document_title: List of Little House on the Prairie characters

question_text: who played timothy on little house on the prairie

text: Television series characters[edit]

text: The Ingalls family[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Charles Ingalls
1–9
161
Michael Landon
Farmer; husband and father

Caroline Ingalls
1–8
172
Karen Grassle
Wife and mother

Laura Ingalls Wilder
1–9
190
Melissa Gilbert
Second daughter; Later Almanzo's wife and Rose's mother; nicknamed "Half-pint" by Charles and "Beth" by Almanzo

Mary Ingalls
1–8
133
Melissa Sue Anderson
Oldest child

Carrie Ingalls
1–8
164
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
Third daughter

Charles Ingalls Jr.
1
2
Unknown
Baby son, died as an infant

Grace Ingalls
5–8
60
Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh
Fourth daughter

Albert Quinn Ingalls
5–9
89
Matthew Labyorteaux
Adopted son

James Cooper/Ingalls
7–8
21
Jason Bateman
Adopted after parents were killed in a wagon accident

Cassandra Cooper/Ingalls
7–8
21
Missy Francis
Same as above

text: The in-laws[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Almanzo Wilder
6–9
65
Dean Butler
Farmer; Laura's husband (season 7); Rose's father; Nicknamed "Manly" by Laura

Adam Kendall
4–8
35
Linwood Boomer
Teacher of the blind; Mary’s husband (season 5)

Adam Kendall Jr.
6
3
Unknown
Adam and Mary's son; dies in fire with Alice Garvey

Jenny Wilder
9
18
Shannen Doherty
Almanzo's niece, whom he gets custody of after his brother/her father Royal dies

Rose Wilder
8–9
17
Jennifer and Michele Steffin
Almanzo and Laura's daughter

Eliza Jane Wilder
6–8
14
Lucy Lee Flippin
Teacher; Almanzo's older sister

text: Townsfolk[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Nels Oleson
1–9
147
Richard Bull
Mercantile proprietor; husband and father

Harriet Oleson
1–9
153
Katherine MacGregor
Mercantile proprietor; wife and mother

Nellie Oleson
1–9
104
Alison Arngrim
Oldest child of Nels and Harriet

Willie Oleson
1–9
140
Jonathan Gilbert
Son of Nels and Harriet

Nancy Oleson
8–9
33
Allison Balson
Adopted daughter of Nels and Harriet

Percival Dalton/Isaac Cohen
6–7
11
Steve Tracy
Nellie’s husband

Rachel Brown Oleson
9
2
Sherri Stoner
Willie’s wife

Dr. Hiram Baker
1–9
113
Kevin Hagen
Town physician

Reverend Robert Alden
1–9
76
Dabbs Greer
Church minister

Melinda Foster
1–9
61
Ruth Foster
Post office manager

Isaiah Edwards
1–3, 6, 8–9
52
Victor French
Charles’s best friend

Grace Snider Edwards
1–6
23
Bonnie Bartlett / Corinne Camacho
Wife of Isaiah Edwards

John Sanderson Edwards
2–4
8
Radames Pera
Oldest child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Alicia Sanderson Edwards
2–3, 5, 8
19
Kyle Richards
Youngest child, Adopted daughter of Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Carl Sanderson Edwards
2–4
19
Brian Part
Middle child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Matthew Rogers
9
5
Jonathan Hall Kovacs
Young boy that is taken care of by Isaiah Edwards (season 9)

Jonathan Garvey
4–7
51
Merlin Olsen
Farmer; husband and father

Alice Garvey
4–6
33
Hersha Parady
Wife and mother; teacher; dies in fire with Adam Kendall Jr.

Andy Garvey
4–7
43
Patrick Labyorteaux
Son of Jonathan and Alice

Eva Beadle Simms
1–4
45
Charlotte Stewart
School teacher

Adam Simms
4
2
Joshua Bryant
Miss Beadle's husband

Lars Hanson
1–5
41
Karl Swenson
Lumber mill owner; a founder of Walnut Grove

Hester-Sue Terhune
4–9
40
Ketty Lester
Head of the school for the blind

John Carter
9
19
Stan Ivar
Blacksmith; husband and father

Sarah Carter
9
15
Pamela Roylance
Starts a newspaper; wife and mother

Jeb Carter
9
18
Lindsay Kennedy
Older son of John and Sarah

Jason Carter
9
18
David Friedman
Younger son of John and Sarah

Susan Goodspeed
4–7
16
Michelle Downey
Student at the school for the blind

Etta Plum
9
15
Leslie Landon
School teacher

Christy Kennedy
1–2
10
Tracie Savage
Schoolgirl

Sandy Kennedy
1
4
Robert Hoffman
Schoolboy; Christy's brother

Hans Dorfler
1–4, 6
9
Jim Jeter
Resident of Walnut Grove; a stable-owner

Bill Anderson
6–9
6
Sam Edwards
Banker of Walnut Grove

Joe Kagan
4–5, 7
5
Moses Gunn
Aging boxer who retires to farm life in Walnut Grove

Judd Larrabee
4–5
5
Don "Red" Barry
Resident of Walnut Grove

Mrs. Amanda "May" Whipple
1–4
5
Queenie Smith
Resident of Walnut Grove; local seamstress

Mr. Kennedy
1
4
Wayne Heffley
Resident of Walnut Grove; father of Christy and Sandy

Mrs. Kennedy
1–2
3
Eileen Ryan (season 1),
Janice Carroll (season 2)
Resident of Walnut Grove; mother of Christy and Sandy

Ebenezer Sprague
2–3
4
Ted Gehring
Banker of Walnut Grove

Houston Lamb
6–7
4
Dub Taylor
Works and lives at the school for the blind in Sleepy Eye

Henry Riley
4–9
15
Dan McBride
recurring role - customer in Nellie's Restaurant arguing

Kezia Horn
4–5
3
Hermione Baddeley
Resident of Walnut Grove and friend of Laura and Albert

text: Non-recurring characters[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text:
Episode 6

Miss Amy Hearn (played by Josephine Hutchinson)

Episode 7

Olga Nordstrom (played by Kim Richards)

Episode 9

Abel Makay (played by Dirk Blocker)

Episode 11

Tinker Jones (played by Chuck McCann)

Episode 14

Jonathan (played by Ernest Borgnine)

Episode 19

Willie O'Hara (played by Red Buttons)

Episode 20

Graham Stewart (played by Johnny Lee)
John Stewart (played by Harris Yulin)

Episode 21

Trudy Coulter (played by Julie Cobb)
Joseph Coulter (played by Alan Fudge)

Episode 22

Jack Lame Horse (played by Robert Tessier)
Marshal Anders (played by Jack Ging)

Episode 23

Hiram Johnson (played by Hal Bokar)
Mimi (played by Jane Alice Brandon)

Episode 24

Jim Tyler (played by Forrest Tucker)
Helen Tyler (played by Ann Doran)

text: Season two[edit]

text:
Episode 4

Jebediah Mumfort (played by Karl Lukas)
Margaret Mumfort (played by June Dayton)
Slick McBurney (played by Gregory Walcott)

Episode 5

Amos Pike (played by John Anderson)

Episode 7

Julia Sanderson (played by Patricia Neal)

Episode 10

Jonah (played by Shane Sinutko)

Episode 17

Hannibal Applewood (played by Richard Basehart)

Episode 18

Henry Hill (played by Louis Gossett Jr)

Episode 19

Elizabeth Thurman (played by Mariette Hartley)

Episode 20

Yuli Pyatakov (played by Theodore Bikel)
Viktor Pyatakov (played by Ike Eisenmann)
Fanya Pyatakov (played by Lisa Pera)

Episode 21

Granville Whipple (played by Richard Mulligan)

text: Season three[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Caleb Hodgekiss (played by Johnny Cash)
Mattie Hodgekiss (played by June Carter Cash)

Episode 4

Wendell Loudy (played by John Ireland)

Episode 6

Young Charles Ingalls (played by Matthew Labyorteaux)
Lansford Ingalls (played by Arthur Hill)
Laura Colby Ingalls (played by Jan Sterling)
Eliza Ann Ingalls (played by Hersha Parady)
Peter Ingalls (played by Mark Lenard)

Episode 9

Bubba Galinder (played by Michael LeClair)
George Galinder (played by Roy Jenson)
Sam Galinder (played by Geoffrey Lewis)

Episode 10

Sam Shelby (played by Burl Ives)

Episode 14

Ginny Clark (played by Rachel Longaker)
Harold Mayfield (played by Warren Vanders)
Della Clark (played by Kay Peters)

Episode 15

Joseph Spotted Eagle Stokes (played by Caesar Ramirez)
Seth (played by Willie Aames)
Jeremy Stokes (played by George Murdock)

Episode 18

Solomon Henry (played by Todd Bridges)
Mrs. Henry (played by Maidie Norman)
Jackson Henry (played by David Downing)
Kramer (played by Frederic Downs)
Dr. Tane (played by Don Pedro Colley)

Episode 19

Anna Gillberg (played by Katy Kurtzman)

Episode 20

Elmer Dobkins (played by Eric Olson)
Sam Dobkins (played by Charles Aidman)
Ellen Dobkins (played by Mitzi Hoag)

Episode 21

Zachariah (played by E.J. Andre)
Rev. Phillips (played by Larry Golden)
Ben Griffin (played by Larry Pennell)

text: Season four[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Ellen Taylor (played by Mia Bendixsen)
Eloise Taylor (played by Corinne Michaels)
Cal Taylor (played by James Wainwright)

Episode 4

Chris Nelson (played by Gil Gerard)

Episode 6

Bailey Farrell (played by Bernard Behrens)
Timothy Farrell (played by Johnny Doran)

Episode 7

Stanley Novack (played by Michael Pataki)
Beth Novack (played by Collin Wilcox)
Jed Haney (played by Eddie Quillan)
Dr. Asa T Logan (played by Burr DeBenning)

Episode 8

Mr. Dankworth (played by Dennis Rucker)
Mr. Hobbs (played by John Bennett Perry)
Bob Ford (played by Tony Marks)
Lewis Ford (played by Frank Marth)

Episode 9

Judge Picker (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 14

Samantha Higgins (played by Seeley Ann Thumann)
Jimmy Hill (played by Chris Petersen)

Episode 15

Nats Rachel Peal (played by Anita Dangler)
Caleb Fisher (played by John McLiam)
Katie Fisher (played by Linda McMillan)
Ellen Fisher (played by Dee Croxton)

Episode 16

Jordan Harrison (played by Ronnie Scribner)
Young Caroline (played by Katy Kurtzman)
Younger Laura Colby Ingalls (played by Sarah Miller)
Mr. Watson (played by Sorrell Booke)
Harold Watson (played by Adam Gunn)
Peter Ingalls (played by David Considine)
Henry Quiner-Holbrook (played by Gregg Forrest)
Polly Ingalls (played by Robin Muir)
Eliza Ann Quiner-Holbrook (played by Kristi Jill Wood)
Lansford Ingalls (played by Nicolas Coster)
Charlotte Holbrook (played by Virginia Kiser)
Young Charles Ingalls (played by Matthew Labyorteaux)

Episode 17

Bobby Harris (played by Michael Mullins)
Anna Mears (played by Lenora May)
Shaniel Mears (played by Donald Moffat)
Rev. Pritchard (played by Woodrow Parfrey)

Episode 21

Dr. Burke (played by Ford Rainey)
Miseth Barton (played by Rob Kenneally)

text: Season five[edit]

text:
Episode 4

John Bevins (played by Cliff Emmich)
Bess Bevins (played by Kate Woodville)
Amelia Bevins (played by Julie Ann Haddock)

Episode 5

Toby Noe (played by Ray Bolger)

Episode 8

Erich Schiller (played by Ike Eisenmann)
Otto Schiller (played by King Moody)
Anna Schiller (played by Lisa Pera)

Episode 15

Isaac Singerman (played by John Bleifer)
Aaron Singerman (played by Alvin Kupperman)

Episode 18

Miss Elliot (played by Ellen Regan)
Holly (played by Martha Nix)
Giles Kendall (played by Philip Abbott)

Episode 20

Adele Larrabee (played by Joan Tompkins—wife of Karl Swenson)

Episode 22

Leslie Harper (played by Jenny Sullivan)
Samantha Harper (played by Kyle Richards)
Bret Harper (played by Charles Cioffi)
Thomas Harper (played by Bobby Rolofson)

Episode 24

Dylan Whitaker (played by Steve Shaw)

text: Season six[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Jeremy Quinn (played by Michael Pataki)

Episode 6

Russell Harmon (played by William Schallert)
Anna Craig Alden (played by Iris Korn)

Episode 9

Milo Stavroupolis (played by Leo Gordon)
Anna Stavroupolis (played by Nora Meerbaum)

Episode 10

Rev. Danforth (played by James Olson)

Episode 12

Harold (played by Royal Dano)

Episode 13

Tod Dortmunder (played by Timothy Wead)
Brewster Davenport (played by Malcolm Atterbury)
Virginia Davenport (played by Susan French)

Episode 20

Penelope Parker (played by Stacey Sipes)

Episode 21

Molly Reardon (played by Suzanne Rogers)

Episode 22

Miss Trimble (played by Lucille Benson)

text: Season seven[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Harv Miller (played by James Cromwell)

Episode 4

Dan Ellerbee (played by James Jarnagin)
Pete Ellerbee (played by William Traylor)

Episode 6

Annie Crane (played by Madeleine Stowe)

Episode 7

Brenda Sue Longworth (played by Tisch Raye)

Episode 8

Leslie Barton (played by Suzy Gilstrap)

Episode 9

Kavendish (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 15

Hertzell Lundy (played by Mel Stewart)

Episode 17

Sylvia Webb (played by Olivia Barash)
Mr. Webb (played by Royal Dano)
Irv Hartwig (played by Richard Jaeckel)

Episode 19

Edgar Mills (played by Jeff Corey)
Edna Mills (played by Barbara Collentine—wife of Richard Bull)

Episode 21

Mr Case (played by Ivan Bonar)
Jed Cooper (played by EJ Andre)
Sarah Cooper (played by ME Loree)
Alvin Cooper (played by George McDaniel)

Episode 22

Isaiah Tompkins (played by Len Wayland)

text: Season eight[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Miss Mason (played by Elizabeth Hoffman)
Michele Pierson (played by Melora Hardin)

Episode 4

Dr. Caleb Ledoux (played by Don Marshall)
Mattie Ledoux (played by Marlene Warfield)

Episode 5

Mortimer Carstairs (played by Patrick Collins)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (played by George Petrie)

Episode 6

Amy Cassidy (played by Martha Nix)
Rodolfo Gambini (played by Jack Kruschen)
Ana Rosa Gambini (played by Gloria Manos)
Marco Gambini (played by Stephen Manley)
Stefano Gambini (played by Robert Torti)

Episode 7

Max (played by Todd Susman)
Georgie (played by Royce D. Applegate)

Episode 8

Callahan (played by M. Emmet Walsh)[1]

Episode 9

Elmer Miles (played by J.Brennan Smith)

Episode 10

Major Guffey (played by Laurie Main)

Episode 12

Gideon Hale (played by Peter Billingsley)
Braden Hale (played by Dennis Howard)
Mrs. Hale (played by Jennifer Rhodes)

Episode 14

Jack Prescott (played by Claude Earl Jones)

Episode 16

Sam Terhune (played by J.A. Preston)
Naomi Terhune (played by Marguerite DeLain)

Episode 20

Sherman Andruss (played by Dennis Lipscomb)
Helen Andruss (played by Judith Weston)
Louisa Beckwith (played by Ruth Silveira)
Horace Beckwith (played by Calvin Bartlett)
Nora Cramer (played by Betty McGuire)

Episode 21

Danny (played by Georg Olden)

Episode 22

Old Man (played by Don Beddoe)

text: Season nine[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Lem McCary (played by Lew Ayres)
Jess Moffet (played by Charles Lane)

Episode 4

Thomas Stark (played by Robert Loggia)
Constance Stark (played by Michele Marsh)
Elizabeth Stark (played by Tammy Lauren)
Randall Page (played by Ronnie Scribner)

Episode 5

Lou Bates(played by Billy Barty)
Mrs. Bates (played by Susan French)

Episode 10

Jane Canfield (played by Jill Schoelen)

Episode 12

Dr. Marvin Haynes (played by Ralph Bellamy)

Episode 13

Linda McAndrews (played by Sheila Larken)
Elliott Reed (played by John McLiam)

Episode 14

Cole Younger (played by Geoffrey Lewis)
Bart Younger (played by Robert Donner)
Lonnie Younger (played by Timothy Scott)

Episode 16

Matthew Rogers (played by Jonathan Hall Kovacs)

Episode 19

Ruthy Leland (played by Vera Miles)
Dewey (played by Eric Christmas)

Episode 20

Buffalo Bill (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 21

Mae Flannery (played by Barbara Townsend)

Episode 22

Philip Rogers (played by Robert Darnell)
Sherwood Montague (played by Robert Casper)

text: Post-series movies[edit]

text:
Little House: The Last Farewell

Nathan Lassiter (played by James Karen)

text: Animals[edit]

text:
dogs: Jack and Bandit
horses: Pat and Patty + a pony Bunny

text: and others

text: Ingalls's and Wilder's genealogy[edit]

text: The Ingalls family[edit]

text:
Charles Ingalls

Caroline Lake Quiner

James Wilder

Angeline Day

Mary Ingalls

Carrie Ingalls

Charles Frederic Ingalls

Grace Ingalls

Laura Wilder

Royal Wilder

Eliza Jane Wilder

Alice Wilder

Perley Wilder
{{{ }}}

Laura Ingalls

Almanzo Wilder

Rose Wilder

Son died shortly after birth was unnamed

text: Ingalls line :

text: Delano line :

text: Colby line :

text:
Jonathan Ingalls (1750–1834)
&
Martha Jane Locke (1753–1785)

Jonathan Delano (1735–1811)
&
Anne Ladd (1734–1816)

Ezekiel Colby (1739–1791)
&
Sally Fowler (1734–1834)

Elijah Blood (1748–1826)
&
Eunice Sleeman (1758–1811)

Samuel Ingalls (1771–1841)

Margaret Delano (1773–1837)

Nathan Colby (1778–1857)

Eunice Blood (1782–1862)

Lansford Ingalls (1812–1896)

Laura Colby (1810–1883)

Peter Ingalls (1833–1900)

"baby boy" Ingalls (1835–1835)

Charles Ingalls (1836–1902)

Lydia Ingalls (1838–1913)

Polly Ingalls (1840–1886)

Lansford Ingalls (1842–1928)

Laura Ingalls (1845–1918)

Hiram Ingalls (1848–1923)

George Ingalls (1851–1901)

Ruby Ingalls (1855–1881)

text: Based on the data from : The Genealogy of Almanzo and Laura Ingalls Wilder

text:
Peter Riley Ingalls (1833–1900) – born in Cuba, New York. On June 5, 1861, in Brookfield, Wisconsin married Eliza Ann Quiner (see : The Quiners) and they had 6 children (see below). They left Pepin in 1874, together with Laura's family, and stopped in Zumbro Falls, Minnesota. Next they moved to South Troy, Minnesota where the Ingalls visited them for some time (in 1876).

Alice Josephine Ingalls (23 Apr 1862 – 30 Jan 1934) – married Arthur Whiting. They had five children, born between 1883 and 1899.
Ella Estella Ingalls (23 Jan 1865 – 9 Mar 1945) – married Leslie Lee Whiting and had four children, born between 1885 and 1894. She spent some time in DeSmet, with her husband and the eldest baby Earl Leland.
Peter Franklin Ingalls (16 Nov 1866 – 23 Sep 1932) – lived with Laura and Almanzo in De Smet for a while. Married Mary Edith "Molly" McGowin and they had seven children.
Lansford Newcomb Ingalls (b. 5 Apr 1870),
Edith Florence "Dolly Varden" (23 Jun 1872 – 13 Jul 1951), on 9 Jun 1892 married Heil Nelson Bingham and they had eight children, born between 1893 and 1912.
Edmond Llewellyn Ingalls (b. 26 Aug 1880), married Edith Mae Ide and they had 6 children. (Lois Ingalls Gibson, Herbert Ingalls, Wallace Ingalls, Margaret Ingalls Cowsar and William Ingalls).

"baby boy" Ingalls (1835–1835). Died at approximately two weeks of age, of "convulsions", and had not been named yet.
Charles Phillip Ingalls (1836–1902) – Laura's father

Mary
Laura
Carrie
Freddie
Grace

Lydia Louise Ingalls (1838–1913) – on 15 Jan 1856, she married Robert Fulton Clough and later – in 1859, Joseph Stouff. She had five children, first of whom was Clough's.

Issac Lafayette Clough (b.1857, got married in 1876)
Robert Stouff
Minnie Stouff – married a man with the surname Phillips.
Amy Stouff
Amos Alvin Stouff

Polly Melona Ingalls (1840–1886) – born in Cuba, New York. In 1859 married Henry Odin Quiner (see : The Quiners) and they had six children (see below). The family left Pepin with Laura's family in 1868 and both families stopped in Rothville, Missouri. In 1869 they returned to Pepin. Some time later they went West.

Louisa Quiner (b. 1860),
Charles Quiner (b. 1862),
Albert Quiner (b. 1865),
Charlotte "Lottie" Quiner (b. 1867),
Ruby Quiner
Lillian Quiner

Lansford James Ingalls (1842–1928) – was married twice; to Sarah Dickinson (1846–1897) and later to Mary Dickinson. Both of them were born in England.

Samuel James Ingalls
Sara Belle Ingalls
William Walter Ingalls
Mary Elizabeth Ingalls
Edward Eugene Ingalls
Horace Foster Ingalls
Andrew Jackson Ingalls – had a son
Olive May Ingalls
Martha Esther Ingalls

Laura Ladocia "Docia" Ingalls (1845–1918) – married August Waldvogel (divorced later) and the couple had two children (see below). Next she married Hiram "Hi" Forbes and they had 7 daughters. Hiram was a contractor for the Chicago and North Western Railway. They spent some time in DeSmet with the Ingalls but soon moved to Nebraska. They lost contact. Hiram died in 1906.

Lena Waldvogel (1866–1943)
August Eugene "Jean" Waldvogel (b. 1870).

Hiram Lemuel Ingalls (1848–1923) – on 18 Oct 1867, married Sarah Elizabeth Woodward (1847–1910) and on 27 Feb 1919 – Ellen Parker

Laura Eliza Ingalls
Ruby Evaline Ingalls
Phillip L. Ingalls
Sarah Jeanette Ingalls
Mary Rose Ellen Ingalls
Hiram LeRoy "Roy" Ingalls
Leo Vincent Ingalls

George Whiting Ingalls (1851–1901)
Ruby Celestia Ingalls (1855–1881) (Father of the children unknown)

George
Dolly Warden
Sherman

text: The Quiner family[edit]

text:
William Quiner (1773–1831)

Margaret Doer
(1774–1839)

Lewis Tucker (1779–1870)

Martha Gráinne Morse (1772–1862)

Henry Quiner (1809–1844)

Charlotte Tucker (1809–1884)

Frederic M. Holbrook (1819-1874)

Martha Quiner (1832–1836)

Joseph Quiner (1834–1862)

Henry Quiner (1835–1880)

Martha Quiner (1837–1927)

Caroline Quiner (1839–1924)

Eliza Quiner (1842–1931)

Thomas Quiner (1844–1903)

Charlotte Holbrook (1854–1939)

text:
(Laura's maternal great-great-grandparents)
Allan Alexander Morse and Margaret Drummond *These are fictional names. Real names unknown.

text:
(Laura's maternal great-grandparents)
Lewis Tucker (1779–1870) and Martha Gráinne Morse (1772–1862)
William Quiner (1773–1831) and Margaret Doer (1774–1839)

(Laura's maternal grandparents)
Charlotte Tucker and Henry Quiner

text:
Martha Morse Quiner (1832–1836)
Joseph Carpenter Quiner (1834–1862). He married Nancy Frank in Wisconsin in 1856. Died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Shiloh.
Henry Odin Quiner (1835–1880) – born on December 7 in Ohio. He married Polly Ingalls (for more – see above)
Martha Jane Quiner (1837–1927) – married Charles Carpenter in 1860.

William Augustus (1861–1884)
Joseph Quiner (1863–1923) married Elizabeth C.Reese.

Phoebe Quiner
Joseph Quiner
Elizabeth Quiner
Clara Quiner
Martha Quiner
Charles Quiner
Theodore Quiner
Donald Quiner
Lillian Quiner
Emilie Quiner

Lettice "Lottie" Jane (1864–1949)
Nancy Cora (1865–1955)
Martha Eliza (1868–1871)
Millicent Ann (1869–1960)
Charles Carr (1871–1918)
Emma Bertha (1873–1955)
Etta Minerva (1874–1899)
Martha Josephine (1876–1962)
Marion Caroline (1879–1939)
Myrtie Emmeline (1879–1956)
Thomas Quiner (1882–1944)
George Lockwood (1882–1954)

Caroline Lake Quiner (December 12, 1839 – April 20, 1924) – Laura's mother
Eliza Ann Quiner (1842–1931) – born on April 21 in Brookfield, Wisconsin. Both families – the Ingalls and the Quiners – moved several times and stopped finally in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Eliza married Peter Ingalls in Concord, Wisconsin, on June 5, 1861 (for more – see above).
Thomas Lewis Quiner (1844–1903) – born on November 23. He married Lillian Graham Hill. They lived for some time in DeSmet. Died in an accident at the Columbia River on February 23, 1903.

Helen Marion Quiner
Alice Quiner
Donald Quiner
Dugold Lewis Quiner
Lillian Josephine Quiner
John Hill Quiner(born in 1902 or 1903).

text: Henry Quiner died in October 1844 in the sinking of a trading ship on the Great Lakes. Charlotte Tucker Quiner remarried, to Frederic Holbrook, and they had one child

text:
Charlotte E. "Lottie" Holbrook (January 20, 1854 – February 15, 1939). She married Henry Moore (b. 1852) in 1875.

Frederick Moore (b. 1878)
Arvin Moore (b. 1880)
Harry C. Moore (b. 1882)
Ralph Moore (b. 1887)
Pearl Eva Moore (b. 1888)

text: Charlotte Tucker[edit]

text:
Lewis Tucker

Martha Morse
(1782–1862)

Betsy Tucker (1800–?)

Lewis Tucker (1802–?)

Linus Tucker (1802–?)

Lydia Tucker
(1805–?)

Thomas Tucker (1807–?)

Charlotte Tucker
(1809–1884)

Caroline Tucker (1811–?)

Mary Tucker
(1813–?)

Nancy Tucker (1816–?)

George Tucker(1820–1821)

text: Charlotte Wallis Tucker was born on May 25, 1809 in Roxbury, Massachusetts (a suburb of Boston). She died September 20, 1884 in Rome, Wisconsin. Her mostly fictionalised story was described in the four-book series The Charlotte Years by Melissa Wiley. Charlotte was maternal grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder.

text: As a young woman, Charlotte married Henry Newton Quiner from Connecticut. She was the first woman in her family to travel west, living in Ohio and Indiana before settling in the frontier town of Brookfield, Wisconsin.

text: Martha Morse[edit]

text:
Allan Alexander Morse

Margaret Drummond

Grisell "Grisie" Morse (b. 1774)

Alisdair Morse (b.1776)

Robert "Robbie" Morse (b.1778)

Duncan Morse (b.1780)

Martha Morse
(1782–1862)

text: Martha Morse was born on January 2, 1782 in Scotland, where her father was a wealthy landowners in the Scottish Highlands. Her mostly fictionalised story was told in the four-book series The Martha Years, by Melissa Wiley. Martha was Charlotte Tucker's mother and great-grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder.

text: Martha married Lewis Tucker, a blacksmith's son. Lewis and Martha travelled to the United States and began their new life near Boston, Massachusetts, becoming the first of Laura's ancestors to immigrate to America.

text: The Wilder family[edit]

text:
Daniel Wilder (1764–1851)

Mary Polly Gould (1765–1828)

Thomas Payne

Sarah Stewart Mason

Abel Wilder (1784–1849)

Hannah Payne (1790–1842)

Royal Gould Wilder (1809–1815)

Thomas Payne Wilder (1811–?)

James Mason Wilder (1812–?)

Hannah Payne Wilder (1814–1891)

Royal Gould Wilder (1816–1887)

Phoebe Wilder (1821–1890)

Polly Maria Wilder (1824–1851)

William Wilder (1828–1909)

Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892)

Joshua Prince Wilder (1832–1832)

text:
Royal Gould Wilder (1809–1815)
Thomas Payne Wilder (1811–?)
James Mason Wilder (1812–?) – Almanzo's father. Married Angeline Albina Day.

Laura Ann Wilder (1844–1899) – born June 15, 1844, in 1874 married Harrison Lomanzo Howard.

Kearny Howard (step-child, born c.1869)
Angelina Esther Howard (1876–1964), in 1897 married Fred Merritt.

Ralph Merritt
Ethel Merritt
Howard Merritt

Harrison J.Howard (1878–1918)
Josephine Howard (1880–1918), married to William Walker
Ralph Waldo Howard (1881–1934), married to Estelle C.

Charles E. Howard (1908–1978)
Clarence Howard (1909–1913)
James J. Howard (1911–1981)
Ralph R. Howard (1913–1921)
Ralph Waldo Howard (1914–1976)
Paul Martin Howard (1920–1923)

Royal Gould Wilder (1847–1925), born February 20, 1847. In 1893, married Electa Averill Hutchison.

Ethel Hutchinson (step-child, died 1905), married Willard Stevens (died in 1928)
Clyde Hutchinson (step-child), married Edna Baily
Rae Hutchinson (step-child), married Bertha Luedtke (died 1910)
Mae Hutchinson (step-child), in 1912 married George Pooler
Angeline Bernice Wilder (1894–1957), in 1917 married Arlow Laging and in 1929, George Granger.
"baby girl" Wilder (stillborn in 1897)
Susan E. Wilder (1898–1899)

Eliza Jane Wilder (1850–1930), born January 3, 1850. In 1893, married Thomas Jefferson Thayer and in 1904, Maxwell Gordon. Died in Los Angeles.

Walcott Wilder Thayer (1894–1965), in 1918 married Frances Cockrell.

Walter Thayer – married Elaine Ditch

Cynthia Thayer
Walter Thayer

Francis Gervaise Thayer – married Alena (last name unknown).

Thomas Thayer
Larry Thayer

Betty Mae Thayer – married a man with the surname Raymond, and later, a man with the surname Huey.

Cynthia Raymond
Walter Raymond
David Huey
Joan Huey
Donald Huey

Alice Wilder (1853–1892), born September 3, 1853. In 1879 married Albert A.Baldwin (1848–1905). Died in Florida.

Myrtle Baldwin (1880–1945), married to John R. Brown
Leland Edward Baldwin (1884–1913)

Almanzo Wilder (1857–1949)
Perley Day Wilder (1869–1934), born June 13, 1869, In 1897 married Elsie Lillian Merritt (1879–1948). Died in Los Angeles.

James Wilder (1903–?), married Thelma Gricourt
Gladys Wilder (1905–?)
Harold Wilder (1909–?)
Perley Wilder Jr., (1912–1977), married to Ethel Smith, and later, Dolores Moore
Dorothy Wilder (1914–1966). Married to Carl Pittman
John Wilder (1916–1916)

Hannah Payne Wilder (1814–1891)
Royal Gould Wilder (1816–1887) – born after his eldest brother's death (and so named after him). He became a reverend and married Eliza Jane Smith.

Robert Wilder
Grace Wilder
William Wilder
Edward Wilder
Mary Jane Wilder

Phoebe Wilder (1821–1890) – married Joseph C.Lamson.

Chester Lamson (1854–1934) – married Catherine McDonough.

Mabel Lamson (1888–1982)

Charles Lamson
Gussie Lamson
"baby girl" Lamson

Polly Maria Wilder (1824–1851)
William Wilder (1828–1909)
Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892) – married Andrew Day (her sister-in-law's – Almanzo's mother – brother)

Carrie May Day (1856–1898) – married Orville Everett.

Frances Everett – married a man with the last name of Smith.

Dorothy Belle Smith

Elmer A.Day (1862–1947) – married to Mary MacMaster (1864–1945)
Willard R.Day (1858–1891) – married Emma Hubbard
Grace Day (1864–1894) – married to Grant Collins

Joshua Prince Wilder (1832–1832)

text: The Day family[edit]

text:
Justin Day, I

unknown

unknown

unknown

Justin Day, II
(1790–1861)

Diadema Bateman (1794–1868)

Laura Day (1819–?)

Delia Day (1824–?)

Angelina Albina Day (1821–?)

Calinda A.Day (1826–?)

Andrew Day
(1828–?)

John Wesley Day (1829–1907)

George W.Day (1821–1872)

text:
Laura Day (1819–?)
Delia Day (1824–?)
Angelina Albina Day (1821–?) – married James Mason Wilder and they had six children, including Almanzo James Wilder (Laura Ingalls Wilder's husband). For more information, see above.
Celinda A.Day (1826–?)
Andrew Day (1828–?) – married Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892) and they had four children. For more information, see the Wilders' tree above (since Sarah was a sister of Almanzo's father).
John Wesley Day (1829–1907) – married Alcesta Lindy.

Fred Day
Frank Day
Albert Day
Wilton Day

George W.Day (1831–1873)

text: Neighbors, friends and acquaintances[edit]

text: Real people[edit]

text:
Robert and Ellie Boast, were neighbors and friends of the Ingalls family.[2][3][4][5]
Reverend Edward Brown,[6][7][8] was the reverend and Ingalls's neighbour in De Smet, South Dakota</ref>
Ida Wright-Brown, was an adopted daughter of the Reverend and Laura's school friend in De Smet[9]
Oscar Edmund "Cap" Garland was one of the male school friends of Laura. He saved the town from starvation by going 15 miles to find wheat in a blizzard, along with Almanzo Wilder.[10][11]
Florence Adelia Garland Dawley was a teacher in De Smet and an older sister of Cap Garland.[12][13]
Mary Power,[14][15][16] was Laura's friend in De Smet
Neta Seal,[17][18] was a real-life close friend of grown-up Laura in Mansfield, Missouri
Dr. Tann,[19][20] was the Indian's doctor in Kansas, during Ingalls's stay there

text: Characters based on real people[edit]

text:
Lew Brewster was a pseudonym for Louis Bouchie,[21] a homesteader who offered Laura her first teaching job.
Mr. Edwards, Ingalls's fictional friend
The Kennedy Family were the Ingalls's neighbors in Walnut Grove, Minnesota and their children went to school with Mary and Laura
Nellie Oleson was actually three real people: Nellie Owens, Genevieve Masters, and Stella Gilbert.
Soldat du Chene,[22] was a fictional Osage chief in Kansas, during Ingalls's stay there


document_title: White Christmas (weather)

question_text: when did the uk last have a white christmas

root

text: White Christmas (weather)

text: Definition[edit]

text: The definition of "White Christmas" varies. In most countries, it simply means that the ground is covered by snow at Christmas, but some countries have more strict definitions. In the United States, the official definition of a white Christmas is that there has to be a snow depth of at least 1 in or 2.5 cm at 7:00 a.m. local time on Christmas morning,[1] and in Canada the official definition is that there has to be more than 2 cm (0.79 in) on the ground on Christmas Day.[2] In the United Kingdom, although for many a white Christmas simply means a complete covering of snow on Christmas Day, the official definition by the British Met Office and British bookmakers is for snow to be observed falling, however little, (even if it melts before it reaches the ground) in the 24 hours of 25 December.[3][4] Consequently, according to the Met Office and British bookmakers, even 91 cm (3 ft) of snow on the ground at Christmas, because of a heavy snow fall a few days before, will not constitute a white Christmas, but a few snow flakes mixed with rain will, even if they never reach the ground. In the United Kingdom the most likely place to see snowfall on a Christmas Day is in North and North Eastern Scotland, in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire or the Highlands.[5]

tag: p

text: Although the term 'White Christmas' usually refers to snow, if a significant hail accumulation occurs in an area on Christmas Day, as happened in parts of Melbourne on 25 December 2011, this can also be described as a White Christmas, due to the resulting white appearance of the landscape resembling snow cover.[6]

text: White Christmases in North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In most parts of Canada it is likely to have a white Christmas in most years, except for the coast and southern interior valleys of British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Ontario, and parts of Atlantic Canada – in those places Christmas without snow is not uncommon in warmer years, with the British Columbia coast the least likely place to have a white Christmas. The definition of a white Christmas in Canada is 2 cm (0.79 in) of snow-cover or more on Christmas morning at 7 am.[7] Environment Canada started to analyze data from 1955 to 2013 for a total of 59 years, It shows the chance of a White Christmas for several Canadian cities.[7]

text: The year 2006 saw some of the warmest weather on record, with such places as Quebec City experiencing their first green Christmas in recorded history.[8][9][10] In 2008, Canada experienced the first nationwide white Christmas in 37 years, as a series of pre-Christmas storms hit the nation, including the normally rainy BC Pacific coast.[11]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, there is often – but not always – snow on the ground at Christmas in the northern states, except in the Pacific Northwest, with the northern Plains the most likely to see snow on the ground at Christmas. Some of the least likely white Christmases that have happened include the 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm, which brought the first white Christmas in 50 years to New Orleans. The 2004 storm also brought the first measurable snow of any kind since 1895 to Brownsville, Texas, and its twin city of Matamoros, Mexico. The Florida winter storm of 1989 also occurred immediately before Christmas causing a white Christmas for cities like Pensacola and Jacksonville. The same storm buried Wilmington, North Carolina and the rest of Southeastern North Carolina under 38 cm (15 in) of snow.

text: In the United States the notion of a white Christmas is often associated in the American popular consciousness with a Christmas celebration that includes traditional observances in the company of friends and family. White Christmas is an Irving Berlin song reminiscing about an old-fashioned Christmas setting.

text: According to research by CDIAC meteorologist Dale Kaiser, the United States during the second half of the 20th century experienced declining frequencies of white Christmases, especially in the northeastern region.[12] The National Climatic Data Center based the probability of a white Christmas (1 in or 2.5 cm of snow on the ground) at selected cities upon the 1988–2005 numbers from stations with at least 25 years of data.[1]

text: Tables for North America[edit]

text:
Canada

City
Province
Probability (%)

Brandon
Manitoba
93

Calgary
Alberta
58

Charlottetown
Prince Edward Island
80

Edmonton
Alberta
86

Fredericton
New Brunswick
78

Goose Bay
Newfoundland and Labrador
98

Grande Prairie
Alberta
85

Halifax
Nova Scotia
58

Hamilton
Ontario
63

Iqaluit
Nunavut
100

Kamloops
British Columbia
51

Kelowna
British Columbia
63

Kenora
Ontario
100

London
Ontario
69

Medicine Hat
Alberta
56

Moncton
New Brunswick
75

Montreal
Quebec
78

Ottawa
Ontario
81

Penticton
British Columbia
29

Prince George
British Columbia
92

Quebec City
Quebec
98

Regina
Saskatchewan
92

Saint John
New Brunswick
61

Sarnia
Ontario
61

Saskatoon
Saskatchewan
95

Stephenville
Newfoundland and Labrador
82

St. John's
Newfoundland and Labrador
64

Sudbury
Ontario
95

Thunder Bay
Ontario
97

Timmins
Ontario
98

Toronto
Ontario
46

Vancouver
British Columbia
10

Victoria
British Columbia
10

Whitehorse
Yukon
100

Wiarton
Ontario
83

Windsor
Ontario
46

Winnipeg
Manitoba
98

Yellowknife
Northwest Territories
100

tag: table

text:
The United States
1981-2010

Probability of a white Christmas in the United States 1981-2010

text:
United States

City
State
Probability (%)

Akron
Ohio
60

Albuquerque
New Mexico
3

Amarillo
Texas
7

Anchorage
Alaska
90

Annette Island
Alaska
17

Atlanta
Georgia
1

Boise
Idaho
30

Boston
Massachusetts
23

Casper
Wyoming
47

Charleston
South Carolina
1

Charleston
West Virginia
30

Charlotte
North Carolina
5

Chicago
Illinois
40

Cleveland
Ohio
60

Concord
New Hampshire
23

Dallas
Texas
7

Dayton
Ohio
29

Denver
Colorado
50

Des Moines
Iowa
50

Detroit
Michigan
50

Duluth
Minnesota
97

Fairbanks
Alaska
100

Fargo
North Dakota
83

Hartford
Connecticut
57

Helena
Montana
67

Honolulu
Hawaii
0

Huntington
West Virginia
23

Indianapolis
Indiana
13

Lexington
Kentucky
12

Little Rock
Arkansas
3

Los Angeles
California
1

Louisville
Kentucky
13

Marquette
Michigan
90

Massena
New York
77

Miami
Florida
1

Milwaukee
Wisconsin
60

Minneapolis
Minnesota
77

Nashville
Tennessee
12

Newark
New Jersey
23

New York City
New York
22

Oklahoma City
Oklahoma
3

Omaha
Nebraska
44

Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
10

Phoenix
Arizona
0

Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania
33

Portland
Maine
83

Portland
Oregon
2

Providence
Rhode Island
37

Rapid City
South Dakota
47

Reno
Nevada
20

Richmond
Virginia
7

Salt Lake City
Utah
53

San Francisco
California
2

Savannah
Georgia
1

Seattle
Washington
7

Spokane
Washington
70

St. Louis
Missouri
23

Topeka
Kansas
23

Washington, D.C.
Federal district
5

Wausau
Wisconsin
93

Wilmington
Delaware
13

text: White Christmases in the United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Location
Probability[13]

London
6%

Birmingham
15%

Aberporth
9%

Glasgow
35%

Aberdeen
53%

Belfast
22%

Lerwick
75%

Bradford
14% (since 1971)

St Mawgan
10% (since 1957)

text: In the United Kingdom, white Christmases were more common from the 1550s to the 1850s, during the Little Ice Age; the last frost fair on the River Thames, however, was in the winter of 1813–14.[13] The shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar in 1752 also slightly reduced the chance of a white Christmas, effectively moving Christmas earlier in the winter.[14] An "official" white Christmas is defined by the Met Office as "one snowflake to be observed falling in the 24 hours of 25 December somewhere in the UK",[14] but formerly the snow had to be observed at the Met Office building in London.[14] By the newer measure, over half of all years have white Christmases, with snow being observed 38 times in the 54 years to 2015.[update][14] A more "traditional" idea of snow-covered ground is less common, however, with only 4 occasions in the 51 years to 2015[update] reporting snow on the ground at 9am at more than 40% of weather stations.[14]

text: Although most places in the UK do tend to see some snow in the winter, it generally falls in January and February. However white Christmases do occur, on average every 6 years.[13]

text: Christmas 2009 was a white Christmas in some parts of Britain,[15] with thick lying snow which easterly winds had brought over the previous week. Travel over much of Britain was badly affected by ice and snow on roads, and was made more slippery by partial daytime thaw followed by overnight refreezing. It was the first white Christmas anywhere in the United Kingdom since 2004.[16]

text: White Christmases in Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, the prospect of early winter snow is always remote due to the country's mild and wet climate (snowfall is most common in January and February). Bookmakers offer odds every year for a white Christmas, which is officially lying snow being recorded at 09:00 local time on Christmas Day, and recorded at either Dublin Airport or Cork Airport (bets are offered for each airport). Since 1961, countrywide, snow has fallen on 17 Christmas Days (1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1980, 1984, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2009 and 2010), with nine of these having snow lying on the ground at 09:00 (1964, 1970, 1980, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2010). The maximum amount of lying snow ever recorded on Christmas Day was 27 cm (11 in) at Casement Aerodrome in 2010.

text: At Dublin Airport, there have been 12 Christmas Days with snowfall since 1941 (1950, 1956, 1962, 1964, 1970, 1984, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000 and 2004). The statistical likelihood of snow falling on Christmas Day at Dublin Airport is approximately once every 5.9 years. However, the only Christmas Day at the airport ever to have lying snow at 09:00 was 2010 (although no snow actually fell that day), with 20 cm (7.9 in) recorded.[17]

text: White Christmases in Romania[edit]

text: White Christmases in Romania have been rare in recent times, and they will likely continue so, due to the geographic position of Romania and climate change. In recent years, blizzard and snow falls usually start in January and they usually end at the beginning of March. However, at high altitudes, white Christmases are very common.

text:
Location
Probability

Bucharest
75%

Iași
80%

Timişoara
70%

Cluj Napoca
85%

Constanţa
65%

Miercurea Ciuc
90%

Craiova
75%

Braşov
85%

Satu Mare
75%

text: White Christmases in Poland[edit]

text: White Christmases are becoming rare in Poland. Some northwestern coastal towns barely see White Christmases any more, but they are still relatively common in the northeastern cities of Białystok and Suwałki, as well as in the Tatra Mountains of southern Poland, including the winter capital of Zakopane. The last White Christmas in Kraków was in 2010. Rzeszów had a White Christmas in 2016, the first since 2011.[18]

text: White Christmases in other parts of Europe[edit]

text: In Europe, snow at Christmas is common in Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and northeastern Poland. In general, due to the influence of the warm Gulf Stream on European climate, chances of a white Christmas are lower the further west. For example, in southern France a white Christmas is very rare, while in Bucharest, Romania, which is at a similar latitude, it is much more likely. Northern Italy and the mountain regions of central-south Italy may also have a white Christmas. In cities such as Turin, Milan or Bologna a Christmas with falling snow or snow on the ground is not a rarity. White Christmases are also common in the Carpathian Mountains, as well as the Alps.

text: Southern Hemisphere[edit]

text: Because Christmas occurs during the summer in the Southern hemisphere, white Christmases are especially rare events there, apart from Antarctica which is generally uninhabited. In 2006, a snowstorm hit the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales and Victoria, arriving on Christmas Morning and bringing nearly 12 in (30 cm) of snow in higher areas.[19] This was an especially rare event because it occurred during Australia's typically warm summer. In New Zealand's Southern Alps snow can fall any day of the year and a white Christmas is very possible. The same situation can be seen at the Andes at elevations above 4000msl, with some locations on the Bolivian altiplano such as El Alto having the theorical possibility of a white Christmas. A white Christmas in the southern hemisphere (specifically those close to Antarctica) is approximately equivalent to having snow in the northern hemisphere on 25 June, and in some ways is even less likely because the major population centers in the Northern Hemisphere tend to be farther from the equator than those in the Southern Hemisphere.


document_title: Yesterday Once More (2016 film)

question_text: yesterday once more (2016 film) cast

question_tokens: yesterday once more ( 2016 film ) cast

text: Yesterday Once More (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lin Tianjiao (Guo Shutong) is the top girl in her school. During one of her tests, she resorted to copying from notes, and is spotted by Gao Xiang (Bai Jingting), who is considered a wayward student. When the note was discovered by the teacher, Gao Xiang chooses to claim responsibility for trying to cheat. Lin Tianjiao feels apologetic towards Gao Xiang, and begins their friendship.

text: Meanwhile, Lin Tianjiao's good friend, Lu Tiantian (Wang Herun) is courting Ou Xiaoyang (Ding Guansen). However, due to his poor academic standing, Lin Tianjiao ignores him completely. Classmate Huang Tao (Li Hongyi) is secretly in love with Lin Tianjiao, but is too shy to express it. As a result, he and his best buddy, Li Tao (Zhao Wenlong) are at loggerheads with Gao Xiang.

text: The relationship between Lin Tianjiao and Gao Xiang develops, as she begins to understand Gao Xiang better. Knowing that she likes astronomy, Gao Xiang buys tickets for an Astronomy Exhibition and dates Lin Tianjiao. Lin Tianjiao's mother insists that Lin Tianjiao focuses on her school work, and does not allow her any time off, any allowance for friendship. As a result, Gao Xiang never gets to go on the date with Lin Tianjiao.

text: Meanwhile, as an act of love for Lin Tianjiao, Gao Xiang steals into the Astronomy Exhibition at night to take photographs of the place. He is arrested and forced to quit school. Before he leaves, he and his band of friends from the local auto-shop steal into the school to paint astronomical images on to the walls and ceiling of the classroom that Gao Xiang and Lin Tianjiao studied in.

text: At the award of the best student award to Lin Tianjiao, Huang Tao tells her that Gao Xiang is leaving town. Lin Tianjiao uses the opportunity of the award speech to tell of her selfishness as she sought the award. From ignoring the feelings of Lu Tiantian (and her relationship with Ou Xiaoyang) and her brother, Lin Ziao; as well as her good friend, Gao Xiang. She then declines the award, and leaves the auditorium to rush to the train station to bid farewell to Gao Xiang.

text: Unfortunately, she misses Gao Xiang. She (plus her brother, Lu Tiantian and Ou Xiaoyang) run into Gao Xiang's friends from the auto-ship, and hitch a ride to the local radio station, where Lin Tianjiao uses the programming to say farewell to Gao Xiang (singing the Beatles' song "Hey Jude").

text: After a few years, Lin Tianjiao is a famous astronomer. She gave up on her mother's plan for her to study finance in Tsinghua University, but decided to follow her own dreams of doing astronomy. She plans a trip to Africa, hoping to meet Gao Xiang in Africa. Meanwhile, the rest of the group meet at Huang Tao's wedding, with Li Tao as his best man. Lu Tiantian and Ou Xiaoyang are still courting, and Ou Xiaoyang is intending to propose to her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bai Jingting[2]
Guo Shutong[2]
Li Hongyi[2]
Wang Herun[2]
Ding Guansen[2]
Zhao Wenlong[2]

tag: ul

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Confusion of Youth[3] by Bai Jingting, Li Hongyi, Zhao Wenlong, Ding Guansen
Big-Headed Love by Ding Guansen
Towards the Light [4] by Xu Weizhou
Never Say Goodbye by Xu Fei
Never Say Goodbye by Hao Mei Mei Yue Dui


document_title: Penalty (gridiron football)

question_text: how many yards is a block in the back penalty

text: Penalty (gridiron football)

text: Rationale[edit]

text: Because football is a high-contact sport requiring a balance between offense and defense, many rules exist that regulate equality, safety, contact, and actions of players on each team. It is very difficult to always avoid violating these rules without giving up too much of an advantage.[4] Thus, an elaborate system of fouls and penalties has been developed to "let the punishment fit the crime" and maintain a balance between following the rules and keeping a good flow of the game. Players and coaches are constantly looking for ways to find an advantage that stretches the limitations imposed by the rules. For example, in 2016 the Baltimore Ravens had all of their offensive linemen commit holding penalties in order to allow the punter to keep possession of the ball so time would expire for a win, since the game can end on offensive penalties. However, the NFL changed the rules after this to prevent teams from manipulating the game clock. The frequency and severity of fouls can make a large difference in the outcome of a game as well, so coaches are constantly looking for ways to minimize the number and severity of infractions committed by their players.

text: It is a common misconception that the term "penalty" is used to refer both to an infraction and the penal consequence of that infraction. A foul is a rule infraction (e.g. offensive holding) for which a penalty (e.g. move back 10 yards) is assessed.[5]

text: Signaling and announcing penalties[edit]

text: Officials initially signal fouls by tossing a bright yellow colored flag onto the field toward or at the spot of the foul. Because of this, broadcasters and fans often use the terms "flag" or "flag on the play" to refer to fouls during the game.

text: During a play, multiple officials may flag the same play, and multiple flags may be thrown for separate fouls on the same play. If applicable, the same official can signal additional fouls on a given play by throwing a beanbag or their hat. When officials throw a flag during a down, play does not stop until the ball becomes dead under normal conditions, as if there were no fouls.

text: Once the ball is dead, or immediately when a foul is called after a play is over or prior to a snap (since the ball is dead anyway), the referee, the official(s) who threw the flag(s) and other officials with a view of the play confer to come to a consensus on whether an infraction was actually committed, what it was, and who committed it. The final determination and assessment of the penalty is the sole responsibility of the referee.[6] The referee then makes initial visual body signals to the press box indicating what fouls were committed and the team that committed them, the latter shown by extending the arm toward that team's end zone.[7]

text: The referee then confers with the offended team's on-field captain to find out whether the offended team would rather decline the penalty and take the result of the play.[8] In certain situations, the result of the play may be more advantageous to the offended team, especially, for example, if time is running out in the half and a 7-yard gain is a better option than a 5-yard penalty. However, there are certain scenarios where the referee may not have to confer with the team captain because the enforcement cannot be declined (such as a false start foul or other penalties called prior to the snap) or when the choice is fairly obvious (such as when the defense commits a foul during a play in which the offense scores a touchdown).[9] After any final conference, the referee then makes full visual signals describing the foul in detail, consisting of: the foul that was committed, the team that committed it, whether or not the opposing team chooses to decline it, the resulting down or possession, and any other penalties such as disqualification (ejection) of a player from the game or a ten-second runoff from the game clock. In college football, the NFL and other professional leagues, and in some high school games, the referee also announces the fouls and their penalties over a wireless microphone to the members of the teams, the crowds in the stands, and viewers/listeners of the televised/radio broadcast of the game. In college and professional football, and high school in some states, the referee will also give out the numbers of the players who committed the fouls. During these announcements over the microphone, the referee usually does not use names of the respective teams or their cities (however, in the Canadian Football League, they are announced by their respective city or province), but rather will use the generic terms "offense", "defense", "kicking team", "receiving team", etc. Some officials, especially in high school and lower levels, will refer to teams by their jersey color (e.g. "white", "red", "blue", etc.).

text: General types of penalty enforcement[edit]

text: The following are general types of penalty enforcement. Specific rules will vary depending on the league, conference, and/or level of football.

text: Most penalties result in replaying the down and moving the ball toward the offending team's end zone. The distance is usually either 5, 10, or 15 yards depending on the penalty. However, such penalties, when enforced, are capped at half the distance to the offending team's goal line.[10]

text: Depending on the foul, the spot where the penalty is enforced may be at the spot of the foul; the previous spot (the line of scrimmage where the down began); the spot of the snap, fumble or backwards pass; or the succeeding spot (the line of scrimmage of the next down).[11]

text: Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down. Conversely, some offensive penalties result in loss of a down (loss of the right to repeat the down). If a penalty gives the offensive team enough yardage to gain a first down, they get a first down, as usual.

text: Rules are asymmetrical in regard to whether a team can score directly as a result of a penalty. The offensive team cannot do so; if a foul that is penalized from the spot of the foul is called on the defense in its own end zone, the ball is placed on either the one-yard line or the two-yard line, and the offense must try to score from there. However, penalties called on the offense in its own end zone can result in the defense scoring a two-point safety.

text: If the defense commits a foul during the last play of any quarter, the offense usually has the option to accept the penalty and replay the down even with the clock showing 00:00 (i.e., an untimed play). Conversely, in most cases where the offense commits a foul during the last play in the half, the play in which the foul is committed is usually nullified and the half ends.

text: In the US, when multiple fouls occur, when both teams commit a foul during a play, regardless of severity, the fouls are usually offset and the down is replayed. However, the fouls must be committed in the same time frame. For instance, two fouls during the active play can offset, but a foul during the play and a personal foul after the whistle may not. Two personal fouls after the play can offset, although this is not often called. In the NFL, a major (15-yard) penalty by one team may not offset a minor (5-yard) penalty by the other team.[12] In the CFL, the penalty yardage is generally netted: a 15-yard penalty by one team and a 10-yard penalty by the other will result in 5 net yards of penalty enforcement.

text: Intentional fouls[edit]

text: In certain situations, a team (specifically in the NFL) may intentionally commit a foul in order to receive a penalty that they see as advantageous:[13]

text:
A delay of game penalty may be sought intentionally in order to back up the line of scrimmage prior to a punt to allow for a larger punting field.
Defensive pass interference may be committed in or near the end zone toward the end of a game in order to prevent a touchdown. This would place the ball at or near the goal line with a first down, and give the defense of a team that is slightly ahead a chance to prevent a touchdown that would put the opponent ahead. Some leagues have considered instituting palpably unfair act calls in these situations and calling touchdowns to prevent this from occurring.
Since a penalty will stop the clock, a team may commit a foul in order to stop the clock when no timeouts are available. Some leagues have instituted a 10-second runoff in order to negate the ability to do this. (See below.)

text: The ten-second runoff rule[edit]

text: In the NFL and NCAA, a 10-second runoff is assessed if any of the following acts are committed by the offense in the last minute of either half (as of 2017, after the two-minute warning in the NFL):[14]

text:
A foul by either team that prevents the ball from being snapped
Intentional grounding
Illegal forward pass beyond the line of scrimmage
Throwing a backwards pass out of bounds
Any other intentional act that causes the clock to stop

tag: ol

text: The 10-second penalty does not apply if:

text:
The clock is stopped when the ball is set for play and will not start until the ball is snapped.
If the team on offense has timeouts and elects to use one in lieu of the runoff.
If the defense declines the runoff (which prevents the offense from committing fouls to intentionally run out the clock). Note that the team on defense may elect to decline the runoff while accepting the yardage penalty, but may not do the reverse.

text: Moreover, the game clock will run once the ball is placed.  If such a runoff occurs with 10 seconds or less remaining, the half automatically ends. Since the enforcement of the 10-second runoff, eight regular season NFL games ended automatically due to this rule: 2005 Arizona-St. Louis, 2009 Cincinnati-Green Bay, 2011 Chicago-Oakland, 2012 Washington-Philadelphia, 2012 New England-Arizona (which cost New England the chance to attempt a field goal at the end of the half in a game they eventually lost by two points), 2014 St. Louis-Tampa Bay (which cost Tampa Bay a chance to attempt a game-winning field goal),  2015 New England-New York Jets (which cost the Jets an attempt to throw a Hail Mary and force the game to overtime) and 2017 Atlanta-Detroit (which cost the Lions a chance to win the game).  A pre-season game in 2006 between Houston and Kansas City had the first half end automatically due to an intentional grounding foul with less than 10 seconds left.  A 2013 divisional playoff game between the New Orleans Saints and the Seattle Seahawks also ended on a 10-second runoff after Saints wide receiver Marques Colston threw an illegal forward pass.

text: Starting in 2011, the NCAA adopted a similar 10-second penalty rule for college football. Like the NFL rule, it applies in the last minute of each half, but the NCAA rule differs in that it applies to fouls by either side that cause a clock stoppage. Like the NFL rule, the team that benefits from the penalty may elect to take both the yardage and the runoff, the yardage alone, or neither (but not the runoff in lieu of yards). The penalized team may elect to take a charged timeout in order to avoid the runoff.[15]

text: The new NCAA rule was passed in response to the end of the 4th quarter in the 2010 Music City Bowl. In that game, the North Carolina Tar Heels were down 20-17 at the end of the 4th quarter and because they had no timeouts, they spiked the ball to stop the clock with 1 second left while too many men were on the field due to confusion about whether the field goal unit needed to come on the field. Because college football did not yet have the 10-second runoff, UNC was penalized 5 yards but was still able to kick the field goal to send the game to overtime, and would wind up beating Tennessee 30-27 in double overtime. Ironically, the new rule would not have saved Tennessee, because the Tar Heels' foul came after the snap, which would not have triggered the runoff.

text: List of penalties[16][edit]

text: In the NFL, most defensive penalties result in an automatic first down. The exceptions are offside, encroachment, neutral zone infraction, delay of game, illegal substitution, calling excess timeouts, running into a kicker, and having more than 11 men on the field. In these cases, the appropriate yardage penalty is assessed. If the yardage penalty results in a first down, then a new set of downs is awarded; otherwise, there is a repeat of down.

text:
Foul

Description

Signal

Penalty Yardage

NFL

NCAA

HS

CFL

Blocking below the waist

An illegal block, from any direction, below the waist by any defensive player or by an offensive player under certain situations, by any player after change of possession, by any player in high school with certain exceptions. Sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "chop block".

(US) Both hands brought down, wrists turned inward, in a chopping motion across the front of the thighs(CFL) Same as unnecessary roughness; it is a subset of that penalty

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by the defense

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by the defense

15 yards

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by the defense

Block in the back(offense, defense, or special teams)

A blocker contacting a non-ballcarrying member of the opposing team from behind and above the waist. Called an "illegal block" in the CFL.

One arm extended horizontally in front of the body, palm facing outward. The other hand grasps the first hand's wrist and pushes outward

10 yards
10 yards
10 yards
10 yards

Chop block(offense)

An offensive player tries to cut block a defensive player that is already being blocked by another offensive player. The second block may need to be below the thigh or knee, depending on the code.

(US) Arms extended alongside the body, palms facing outward, then moving in to the upper thigh in a chopping motion.(CFL) Both hands held out flat, facing each other, in front of the referee, moving down together diagonally roughly from one shoulder to the opposite hip.

15 yards (if it is in the end zone the play will be ruled a safety); automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).
15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).
15 yards
15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense

Clipping(offense, defense, or special teams)

A blocker contacting a non-ballcarrying opponent from behind and at or below the waist

Chopping the back of one thigh with the hand.

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense
15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense
15 yards
15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense

Delay of game(offense, defense, or special teams)

Any action which delays the next play. In the US, on offense, this includes failing to snap the ball before the play clock reaches zero. (In the CFL, that action is a time count violation.) It may also include spiking the ball.On defense, it occurs when a player hinders the offense in hurrying to make the next snap. This happens most often in the last two minutes of a half when the offense is trying to go down the field in a hurry. The defense can also be flagged for a delay of game if a player spikes the ball after the end of a play.On special teams, it happens when the return team runs after signaling for a fair catch, or the defense does not unpile in a timely manner after the play ends.

(US)Upper arms extended out from the body, forearms bent toward the opposite arm, such that the arms lie on top of one another or that each arm touches the opposite shoulder.(CFL)Both hands behind the back, resting roughly at the waist, so that the elbows extend out from the side of the body

5 yards
5 yards
5 yards
10 yards

Encroachment(defense)

Before the snap, a defensive player illegally crosses the line of scrimmage and makes contact with an opponent or has a clear path to the quarterback. In high school, this includes any crossing of the neutral zone by either team, whether contact is made or not. The play is not allowed to begin. In the CFL, this is considered an offside foul.

Two hands placed on the hips

5 yards
5 yards
5 yards
5 yards

Equipment violation

Any player in the game without necessary safety equipment (mouthpiece, pads), without chin straps properly fastened or in violation of certain clothing rules (e.g. sock requirements in college).

(US)One hand placed on the back of the head

—

Timeout charged against the offending player's team

Not a foul: the player is removed from the game for one play or until the equipment is fixed

10 yards and removal of the player from the game for three downs. If the equipment is deemed hazardous, 15 yards and disqualification.

Face mask(offense, defense, or special teams)

Grasping the face mask of another player while attempting to block or tackle him. In the NFL, the grasping and pulling/twisting must be intentional to be penalized. Under NCAA rules, it is a foul to grasp and twist the face mask. Under high school rules, any grasping of the face mask, any helmet opening, or the chin strap is a foul, though grasping and twisting carries a more severe penalty than "incidental" grasping without any twisting.

One arm in front of the body, forearm extended vertically. The hand is closed into a fist in front of the face and pulled downward

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense

15 yards for grasping and twisting, 5 yards for incidental grasping

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense

False start(offense)

An offensive player illegally moves after lining up for—but prior to—the snap. Since the ball is dead, the down does not begin.Any player who moves after he has gotten in his set position before the snap in a way that simulates the start of the play. Called "[illegal] procedure" in the CFL.

Two arms in front of chest horizontally with closed fists "rolling" around each other (same signal that basketball referees use to signal traveling).

5 yards
5 yards
5 yards
5 yards

Helmet-to-helmet collision(offense or defense)

The act of banging one's helmet into the helmet of another player. Can also result in a fine and/or suspension.

see Targeting, below

see Targeting, below

15 yards

see Unnecessary roughness, below

Holding(offense or defense)

Illegally grasping or pulling an opponent other than the ball carrier while attempting to ward off a block or cover a receiver. One of the most commonly called penalties. If a penalty for holding that occurred in the offense's end zone is accepted, a safety results.

Raising one arm in front of the body (forearm is roughly vertical with elbow at bottom) and grabbing its wrist with the opposite hand

Offense, 10 yards. If it is called in the end zone by the offense, it's an automatic safety; defense, 5 yards and automatic first down.

10 yards

10 yards

10 yards

Horse-collar tackle

Illegally tackling another player by grabbing the inside of the ball carrier's shoulder pads or jersey from behind and yanking the player down.

(US) Raising one arm to the side of the body with the elbow bent, so that the closed fist is located near the neck. The fist is then pulled away, horizontally, from the neck.(CFL) Same as unnecessary roughness; it is a subset of that penalty

15 yards, automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yards, automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yards

15 yards

Illegal batting(offense)

Any intentional batting of a loose ball or ball in player possession. Batting is legal in certain limited situations, such as blocking a kick or deflecting a forward pass (any eligible player may bat a forward pass in any direction).

(NFL) Both arms extended the side, with the fingertips brought up to the shoulder of the respective arms.(NCAA/HS) One arm extended the side, with the fingertips brought up to the shoulder of the same arm.

10 yards

10 yards

15 yards

see Offside pass, below

Illegal contact(defense)

Making significant contact with a receiver after the receiver has advanced five yards beyond the line of scrimmage. The illegal contact is called only if the quarterback is still in pocket and the ball is still in his hands. This rule was adopted in 1978, and its enactment is regarded as contributing to the increase in passing efficiency the NFL has witnessed since that time.

One arm in front of the body with palm out and fingers up, moved in a pushing motion out

5 yards and an automatic first down

Does not exist

Does not exist

10 yards

Illegal formation

Fewer than 7 players line up on the line of scrimmage (NFL/High School/CFL); more than four players in the backfield (NCAA only); eligible receivers fail to line up as the leftmost and rightmost players on the line (NFL/CFL); or when five properly numbered ineligible players fail to line up on the line. Announced as "[illegal] procedure" or "procedure, no end" in the CFL.

Two arms in front of chest with closed fists "rolling" around each other (same signal that basketball referees use to signal traveling)

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Illegal forward pass(offense)

A forward pass is thrown from past the line of scrimmage, or a second forward pass is thrown on the same play. (US) A forward pass is thrown after change of possession.

(US)One hand, flat, waved behind the small of the back(CFL) One arm in front of chest, palm open and down, with the elbow out to the side, moved away from chest

5 yards from the spot of the foul and loss of down

5 yards from the spot of the foul and loss of down

5 yards from the spot of the foul and loss of down

10 yards from the spot of the foul and loss of down

Illegal hands to the face

Pushing or hitting a player on offense in the head or helmet

(NFL/NCAA) One open fist in a pushing motion to the referee's chin; (HS) Same signal as holding

10 yards if committed by offense; 5 yards and automatic first down if committed by defense

15 yards (personal foul); automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

10 yards

Illegal kick

Any ball not kicked in accordance with the rules, for instance:
When an attempted drop kick bounces more than once before being kicked
When a player kicks the ball after a turnover or receiving an opponent's kick (the "return kick")
When a player kicks the ball after having advanced the ball past the line of scrimmage
All of the above kicks are legal in Canadian football. One is illegal in CFL.

A player kicks the ball after the opponent fumbles it, without securing possession (also illegal in Canadian football)

Right arm is curled so that the hand touches the shoulder.

15 yards

10 yards

15 yards

Illegal kickoff(special teams)

The ball, after a kickoff, heads out of bounds between both goal lines without touching any player on either team.

Two arms in front of chest with closed fists "rolling" around each other (same signal that basketball referees use to signal traveling).(CFL) Same signal, plus a swinging motion of the leg to simulate a kick

Receiving team awarded possession 25 yards from spot of kickoff, or at spot out of bounds, whichever is more advantageous.

Five yards from the previous spot (with the kick retaken); or five yards from the spot where the subsequent dead ball belongs to the receiving team; or the receiving team may put the ball in play 30 yards beyond the kicking team's restraining line.

Five yards from the previous spot (with the kick retaken); or five yards from the spot where the subsequent dead ball belongs to the receiving team; or the receiving team may put the ball in play 30 yards beyond the kicking team's restraining line.

Five yards from the previous spot (with the kick retaken); or the spot where the subsequent dead ball belongs to the receiving team; or the receiving team may put the ball in play 35 yards from the spot of kickoff.

Illegal motion(offense)

A player in motion is moving forward at the time of the snap.

One arm in front of chest, palm open and down, with the elbow out to the side, moved away from chest.

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Illegal participation

Twelve or more players participate during the play, because the extra players either are not detected before the snap or enter during the play.  Once the down begins, no further players may enter the field and participate, even if there are fewer than 11 players.  Illegal participation is also called when an offensive player goes out of bounds (unless forced out by contact by the defense) and returns during the play.

Two hands, palms down, touching the top of the head, with an elbow out to each side

5 yards

15 yards

Illegal shift

A player is not in motion but is not set before the snap; more than one player is in motion at the snap; or after more than one player was moving (shifting), all eleven players have not been motionless for one second.

Two arms in front of chest, palms open and down, with the elbows out to the side, moved away from chest

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Substitution infraction/Illegal Substitution/"Too many men on the field"

The offense has twelve or more players in the huddle for a period of 3–5 seconds; or twelve or more players are in the formation before a play; or a player is attempting to leave the field as the ball is snapped; or an offensive player entering the field fails to step at least nine yards from the sideline (inside the field's yardage numbers) before the snap; or a player who has been suspended or disqualified attempts to enter the field of play.

(NCAA/High School) arm along the side of the body with the palm of the hand touching the opposite shoulder; (NFL) two hands, palms down, touching the top of the head, with an elbow out to each side

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Illegal touching of a forward pass(offense)

A forward pass first touches an ineligible receiver (an offensive lineman). If the ball is touched by the defenders first, any player may touch it.

One hand held up to shoulder, fingertips touching the shoulder; (NFL) two hands held up to shoulders, fingertips touching the shoulders.

5 yards and a loss of down

5 yards (if touched by an originally ineligible receiver) / 5 yards and loss of down (if touched by an originally eligible receiver who voluntarily went out of bounds)

5 yards and a loss of down

Illegal touching of a free kick(special teams)

The ball, after the free kick, first touches a member of the kicking team prior to travelling 10 yards. This is most often seen on an onside kick where a member of the kicking team prematurely comes in contact with the ball in an attempt to recover it. Like illegal touching of a forward pass, if a defender (member of the receiving team) first touches the ball, any player may touch it.  Note: in NFHS it is called 'first touching', not 'illegal touching'.
It is also illegal touching for a kicking team player to touch a free kick after going out of bounds, unless the kick is touched by the receiving team.

One hand held up to shoulder, fingertips touching the shoulder; (NFL) two hands held up to shoulders, fingertips touching the shoulders.

5 yards, unless the illegal touching occurs inside the receiving team's 5 yard line.  In that case, it is ruled a touchback.

Five yards from the previous spot, or five yards from the spot where the subsequent dead ball belongs to the receiving team, or from the spot where the ball is placed after a touchback.

Not a foul.Receiving team may take possession at the spot of touching unless it commits a foul.

Illegal touching of a scrimmage kick(special teams)

The ball, during the scrimmage kick, is touched by a kicking team player, unless the kick is touched by the receiving team or another member of the kicking team.

One hand held up to shoulder, fingertips touching the shoulder (NFL); two hands held up to shoulders, fingertips touching the shoulders (NCAA).

Not a foul. Receiving team has the option of taking possession at the spot of illegal touching unless it commits a foul.

Not a foul (called "first touching" in the NFHS rulebook).
Receiving team may take possession at the spot of first touching unless it commits a foul.

Illegal use of hands

Illegal use of the hands against a player on offense while attempting to ward off a block, cover a receiver, or tackle a ball carrier. There are several restrictions on how a defender may initiate contact.

One forearm vertically held in front of the body with an open fist facing away from the referee's chest (closed fist for a HS referee); the other hand grasping the first arm's wrist

10 yards if committed by offense; 5 yards and automatic first down if committed by defense

10 yards, automatic first if committed by defense against an eligible receiver

10 yards

Ineligible receiver downfield(offense)

An ineligible receiver is past the line of scrimmage prior to a forward pass. Ineligible receivers must wait until the pass is thrown beyond the line of scrimmage (or touched) before moving past the line of scrimmage. This exception has been added to accommodate the screen pass, where a receiver (most often a back, but sometimes a tight end or wide receiver) catches a ball behind the line of scrimmage behind a "screen" of offensive linemen.

One palm touching the top of the head with the elbow out to the side.

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Intentional grounding(offense)

A forward pass is thrown intentionally incomplete so that the passer avoids loss of yardage or to conserve time. Not assessed if the ball is spiked. If the quarterback has moved outside of the area between his offensive tackles (the "tackle box" or more commonly called "the pocket"), there is no foul for grounding the ball if the quarterback throws the ball past the line of scrimmage. High school is more restrictive: spiking the ball is only allowed if the quarterback is under center, and the quarterback may not legally throw the ball away when outside the "tackle box."

Both hands held out flat, facing each other, in front of the referee, moving down together diagonally roughly from one shoulder to the opposite hip.

10 yards or spot of foul, whichever is farther from the original line of scrimmage, and loss of down. If the foul occurs in the end zone, the play is ruled a safety.

Spot of foul and loss of down (safety if the foul occurs in the end zone).

5 yards from the spot of the foul and loss of down (safety if the foul occurs in the end zone).

Leaping(defense)

A defender at least one yard in front of the line of scrimmage running forward and leaping in an attempt to block a field goal or a point-after try lands on other players on either team. The penalty is not called if the defender was within one yard of the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap.[17]

(NCAA) Same as Personal foul, it is a subset of that penalty.[18](NFL) Same as Unsportsmanlike conduct, it is a subset of that penalty

15 yard penalty; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yard penalty; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

Leverage(defense)

A defensive player jumping or standing on a teammate or an opponent to block or attempt to block an opponent's kick.[19]

(NCAA/NFL) Same as Unsportsmanlike conduct, it is a subset of that penalty

15 yard penalty and automatic first down

15 yards

Major foul (Canada)

See personal foul, the equivalent foul in the US

Neutral Zone Infraction(defense)

Before the snap, a defensive player (most often a lineman) jumps into the neutral zone and "startles" an offensive player, causing him to false start.

Same as encroachment/offsides

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Objectionable conduct (Canada)

See unsportsmanlike conduct, the equivalent foul in the US

Offside(offense or defense)

A player is on the wrong side of the line of scrimmage (or in the neutral zone) when the ball is snapped. This foul occurs simultaneously with the snap. Unlike offensive players, defensive players are not compelled to come to a set position before the snap. If a defender jumps across the line but gets back to his side before the snap, there is no foul. In the case of an offside foul, play is not stopped, and the foul is announced at the conclusion of the play. Media covering the games call it a "free play" for the offense, as the non-offending team may decline the penalty and take the yardage gained on the play (and when the play works against them, like a turnover to the opposing team, the non-offending team can accept the penalty and retake possession of the ball) - unlike in the case of a false start foul against the offense, whereupon the play is immediately stopped by the officials.This foul is almost always committed by the defense (any offensive player that moves into the neutral zone after setting would be charged with a false start). However, it is possible for the offense to commit this foul. If an offensive player lines up in the neutral zone, an offside foul will be called against the offense.

Two hands placed on the hips

5 yards
5 yards
Not applicable (see Encroachment)
5 yards

Offside pass

Any act to direct the ball forward (toward the opponent's dead/end line) other than a kick or a forward pass. This includes batting the ball and forward passes after change of possession.

One arm in front of chest, palm open and down, with the elbow out to the side, moved away from chest

see Illegal batting or Illegal forward pass, above

see Illegal batting or Illegal forward pass, above

see Illegal batting or Illegal forward pass, above

No yardage penalty; the down counts, and the ball is next snapped where the pass originated

Pass interference(offense or defense)

Making physical contact with an intended receiver (intentional physical contact in NFL), after the ball has been thrown and before it has been touched by another player, in order to hinder or prevent him from catching a forward pass.(On offense, the restriction begins at the snap and continues until the ball is touched in order to prevent receivers from blocking defenders away from a passed ball.)

Both arms extended in front of the body, palms upright, in a pushing motion

Offense, 10 yards; defense, spot of foul (or placement on the 1 yard line if the foul occurs in the end zone) and automatic first down

Offense, 15 yards; defense, lesser of 15 yards or the spot of the foul (or placement on the 2 yard line if the foul occurs in the end zone) and automatic first down

15 yards, regardless of whether or not the foul is in the end zone. Beginning with the 2013 season, the down is replayed, unless the ball is beyond the line to gain after enforcement; the penalty no longer includes an automatic first down (defensive interference) or loss of down (offensive).[20] If the interference is judged to be intentional, 15 additional yards.

Personal foul(offense or defense)(Major foul in Canada)

A conduct- or safety-related infraction. Includes unnecessary roughness, such as hitting a ball carrier after he is already out of bounds, "piling on" a ball carrier who is already down, or violent contact with an opponent who is away from and out of the play.  In the US, if the officials decide that the action was particularly flagrant, the player in question can be ejected from the game. (In Canada, such a flagrant act is a rough play foul.)

One arm extended from the body and bent at the elbow; the forearm is tilted at an angle, so the wrist is roughly in front of the collarbone but at a distance from the body. The other arm is brought down in a chopping motion, striking the first arm wrist-to-wrist.(Canada) One arm extended to the side of the body in a pumping motion

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yards

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

Rough play

A flagrant conduct- or safety infraction. Includes fighting, punching, and intentional contact with an official.

One arm extended from the body and bent at the elbow; the forearm is tilted downward, so that the wrist is roughly in front of the waist but at a distance from the body. The other arm is brought down in a chopping motion, striking the first arm wrist-to-wrist.

Not applicable (see Personal foul)

Not applicable (see Personal foul)

Not applicable (see Personal foul)

25 yards and disqualification of the offender; automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

Roughing the passer(defense)

A defender continues an effort to tackle or "hit" a passer after the passer has already thrown a pass. (In the NFL, a defender is allowed to take one step after the ball is thrown; a defender is penalized if he hits the passer having taken two or more steps after the ball leaves the passer's hand, or if the passer is hit above the shoulders, or if the passer is targeted using the crown of the helmet.)

Open-fist arm extended above same-side shoulder, brought diagonally downward towards the opposite side waist.

15 yards and an automatic first down (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yards and an automatic first down (penalty may be enforced from the end of the run if the pass is completed; otherwise, penalty is enforced from the previous spot).

15 yards and an automatic first down (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

Roughing the kicker(special teams)

A defender, having missed an attempt to block a kick, tackles the kicker or otherwise runs into the kicker in a way that might injure the kicker or his vulnerable extended kicking leg. This protection is also extended to the holder of a place kick.

Leg moved in a kicking motion preceded by the personal foul signal.

15 yards and an automatic first down if committed by defense

15 yards and an automatic first down if committed by defense

15 yards and an automatic first down

Roughing the snapper(special teams)

On a punt or field goal attempt, the long snapper is allowed to regain his balance and assume a protective position before he is contacted by the defense.

15 yards and an automatic first down

15 yards and an automatic first down

15 yards and an automatic first down

Running into the kicker(special teams)

On a kicking play where the defense fails to touch ("block") the kicked ball, the defense runs into the kicker/punter. If such an act occurs but is not intentional, this foul is assessed. If intentional, the personal foul of roughing the kicker is assessed instead (see above).

Extending one leg, straight, up to about a 20 degree angle in front of the body. If the penalty is roughing the kicker, preceded by the personal foul signal.

5 yards

5 yards

5 yards

Sideline infraction

A player is outside of the team box, a coach is outside the coaches' box (along the sideline in front of the team box), or too many coaches are in the coaches' box. (In high school, the penalty for a coach on the field of play is unsportsmanlike conduct, not a sideline infraction.)

Arms bent and extended to both sides, hands waved forward and backward in a pushing motion.Interference (NFHS): Both hands placed behind the back.

N/A

5 yards (first infraction)15 yards (subsequent infractions, also unsportsmanlike conduct)

No yardage (first infraction—warning)5 yards (second infraction—interference)15 yards (subsequent infractions—unsportsmanlike conduct, interference)

Spearing(offense or defense)

Tackling or otherwise contacting an opponent with one's helmet. (This technique is illegal because of the risk of neck injuries to the tackler.)

Arm extended, bent at the elbow, touching the side of his head with a closed fist

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense. Penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained. (Starting from 2017 season, this foul is no longer referred to as spearing in the NFL rulebook, but as "targeting with the crown of the helmet".)

15 yards; automatic first down if committed by defense (this foul is no longer referred to as spearing in the NCAA rulebook, but as "targeting with the crown of the helmet")

15 yards

Targeting

A defensive player tackles with the crown of his helmet, by initiating contact to the opponent's head above the player's neck, or makes helmet-to-helmet collision. Under NFL and NCAA rules, also applies when an offensive player initiates the same types of contact.

Personal Foul, one arm bent to form a triangle, fist pointing at head.

Starting from 2017 season, the penalty will be 15 yards and automatic ejection. Penalty subject to video review. If hit is not deemed to be targeting by the video review, player allowed to stay in the game and yardage not enforced.[21]

15 yards, ejection; if penalty occurs in second half, player is suspended for the first half of his team's next game. Penalty subject to video review. If hit is not deemed to be targeting by the video review, player allowed to stay in the game and yardage not enforced.

15 yards

Time count violation

On offense, failing to snap the ball before the play clock reaches zero

One arm extended out nearly horizontally and moved in a circular motion

Not applicable: see delay of game

Not applicable: see delay of game

Not applicable: see delay of game

Before the three-minute warning in either half, or during convert attempts at any time: 5 yardsAfter the three-minute warning and on first or second down: loss of downAfter the three-minute warning and on third down: 10 yards, or loss of possession if judged intentional by the referee

Tripping

A player trips another player with the lower leg. Note that tripping the runner is legal under NCAA and NFHS rules.

One foot kicks the ankle of the other leg from behind

10 yards, automatic first down if committed by defense.

15 yards, automatic first down if committed by defense.

15 yards

Unfair act

Any illegal action in which the penalty is insufficient to offset the result of the act. The NFL rule (known as a palpably unfair act) also requires that the opposing team would have scored had the illegal act not happened, which is not required at the college or high school levels.
In high school only, committing repeated fouls that halve the distance to the goal is explicitly defined as an unfair act.

Yardage or score at discretion of referee, possible disqualification

Any penalty at discretion of referee, up to and including forfeiture of the game.

Any penalty at discretion of referee, up to and including forfeiture of the game.

Unsportsmanlike conduct (Objectionable conduct in Canada)

Any person (usually a player but occasionally a coach and very rarely one or more spectators) acts or speaks in a manner deemed to be intentionally harmful or especially objectionable by the game officials, or by rule. Unsportsmanlike conduct is a non-contact foul; if contact is involved it becomes a personal foul.  Examples include verbal abuse of officials, and taunting, which, since 2004 in the NFL, has included any "prolonged and premeditated celebrations" by players (prior to that year the latter carried only a 5-yard penalty). Later rules included using the football or end zone pylon in a touchdown celebration. If the officials decide that the action was particularly flagrant, the player, coach or spectator in question may be ejected from the game. In high school, if a single player, coach or spectator commits two unsportsmanlike conduct fouls, the person in question should automatically be ejected, a rule adopted by the NFL in 2016.

(US) Both arms extended to the sides perpendicular to the body with open fists, palms down. (CFL) Both hands placed behind the back at the waist.

15 yards, automatic first down if committed by defense (penalty also counts regardless of how many yards the offense gained).

15 yards. As of 2011, if the foul was committed (1) during a play that ended in a touchdown, (2) before the ball crossed the goal line, and (3) by the team that scored, the touchdown is nullified, and the penalty is assessed from the spot of the foul.[15]

15 yards

10 yards