document_title: Van Helsing (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes are in van helsing season 2

text: Van Helsing (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Van Helsing is set in the near future, where vampires have risen and taken control. Vanessa Van Helsing, a descendant of Abraham Van Helsing, awakens from a three-year coma after her supposed death to find herself in a post-apocalyptic world. She is humanity's last hope, as her unique blood composition gives her the ability to turn vampires human. With this secret weapon, Vanessa becomes a prime target for the vampires. She has been protected by a Marine ordered to keep her, and the doctor who saved her, safe, so she can lead a resistance against the vampires that plague the world's survivors.[5]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kelly Overton as Vanessa Van Helsing,[6] humanity's last hope to lead an offensive to take back what has been lost in a post-Rising world, as her unique blood composition gives her the ability to turn vampires into humans.
Jonathan Scarfe as Axel, a career Marine with unwavering devotion and loyalty to both duty and his wards, despite years of isolation and endless vampire attacks.
Christopher Heyerdahl as Sam, a survivor of the Rising who relies on his strength and observational skills to stay alive.
David Cubitt as John, a survivor of the Rising whose actions are fueled by anger, prejudice, suspicion and fear. (season 1)
Vincent Gale as Flesh, a vampire who was originally a human named Phil. He became one of the first vampires turned by Julius during the Rising. After the Rising, he served as one of Julius' top lieutenants, and was sent to bite "the dead woman", Vanessa. As a result, he was cured and regained his humanity. (season 1 and 2)
Rukiya Bernard as Doc (real name Sarah), a Seattleite medical examiner and scientist.
Trezzo Mahoro as Mohamad, a happy guy, despite all of the evilness in the world. (season 1 and 2)
Tim Guinee as Ted,[a] a Marine and a friend of Axel Miller. (season 1)
Laura Mennell as Rebecca, an ancient high-ranking vampire who sees very little use in human life. (season 1)
Paul Johansson as Dmitri, a vampire turned long before the Rising. He is now the patient and calculating leader of the vampires. (season 1 and 2)
Aleks Paunovic as Julius, a mysterious and powerful bloodsucker that existed as a vampire for some time before The Rising, though he was far from the high-ranking vampire authority that he is now. (main, season 1; recurring, season 2)
Hilary Jardine as Susan, Vanessa's neighbor and best friend up until The Rising, during which time she became a vampire, though she was later cured, after she and Vanessa reunited. (season 1; guest, season 2)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Hannah Cheramy as Dylan, daughter of Vanessa.
Jennifer Copping as Quaid, a member of the Portland Human Resistance. (season 1)
Ben Cotton as Campbell, a member of the Portland Human Resistance. (season 1)
Gia Crovatin as Atanasia, an ancient vampire like her brother Dmitri.
John DeSantis as Gustov, a vampire from Julius' Brood. (season 1)
Sarah Desjardins as Catherine, a member of a group of survivors from Idaho, who were lucky enough to be rescued by Vanessa as they passed through Seattle. (season 1)
Christina Jastrzembska as Mama, mother of Julius, as well as a member of his Brood.
Macie Juiles as Callie, a member of a group of survivors from Idaho, who after being saved Vanessa, forged a bond with her.
Avery Konrad as Cynthia, an average teenage girl that somehow managed to survive The Rising for as long as she did. (season 1)
Duncan Ollerenshaw as Dr. Sholomenko, a human doctor, who was forced into working for Julius and Rebecca in order to create day walking vampires with components from Vanessa's blood.
Rowland Pidlubny as Scab, a vampire servant from Julius' brood.
Ryan Robbins as Taka, a leader of the Portland Human Resistance.
Naika Toussaint as Sheema, a sister of Mohamad and is a member of the Portland Human Resistance.
Alison Wandzura as Nicole, a survivors held up in the Seattle Valley General Hospital until it was over run with vampires. (season 1)
Gwynyth Walsh as Magdalene, an ex-wife of Micah, and is in allegiance with Julius. (season 1)
Andrea Ware as Lucky, a member of the Portland Human Resistance. (season 2)
Missy Peregrym as Scarlett Harker/Van Helsing, Vanessa's twin sister.[7] (season 2, credited as "Special Guest Star")

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Syfy acquired Van Helsing from Nomadic Pictures in November 2015, with a 13-episode order beginning production in January 2016, and a series premiere scheduled for Fall 2016.[8] On October 14, 2016, Syfy renewed Van Helsing for a 13-episode second season,[9] which premiered on October 5, 2017. On December 19, 2017, Syfy renewed Van Helsing for a 13-episode third season.[4]

text: It was revealed during San Diego Comic-Con 2017 that series star Kelly Overton was pregnant during the production of the second season of Van Helsing.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)

2
13
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [11][12]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [11][12]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Help Me"
Michael Nankin
Neil LaBute
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)[b]
1.24[14]

2
2
"Seen You"
Michael Nankin
Simon Barry
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
0.83[15]

3
3
"Stay Inside"
Michael Nankin
Jackie May
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
0.66[16]

4
4
"Coming Back"
David J. Frazee
Jonathan Walker
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07)
0.62[17]

5
5
"Fear Her"
David J. Frazee
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
October 14, 2016 (2016-10-14)
0.61[18]

6
6
"Nothing Matters"
Amanda Tapping
Neil LaBute
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
0.64[19]

7
7
"For Me"
Amanda Tapping
Simon Barry
October 28, 2016 (2016-10-28)
0.53[20]

8
8
"Little Thing"
Jason Priestley
Neil LaBute
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
0.61[21]

9
9
"Help Out"
Jason Priestley
Jackie May
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
0.68[22]

10
10
"Stay Away"
Simon Barry
Jonathan Walker
November 18, 2016 (2016-11-18)
0.60[23]

11
11
"Last Time"
Simon Barry
Simon Barry
November 25, 2016 (2016-11-25)
0.65[24]

12
12
"He's Coming"
Amanda Tapping
Shevon Singh, Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
December 2, 2016 (2016-12-02)
0.50[25]

13
13
"It Begins"
Amanda Tapping
Neil LaBute
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
0.56[26]

text:
Jump up ^ Guinee was only credited as main cast in episodes 1x01 and 1x02.
Jump up ^ The pilot episode of Van Helsing, "Help Me", was aired as a special commercial-free "preview" on July 31, 2016, almost two months before its formal television premiere on September 23, 2016.[13]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [11][12]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [11][12]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Began Again"
Michael Nankin
Neil LaBute
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
0.46[27]

15
2
"In Redemption"
Michael Nankin
Jonathan Lloyd Walker
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
0.45[28]

16
3
"Love Bites"
Michael Nankin
Jackie May
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
0.49[29]

17
4
"A Home"
Jason Stone
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
0.46[30]

18
5
"Save Yourself"
Jason Stone
Neil LaBute
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
0.37[31]

19
6
"Veritas Vincit"
Kaare Andrews
Jonathan Lloyd Walker
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
0.30[32]

20
7
"Everything Changes"
Kaare Andrews
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
0.35[33]

21
8
"Big Mama"
David Winning
Neil LaBute
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
0.34[34]

22
9
"Wakey, Wakey"
David Winning
Jeremy Smith & Matt Venables
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
0.49[35]

23
10
"Base Pair"
Paul Johansson
Jackie May & Michael C. Natchoff
Teleplay by : Jackie May
December 14, 2017 (2017-12-14)
0.36[36]

24
11
"Be True"
Jonathan Scarfe
Jackie May
December 21, 2017 (2017-12-21)
0.49[37]

25
12
"Crooked Falls"
Paul Johansson
Jonathan Lloyd Walker
December 28, 2017 (2017-12-28)
0.55[38]

26
13
"Black Days"
Jonathan Scarfe
Neil LaBute
January 4, 2018 (2018-01-04)
0.48[39]

text: Broadcast and release[edit]

text: Syfy aired a commercial-free preview of the pilot on July 31, 2016;[13] this was followed by the series premiere on September 23, 2016.[40]

text: The series was originally slated to premiere in Canada on Super Channel,[41] but because of Super Channel's ongoing bankruptcy proceedings,[42] the series was ultimately dropped from their schedule and instead premiered on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series' pilot episode received 4.5 stars from Den of Geek.[44] In his review of Van Helsing, Keith Uhlich of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "It's pretty good... or is at least, to quote that old critic's saw, 'better than it has any right to be'."[45]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2017
Leo Awards
Best Direction in a Dramatic Series
Simon Barry for "Last Time"
Nominated
[46]

Best Screenwriting in a Dramatic Series
Simon Barry for "Last Time"
Nominated

Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
John Gajdecki, Ryan Epp, Steve Desroches, Brae Norwiss, Shawn Duddridge for "Seen You"
Nominated

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Jayne Dancose for "Stay Inside"
Nominated

Best Stunt Coordination in a Dramatic Series
Kimani Ray Smith for "It Begins"
Nominated

Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Hillary Jardine for "Last Time"
Nominated

Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series
Jonathan Scarfe for "Help Me"
Won

Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series
Christopher Heyerdahl for "Last Time"
Nominated

Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Rukiya Bernard for "Seen You"
Nominated


document_title: List of early color feature films

question_text: when was the first color movie made in hollywood

root

text: List of early color feature films

text: Background[edit]

text: The earliest attempts to produce color films involved either tinting the film broadly with washes or baths of dyes, or painstakingly hand-painting certain areas of each frame of the film with transparent dyes. Stencil-based techniques such as Pathéchrome were a labor-saving alternative if many copies of a film had to be colored: each dye was rolled over the whole print using an appropriate stencil to restrict the dye to selected areas of each frame. The Handschiegl color process was a comparable technique. Because transparent dyes did not impact the clarity or detail of the image seen on the screen, the result could look rather naturalistic, but the choice of what colors to use and where was made by a person, so they could be very arbitrary and unlike the actual colors.

tag: p

text: Edward Raymond Turner's process, tested in 1902, was the first to capture full natural color on motion picture film, but it proved to be mechanically impractical. A simplified two-color version, introduced as Kinemacolor in 1908, was marginally successful for a few years, but the special projector it required and its inherent major technical defects contributed to its demise in 1914. Technicolor, originally also a two-color process capable of only a limited range of hues, was commercialized in 1922 and soon became the most widely used of the several two-color processes available in the 1920s.

text: Beginning in 1932, Technicolor introduced a new full-color process, "Process 4", now commonly called "three-strip Technicolor" because the special camera used for live-action filming yielded separate black-and-white negatives for each of the three primary colors. The final print, however, was a single full-color strip of film that did not need any special handling. This became the standard process used by the major Hollywood studios until the mid-1950s.

text: List of films[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Country
Color process
Length
Production company

1903
La Vie et la passion de Jésus Christ
 France
Pathéchrome

Pathé Frères

Extant. Also known as The Passion Play and Vie et Passion du Christ. Not released as a single feature, but as 32 individual shorts in three different groupings and shot at different times. Some scenes are partially hand coloured (e.g. 52 min. copy on Youtube). The later scenes feature different actors and costumes from the earlier scenes.[1] On DVD.

1912.1 !1912
With Our King and Queen Through India
 United Kingdom
Kinemacolor

Natural Color Kinematograph Company

First feature-length documentary capturing natural color rather than colorization techniques. The original footage ran for 2½ hours (16,000 ft.), presented in two different programmes. The main film of the Delhi Durbar itself was shot on 12 December 1911. The rest of the film was made in other locations in India up to 30 December 1911, of which only a ten-minute extract still exists. Released in UK on 2 February 1912.[2]

1912.2 !1912
Miracle !The Miracle
 United Kingdom
Pathéchrome

Joseph Menchen (personal project)

First stencil-colored feature-length narrative film. Filmed in Austria in October 1912; hand-colored in Paris by seventy people;[3] UK release on 21 December 1912. Original UK length 7,000 feet;[3] censored versions showed at 5,000 and 5,500 feet. Designed to be accompanied by score for full symphony orchestra and chorus by Engelbert Humperdinck. A B&W print of a cut version is extant, held at the CNC Archives, France. Available on Youtube and final scene only, with extracts of the original music.

1914.1 !1914
World !The World, the Flesh and the Devil
 United Kingdom
Kinemacolor

Natural Color Kinematograph Company

First feature-length narrative film in natural color. Lost.

1914.2 !1914
Little Lord Fauntleroy
 United Kingdom
Kinemacolor

Natural Color Kinematograph Company

Status Unknown.

1915
Britain Prepared
 United Kingdom
Kinemacolor inserts

Jury's Imperial Pictures

First British propaganda film. Extant.

1916
Joan the Woman
 United States
Handschiegl Color Process inserts

Famous Players-Lasky

Survives complete with color sequences. Directed by Cecil B. DeMille. (Color was billed as the "DeMille-Wyckoff Process")

1917.1 !1917
Gulf !The Gulf Between
 United States
Technicolor feature

Technicolor Corporation

First American film shot in color. Lost film. Only a few frames from test prints, showing star Grace Darmond, have survived.

1917.2 !1917
Devil !The Devil-Stone
 United States
Handschiegl Color Process inserts

Famous Players-Lasky

Directed by Cecil B. DeMille. Only two reels survive in AFI collection at Library of Congress.

1918.1 !1918
Cupid Angling
 United States
Douglass Natural Color feature

Douglass Natural Color Film Inc.

Lost film. Only feature film made in this process.

1918.2 !1918
Our Navy
 United States
Prizma feature

Prizma

First feature film shot in Prizmacolor.

1920.1 !1920
Treasure Island
 United States
Hand coloring (Handschiegl?)

Paramount Pictures

Lost film.

1920.2 !1920
Roman Candles
 United States
Handschiegl Color Process inserts

Cineart

Lost film.

1921.1 !1921
Bali the Unknown
 United States
Prizma feature

Prizma Inc.

Five-reel documentary opened 27 February 1921 at Capitol Theatre in NYC. On DVD.

1921.2 !1921
Three !The Three Musketeers
 United States
Handschiegl Color Process inserts

United Artists

Film survives in black-and-white only.

1922.1 !1922
Toll !The Toll of the Sea
 United States
Technicolor feature
3190 ft.
Technicolor / Metro Pictures

The first natural-color feature film made in Hollywood. The final two reels are apparently lost. Available on DVD.

1922.2 !1922
bli !A Blind Bargain
 United States
Handschiegl Color Process inserts
188 ft.
Goldwyn Pictures

Lost film.

1922.3 !1922
Glorious !The Glorious Adventure
 United States/
 United Kingdom
Prizma feature

United Artists

Directed by J. Stuart Blackton. Extant at the British Film Institute. On DVD.

1922.4 !1922
Flames of Passion
 United Kingdom
Prizma insert

Astra Film

Directed by Graham Cutts. Lost film.

1922.5 !1922
Foolish Wives
 United States
Hand coloring inserts

Universal Pictures

Hand coloring by Gustav Brock.

1923.1 !1923
Red Lights
 United States
Handschiegl Color inserts

Goldwyn Pictures

Extant in black-and-white only.

1923.2 !1923
Ten !The Ten Commandments
 United States
Technicolor inserts, Handschiegl Color inserts

Paramount Pictures

Survives complete. Is on DVD.

1923.3 !1923
Vanity Fair
 United States
Prizma insert

Goldwyn Pictures

Directed by Hugo Ballin. Lost film.

1923.4 !1923
Virgin !The Virgin Queen
 United Kingdom
Prizma insert

J. Stuart Blackton Productions

Directed by J. Stuart Blackton. Status unknown.

1923.5 !1923
I Pagliacci
 United Kingdom
Prizma insert

Napoleon Films

Starring Lillian Hall-Davis. Status unknown.

1924.1 !1924
Uninvited !The Uninvited Guest
 United States
Technicolor insert

Metro Pictures

Preservation status unknown.

1924.2 !1924
Cytherea
 United States
Technicolor inserts
230 ft.
Technicolor / Goldwyn Pictures

Lost film. First Technicolor film shot under artificial light.

1924.3 !1924
Wanderer of the Wasteland
 United States
Technicolor feature
3854 ft.
Paramount

First western in color. Lost film.

1924.4 !1924
Venus of the South Seas
 United States
Prizma Insert

Lee-Bradford Corp.

Extant. Restored by the Library of Congress in 2004. Final reel is in Prizma.

1924.5 !1924
Heritage of the Desert
 United States
Technicolor inserts
34 ft.
Paramount

Starring Bebe Daniels. Unknown status.

1924.6 !1924
Greed
 United States
Handschiegl Color Process inserts

Metro-Goldwyn Pictures

Short version of film extant, coloring lost (a few specimen frames may survive). On DVD.

1924.7 !1924
Dancemood !The Dance of the Moods
 United Kingdom
Friese-Greene Natural Color (formerly Biocolour)

Friese-Greene Productions

Unknown if a feature or short film.

1924.8 !1924
Moonbeam Magic
 United Kingdom
Friese-Greene Natural Color (formerly Biocolour)

Spectrum Films

Produced by Claude Friese-Greene. Status unknown, possibly at BFI.

1925.01 !1925
Ben-Hur
 United States
Technicolor inserts
1029 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant. On DVD.

1925.01 !1925
Cyrano de Bergerac
 Italy/
 France
Pathéchrome feature
9501 ft.
Unione Cinematografica Italiana

Starring Pierre Magnier. Extant.

1925.03 !1925
Phantom !The Phantom of the Opera
 United States
Technicolor inserts, Kelley Color /Handschiegl Color
497 ft.
Universal Pictures

One color segment survives. On DVD.

1925.04 !1925
Merry !The Merry Widow
 United States
Technicolor insert
136 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Film survives, but two-minute color sequence is lost.

1925.05 !1925
Stage Struck
 United States
Technicolor inserts

Paramount

Extant with color sequences. Restored by George Eastman House. Starring Gloria Swanson.

1925.06 !1925
Pretty Ladies
 United States
Technicolor insert
597 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant only in black-and-white.

1925.07 !1925
His Supreme Moment
 United States
Technicolor inserts
517 ft.
First National Pictures

Lost film.

1925.08 !1925
Big !The Big Parade
 United States
Applied color by Technicolor
154 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Feature and color exists. On DVD.

1925.09 !1925
So This Is Marriage?
 United States
Technicolor insert
729 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Lost film.

1925.1 !1925
Splendid !The Splendid Road
 United States
Handschiegl Color inserts

First National Pictures

Status unknown.

1925.11 !1925
Seven Chances
 United States
Technicolor insert
275 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant with color. On DVD.

1925.12 !1925
Kingmain !The King on Main Street
 United States
Technicolor inserts
105 ft.
Famous Players-Lasky

Survives complete.

1925.13 !1925
Lights of Old Broadway
 United States
Technicolor inserts, Handschiegl Color Process inserts

Cosmopolitan Productions

Extant in Library of Congress.

1926.01 !1926
Fig Leaves
 United States
Technicolor insert
969 ft.
Fox Film Corporation

Extant only in black-and-white.

1926.02 !1926
Beverly of Graustark
 United States
Technicolor insert
354 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant.

1926.03 !1926
Open !The Open Road
 United Kingdom
Friese-Greene Natural Color (formerly Biocolour)

Friese-Greene Productions

Series of documentary films shot between 1924 and 1926. A print was restored and shown on the BBC in 2006. On DVD.

1926.04 !1926
Last !Gli ultimi giorni di Pompeii
 Italy
Pathéchrome feature
12083 ft.
Società Italiana Grandi Films

Extant. US Title: The Last Days of Pompeii On DVD.

1926.05 !1926
Irene
 United States
Technicolor inserts
972 ft.
First National Pictures

Survives complete with color sequences.

1926.06 !1926
Beau Geste
 United States
Technicolor inserts

Paramount Pictures

Extant.

1926.07 !1926
Flaming !The Flaming Forest
 United States
Technicolor inserts
203 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant at Library of Congress.

1926.08 !1926
American !The American Venus
 United States
Technicolor insert
1574 ft.
Paramount

Lost film. Two trailers, and brief clip of color insert, survive at the Library Of Congress.

1926.09 !1926
Volcano
 United States
Handschiegl Color inserts

Paramount Pictures

Extant at Library of Congress. Preserved by UCLA and Television and The Museum of Modernr Art.

1926.1 !1926
Mike
 United States
Handschiegl Color inserts

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant at Library Of Congress. Complete print of 70 minutes found at Library Of Congress in December 2015.

1926.11 !1926
Black !The Black Pirate
 United States
Technicolor feature
8124 ft.
United Artists

Original Technicolor Process 2 print survives at the BFI. Commonly seen version was created from surviving negatives. Outtakes survive in black-and-white. On DVD.

1926.12 !1926
Fire !The Fire Brigade
 United States
Technicolor inserts, Handschiegl Color inserts
692 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Film extant, but color may be lost.

1926.13 !1926
Joy !The Joy Girl
 United States
Technicolor insert
285 ft.
Fox

A copy may survive in the Museum of Modern Art film archive.

1926.14 !1926
Flames
 United States
Handschiegl Color inserts

Associated Exhibitors

One reel exists in the Library of Congress.

1926.15 !1926
Girl !The Girl from Montmartre
 United States
Handschiegl Color inserts

First National Pictures

Preserved by Warner Bros. from original negative and nitrate handschiegl print.

1927.1 !1927
Kingking !The King of Kings
 United States
Technicolor inserts

DeMille Productions / Pathé Exchange

Survives complete. Is on DVD.

1927.2 !1927
Winners of the Wilderness
 United States
Technicolor insert

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

16mm print extant. Starring Joan Crawford. On DVD.

1927.3 !1927
Annie Laurie
 United States
Technicolor insert
204 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant with color at the Library of Congress.

1927.4 !1927
Wizard !The Wizard
 United States
Hand coloring

Fox

Lost film.

1927.5 !1927
Napoléon
 France
Keller-Dorian process sequences

Abel Gance / Gaumont

Extant. Keller-Dorian process proved to be impractical.

1927.6 !1927
La revue des revues
 France
Pathéchrome inserts

Extant.

1928.1 !1928
La Femme et le pantin
 France
Keller-Dorian process

Extant. Directed by Jacques de Baroncelli

1928.2 !1928
None but the Brave
 United States
Technicolor insert
549 ft.
Fox

Unknown

1928.3 !1928
Wedding !The Wedding March
 United States
Technicolor insert, hand coloring.
294 ft.
Paramount

Extant. Directed by Erich von Stroheim

1928.4 !1928
Red Hair
 United States
Technicolor insert
57 ft.
Paramount

Lost film. Color tests survive at UCLA Film and Television Archive.

1928.5 !1928
Casanova
 Germany
Pathéchrome insert

Ciné-Alliance / Pathé

Extant. Based on operetta by Ralph Benatzky.

1928.6 !1928
Viking !The Viking
 United States
Technicolor feature
8398 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant. The first Technicolor feature with sound (synchronized music score and sound effects only, no dialog or "live" sound). On DVD.

1928.7 !1928
Water !The Water Hole
 United States
Technicolor inserts
332 ft.
Paramount

Status unknown.

1928.8 !1928
Court-Martial
 United States
Technicolor insert
473 ft.
Columbia Pictures

Status unknown.

1929.01 !1929
Redskin
 United States
Mostly Technicolor with sepia-toned sequences
4463 ft.
Paramount

Synchronized music score and sound effects but no dialog or "live" sound. Survives complete. On DVD.

1929.02 !1929
On With the Show
 United States
Technicolor
9592 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant in black-and-white. 20-second color clip exists in private collection. The first all-talking color feature. On DVD.

1929.03 !1929
Harmony Heaven
 United Kingdom
Pathéchrome sequences

British International Pictures

Extant at British Film Institute

1929.04 !1929
rom !A Romance of Seville
 United Kingdom
Pathéchrome feature

British International Pictures

Sound version released July 1930. First British sound film released in color, using the Pathéchrome stencil-coloring process. On DVD.

1929.05 !1929
Devil-May-Care
 United States
Technicolor insert

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Prints survive.

1929.06 !1929
Show !The Show of Shows
 United States
Technicolor feature
9987 ft.
Warner Bros.

Only survives in black-and-white except "Chinese Fantasy" number with Myrna Loy and Nick Lucas and part or all of "Meet My Sister" number. On DVD with latter number in black-and-white (color footage only recently discovered).

1929.07 !1929
Pointed Heels
 United States
Technicolor inserts
270 ft.
Paramount

Extant complete at UCLA. Broadcast master is in black-and-white.

1929.08 !1929
Paris
 United States
Technicolor inserts
3645 ft.
Warner Bros.

Picture lost. Soundtrack extant.

1929.09 !1929
Gold Diggers of Broadway
 United States
Technicolor feature
9122 ft.
Warner Bros.

Two incomplete reels and some short fragments extant. Complete disc soundtrack extant. Surviving reels on DVD.

1929.1 !1929
Sally
 United States
Technicolor feature
9280 ft.
First National-Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white. Two-minute color sequence also extant. On DVD.

1929.11 !1929
Glorifying the American Girl
 United States
Technicolor insert
897 ft.
Paramount

Extant complete at UCLA. On DVD.

1929.12 !1929
Broadway !The Broadway Melody
 United States
Technicolor insert
307 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant in black-and-white only. On DVD.

1929.13 !1929
Desert !The Desert Song
 United States
Technicolor insert
306 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant in black-and-white only.

1929.14 !1929
Sunny Side Up
 United States
Multicolor inserts

Fox

Extant in black-and-white only.

1929.15 !1929
Hollywood !The Hollywood Revue of 1929
 United States
Technicolor inserts
1360 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant

1929.16 !1929
Broadway
 United States
Technicolor insert
198 ft.
Universal

Survives in a talking version and a silent version made for theaters without sound equipment. The talking version is missing the final reel, the color sequence, which does survive in the silent version.

1929.17 !1929
Married in Hollywood
 United States
Multicolor insert

Fox

Only final reel in Multicolor survives at UCLA Film and Television Archive.

1929.18 !1929
Red Hot Rhythm
 United States
Multicolor insert

Pathé Exchange

Only one number in color, the title song, survives.

1929.19 !1929
This Thing Called Love
 United States
Multicolor insert

Pathé Exchange

Lost film except for color sequence.

1929.2 !1929
Dancelif !The Dance of Life
 United States
Technicolor insert
779 ft.
Paramount

Survives in black and White. Part of the Technicolor sequence survives at the Library of Congress.

1929.21 !1929
Footlights and Fools
 United States
Technicolor inserts
1183 ft.
First National-Warner Bros.

Lost film.

1929.22 !1929
His First Command
 United States
Multicolor inserts

Pathé Exchange

Extant in black-and-white. Status of Multicolor sequences unknown.

1929.23 !1929
It's a Great Life
 United States
Technicolor inserts
1391 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant. On DVD from Warner Archive Collection.

1929.24 !1929
Mysterious !The Mysterious Island
 United States
Technicolor feature
8569 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant at UCLA. Complete Technicolor print was discovered in Prague, December 2013 and premiered at the 33rd Pordenone Silent Film Festival in October 2014. On DVD.[4]

1929.25 !1929
Rio Rita
 United States
Technicolor insert
2680 ft.
RKO Radio Pictures

Survives in a cut re-release copy with all color sequences. On DVD.

1929.26 !1929
wil !William Fox Movietone Follies of 1929
 United States
Multicolor inserts

Fox

Lost film.

1929.27 !1929
Great !The Great Gabbo
 United States
Multicolor inserts

Sono Art-World Wide Pictures

Survives in black-and-white except for missing color musical number "The Ga-Ga Bird". On DVD.

1929.28 !1929
Smiling Irish Eyes
 United States
Technicolor inserts

First National Pictures

Lost film. Soundtrack discs survive at UCLA.

1930.01 !1930
Rogue !The Rogue Song
 United States
Technicolor feature
9565 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Lost film. Complete soundtrack extant on discs. Trailer and fragments preserved at UCLA.

1930.02 !1930
Life !The Life of the Party
 United States
Technicolor feature
7202 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.03 !1930
Hold Everything
 United States
Technicolor feature
7280 ft.
Warner Bros.

Lost film. Soundtrack extant.

1930.04 !1930
Vagabond !The Vagabond King
 United States
Technicolor feature
9413 ft.
Paramount

Only complete copy restored by UCLA

1930.05 !1930
Just for a Song
 United Kingdom
Pathécolor sequences

Gainsborough Pictures

Lost film

1930.06 !1930
Alf's Button
 United Kingdom
Pathécolor sequences

British Gaumont

Lost film

1930.07 !1930
Paramount on Parade
 United States
Technicolor inserts
2517 ft.
Paramount

Plotless all-star revue. Most survives, but one black-and-white and one color sequence are missing, the color finale with Maurice Chevalier survives only in black-and-white, and the sound for two of the color sequences is missing. Restored by UCLA Film and Television Archive

1930.08 !1930
Under a Texas Moon
 United States
Technicolor feature
7501 ft.
Warner Bros.

First all-talking western shot entirely in color. Survives in a complete color copy.

1930.09 !1930
Whoopee!
 United States
Technicolor feature
8681 ft.
United Artists

Survives in at least one complete color copy.

1930.1 !1930
School !The School for Scandal
 United Kingdom
Raycolor feature

Albion Films

Only feature film photographed in this process. Lost film.

1930.11 !1930
Elstree Calling
 United Kingdom
Pathéchrome Inserts

British International Pictures

Extant at the British Film Institute. Co-directed by Alfred Hitchcock.

1930.12 !1930
Hell's Angels
 United States
Multicolor insert
866 ft.
United Artists

Color sequence and film survive complete. Scene filmed in Multicolor, printed by Technicolor

1930.13 !1930
Knowing Men
 United Kingdom
Talkicolor feature

United Artists Corporation

Second British sound feature in color. Lost film.

1930.14 !1930
King of Jazz
 United States
Technicolor feature
9320 ft.
Universal

Extant.

1930.15 !1930
Chasing Rainbows
 United States
Technicolor insert
1249 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Black-and-white parts survive, color sequences are completely lost.

1930.16 !1930
They Learned About Women
 United States
Technicolor insert

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Survives in black and white only.

1930.17 !1930
Good News
 United States
Multicolor insert

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Color was used for the finale, which is now completely lost. The rest survives.

1930.18 !1930
Show Girl in Hollywood
 United States
Technicolor insert
832 ft.
First National-Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.19 !1930
Kismet
 United States
N/A

First National-Warner Bros.

Lost film.

1930.2 !1930
Bride of the Regiment
 United States
Technicolor feature
7418 ft.
First National-Warner Bros.

Picture lost. Soundtrack extant.

1930.21 !1930
Puttin' on the Ritz
 United States
Technicolor Insert
953 ft.
United Artists

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.22 !1930
Mammy
 United States
Technicolor Inserts
1497 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant. The first Al Jolson film with color.

1930.23 !1930
Call of the Flesh
 United States
Technicolor insert
721 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.24 !1930
Bright Lights
 United States
Technicolor feature
6416 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.25 !1930
Children of Pleasure
 United States
Technicolor insert
~700 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Survives complete in black-and-white. Color sequences extant in sections.

1930.26 !1930
General Crack
 United States
Technicolor insert
532 ft.
Warner Bros.

Survives in a silent copy with no color sequences made for theaters without sound equipment.

1930.27 !1930
Melody Man
 United States
Technicolor insert
826 ft.
Columbia Pictures

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.28 !1930
Follow Thru
 United States
Technicolor feature
8383 ft.
Paramount

Extant.

1930.29 !1930
March !The March of Time
 United States
Technicolor inserts

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Production never completed. Several musical sequences extant.

1930.3 !1930
New Movietone Follies of 1930
 United States
Multicolor inserts

Fox

Extant. Only copy at UCLA.

1930.31 !1930
Florodora !The Florodora Girl
 United States
Technicolor insert
608 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant.

1930.32 !1930
Mamba
 United States
Technicolor feature
6998 ft.
Tiffany Pictures

Extant complete. First all-color all-talking feature which was not a musical. On DVD.

1930.33 !1930
Sweet Kitty Bellairs
 United States
Technicolor feature
5846 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white. On DVD.

1930.34 !1930
Son of the Gods
 United States
Technicolor insert
442 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white.

1930.35 !1930
Song of the Flame
 United States
Technicolor feature
6501 ft.
Warner Bros.

Lost film. Soundtrack extant.

1930.36 !1930
Song of the West
 United States
Technicolor feature
7189 ft.
Warner Bros.

Lost film. Vitaphone discs extant.

1930.37 !1930
Viennese Nights
 United States
Technicolor feature
9191 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant, preserved at UCLA.

1930.38 !1930
Golden Dawn
 United States
Technicolor feature
7546 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant in black-and-white only. Color fragment found circa 2015.

1930.39 !1930
Peacock Alley
 United States
Technicolor insert
651 ft.
Tiffany

Extant; color sequence is at the Library of Congress.

1930.4 !1930
No, No, Nanette
 United States
Technicolor Sequences
3895 ft.
First National-Warner Bros.

Lost film.

1930.41 !1930
Lottery !The Lottery Bride
 United States
Technicolor insert
358 ft.
United Artists

Color sequence survives at the George Eastman House. On DVD.

1930.42 !1930
Lord Byron of Broadway
 United States
Technicolor insert
878 ft.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Extant.

1930.43 !1930
Leathernecking
 United States
Technicolor insert
1474 ft.
RKO

Lost film.

1930.44 !1930
Hit the Deck
 United States
Technicolor insert
3772 ft.
RKO

Lost film.

1930.45 !1930
Dixiana
 United States
Technicolor insert
2006 ft.
RKO

Extant.

1930.46 !1930
cuc !The Cuckoos
 United States
Technicolor insert
833 ft.
RKO

Extant.

1931.01 !1931
Delicious
 United States
Multicolor inserts

Fox

Extant only in black-and-white.

1931.02 !1931
Woman Hungry
 United States
Technicolor feature
6119 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant. On DVD.

1931.03 !1931
Manhattan Parade
 United States
Technicolor feature
6692 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white. On DVD.

1931.04 !1931
Fifty Million Frenchmen
 United States
Technicolor feature
6480 ft.
Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white. On DVD.

1931.05 !1931
Kiss Me Again
 United States
Technicolor feature

Warner Bros.

Extant only in black-and-white. On DVD.

1931.06 !1931
Hawk !The Hawk
 United States
Multicolor feature

Romantic Productions

Shot as the first feature entirely in Multicolor, it had a very limited release. Five years later using the new process Cinecolor it was re-edited and re-recorded as "Phantom of Santa Fe". On DVD.

1931.07 !1931
Runaround !The Runaround
 United States
Technicolor feature
5714 ft.
RKO

Extant only in black-and-white, except for color first reel at Museum of Modern Art. On DVD.

1931.08 !1931
Fanny Foley Herself
 United States
Technicolor feature
6699 ft.
RKO

Lost film. Technicolor trailer extant at George Eastman House.

1932.09 !1932
Tex Takes a Holiday
 United States
Multicolor feature

Argosy Productions Corporation

Final feature-length film shot entirely in Multicolor. Extant. On DVD.

1932.1 !1932
Doctor X
 United States
Technicolor feature
7048 ft
Warner Bros.

Extant. On DVD.

1932.11 !1932
Girl !The Girl from Calgary
 United States
Magnacolor insert

Chardwick Productions

First reel was shot in color. Extant, status of color sequence is unknown.

1932.12 !1932
Death !The Death Kiss
 United States
Hand-colored inserts

Sono Art-World Wide Pictures

Extant. Hand color by Gustav Brock.

1933.1 !1933
Mystery of the Wax Museum
 United States
Technicolor feature
7184 ft
Warner Bros.

Extant. On DVD.

1933.2 !1933
Sairandhri
 India
UFacolor feature

Prabhat Film Company

First color film shot in India, but processed and printed in Germany. Extant. On DVD.

1934.1 !1934
Radio Parade of 1935
 United Kingdom
Dufaycolor inserts

British International Pictures

Two sequences were filmed in Dufaycolor. Extant.

1934.2 !1934
Adventure Girl
 United States
Hand-colored inserts

Van Beuren Studios

Extant. Hand color by Gustav Brock.

1934.3 !1934
Sweden, Land of the Vikings
 United States
Cinecolor feature

First feature-length film in Cinecolor. On DVD.

1934.4 !1934
Cat !The Cat and the Fiddle
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 insert

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Black-and-white with final reel in color. First use of three-strip Technicolor in a feature-length film. On DVD.

1934.5 !1934
House !The House of Rothschild
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 insert

20th Century Pictures / United Artist

Black-and-white with final sequence in color.

1934.6 !1934
Hollywood Party
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 insert

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer

Black-and-white with animated cartoon sequence in color.

1934.7 !1934
Kid Millions
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 insert

Samuel Goldwyn / United Artists

Black-and-white with "Ice Cream Factory" musical finale in color.

1935.1 !1935
Karnaval cvetov
 Soviet Union
Russian two-color process feature

Mezhrabpomfilm

First Russian color film. Extant complete. On DVD.

1935.2 !1935
Jeunies filles à marier
 France
Franciacolor feature

Paris Color Films

First French feature in natural color. Extant. On DVD.

1935.3 !1935
Legong: Dance of the Virgins
 United States
Technicolor Process 3 (two-color) feature
5054 ft
DuWorld Pictures (US) / Paramount (intl)

Produced by Constance Bennett and Henri de la Falaise. Feature-length documentary filmed entirely in two-color Technicolor, one of the last uses of the older process. Restored in 1999 by UCLA Film and Television Archive. On DVD.

1935.4 !1935
Little !The Little Colonel
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 insert

Fox

Black-and-white with one Technicolor sequence

1935.5 !1935
Becky Sharp
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 feature

Pioneer Pictures / RKO

First feature-length film entirely in three-strip Technicolor. On DVD.

1936.01 !1936
Kliou the Killer
 United States
Technicolor, Process 3 (two-color) feature
4917 ft
Bennett Pictures / DuWorld Pictures (US)

Final two-color Technicolor feature. Extant only in black and white. On DVD.

1936.02 !1936
Trail !The Trail of the Lonesome Pine
 United States
Technicolor, Process 4 feature

Walter Wanger Productions / Paramount Pictures

First three-strip Technicolor feature filmed outdoors by natural light.

1936.03 !1936
We're in the Legion Now!
 United States
Magnacolor feature

George A. Hirliman Productions

Also known as The Rest Cure. Extant. On DVD.

1936.04 !1936
Phantom of Santa Fe
 United States
Cinecolor feature

Burroughs-Tarzan Enterprises

Filmed in Multicolor five years earlier as "The Hawk", re-edited version released in Cinecolor as "Phantom of Santa Fe". Extant. On DVD.

1936.05 !1936
Dying !La terre qui meurt
 France
Franciacolor feature

Paris Color Films

Also known as "The Land That Dies". Restored in 1992. On DVD.

1936.06 !1936
Pagliacci
 Italy/
 United Kingdom
UFAcolor inserts

Trafalgar Film Productions

Extant with color. On DVD.

1936.07 !1936
Nightingale !Grunya Kornakova
 Soviet Union
Russian two-color Process feature

Mezhrabpomfilm

First Russian feature-length narrative film in color. Extant.

1936.08 !1936
Bajo el sol de Loret
 Peru
Unknown color process feature

Also known as "Under Loreto's Sun". First Peruvian color feature film. Extant.

1936.09 !1936
Devil !The Devil on Horseback
 United States
Hirlicolor feature

George A. Hirliman Productions

Long presumed lost until found in private collection in the 1980s. Complete in UCLA Film and Television Archive. On DVD.

1936.1 !1936
Bold !The Bold Caballero
 United States
Magnacolor feature

Republic Pictures

First "Zorro" film shot in color. Extant complete. On DVD.

1936.11 !1936
Captain Calamity
 United States
Hirlicolor feature

George A. Hirliman Productions

Extant complete. Released on DVD.

1937
Kisan Kanya
 India
Cinecolor feature

Imperial Pictures

First Hindi color film made entirely in India. Extant. On DVD.

tag: table


document_title: Small intestine

question_text: where does most absorption take place in small intestine

text: Small intestine

text: Structure[edit]

text: Size[edit]

text: The length of the small intestine can vary greatly, from as short as 2.75 m (9.0 ft) to as long as 10.49 m (34.4 ft).[3] The average length in a living person is 3m-5m.[4][5] The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured.[3] Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty.[3]

text: It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age,[6] and 2.5–3 cm (1 inch) in diameter in adults. On abdominal X-rays, the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm.[7][8] On CT scans, a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated.[7][9] The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa, due to enlargement caused by folds, villi and microvilli, averages 30 square meters.[10]

text: Parts[edit]

text: The small intestine is divided into three structural parts.

text:
The duodenum is a short structure ranging from 20 cm (7.9 inches) to 25 cm (9.8 inches) in length, and shaped like a "C".[11] It surrounds the head of the pancreas. It receives gastric chyme from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive enzymes) and the liver (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins and bile emulsifies fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands, which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralize the stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.
The jejunum is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here. The suspensory muscle of duodenum marks the division between the duodenum and the jejunum.
The ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well as any other remaining nutrients. The ileum joins to the cecum of the large intestine at the ileocecal junction.

tag: ul

text: The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery. The mesentery is part of the peritoneum. Arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery.[12]

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery. These are both branches of the aorta. The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery. These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose. The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery.[13] Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades, which may be several layers deep. Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves.[13]

text: Histology[edit]

text: The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level, but there are some important differences. The parts of the intestine are as follows:

text:
Layer
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Serosa
1st part serosa, 2nd–4th adventitia
Normal
Normal

Muscularis externa
Longitudinal and circular layers, with Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus in between
Same as duodenum
Same as duodenum

Submucosa
Brunner's glands and Meissner's (submucosal) plexus
No BG
No BG

Mucosa: muscularis mucosae
Normal
Normal
Normal

Mucosa: lamina propria
No PP
No PP
Peyer's patches

Mucosa: intestinal epithelium
Simple columnar. Contains goblet cells, Paneth cells
Similar to duodenum
?

text: Development[edit]

text: The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube.[14] By the fifth week of embryological life, the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate, forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop. The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus. By week 10, the loop retracts back into the abdomen. Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise, as viewed from the front of the embryo. It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen. This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine.[14]

text: Function[edit]

text: Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter.

text: Digestion[edit]

text: The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place. Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin, which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients. Secretin, another hormone produced in the small intestine, causes additional effects on the pancreas, where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach.

text: The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:

text:
Proteins are degraded into small peptides and amino acids before absorption.[15] Chemical breakdown begins in the stomach and continues in the small intestine. Proteolytic enzymes, including trypsin and chymotrypsin, are secreted by the pancreas and cleave proteins into smaller peptides. Carboxypeptidase, which is a pancreatic brush border enzyme, splits one amino acid at a time. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase free the end amino acid products.
Lipids (fats) are degraded into fatty acids and glycerol. Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Pancreatic lipase works with the help of the salts from the bile secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile salts attach to triglycerides to help emulsify them, which aids access by pancreatic lipase. This occurs because the lipase is water-soluble but the fatty triglycerides are hydrophobic and tend to orient towards each other and away from the watery intestinal surroundings. The bile salts emulsify the triglycerides in the watery surroundings until the lipase can break them into the smaller components that are able to enter the villi for absorption.
Some carbohydrates are degraded into simple sugars, or monosaccharides (e.g., glucose). Pancreatic amylase breaks down some carbohydrates (notably starch) into oligosaccharides. Other carbohydrates pass undigested into the large intestine and further handling by intestinal bacteria. Brush border enzymes take over from there. The most important brush border enzymes are dextrinase and glucoamylase, which further break down oligosaccharides. Other brush border enzymes are maltase, sucrase and lactase. Lactase is absent in some adult humans and, for them, lactose, like most poly-saccharides, is not digested in the small intestine. Some carbohydrates, such as cellulose, are not digested at all, despite being made of multiple glucose units. This is because the cellulose is made out of beta-glucose, making the inter-monosaccharidal bindings different from the ones present in starch, which consists of alpha-glucose. Humans lack the enzyme for splitting the beta-glucose-bonds, something reserved for herbivores and bacteria from the large intestine.

text: Absorption[edit]

text: Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport. The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for "shaggy hair"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients, and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna.

text: Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface. The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries (amino acids and carbohydrates) and lacteals (lipids). The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine.

text: Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions:

text:
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum.
Vitamin B12 and bile salts are absorbed in the terminal ileum.
Water is absorbed by osmosis and lipids by passive diffusion throughout the small intestine.

text:
Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed by active transport and glucose and amino acid co-transport
Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

text: Immunological[edit]

text: The small intestine supports the body's immune system.[16] The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled, and subsequently presented to the immune system.[17]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum.[18][19] Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine. The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa, such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6. Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum, for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells.[20]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The small intestine is a complex organ, and as such, there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel. A few of them are listed below, some of which are common, with up to 10% of people being affected at some time in their lives, while others are vanishingly rare.

text:
Small intestine obstruction or obstructive disorders

Paralytic ileus
Volvulus
Hernia
Intussusception
Adhesions
Obstruction from external pressure
Obstruction by masses in the lumen (foreign bodies, bezoar, gallstones)

Infectious diseases

Giardiasis
Ascariasis
Tropical sprue
Tape worm (Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Hymenolepsis nana)
Hookworm (e.g. Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale)
Nematodes (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides)
Other Protozoa (e.g. Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica)
Bacterial infections

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter
Shigella
Yersinia
Clostridium difficile (antibiotic-associated colitis, Pseudomembranous colitis)
Mycobacterium (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Whipple's disease
Vibrio (cholera)
Enteric (typhoid) fever (Salmonella enterica var. typhii) and paratyphoid fever
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

Viral infections

Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Adenovirus
Calicivirus

Neoplasms (cancers)

Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Lymphoma
Sarcoma
Leiomyoma
Metastatic tumors, especially SCLC or melanoma

Developmental, congenital or genetic conditions

Duodenal (intestinal) atresia
Hirschsprung's disease
Meckel's diverticulum
Pyloric stenosis
Pancreas divisum
Ectopic pancreas
Enteric duplication cyst
Situs inversus
Cystic fibrosis
Malrotation
Persistent urachus
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Disaccharidase (lactase) deficiencies
Primary bile acid malabsorption
Gardner syndrome
Familial adenomatous polyposis syndrome (FAP)

Other conditions

Crohn's disease, and the more general inflammatory bowel disease
Typhlitis (neutropenic colitis in the immunosuppressed
Coeliac disease (sprue or non-tropical sprue)
Mesenteric ischemia
Embolus or thrombus of the superior mesenteric artery or the superior mesenteric vein
Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric dumping syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Duodenal (peptic) ulcers
Gastrointestinal perforation
Hyperthyroidism
Diverticulitis
Radiation enterocolitis
Mesenteric cysts
Peritoneal Infection
Sclerosing retroperitonitis
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Endometriosis

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts, although its form and length vary enormously between species. In teleosts, it is relatively short, typically around one and a half times the length of the fish's body. It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca, small pouch-like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food. There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts, with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu [21]

text: In tetrapods, the ileocaecal valve is always present, opening into the colon. The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts, but is especially so in herbivores, as well as in mammals and birds, which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles. The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates, but only in mammals do these develop into true villi.[21]

text: The boundaries between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans, and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals, or are essentially arbitrary.[21]

text: There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish, such as sharks, sturgeons, and lungfish. Instead, the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine, connecting the stomach to the rectum. In this type of gut, the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion, sometimes for dozens of turns. This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine. The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods.[21]

text: In lampreys, the spiral valve is extremely small, possibly because their diet requires little digestion. Hagfish have no spiral valve at all, with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine, which is not subdivided into different regions.[21]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ.[22]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Small intestine in situ, greater omentum folded upwards.

Third state of the development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The mode of preparation is the same as in Fig 400

Second stage of development of the intestinal canal and peritoneum, seen from in front (diagrammatic). The liver has been removed and the two layers of the ventral mesogastrium (lesser omentum) have been cut. The vessels are represented in black and the peritoneum in the reddish tint.

First stage of the development of the intestinal canal and the peritoneum, seen from the side (diagrammatic). From colon 1 the ascending and transverse colon will be formed and from colon 2 the descending and sigmoid colons and the rectum.


document_title: Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room

question_text: who sings let's chase each other around the room tonight

question_tokens: who sings let 's chase each other around the room tonight

text: Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room

text:
"Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room"

Single by Merle Haggard

from the album It's All in the Game

B-side
"You Nearly Lose Your Mind"

Released
July 14, 1984

Genre
Country

Length
2:48

Label
Epic

Songwriter(s)
Merle Haggard
Freddy Powers
Sherill Rodgers

Producer(s)
Ray Baker
Merle Haggard

Merle Haggard singles chronology

"Someday When Things Are Good"
(1984)
"Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room"
(1984)
"A Place to Fall Apart"
(1984)

"Someday When Things Are Good"
(1984)
"Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room"
(1984)
"A Place to Fall Apart"
(1984)

text: "Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Merle Haggard. It was released in July 1984 as the first single from the album It's All in the Game. "Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room" was Merle Haggard's thirty-second number one country single as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.[1] Haggard wrote the song with Freddy Powers and Sherill Rodgers.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1984)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]
1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
9