document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: how do u have to be to get a tattoo

question_tokens: how do u have to be to get a tattoo

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama
none specified[1]
informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]
Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]
Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]
Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[7]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7]
Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7]
no restriction[8]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]

Arizona
none specified[9]
parent/guardian must be physically present[9]
Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9]
no restriction[9]
Violations are a class 6 felony.[9]
There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10]
Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]

Arkansas
16[11]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12]
none specified[12]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]

California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]
no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut
none specified
permission of parent or guardian[17][18]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]
written consent (for ear piercing)[19]
minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]
no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware
18[20]
notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]
none specified[20]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida
16[21]
Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]
for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]
no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22]
For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii
none specified[25]
written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho
18[26]
Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27]
Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]
Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana
none specified[28]
Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]
no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa
18[30]
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]
Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]
no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas
16[32]
Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]
Minors may have their ears pierced[33]
no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky
16
Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]
none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana
16
Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37]
For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]
Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]
no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland
none specified[40]
written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.
Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]
no restriction
Health Department Regulations
A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]
COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]
Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]
Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]
no restriction
County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.
Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]
Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan
none specified[43]
Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45]
For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]
Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]
cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi
18
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed
piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.
no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri
none specified[46]
For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]
violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]
The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]
Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana
none specified[48]
Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]
A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]
Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska
none specified[55]
written consent, must be present during procedure
Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]
No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada
n/a[6]
n/a[6]
Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]
n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58]
For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.
Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]
no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey
none specified[60]
written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]
Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]
no restrictions
no restrictions
no restrictions
N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico
none specified[62]
Written consent and presence during the procedure.
Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]
no restrictions
Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists
All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board
Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64]
Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]
Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]
no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]
no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota
none specified[70]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio
none specified[73]
Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]
none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]
no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]
Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75]
For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]
Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania
none specified[83]
parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions
Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]
Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]
RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]
Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]
cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]
Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]
Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]
S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota
none specified[92]
Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]
Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]
Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]
For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]
Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]
For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]
Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]
Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]
Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah
none specified[113]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]
Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont
none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia
none specified[116]
Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]
Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]
Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia
none specified[125]
parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]
W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin
18[130]
n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)
Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt
no restriction
Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200
Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]
Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming
none specified[132]
Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]
Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.
no restriction[132]
Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]


document_title: Red Scare

question_text: who started the red scare in the united states in the 1950s

root

text: Red Scare

text: First Red Scare (1917–1920)[edit]

text: The first Red Scare began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and the intensely patriotic years of World War I as anarchist and left-wing social agitation aggravated national, social, and political tensions. Political scientist, and former member of the Communist Party Murray B. Levin wrote that the Red Scare was "a nationwide anti-radical hysteria provoked by a mounting fear and anxiety that a Bolshevik revolution in America was imminent—a revolution that would change Church, home, marriage, civility, and the American way of Life".[1] Newspapers exacerbated those political fears into anti-foreign sentiment because varieties of radical anarchism were becoming popular as possible solutions to poverty, often by recent European immigrants (cf. hyphenated-Americans). When the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) backed several labor strikes in 1916 and 1917, the press portrayed them as "radical threats to American society" inspired by "left-wing, foreign agents provocateurs". Those on the side of the IWW claim that the press "misrepresented legitimate labor strikes" as "crimes against society", "conspiracies against the government", and "plots to establish communism".[2] Opponents, on the other hand, saw these as an extension of the radical, anarchist foundations of the IWW, which contends that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and the wage system should be abolished.[3]

tag: p

text: In April 1919, authorities discovered a plot for mailing 36 bombs to prominent members of the U.S. political and economic establishment: J. P. Morgan Jr., John D. Rockefeller, Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, U.S. Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer, and immigration officials. On June 2, 1919, in eight cities, eight bombs simultaneously exploded. One target was the Washington, D.C., house of U.S. Attorney General Palmer, where the explosion killed the bomber, who evidence indicated was an Italian-American radical from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Afterwards, Palmer ordered the U.S. Justice Department to launch the Palmer Raids (1919–21).[4]

text: Yet, in 1918, before the bombings, President Woodrow Wilson had pressured the Congress to legislate the anti-anarchist Sedition Act of 1918 to protect wartime morale by deporting putatively undesirable political people. Law professor David D. Cole reports that President Wilson's "federal government consistently targeted alien radicals, deporting them ... for their speech or associations, making little effort to distinguish terrorists from ideological dissidents."[4]

text: Initially, the press praised the raids; The Washington Post said, "There is no time to waste on hairsplitting over [the] infringement of liberty", and The New York Times said the injuries inflicted upon the arrested were "souvenirs of the new attitude of aggressiveness which had been assumed by the Federal agents against Reds and suspected-Reds".[5] In the event, the Palmer Raids were criticized as unconstitutional by twelve publicly prominent lawyers, including (future Supreme Court Justice) Felix Frankfurter, who published A Report on the Illegal Practices of The United States Department of Justice, documenting systematic violations of the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution via Palmer-authorized "illegal acts" and "wanton violence". Defensively, Palmer then warned that a government-deposing left-wing revolution would begin on 1 May 1920 — May Day, the International Workers' Day. When it failed to happen, he was ridiculed and lost much credibility. Strengthening the legal criticism of Palmer was that fewer than 600 deportations were substantiated with evidence, out of the thousands of resident aliens arrested and deported. In July 1920, Palmer's once-promising Democratic Party bid for the U.S. presidency failed.[6] Wall Street was bombed on September 2, 1920, near Federal Hall National Memorial and the JP Morgan Bank. Although both anarchists and Communists were suspected as being responsible for the bombing, ultimately no individuals were indicted for the bombing in which 38 died and 141 were injured.[7]

text: In 1919–20, several states enacted "criminal syndicalism" laws outlawing advocacy of violence in effecting and securing social change. The restrictions included free speech limitations.[8]  Passage of these laws, in turn, provoked aggressive police investigation of the accused persons, their jailing, and deportation for being suspected of being either communist or left-wing. Regardless of ideological gradation, the Red Scare did not distinguish between communism, anarchism, socialism, or social democracy.[9]

text: Second Red Scare (1947–57)[edit]

text: The second Red Scare occurred after World War II (1939–45), and was popularly known as "McCarthyism" after its most famous supporter, Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthyism coincided with increased popular fear of communist espionage consequent to a Soviet Eastern Europe, the Berlin Blockade (1948–49), the Chinese Civil War, the confessions of spying for the Soviet Union given by several high-ranking U.S. government officials, and the Korean War.

text: Internal causes of communist fear[edit]

text: The events of the late 1940s, early 1950s - the trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1953), the trial of Alger Hiss, the Iron Curtain (1945–1991) around Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test in 1949 (RDS-1) - surprised the American public, influencing popular opinion about U.S. National Security, that, in turn, connected to fear of the Soviet Union hydrogen-bombing the United States, and fear of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA).

text: In Canada, the 1946 Kellock–Taschereau Commission investigated espionage after top secret documents concerning RDX, radar and other weapons were handed over to the Soviets by a domestic spy-ring.[10]

text: At the House Un-American Activities Committee, former CPUSA members and NKVD spies, Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers, testified that Soviet spies and communist sympathizers had penetrated the U.S. government before, during and after World War II. Other U.S. citizen spies confessed to their acts of espionage in situations where the statute of limitations on prosecuting them had run out. In 1949, anti–communist fear, and fear of American traitors, was aggravated by the Chinese Communists winning the Chinese Civil War against the Western-sponsored Kuomintang, their founding of the People's Republic of China, and later Chinese intervention in the Korean War (1950–53) against U.S. ally South Korea.

text: A few of the events during the Red Scare were also due to a power struggle between director of FBI J. Edgar Hoover and the Central Intelligence Agency. Hoover had instigated and aided some of the investigations of members of the CIA with "leftist" history, like Cord Meyer.[11] This conflict could also be traced back to the conflict between Hoover and William J. Donovan, going back to the first Red Scare, but especially during World War II. Donovan ran the OSS (CIA's predecessor). They had differing opinions on the nature of the alliance with the Soviet Union, conflicts over jurisdiction, conflicts of personality, the OSS hiring of communists and criminals as agents, etc.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: By the 1930s, communism had become an attractive economic ideology, particularly among labor leaders and intellectual elites. By 1939, the CPUSA had about 50,000 members.[13] In 1940, soon after World War II began in Europe, the U.S. Congress legislated the Alien Registration Act (aka the Smith Act, 18 USC § 2385) making it a crime to "knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the duty, necessity, desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association"—and required Federal registration of all foreign nationals. Although principally deployed against communists, the Smith Act was also used against right-wing political threats such as the German-American Bund, and the perceived racial disloyalty of the Japanese-American population, (cf. hyphenated-Americans).

text: In 1941, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the CPUSA's official position became pro-war, opposing labor strikes in the weapons industry and supporting the U.S. war effort against the Axis Powers. With the slogan "Communism is Twentieth-Century Americanism", the chairman, Earl Browder, advertised the CPUSA's integration to the political mainstream.[14] In contrast, the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party opposed U.S. participation in the war and supported labor strikes, even in the war-effort industry. For this reason, James P. Cannon and other SWP leaders were convicted per the Smith Act.

text: In March 1947, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9835, creating the "Federal Employees Loyalty Program" establishing political-loyalty review boards who determined the "Americanism" of Federal Government employees, and recommended termination of those who had confessed to spying for the Soviet Union, as well as some suspected of being "Un-American". It also was the template for several state legislatures' loyalty acts, such as California's Levering Act. The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) and the committees of Senator Joseph McCarthy (R., Wisc.) conducted character investigations of "American communists" (actual and alleged), and their roles in (real and imaginary) espionage, propaganda, and subversion favoring the Soviet Union—in the process revealing the extraordinary breadth of the Soviet spy network in infiltrating the federal government; the process also launched the successful political career of Richard Nixon, and Robert F. Kennedy,[15] as well as that of Joseph McCarthy.

text: Senator McCarran introduced the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 that was passed by the U.S. Congress and which modified a great deal of law to restrict civil liberties in the name of security. President Truman declared the act a "mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step toward totalitarianism" because it represented a government restriction on the freedom of opinion. He vetoed the act but his veto was overridden by Congress.[16] Much of the bill eventually was repealed.

text: The Second Red Scare profoundly altered the temper of American society. Its later characterizations may be seen as contributory to works of feared communist espionage, such as the film My Son John (1952), about parent's suspicions their son is a spy. Abundant accounts in narrative forms contained themes of the infiltration, subversion, invasion, and destruction of American society by un–American thought. In science fiction movies like The Thing (1951), tales of alien humanoid beings abounded. Even a baseball team, the Cincinnati Reds, temporarily renamed themselves the "Cincinnati Redlegs" to avoid the money-losing and career-ruining connotations inherent in being ball-playing "Reds" (communists).

text: In 1995, the American government revealed details of the Venona Project, which when combined with the opening of the USSR ComIntern archives, provided substantial validation of intelligence gathering, outright spying, and policy influencing, by Americans on behalf of the Soviet Union, from 1940 through 1980.[17][18]


document_title: My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman

question_text: when is howard stern going on david letterman

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On August 8, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had ordered a six-episode interview series starring David Letterman. Each hour-long episode will feature Letterman conducting a longform conversation with a single guest and in-the-field segments, in which he will explore topics on his own.[1][2]

text: On January 5, 2018, Netflix released further information about the series. It was announced that Letterman's guests in the first season would include Barack Obama, George Clooney, Malala Yousafzai, Jay-Z, Tina Fey, and Howard Stern. It was also announced that the series would premiere on January 12, 2018 with Letterman's interview with Obama. This interview was Obama's first since leaving office.[3][4]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's theme song and bridging music were written and recorded by Letterman's long-time bandleader, Paul Shaffer.[5] Soon after it was announced publicly that Netflix had given the series an order, Shaffer received a phone call from Letterman asking him to work on the show. Soon after, Shaffer began to receive cuts of episodes from the first season and he started to put music in afterwards where the director thought it was needed.

text: In developing the sound of the show's music, Shaffer initially looked to Letterman for guidance. Finding none, he remembered he and Letterman's shared love for the sort of music produced at the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama describing it as "the honesty you hear, the southern soul feeling." The score initially included drums but the show's producers and director thought that the music should "feel like it's Dave's old friend Paul playing," so it was ultimately stripped down to solely include piano, organ, and bass guitar.[6]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Featured guest
Original release date

1
1
"Barack Obama"
"It's a Whole New Ball Game Now"[a]
Barack Obama
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12)

Cold open: Letterman interviewing Obama on Late Show with David Letterman.
On-location segment: Walking with Congressman John Lewis across the Edmund Pettus Bridge, site of the civil rights movement's Bloody Sunday in 1965.

2
2
"George Clooney"
"You Be the Newsman, I'll Be Liz Taylor"[a]
George Clooney
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)

Cold open: Letterman and Clooney outside of LAX watching planes land and eating fast food.
On-location segment: At the home of Nick Clooney meeting Iraqi refugee Hazim Avdal whom the Clooney family is sponsoring.

3
3
"Malala Yousafzai"
"You Know, She Has a Nobel Peace Prize"[a]
Malala Yousafzai
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)

Cold open: Letterman accompanies Yousafzai as she leads a tour group at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
On-location segment: Yousafzai continues to lead the tour group as Letterman tags along, the pair browse in the University of Oxford shop, and Letterman eats lunch with Yousafzai's father.

4
4
"JAY-Z"
"I Had a Paper Route Too"[a]
Jay-Z
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)

Cold open: None
On-location segment: Letterman visits Shangri La Studio, speaks with music producer Rick Rubin and listens to Madison Ryann Ward recording.

5
5
"Tina Fey"
"It's Just Land Mine Hopscotch"[a]
Tina Fey
May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)

Cold open: None
On-location segment: Letterman and Blues musician Buddy Guy eat chicken and fries at the Athenian Room, one of Tina Fey's Chicago hangouts, while talking about the origins of the Chicago Blues. Later, Guy performs “Skin Deep”, accompanied by Paul Shaffer, at his nightclub, Buddy Guy’s Legends.

6
6
"Howard Stern"
Howard Stern
May 31, 2018 (2018-05-31)

Cold open: Letterman interviewing Stern on Late Night with David Letterman.
On-location segment: Letterman rides horses with paleontologist/geologist Christa Sadler at Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.

tag: table

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"You're David Letterman, You Idiot"
May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)

In a behind-the-scenes Netflix event, Jerry Seinfeld interviews Letterman.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of My Next Guest Needs No Introduction has been met with a positive response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an 81% approval rating with an average rating of 6.4 out of 10 based on 26 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "My Next Guest may not be groundbreaking, but a more intimate setting provides ample room for intelligent, insightful interviews with interesting subjects that go beyond standard late-night conversations."[7] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e This is the original episode title at the time of release. It was later replaced with the featured guest's name.

tag: ol


document_title: List of time zones by country

question_text: which country has the largest number of time zones

text: List of time zones by country

text: This is a list representing time zones by country. Countries are ranked by total number of time zones on their territory. Time zones of a country include that of dependent territories (except Antarctic claims). France, including its overseas territories, has the most time zones with 13. Many countries have daylight saving time, one added hour during the local summer, but this list does not include that information. The UTC offset in the list is not valid in practice during daylight saving time.

text:
Sovereign State

No. of Time Zones

Time Zone

Notes

 France
13
UTC−10:00 — most of French PolynesiaUTC−09:30 — Marquesas IslandsUTC−09:00 — Gambier IslandsUTC−08:00 — Clipperton IslandUTC−04:00 (AST) — Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin
UTC−02:00 (PMST) — Saint-Pierre-and-MiquelonUTC−03:00 (PMST) — French Guiana, Saint Pierre and MiquelonUTC+01:00 (CET) — Metropolitan FranceUTC+03:00 — MayotteUTC+04:00 — Réunion, Crozet Islands, Scattered Islands in the Indian OceanUTC+05:00 — Kerguelen Islands, Îles Saint-Paul and Nouvelle-AmsterdamUTC+11:00 — New CaledoniaUTC+12:00 — Wallis and Futuna

Time in France

 Russia
11
UTC+02:00 (Kaliningrad Time) — Kaliningrad Oblast UTC+03:00 (Moscow Time) — Most of European Russia and all railroads throughout RussiaUTC+04:00 (Samara Time) — Astrakhan Oblast, Samara Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Udmurtia, and Ulyanovsk OblastUTC+05:00 (Yekaterinburg Time) — Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Khanty–Mansia, Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, and Yamalia UTC+06:00 (Omsk Time) — Omsk Oblast UTC+07:00 (Krasnoyarsk Time) — Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, and Tuva UTC+08:00 (Irkutsk Time) —  Buryatia and Irkutsk Oblast UTC+09:00 (Yakutsk Time) — Amur Oblast, western Sakha Republic, and Zabaykalsky Krai UTC+10:00 (Vladivostok Time) — Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, and central Sakha Republic UTC+11:00 (Magadan Time) — Magadan Oblast, eastern Sakha, and Sakhalin OblastUTC+12:00 (Kamchatka Time) — Chukotka and Kamchatka Krai

Time in Russia

 United States
11
UTC−12:00 (unofficial) — Baker Island and Howland Island  UTC−11:00 (ST) — American Samoa, Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll and Palmyra Atoll  UTC−10:00 (HT) —  Hawaii, most of the Aleutian Islands, and Johnston Atoll  UTC−09:00 (AKT) — most of the state of Alaska  UTC−08:00 (PT) — Pacific Time zone: the Pacific coast states and Nevada  UTC−07:00 (MT) — Mountain Time zone: the Mountain states plus western parts of some adjacent states  UTC−06:00 (CT) — Central Time zone: a large area spanning from the Gulf Coast to the Great Lakes  UTC−05:00 (ET) — Eastern Time zone: roughly a triangle covering all the states from the Great Lakes down to Florida and east to the Atlantic coast  UTC−04:00 (AT) —  Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands UTC+10:00 (ChT) — Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands  UTC+12:00 (unofficial) — Wake Island, McMurdo Station, and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station

Time in the United States

 Antarctica
9
UTC−03:00 (ART) — Palmer Station, Rothera StationUTC±00:00 (GMT) — Troll StationUTC+03:00 (UTC+03:00) — Syowa Station UTC+05:00 — Mawson Station UTC+06:00 — Vostok Station UTC+07:00 (UTC+07:00) —  Davis Station  UTC+10:00 — Dumont-d'Urville Station UTC+11:00 — Casey Station, Macquarie Island UTC+12:00 — McMurdo Station

Time in Antarctica

 Australia
9
UTC — Heard and McDonald Islands UTC+06:30 — Cocos (Keeling) Islands UTC+07:00 (CXT) — Christmas Island  UTC+08:00 (AWST) — Western Australia, Indian Pacific railroad when travelling between Port Augusta, South Australia and Kalgoorlie, Western Australia)
UTC+08:45 (CWT) – South Australia (Border Village), Western Australia (Caiguna, Eucla, Madura, Mundrabilla) UTC+09:30 (ACST) — South Australia, Northern Territory, New South Wales (Yancowinna County) UTC+10:00 (AEST) — Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Tasmania UTC+10:30 — Lord Howe Island UTC+11:00 (NFT) —  Norfolk Island

Time in Australia

 United Kingdom
9
UTC−08:00 — Pitcairn Islands UTC−05:00 — Cayman Islands UTC−04:00 (AST) — Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat,  Turks and Caicos Islands UTC−03:00 (FKST) — Falkland Islands UTC−02:00 — South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands UTC (GMT in winter/BST in summer) — main territory of the United Kingdom, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey UTC+01:00 (CET) — Gibraltar UTC+02:00 (EET) — Akrotiri and Dhekelia UTC+06:00 — British Indian Ocean Territory

Time in the United Kingdom

 Canada
6
UTC−08:00 (PST) — larger western part of British Columbia, Tungsten and the associated Cantung Mine in Northwest Territories, Yukon UTC−07:00 (MST) — Alberta, some eastern parts of British Columbia,  most of Northwest Territories, Nunavut (west of 102°W and all communities in the Kitikmeot Region), Lloydminster and surrounding area in Saskatchewan UTC−06:00 (CST) — Manitoba, Nunavut (between 85° West and 102°W except western Southampton Island), Ontario (Northwestern Ontario west of 90°W with some exceptions and Big Trout Lake area east of 90°W), Saskatchewan except Lloydminster UTC−05:00 (EST) — Nunavut east of 85°W and entire Southampton Island, Ontario east of 90°W (except Big Trout Lake area) plus several more western areas, Quebec (most of province) UTC−04:00 (AST) — Labrador (all but southeastern tip), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, eastern part of Quebec  UTC−03:30 (NST) — Labrador (southeastern), Newfoundland

Time in Canada

 Denmark
5
UTC−04:00 — Thule Air Base in Greenland  UTC−03:00 — most of Greenland, including inhabited south coast and west coast   UTC−01:00 — Ittoqqortoormiit and surrounding area in Greenland's Tunu county  UTC — Danmarkshavn weather station and surrounding area in Greenland's Tunu county, Faroe Islands UTC+01:00 — (CET) — metropolitan Denmark

Time in Denmark

 New Zealand
5
UTC−11:00 — Niue UTC−10:00 — Cook Islands UTC+12:00 — main territory of New Zealand UTC+12:45 — Chatham Islands UTC+13:00 — Tokelau

Time in New Zealand

 Brazil
4
UTC−05:00 (Brasília time −2) —  Acre and Southwestern Amazonas  UTC−04:00 (Brasília time −1) — Most part of the Amazonas State, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima  UTC−03:00 (Brasília time) — the Southeast Region, the South Region, the Northeast Region (except some islands), Goiás, Distrito Federal, Tocantins, Pará, Amapá  UTC−02:00 (Brasília time +1) — few islands on the east coast of Brazil (Fernando de Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago)

Time in Brazil

 Mexico
4
UTC−08:00 (Zone 4 or Northwest Zone) — the state of Baja California UTC−07:00 (Zone 3 or Pacific Zone) — the states of Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora UTC−06:00 (Zone 2 or Central Zone) — most of Mexico  UTC−05:00 (Zone 1 or Southeast Zone) — the state of Quintana Roo

Time in Mexico

 Chile
3
UTC−06:00 — Easter Island UTC−04:00 — main territory UTC−03:00 — Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica

Time in Chile

 Indonesia
3
UTC+07:00 (Western Indonesian Standard Time) — islands of Sumatra, Java, provinces of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan UTC+08:00 (Central Indonesian Standard Time) — islands of Sulawesi, Bali, provinces of East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan and South Kalimantan UTC+09:00 (Eastern Indonesian Standard Time) — provinces of Maluku, North Maluku, Papua and West Papua

Time in Indonesia

 Kiribati
3
UTC+12:00 — Gilbert Islands UTC+13:00 — Phoenix Islands UTC+14:00 — Line Islands

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
2
UTC+01:00 (WAT) — western part of the country  UTC+02:00 (CAT) — eastern part of the country

 Ecuador
2
UTC−06:00 (GALT) — Galápagos ProvinceUTC−05:00 (Ecuador Time) — main territory of Ecuador

Time in Ecuador

 Federated States of Micronesia
2
UTC+10:00 — the states of Chuuk and Yap  UTC+11:00 — the states of Kosrae and Pohnpei

 Kazakhstan
2
UTC+05:00 — western Kazakhstan UTC+06:00 — eastern Kazakhstan

Time in Kazakhstan

 Kingdom of the Netherlands
2
UTC−04:00 (AST) —  Caribbean municipalities and constituent countries UTC+01:00 (CET) — main territory of the Netherlands

 Mongolia
2
UTC+07:00 — the provinces of Khovd, Uvs and Bayan-Ölgii  UTC+08:00 — most of the country

Time in Mongolia

 Papua New Guinea
2
UTC+10:00 — most of the country UTC+11:00 — Autonomous Region of Bougainville (Bougainville Standard Time)

 Portugal
2
UTC−01:00 — Azores UTC (WET) — Madeira and the main territory of Portugal

Time in Portugal

 South Africa
2
UTC+02:00 (South African Standard Time) — main territory  UTC+03:00 — Prince Edward Islands

 Spain
2
UTC (WET) — Canary Islands  UTC+01:00 (CET) — main territory of Spain

Time in Spain

 Ukraine
2
UTC+02:00[1] (EET) — most of the country  UTC+03:00 (MSK) — Crimea

Time in Ukraine

 Afghanistan
1
UTC+04:30
Time in Afghanistan

 Albania
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Algeria
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Andorra
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Angola
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Antigua and Barbuda
1
UTC−04:00 (AST)

 Argentina
1
UTC−03:00 (ART)

Time in Argentina

 Armenia
1
UTC+04:00
Time in Armenia

 Austria
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Azerbaijan
1
UTC+04:00
Time in Azerbaijan

 Bahamas
1
UTC−05:00 (EST)

 Bahrain
1
UTC+03:00

 Bangladesh
1
UTC+06:00 (BDT)
Time in Bangladesh

 Barbados
1
UTC−04:00

 Belarus
1
UTC+03:00 (FET)

 Belgium
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Belize
1
UTC−06:00

 Benin
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Bhutan
1
UTC+06:00 (BTT)
Time in Bhutan

 Bolivia
1
UTC−04:00

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)
Time in Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Botswana
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)

 Brunei
1
UTC+08:00

 Bulgaria
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Burkina Faso
1
UTC

 Burundi
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)

 Cambodia
1
UTC+07:00
Time in Cambodia

 Cameroon
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Cape Verde
1
UTC−01:00 (Cape Verde Time)

 Central African Republic
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Chad
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 China
1
UTC+08:00 (Chinese Standard Time)

Time in China

 Colombia
1
UTC−05:00
Time in Colombia

 Comoros
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Republic of the Congo
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Costa Rica
1
UTC−06:00
Time in Costa Rica

 Croatia
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Cuba
1
UTC−05:00

 Cyprus
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Czech Republic
1
UTC+01:00 (CET) (CRT)

Time in the Czech Republic

 Djibouti
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Dominica
1
UTC−04:00

 Dominican Republic
1
UTC−04:00

 East Timor
1
UTC+09:00
Time in East Timor

 Egypt
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 El Salvador
1
UTC−06:00

 Equatorial Guinea
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Eritrea
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Estonia
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Ethiopia
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

Time in Ethiopia

 Fiji
1
UTC+12:00

 Finland
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Gabon
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Gambia
1
UTC

 Georgia
1
UTC+04:00
Time in Georgia

 Germany
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

Time in Germany

 Ghana
1
UTC

 Greece
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Grenada
1
UTC−04:00

 Guatemala
1
UTC−06:00

 Guinea
1
UTC

 Guinea-Bissau
1
UTC

 Guyana
1
UTC−04:00

 Haiti
1
UTC−05:00

 Honduras
1
UTC−06:00

 Hong Kong
1
UTC+08:00 (HKT)
Time in Hong Kong

 Hungary
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)
Time in Hungary

 Iceland
1
UTC

 India
1
UTC+05:30 (IST)
Time in India

 Iran
1
UTC+03:30 (IRST)
Time in Iran

 Iraq
1
UTC+03:00

 Ireland
1
UTC (WET)
Time in Ireland

 Israel
1
UTC+02:00 (IST)
Time in Israel

 Italy
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Ivory Coast
1
UTC

 Jamaica
1
UTC−05:00

 Japan
1
UTC+09:00 (JST)
Time in Japan

 Jordan
1
UTC+02:00

 Kenya
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

Time in Kenya

 Korea, North
1
UTC+09:00 (Pyongyang Time)
Time in North Korea

 Korea, South
1
UTC+09:00 (Korea Standard Time)
Time in South Korea

 Kuwait
1
UTC+03:00 (Arabia Standard Time)

 Kosovo
1
UTC+01:00

 Kyrgyzstan
1
UTC+06:00
Time in Kyrgyzstan

 Laos
1
UTC+07:00

 Latvia
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Lebanon
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Lesotho
1
UTC+02:00

 Liberia
1
UTC

 Libya
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Liechtenstein
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Lithuania
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Luxembourg
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Macau (China)
1
UTC+08:00 (Macau Standard Time)
Time in Macau

 Macedonia
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Madagascar
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Malawi
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)

 Malaysia
1
UTC+08:00 (Malaysian Standard Time)
Time in Malaysia

 Maldives
1
UTC+05:00

 Mali
1
UTC

 Malta
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

Time in Malta

 Marshall Islands
1
UTC+12:00

 Mauritania
1
UTC

 Mauritius
1
UTC+04:00 (Mauritius Time)

 Moldova
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Monaco
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Montenegro
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Morocco
1
UTC (WET)

 Mozambique
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)

 Myanmar
1
UTC+06:30 (MST)
Time in Myanmar

 Namibia
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Nauru
1
UTC+12:00

   Nepal
1
UTC+05:45 (Nepal Time)
Time in Nepal

 Nicaragua
1
UTC−06:00

 Niger
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Nigeria
1
UTC+01:00 (WAT)

 Norway
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

Time in Norway

 Oman
1
UTC+04:00

 Pakistan
1
UTC+05:00 (PKT)
Time in Pakistan

 Palau
1
UTC+09:00

 Panama
1
UTC−05:00

 Paraguay
1
UTC−04:00

 Peru
1
UTC−05:00 (PET)

Time in Peru

 Philippines
1
UTC+08:00 (PHT)
Time in the Philippines

 Poland
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Qatar
1
UTC+03:00 (Arabia Standard Time)

 Romania
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)

 Rwanda
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
1
UTC−04:00

 Saint Lucia
1
UTC−04:00

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1
UTC−04:00

 Samoa
1
UTC+13:00
Time in Samoa

 San Marino
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 São Tomé and Príncipe
1
UTC+01:00

 Saudi Arabia
1
UTC+03:00 (Arabia Standard Time)
Time in Saudi Arabia

 Senegal
1
UTC

 Serbia
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Seychelles
1
UTC+04:00 (Seychelles Time)

 Sierra Leone
1
UTC

 Singapore
1
UTC+08:00 (SST)
Time in Singapore

 Slovakia
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Slovenia
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Solomon Islands
1
UTC+11:00

 Somalia
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 South Sudan
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Sri Lanka
1
UTC+05:30 (SLST)
Time in Sri Lanka

 Sudan
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Suriname
1
UTC−03:00

 Swaziland
1
UTC+02:00

 Sweden
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

  Switzerland
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)
Time in Switzerland

 Syria
1
UTC+02:00 (EET)
Time in Syria

 Taiwan
1
UTC+08:00
Time in Taiwan

 Tajikistan
1
UTC+05:00

 Tanzania
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 Thailand
1
UTC+07:00 (THA)

Time in Thailand

 Togo
1
UTC

 Tonga
1
UTC+13:00

 Trinidad and Tobago
1
UTC−04:00

 Tunisia
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Turkey
1
UTC+03:00 (TRT)

 Turkmenistan
1
UTC+05:00

 Tuvalu
1
UTC+12:00

 Uganda
1
UTC+03:00 (EAT)

 United Arab Emirates
1
UTC+04:00
Time in the United Arab Emirates

 Uruguay
1
UTC−03:00
Time in Uruguay

 Uzbekistan
1
UTC+05:00 (Uzbekistan Time)
Time in Uzbekistan

 Vanuatu
1
UTC+11:00

  Vatican City
1
UTC+01:00 (CET)

 Venezuela
1
UTC−04:00

Time in Venezuela

 Vietnam
1
UTC+07:00 (Indochina Time)
Time in Vietnam

 Yemen
1
UTC+03:00

 Zambia
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)

 Zimbabwe
1
UTC+02:00 (CAT)


document_title: Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors

question_text: who played miss bass in dolly parton's coat of many colors

question_tokens: who played miss bass in dolly parton 's coat of many colors

text: Dolly Parton's Coat of Many Colors

text: Plot[edit]

text: Coat of Many Colors details Dolly Parton's upbringing in 1955 as her family struggles to live in Tennessee's Great Smoky Mountains, putting a strain on love and faith. Dolly (Alyvia Alyn Lind) aspires to be something greater but must cope with family troubles, including the premature birth and death of a baby brother. Dolly's mother, Avie Lee Parton (Jennifer Nettles) uses the baby's blanket to make Dolly her patchwork coat of many colors. Although Dolly is at first proud of it, she changes her mind after school bullies make fun of her. Meanwhile, Dolly's father, Lee Parton (Ricky Schroder) suffers a personal crisis brought about by the baby's death combined with the depression of his wife and a drought which threatened his tobacco crop. Eventually, faith brings the family together again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Alyvia Alyn Lind as Dolly Parton, a precocious nine-year-old who hopes to be a famous singer
Jennifer Nettles as Avie Lee Parton, the devout matriarch of the Partons living in the mountains
Ricky Schroder as Robert Lee Parton, the hard-working patriarch of the Partons with faith issues
Gerald McRaney as Rev. Jake Owens, Avie Lee's father and preacher
Carson Meyer as Willadeene Parton, Dolly's oldest sister
Hannah Nordberg as Judy Ogle, Dolly's schoolmate-turned-friend
Mary Lane Haskell as Miss Moody, school teacher who is firm yet supportive of Dolly's aspiration
Stella Parton as Corla Bass, owner of the town market and a gossip
Forrest Deal as Rudy Sanders, a school bully
Kennedy Brice as Gloria Sanders, Rudy's sister and another bully
Farrah Mackenzie as Stella Parton, Dolly's younger sister
Parker Sack as David Parton, Dolly's oldest brother
Dylan Rowen as Denver Parton, Dolly's second-oldest brother
Blane Crockarell as Bobby Parton, Dolly's younger brother
Jennifer D. Taylor as Aunt Dorothy Jo
Dolly Parton as the narrator

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Coat of Many Colors was filmed in Covington and Conyers, Georgia, and Sevier County, Tennessee, the latter at Dollywood for introductory and closing scenes from Dolly Parton.[3][4][5]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Parton, whose childhood is told in the film's story written by her, is also executive producer. She spoke about the casting process, beginning with singer Jennifer Nettles, who plays her mother: "When she started reading I thought, Oh my lord, that's momma. And, she is incredible ... I didn't even know she acted." For her father, Parton already had someone in mind, Ricky Schroder, because "he reminds me so much of my daddy." In casting the younger Dolly, several hundred children auditioned. Parton stated "God's going to send her." Alyvia Alyn Lind auditioned and could "sing...act" and "cry on cue", said Parton, adding, "When she came in, it just kind of blew it all out of the water and she got the part."[3] In addition, Dolly's younger sister Stella Parton appears in the film, playing town gossip Corla Bass.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Coat of Many Colors received favorable reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has received a 78% rating from nine critics.[6] Among eight reviews at Metacritic, it holds a "generally favorable" score of 65 out of 100.[7]

text: Ken Tucker of Yahoo TV gave the film its highest praise, stating "The pastoral nostalgia that this TV-movie taps into is powerful, if maudlin, stuff. This is the time of year when sentimentality can be a warming thing, and Parton's Coat will keep an awful lot of people warm this winter."[8]

text: The Guardian's Brian Moylan commented on the film's faith storyline: "For those who don’t regularly visit the house of the Lord, it will make your eyes roll like loose marbles in the back of a station wagon."[9]

text: David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle was the most critical but commented "Although it's a struggle at times, you do suspend disbelief and go with it because Lind is so adorable, and you want to accept that the saccharine story line could have played out in real life just the way it's depicted in the film."[10]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In its initial December 10, 2015 broadcast, Coat of Many Colors was seen by 13.03 million viewers and received a 1.8/6 rating/share in the 18-49 age demographic.[11] This marks the highest viewership for any television film (made for TV or theatrical) or miniseries on the broadcast networks since 2012.[12]

text: Awards[edit]

text: On April 3, 2016, Coat of Many Colors was honored during the Academy of Country Music Awards ceremony with the Tex Ritter Award, which is presented to a film released in the previous year that features country music. Dolly Parton accepted the award.[13]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In May 2016, it was announced that a sequel to the film is in the works. In Dolly Parton's Christmas of Many Colors: Circle of Love, Jennifer Nettles, Ricky Schroder, Gerald McRaney and Alyvia Alyn Lind reprised their roles. Stephen Herek returned to direct the sequel written by Pamela K. Long.[14] Dolly Parton herself also had a cameo. The film aired on NBC on November 30, 2016.[15]


document_title: Tinder (app)

question_text: how old do you have to be to use tindr

question_tokens: how old do you have to be to use tindr

text: Tinder (app)

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: Tinder was founded by Sean Rad, Jonathan Badeen, Justin Mateen, Joe Munoz, Dinesh Moorjani, and Whitney Wolfe, who later left Tinder to start Bumble.[6][7] Other sources restrict the list of founders to Mateen, Rad, and Badeen,[8][9] though this has been disputed.[10] Rad and Mateen had known each other since they were 14. They later attended USC together and entered the Internet entrepreneurship field. Rad has stated that the impetus for the app was his observation that "no matter who you are, you feel more comfortable approaching somebody if you know they want you to approach them." He believed that a "double opt-in" system could be created to potentially alleviate that stress. Rad has also stated that Tinder filled a gap for social sites for meeting strangers, rather than connecting with people a user already knows.[8][11]

text: Tinder was then seeded at numerous college campuses and then expanded to other college campuses. The app won TechCrunch's Crunchie Award for "Best New Startup of 2013".[6] In March 2013, when the app was still used only in certain localities, social media director Alexa Mateen stated that the app was intended to be a "chance to meet people you wouldn't normally meet".[12] By May 2013, Tinder was one of the top 25 social networking apps available on the web based on frequency of use and number of users. Initially, instead of a swiping motion, users would click on either a green "heart" or red "oXo" to select or move on from the photos shown.[13] Tinder became the first new online dating service to become one of the top five utilized services on the web in about 10 years.[14]

text: As of October 2014, the app was processing over one billion swipes per day, producing about twelve million matches per day. The average user would generally spend about an hour and a half on the app each day.[5] After transitioning from the clicking function Tinder initially used, Tinder became the first "swipe app", now a term to describe various apps that use swiping left or right to control what content the user sees in a browsing fashion.[15] The functionality of the swipe is now in use by multiple other companies and software.[11][16][17] In 2015, Tinder introduced the ability to go back to rejected profiles, "rewinding" if the user feels they made a mistake—something previously not possible on the app.[18]

text: Companion apps were being developed by different companies allowing users to, for example, use the user's heart rate to determine which direction to swipe instead of the user swiping with their hands.[19][20] The main companion site for Tinder has been Facebook, as Tinder users connect their Facebook profile to their Tinder accounts for verification and profile details. Chatting on Tinder is only available between two users that have swiped right on one another's photos.[21] The selections a user makes are not known to other users, unless two individuals swipe right on each other's profiles. However, once you have matches on the app, you were able to send "Tinder Moments" to each of a user's matches at once, allowing each match to like or not like the photos. The site also has verified profiles for public figures, so that celebrities and other public figures can verify they are who they are when using the app.[22][23]

text: In October 2015, Tinder released the Super Like feature worldwide.[24] This allows non-Tinder Plus users to Super Like one profile every 24 hours for free. Tinder Plus users have up to five Super Likes a day.[25] Instead of swiping right for a profile, the user swipes up. The app notifies the user if they have been Super Liked with a blue border that surrounds the profile of the person who Super Liked them. It then allows the user to either swipe right or left. Tinder says that Super Likes makes it three times as likely for users to find a match.

text: As of November 11, 2015, Tinder's "Moments" feature had been retired.[26]

text: In September 2016, Tinder invested in Vina, a social network where women can meet and nurture new friendships.[27]

text: Tinder Boost was tested in September 2016 in Australia, and went live worldwide in October 2016.[28] The Boost feature lets the user have the top profile in the area for thirty minutes. Users receive up to ten times the amount of profile views while boosting. Tinder Plus users get one free Boost a month. If users do not have Tinder Plus or want more Boosts, they can be purchased in the app.[29] This feature is similar to a premium feature on Match Group's OkCupid.[30]

text: In October 2016, Tinder announced it was opening its first office in Silicon Valley in hopes to better recruit technical employees.[31]

text: In November 2016, Tinder introduced more options for users to select their gender. In the app's settings, users have the option to type a word that suits their gender identity. Users also have the option to have this displayed on their profile or not. This feature was released for the US, UK, and Canada.[32]

text: In March 2017, Tinder launched Tinder Online, a web-optimized version of the dating app so people can access Tinder at their desktops.[33] Currently, It is only available in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia, Italy, Mexico, Philippines and Sweden. The website doesn't include special features such as Super Likes or Tinder Boost.[34]

text: Operation[edit]

text: Using Facebook, Tinder is able to build a user profile with photos that have already been uploaded. Basic information is gathered and the users' social graph is analyzed. Candidates who are most likely to be compatible based on geographical location, number of mutual friends, and common interests are then streamed into a list of matches. Based on the results of potential candidates, the app allows the user to anonymously like another user by swiping right or pass by swiping left on them. If two users like each other it then results in a "match" and they are able to chat within the app.[35] The app is used in about 196 countries.[36]

text: Features[edit]

text:
Swipe is central to Tinder's design. From the compatible matches the app's algorithm provides, users swipe right to "like" potential matches and swipe left to continue on their search.[37]
Instagram integration enables users to access other users' Instagram profiles.[38]
Common Connections allows users to see whether they share a mutual Facebook friend with a match (a first degree connection on Tinder) or when a user and their match have two separate friends who happen to be friends with each other (considered second degree on Tinder).[38][39]
Tinder Gold, introduced worldwide in August 2017, is a premium subscription feature that allows the user to see those who have already liked them before swiping.[40]

text: Paid subscriptions[edit]

text: In March 2015, Tinder announced the public release of its paid service, Tinder Plus, a feature allowing unlimited matches, whereas the free Tinder app limits the number of right swipes in a 12-hour period. It has met with controversy over limiting the number of "likes" a free user can give in a certain amount of time, as well as charging prices for different age groups.[41] The price of a Tinder Plus subscription was announced to be £14.99/$19.99 USD per month for users over 28, while the service for a user 28 and under will be £3.99/$9.99 USD per month.[42][43] A month after implementing these changes, TechCrunch reported that, no matter the consumer impression, Tinder's 'Swipe Right Limit Is Working.'[44]

text: Users[edit]

text: Tinder is used widely throughout the world and is available in over 40 languages.[46] As of late 2014, an estimated 50 million people use the app every month with an average of 12 million matches per day. However, to get to those 12 million matches, users collectively make around 1 billion swipes per day. The minimum age to sign up and use Tinder is 18. As of June 2016, If a user of Tinder who is below the age of 18 attempts to use the app, they are met with cards on their deck stating that Tinder is no longer usable by anyone under 18, and that the Tinder team is developing a new app especially for their age group.[47][48] As of April 2015, Tinder users swipe through 1.6 billion Tinder profiles and make more than 26 million matches per day. More than 8 billion matches have been made since Tinder launched in 2012.[49][50]

text: Company overview[edit]

text: Financials[edit]

text: In March 2014, Media & Internet conglomerate IAC increased its majority stake in Tinder, a move that caused speculation that the valuation of Tinder was at several billion dollars.[14] In July 2015, Bank of America Merrill Lynch valued Tinder at $1.35 billion, based upon an estimate of $27 per user on an estimated user base of 50 million, with an additional bullish-estimate of $3 billion by taking the average of the IPOs of similar companies. Analysts also estimated that Tinder had about half a million paid users within its userbase that consisted mostly of free users.[51] The monetization of the site has come through leaving the basic app free, and then adding different in-app purchase options for additional functions.[11] In January 2015 Tinder acquired Chill, the developers of Tappy—a mobile messenger that uses "images and ephemerality".[52]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: An ad campaign launched by "The Barn" internship program of Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH) used Tinder profiles to promote their NYC Puppy Rescue Project.[53] Using Facebook pet profiles, BBH was able to add them to the Tinder network. The campaign received media cover from Slate, Inc., The Huffington Post and more.[54] In April 2015, Tinder revealed their first sponsored ad promoting Budweiser's next #Whatever, USA campaign.[55]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The New York Times wrote that the wide use of Tinder could be attributed not to what Tinder was doing right but to flaws in the models of earlier dating software, which relied on mathematical algorithms to select potential partners. Relationship experts interviewed by the newspaper stated that users used the photographs that come in succession on the app to derive cues as to social status, confidence levels, and personal interests.[5] Marie Claire wrote that the app was "easy to use on the run" and "addictive" but that "...it's hard to focus. The game-style of Tinder means it's really easy to keep playing and forget about that hottie you were messaging yesterday."[22]

text: Concerns[edit]

text: In February 2014, security researchers in New York found a flaw which made it possible to find users' precise locations for between 40 and 165 days, without any public notice from the company. Tinder's spokesperson, Rosette Pambakian, said the issue was resolved within 48 hours. Chief Executive Officer Rad said in a statement that shortly after being contacted, Tinder implemented specific measures to enhance location security and further obscure location data.[56]

text: On June 30, 2014, Tinder's co-founder and former vice president of marketing, Whitney Wolfe, filed a sexual harassment and sex discrimination suit in Los Angeles County Superior Court against IAC-controlled Match Group, parent company of the app. The lawsuit alleged that her fellow executives and co-founders Rad and Mateen had engaged in discrimination, sexual harassment, and retaliation against her, while Tinder's corporate supervisor, IAC's Sam Yagan, did nothing.[57] IAC suspended CMO Mateen from his position pending an ongoing investigation, and stated that it "acknowledges that Mateen sent private messages containing 'inappropriate content,' but it believes Mateen, Rad and the company are innocent of the allegations".[58]

text: There have been anti-Tinder online marketing campaigns and websites developed.[59] As of June 2015, 68% of Tinder users were male and 32% were female.[60] According to University of Texas-Austin professor David Buss, "One dimension of [dating apps like Tinder] is the impact it has on men's psychology. When there is ... a perceived surplus of women, the whole mating system tends to shift towards short-term dating."[61] where there is a feeling of disconnect when choosing future partners.[62] CEO Sean Rad has said that Tinder removes the "friction" associated with walking up to someone and introducing oneself.[63] Nancy Jo Sales wrote in Vanity Fair that Tinder operates within a culture of users seeking sex without relationships.[15]

text: Health officials from Rhode Island and Utah claimed that Tinder and similar apps are responsible for uptick of some STDs.[64]

text: On February 5, 2016, members of the Facebook group "Bernie Sanders Dank Tinder Convos" (BSDTC) (a spin-off of Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash) were reportedly being banned from Tinder for promoting American politician Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign. BSDTC members would send messages to other Tinder users promoting Sanders and imploring them to vote for him. In response, many BSDTC members' profiles would either become locked or deleted due to flagging their messages as spam or their profiles as bots.[65][66][67][68][69][70] Tinder spokeswoman Rosette Pambakian stated in an email, "We whole-heartedly support people sharing their political views on Tinder, but we don't allow spamming. So feel free to feel the Bern, just don't spam."[66][70][71]

text: In March 2016, a website called Swipebuster was launched, which allows anyone to see how recently someone else logged on to Tinder, at a cost of $4.99 for every three searches.[72] Vanity Fair was the first to report on the service, in an article titled "Here's How You Can Check if Your Partner Is Cheating on Tinder," and Swipebuster subsequently received extensive media coverage for being the first searchable database of Tinder users.[73][74] The Guardian explained how Swipebuster works: "[I]t doesn't [identify users] by hacking into Tinder, or even by 'scraping' the app manually. Instead, it searches the database using Tinder's official API, which is intended for use by third-party developers who want to write software that plugs in with the site. All the information that it can reveal is considered public by the company, and revealed through the API with few safeguards."[75]

text: In August 2016, two engineers found another flaw which showed the exact location of all users' matches. The location was updated every time a user logged into the app and it worked even for blocked matches. The issue was detected in March 2016, but it was not fixed until August 2016.[76]

text: Tinder was directly mocked in the Family Guy episode The Dating Game (Family Guy), where the sex-addict Quagmire becomes excessively obsessed with Tinder and uses the app for free sex with random strangers.

text: A 2017 study found that Tinder users are excessively willing to disclose their personally identifiable information.[77]

text: A 2017 report showed that Tinder stores all messages, locations, times, characteristics of people who interest you or are interested in you, length of time people spend looking at a picture, amounting to hundreds of pages of detail, and offers the information to advertisers.[78]


document_title: America's Next Top Model (cycle 1)

question_text: when did the first episode of america's next top model air

question_tokens: when did the first episode of america 's next top model air

text: America's Next Top Model (cycle 1)

text: Contestants

text: (ages stated are at start of contest)

text:
Contestant
Age
Height
Hometown
Finish
Place

Tessa Carlson[4]
19
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Chicago, Illinois
Episode 1
10

Katie Cleary[5]
21
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Glenview, Illinois
Episode 2
9

Nicole Panattoni[6]
22
5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Murrieta, California
Episode 3
8

Ebony Haith[7]
24
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Bronx, New York
Episode 4
7

Giselle Samson[8]
18
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Corona, California
Episode 5
6

Kesse Wallace[9]
21
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
North Little Rock, Arkansas
Episode 6
5

Robin Manning[10]
26
5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
Memphis, Tennessee
Episode 7
4

Elyse Sewell[11]
20
5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Episode 9
3

Shannon Stewart[12]
18
5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)
Franklin, Ohio
2

Adrianne Curry[13]
20
5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)
Joliet, Illinois
1

text: Episode summaries

text: The Girl Who Wants It Bad

text: First aired May 20, 2003

text: Twenty semi-finalists, chosen from thousands of hopefuls, arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition. The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals, but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers, only eight advanced. Two more contestants, Giselle and Tessa, were added to the final cast following a separate audition.

text: For the week's photo shoot, the ten finalists modeled J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper. The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition.

text: Featured photographer: Douglas Bizzaro & Elizabeth Moss

text: The Girl Is Here To Win, Not Make Friends

text: First aired May 27, 2003

text: For the week's challenge, the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show. The challenge winner was Giselle. For the photo shoot, the finalists posed for Stuff magazine. The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Barry Hollywood
Special guests: Wyclef Jean

text: The Girl Who Gets Rushed To The Emergency Room

text: First aired June 3, 2003

text: The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers. They had a challenge on applying make-up, which was won by Elyse. For the week's photo shoot, the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake. The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Troy Ward
Special guests: Kim Lepine, Jon Silverman, Max Tucci, Janice Combs, Constance White, Derek Kahn

text: The Girl Who Drives Everyone Crazy

text: First aired June 10, 2003

text: The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills. They were given a challenge on line-reading, which was won by Robin. Instead of a photo shoot, the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses. The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured commercial director: Loren Haynes
Special guests: Jon Silverman, Alice Spivak, Tracy Staus

text: The Girl Who Everyone Thinks Is Killing Herself

text: First aired June 17, 2003

text: For the week's challenge, the six remaining finalists gave interviews, with Elyse winning. The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis. The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Daniel Garriga
Special guests: Cindy Berger, Jon Silverman, Clinton Portis, Christine Curry, Martin Crandall, Derek Kahn, Steve Santagati

text: The Girl Who Deals With A Pervert

text: First aired June 24, 2003

text: The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week's challenge and photo shoot. They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert, and for the challenge they attended go-sees. The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Michel Haddi
Special guests: Pink, Brad Pinkert, Emma Mackie, Marilyn Gauthier

text: The Girls Get Really Naked

text: First aired July 1, 2003

text: For the week’s challenge, the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men, who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation. The challenge winner was Adrianne. The finalists did two photo shoots this week: a black-and-white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks, and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry, the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in. The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session, which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographers: Tyra Banks, Patrick Katzman
Special guests: Pascal Millet, Derek Khan

text: How The Girls Got Here

text: First aired July 8, 2003

text: This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage.

text: The Girl Who Becomes America's Next Top Model

text: First aired July 8, 2003

text: The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry, Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart. Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session.

text: Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show. The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America's Next Top Model.

text: Special guest: Drew Lineham

text: Summaries

text: Call-out order

text:
Order
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9

1
Nicole
Ebony
Shannon
Shannon
Kesse
Adrianne
Elyse
Elyse
Shannon
Adrianne

2
Robin
Elyse
Nicole
Kesse
Elyse
Kesse
Shannon
Adrianne
Adrianne
Shannon

3
Kesse
Kesse
Giselle
Elyse
Adrianne
Shannon
Robin
Shannon
Elyse

4
Elyse
Adrianne
Robin
Giselle
Robin
Robin
Adrianne
Robin

5
Katie
Katie
Adrianne
Adrianne
Shannon
Elyse
Kesse

6
Ebony
Nicole
Ebony
Robin
Giselle
Giselle

7
Adrianne
Giselle
Elyse
Ebony
Ebony

8
Shannon
Robin
Kesse
Nicole

9

Shannon
Katie

10

Tessa

text:
In episode 1, the pool of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 8. Later, two more contestants (Giselle and Tessa) were scouted and introduced to the cast.
In episode 7, Robin and Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot.
Episode 8 was the recap episode.

text: Photo shoot guide

text:
Episode 1 photo shoot: Swimwear on a rooftop
Episode 2 photo shoot: Swimwear for Stuff
Episode 3 photo shoot: Beauty shots with snakes
Episode 4 commercial: Fresh Look contact lenses
Episode 5 photo shoot: Reebok ad with Clinton Portis
Episode 6 photo shoot: Wonder Bra overlooking the Eiffel Tower
Episode 7 photo shoots: Black & white beauty shots, nude campaign for Merit Diamond

text: Makeovers

text:
Adrianne – Weave with bangs
Ebony – Tuft shaved off
Elyse – Pixie cut
Giselle – Dyed red and layered
Kesse – Hair weave with honey blonde highlights, à la Tyra Banks in 1992
Nicole – Weave trimmed and straightened
Robin – Weave removed and light brown weave added
Shannon – Straight hair weave and more blonde

text: Post-Top Model careers

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Tessa Carlson modeled for Noah Kalina and Joey Quintero.
Katie Cleary is working with Deal or No Deal and has done print modeling. She has been an on-camera host for TV Guide Channel, E! News, and HDTV's Get Out. Her acting credits include Chuck, The Break-Up, The Lake House, and Iron Man 2.[14]
Adrianne Curry collected her prizes and has modeled for several magazines, including Life & Style Weekly, Us Weekly, Star, OK!, Stuff, People, Maxim, made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005, Max (Spanish) Marie Claire, Spanish Marie Claire, Von Dutch, Von Dutch Watches, Salon City, Macy's, Famous Stars and Straps, Lucky, Ed Hardy, Kinis Bikinis, Beverly Hills Choppers, and Merit Diamonds. She has walked for Jaime Pressly and Pamela Anderson. She was signed with Wilhelmina Models and Avenue Modeller,[15] and is no longer a model. She was married to actor Christopher Knight from 2006 to 2012.
Ebony Haith was signed with Downtown Model Management.
Robin Manning is pursuing an acting career and has been in two movies, and has done church-related print work.
Nicole Panattoni modeled for various companies. She is married to BMX rider Cory Nastazio.
Giselle Samson now works as a hostess for Carnival Cruise.[16]
Elyse Sewell has done multiple print ads, and been signed by multiple agencies in Asia.
Shannon Stewart has done print work, and has been signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management. She participated in the America's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants,[17] finishing in sixth place.


document_title: Bobby (1973 film)

question_text: who played the female lead role in the movie 'bobby'

question_tokens: who played the female lead role in the movie ' bobby '

text: Bobby (1973 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story is about the love between two Mumbai teenagers of different classes — Raj Nath (Rishi Kapoor), the son of a rich businessman Mr. Nath (played by Pran), and Bobby Braganza (Dimple Kapadia), the daughter of a poor Goan Christian fisherman Jack Braganza (played by Prem Nath).

text: The couple first sees each other during Raj's birthday party and meet when Raj goes to see his old governess, Mrs. Braganza. There, he sees her granddaughter Bobby, and it is love at first sight for him. Raj and Bobby go to see a movie but find out it is closed. Then Raj gets an idea to go to a party. At the party, Bobby sees Raj talking to another girl and thinks he is using her. As the story progresses, Raj realises that his relationship with the daughter of a poor fisherman is not taken kindly by his eccentric father. Upon Raj's insistence, Mr. Nath visits Jack to initiate talks of Raj and Bobby's wedding. But instead, Mr. Nath accuses Jack of using his daughter's beauty and charm to trap Raj for his money. He even offers Jack cash to have Bobby stop seeing Raj. Jack feels highly humiliated by this accusation and reciprocates by insulting Mr. Nath. Their talk enters a deadlock and spells doom for Raj and Bobby's tender love.

text: Mr. Nath engages Raj to a mentally challenged girl, Alka (Farida Jalal), to establish business ties with her rich father. But Raj runs away from home in order to unite with Bobby. They run away together. Mr. Nath advertises a reward for anyone who can help find his son. Prem Chopra (Prem Chopra) decides that he wants the money, and he and his goons kidnap Raj and Bobby. When they try to escape, Prem starts beating Raj. Mr. Nath and the police come to help, and they find Jack already there attempting to help Raj. Raj and Bobby run away from their fathers and jump over a waterfall. Mr. Nath and Jack jump into the water after them. Mr. Nath rescues Bobby, while Jack rescues Raj.

text: They realize that they love their children very much and don't want to stand in the way of their happiness. They accept each other's kids as their own and give their blessings to the union.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rishi Kapoor as Raj Nath
Dimple Kapadia Bobby Braganza
Prem Nath as Jack Braganza
Durga Khote as Mrs. Braganza
Pran as Mr. Nath
Sonia Sahni as Mrs. Sushma Nath
Aruna Irani as Nima
Prem Chopra as Prem Chopra
Farida Jalal as Alka 'Nikki' Sharma
Pinchoo Kapoor as Mr. Sharma
Raj Rani as Mrs. Sharma
Jagdish Raj as Police Inspector
Shashi Kiran as Shyam (Raj's college-mate)
Piloo J. Wadia as Mrs. Pestonji

text: Production[edit]

text: In an interview in 2012, Rishi Kapoor stated, "There was a misconception that the film was made to launch me as an actor. The film was actually made to pay the debts of Mera Naam Joker. Dad wanted to make a teenage love story and he did not have money to cast Rajesh Khanna in the film".[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Some scenes were shot in Gulmarg. One scene was shot in a hut in Gulmarg, which became famous as the 'Bobby Hut'.[9][10] A few scenes towards the end of the movie were shot on Pune-Sholapur highway near Loni Kalbhor where Raj Kapoor owned a farm.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Song
Singer(s)
Notes

"Ae Ae Ae Phansa"
Lata Mangeshkar
Picturized on Aruna Irani

"Ankhiyon Ko Rahne De"
Lata Mangeshkar
Based on the song "Ankhiyan nu rehen de" by Reshma[citation needed]

"Beshak Mandir Masjid"
Narendra Chanchal
Lyrics by Raj Kavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi

"Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho"
Lata Mangeshkar and Shailender Singh

"Jhoot Bole Kauva Kate"
Lata Mangeshkar and Shailender Singh
Picturized on Rishi Kapoor and Dimple Kapadia in a village dance setting.

"Main Shayar To Nahin"
Shailender Singh
Picturised on Rishi Kapoor. The song was reused and picturised again on him in the 2004 film Hum Tum.

"Mujhe Kuchh Kahna Hai"
Shailender Singh and Lata Mangeshkar

"Na Mangun Sona Chandi"
Manna Dey and Shailender Singh

text: Box office[edit]

text:
Worldwide gross

Territory
Gross

India
₹11 crore[1] (US$14.21 million)[n 1] in 1973
₹574 crore (US$90 million)[13] in 2016

Soviet Union
15.65 million SUR[n 2] (US$21.44 million,[n 3] ₹19.24 crore)[n 4] in 1975
US$95 million (₹638 crore)[17] in 2016

Worldwide
₹30.24 crore (US$35.65 million) in 1975
₹1212 crore (US$184 million) in 2016

text: In India, Bobby was the highest-grossing film of 1973, earning ₹11 crore.[1] It was also the second highest-grossing film at the Indian box office in the 1970s, second only to Sholay (1975).[2] Adjusted for inflation, it grossed ₹398 crore in 2011 value,[12] equivalent to ₹574 crore (US$90 million) in 2016 value. As of 2011, it is one of the top 20 highest-grossing films of all time in India.[3]

text: Overseas, Bobby was very successful in the Soviet Union when it released there in 1975, due to Raj Kapoor's popularity in the country. Bobby drew a Soviet box office audience of 62.6 million viewers, making it the second best-selling film on the Soviet box office charts in 1975,[4] the most popular Indian film of the 1970s, the second biggest foreign hit of the decade,[5] the sixth biggest box office hit of the decade,[5][6] the second most-viewed Indian film of all time (after Raj Kapoor's Awaara), the sixth biggest foreign hit of all time,[5] and one of the top 20 biggest box office hits of all time.[5][6] The film's success launched Rishi Kapoor into an overnight movie star in the Soviet Union,[18] much like Awaara had done for his father Raj Kapoor.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
1974 - Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Rishi Kapoor
Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Dimple Kapadia (shared with Jaya Bhaduri for Abhimaan)
Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Narendra Chanchal for the song "Beshak Mandir Masjid"
Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction — A. Rangaraj
Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design – Allauddin Khan Qureshi
BFJA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Hindi Section) – Shailender Singh
BFJA Award for Best Audiographer (Hindi Section) – Alauddin Khan Qureshi[19]

text:
Filmfare Award for Best Film - Raj Kapoor
Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Prem Nath
Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Aruna Irani
Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Laxmikant Pyarelal
Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Anand Bakshi for the song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein"
Filmfare for Best Lyricist – Anand Bakshi for the song "Main Shayer To Nahin"
Filmfare for Best Lyricist – Vitthalbhai Patel for the song "Jhoot Bole Kava Kate"
Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Shailender Singh for the song "Main Shayar to Nahin"[20]