document_title: Nonprofit organization

question_text: source of income for non profit making organisation

question_tokens: source of income for non profit making organisation

text: Nonprofit organization

text: Examples of Nonprofit Organizations[edit]

text:
American Red Cross
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Make-A-Wish Foundation
Ronald McDonald House Charities
United Way of America
Humane Society of the United States
Habitat for Humanity
American Cancer Society
Doctors Without Borders

text: Statistics about Non-Profits in the United States[edit]

text: According to the National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million non-profit organizations registered in the United States, including public charities, private foundations, and other non-profit organizations. Contributions to different charities reached $358.38 billion in 2014, which was an increase of 7.1% from the 2013 estimates. Out of these contributions, Religious organizations received 32%, educational institutions received 15%, and human service organizations received 12%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over the age of 16 volunteered for a non-profit [3]

text: How Nonprofits Raise Money[edit]

text: Non-profits are not driven by generating profit, but they must produce enough income to pursue their social duties. Non-profits are able to raise money in four different ways. This includes income from donations from private donors or organizations, government funding, income from their sales or services, and income from investments. [4] Each NPO is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPO’s within the last decade, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, NPO’s become efficient in one of the four ways to gain revenue. Trying to use multiple forms of creating revenue can increase an NPO’s costs and they can lose money.

text: Challenges[edit]

text: NPO's challenges primarily stem from lack of funding. Funding can either come from within the organization, fundraising, donations, or from the federal government. When cutbacks are made from the federal government, the organization suffers from devolution. This term describes when there is a shift of responsibility from a central government to a local, subnational authority. The shift is due to the loss of funds; therefore, resulting in changes of responsibilities in running programs. Because of this frequent challenge, management must be innovative and effective in the pursuit of success.

text: Nonprofit VS. Not-for-Profit[edit]

text: Nonprofit and non-for-profit are terms that are used similarly, but do not mean the same thing. Both are organizations that do not make a profit, but may receive an income to sustain their missions. The income that nonprofit and not-for-profit organizations generate is used differently. Nonprofit organizations return their income back to the organization if they generate extra income. Not-for-profits use their excess money to pay their members who do work for them. Another difference between nonprofit organizations and not-for-profit organizations is their membership. Nonprofits have volunteers or employees who do not receive any money from the organizations fundraising efforts. They may earn a salary for their work that is independent from the money the organization has fundraised. Not-for-profit members have the opportunity to benefit from the organizations fundraising efforts. Both nonprofits and not-for-profits are tax exempt under the IRS publication 557. Although they are both tax exempt, each organization faces different tax code requirements. A nonprofit is tax exempt under 501(c)(3) requirements if it is either a religious, charitable, or educational based organization. Not-for-profits are tax exempt under 501(c)(7) requirements if they are an organization for pleasure, recreation or another non-profit purpose.[5]

text: Non-profits are either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving nonprofit organizations create a benefit for the member's of their organization and can include but are not limited to credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Community-serving nonprofit organizations focus on providing services to the community either globally or locally. Community-serving nonprofits include organizations that deliver aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving.

text: How Non-Profits are Run[edit]

text: A common assumption of non-profits is that they are run completely by volunteers. This is not the case. Most non-profits have staff that work for the company, with many then bringing in volunteers to do the work led by the staff. The money to pay staff comes from the state law that allows nonprofits to pay reasonable salaries to their employees. NPO’s must be careful that their staff are not making too much money. If that is the case, the IRS has the right to penalize the non-profit. [6]

text: The extent to which a nonprofit organization is considered business-like, for example in how they manage their resources and accomplish their missions, is something nonprofits have to balance. Although the goal of non-profits isn’t to make a profit, they still have to operate as a business. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional, financially responsible, replace self-interest and profit motive with mission motive, and have the ability to speak both languages of the nonprofit, which is the business language and the nonprofit language[7]. The business language provides the ability to work with money, such as applying for grants, which is crucial for non profits. While the nonprofit language provides the ability to speak to the community. Non profits needs to balance these both out to have a successful organization.

text: Functions[edit]

text: NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:

text:
Management provisions
Accountability and auditing provisions
Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
Tax status of the founders.

text: Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the USA at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.

text: While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.

text: In many aspects, they are similar to corporate business entities though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe the organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.

text: Formation and structure[edit]

text: In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws or articles of incorporation or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.

text: Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a trust or association of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the board of directors, board of governors or board of trustees. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.

text: The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'; examples of such organizations are FairVote[8][9] and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.[10] The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making.[11] Accordingly, many organizations, such as the Wikimedia Foundation,[12] have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse.[13][14] A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements.[15] A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.

text: Tax exemption[edit]

text: In many countries, nonprofits may apply for tax exempt status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code. Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while applying for tax-exempt designation (such as 501(c)(3), the charitable tax-exemption) is granted by the federal government in the form of the IRS. ... This mean that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt.[16] NPOs use the model of a double bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability.[17][18]

text: By jurisdiction[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, nonprofit organizations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions, and research institutes.[19] A nonprofit organization in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organization: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976).[20] From an academic perspective, social enterprise is, for the most part, considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good. However, these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure, and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

text: In Australia, nonprofit organizations are primarily established in one of three ways: companies limited by guarantee, trusts, and incorporated associations. However, the incorporated association form is typically used by organizations intending to operate only within one Australian state jurisdiction. Nonprofit organizations seeking to establish a presence across Australia typically consider incorporating as a company or as a trust.[21]

text: Belgium[edit]

text: By Belgian law, there are several kinds of nonprofit organization:

text:
Vereniging zonder winstoogmerk (Dutch, abbreviated vzw), Vereinigung ohne Gewinnerzielungsabsicht (German) or Association sans but lucratif (French, abbreviated asbl).
Internationale vereniging zonder winstoogmerk (Dutch, often abbreviated ivzw) or Association internationale sans but lucratif (French, often abbreviated aisbl) for international nonprofit organizations.
Stichting van openbaar nut (Dutch, abbreviated son) or Fondation d’utilités publique (French, abbreviated fup).

text: These three kinds of nonprofit organization are in contrast to a fourth:

text: Feitelijke vereniging (Dutch) or Association de fait (French), an informal organization, often started for a short-term project, or managed alongside another NPO that does not have any status in law so cannot purchase property etc.(association sans personnalité morale).

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canada allows nonprofit organizations to be incorporated or unincorporated. They may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act, or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations, particularly with regards to corporate governance.[citation needed] Federal, and in some provinces (including Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do bylaw changes. Other provinces (including Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

text: During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II – the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011, and the act was current until 4 March 2013.[22] It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

text: Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments, and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

text:
The relief of poverty
The advancement of education
The advancement of religion, or
Certain other purposes that benefit the community in a way the courts have said is charitable[23]

text: Charities are not permitted to engage in partisan political activity; doing so may result in the revocation of charitable status. However, a charity can carry out a small number of political activities that are non-partisan, help further the charities' purposes, and subordinate to the charity's charitable purposes.[24]

text: France[edit]

text: In France, nonprofits are called associations. They are based on a law enacted 1 July 1901. As a consequence, the nonprofits are also called association loi 1901.

text: A nonprofit can be created by two people to accomplish a common goal. The association can have industrial or commercial activities or both, but the members cannot make any profit from the activities. Thereby, worker's unions and political parties can be organized from this law.

text: In 2008, the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) counted more than a million of these associations in the country, and about 16 million people older than 16 are members of a nonprofit in France (a third or the population over 16 years old). The nonprofits employ 1.6 million people, and 8 million are volunteers for them.[25]

text: This law is also relevant in many former French colonies, particularly in Africa.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Hong Kong Company Registry provides a memorandum of procedure for applying to Registrar of Companies for a Licence under Section 21 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32) for a limited company for the purpose of promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity, or any other useful object.[26][27]

text: India[edit]

text: In India, non-governmental organizations (NGO) are the most common type of societal institutions that do not have commercial interests. However, they are not the only category of non-commercial organizations that can gain official recognition. For example, memorial trusts, which honor renowned individuals through social work, may not be considered as NGOs.[28]

text: They can be registered in four ways:

text:
Trust
Society
Section-25 company (Section 8 as per the new Companies Act, 2013)
Special licensing
Schools
Sports.

text: Registration can be with either the Registrar of Companies (RoC) or the Registrar of Societies (RoS).

text: The following laws or Constitutional Articles of the Republic of India are relevant to the NGOs:

text:
Articles 19(1)(c) and 30 of the Constitution of India
Income Tax Act, 1961
Public Trusts Acts of various states
Societies Registration Act, 1860
Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956 (Section 8 as per the new Companies Act, 2013)
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976.

text: Republic of Ireland[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2016)

text: The Irish Nonprofits Database was created by Irish Nonprofits Knowledge Exchange (INKEx) to act as a repository for regulatory and voluntarily disclosed information about Irish public-benefit nonprofits. The database lists more than 10,000 nonprofit organizations in Ireland.In 2012 INKEx ceased to operate due to lack of funding.[29]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, an NPO is any citizen's group that serves the public interest and does not produce a profit for its members. NPOs are given corporate status to assist them in conducting business transactions. As at February 2011, there were 41,600 NPOs in Japan. Two hundred NPOs were given tax-deductible status by the government, which meant that only contributions to those organizations were tax deductible for the contributors.[30]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, nonprofit organizations usually are established as incorporated societies or charitable trusts. An incorporated society requires a membership of at least 15 people.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Russian law contains many legal forms of non-commercial organization (NCO), resulting in a complex, often contradictory, and limiting regulatory framework.[31] The primary requirements are that NCOs, whatever their type, do not have the generation of profit as their main objective and do not distribute any such profit among their participants (Article 50(1), Civil Code). Most commonly there are five forms of NCO:

text:
Public associations – A public association is the form most comparable to an 'association' as used in international parlance. A public association is a membership-based organization of individuals who associate on the basis of common interests and goals stipulated in the organization's charter.
Foundations – Foundations are property-based, non-membership organizations created by individuals or legal persons (or both) to pursue social, charitable, cultural, educational, or other public benefit goals.
Institutions – The institution (uchrezhdeniye) is a form that exists in Russia and several other countries of the former Soviet Union. Like foundations, institutions do not have members. Unlike foundations, however, institutions do not acquire property rights in the property conveyed to them (Article 120, Civil Code, and Article 20, NCO Law). Moreover, the founders are liable for any obligations of the institution that it cannot meet on its own.
Non-commercial partnerships – A non-commercial partnership (NP) (Article 8, NCO Law) is a membership organization pursuing activities for the mutual benefit of members. Therefore, assets that have been transferred to an NP as donations can be used for purposes other than those having public benefit.
Autonomous non-commercial organizations – An autonomous non-commercial organization (ANO) (Article 10, NCO Law) is a non-membership organization undertaking services in the field of education, social policy, culture, etc., which in practice often generates income by providing its services for a fee.[32]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, certain types of charity may issue a tax certificate when requested, which donors can use to apply for a tax deduction. Charities/NGOs may be established as voluntary associations, trusts or nonprofit companies (NPCs). Voluntary associations are established by agreement under the common law, and trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court.

text: Non-profit companies (NPCs) are registered by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission.[33] All of these may voluntarily register with The Directorate for Nonprofit Organisations and may apply for tax-exempt status to the South African Revenue Service (SARS).

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: In Ukraine, nonprofit organizations include non governmental organizations, cooperatives (inc. housing cooperative), charitable organizations, religious organizations, political parties, commodities exchange (it is strange, but in Ukraine commodities exchange can't be organized for profit) and more. Nonprofit organization shall obtain of non-profit status from tax authority. State fiscal service is the main registration authority for non-profit status.[34]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: Update needed: As of 2011, the UK law now allows additional charity types known as Charitable Incorporated Organizations (January 2014)

text: In the UK, many nonprofit companies are incorporated as a company limited by guarantee. This means that the company does not have shares or shareholders, but it has the benefits of corporate status. This includes limited liability for its members and being able to enter into contracts and purchase property in its own name. The profits of the company (also referred to as the trading surplus) must be invested in achieving these goals and not distributed to the company's members.[35]

text: Since the Companies Act 2006, nonprofit companies may be formed as a Community Interest Company (CIC). These are forms of company limited by guarantee or company limited by shares but with special conditions and are intended specifically to ensure that the profits and assets of the company are used for the public good, even when managed for (limited) profit.[36]

text: A charity is a nonprofit organization that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission.[37] In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations that are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations and are not regarded as 'charities' in the technical sense.

text: United States[edit]

text: After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax-exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organization. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax-exempt status for income-tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose.[38] Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in the loss of tax-exempt status.

text: Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications, and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax-exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal levels. A tax-exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be available for public scrutiny. An example of a nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

text: Governance[edit]

text: The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these 'board-only' organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors' nominations.[39] Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks 'members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?'

text: Accreditation[edit]

text: A nonprofit organization in the United States can receive an accreditation by undergoing a third-party review from the Standards for Excellence Institute to ensure efficient use of resources.

text: Problems[edit]

text: Founder's syndrome[edit]

text: Founder's syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy.[40]

text: Resource mismanagement[edit]

text: Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated.[41] Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.[42][43][44] A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its expense ratio (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).

text: Competition for talent[edit]

text: Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers,[45] and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority,[46] which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.[47]

text: Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.[48]

text: It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector[49] and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work.[46] NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer a low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.[50]

text: Online presence[edit]

text: Many NPOs often use the .org or .us (or the CCTLD of their respective country) or .edu top-level domain (TLD) when selecting a domain name to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use the .com space.

text: In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for 'organizations that didn't fit anywhere else' in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status; however, it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums and .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.

text: Alternative names[edit]

text: Instead of being defined by 'non' words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term 'civil society organization' (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the Center for the Study of Global Governance.[51] The term 'citizen sector organization' (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including Ashoka: Innovators for the Public.[52] Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.[53]

text: In some Spanish-language jurisdictions, nonprofit organizations are called "civil associations".[citation needed]


document_title: Battles of Saratoga

question_text: who joined america after the battle of saratoga

root

text: Battles of Saratoga

text: Background

text: The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two-year point, and the British changed their plans. They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies. The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three-way pincer movement in 1777.[10] The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York, following the Mohawk River,[11] and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City.[12] The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal, and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany, New York, severing New England from the other colonies.[13]

tag: p

text: British situation

text: British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley. His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga.[13] Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July, but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward. One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington.[14] Furthermore, news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix.[15]

text: General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne.[16] Most of Burgoyne's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington, and his situation was becoming difficult.[17] He needed to reach defensible winter quarters, requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany, and he decided to advance. He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga, and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position.[18] He ordered Baron Riedesel, who commanded the rear of the army, to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south, and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15.[19]

text: American situation

text: The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne's capture of Ticonderoga early in July, under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler, and was encamped south of Stillwater, New York. On August 19, Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler, whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat.[20] Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other; they had previously argued over command issues in the army's Northern Department.[21] The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors, the success at Bennington, and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea, the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne's army by Indians under Burgoyne's command.[22]

text: General George Washington's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates' army. Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe. He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving, and he took some risks in July. He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Major General Benjamin Lincoln, a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia.[23] He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates' army in August, before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south. He also sent some of the best forces from his own army: Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps, which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, chosen for their sharpshooting ability.[24] This unit came to be known as Morgan's Riflemen.

text: On September 7, Gates ordered his army to march north. A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights, just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles (16 km) south of Saratoga; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko. The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany, where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River. To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army.[25]

text: First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19)

text: Prelude

text: Moving cautiously, since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position, Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson.[26] On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga, about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the American defensive line, and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army.[27]

text: The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold's return from Fort Stanwix. While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos, Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff, dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two.[28] These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19, but the day's events contributed to the situation. Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold, and assumed command himself of the right, which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln, whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne's army.[29]

text: Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left, and the need to control the heights there. After the morning fog lifted around 10 am, Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns. Baron Riedesel led the left column, consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot, on the river road, bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river. General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column, consisting of the 9th, 20th, 21st, and 62nd regiments, which would attack the heights, and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies, to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights.[30]

text: Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely, and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements, where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage.[31] Gates, whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault, grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan's men and Henry Dearborn's light infantry.[32] When Morgan's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman, they spotted British advance troops in the field. Fraser's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field, while Hamilton's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain. Riedesel's force, while it was on the road, was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans. The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction. The troops Morgan's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton's column.[33]

text: Battle

text: Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions, who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company. Morgan and his men then charged, unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne's main army. While they succeeded in driving back the advance company, Fraser's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan's left, scattering his men back into the woods.[34] James Wilkinson, who had ridden forward to observe the fire, returned to the American camp for reinforcements. As the British company fell back toward the main column, the leading edge of that column opened fire, killing a number of their own men.[35]

text: There was then a lull in the fighting around 1:00 pm as Hamilton's men began to form up on the north side of the field, and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south. Learning that Morgan was in trouble, Gates ordered out two more regiments (1st and 3rd New Hampshire) to support him,[36] with additional regiments (2nd New York, 4th New York, the 1st Canadian, and Connecticut militia) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow.[37] Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton's men with the 21st on the right, the 20th on the left, and the 62nd in the center, with the 9th held in reserve.[38]

text: The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action. Morgan's men had regrouped in the woods, and picked off officers and artillerymen. They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces, only to lose them in the next British charge. At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter; it was instead one of Burgoyne's aides, riding a richly dressed horse, who was the victim. The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point, and only the intervention of General Phillips, leading the 20th, made it possible for the 62nd to reform.[39] In Roger Lamb's memoir, (a British soldier present at the battle), he wrote ''In this battle an unusual number of officers fell, as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time, who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution, were attracted to the profession of arms. Three sulbalterns (officers) of the 20th regiment on this occasion, the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years, were buried together''[40]

text: The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British. Around 3 pm, Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions. He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train, but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank. In a calculated risk, Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column. Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right,[41] and Fraser's force threatened to turn the American left flank. In response to the latter threat, Arnold requested more forces, and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned's brigade (2nd, 8th and 9th Massachusetts). (If Arnold had been on the field, these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel's force.)[42] Fortunately for the American right, darkness set in, bringing an end to the battle. The Americans retreated back to their defenses, leaving the British on the field.[7]

text: Burgoyne had gained the field of battle, but suffered nearly 600 casualties. Most of these were to Hamilton's center column, where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company, and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded.[43] American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded.[44]

text: It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field, directing some of the action. However, John Luzader, a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park, carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials, and that Arnold remained at Gates' headquarters, receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers.[45][46] Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin, however, disagrees with Luzader, arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates.[47]

text: Interlude

text:
… an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ...

Burgoyne to Clinton, September 23, 1777[48]

tag: div

text: Burgoyne's council discussed whether to attack the next day, and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day, to September 21. The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead. The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton, who was commanding the British garrison in New York City. Clinton suggested that he could "make a push at [Fort] Montgomery in about ten days." (Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River, in the New York Highlands south of West Point). If Clinton left New York on September 22, "about ten days" after he wrote the letter, he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month. Burgoyne, running low on men and food, was still in a very difficult position, but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army.[49] Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23, requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates' army away.[48] Clinton sailed from New York on October 3, and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6.[50] The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont, where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16.[51]

text: Unknown to either side at Saratoga, General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga. Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September.[52] Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George, and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort. These men, and some of the prisoners they freed along the way, were back in the American camp by September 29.[53][54]

text: In the American camp, the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility. Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York, but he failed to mention Arnold at all. The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success. Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent. Arnold protested, and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln. Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington's command, which Gates granted, but instead of leaving he remained in his tent.[55] There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp.[56]

text: During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies. Morgan's sharpshooters, familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare, constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank.[57]

text: As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne, who put the army on short rations on October 3.[58] The next day, Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed, but no conclusive decisions were made. When the council resumed the next day, Riedesel proposed retreat, in which he was supported by Fraser. Burgoyne refused to consider it, insisting that retreat would be disgraceful. They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men, more than one-third of the army, on October 7.[59] The army he was attacking, however, had grown in the interval. In addition to the return of Lincoln's detachment, militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp, including critical increases in ammunition, which had been severely depleted in the first battle.[60] The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong[2] and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in. Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton's response to Burgoyne's plea for help.[61]

text: Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7)

text: British foray

text: While Burgoyne's troop strength was nominally higher, he likely had only about 5,000 effective, battle-ready troops on October 7, as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces.[62] General Riedesel advised that the army retreat. Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible. As an escort, the generals took Fraser's Advanced Corps, with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left, and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center. There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two Hesse-Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch.[63] Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am, they advanced about three-quarters of a mile (1 km) to Barber's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook, where they stopped to observe the American position. While the field afforded some room for artillery to work, the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods.[64]

text: Gates, following the removal of Arnold from the field command, assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln. When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne's movement to Gates, he ordered Morgan's riflemen out to the far left, with Poor's men (1st, 2nd, and 3rd New Hampshire on the left; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments) on the right, and Learned's (1st New York, 1st Canadian, 2nd, 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments, plus militia companies) in the center. A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned's line.[65] In all, more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day,[66] including about 1,400 men from Lincoln's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce.[67]

text: The opening fire came between 2 and 2:30 pm from the British grenadiers. Poor's men held their fire, and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective. When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge, the Americans finally began shooting at close range. Acland fell, shot in both legs, and many of the grenadiers also went down. Their column was a total rout, and Poor's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery.[68] On the American left, things were also not going well for the British. Morgan's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser's regulars. Although slightly outnumbered, Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west.[68] While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle,[69] a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy, one of Morgan's men, appears to be a 19th-century fabrication.[70] The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck's large militia brigade (which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size), broke the British will, and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments. Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan's marksmen; three shots hit his horse, hat, and waistcoat.[71]

text: The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men, including the capture of most of the grenadiers' command, and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action.[71]

text: American attack

text: At this point, the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant. General Arnold, who was "betraying great agitation and wrath" in the American camp, and may have been drinking, rode out to join the action.[72][73] Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over.[73] (A letter, written by a witness to proceedings in the camp, suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action.)[74]

text: The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts. The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann, while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres. A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications. Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres' position, as Breymann's was slightly north and further away from the early action.[75]

text: Arnold led the American chase, and then led Poor's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt. Balcarres had set up his defenses well, and the redoubt was held, in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote, "A more determined perseverance than they showed … is not in any officer's experience".[76] Seeing that the advance was checked, and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt, Arnold moved toward that action, recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt. He led the charge of Learned's men through the gap between the redoubts, which exposed the rear of Breymann's position, where Morgan's men had circled around from the far side.[77] In furious battle, the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed.[78] Arnold's horse was hit in one of the final volleys, and Arnold's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse. Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters; he was carried back in a litter.[79]

text: The capture of Breymann's redoubt exposed the British camp, but darkness was setting in. An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line.[80]

text: Surrender

text: Burgoyne had lost 1,000 men in the two battles, leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded. Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders, his attempts to capture the American position had failed, and his forward line was now breached. After the second battle, Burgoyne lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness. He withdrew his men 10–15 miles north, near present-day Schuylerville, New York. By the morning of October 8, he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16.

text: On October 13, with his army surrounded, Burgoyne held a council of war to propose terms of surrender. Riedesel suggested that they be paroled and allowed to march back to Canada without their weapons. Burgoyne felt that Gates would not even consider such terms, asking instead to be conveyed to Boston, where they would sail back to Europe. After several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the capitulation.[81]

text: On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates. The British and German troops were accorded the traditional honors of war as they marched out to surrender. The troops formed the Convention Army, named after the convention that granted them safe passage back to Europe. However, the Continental Congress revoked the convention, and the Convention Army was kept in captivity until the end of the war.[82]

text: Aftermath

text: Burgoyne's failed campaign marked a major turning point in the war.[83] General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army.[84] The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively. Said one British officer:

text: The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone, and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them, incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works.[85]

text: In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga, General Arnold had his seniority restored (he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777).[86] His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months.[87] Later, while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia, Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British. He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British, only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to the exposure of the plot. Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips, the commander of Burgoyne's right wing, in a 1781 expedition into Virginia.[88]

text: Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates, General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date. He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander-in-chief.[89] Instead, he received the command of the main American army in the South. He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden, where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat.[90][91] Gates never commanded troops in the field again.

text: In response to Burgoyne's surrender, Congress declared December 18, 1777, as a national day "for solemn Thanksgiving and praise"; it was the nation's first official observance of a holiday with that name.[92][93]

text: French aid

text: Once news of Burgoyne's surrender reached France, King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco-American alliance and French entry into the war. This moved the conflict onto a global stage.[94] As a consequence, Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe, and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations.[95] Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier, France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War. Prior to the Battle of Saratoga, France didn't fully aid the colonists. However, after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists, France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war, and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers, donations, loans, military arms, and supplies.[96]

text: Legacy

text: The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne's surrender have been preserved, and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments.[97] The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches, three of which hold statues of American commanders: Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan. The fourth niche, where Arnold's statue would go, is empty.[98] A more dramatic memorial to Arnold's heroism, that does not name him, is the Boot Monument. Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster, it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general. It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann's redoubt and is dedicated to "the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army".[99]

text: Six Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn,[100] 102nd Inf,[101] 125th QM Co,[102] 181st Inf,[103] 182nd Inf[104] and 192nd MP Bn[105]) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga. There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era.

text: There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga (1842), USS Saratoga (CV-3), and USS Saratoga (CV-60)[106]

text:
Saratoga Monument obelisk

View of the battlefield from the visitor center of Saratoga National Historic Park

Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga by commissioning and designing an Augustin Dupré medallion. It was minted in Paris in 1783.[107]

The Surrender of General Burgoyne depicted on a 1927 US Postage Stamp

tag: table


document_title: Saints & Sinners (2016 TV series)

question_text: when do saints and sinners season 3 start

text: Saints & Sinners (2016 TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: On May 7, 2015, Bounce TV announced that it had ordered a new original drama, Saints & Sinners, from independent production company Swirl Films to premiere in 2016. The series serves as the first original drama commissioned by the African-American-oriented digital television network, whose previous originals were sitcoms.[6][7][8] Saints & Sinners also has same African-American church storyline like Oprah Winfrey Network drama series Greenleaf, which also being produced in Atlanta at the same time.[9]

text: The eight-episode first season began filming in Atlanta, Georgia in January 2016. On January 12, 2016, Vanessa Bell Calloway, Gloria Reuben, Clifton Powell, Richard Lawson, Keith Robinson, Christian Keyes, Jasmine Burke, J. D. Williams, and Afemo Omilami were announced as main cast members of the series .[8][10] The pilot was directed by filmmaker Jerry Lamothe. Principal photography ended February 25, 2016.[11] To promote the series, Bounce TV allowed affiliates who carry the network on a digital subchannel to air an encore of the series premiere on their main channels.[12]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Vanessa Bell Calloway as Lady Ella Johnson
Gloria Reuben as the Mayor Pamela Clayborne
Christian Keyes as Levi Sterling
Jasmine Burke as Dr. Christie Johnson
Clifton Powell as Rex Fisher
Keith Robinson as Miles Calloway
J. D. Williams as Jabari Morris
David Banner as Pastor Greene
Tray Chaney as Kendrick Murphy
Demetria McKinney as Tamara Austin/Tamara Austin Callaway
Lisa Arrindell as Rebecca Jourdan
Emilio Rivera as Officer Francisco Cooper
Afemo Omilami as Detective Noah St. Charles
Donna Biscoe as Lady Leona Byrd

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Dawn Halfkenny as Angela
Jonny Hazen as Vice Det. Mario Rodriguez
Kendrick Cross as Ben Truman
Chris Gann as Travis Ford
Sarafina King Rachel
Maria Howell as Lt. Hawkins
Tony Vaughn as Vernon
Richard Lawson as Pastor Evan Johnson
Summer Parker as Savannah Sterling
Jeff Rose as Chief Herman Douglas
Neil Carter as Maxwell Wallace
Karlie Redd as Paige Morris
Chelle Ramos as Detective Josephine Alvarez
Jevon “Vawn” Sims as T.K.
Mara Hall as Caledonia Kendall
L. Warren Young as Zeke
Dorothy Steel as Mother Harris

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)

2
8
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)

3
8
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
Not Aired

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
""Power Is Our Religion""
Jerry Lamothe
T.S. Grant
March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
1.30[13]

The prodigal son returns to Greater Hope Baptist Church, dodging fallout of an Insider Trading investigation, only to find the hometown of his past has been swallowed up by greed, lust and deceit.

2
2
"The Hustle Is The Hustle"
Jerry Lamothe
J. Bishop
March 13, 2016 (2016-03-13)
N/A

A murder investigation reopens past wounds as details resurface of another tragedy that shook the town of Cypress decades before.

3
3
"Even The Devil Was An Angel"
Jerry Lamothe
Katrina M. Andrews
March 20, 2016 (2016-03-20)
N/A

Ulterior motives come into focus as ruthless ambition and secret alliances continue to blur the lines between saint and sinner.

4
4
"We're In This Together"
Darren Grant
Jazmen Darnell Brown
March 27, 2016 (2016-03-27)
N/A

Old debts come due, but money trumps all at Greater Hope. Desire, jealousy and the pursuit of power collide at Greater Hope.

5
5
"Pain"
Darren Grant
Norman Anderson
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)
N/A

As the investigation heats up, time runs out to settle a dead man's debt. A brutal attack puts Levi face-to-face with devious players from Pastor Johnson's past.

6
6
"Needy Not Greedy"
Russ Parr
Norman Anderson
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)
N/A

Levi must step over the line to protect the innocent, while the detectives close in on their prime suspect.

7
7
"Don't Go"
Darren Grant
Aigefrnon Thackery
April 17, 2016 (2016-04-17)
N/A

Police scramble to follow new leads and discover a key that may unlock the dark and lethal secrets to this murder mystery.

8
8
"Revelations"
Darren Grant
T.S. Grant
April 24, 2016 (2016-04-24)
1.4 [14]

In the season finale, sinful power plays and wicked double-crosses take center stage as the Pastor's killer is finally revealed.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

9
1
"Playing Dirty"
Darren Grant
T.S. Grant
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
1.4[15]

A new murder mystery is uncovered at Greater Hope Baptist Church. Newly elected Mayor Ella Johnson and the remaining power players in Cypress face corruption, courtrooms, and scandal.

10
2
"Tragic Circumstances"
Darren Grant
Norman Anderson
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
N/A

Past wounds are reopened as a murder investigation resurrects details of another tragedy that shook the town of Cypress decades earlier.

11
3
"I Had No Choice"
Darren Grant
Francisco J. Bustamante
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
N/A

A mysterious kidnapping costs Jabari nearly everything he's sacrificed to build his new empire. Levi shocks everyone with a prediction by Pastor Johnson that has come true.

12
4
"Who’s The Boss?"
Darren Grant
Jazmen Darnell Brown
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
N/A

Worlds collide when a powerful trio comes from out the shadows to take down Lady Ella and keep Jabari at bay. The detectives’ clues about Dead Debra lead them right back to where they started, Greater Hope Baptist Church.

13
5
"This Union Will Be The Death Of Me"
Russ Parr
Norman Anderson
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
N/A

Christie faces blackmail as she prepares for her wedding. Elsewhere, Rex reverts back to his old ways of doing business.

14
6
"Day of Reckoning"
Russ Parr
Rhonda F. Baraka
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)
N/A

Wedding bells sound as the detectives gain enough clues to re-enact the murder. Rex and Jabari’s struggle for power takes a violent turn.

15
7
"The Queen and the Criminal"
Vanessa Bell Calloway
Rhonda F. Baraka
April 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)
N/A

A new first family emerges as Lady Ella and Rex drop a bomb on Kendrick and Christie. Miles faces double grief on his own, when a loved one returns right on time.

16
8
"Revival"
Darren Grant
T.S. Grant
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
N/A

In the shocking season finale, Christie snaps under the pressure of losing everything. Old truths are finally uncovered as new ones are buried.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

17
1
"Buried Secrets[16]"
TBA
TBA
April 7, 2018 (2018-04-07)[16]
TBD

18
2
"Personal, Not Business[16]"
TBA
TBA
April 14, 2018 (2018-04-14)[16]
TBD

19
3
"Birds of a Feather[16]"
TBA
TBA
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)[16]
TBD

20
4
TBA
TBA
TBA
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)[16]
TBD

21
5
TBA
TBA
TBA
May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)[16]
TBD

22
6
TBA
TBA
TBA
May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)[16]
TBD

23
7
TBA
TBA
TBA
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)[16]
TBD

24
8
TBA
TBA
TBA
May 27, 2018 (2018-05-27)[16]
TBD


document_title: List of mango cultivars

question_text: how many types of mangoes are grown in india

text: List of mango cultivars

text: Table of mangoes[edit]

text: Reportedly, in India alone, there are around 283 types of mangoes, out of which only 30 are well-known.[1][2] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) facility on Old Cutler Road in Coral Gables, Florida, has about 400 varieties of mangoes and is one of the largest depositories of mango plant cultures in the world. The USDA collection was originally believed to have over 500 varieties of mango germplasm, but genetic testing showed several duplicates. In the United States, South Florida is one of the meccas for mangoes due to year-round temperate climate and culture fascinated by mangoes and several nurseries dedicated to bringing new varieties of mangoes into the US by either import or selective breeding. Reviews of older varieties of mangoes were based upon the competition available at the time. Most of the varieties of mangoes available in grocery stores in the United States can trace their lineage to the Haden mango tree, a tree planted by Jack Haden in 1902 in Coral Gables, Florida (Haden itself can be traced back to Malgova which is mis-spelled Malgoba in US and has its origin in Tamil Nadu, India). The Zills family has created a number of new varieties of mango, most recently, Gary Zill with Zill's High Performance a selective breeding program of new varieties. The following are among the more widely grown mango cultivars, listed by the country in which they were selected or are most extensively cultivated:

text:
Common
name(s)
Image
Origin/
region
Notes

Alampur Baneshan

India, United States

Alice

United States

Almaas

Pakistan

Alphonso

India, Pakistan, Ecuador, Egypt, Sudan, United States, Nepal
"King of mangoes", very sweet with fibreless pulp, rich in vitamin A and C, founded mainly in Devgad & Ratnagiri Districts of Maharashtra, India. This cultivar is available in February till end of May. The dates of availability of mangoes vary by geography, climate, and weather. The "King of Mangoes" is a marketing term.

Amrapali

India

Anderson

United States
Anderson is a seedling of Sandersha that was planted at the residence of Mrs. L.F. Anderson in Miami, Florida. Anderson is a large mango, growing in length from 26–34 cm. [Mangoes: A Guide To Mangoes In Florida, p. 30] The eating quality was listed as "fair."

Angie

Florida, United States
Angie mango is a dwarfing mango tree from Florida with excellent eating quality. Angie has a resinous taste, similar to the Carrie mango. Angie is considered to be a disease-resistant mango, but in high humidity environments, Angie's new leaf growth is susceptible to mango scab.

Anwar Ratol

Multan, Punjab (Pakistan)
Small in size and flesh without fibre . Peak season is mid-July to August.

Ataulfo

Ecuador, Mexico

Badami

Karnataka, India
Badami mangoes are also called as Alphonso of Karnataka state.

Bailey's Marvel

United States

Banganapalli

India
The largest volume mango cultivar in the world, this medium-large fruit ripens to a golden-yellow exterior and a straw-yellow to golden-yellow interior. Very juicy, slightly tangy with little or no fibre and a creamy texture. It originates from the erstwhile princely state of Banganapalle, in present-day Andhra Pradesh, India.

Bangalora[3]

India
It is also known as Kilimooku mangoes

Bennet Alphonso

United States

Beverly

United States
Beverly is an almost fiber-less late season mango. In South Florida, fruiting as late as August or October.

Black and Rose

India Kerala
Black and Rose

Bombay

India, Nepal, United States
Bombay is a vigorous mango tree that bears fruit in June–July in South Florida. It is susceptible to anthracnose. Bombay is the parent of the White Perie mango of Hawaii.

Brahm Kai Meu

United States

Brooks

Australia, United States

Carabao (Philippine Mango)

Philippines
The Ataulfo (mango) and Manilita mango cultivars originated from the Philippine Mango variety. It can be traced back in the Manila-Mexico galleon trade in the years 1600-1800's.[4]

Carrie

United States
Carrie is a seedling of a Sophie Fry from the residence of Mr. Lawrence H. Zill of Boynton Beach, Florida. It was named in honor of Mr. Zill's mother, Carrie. The Carrie mango turns slight yellow when ripe, but what it lacks in color, it makes up in taste. The Carrie mango has a strong resinous flavor that is desired by some, and despised by others. A Carrie mango must be allowed to ripen on the tree and develops a strong "musky" flavor when over-ripe.

Chaunsa

India, Sindh, Pakistan

Chinnarasamu

Nuzvid in Andhra Pradesh of India

Cherukurasamu

Nuzvid in Andhra Pradesh of India

Coconut Cream
[]
United States
Coconut Cream is part of the selective breeding program by Zills High Performance and is patented. The fruit tastes like coconut cream pie. The tree is ugly in appearance because the branches grow in arcs and curve around, making a complex tree canopy.

Chok anan

Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Thailand
Choc anan is known as the every bearing mango tree because of its potential to have a mango crop during the summer and winter. Some speculate that removing the summer crop may increase the chances of a winter crop by allowing the tree to save the energy that would have been used for fruit production in the summer.

Cogshall

United States
Cogshall is from Pine Island, Florida. It is an excellent eating quality, but is not commercially available because of a very short shelf-life and thin skin that would bruise easily.

Cushman

United States

Dasheri

India, Nepal, Pakistan,
stories about its origin but the owners say it is a "chance" seedling.

Dot

United States
Dot is an exceptional tasting mango. Dot is a seedling of the Carrie Mango planted at Lawrence Zill's Boynton Beach, Florida home. The dot mango is highly susceptible to anthracnose, so it should not be planted in high humidity locations.

Dudhiya Malda

India, Nepal
Grown in Digha, Patna, Bihar. Known for awesome taste and flavour with thin skin[5][6][7][8]

Duncan

United States
Duncan mango was patented by David Sturrock of West Palm Beach, Florida. The patent has long since expired. Duncan fruits in clusters and has excellent disease resistance. It is a mid-late season mango.

Earlygold

United States

Edward

United States
Edward is an excellent eating quality mango, but is considered to be a shy bearer (little fruit).

Eldon

United States

Emerald

United States

Fazli (mango)

Bangladesh, India

Fajri Kalan

Pakistan

Fairchild

United States

Fascell

United States

Florigon

United States
Florigon is a settling of a Saigon planted on the property of Mr. John C. Kaiser, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The Florigon tree is vigorous. Florigon is considered to be one of the most disease resistant varieties of mangoes in high humid climates, although the flavor is not on par with many of the newer varieties.

Ford

United States

Gary

United States
The Gary mango is considered delicious by many with a hint of coconut flavor. Gary is considered very susceptible to anthracnose.

Gir Kesar

Gujarat (India)

Glenn

Italy, United States
Glenn is a sweet, mild mango. The tree is vigorous, to a medium size. The canopy is rounded. The ripe fruit has a very pleasant sweet smell.

Gold Nugget

United States

Golden Lippens

United States

Graham

United States
Graham is from Trinidad. Compared with many modern mangoes, Graham seems bland.

Green Willard

Sri Lanka

Haden

Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, United States
Haden is the "parent" of many, many other varieties of mangoes in the United States. Haden was a Mulgoba seedling. The original Haden tree still stands in Coral Gables, Florida.

Hatcher

United States

Heidi

South Africa

Himayat / Imam Pasand

India

Himsagar

Bangladesh, India, Nepal

Ice Cream

United States

Irwin

Australia, Costa Rica, United States, Taiwan, Japan (Okinawa)
In Japan this variety is marketed as Apple Mango, and in the case of imports from Japan one needs to take care not to confuse it with the Apple Mango grown in the Philippines.

Ivory

China
Also known as the Jingu Ivory mango, or Ivory mango, this long, thin mango is named for its resemblance to a young elephant's tusk. It has thin skin, smooth skin. The flesh contains very few fibres, and constitutes approximately 82 percent of the fruit. It was first introduced into Yunnan, China from Thailand in 1914. The actual tree that was the first to be imported still grows, and during one year produced almost 500 kg of fruit.[9]

Jakarta

United States

Jean Ellen

United States

Julie

Ecuador, United States
A colourful, potato shaped mango with a sweet-tart flavour and a tall growth habit. Very popular in the Caribbean Sea, including Jamaica the British Virgin Islands, the United States Virgin Islands, and Barbados. Julie is a high fiber mango.

Kalepad

Andhra Pradesh, India

Keitt

Australia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, South Africa, United States
Keitt (pronounced "kit") is one of the latest season mangoes in South Florida (United States), with fruit into October. Backyard Keitt's in South Florida regularly get to 2 pounds, and occasionally as large as 5 pounds.

Kensington Pride

Australia, Italy, United States

Kent

Australia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, United States
The original Kent tree still stands in Coral Gables, Florida (United States)

Kohu Amba

Sri Lanka

Kothapalli Kobbari

Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh of India
Also known as Kobbari Mamidi.

Lakshmanbhog

India

Lancetilla

Honduras, United States
Lancetilla can bear 5 pound fruit, but the eating quality is considered sub-part among mango connoisseurs. The fruit is prone to splitting on the tree.

Langra

India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,

Lippens

United States

Madame Francis

Haiti
Large kidney shaped mango that ripens to a golden yellow colour with piquant flesh Commonly exported to the United States in spring; often a feature of NYC fruit stands. Madame Francis is a high fiber mango.

Mahachanok

Asia, United States
Mahachanok is an oblong commercial mango from Asia, with yellow to orange color exterior when ripe. Described as a fiberless, sweet, and pleasant mango. The leaves of the tree are dark green and slimmer than many other mango trees.

Mallika

India, Nepal, United States

Malwana (mango)

Sri Lanka

Manilita

United States

Manohar

Punjab, India
Large mango grows in clusters, seedling of Chaunsa. Exceptional complex flavor good sweetness. Very vigorous.

Momi K[10]

Hawaii, United States
Teardrop shaped with a narrow point. Ripens to a reddish orange blush. Flesh has creamy consistency.

Muhammad Wala

Pakistan

Mulgoba

India, United States
Small mango with a comparatively big seed. Parent of the Haden mango.

Nam Doc Mai

Thailand,
Fruit is elongated, with a prominent beak, and is normally yellow with green spots.

Neelam

India, Pakistan
Fruit weigh 9 to 12 oz, with the general shape of a fat cashew nut. They are smooth-skinned and bright yellow upon ripening and have no blush. The flesh is deep yellow or orange. There is no fiber and a rich, aromatic flavor that is over-powering to the unaccustomed palate. They have a late ripening season and can be stored for an extended time. Fruit should be harvested when mature green and ripened at room temperature off the tree.

Osteen

Italy, Spain, United States

Palmer

Australia, Brazil, United States

Panakalu

Andhra Pradesh of India

Panchadharakalasa

Andhra Pradesh of India

Parvin

United States

Pina Colada
[]
United States
Pina Colada is part of the selective breeding program by Zills High Performance. Pina Colada is a small fruit that packs a lot of flavor. The tree is unproductive and susceptible to anthracnose.

Peddarasamu

Nuzvid in Andhra Pradesh of India

Raspuri

Karnataka, India
An extremely popular variety in South India, a fully ripe Raspuri mango harvested at the right time and ripened naturally can beat them all, including the Alphonso, in taste as well as amount of juice per mango. Many people, especially Kannadigas, do not even ask for any another variety except Raspuri in Bengaluru.

Red Willard

Sri Lanka

Rosigold

United States
Rosigold is considered one of the earliest season mangos in South Florida. The quality is considered average,[according to whom?] but at a time of year when there are no fresh mangoes, it is in its own class. Rosigold is susceptible to anthracnose.

Ruby

United States

Saigon

United States

San Felipe

Cuba
Fruit is large at 20 ounces with a striking oxblood color; the flesh is yellow.

Saharni

Pakistan

Sammar Bahisht

Pakistan, India
(in Urdu Sammar means fruit and Bahisht means Paradise)

Sensation

South Africa, United States

Shan-e-Khuda

Pakistan

Sindhri

Mirpur Khas district, Sindh province of Pakistan
Sindhi mango cultivated in Sindhri town Mirpur Khas district, Sindh province of Pakistan

Sophie Fry

United States

Southern Blush

United States

Spirit of '76

United States
Spirit of 76 is a seedling from Lawrence Zill's residence. The mango is fiberless and has a very pleasant sweet flavor.

Springfels

United States
One of the older cultivars from Florida, but still good tasting. It is a large mango, but Due to its size, it has uneven ripening. The uneven ripening is known as "jelly seed," where the flesh around the seed is overripe and soft.

Sunset

United States

Swarnarekha

Andhra Pradesh of India

Tommy Atkins

Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, United States, Venezuela
One of the most commonly sold mangoes in the world. has extremely long shelf life. Hard and oblong exterior. It is a pretty mango, but not as good tasting as many other top tier modern mangoes.[according to whom?]

Torbert

United States

Totapuri

India

Turpentine

United States
Turpentine is a small, high fiber mango that is poly embryonic mango. Turpentine is used as a rootstock in Florida for grafting other mango varieties.

Valencia Pride

South Africa, United States
Large, oblong mango. Sweet, mild flavor, but the fruit is prone to splitting on the tree. The tree is a vigorous grower.

Van Dyke

Italy, United States

Vellai Kolomban

Sri Lanka

Young

United States
Young mango was renamed the "Tebow" (after the American football player) for marketing purposes.

Zill

South Africa, United States
Zill is a seedling of Haden planted in 1922 by Carl King of Lake Worth, Florida (US). Vigorous tree, fruit is good eating quality.

text: List of cultivars by nation[edit]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Bangladesh: Ashini, Fazli, Himsagar, Khirshapat, Langra, Lokhon-bhog, Raj-bhog
Cambodia: Cambodiana
China: Baiyu, Guixiang, Huangpi, Huangyu, Macheco, Sannian, Yuexi
India: Alphonso,[11] Amrapali, Alampur Baneshan, Badshahpasand, Bangalora, Banganapalli,[11] Black and Rose, Bombay, Bombay Green, Badami, Cheruku Rasalu, Chinna Rasalu, Thalimango, Chitoor, Rumani, Maharaja Pasand, Chinnarasam, Unda manfa, Dusehri, Ela Manga, Gaddamar, Gadam Mary, Fajri Kalan, Fernandian, Fajli, HusanNara, Gulabkhas, Himayath, Himsagar, Imam Pasand,[11] Imam Hussain Mango, Jehangir, Ottu Mangai, Langra Benarsi, Pedda Rasalu, Surkha, Totapuri, Kalepad, Kishen Bhog, Komanga, Kothapalli Kobbari, Kuttiyattor, Kalami, Kesar, Lalbaug, Langra, Maldah, Malgis, Mallika, Malgoa,[11] Mankur (Goa), Mankurad, Moovandan, Nagulapalli Rasalu, Nattuma, Nannari, Neelum, Neeleshan, Panchadara Kalasa, Puliyan, Panduri Mamidi, Payri, Priyor, Rani, Rajapuri, Raspuri, Ratna, Rayal Special, [[Sindoori<ref/Marker />]], Safeda, Sammar Bahisht, Suvarnarekha, Totapuri Vanraj, Yahya Mariam Mango, Zardalu.
Indonesia: Arumanis/Harumanis, Gadung/Gedong, Manalagi, Cengkir/Indramayu, Gajah, Bapang, Lalijiwo, Kueni, Golek, Kemiri, Boled, Bengkulu, Situbondo, Kelapa, Alor, Selaputih
Japan (Okinawa): Irwin
Malaysia: Apple Mango, Apple Rumani, Arumanis, Golek, Kuala Selangor, Malgoa, Maha-65, Tok Boon
Myanmar: Aug Din ( ျမေက်ာက္), Ma Chit Su (မချစ်စု), Sein Ta Lone (စိန်တလုံး), Shwe Hin Tha (ရွှေဟင်္သာ)
Nepal: Amrapali, Dusehri, Bombay, Mallika, Pharsi aamp, Supadi aamp, Sindure aamp and other local cultivars.
Pakistan: Almaas, Alphonso, Anmol, Anwar Rataul, BaganPali, Chaunsa, Chok anan, Collector, Dusehri, Desi Ada Pamato, Desi Badam, Desi Gola, Desi Badshah, Dilkash, Fajri, Gulab Janhu, Gulab Khas, Lahoti, Lal Badshah, Langra, Maldah, Muhammad Wole, Nawab Puri, Neelum, Rani Phool, Sindhri, Saroli, Sawarnarika, Saleh Bhai, Saib, Shan-e-Khuda, Taimuria, Toofan, Wanghi, Zafran
Philippines: Apple Mango, Carabao or Kinalabaw, Indian, Piko, Paho, Pahohutan
Singapore: Apple Mango, Arumanis, Golek, Kaem Yao, Mangga Dadol
Sri Lanka: Dampara, Hingurakgoda, Karutha Kolomban, Malwana[under-ground] amba, Parrot Mango and Peterpasand, Petti amba, Rata amba, Vellai Kolomban, Wild Mango, Willard, Mee Amba, Kohu Amba, Pol Amba, Giraa amba, Red Willard, Green Willard, Mallika, TJC Mango.
Taiwan: JinHwang, Red JinHwang, Tainong No．1, Irwin
Thailand: Selected Mango varieties in Thai_alphabet order.

text: Vietnam: Cao Lãnh Cát Chu mango, Bình Định Elephant mango, Hoà Lộc Sand mango

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Australia:[12] B74 (known by the brand name Calypso), Brooks, Green eating, Haden, Irwin, Keitt, Kensington Pride, Kent, Nam Doc Mai, Palmer, R2E2, Honey Gold.
Hawaii: Hawaiian Common, Gouveia, Hawaiian Dwarf, Kurahige, Mapulehu, Momi K, Pope, Rapoza, Sugai, Turpentine

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Cameroon: Améliorée du Cameroun
Egypt: Alphonso, Hindi, Hindi Besennara, Beid El Agl, Oweisi, Fuss Oweis, Taymoor, Zebdiah, Mesk
Kenya: Apple Mango,[13] Batwi, Boubo, Ngowe

text:
Mali: Amelie, Kent
Réunion island: Carotte, Jose, Lucie, Auguste
South Africa: Fascell, Haden, Keitt, Kent, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Zill
Sudan: Alfonso, Bez el-Anza, Oweisi, Taymoor
Suriname: Rood borsje, Tetéé
Tanzania: Boribo Muyini, Dodo, Mawazo, Sindano
Zambia: Heidi, Kent, Sensation, Tommy

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Brazil: Coquinho, Haden, Manga Espada, Manga Rosa, Palmer, Tommy Atkins
Costa Rica: Haden, Irwin, Keitt, Mora, Tommy Atkins
Cuba: San Felipe, Prieto, Toledo
Ecuador: Ambassador, Alphonso, Ataulfo, Criollos, Haden, Julie, Keitt, Kent, Reina, Tommy Atkins
Guatemala: Haden, Kent, Tommy Atkins
Haiti: Francine (Madame Francis), Muscas, Labiche, Baptiste, Rosalie, Poirier, Corne, Fil
Honduras: Haden, Kent, Lancetilla, Tommy Atkins
Mexico: Ataulfo, Haden, Irwin, Kent, Manila, Palmer, Sensation, Tommy Atkins, Van Dyke, Petakon, Oro, Criollo, Niño, Miyako.
Peru: Criollos, Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins
US (California): Keitt, Haden, Timotayo, Manila
US (Florida): Alampur Baneshan, Alice, Alphonso, Anderson, Angie, Bailey's Marvel, Bennet Alphonso, Beverly, Bombay, Brahm Kai Meu, Brooks, Carabao, Carrie, Chok Anon, Cogshall, Cushman, Dot, Duncan, Earlygold, East Indian, Edward, Eldon, Emerald, Fairchild, Fascell, Florigon, Ford, Gary, Gaylour, Glenn, Gold Nugget, Golden Lippens, Graham, Haden, Hatcher, Ice Cream, Irwin, Ivory, Jakarta, Jean Ellen, Julie, Keitt, Kensington Pride, Kent, Lancetilla, Langra Benarsi, Lippens, Mallika, Manilita, Mendoza, Mulgoba, Nam Doc Mai, Nam Tam Teen, Neelum, Nu Wun Chan, Okrung, Osteen, Palmer, Parvin, Pascual, Philippine, Pickering, Po Pyu Kalay, Rosigold, Ruby, Rutledge, Saigon, Sensation, Sophie Fry, Southern Blush, Spirit of '76, Springfels, Sunset, Suwon Tip, Tebow, Toledo, Tom Dang, Tommy Atkins, Torbert, Turpentine, Valencia Pride, Van Dyke, Zill
Venezuela: Haden, Keitt, Kent, Tommy Atkins
West Indies: Amélie, Black (blackie), Bombay, Dou-douce, East Indian, Graham, Haden, Julie (St. Julian), Long, Madame Francis, Rose, Spice-Box, Starch

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Malta: Keitt, Maya, Kensington Pride, Glenn, Irwin
Italy: Kensington Pride, Glenn, Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Maya, Van Dyke, Osteen, Kent[14]

text: Middle East[edit]

text: Israel: Haden, Omer, Shelley, Keitt, Kent, Maya, Nimrod, Palmer, Tommy Atkins, BD-4-98