito
October 21, 2000: Host Dana Carvey
February 17, 2001: Host Sean Hayes
April 7, 2001: Host Alec Baldwin (Baldwin again appeared as Pete Schweddy, this time promoting his springtime treat, the "Schweddy Wiener". First appearance by Dratch as Lynn Bershad.)
March 16, 2002: Host Ian McKellen
May 8, 2010: Host Betty White (Gasteyer and Shannon in cameo as McCullen and Rialto.)

text: Shopping at Home Network[edit]

text: A Will Ferrell and Chris Kattan sketch. Debuted November 16, 1996.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
November 16, 1996
Robert Downey Jr.

22
January 18, 1997
David Alan Grier

22
March 15, 1997
Sting
Mark Hamill appears as himself.

text: Cinder Calhoun[edit]

text: Portrayed by Ana Gasteyer, Calhoun was an activist, feminist singer who played at the Lilith Fair festival. In one episode, she is introduced as the warm-up act for the festival. Ultra-politically correct, she would go out of her way to pronounce ethnic-named cities in their native dialect and would frequently dedicate her songs to activist causes. On a Christmas episode she sang a song called "Christmas Chainsaw Massacre", referring to the "senseless cutting down of innocent trees for our twisted holiday pleasure". She also performed the anti-Thanksgiving song "Basted in Blood" in a duet with Sarah McLachlan, referencing in her introduction as being inspired by Fiona Apple's criticism of Butterball Turkey for having a 1-800 number for Turkey recipes. She professed her love for Garth Brooks in a song entitled "Adonis in Blue Jeans" when he hosted the show. Debuted November 23, 1996 in a Thanksgiving Song Auditions sketch.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

23
September 27, 1997
Sylvester Stallone

23
November 22, 1997
Rudy Giuliani

23
February 28, 1998
Garth Brooks

23
May 9, 1998
David Duchovny

24
December 5, 1998
Vince Vaughn

text: Celebrity Jeopardy![edit]

text: A parody of the annual celebrity tournament of the television quiz show Jeopardy!. Debuted December 7, 1996.

text: Janet Reno's Dance Party[edit]

text: Janet Reno's Dance Party ("coming to you live, from my basement/the deck of a battleship") was an SNL sketch starring Will Ferrell as U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno. It aired four times and featured the song "My Sharona" by the Knack. Debuted January 11, 1997. During the dance party, Reno expressed an aversion to mosh pits and accused her youthful guests of lying during interviews. While she opposed moshing, Reno did engage in stage-diving during one episode, warning the dancing youths below to brace themselves for "180 lb of pure Reno." In most episodes, Darrell Hammond would make an appearance as then-President Bill Clinton, urging Janet to leave her basement and rejoin society; he would assure her that nobody blamed her for the events at Waco, to which Reno would respond, "DANCE PARTY TAKES AWAY WACO!". Notable guests included Donna Shalala (played by Kevin Spacey), who slow-danced with Janet; and Rudy Giuliani (played by himself), who lost to Janet in a boxing match. The last time the sketch aired, January 20, 2001, the real Janet Reno herself made an appearance. It was also the day she left office, as the Clinton administration had ended earlier that afternoon. After George W. Bush's inauguration ceremony was completed at noon, Reno was whisked away to a supposed undisclosed location. Will Ferrell stated:

text: It was all her idea to come on the show, and I was impressed with her. She talked about how important humor is to our political process. She said that when she speaks at schools, the first question she's asked is, "Have you seen the guy who plays you on Saturday Night Live?" She tells them she loves (being lampooned); it lets all the tension out of the room.[1]

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
January 11, 1997
Kevin Spacey

22
February 8, 1997
Neve Campbell

23
November 22, 1997
Rudy Giuliani

26
January 20, 2001
Mena Suvari

text: The X-Presidents[edit]

text: A cartoon by Robert Smigel, part of the Saturday TV Funhouse series. Debuted January 11, 1997.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
January 11, 1997
Kevin Spacey

22
April 12, 1997
Rob Lowe

23
February 7, 1998
John Goodman

24
February 6, 1999
Gwyneth Paltrow

26
October 14, 2000
Kate Hudson

26
January 20, 2001
Mena Suvari

27
January 12, 2002
Josh Hartnett

28
March 8, 2003
Queen Latifah

30
October 9, 2004
Queen Latifah

text: The Atteburys[edit]

text: An Ana Gasteyer, Mark McKinney and Will Ferrell sketch. Debuted January 11, 1997.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
January 11, 1997
Kevin Spacey

22
March 15, 1997
Sting

25
April 15, 2000
Tobey Maguire

27
November 10, 2001
Gwyneth Paltrow

text: Wong & Owens, Ex-Porn Stars[edit]

text: A Jim Breuer and Tracy Morgan sketch. Debuted January 18, 1997.

text: The Zimmermans[edit]

text: The Zimmermans were a married couple portrayed by Chris Kattan and Cheri Oteri as Josh and Laura Zimmerman, they would often meet other couples in various settings. Normal dialogue between the Zimmermans would often change course suddenly, as the couple work one another into a sexual frenzy which typically ends just as abruptly. Each sketch typically ends with one or both members of the other couple finally adopting behavior similar to the Zimmermans after extensive baiting, at which point the Zimmermans become shocked and appalled by the other's display.

text: Episodes featuring The Zimmermans[edit]

text:
February 15, 1997
May 2, 1998 - featuring host Matthew Broderick and Molly Shannon as the Zimmerman's neighbors.
October 24, 1998 - featuring host Ben Stiller and Ana Gasteyer as the Zimmerman's neighbors.
February 13, 1999 - featuring host Brendan Fraser as a gym instructor.
May 15, 1999 - featuring host Sarah Michelle Gellar and Chris Parnell as Karen and John Hopkins.
October 16, 1999 - featuring host Heather Graham, and Chris Parnell as airplane passengers.
February 19, 2000 - featuring host Ben Affleck and Horatio Sanz as car salesmen.
May 20, 2000 - featuring host Jackie Chan and Molly Shannon as an interracial couple.

text: The DeMarco Brothers[edit]

text: The DeMarco Brothers are played by Chris Kattan (Kyle) and Chris Parnell (Sean). The premise of the sketch is that the brothers are auditioning to be dancers on tour for a musical act (usually, whoever is the musical guest on the show that week). They would wear matching t-shirts with quotes or references to a particular song by the artist, and then play a tape of the artist's songs and proceed to dance to it. Their dancing can be described as interpretive, as they often act out a portion of the song's lyrics in the form of skits during their performance. The musicians generally detest their performances, cutting them off before ever getting through an entire song. However, two auditions were successful: In the January 20, 2001 sketch, Lenny Kravitz, while initially dismissive, empathizes with the pair and hires them over the vociferous objections of his tour manager (host Mena Suvari), while for the May 11, 2002 episode, in which host Kirsten Dunst joins them as their cousin Tamara, Eminem ended the audition many of the same insults other artists had used to describe their performance — but since this was exactly what he was wanted out of his backup dancers, they got the job. Debuted (solely Kattan) March 15, 1997.

text: Dominican Lou[edit]

text: Dominican Lou (played by Tracy Morgan) is the building superintendent at 1901 Burnside Avenue in The Bronx. Debuted March 22, 1997.

text: On Weekend Update in 1998, he attempted to sell Colin Quinn the signed 62nd home run ball of his fellow countryman Sammy Sosa for a million dollars, even though it was later discovered to be a foul ball hit by Gary Gaetti and signed Dominican Lou.

text: He also did the weather report in Good Morning, Bronx on February 10, 2001.

text: In October 17, 1998, Dominican Lou was impersonated by Chucky on Weekend Update.

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
March 22, 1997
Mike Myers

22
May 10, 1997
John Goodman

23
May 9, 1998
David Duchovny

24
September 26, 1998
Cameron Diaz

text: Goth Talk[edit]

text: A late-night Tampa Bay Public-access television cable TV show hosted by goth high school students Azrael Abyss, Prince of Sorrows (Chris Kattan), and Circe Nightshade (Molly Shannon). The show, recorded in Azrael's home, begins with the theme song, "Bela Lugosi's Dead" by Bauhaus, and a station identification bumper, ironically from "Channel 33: Sunshine State Cable Access." The hosts speak in a melodramatic, woeful tone, and wear dark gothic clothes and black make-up. Azrael speaks in a grating, high-pitched voice and frequently makes noises like a cat. They try to be as dark and gothic as they can, making regular references to death and the macabre, but always end in matters that are in quite contrast to both, prompting them to end the show abruptly with the slogan "Stay out of the daylight!".

text: Recurring themes include Azrael's job at Cinnabon and Jim Breuer's interruptions of the show as Azrael's older brother Glenn, a stereotypical jock attending Michigan State. Glenn ruins the goth mood by turning on the light in the garage and calling Azrael and Circe by their real names, Todd (Henderson) and Stephanie. Often the dark aspects of their lives are juxtaposed with their surroundings, such as the time they mused that "The Tampa Bay Lightning aren't very goth." The show's sponsor is a clothing store called "The Gloom Room," which has the slogan, "It's an orgy of the macabre... located right next to the Pizza Hut on Hibiscus Road." Another recurring theme is having guests on the show who are touted as being dark and sinister, but are revealed to have regular pedestrian lives despite the hosts' efforts. Will Ferrell also appears as Baron Nocturna in three sketches. Nocturna, whose real name is Gordy, is an employee at Cinnabon and a friend of Abyss and Nightshade. In one appearance, Nocturna was scheduled to appear on the show but was "pantsed" and thrown in their pool by Glenn and his friend (Chris Farley).

text:
Season
Episode
Host
Notes

22
April 12, 1997
Rob Lowe
Lowe appears as "The Beholder"

22
May 17, 1997
Jeff Goldblum
Goldblum appears as "Count Feedback"

23
October 25, 1997
Chris Farley

23
January 17, 1998
Sarah Michelle Gellar
Gellar appears as "Countess Cobwella"

23
April 4, 1998
Steve Buscemi
Buscemi appears as school custodian Tony "Baloney" Fontaine

24
October 17, 1998
Lucy Lawless
Lawless appears as "Baroness Blackbroom"

25
December 4, 1999
Christina Ricci
Ricci appears as "Hezabiah of the Dusk"

26
November 4, 2000
Charlize Theron
Theron appears as Marla.

text: Collette Reardon[edit]

text: A Cheri Oteri sketch. Debuted May 10, 1997. Collette Reardon was a disheveled middle-aged woman who appeared to be significantly impaired by some drug or mixture of drugs. In the first two sketches, she would show up in a pharmacy with a stack of numerous prescriptions for unbelievably large supplies and large doses of an assortment of drugs, most of which were notorious for being addictive. Some of the prescriptions would be for clearly recreational drugs, such as peyote buttons, that would not be available in a pharmacy. The pharmacist (played by the guest host of the episode) was naturally skeptical of the legitimacy of the prescriptions. Subsequently, she appeared on Weekend Update as an "expert" and in situations where her impairment was particularly inappropriate.

text: During the course of some of her appearances, it was mentioned that Ms. Reardon drove a school bus for a living.

text: Appearances:

text:
May 10, 1997: Host John Goodman as the skeptical pharmacist.
Oct. 18, 1997: Host Brendan Fraser as the pharmacist.
Nov. 14, 1998: Host Joan Allen. In this installment, Collette Reardon appears as a pharmaceutics "expert" on Weekend Update.
Apr. 10, 1999: Host John Goodman. Reardon again shares her expertise on Weekend Update.
Nov. 6, 1999: Host Dylan McDermott. Reardon is visited by a telephone repairman (McDermott) at her home.
Mar. 11, 2000: Host Joshua Jackson. Reardon embarrasses her nephew (Jackson) when she visits him at his school.


document_title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who was first evicted from celebrity big brother 2018

text: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)

text: Background

text: After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4, the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief. The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season.[7] Due to the success of the first celebrity edition, a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002. The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005, and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version. Starting with the third season, the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities. Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother.[8][9] American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom.[10]

text: An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002, along with a celebrity version of Survivor.[11] In an interview, Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2.[12] It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest.[13] Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part, but then backed out.[12] Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin-off of Big Brother called Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008, where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day, set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room.[14]

text: Julie Chen announced on September 7, 2017, during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter, before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018. CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season, and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers. The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America.[15]

text: On September 13, 2017, it was revealed by Chen that her husband, CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves, forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen. Moonves stated, "You shouldn't be expected to be paid as if it's a full series. It's a condensed version."[16]

text: Production

text: The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother. Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions.[2] On December 1, 2017, CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7, 2018 and wrap on February 25, 2018.[17]

text: Series changes

text: Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother, with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months.[16][18] Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show.[19][20] Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat and stating "Wait, hang on, I’m going to slash your throat. Would you get mad if I killed you now?" there has been an alcohol restriction in the house.[21][22] The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests.[23][24] For the celebrity version of America's Favorite HouseGuest the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably.[25][26] For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series, five players were featured in the season's finale night versus the usual three.[27]

text: Broadcasts

text: The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season. CBS decided to schedule the spin-off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics.[15] Episodes aired on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday, February 8 and Saturday, February 24. All episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8:00-9:00 p.m. EST; the Friday episodes and the season finale, however, ran for two hours each (from 8:00-10:00 p.m. EST).[28] The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access.[15][12] Alongside the weekly shows on CBS, the companion series Big Brother: After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother: After Dark. The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House.[15][29]

text: International broadcasts

text: The series was screened in Canada on Global in simulcast with CBS.[30]

text: The celebrity series is also the first American Big Brother season to be screened in Australia. [31]. The program aired on the Nine Network’s secondary channel; 9Go! from the 11th of February and air 5 times a week (Sundays to Thursdays) with Sunday and Thursday episodes set to air at 8:30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9:30pm.[32] Additionally, episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine’s streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show.[33] However, low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go![34]

text: Prize

text: The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000.[35]

text: HouseGuests

text: The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28, 2018.[36][37][38]

text:
Name
Age
Notoriety
Residence[39]

Ariadna Gutiérrez
24
Miss Colombia 2014, runner-up in Miss Universe 2015
Miami, Florida

Brandi Glanville
45
Former The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star[a]
Los Angeles, California

Chuck Liddell
48
Mixed martial artist, UFC Hall of Famer
Calabasas, California

James Maslow
27
Big Time Rush singer and actor
Venice, California

Keshia Knight Pulliam
38
Former The Cosby Show actress
Atlanta, Georgia

Marissa Jaret Winokur
45
Broadway actress
Toluca Lake, California

Mark McGrath
49
Singer and television host
Studio City, California

Metta World Peace
38
Former NBA player
Los Angeles, California

Omarosa Manigault
44
Reality television star and former White House political aide
Jacksonville, Florida

Ross Mathews
38
Television host
Palm Springs, California

Shannon Elizabeth
44
Actress
Cape Town, South Africa

text: Jump up ^ Brandi Glanville previously participated on the twentieth season of Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom, where she finished in 11th place.[40]

tag: ol

text: Episodes

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Timeline
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)
Rating/share (18-49)

Week 1

1
1
"Episode 1"
Day 1
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
7.27[46]
1.8/7[46]

The eleven celebrities enter the new Celebrity Big Brother House after being sequestered from the public for a week. Prior to the first Head of Household competition Julie Chen informed the HouseGuests she was holding an envelope with a random number inside, all HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number between 1 through 11 and the HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity for the week.[41] Omarosa was standing on the number five which was the winning number and was safe from being nominated for eviction this week.[42]

Head of Household competition: (Award Squeezin’) The HouseGuests are tasked with holding onto a life size spinning trophy elevated in the air without letting go or falling off for as long as possible. The last HouseGuest holding onto their trophy after everyone else was eliminated would win the challenge and become the first Celebrity Head of Household.[43]

During the competition several past Big Brother HouseGuests perform a Broadway-style musical number where Marissa is the first to fall off her trophy.[44] James and Shannon become the last two in the competition after everyone else drops. Shannon wins the Head of Household competition after James falls off his trophy. Julie instructs the HouseGuests to grab a "celebrity gift bag" before going back inside the House and not to open them. She also informs them that one bag contains a special power allowing the holder to "recast" the role of Head of Household with someone else.[45]

2
2
"Episode 2"
Days 2-5
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
5.49[49]
1.4/5[49]

When the producers inform the HouseGuests that it's time to choose who wants to open their bags, a small standoff occurs. However when Chuck is the first one to enter the Diary Room to say he wants to open his bag most of the women do too. Because more than one person wished to open their bag the Head of Household performed a random draw to decide who would open their bag. At them nomination ceremony Keshia was the winner and immediately opened her bag. She became the new HoH and immediately assumed HoH duties.[47] She nominated Chuck and James for eviction.[48]

3
3
"Episode 3"
Days 6-10
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
4.34[50]
1.0/4[50]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests competed in the Power of Veto ceremony. The competitors were the HoH, the two nominees, Ariadna, Shannon and Mark.

Power of Veto: ("The Four Sneezons Spiritual Spa") In this competition HouseGuests had to search for letters and take them back to their spelling station. Once the HouseGuest is satisfied with their word they must lock in their time. The HouseGuest that spelled the longest word correctly in the shortest amount of time will win the Power of Veto. Shannon was the winner. Shannon chose not to use the Power of Veto

On Day 10 by a vote of 7-1 with Omarosa voting to evict James, Chuck was the first one evicted from the house.

Week 2

4
4
"Episode 4"
Day 11
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)
4.79[51]
1.2/5[51]

Following the eviction the HouseGuests compete in the next Head of Household competition.

Head of Household: ("Celebrity Bowlerina") The HouseGuests compete head to head in a bowling competition. The competing players must spin around twelve times to lower the barricade located on their bowling lane. Once lowered the HouseGuests has twelve seconds to bowl down the four pins in their lane before the barricade raises again. The first HouseGuest to bowl down all pins in their lane wins the round. Ross was the winner and became the new Head of Household.

During the competition Omarosa had a asthma attack and was hospitalized. The next day HouseGuests were informed of her hospitalization and it was announced that she would be returning to the house prior to the nomination ceremony. Following her return to the house on Day 11, Ross nominated Keshia and Omarosa for eviction.

5
5
"Episode 5"
Days 11-13
February 12, 2018 (2018-02-12)
5.16[52]
1.3/5[52]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a live veto competition, live veto ceremony and live eviction.

Power of Veto: ("Now You See It")The HouseGuests will see a billboard containing an advertisement for a new cruise line. The answer will either be either "More", "Exactly", or "Less". The first HouseGuest to buzz in with the correct answer will win the round and choose the next two competitors to face off. The one to guess wrong or not answer at all will be eliminated. The last remaining HouseGuest will win the competition. Marissa was the winner and chose not to use the Power of Veto.

On Day 13 by a unanimous vote of 7-0 Keshia was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second jury member.

6
6
"Episode 6"
Days 13-14
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
5.21[53]
1.3/5[53]

Following the eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition

Head of Household: ("Get Your Putt Into Gear") The HouseGuests take turns playing rounds of golf. The HouseGuest who scores three holes-in-ones in the shortest amount of time wins Head of Household. Ariadna was the winner with a time of two minutes and eighteen seconds.

On Day 14 Ariadna nominated James and Shannon for eviction.

7
7
"Episode 7"
Days 14-17
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
4.38[54]
1.0/4[54]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in the Power of Veto ceremony the competitors were the HoH, the two nominees, Ross, Omarosa, and Brandi

Power of Veto: ("Dining in the Dark") The competing HouseGuests must enter a dark room and find their seat. Once they find their seat eat the first course of their meal. Following that they must move on to the next room and find the next seat for that course. Once all four courses have been found they must turn on the lights. The HouseGuest that moves through all four rooms and turns on their lights the fastest will win the Power of Veto. James was the winner with a time of six minutes and twenty-four seconds. James received the Power of Veto and used it to remove himself from the block.

On Day 16, Ariadna named Mark as a replacement nominee. On Day 17, by a vote of 5-1, Shannon was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury.

Head of Household: ("Courtside Seats")1 The celebrities must hold on and sit in their seat as long as possible. The last HouseGuest sitting in their seat will become the next Head of Household. The first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats will be on a slop only diet for two days.

Week 3

8
8
"Episode 8"
Days 17-18
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
4.91[55]
1.2/5[55]

Head of Household: ("Courtside Seats")1 For being the first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats, Metta, Ross, and Mark were put on a slop-only diet for 48 hours, which began after the competition. Omarosa won after more than an hour and a half.

On Day 18 Omarosa nominated Ross and Brandi for eviction.

9
9
"Episode 9"
Days 18-20
February 19, 2018 (2018-02-19)
5.11[56]
1.2/5[56]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a special Power of Veto competition. For this Power of Veto America was allowed to vote between the Diamond Veto, Spotlight Veto, and the VIP Veto. America voted for the VIP Veto which allows the winner to use the veto once, twice, or not at all. If the winning HouseGuest chooses to use the Power of Veto to save one of the nominees they are also able to save the replacement nominee or the other nominee if they choose. The competitors in the competition were Brandi, Mark, Marissa, Metta, Omarosa, and Ross.

VIP Power of Veto: ("Invitation Only") When the competition starts the HouseGuests must race to grab their puzzle pieces. Once they have pieces they must race to the other end and begin to put the puzzle together. The first HouseGuest to successfully build their puzzle and press their button will win the VIP Power of Veto. The winner was Ross.

On Day 20 Ross used the VIP Veto to remove himself from the block. Omarosa then named Metta as the replacement nominee and Ross chose not to use the veto a second time. On Day 20 by a unanimous vote of 5-0, Metta was evicted from the house and became the fourth member of the jury.

10
10
"Episode 10"
Days 20-21
February 21, 2018 (2018-02-21)
5.54[57]
1.4/5[57]

Following Metta's eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition

Head of Household: ("Red Carpet Ride") In this competition when the horn begins the HouseGuests must try to get across their red carpet without touching the ground. If they touch the ground they must go back to the beginning and start over. When they reach the other side they must lock in their time. Throughout the round the carpets tighten and loosen to make the carpets easier and harder to cross. The HouseGuests competed in two rounds of three. The three HouseGuests with the three fastest times competed against each other in the final round. Brandi, James, and Mark competed in the final round. Mark was the winner and became the next Head of Household.

Mark nominated Brandi and Ariadna for eviction.

11
11
"Episode 11"
Days 21-24
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
4.60[58]
1.1/4[58]

Following the HoH competition the HouseGuests competed in the next Power of Veto competition.

Power of Veto: ("BB Celebrity Toy Factory") When the competition starts the celebrity competing must hit their buzzer to reveal an action figure. Once the action figure appears they must figure out who's mouth, eyes, and nose are on the action figure. When they think they have correctly matched the three they must hit their buzzer. If it is incorrect they must correct themselves or if it is correct they move onto the next action figure. Once the HouseGuest has four action figures figured out they must lock in their time. The HouseGuest who figures out all four action figures in the fastest amount of time wins the next Power of Veto. Ariadna was the winner with a time of 9 minutes and 10 seconds. Ariadna used the veto to remove herself from the block.

Mark named Marissa as the replacement nominee. Following the Power of Veto ceremony Julie informed the HouseGuests of the double eviction. On Day 24 by a vote of 3-1 Brandi was evicted from the house and became the fifth member of the jury. Following Brandi eviction the HouseGuests participated in the next Head of Household competition.

Head of Household: ("BB Auction") Julie will ask the competitors a question based on the BB Works of Arts viewed earlier that day. The answer is either true or false. If the correct answer is chosen they will receive a point. The HouseGuest with the most point at the end of 7 questions will be the next Head of Household. A tiebreaker was held between James and Omarosa. The answer this time was a number. The HouseGuest who got closest to the number without going over will win. If both HouseGuests went over the one closest will win. Omarosa was the winner and became the next HoH.

Omarosa nominated Marissa and Ross for eviction. Due to there only being six HouseGuests all HouseGuests were able to compete in the Power of Veto competition.

Power of Veto: ("Art-Rageous") The HouseGuests must enter the Big Brother house and look at the four paintings in the kitchen. They must then compare them to the other paintings in the house and figure out which paintings is an exact replica of one in the kitchen. When the HouseGuest thinks they have figured it out the must race back to the yard and lock in their guess. If incorrect they are out of the competition. Ross was the winner and received the Power of Veto. Ross used the veto to remove himself from the block.

Omarosa named James as the replacement nominee. On Day 24 by a vote of 2-1 James was evicted from the house and became the sixth member of the jury.

Week 4

12
12
"Episode 12"
Days 24-252; Various2
February 24, 2018 (2018-02-24)
3.54[59]
0.9/4[59]

Following James' eviction from the house the final five HouseGuests had time to think back on their time in the Big Brother house.

Head of Household: ("Rocky Mountain Fly")3 HouseGuests must step onto their ski's and hold on. The ski's will "fly" into the air and the HouseGuests must hold on as long as possible. If a HouseGuest falls off of their ski's they will be eliminated. The last HouseGuest standing will become the next to last Head of Household of the season.

13
13
"Episode 13"
Days 25-26
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
5.21[60]
1.4/5[60]

Head of Household: ("Rocky Mountain Fly")3 Marissa was the first to fall followed by Ariadna, and then Mark. Ross was the last one standing and became the next Head of Household.

Following the HoH competition Ross nominated Ariadna and Omarosa for eviction.

Power of Veto: ("Get Your Story Straight") When the timer starts the competing HouseGuest must look at the supersized laptop. There are eight stories on the laptop however they are missing days. The HouseGuest must climb on the laptop and transport the day tiles from the search bar to match the correct event on the website. When they finish they must lock in their time by hitting the enter button on the laptop. The HouseGuest with the fastest time and most days correct will win the Power of Veto. Marissa and Ross tied with a total of 8 correct however because Ross finished faster with a time of five minutes and twenty-one seconds he was awarded the final Power of Veto of the season.

Ross chose not to use the veto effectively keeping his nominations the same. On Day 26 by a unanimous vote of 2-0 Omarosa was evicted from the house becoming the seventh member of the jury.

Head of Household: ("Hash It Out") In this competition Julie will read tweets from evicted HouseGuests over their time in the house, one of the tweets will be an incorrect statement. The competing HouseGuests must figure out who tweeted the incorrect statement. Each time the HouseGuests guess correctly the will get a point. The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds will win the final Head of Household of the season. Mark, Marissa, and Ross tied. In the tiebraker the Julie asked the HouseGuests a question. The answer was a number. The HouseGuest who got closest without going over became the next Head of Household. If everyone went over the one closest HouseGuest will become the next Head of Household. Marissa was the winner and became the final Head of Household of the season.

On Day 26 Marissa chose to take Ross to the final two evicting Ariadna and Mark who became the eighth, ninth, and final two members of the jury. Following this, the jurors had a chance to ask questions to the final two. The Jury then voted one by one on who they think should win the game. Marissa became the first winner of Celebrity Big Brother receiving $250,000 making Ross the runner-up who received $50,000. Ross was later named America's Favorite HouseGuest and received an additional $25,000.

text: Notes

text:
^Note 1 This Head of Household competition began in Episode 7 on Day 17. However, completion was not broadcast on television until episode 8.
^Note 2 In episode 12 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game. The current day in the house was 24 however flashbacks featured content from Days 1-25.
^Note 3 This Head of Household competition began in episode 12 on Day 25. However, completion was not broadcast on television until episode 13.

text: Voting history

text:
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4

Day 11
Day 14
Day 18
Day 21
Day 24
Day 25
Day 26
Finale

Head of
Household
Shannon
Keshia
Ross
Ariadna
Omarosa
Mark
Omarosa
Ross
Marissa
(none)

Nominations
(pre-veto)
Chuck
James
Keshia
Omarosa
James
Shannon
Brandi
Ross
Ariadna
Brandi
Marissa
Ross
Ariadna
Omarosa
Ariadna
Mark
Ross

Veto Winner
Shannon
Marissa
James
Ross
Ariadna
Ross
Ross
(none)

Nominations
(post-veto)
Chuck
James
Keshia
Omarosa
Mark
Shannon
Brandi
Metta
Brandi
Marissa
James
Marissa
Ariadna
Omarosa

Marissa
Chuck
Keshia
Shannon
Metta
Nominated
Nominated
Omarosa
Ariadna
Mark
Winner
(Day 26)

Ross
Chuck
Head of
Household
Shannon
Metta
Brandi
James
Head of
Household
Nominated
Runner-up
(Day 26)

Mark
Chuck
Keshia
Nominated
Metta
Head of
Household
Marissa
Omarosa
Evicted
(Day 26)
Ross

Ariadna
Chuck
Keshia
Head of
Household
Metta
Marissa
James
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 26)
Marissa

Omarosa
James
Nominated
Shannon
Head of
Household
Brandi
Head of
Household
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 26)
Marissa

James
Nominated
Keshia
Shannon
Metta
Brandi
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 24)
Marissa

Brandi
Chuck
Keshia
Mark
Nominated
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 24)
Ross

Metta
Chuck
Keshia
Shannon
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 20)
Ross

Shannon
Chuck
Keshia
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 17)
Marissa

Keshia
Head of
Household
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 13)
Marissa

Chuck
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 10)
Marissa

Notes
1, 2
none
3, 4
none
5
none
6
7

Evicted
Chuck
7 of 8 votes
to evict
Keshia
7 of 7 votes
to evict
Shannon
5 of 6 votes
to evict
Metta
5 of 5 votes
to evict
Brandi
3 of 4 votes
to evict
James
2 of 3 votes
to evict
Omarosa
2 of 2 votes
to evict
Ariadna
Marissa's choice
to evict
Ross
3 votes
to win

Mark
Marissa's choice
to evict
Marissa
6 votes
to win

text: Notes

text:
^Note 1 :      Before the first HoH competition, the HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number. The HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity that week. Omarosa was the winner and was immune from nominations for the week. Since she was immune, she became ineligible to compete in the HoH competition.
^Note 2 :      Due to the Gift Bag twist, Keshia opened her bag to reveal she had the "Recast” Power, dethroning Shannon, who then became immune from nominations for the round.
^Note 3 : Mark, Metta, and Ross were the first three HouseGuests to fall in the HoH competition and were therefore put on slop for 48 hours.
^Note 4 :      Viewers were able to choose which veto would be played for this eviction. The Diamond Veto allows the winner to save a nominee and choose their replacement. The VIP Veto gives the winner the option to use the veto once, twice, or not at all; if the winner chooses to use it they are able to save one of the nominees and then save the replacement nominee if the veto winner wishes to. The Spotlight Veto forces the winner to use the veto to save one of the nominees.[61] America chose the VIP Veto.
^Note 5 : There was a double eviction on Day 24. Following the first eviction, the remaining HouseGuests played a round worth of games — including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination, Veto and Eviction ceremonies—during the remainder of the live show, culminating in a second eviction for the night.
^Note 6 : All four remaining houseguests competed in the final Head of Household competition. Marissa won the final HoH competition and chose to evict Mark and then Ariadna, who were officially announced as 9th and 8th jurors, respectively.
^Note 7 : During the finale, the jury members voted for which finalist should win Celebrity Big Brother.

text: Reception

text: Viewing figures

text:
#
Air Date
United States
Source

18–49
(rating/share)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)

1
Wednesday, February 7, 2018
1.8/7
7.27
1
1
[46]

2
Thursday, February 8, 2018
1.4/5
5.49
3
4
[62]

3
Friday, February 9, 2018
1.0/4
4.34
2
2
[50]

4
Sunday, February 11, 2018
1.2/5
4.79
1
4
[63]

5
Monday, February 12, 2018
1.3/5
5.16
3
3
[64]

6
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
1.3/5
5.21
2
2
[65]

7
Friday, February 16, 2018
1.0/4
4.38
2
2
[66]

8
Sunday, February 18, 2018
1.2/5
4.91
1
2
[67]

9
Monday, February 19, 2018
1.2/5
5.11
3
3
[68]

10
Wednesday, February 21, 2018
1.4/5
5.54
2
2
[69]

11
Friday, February 23, 2018
1.1/5
4.64
2
2
[70]

12
Saturday, February 24, 2018
0.9/4
3.54
1
3
[71]

13
Sunday, February 25, 2018
1.4/5
5.21
2
2
[72]