document_title: Contraband Days

question_text: when does contraband start in lake charles la

text: Contraband Days

text:
Contraband Days

The boardwalk on Lake Charles

Type
Local, cultural

Celebrations
Parties, bands, entertainment

2017 date
May 4 – May 14

Frequency
annual

Related to
Mardi Gras

text: Contraband Days is a 12-day festival filled with Cajun food, family fun, and festivities. Occurring annually in Lake Charles, it is among the larger celebrations in Louisiana, with an attendance of over 200,000. The Festival was first held in 1957.

text: Held during the first two weeks of May, Contraband Days is the city's official celebration of the legend of the pirate Jean Lafitte. History tells that Lafitte and his band of pirates frequented the area's waterways; they are said to have buried Lafitte's contraband somewhere in the city's vicinity.

text: The Contraband Days festivities kick off every year with a pirate ship bombardment to "take control of the city" at the seawall of the Lake Charles Civic Center. A gang of rowdy and unruly buccaneers and "Jean Lafitte" overruns the blazing cannons of the local militia. They then raise their "Jolly Roger" flag and capture the mayor by force with swords drawn and make the mayor walk the plank into the waters of the lake.[1]

text: Thus begins the two-weeks of pageantry and festivities, which include:

text:
Evening parade
Fireworks shows
Carnival midway
Entertainment on three stages
Sailing regatta
Cajun cuisine
Contests
Beach games
Thrill attractions
Many fun-packed competitions, including bed races, bathtub races, and crawfish races
Nationally-sanctioned speedboat races
Family night


document_title: John Carter (ER)

question_text: why did dr carter need a kidney transplant

root

text: John Carter (ER)

text: Character history[edit]

text: Carter arrived at County General as a third-year medical student. He gets off to a rocky start when on his first day at County, he nearly vomits in the emergency room after seeing a critically wounded patient and has to be consoled by Chief Resident Dr. Mark Greene (Anthony Edwards).

tag: p

text: Making up for his lack of superior ability, Carter shares a dedicated and compassionate approach with his patients. Initially interested in surgery, he switches to the ER, much to his surgeon mentor Dr. Peter Benton's initial dismay and disappointment. During his surgical residency Carter lamented the lack of patient connections and specifically regretted the lack of thorough follow-up and care.

text: In order for Carter to change from his surgical residency to an emergency medicine residency, he agrees to work for free. It is then revealed that he is part of an influential and wealthy family and does not need to work, enabling County General to take him on despite its lack of funding for an additional position. As a resident his confidence grows, and he often goes out of the way to help patients.

text: Season 6–7[edit]

text: During Season 6, Carter and his friend and medical student Lucy Knight (Kellie Martin) are stabbed by patient Paul Sobricki (David Krumholtz), a law student suffering from schizophrenia. Knight dies from her injuries while Carter's injuries leave him with lifelong kidney problems. As a result of Carter's chronic battle with pain, survivor guilt, and resistance to getting help, he eventually develops a narcotic addiction and begins making mistakes at work. After Abby Lockhart (Maura Tierney) catches him injecting left-over fentanyl from a trauma into his wrist, Carter's colleagues hold an intervention and Dr. Greene demands that he go to an inpatient rehab center for medical doctors in Atlanta or be fired. Although initially opposed to going, Dr. Benton convinces him and boards the plane with him.

text: Upon returning from rehab in Season 7, Carter makes peace with his brain-damaged heroin-addict cousin, Chase, and apologizes for his long absence, saying, "I didn't want to admit to the fact that I was just like you." At the end of the season, Kerry Weaver returns Carter's application for Chief Resident because of his history of addiction.

text: Season 9–10[edit]

text:
During Season 9, Carter began sleeping with Abby after they were quarantined in the ER for two weeks because of the outbreak of monkeypox.
Meanwhile, the health of Carter's grandmother, Millicent (Gamma), continued to decline, and his mother, Eleanor, has difficulty accepting her divorce from Carter's father, Jack. Worse, Abby and Carter continue to disagree over whether or not Abby (a recovering alcoholic) should be drinking at all, even moderately. These personal issues come to a head when Abby's bipolar brother Eric reappears the day Gamma dies. Abby giving precedence to her duty as a sister marks the beginning of the end of Carter and Abby's relationship.

text: Unable to shake his grief, Carter decides to join Dr. Kovač in Congo without Abby's support. While there, he mends his previous rift with Kovač (due to their feelings for Abby) and they begin to understand one another better.  When the clinic is overrun by a militia, Carter is threatened by guerrilla soldiers.

text: He returns two weeks later in Season 10. When Kovač is reported killed in Africa, Carter goes back to retrieve his body but finds Kovač ill with malaria. He arranges for Kovač to be sent home, and sends a letter for Abby ending their relationship. Dr. Carter remains in Africa for several months and works in Kem's AIDS clinic. Carter and Kem develop a relationship and when she becomes pregnant he asks her to accompany him to Chicago where he introduces her to his colleagues.

text: Kem's pregnancy ends tragically at eight months forcing her to give birth to a stillborn son in the episode "Midnight", much to her and Carter's overwhelming grief. He is supported emotionally by his father and by his friends Luka Kovač and Abby Lockhart. Kem and Carter's relationship manages to survive.

text: Season 11–12[edit]

text: During Season 11, Carter starts building an HIV/AIDS clinic adjacent to County General, with funding from his family's charity foundation. It is named after his stillborn son - "The Joshua Makalo Carter Center."  Afterwards, he goes to Paris, where Kem is visiting her mother. They reconnect and he offers to go to Africa with her so they can start afresh. She hesitates but later accepts the offer. Dr. Carter returns to Chicago and bids adieu to his friends and colleagues.

text: In Season 12, Carter appears in a four episode arc, working with a fellow doctor in Darfur, Sudan, where he is joined by Dr. Pratt and Debbie (Mary McCormack). Pratt informs him that Luka and Abby have reunited and are expecting a baby.

text: Season 15[edit]

text: In the Season 15 episode, "The Book of Abby", long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. However, Carter's is missing; according to Haleh, he did not want to do it because it was "defacing government property."

text: Carter later returns in the Season 15 episode, "The Beginning of the End", in which he rejoins the ER at County General. He explains to Cate Banfield that he is relocating to Chicago, and is looking to pick up some shifts. She agrees, after finding out that one of his teachers at the hospital was Mark Greene. He visits the Joshua Makalo Carter Center. At the end of the episode, it is shown that Carter is on dialysis[3] because of amyloidosis developing from schistosomiasis which irreparably damaged Carter's remaining kidney. He is back in Chicago to be placed on the US transplant list. Working in the ER once again, he is shown to still be a good doctor with good judgment, but is still catching up with the latest medicines and techniques being used in the US. Eventually, his condition worsens, causing him to collapse while attending to a patient. While being treated by Dr Gates and Dr Morris, he goes into V-tach, but is brought back thanks to Morris's quick-thinking. He is transferred to Northwestern Medical Center.

text: In the episode "Old Times", while a patient at Northwestern, he is visited by his mentor and good friend Dr Peter Benton, to whom he reveals that his marriage with Kem is going through a rough patch. In the same episode, Dr. Benton acts a back-seat driver and supervises the operation to make sure Carter is well taken care of. Later, Carter gets a new kidney and the transplant is a success.

text: In "And In The End", the series finale, Carter uses his family fortune to finally open the Joshua Carter Center, a medical clinic for the underprivileged that fits into the plans he'd announced when his grandmother's will was read. Kem surprises Carter by attending the opening ceremony however she is seemingly uncomfortable around him. In a later conversation she tells him how she feels sad in Chicago because it reminds her of their son's death. As she leaves the clinics opening she okays Carter to call her to set up breakfast before she flies back to Paris. Carter indicates he might come back to County for good; however, this is potentially contradicted by his earlier idea that he will leave Chicago if that's what it takes to save his marriage.

text: Related characters[edit]

text: Early in the series, Carter's plots typically stayed in the realm of the ER. In a symbolic gesture of this transference, he was told by Mark Greene "you set the tone" on Dr Greene's last day in the ER. Dr. Greene had been told the same thing, by Dr. Morgenstern, in the pilot episode in Season 1 of the show. Dr. Carter, in turn, said the same thing to Dr. Archie Morris as Carter left the ER, although Morris did not understand the significance.

text: Family[edit]

text: Throughout the course of the series (particularly at the beginning of Season 8) we meet various members of Carter's wealthy family and see how he is very uncomfortable being an upper-class young man, to the point where he goes out of his way to not talk about his background.

text: His father, John (Jack) Truman Carter Jr. (Michael Gross) is caring but stiff, and very acquiescent with his wife until he gets tired of her being an "emotional vampire" and divorces her. He and Carter have an awkward relationship where they love each other but John doesn't respect his father. Jack recognizes this and keeps some distance from him as a result of it. Carter's mother, Eleanor (Mary McDonnell), is emotionally distant and cold. Her personality was largely shaped because she blamed herself for Carter's older brother, Robert's death from leukemia. Carter eventually figures out that much of her sadness comes from this and they briefly become closer, but eventually Eleanor removes herself from any ties to her family after Jack divorces her, to the point where John has no idea how to reach her and she refuses to return a phone call he makes after Millicent Carter (who disliked her intensely) passes away.

text: Carter's grandfather, John Truman Carter Sr. (George Plimpton), is the most disappointed by Carter's career choice, and though Carter respects him, he also resents him for that. Carter's grandmother, Millicent Carter (Frances Sternhagen), is a benefactor of the hospital, even funding Carol Hathaway's clinic. Carter is very close to his grandmother (whom he calls "Gamma") and intermittently lives at her home. They do occasionally argue, however, usually in regard to Carter's reluctance to participate in matters related to the family foundation; Gamma modifies her will to remove Jack as the head of the foundation and puts John in charge of it, leading to him changing its mission from supporting Chicago arts programs to supporting public health initiatives.

text: Chase Carter (Jonathan Scarfe) is John's first cousin and a "functioning" heroin addict. Carter, with the assistance of his colleague Anna, attempts to detox and rehabilitate him, but fails. Chase eventually overdoses, resulting in severe brain damage. Carter pleads for the family to keep Chase in physical therapy, and Chase improves significantly. Elaine Nichols Carter (Rebecca De Mornay), the ex-wife of another of Carter's cousins, comes to the hospital for treatment for breast cancer and she and Carter have an affair.

text: Romantic Relationships[edit]

text: Carter had a number of unsuccessful relationships. Significant girlfriends are listed below:

text:
Liz (Liz Vassey), a patient who Carter dates during season 1. They have several sexual rendezvous until Carter realizes she has given him an STD. This ends their relationship.
Harper Tracey (Christine Elise), a fellow med student, dates Carter during Season 2. She cheats on Carter very early in the relationship with Dr. Doug Ross. Carter forgives her, only for her to dump him a few months later because Carter tricks another med student in order to get a procedure.
Abby Keaton (Glenne Headly), a pediatric surgeon from Southside Hospital reassigned to County when Southside closes. Carter and Keaton begin working together eventually embarking on a clandestine relationship that ends when Keaton leaves for a volunteer mission to teach Pakistani surgeons.
Carter develops a close friendship with Anna Del Amico (Maria Bello) during Season 4, but his crush on her is never reciprocated. They kiss only once, when she bails Carter out of jail. She eventually returns to Philadelphia and makes up with her ex-boyfriend.
Roxanne Please (Julie Bowen), an insurance saleswoman and patient of Carter's, the two begin dating in Season 5. The relationship falls apart for many reasons, including their busy work schedules, and perhaps because Carter falls for med student Lucy Knight.
Lucy Knight (Kellie Martin) and Carter develop a liking for each other. They kiss only once as he decides to break things off owing to her being a medical student. They continued to be friends, until her death in Season 6.

tag: ul

text:
Elaine Nichols (Rebecca De Mornay) first appears when she comes to the ER from a fender bender. Elaine is Carter's cousin Douglas' ex-wife. Their relationship to Elaine is just sex, though Carter wants more. She stops seeing Carter, when she finds out he knows that she has breast cancer. Carter tries to console her but she simply asks to be left alone. Later she moves to Europe for a few month and bluntly tells Carter to not call her when she returns.
Rena Trujillo (Lourdes Benedicto) and Carter date off and on during Season 7 until he finds out that she is still a student and is only 19. He tries to rekindle the romance but she dumps him because she knows he still has feelings for Abby Lockhart.
Susan Lewis (Sherry Stringfield) and Carter first met in 1994 when Susan was a 2nd year resident. Carter had immediately developed a crush on her. After her breakup with another doctor, he had tried to console her with a kiss but she had stopped him. She had then moved to Phoenix, Arizona, returning in 2001. Once back at County the two rekindle their friendship and admit their feelings. They start dating but realize that the earlier spark is now gone, largely due to Carter's obsession with Abby. They split amicably after Susan tells him to "tell Abby."
Abby Lockhart (Maura Tierney), a nurse in the ER, and Carter become involved during Season 9 after Carter inserts himself into her relationship with Luka Kovac, leading to their break-up. After a series of personal crises, their relationship finally dissolves when Carter goes to the Congo for several months. He breaks up with Abby by letter. Carter cannot cope with Abby's unwillingness to make changes he wants, and does not propose, dooming their relationship. They remain good friends until the end of Season 11 when Carter leaves County; by the time he returns in Season 15, Abby has started her own family with Luka and they have relocated to Boston.
Makemba "Kem" Likasu (Thandie Newton) begins dating Carter in Season 10. A French/Congolese AIDS worker in the Congo, Carter meets Kem while working for Doctors Without Borders. They have a passionate, fast-paced romance culminating in Kem's pregnancy. At eight months, she loses the baby and begins to shut down emotionally. Carter proposes, but she does not answer and moves back to Africa. During their separation, they date others, but when Carter visits her while she is in France, they reconcile, and give their relationship another chance. During Season 11, we learn Kem and Carter have married but in Season 12 Carter is by himself as he returns to Africa to provide medical aid in Darfur and makes ominous non-specific references to how things with Kem aren't good. In the series finale, Kem returns to Chicago to visit the Joshua Carter Center, posthumously named after their son; she and Carter interact awkwardly and while she does agree to his idea that they'll fly back to Paris together.
Wendall Meade (Mädchen Amick), a social worker in the ER, with whom Carter has an affair while separated from Kem during Season 11. She ends the relationship with him after he admits that he does not love her.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Full Moon, Saturday Night". ER. March 30, 1995. NBC.

Jump up ^ *Coleridge, Daniel R., "Noah Wyle's 'ER' Dilemma Archived 2006-12-07 at the Wayback Machine.," TV Guide, December 3, 2004

Jump up ^ The Beginning of the End, NBC episode summary

tag: ol


document_title: Plane (geometry)

question_text: how do you identify a plane in geometry

question_tokens: how do you identify a plane in geometry

text: Plane (geometry)

text: Euclidean geometry[edit]

text: Euclid set forth the first great landmark of mathematical thought, an axiomatic treatment of geometry.[1] He selected a small core of undefined terms (called common notions) and postulates (or axioms) which he then used to prove various geometrical statements. Although the plane in its modern sense is not directly given a definition anywhere in the Elements, it may be thought of as part of the common notions.[2] Euclid never used numbers to measure length, angle, or area. In this way the Euclidean plane is not quite the same as the Cartesian plane.

text: A plane is a ruled surface.

text: Planes embedded in 3-dimensional Euclidean space[edit]

text: This section is solely concerned with planes embedded in three dimensions: specifically, in R3.

text: Determination by contained points and lines[edit]

text: In a Euclidean space of any number of dimensions, a plane is uniquely determined by any of the following:

text:
Three non-collinear points (points not on a single line).
A line and a point not on that line.
Two distinct but intersecting lines.
Two parallel lines.

text: Properties[edit]

text: The following statements hold in three-dimensional Euclidean space but not in higher dimensions, though they have higher-dimensional analogues:

text:
Two distinct planes are either parallel or they intersect in a line.
A line is either parallel to a plane, intersects it at a single point, or is contained in the plane.
Two distinct lines perpendicular to the same plane must be parallel to each other.
Two distinct planes perpendicular to the same line must be parallel to each other.

text: Point-normal form and general form of the equation of a plane[edit]

text: In a manner analogous to the way lines in a two-dimensional space are described using a point-slope form for their equations, planes in a three dimensional space have a natural description using a point in the plane and a vector orthogonal to it (the normal vector) to indicate its "inclination".

text: Specifically, let r0 be the position vector of some point P0 = (x0, y0, z0), and let n = (a, b, c) be a nonzero vector. The plane determined by the point P0 and the vector n consists of those points P, with position vector r, such that the vector drawn from P0 to P is perpendicular to n. Recalling that two vectors are perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero, it follows that the desired plane can be described as the set of all points r such that

text:
(The dot here means a dot (scalar) product.)
Expanded this becomes

text: which is the point-normal form of the equation of a plane.[3] This is just a linear equation

text: where

text: Conversely, it is easily shown that if a, b, c and d are constants and a, b, and c are not all zero, then the graph of the equation

text: is a plane having the vector n = (a, b, c) as a normal.[4] This familiar equation for a plane is called the general form of the equation of the plane.[5]

text: Thus for example a regression equation of the form y = d + ax + cz (with b = −1) establishes a best-fit plane in three-dimensional space when there are two explanatory variables.

text: Describing a plane with a point and two vectors lying on it[edit]

text: Alternatively, a plane may be described parametrically as the set of all points of the form

text: where s and t range over all real numbers, v and w are given linearly independent vectors defining the plane, and r0 is the vector representing the position of an arbitrary (but fixed) point on the plane. The vectors v and w can be visualized as vectors starting at r0 and pointing in different directions along the plane. Note that v and w can be perpendicular, but cannot be parallel.

text: Describing a plane through three points[edit]

text: Let p1=(x1, y1, z1), p2=(x2, y2, z2), and p3=(x3, y3, z3) be non-collinear points.

text: Method 1[edit]

text: The plane passing through p1, p2, and p3 can be described as the set of all points (x,y,z) that satisfy the following determinant equations:

text: Method 2[edit]

text:
To describe the plane by an equation of the form

a
x
+
b
y
+
c
z
+
d
=
0

{\displaystyle ax+by+cz+d=0}

, solve the following system of equations:

text: This system can be solved using Cramer's rule and basic matrix manipulations. Let

text: If D is non-zero (so for planes not through the origin) the values for a, b and c can be calculated as follows:

text: These equations are parametric in d. Setting d equal to any non-zero number and substituting it into these equations will yield one solution set.

text: Method 3[edit]

text: This plane can also be described by the "point and a normal vector" prescription above. A suitable normal vector is given by the cross product

text: and the point r0 can be taken to be any of the given points p1,p2 or p3[6] (or any other point in the plane).

text: Distance from a point to a plane[edit]

text:
For a plane

Π
:
a
x
+
b
y
+
c
z
+
d
=
0

{\displaystyle \Pi :ax+by+cz+d=0}

 and a point

p

1

=
(

x

1

,

y

1

,

z

1

)

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {p}}_{1}=(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1})}

 not necessarily lying on the plane, the shortest distance from

p

1

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {p}}_{1}}

 to the plane is

text:
It follows that

p

1

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {p}}_{1}}

 lies in the plane if and only if D=0.

text:
If

a

2

+

b

2

+

c

2

=
1

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}+c^{2}}}=1}

 meaning that a, b, and c are normalized[7] then the equation becomes

text: Another vector form for the equation of a plane, known as the Hesse normal form relies on the parameter D. This form is:[5]

text:
where

n

{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} }

 is a unit normal vector to the plane,

r

{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }

 a position vector of a point of the plane and D0 the distance of the plane from the origin.

text:
The general formula for higher dimensions can be quickly arrived at using vector notation. Let the hyperplane have equation

n

⋅
(

r

−

r

0

)
=
0

{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \cdot (\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r} _{0})=0}

, where the

n

{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} }

 is a normal vector and

r

0

=
(

x

10

,

x

20

,
…
,

x

N
0

)

{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{0}=(x_{10},x_{20},\dots ,x_{N0})}

 is a position vector to a point in the hyperplane. We desire the perpendicular distance to the point

r

1

=
(

x

11

,

x

21

,
…
,

x

N
1

)

{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{1}=(x_{11},x_{21},\dots ,x_{N1})}

. The hyperplane may also be represented by the scalar equation

∑

i
=
1

N

a

i

x

i

=
−

a

0

{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}a_{i}x_{i}=-a_{0}}

, for constants

{

a

i

}

{\displaystyle \{a_{i}\}}

. Likewise, a corresponding

n

{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} }

 may be represented as

(

a

1

,

a

2

,
…
,

a

N

)

{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{N})}

. We desire the scalar projection of the vector

r

1

−

r

0

{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{1}-\mathbf {r} _{0}}

 in the direction of

n

{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} }

. Noting that

n

⋅

r

0

=

r

0

⋅

n

=
−

a

0

{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} \cdot \mathbf {r} _{0}=\mathbf {r} _{0}\cdot \mathbf {n} =-a_{0}}

 (as

r

0

{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} _{0}}

 satisfies the equation of the hyperplane) we have

text: Line of intersection between two planes[edit]

text:
The line of intersection between two planes

Π

1

:

n

1

⋅

r

=

h

1

{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}:{\mathbf {n}}_{1}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}=h_{1}}

 and

Π

2

:

n

2

⋅

r

=

h

2

{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}:{\mathbf {n}}_{2}\cdot {\mathbf {r}}=h_{2}}

 where

n

i

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {n}}_{i}}

 are normalized is given by

text: where

text:
This is found by noticing that the line must be perpendicular to both plane normals, and so parallel to their cross product

n

1

×

n

2

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {n}}_{1}\times {\mathbf {n}}_{2}}

 (this cross product is zero if and only if the planes are parallel, and are therefore non-intersecting or entirely coincident).

text:
The remainder of the expression is arrived at by finding an arbitrary point on the line. To do so, consider that any point in space may be written as

r

=

c

1

n

1

+

c

2

n

2

+
λ
(

n

1

×

n

2

)

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {r}}=c_{1}{\mathbf {n}}_{1}+c_{2}{\mathbf {n}}_{2}+\lambda ({\mathbf {n}}_{1}\times {\mathbf {n}}_{2})}

, since

{

n

1

,

n

2

,
(

n

1

×

n

2

)
}

{\displaystyle \{{\mathbf {n}}_{1},{\mathbf {n}}_{2},({\mathbf {n}}_{1}\times {\mathbf {n}}_{2})\}}

 is a basis. We wish to find a point which is on both planes (i.e. on their intersection), so insert this equation into each of the equations of the planes to get two simultaneous equations which can be solved for

c

1

{\displaystyle c_{1}}

 and

c

2

{\displaystyle c_{2}}

.

text:
If we further assume that

n

1

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {n} }_{1}}

 and

n

2

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {n}}_{2}}

 are orthonormal then the closest point on the line of intersection to the origin is

r

0

=

h

1

n

1

+

h

2

n

2

{\displaystyle {\mathbf {r}}_{0}=h_{1}{\mathbf {n}}_{1}+h_{2}{\mathbf {n}}_{2}}

. If that is not the case, then a more complex procedure must be used.[8]

text: Dihedral angle[edit]

text:
Given two intersecting planes described by

Π

1

:

a

1

x
+

b

1

y
+

c

1

z
+

d

1

=
0

{\displaystyle \Pi _{1}:a_{1}x+b_{1}y+c_{1}z+d_{1}=0}

 and

Π

2

:

a

2

x
+

b

2

y
+

c

2

z
+

d

2

=
0

{\displaystyle \Pi _{2}:a_{2}x+b_{2}y+c_{2}z+d_{2}=0}

, the dihedral angle between them is defined to be the angle

α

{\displaystyle \alpha }

 between their normal directions:

text: Planes in various areas of mathematics[edit]

text: In addition to its familiar geometric structure, with isomorphisms that are isometries with respect to the usual inner product, the plane may be viewed at various other levels of abstraction. Each level of abstraction corresponds to a specific category.

text: At one extreme, all geometrical and metric concepts may be dropped to leave the topological plane, which may be thought of as an idealized homotopically trivial infinite rubber sheet, which retains a notion of proximity, but has no distances. The topological plane has a concept of a linear path, but no concept of a straight line. The topological plane, or its equivalent the open disc, is the basic topological neighborhood used to construct surfaces (or 2-manifolds) classified in low-dimensional topology. Isomorphisms of the topological plane are all continuous bijections. The topological plane is the natural context for the branch of graph theory that deals with planar graphs, and results such as the four color theorem.

text: The plane may also be viewed as an affine space, whose isomorphisms are combinations of translations and non-singular linear maps. From this viewpoint there are no distances, but collinearity and ratios of distances on any line are preserved.

text: Differential geometry views a plane as a 2-dimensional real manifold, a topological plane which is provided with a differential structure. Again in this case, there is no notion of distance, but there is now a concept of smoothness of maps, for example a differentiable or smooth path (depending on the type of differential structure applied). The isomorphisms in this case are bijections with the chosen degree of differentiability.

text: In the opposite direction of abstraction, we may apply a compatible field structure to the geometric plane, giving rise to the complex plane and the major area of complex analysis. The complex field has only two isomorphisms that leave the real line fixed, the identity and conjugation.

text: In the same way as in the real case, the plane may also be viewed as the simplest, one-dimensional (over the complex numbers) complex manifold, sometimes called the complex line. However, this viewpoint contrasts sharply with the case of the plane as a 2-dimensional real manifold. The isomorphisms are all conformal bijections of the complex plane, but the only possibilities are maps that correspond to the composition of a multiplication by a complex number and a translation.

text: In addition, the Euclidean geometry (which has zero curvature everywhere) is not the only geometry that the plane may have. The plane may be given a spherical geometry by using the stereographic projection. This can be thought of as placing a sphere on the plane (just like a ball on the floor), removing the top point, and projecting the sphere onto the plane from this point). This is one of the projections that may be used in making a flat map of part of the Earth's surface. The resulting geometry has constant positive curvature.

text: Alternatively, the plane can also be given a metric which gives it constant negative curvature giving the hyperbolic plane. The latter possibility finds an application in the theory of special relativity in the simplified case where there are two spatial dimensions and one time dimension. (The hyperbolic plane is a timelike hypersurface in three-dimensional Minkowski space.)

text: Topological and differential geometric notions[edit]

text: The one-point compactification of the plane is homeomorphic to a sphere (see stereographic projection); the open disk is homeomorphic to a sphere with the "north pole" missing; adding that point completes the (compact) sphere. The result of this compactification is a manifold referred to as the Riemann sphere or the complex projective line. The projection from the Euclidean plane to a sphere without a point is a diffeomorphism and even a conformal map.

text: The plane itself is homeomorphic (and diffeomorphic) to an open disk. For the hyperbolic plane such diffeomorphism is conformal, but for the Euclidean plane it is not.


document_title: Not Going Out

question_text: who sings the theme song for not going out

text: Not Going Out

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The series focuses on Lee Mack who plays a fictional version of himself; an unambitious man in his late thirties living as a lodger in a flat in London Docklands.[6] Originally from Chorley, Lancashire[7] (which is approximately 20 mi from Southport, where Lee Mack originates in real life), Lee is a negligent, unmotivated layabout. Frequently between jobs, he spends most of his days on his sofa watching television or down at the local pub with his best friend, Tim Adams (Tim Vine), an accountant who owns the flat in which Lee is a lodger. He is also noted for his cheeky wit and for having a very troubled relationship with his father, with whom he shares many traits and who openly mentions that Lee was unplanned and resulted in the end of his marriage.

text: Very often, the only thing that can get Lee off his couch and active is his efforts to impress the girl of his dreams. In the first series, it is Kate (Megan Dodds), Lee's feisty American landlady, with whom he frequently has conflict but has an otherwise close relationship. Kate is Tim's ex-girlfriend, and he left her for a 23-year-old named Emma, but Lee and Kate suggest that she looked a lot younger. and the two frequently find themselves fighting for her attention.

text: In the second series, after Megan Dodds left the show, Kate moves back to the United States. Lee's affections soon turn to Tim's sister, Lucy (Sally Bretton), who buys the flat after having spent ten years living abroad, much to Tim's annoyance. Lucy shares Kate's feisty nature and quick wit, and her interaction with Lee is very similar. Although his frequent laziness annoys her, Lucy appears to enjoy Lee's presence in the flat, largely because of his company and his willingness to help her out of an awkward situation. Tim soon finds himself drawn into Lee's many schemes to impress Lucy, most of which backfire, fail to impress her or land them in trouble. Very often, Lee finds himself confiding in his friend, Barbara (Miranda Hart), the cleaner, about his many problems.

text: Later on in the series, Tim forms a relationship with Daisy (Katy Wix), an incredibly dimwitted young woman. In the third series, Daisy became a regular character, with her and Barbara in the same daft league. Over the series, Lucy considers marrying an Eastern European refugee until he marries Barbara instead. Later on, Lee's father returns to try to make amends with his son. In the midst of the fourth series, Lee continues his antics to impress Lucy. In the series finale, Lee gets hit by a car and falls into a coma. Lee's actions to impress Lucy continue well into the fifth series, when they both think they accidentally sleep together after drinking potato hooch.

text: In the sixth series, after Tim Vine quit the series, Tim was written out of the show. In the opening dialogue of the series, it is explained that he has been given a work placement in Germany. Daisy continues her friendship with Lucy and Lee, and her naivety often gets them in trouble. With Tim's absence, Lee often finds himself listening to suggestions from Daisy on how to impress Lucy, and they include acting as a test subject for her psychology course, which leads to Lee finding out that he was unplanned and held responsible for the breakdown in his parents' marriage, and getting a girlfriend, who develops a Fatal Attraction-esque crush on him.

text: He comes close to admitting his feelings to Lucy several times over the course of the series, particularly at the end of "Therapy" and "Play", but although she is receptive, he changes his mind each time. In the seventh series, however, neighbour Toby lies to him, saying Lucy has had a date, after which Lee tells Lucy that he loves her and asks Lucy to marry him, and she agrees. They get married in finale of Series 7. In the 2015 Christmas Special, Lucy gives birth to her and Lee's first child.

text: In the eighth series, Lee and Lucy have been married for eight years (the series is set seven years after the 2015 Christmas Special), they have moved out of the flat and into a house in the suburbs, and they have three children, seven-year-old Charlie and five-year old twins, Benji and Molly. Daisy is no longer socialising with Lee and Lucy, but they remain friends with Toby and Anna and are in touch with Lucy's parents, Geoffrey and Wendy, and with Lee's feckless father, Frank.

text: Production[edit]

text: Most of each episode were shot on set in front of an audience at Teddington Studios. There are two main sets: the flat and the bar that Lee frequently visits. Outdoor shots and real indoor location shots have also been used on occasion. The fourth and fifth series were shot at the BBC Television Centre. The sixth and seventh series saw filming return to Teddington Studios. From Series 5 onwards, Not Going Out was produced in association with Lee Mack's own company, Arlo Productions (named after his son). After Teddington Studios closed, a new studio has not been found for future episodes. However, the 2015 Christmas special was filmed in Wimbledon and majority in St George's car park but this was probably just a one off as the location fitted with the episode's plot. This episode was not filmed in front of a live studio audience. Series 8 was filmed at Elstree Studios.

text: The show is filmed in HDTV and, since series 4, airs simultaneously on BBC One HD. Previous to this, the show was not simulcast on BBC HD, but shown on BBC HD 30 minutes after the BBC One airing.

text: A lot of the humour is based on word play and double entendres delivered in a deadpan manner. This is the comedy style Lee Mack and Tim Vine have used both in stand-up and in The Sketch Show, to the extent that an occasional one-liner from their solo performances is slipped in. This is mostly one sided with Kate/Lucy typically being the victims of the joke. Sight gags are also frequently used, while gags and witticisms are incorporated into almost every line of script.

text: For the first series, episodes were written by Mack and Andrew Collins, with members of the cast credited for additional material. Because the eight episodes of the second season had to be written and filmed in a short space of time, Avalon Television brought in Nick Stacey, Paul Kerensa and Simon Evans to join the writing team. Mack, Collins and Stacey concentrated on writing the main body of the episodes whilst Kerensa and Evans were involved in storylining, rewriting and 'gagging up' the episodes. The third series saw the writing team expanded, with Darin Henry, Daniel Peak and Simon Dean contributing to the main episodes (all co-written with Mack); the "gag writing" team was also expanded, from two members to as many as eight, not counting the main writers, on a single episode with Milton Jones amongst the additional writers of the show.

text: In the original pilot of the series, which has not been aired, the part of Kate was played by Catherine Tate. However, due to the success of The Catherine Tate Show, her character was re-written for the American actress Megan Dodds.[citation needed]

text: The theme song is performed by Frank Sinatra impersonator Stephen Triffitt.[8]

text: The flat in which Lee and Kate/Lucy lived from 2006 to 2015 is No 17. In a DVD commentary for the first series, it was mentioned that "Number 17" was originally considered as a title for the series, before the name "Not Going Out" was decided on.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Portrayed by
Series

Series 1
(2006)
Series 2
(2007)
Series 3
(2009)
Series 4
(2011)
Series 5
(2012)
Series 6
(2013)
Special
(2013)
Series 7
(2014)
Special
(2015)
Series 8
(2017)

Lee
Lee Mack
Main

Timothy Gladstone Adams
Tim Vine
Main

Guest

Kate
Megan Dodds
Main

Lucy Adams
Sally Bretton

Main

Barbara

Miranda Hart*

Main

Daisy

Katy Wix

Recurring
Main

Guy

Simon Dutton

Recurring

Guest

Geoffrey Adams

Geoffrey Whitehead
Timothy West

Guest
Recurring

Recurring

Wendy Adams

Deborah Grant

Guest
Recurring

Recurring

Frank

Bobby Ball

Guest
Recurring

Toby

Hugh Dennis

Recurring

Anna

Abigail Cruttenden

Recurring

Charlie

Finley Southby

Main

Benji

Max Pattison

Main

Molly

Francesca Newman

Main

tag: table

text: * Miranda Hart also appeared in an episode in Series 1, however this was not in the role of Barbara.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Series 1 (2006)[edit]

text: Lee is a juvenile and lazy slacker, who goes from one job to another, living off the good graces of his Californian landlady Kate, with whom he shares a flat in London. It is not long before they find that their friendship is changing into something more. The situation is somewhat complicated by the fact that Lee's best friend Timothy Gladstone Adams, an accountant from Henley, is Kate's ex-boyfriend (they broke up when he cheated on her with 23-year-old Emma) and he wants to repair their relationship. Lee is torn between pursuing his romantic feelings for Kate and remaining loyal to his increasingly paranoid best friend.

text: Series 2 (2007)[edit]

text: Kate has gone back to America leaving Tim with a flat and lodger he cannot afford to keep. Tim's sister Lucy Adams, a head hunter recently back from ten years abroad, buys the flat and becomes the new landlady and flatmate to Lee.[9] Tim also hires a cleaner, Barbara, to clean the flat. In "Gay", the series' second episode, 51-year-old Guy first appears and he soon becomes Lucy's boyfriend. Lee, now an ice-cream seller, later appears to fall for Lucy. In the last episode Tim and Lee are convinced Guy is a gangster and has been smuggling diamonds but it turns out that he was having a diamond engagement ring made for Lucy planning to propose on a romantic holiday. Lee leaves the airport thinking Lucy has said yes to Guy but she returns saying that she was too young to get married and that she had split up with Guy. There was also a Christmas Special in 2007 which introduced Tim and Lucy's parents for the first time. In episode 6, Lee meets a woman called Daisy at speed dating, who later appeared to fall for Tim. Although at the time it seems that she will be a one-time character, she reappears in the Christmas special as Tim's girlfriend and returns in Series Three.

text: Series 3 (2009)[edit]

text: The third series sees Lee trying to pursue Lucy, usually encouraged by Barbara he invariably ends up making things worse for himself. We also witness Lucy questioning her sexuality, which worries Lee. Tim's girlfriend Daisy also becomes more of a fixture in series three. In the last episode Lucy is about to marry Pavlov Petrietskivadorski the mechanic so he can stay in the country however she realises that she's made a mistake and Lee gets Barbara to marry Pavlov instead, the last scene is of them driving off together for their honeymoon in India. Barbara is seen back in the flat, wanting to go off with Lee's dad, Frank, who is seen in the last episode, which was broadcast as a Christmas Special on 23 December 2009. Lucy and Lee kiss under the mistletoe.

text: Series 4 (2011)[edit]

text: A fourth series of six episodes was filmed from late September to early November 2010. Miranda Hart did not return as Barbara, as filming of the second series of her own sitcom Miranda was also taking place.[10] The series began airing on 6 January 2011.[1] The series sees Lee and Tim thrown into a drugs deal after Tim accidentally takes someone else's coat in a nightclub, Lee and Tim discovering that either one of them could have a long-lost daughter, Lee accidentally agreeing to let a porn film be shot in his and Lucy's flat, Lee having to organise a fireworks display and return an elderly woman to her son, and Tim and Lucy's parents' rough patch in their 40-year marriage. The series finishes with a near death experience for Lee, who later organises a date with Lucy.

text: Series 5 (2012)[edit]

text: The fifth series, consisting of six episodes, was filmed between November and 22 December 2011 and aired on BBC One from 13 April 2012. A short Children in Need special featuring Sir Terry Wogan followed later in 2012.

text: Series 6 (2013)[edit]

text: The sixth series began airing on 5 April and ended on 31 May 2013. This was the first series since the departure of Tim. In this series Lucy accidentally kills two rabbits, Lee, Lucy and Daisy end up stuck in a ski lift with a heavily pregnant woman, Lee is stalked, Lucy and Lee host a children's party, and the main characters find themselves in another of Frank's schemes as he a deliberately sinks a boat for insurance purposes.

text: Christmas Special (2013)[edit]

text: A Christmas special aired on 24 December 2013, with Mack's real-life son making a cameo appearance as a ghost.

text: Series 7 (2014)[edit]

text: On 5 April 2013, whilst promoting the sixth series of Not Going Out on The One Show, Lee Mack confirmed that a seventh series had been commissioned. Filming for this series began 23 May 2014, and later finished on 25 July 2014.[11]

text: The seventh series aired from 17 October 2014 to 24 December 2014 and consisted of 10 episodes, making it the longest series to date.[3] Lee Mack, Sally Bretton, Katy Wix, Bobby Ball, Geoffrey Whitehead and Deborah Grant all reprise their roles as Lee, Lucy, Daisy, Frank, Geoffrey and Wendy respectively, whilst Hugh Dennis and Abigail Cruttenden join the cast as new neighbours Toby and Anna who soon struggle to share a building with Lee and Lucy.[3]

text: Lee and Lucy are mugged, attend a dinner party and try to conceive a baby together. In episode 5, they go on the BBC game show, Pointless. Hosts Alexander Armstrong and Richard Osman make appearances throughout the episode.

text: In Episode 9, Lee finally reveals his love for Lucy and asks her to marry him. Episode 10 features their wedding day and a guest appearance from Tim Vine, and a cameo appearance by Tommy Cannon.

text: An outtakes episode aired 27 December 2014. Hosted by Lee Mack, Sally Bretton and Katy Wix.

text: Christmas Special (2015)[edit]

text: Lee Mack announced on Alan Carr: Chatty Man that there would be a 2015 Christmas special and possibly another series in 2016.[12]

text: Talking to BBC News, Mack gave an outline of the special; it follows on from the marriage of Lucy and Lee in "The Wedding", the most recent episode, and involved a gun. Mack also announced that the special would not be filmed before a studio audience, unlike past episodes, and that he had written its first scenes.[13]

text: The Christmas special aired on 24 December 2015, where the regular cast were involved in an armed robbery in a department store. Frank was working as an elf in the Christmas department, when Lee, Lucy and Daisy were with Toby and Anna who had sent their son away over Christmas. The two security guards were attacked by the armed robber who locked them all in the security room and Lee had a showdown with the armed robber, the episode ended with Lucy giving birth to the couple's first child. [14]

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: On 24 August 2016, it was confirmed that there would be an eighth series in 2017. It is set seven years after the events of the 2015 Christmas special and shows how Lee and Lucy cope being parents to three young children.[4] The series began airing on 13 January 2017.[15]

text: Not Going Out reached its highest ever audience in the opening episode, with a total of 5.52 million viewers.

text: Future[edit]

text: At a press screening event for Series 8 on 14 December 2016, it was confirmed that a ninth and tenth series of Not Going Out had been ordered by the BBC.[5]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Although filmed and broadcast in HD, no Blu-rays have been released to date. All episodes up to the end of Series 4 feature different video post-production to the broadcast versions, giving them a US-style 'filmlook' effect, however this was dropped from the Series 5 DVD onwards. The episodes Movie and Drunk are slightly extended for DVD, featuring shots and lines cut or censored for their original BBC One transmission. Some music tracks are replaced by soundalikes for release.

text:
DVD Title
No. of Discs
Special features
No. of Episodes
Release Dates

Region 2
Region 4

Series One
1
Audio commentary on episodes 1–3 by Lee Mack & producer/director Alex Hardcastle
Making Of documentary (including Lee and Tim interviewed on set, exclusive behind the scenes footage of Series Two, and clips from Series One, the pilot and The Sketch Show) (18 mins)
Photo gallery
6
22 October 2007
13 May 2009

Series Two
2
Audio commentaries on episodes 1, 4 & 6
Behind the scenes documentary (20 mins)
8
2 February 2009
9 December 2009

Not Going Out 3
2
Not Going Out On Location documentary (35 minutes)
8
27 September 2010[16]
5 May 2011

Not Going Out 4
2
Not Going Right – The Out-Takes (35 minutes of bloopers from series 1–4)
6
14 February 2011
—

Not Going Out 5
2
Not Going Right – The Out-Takes (25 minutes of bloopers from series 5)
6
21 May 2012[17]
—

Not Going Out 6
2
Not Going Right – The Out-Takes (bloopers from series 6)
8
17 November 2014[18]
—

Not Going Out 7
2
Behind the Scenes: A Day in the Life of Not Going Out
10
1 June 2015[19]
—

The Christmas Specials
1
N/A
3
1 December 2014[20]
—

Series One & Two
3
As per individual series DVDs
14
2 February 2009
—

Series One, Two & Three
5
As per individual series DVDs
22
27 September 2010[21]
—

Series One, Two, Three & Four
7
As per individual series DVDs
28
14 November 2011[22]
—

Series One, Two, Three, Four & Five
9
As per individual series DVDs
34
21 May 2012[23]
—

The Complete Series 1–7
13
As per individual series DVDs
53
1 June 2015[24]
—

text: Not Going Out 6 does not include the 2013 Christmas Special, "The House". It is however included on The Christmas Specials and The Complete Series 1–7.


document_title: A Million Ways to Die in the West

question_text: who plays louis in a million ways to die in the west

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1882, in the town of Old Stump, Arizona, a cowardly sheep farmer named Albert Stark (Seth MacFarlane) is dumped by his girlfriend Louise (Amanda Seyfried) as a result of his withdrawal from a gunfight. He prepares to leave for San Francisco, believing that the frontier offers nothing for him. Meanwhile, infamous outlaw Clinch Leatherwood (Liam Neeson) robs and kills an old prospector (Matt Clark) for a gold nugget. He orders his right-hand man Lewis (Evan Jones) to escort his wife Anna (Charlize Theron) to Old Stump to lie low while he continues his banditry. Lewis and Anna arrive in Old Stump under the guise of two siblings intending to build a farm, but Lewis is arrested after shooting the Pastor's (John Aylward) son (Dylan Kenin) in a saloon. During the ensuing fight, Albert saves Anna from being crushed to death by two of the brawlers, and the two become close friends. They attend a county fair where Louise's new boyfriend, the haughty Foy (Neil Patrick Harris), challenges Albert to a shooting contest. Albert is defeated, but Anna steps in and defeats Foy. Foy mocks Albert, who angrily challenges Foy to a duel in a week's time. Anna then spends the week teaching Albert how to shoot.

text: During a barn dance the night before the duel, Anna slips Foy a Mickey. After leaving the dance, Albert and Anna kiss before heading home. Upon breaking out of jail and murdering the sheriff, Lewis witnesses the kiss and reports it to Clinch. On the day of the duel, Foy arrives late and goes into convulsions from the laxative he had unknowingly drunk. Albert, who has decided that Louise is not worth fighting for, once again forfeits the duel. He retires to the saloon, but Clinch arrives and demands to know who kissed his wife. When no one comes forward, Clinch shoots a nearby cowboy (Ryan Reynolds). He reveals that Anna is his wife and threatens to continue killing unless his wife's lover duels him at noon the next day. Clinch later forces Anna to reveal Albert's name and then prepares to have sex with her, but she knocks him unconscious and escapes.

text: Anna returns to Albert's farm, where he angrily shouts at her for lying to him. Clinch pursues Anna to the farm; Albert helps her escape, then escapes himself. While fleeing, he is captured by a tribe of Apache Indians, who threaten to burn him alive. The Indians spare him when he reveals that he can speak their language. They give him a bowl of peyote, which sends him flashing back to his birth and through painful events of his childhood before making him realize that he loves Anna. Meanwhile, Clinch recaptures Anna in town, in front of Edward's (Giovanni Ribisi) house. Albert returns to Old Stump and confronts Clinch. He wounds Clinch with a bullet poisoned with rattlesnake venom before his own gun is shot out of his hand, but he manages to stall until Clinch fatally succumbs to the poison. Louise attempts to win back Albert, but he rejects her and instead happily enters a relationship with Anna. Albert also receives a bounty for killing Clinch and uses the money to buy more sheep.

text: Later at the Fair, the proprietor of a racially charged shooting game called "Runaway Slave" asks who would like to take a shot. Django (Jamie Foxx) steps up and shoots the man while commenting that "people die at the fair".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Seth MacFarlane as Albert Stark, a sheepherder.
Mike Salazar as 6-year-old Albert
Charlize Theron as Anna Barnes-Leatherwood,[4] Clinch Leatherwood's wife who befriends Albert.
Liam Neeson as Clinch Leatherwood,[5] an infamous outlaw and Anna's husband.
Giovanni Ribisi as Edward,[5] Albert's best friend and Ruth's boyfriend
Neil Patrick Harris as Foy,[6] an Old Stump inhabitant and Louise's current boyfriend.
Sarah Silverman as Ruth, Edward's girlfriend and a prostitute.
Amanda Seyfried as Louise,[7] Albert's ex-girlfriend.
Christopher Hagen as George Stark, Albert's cantankerous father.
Wes Studi as Cochise[8]
Rex Linn as Sheriff/Narrator[7]
Alex Borstein as Millie, a madam at a local brothel which Ruth works at.
Ralph Garman as Dan
John Aylward as Pastor Wilson
Amick Byram as Marcus Thornton
Evan Jones as Lewis, an outlaw and Clinch Leatherwood's right-hand man.
Dylan Kenin as Pastor's Son, the son of a pastor who is killed by Lewis in the bar.

text: Cameos[edit]

text:
Jamie Foxx (uncredited) as Django Freeman,[9] he appears where he shoots the owner of the "Runaway Slave" game. The scene featuring him was added after audiences in test screenings reacted poorly to the shooting gallery at the fair which features cartoon images of black slaves as targets.
Ryan Reynolds (uncredited) as cowboy killed in bar
Tait Fletcher as Cowboy #1[10]
Gilbert Gottfried as Abraham Lincoln,[11] he was seen during Albert's drug trip.
Mike Henry as smiling man in photograph
Dennis Haskins as snake oil salesman
John Michael Higgins as Dandy #1
Christopher Lloyd as Doc Brown[12]
Bill Maher as comic[13]
Ewan McGregor as a cowboy who laughed with Foy at Albert's expense at the fair.
Alec Sulkin as guy at fair
Rupert Boneham as guy in bar fight
Kaley Cuoco (uncredited, unrated version only) as a woman that Albert tries to pick up in a store.
Patrick Stewart (uncredited voice) as a sheep with long legs that was seen in Albert's drug trip.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West originated as an inside joke between MacFarlane and co-writers Sulkin and Wild,[14] while they were watching Hang 'Em High.[15] The joke evolved into "riffing on the idea of how dull, depressing, and dangerous it must have been to live in the Wild West."[14] MacFarlane, a lifelong fan of westerns, began researching the topic, using Jeff Guinn's nonfiction novel, The Last Gunfight: The Real Story of the Shootout at the O.K. Corral — And How It Changed the American West as an "invaluable resource," and basis for many of the ways of dying in the film.[14] Various aspects of the film were inspired by real westerns. The decision to make Albert a sheep herder was inspired by Montana (1950) and his average, non-confrontational demeanor by 3:10 to Yuma (1957).[16] Other westerns that inspired MacFarlane and the crew during writing included Oklahoma! (1955), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and El Dorado (1966).[16] The film was first announced on December 3, 2012, marking MacFarlane's second foray into live-action directing, after 2012's Ted.[17]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
On January 30, 2013, it was announced that Charlize Theron had joined the film.[18] Theron later revealed that she "begged" for her role, as she wanted the opportunity to work in comedy.[19] On February 11, it was announced Amanda Seyfried had joined the film.[20] On March 6, it was announced Liam Neeson and Giovanni Ribisi had joined the film.[21] Neeson, who nearly always suppresses his Irish accent when acting, agreed to play the part of Clinch only on the condition that he could use his Irish accent. In an interview on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Neeson remarked that he made this demand because an episode of MacFarlane's Family Guy had previously made a joke out of the juxtaposition of Neeson playing a cowboy with an Irish accent.[22]
On March 18, it was announced that Sarah Silverman was cast to play a prostitute in the film.[23] On May 10, it was announced that the film would be co-financed by Media Rights Capital and Fuzzy Door Productions, along with Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Studios.[24] On May 11, 2013, it was announced that Neil Patrick Harris had joined the film.[25] On May 29, 2013, MacFarlane announced that Bill Maher had joined the cast.[13] On February 21, 2014, he announced that Gilbert Gottfried had also joined the cast.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 6, 2013.[26][27] Filming locations included various areas in and around Albuquerque, New Mexico,[28] also including the Santa Fe Studio in Santa Fe.[29] Principal photography ended on August 9, 2013.[30] The film shoot was difficult, as the cast and crew navigated rough weather: "everything from hailstorms to blistering heat to arctic winds and torrential rainstorms."[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A Million Ways to Die in the WestSoundtrack album by Joel McNeelyReleased
May 27, 2014Recorded
2014Genre
Film scoreLength
41:20Label
Back Lot MusicJoel McNeely film scores chronology

The Pirate Fairy(2014)

A Million Ways to Die in the West(2014)

Home(2015)

text: The score was composed by Joel McNeely. The soundtrack was released by Back Lot Music on May 27, 2014.[31] The theme song "A Million Ways to Die" is performed by Alan Jackson. It was released as a single on April 29, 2014.[32] A portion of the Back to the Future theme by Alan Silvestri is used during Christopher Lloyd's cameo.[10]

text: All music composed by Joel McNeely, except as noted.

text: No.TitleLength1."A Million Ways to Die" (performed by Alan Jackson)2:272."Main Title"2:333."Missing Louise"2:084."Old Stump"0:455."Saloon Brawl"1:506."Rattlesnake Ridge"1:287."People Die at the Fair"2:118."The Shooting Lesson"2:169."The Barn Dance"2:2910."If You’ve Only Got a Moustache" (composed by Stephen Foster, performed by Amick Byram)1:3111."Anna and Albert"4:1912."Clinch Hunts Albert"3:4113."Racing the Train"2:2114."Captured by Cochise"2:0715."Albert Takes a Trip"2:2416."The Showdown"2:2017."Sheep to the Horizon"2:0018."End Title Suite"2:30Total length:41:20

text: Release[edit]

text: On May 16, 2014, the film had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles.[33][34] The film was later released nationwide on May 30, 2014.[35] The film was produced by Media Rights Capital, Fuzzy Door Productions, and Bluegrass Films and distributed by Universal Pictures.[36][37]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On January 27, 2014, MacFarlane announced that he wrote a companion novel based on the film's script, which was released on March 4, 2014.[38][39] An audio-book version was also made available, narrated by Jonathan Frakes.[40] MacFarlane wrote the book on weekends during shooting for the film, partially due to boredom.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West grossed $43.1 million in North America and $43.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $86.4 million, against its $40 million budget.[3]

text: The film grossed $16.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing in third place at the box office behind fellow newcomer Maleficent and the previous weekend's opener X-Men: Days of Future Past.[3] This was below expectations of $26 million.[41] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing an additional $7.3 million.[42] In its third weekend, the film dropped to number eight, grossing $3.2 million.[43] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number 11, grossing $1.6 million.[44]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West was released via DVD and Blu-ray on October 7, 2014.[45] The Blu-ray release contains an unrated version (135 minutes), along with the original theatrical cut (116 minutes). In the United States, the film has grossed $8,336,420 from DVD sales and $6,739,162 from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $15,075,582.[46]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: A Million Ways to Die in the West received mixed reviews from critics.[47][48] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 33% rating based on 192 reviews, with an average score of 4.9/10. The site's consensus states, "While it offers a few laughs and boasts a talented cast, Seth MacFarlane's overlong, aimless A Million Ways to Die in the West is a disappointingly scattershot affair."[49] Another review aggregation website, Metacritic, gave a score of 44 out of 100, based on reviews from 43 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale; opening weekend demographics were 55% male and 72% over 25 years of age.[50]

text: Claudia Puig's review in USA Today was largely positive, writing, "A Western with a contemporary sensibility and dialogue that sounds markedly modern, A Million Ways to Die in the West is quintessential MacFarlane, at once silly and witty, juvenile and clever."[51] Stephen Holden's review in The New York Times was mainly neutral, calling the film "a live-action spinoff of [Family Guy], with different characters."[52] "While the whole thing feels weirdly miscalculated to me, A Million Ways to Die in the West tweaks the formula just enough, delivers a few laughs and keeps the guest stars coming," wrote Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir.[53] Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film amusing, calling it "another example of MacFarlane's ability to mix poop jokes with romance, foul language with sweet sentiment, offensive humor with boyish charm."[54]

text: Scott Mendelson of Forbes commended MacFarlane's decision to make an unconventional western comedy, but summarized the film as "just ambitious enough for that to be genuinely disappointing."[55] Michael O'Sullivan at The Washington Post was mixed, deeming the film a "broad, wildly hit-or-miss satire," remarking that he found few of the jokes in the film funny.[56] "Spiritually, it's closer to a mid-range crowd-pleaser such as City Slickers than Blazing Saddles, too enamoured of genre convention to reach for the comic dynamite," wrote Mike McCahill at The Guardian.[57]

text: Much of the film's criticism was directed towards its writing, running time, and MacFarlane's debut live-action performance. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune criticized MacFarlane's acting and direction as: "A failure of craft. He can't direct action, or even handle scenery well. He can't set up a visual joke properly without resorting to head-butting and bone-crunching, and he doesn't know how, or when, to move his camera. He's not good enough as a romantic lead to anchor a picture."[58] Richard Corliss of Time called the film a "sagebrush comedy whose visual grandeur and appealing actors get polluted by some astonishingly lazy writing."[59] Scott Foundas of Variety found the film "overlong and uninspired," criticizing the film's "lazy writing," and MacFarlane's "surprisingly bland" comic performance.[60]

text: Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film one star, commenting, "There are enough laughs scattered throughout A Million Ways to Die in the West that while you're watching it, the movie seems like a passable comedy. By the time you get home, though, you can barely remember the jokes."[61] John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film's running time: "Though the film is hardly laugh-free, its uneven jokes appear to have breezed through a very forgiving editing process."[62] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal too found the film's length "exhausting," noting, "Some of it sputters, settling for smiles instead of laughs, and much of it flounders while the slapdash script searches [...] for ever more common denominators in toilet humor."[63]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipients

Result

Ref

People's Choice Award

January 7, 2015

Favorite Comedic Movie Actress

Charlize Theron

Nominated

[64]

International Film Music Critics Association Award

February 19, 2015

Best Original Score for a Comedy Film

Joel McNeely

Nominated

[65]

Golden Raspberry Awards

February 21, 2015

Worst Actor

Seth MacFarlane

Nominated

[66]

Worst Actress

Charlize Theron

Nominated

Worst Director

Seth MacFarlane

Nominated

Worst Screen Combo

Seth MacFarlane and Charlize Theron

Nominated


document_title: Joe Chill

question_text: who played joe chill in batman v superman

text: Joe Chill

text: Publication history

text: Joe Chill first appears in Detective Comics #33 and was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane.

text: Fictional character biography

text: Not much is known about Chill except that he is, in most versions of Batman, a petty mugger who kills Bruce's parents Thomas and Martha while trying to take their money and jewelry. When he demands Martha's necklace, Thomas moves to protect his wife and Chill kills him; he then kills Martha when she screams for help (in later versions up to the 1970s, Martha dies from a heart attack brought on from the shock of seeing her husband murdered). Chill panics and runs away when Bruce begins crying and calling for help — but not before the boy memorizes his features. In at least three versions of the Batman mythos, the Waynes' killer is never identified.

text: Pre-Crisis version

text: Batman's origin story is first established in a sequence of panels in Detective Comics #33 (November 1939) that is later reproduced in the comic book Batman #1 (Spring 1940), but the mugger is not given a name until Batman #47 (June–July 1948). In that issue, Batman discovers that Joe Chill, the small-time crime boss he is investigating, is none other than the man who killed his parents. Batman confronts him with the knowledge that Chill killed Thomas and Martha Wayne. Chill, believing there is no way Batman could know this, accuses him of bluffing, but Batman reveals his secret identity quoting "I'm the son of the man you murdered. I'm Bruce Wayne." Terrified, Chill flees and seeks protection from his henchmen. Once his henchmen learn that Chill's actions led to the hated Batman's existence, however, they turn on their boss and gun him down before realizing how priceless his knowledge of Batman's true identity is. Before the dying Chill has a chance to reveal Batman's identity, the Dark Knight intervenes and knocks out the goons so they will never hear what Chill has to say. Chill expires in Batman's arms, acknowledging that the Dark Knight got his revenge after all. Len Wein and John Byrne add a one-panel coda in their retelling of this scene in the first issue of The Untold Legend of the Batman. Batman stands over Chill's body and says "No, Chill -- The Batman didn't finish you... It was Bruce Wayne!"

text: In Detective Comics #235 (1956), Batman learns that Chill was not a mere mugger, but actually a hitman who murdered the Waynes on orders from a mob boss named Lew Moxon. Batman also deduced that was why he himself was left unharmed by Chill: so he would unwittingly support Moxon's alibi that he had nothing to do with a robbery that became a felony murder.

text: In The Brave and the Bold #79 (Sep. 1968), Joe Chill is revealed to have a brother named Max who is also a criminal. Max Chill is suspected of having murdered Boston Brand (AKA Deadman), though the suspicion proves erroneous. Max is killed when a stack of slot machines falls onto him.

text: In Batman #208 (Jan./Feb. 1969), it is revealed that both Joe and Max had changed their name to Chill from Chilton and that their mother is Alice Chilton was the housekeeper to Bruce Wayne's uncle Philip Wayne. Philip became guardian of Bruce after his parents' deaths. As he was often away on business, Mrs. Chilton played the primary parental role in the boy's life. As an adult, Bruce continues to visit the elderly woman, whom he still calls "Ma Chilton". He is unaware of her connection with Joe and Max Chill. For her part, Mrs. Chilton knows Bruce is secretly Batman and is proud of him. She is also aware that her sons died fighting him as she still mourns their deaths. (Perhaps because they were both domestic servants, Alfred, the adult Bruce's butler, was secretly aware of Mrs. Chilton's connection, but he kept that information from Bruce. He once mused that "in her own way, that dear woman more than made up for her son's heinous crime.")

text: Modern Age version

text: In the 1987 storyline "Batman: Year Two", Chill played a key role. Several Gotham City crime bosses pool their resources to deal with a vigilante called the Reaper, and Chill is hired to take him out. When Batman proposes an alliance it is agreed that he and Chill will work together — something Batman finds repugnant, but which he nevertheless justifies to himself as necessary to tackle the Reaper. He vows to kill Chill afterwards. Chill is also commissioned to kill Batman after the Reaper has been disposed of. During a major confrontation, the crime bosses are all killed in a battle at a warehouse, in which the Reaper seemingly also perishes. Chill reasons that he now no longer needs to fulfill his contract, but Batman takes him to "Crime Alley", the scene of his parents' murder. There he confronts Chill and reveals his identity. Batman has Chill at gunpoint, but the Reaper appears and guns Chill down. It is left ambiguous as to whether or not Batman would have actually pulled the trigger.

text: In the 1991 sequel to "Year Two", Batman: Full Circle, Chill's son Joe Chill, Jr. assumes the identity of the Reaper in order to seek revenge for his father's death. He attempts to drive Batman insane by using hallucinogenic drugs in conjunction with a faked video of the Waynes' murder to trigger Batman's survivor's guilt over his parents' death. After the intervention of Robin, Batman frees himself from the drug-induced haze. After the new Reaper is defeated, Batman learns to let go of his hatred of Chill.

text: In Detective Comics #678, a "Zero Hour" crossover story, Batman finds himself in an alternate timeline where he was the mugger's victim, not his parents. Investigating the crime, he discovers that Chill, at least in this timeline, did not commit the murder. Once he returns to his proper time, Bruce Wayne is plagued with doubt. He wonders if it is possible that he never actually caught or confronted his parents' killer. He also wonders if that makes any difference regarding his crimefighting career. Ultimately, he concludes that it does not.

text: In 2006, Infinite Crisis #6 reestablished that Chill murdered Thomas and Martha Wayne, and that he was later arrested on that same night for their murder.

text: In the 2008 Grant Morrison story "Joe Chill in Hell" (featured in Batman #673), Chill is reinterpreted as a mid-level crime boss who builds the Land, Sea, Air Transport company from the ground up (most likely through illegal means). He blames his crimes, including murdering the Waynes, on class warfare. In this story, Batman has visited and frightened Chill every night for a month. Chill is living as a shut-in, but his guards never see or catch Batman during the visits. On his final visit, Batman gives Chill the gun he used to kill the Waynes. There is one bullet left within it. Chill finally realizes who Batman is and fears what his fellow gangsters would do to him if they found out. It is hinted that he commits suicide. Considering the issue consists of Bruce's flashbacks and hallucinations from an experiment he undergoes during his early career, however, it is left ambiguous whether the events of the issue are real.

text: In 2009's Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader? by Neil Gaiman, Joe Chill is seen as the bartender attending Batman's funeral (the funeral itself being a near death experience). Batman, who is observing the event as well as Catwoman, note that Joe Chill should be dead. Chill notes that he was there at the birth of Batman and it is only fitting he should be there to witness the end.

text: The New 52

text: In The New 52, the 2011 reboot DC Comics' continuity, an 18-year-old Bruce Wayne tracks Chill down and holds him at gunpoint, demanding to know who hired him to kill his parents. Chill responds that he just wanted Martha Wayne's pearls so he could buy alcohol and that he didn't even know who the Waynes were until the next day. Enraged that his parents died for nothing, Bruce prepares to kill Chill, but relents at the last minute when he realizes that his father would not have wanted that. After sparing Chill's life, Bruce Wayne leaves Gotham City.[2]

text: Other versions

text: In Frank Miller's 1986 limited series Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, Bruce Wayne finally resolves his feelings towards Chill (who is not named). While about to be mugged by street punks, Bruce initially fantasizes that the two amateur criminals are Chill, so he can take out his rage on them. They leave him alone, however, after realizing he would have fought them where he quoted "Look at him. He's into it." "No fun when they're into it." Bruce realizes that Chill had not killed his parents for killing's sake, as the two punks wanted to do to him, and thus was not truly evil. "All he wanted was money," he thinks to himself. "He was sick and guilty over what he did. I was naïve enough to think him the lowest sort of man."[3]

text: In the comics featuring the Crime Syndicate of America, it is revealed that on the Syndicate's alternate Earth that Joe Chill is a friend of Dr. Thomas Wayne. One night, a police officer wants to bring the elder Wayne in for questioning. When he refuses, the police officer opens fire. This Earth's version of Bruce Wayne and his mother are killed. Chill comes out of the alley to discover the dead bodies and the Waynes' younger son Thomas Wayne Jr., leaves with him.[4]

text: In the alternate universe of Flashpoint, Joe Chill shoots and kills the young Bruce Wayne,[5] and Thomas Wayne seeks to kill him and avenge his son. He locates Chill and attempts to inject him with a drug, but instead beats him to death.[6] Afterwards, Thomas puts Chill's gun in a trophy display in the Batcave.[7]

text: Joe Chill is featured in many Elseworld titles, including Superman: Speeding Bullets,[8] Citizen Wayne,[9] Batman: In Darkest Knight,[10] Batman: Holy Terror,[11] Batman in Arkham,[12] JLA: Destiny,[13] and Dark Knight Dynasty.[14]

text: Joe Chill is featured in the comic book continuation of the television series Smallville. He worked as an Intergang contact before being killed by Mr. Freeze.[15]

text: Joe Chill appears in The Batman Adventures #17, which is set in the continuity of Batman: The Animated Series and its DCAU spinoffs. In a story by Ty Templeton entitled "Fear Itself", Chill is shown to have spent his whole life as a career criminal since the night he murdered Bruce's parents. The story begins with Chill being released from prison after finishing a sentence for an unrelated crime, and it is apparent that he has been living in fear since that fateful night. Chill is convinced that Bruce Wayne, now one of the most powerful men on the planet, is biding his time to exact revenge. Chill's paranoia is so severe that he begins to see Bruce's face everywhere around him, even on other people. His paranoia goes into overdrive when he discovers that the retired detective who originally worked on the Wayne case has finally discovered evidence to reveal his guilt. Chill tracks the retired detective to his apartment and attempts to kill him, but Batman intervenes, unaware of who Chill is. In a brief scuffle Chill manages to unmask Batman, revealing the visage of Bruce Wayne. Terrified, Chill falls off a balcony, and Batman jumps after him in an attempt to save his life. Batman nearly catches Chill, who pushes him away and falls to his death. Batman is left at the end of the story wondering who the mysterious man was and why he would rather die than accept his help. In Batman Beyond, Bruce has found out that Joe Chill was the one who murdered his family.

text: In Batman Beyond Unlimited, set in the DC Animated Universe, Chill is revealed to have a brother. Chill's grandnephew eventually has a child of his own, Jake. In the continuity, Jake Chill is a former security guard at Wayne-Powers, working under Derek Powers' "Quiet Squad." Having killed Warren McGinnis under Mr. Fixx's orders, Jake repeats his great-granduncle's history with the Waynes and indirectly creates another Batman. Though no one has discovered his involvement with McGinnis' murder, Jake Chill is wracked with guilt and decides to become a vigilante to redeem his family's sins.[16] Jake takes the name Vigilante, modified the uniform he got from his former employer as his costume, and works with Batman to stop a riot led by the Jokerz.[17] He is eventually killed in the "Mark of the Phantasm" storyline, where he suffers a seizure after being injected with Joker Toxin and inhaling the Phantasm's fear gas. Though Terry lashed out at Jake after discovering Jake killed his father, he ultimately respected Jake as a hero and didn't think that Jake deserved to die the way he did.

text: In Andrew Vachss' novel Batman: The Ultimate Evil, Chill (who is never seen) is revealed to have killed Bruce Wayne's parents on the orders of an international ring of pedophiles. They wanted to silence Bruce's mother Martha, who was investigating a network of sexual slavery and child pornography.

text: On the alternate world of Earth-Two as part of The New 52, Joe Chill is a hired assassin who shoots Thomas and Martha Wayne. Chill is later killed when Thomas Wayne (who had survived the shooting) crushes his skull in retaliation for Martha's death.[18]

text: In the prequel comic to Justice League: Gods and Monsters, Joe Chill is the right-hand man of Lew Moxon. When Batman corners them during a meeting with the other crimelords, killed Lew Moxon and drank Joe' Chill's blood. Upon becoming a vampire, Joe Chill later kills Lew Moxon's wife Angela. Batman avenged her death by killing the vampire Joe Chill with an axe.

text: In other media

text: Television

text:
In the Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians episode "The Fear", a flashback depicts Thomas and Martha Wayne being mugged by someone who might be Joe Chill. When his father tries to fight him, a young Bruce quotes "No Dad, he's got a..." and lightning is shown in the sky as his parents are shot offscreen. This flashback is later induced by the Scarecrow. Eventually, Batman breaks free from the hallucination and destroys the device upon seeing it as the mugger's head which he punches. This episode represents the first time that Batman's origin is portrayed on television.
The Justice League Unlimited episode "For the Man Who Has Everything" features an appearance by Joe Chill voiced by Kevin Conroy (the voice of Batman in the DC animated universe). In the episode, Batman is captured by the Black Mercy plant, which traps its prey in the fantasy of their heart's desire. While under the plant's spell, Batman hallucinates that his father beats Chill up after disarming him. When Wonder Woman tears the plant off of Batman however, the vision returns to reality with Chill shooting and killing Bruce's parents offscreen.
Joe Chill is the main focus in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Chill of the Night!" voiced by Peter Onorati. This version of the character is a hitman who kills Thomas and Martha on orders from his boss Lew Moxon as revenge for Thomas Wayne putting him in jail. In the present day, Moxon is dying and confesses to a priest (Batman in disguise) that Joe Chill is an arms dealer who sells weapons to super-criminals on the black market while also showing remorse that Joe also killed Martha when the hit was for Thomas. Joe Chill is then shown auctioning a sonic weapon to the assembled villains (consisting of Joker, Mad Hatter, Mr. Freeze, Penguin, Poison Ivy, Solomon Grundy, and Two-Face). Batman confronts him, revealing his secret identity. Terrified, Chill asks for the villains for help, but when he acknowledges that Batman is the son of people he killed, the villains turn on him, accusing him of "creating" Batman. Batman defeats the villains, but Spectre manipulates events so that Joe Chill dies when Batman redirects the attack of a sonic gun, causing the roof to collapse on him. Joe Chill dies at Batman's feet. This episode marked the first time in the history of animation that Batman confronts the killer of his parents.
In the series premiere of Gotham, a masked mugger (portrayed by Danny Schoch) kills Thomas and Martha Wayne following a mugging, leaving only Bruce alive. This was also witnessed by Selina Kyle. It is unconfirmed whether or not the mugger was in fact Joe Chill, but the mugger's actions put him in a similar role as Chill in the series. What James Gordon learned from the description by Bruce Wayne is that he wore somewhat expensive shiny shoes. In the episode "The Fearsome Dr. Crane", Selina's recent claim of seeing the mugger's face was of a false witness towards about the mugger's identity. In the episode "Rise of the Villains: Tonight's the Night", Theo Galavan claims to the young Bruce that he knows who the mugger is and is asking to make a deal to control Wayne Enterprises, while withholding the document file of the mugger's identity. When Gordon and the GCPD police arrested Galavan and his cover was blown, he threw the document file to the fireplace to burn it. Though its possibly he lied in order for Bruce to hand him the company. In the episode "Rise of the Villains: The Son of Gotham," Silver St. Cloud under the pressure of Tom "The Knife" claimed that the person who shot Thomas and Martha Wayne was "M. Malone" upon overhearing her stepuncle Theo mention the name.

text: Film

text:
In the original script for 1989's Batman, crime boss Rupert Thorne hires Joe Chill to murder Thomas Wayne due to the latter running against Thorne for city council.[19] In the final version of the film, however, Jack Napier (who would later become the Joker) is Thomas and Martha's killer when Thomas tries to fight Napier's partner during a group mugging. Before Napier can shoot Bruce, he and his partner end up having to flee before the police show up.[20][21]
Joe Chill appears in Batman Begins, portrayed by Richard Brake. This version of Chill claims to have been "driven to mug" the Waynes by poverty as Gotham had suffered an economic depression because of an unspecified plot by the League of Shadows. Chill mugs the Waynes at gunpoint, demanding their wallets and jewelry. Thomas willingly gives him his wallet, but quickly moves to defend his wife when Chill grabs her necklace. In the ensuing scuffle, Chill shoots them both dead. He is caught very shortly thereafter, convicted, and sentenced to prison. After serving 14 years in prison, Chill makes a deal to be released and put on parole in return for testimony against his cellmate Gotham mob boss Carmine Falcone. During the hearing, he claims to regret his crime as Bruce leaves the courtroom. After the hearing as Chill is escorted out of the courthouse, he is shot and killed by a female assassin of Falcone's who is posing as a reporter, which deprives Bruce of his own chance for revenge. Bruce later confronts Falcone, who taunts him by saying that Chill bragged that Thomas Wayne "begged like a dog" before his death. Later on in the film, Batman relives his parents' murder under the influence of the Scarecrow's fear toxin. As in the Year Two storyline, it is left ambiguous whether or not Bruce would have actually killed Chill.
Joe Chill appears briefly in the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, portrayed by Damon Caro who was uncredited for his role. He is the unnamed killer featured during the opening credits and a flashback later on, both of which show his slaying of the Waynes while mugging them after they and their son Bruce finished watching The Mark of Zorro.[citation needed]

text: Video games

text:
Joe Chill is referenced in Batman: Arkham Asylum. Batman, under the influence of the Scarecrow's fear gas, relives his parents' murder. In the hallucination, Joe Chill's voice is distorted and the person providing the voice was uncredited.
In Batman: Arkham City, the Monarch Theater where Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne are murdered is present in Arkham City. The chalk outline of the bodies of Thomas and Martha are behind the building with a bouquet of flowers near the chalk outline. The player can take the opportunity to have a moment of silence for them.
Joe Chill appears in Batman: The Telltale Series, voiced by Jarion Monroe. In this game, it is revealed that Chill worked as a hitman for Carmine Falcone and murdered Thomas and Martha on behalf of Hamilton Hill. He was later imprisoned for his crime and stabbed to death by a fellow inmate acting under Hill's orders.
The opening of Batman: Arkham VR has the player witness Joe Chill killing Bruce's parents, marking the only time where Joe Chill is seen in the Arkham games.


document_title: Shades of Blue (TV series)

question_text: who plays agent stahl on shades of blue

question_tokens: who plays agent stahl on shades of blue

text: Shades of Blue (TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jennifer Lopez[3] as Detective Harlee Santos, a corrupt officer with the Street Crimes detective squad in NYPD's 64th Precinct in Brooklyn and FBI informant for the anti-corruption task force. She is the single mother to 16-year-old Cristina; Cristina's father was abusive, and shortly after his release from prison in 2005, Harlee framed him for murder. She joined Lt. Wozniak's crew after he helped cover up her frame job.[4] After getting arrested by the FBI in an anti-corruption investigation, she becomes a reluctant informant against Wozniak in exchange for immunity.[5]
Ray Liotta[3] as Lieutenant Matt Wozniak, the corrupt commander of the 64th Precinct's Street Crimes detective squad, and the main target in an FBI anti-corruption investigation. He is a 25-year veteran of the force, and before that spent six years in the United States Marine Corps. He is very close to Harlee, whom he considers a daughter, and Harlee's own daughter, Cristina.
Drea de Matteo[3] as Detective Tess Nazario, reassigned to patrol as a sergeant in season 3.
Warren Kole as Special Agent Robert Stahl, an FBI agent assigned to the Anti-Corruption Task Force, and Harlee's handler. He develops an obsession with Harlee.
Dayo Okeniyi as Detective Michael Loman, a rookie detective assigned to the 64th.
Hampton Fluker[6] as Detective Marcus Tufo, reassigned to patrol as a sergeant in season 3.
Vincent Laresca as Detective Carlos Espada
Sarah Jeffery as Cristina Santos, Harlee's 16-year-old daughter[7] and a musical prodigy.
Gino Anthony Pesi[8] as Assistant District Attorney James Nava (seasons 2–3; recurring season 1), the 64th Precinct's new ADA who becomes romantically involved with Harlee.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Leslie Silva as Gail Baker, FBI Special Agent In Charge, and an old friend of Harlee, who assigns her as the mole under Stahl's supervision.
Santino Fontana as Detective David Saperstein (season 1), a member of Wozniak's crew. Wozniak kills him after suspecting that he is the mole in his crew.
Michael Esper as Lieutenant Donnie Pomp (season 1), a corrupt member of NYPD Internal Affairs who is in league with Wozniak.
Lolita Davidovich (season 1) and Margaret Colin (seasons 2–3) as Linda Wozniak, Matt's wife
Annie Chang as Special Agent Molly Chen (season 1), Stahl's partner. She later has herself reassigned after becoming very uncomfortable with Stahl's growing obsession with Harlee.
Mark Deklin as Joe Nazario (season 1), Tess' husband, eventually divorced from Tess.
Erica Ash as Erica (season 1), Loman's love interest
Kathryn Kates as David's mother (season 1)
Antonio Jaramillo as Miguel Zepeda (season 1), Harlee's violently abusive ex-boyfriend and Cristina's father. Wozniak and Harlee conspired to frame him for murder in order to keep Harlee and Cristina safe. He is later released and tries to reconnect with his daughter, but is repeatedly stalled by Harlee's attempts to keep Cristina away from him. Harlee eventually kills him in self-defense after he attempts to rape her at gunpoint. His disappearance becomes a focus point in season 2 as Stahl attempts to uncover the truth behind it.
Vanessa Vander Pluym as Gina Rodriguez (seasons 2–3), a prostitute that Stahl frequents due to her resemblance to Harlee. Vanessa is also Jennifer Lopez's stunt double for the same reason. Gina was killed by Stahl in an attempt to bring down Harlee.
Dov Davidoff as Detective Tom Verco (seasons 2–3), an Internal Affairs Investigator.
Cameron Scoggins as Nathan "Nate" Wozniak (seasons 2–3), Matt and Linda's son, and the brother of Anna Kate. He beat up the drug dealer who sold Anna Kate the drugs she overdosed on and left him for dead, and would have ended up in jail had Julia Ayres not covered it up.
Anna Gunn as Councilwoman Julia Ayres (season 2), a New York City mayoral candidate. She was a member of Wozniak's crew prior to her promotion to NYPD Captain. During season 2, she becomes the subject of an FBI investigation led by Stahl. She later commits suicide after a fallout between her and Wozniak threatens to put all of her misdeeds out in the open, just as she is elected Mayor of New York City.
Karsen Liotta as Anna Kate Wozniak (season 3), Matt and Linda's daughter. Karsen Liotta, the real-life daughter of Ray Liotta, plays his character's deceased daughter Anna Kate, who Matt sees visions of in season 3.[9]
Afton Williamson as FBI Special Agent Katie Myers (season 3), an FBI agent assigned to search for Stahl after he becomes a fugitive, but is later revealed to be allied with him, due to Stahl having saved her life when the two were in Quantico. Stahl later kills her after their attempted frame job against Harlee comes apart and she refuses to help him again after discovering he'd been keeping certain secrets from her.
Bruce McGill as Captain Jordan Ramsey (season 3), the corrupt head of the NYPD's Intelligence Unit.
Nick Wechsler as Detective Anthony Cole (season 3), a member of Intelligence Unit who turns against them after his unit orchestrates the death of his partner.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113January 7, 2016 (2016-01-07)March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)213March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)310June 17, 2018 (2018-06-17)August 19, 2018 (2018-08-19)

text: Production[edit]

text: In February 2014, NBC gave a 13-episode straight-to-series order.[10] A teaser trailer was made available on June 3, 2015, containing statements by Lopez, Ray Liotta, and Drea de Matteo.[11] The series premiered on January 7, 2016.[12] On February 5, 2016, NBC renewed Shades of Blue for a 13-episode second season, which premiered on March 5, 2017.[13][14][15] On March 17, 2017, the series was renewed for a third season.[16][17] NBC later announced on April 4, 2018, that this would be the final season, and it would contain 10 episodes.[18][19] The third season premiered on June 17, 2018.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Lopez was given the main role in 2014.[20] On February 26, 2015, Liotta, de Matteo, Vincent Laresca and Warren Kole were cast as Lt. Matt Wozniak, Det. Shirley Nazario, Det. Tony Espada and Agent Robert Stahl, respectively. Dayo Okeniyi was given the role of Det. Michael Loman.[21] On March 30, 2015, Hampton Fluker was cast in a recurring role as Det. Marcus Tufo.[6] On April 8, Sarah Jeffery was cast as Santos' daughter, Christina.[7] On April 13, 2015, Gino Anthony Pesi was cast in a recurring role as Assistant District Attorney James Nava.[22] On June 15, 2016, Anna Gunn joined Shades of Blue's second season in a recurring role.[23][24]

text: Filming[edit]

text:
Filming for the first season began on June 5, 2015, in New York City.[25]
Filming for the second season began in July 2016 in New York City.[26] Filming for the third season began in April 2017 in New York City.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Time slot (ET/PT)

Episodes

Season premiere

Season finale

TV season

Rank

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Viewers(in millions)

1

Thursday 10:00 pm

13

January 7, 2016

8.55[28]

March 31, 2016

5.43[29]

2015–16

#35

9.87[30]

2

Sunday 10:00 pm

13

March 5, 2017

5.25[31]

May 21, 2017

4.10[32]

2016–17

#58

6.74[33]

3

10

June 17, 2018

3.52[34]

August 19, 2018

3.21[35]

2017–18

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The show has received mixed reviews despite praise for Lopez's performance. On Metacritic, Shades of Blue has a Metascore of 58/100, based on 28 critics.[36] On Rotten Tomatoes, the show is rated 56% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's consensus reads "Solid performances by Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta fail to lift Shades of Blue above the ranks of the pedestrian network procedural".[37]

text: Writing for USA Today, Robert Bianco gave the series two stars out of four, calling it "a thoroughly ordinary reworking of pretty much every crooked cop show and movie you've ever seen".[38] Slate reviewer Willa Paskin criticized the show as "moderately terrible", though praised Lopez's performance as "hugely appealing" and called her "the show's one reliable pleasure".[39] In a more positive review, Yahoo!'s Ken Tucker called Lopez's work "solid" and felt the series was "perhaps the best dramatic work she's done since her first-rate film, Out of Sight".[40] Molly Eichel from The A.V. Club gave the series a C+ rating, saying that "While the plot starts out cut and dry, it becomes more twisty and turny in a way that will eventually bring the audience back to the opening scene of a makeup-less, de-glammed Santos confessing her sins into a camera".[41] Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture wrote that "Shades of Blue isn't a deep show, but it's a sensationally effective one. It knows what it is (a compacted, melodramatic, commercial TV-friendly gloss on one of those '70s and '80s Sidney Lumet police-corruption thrillers) and it rarely steps wrong."[42]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref.

2016

Imagen Foundation Awards

Best Actress – Television

Jennifer Lopez

Nominated

[43]

Best Primetime Television Program – Drama

Shades of Blue

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice TV Actress: Drama

Jennifer Lopez

Nominated

[44]

Choice TV Drama

Shades of Blue

Nominated

2017

People's Choice Award

Best Crime Drama Actress

Jennifer Lopez

Won

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In India, Shades of Blue premiered on Colors Infinity on January 8, 2016, and aired shortly after its U.S. counterpart.[45] In Canada, Shades aired on Global, at the same time as it aired on NBC. In the Netherlands, Shades was aired on Wednesdays on Fox. In Australia, it premiered on the Universal Channel on August 2, 2016.[46] In the United Kingdom, Shades of Blue premiered on Sky Living on 13th July 2016 at 9pm weekly, for all three seasons. [47] In Greece, the series premiered on September 3rd, 2018 on Makedonia TV. [48]