document_title: List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I

question_text: who won the medal of honor in ww1 in the battle of argonne forest

text: Recipients[edit]

text: This with the  † indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously

text:
Image
Name
Service
Rank
Place of action
Date of action
Notes[12]

Adkison, Joseph B.Joseph B. Adkison
Army
E-05Sergeant
Bellicourt, France !near Bellicourt, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun position

Allex, JakeJake Allex
Army
E-04Corporal
Chipilly Ridge, France !Chipilly Ridge, France
000000001918-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1918
Took command of his platoon after all officers had been killed or wounded and single-handedly captured a machine gun nest

Allworth, Edward C.Edward C. Allworth
Army
O-03Captain
Clery Le Petit, France !Cléry-le-Petit, France
000000001918-11-05-0000Nov 5, 1918
Swam across a canal under fire, encouraging his men to follow, then led his unit in the capture of 100 prisoners

Anderson, Johannes S.Johannes S. Anderson
Army
E-08First Sergeant
Consenvoye, France !Consenvoye, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun nest

Baesel, Albert E.Albert E. Baesel †
Army
O-01Second Lieutenant
Ivoiry, France !near Ivoiry, France
000000001918-09-27-0000Sep 27, 1918
Killed while trying to rescue a wounded soldier under heavy fire

Balch, John H.John H. Balch
Navy
E-06Pharmacist's Mate First Class
Vierzy and Somme-Py, France !Vierzy and Somme-Py, France
000000001918-07-19-0000Jul 19, 1918 and
000000001918-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1918
Exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and establish a dressing station

Barger, Charles D.Charles D. Barger
Army
E-02Private First Class
Bois De Bantheville, France !near Bois-de-Bantheville, France
000000001918-10-31-0000Oct 31, 1918
With Jesse N. Funk, entered no man's land and rescued two wounded officers

Barkley, David B.David B. Barkley †
Army
E-01Private
Pouilly Sur Meuse, France !near Pouilly-sur-Meuse, France
000000001918-11-09-0000Nov 9, 1918
Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire, drowned on the return trip

Barkley, John L.John L. Barkley
Army
E-02Private First Class
Cunel, France !near Cunel, France
000000001918-10-07-0000Oct 7, 1918
Manned a machine gun inside a disabled tank and single-handedly repelled two German counterattacks

Bart, Frank J.Frank J. Bart
Army
E-01Private
Medeah Ferme, France !near Medeah Ferme, France
000000001918-10-03-0000Oct 3, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced two machine gun nests

Blackwell, Robert L.Robert L. Blackwell †
Army
E-01Private
Saint Souplet, France !near Saint-Souplet, France
000000001918-10-11-0000Oct 11, 1918
Killed while trying to carry a message calling for reinforcements through heavy fire

Bleckley, Erwin R.Erwin R. Bleckley †
Air Service
O-01Second Lieutenant
Binarville, France !near Binarville, France
000000001918-10-06-0000Oct 6, 1918
Killed while trying to supply the Lost Battalion by air with Harold Goettler

Boone, Joel T.Joel T. Boone
Navy
O-03Lieutenant
Vierzy, France !near Vierzy, France
000000001918-07-19-0000Jul 19, 1918
Exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and bring in supplies

Bradley, Jr., Willis WinterWillis Winter Bradley, Jr.
Navy
O-03Lieutenant
USS Pittsburgh en route to Buenos Aires, Argentina
000000001917-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1917
Entered a room containing explosives and extinguished a fire after an accidental detonation

Bronson, DemingDeming Bronson
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Eclisfontaine, France !near Eclisfontaine, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918 – 000000001918-09-27-0000Sep 27, 1918
Continued to fight although suffering from severe wounds

Call, Donald M.Donald M. Call
Army
E-04Corporal
Varennes, France !near Varennes, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Rescued a wounded officer from a disabled tank and carried him to safety under intense fire

Cann, Tedford H.Tedford H. Cann
Navy
E-03Seaman
USS May
000000001917-11-05-0000Nov 5, 1917
Dove into a flooded compartment to find and plug a leak which threatened his ship

Chiles, Marcellus H.Marcellus H. Chiles †
Army
O-03Captain
Le Champy Bas, France !near Le Champy Bas, France
000000001918-11-03-0000Nov 3, 1918
Led from the front despite intense machine gun fire until being mortally wounded

—

Colyer, Wilbur E.Wilbur E. Colyer †
Army
E-05Sergeant
Verdun, France !near Verdun, France
000000001918-10-09-0000Oct 9, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced three machine gun nests

—

Costin, Henry G.Henry G. Costin †
Army
E-01Private
Bois De Consenvoye, France !near Bois-de-Consenvoye, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Mortally wounded while attacking a machine gun nest alone after everyone else in his team had become casualties

Covington, Jesse W.Jesse W. Covington
Navy
E-04Ship's Cook Third class
USS Stewart
000000001918-04-17-0000Apr 17, 1918
Dove overboard and rescued a man who was surrounded by boxes of explosives

Cukela, LouisLouis Cukela
Marine Corps
E-05Sergeant
Villers Cotterets, France !near Villers-Cotterêts, France
000000001918-07-18-0000Jul 18, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a German strongpoint[n 1]

Dilboy, GeorgeGeorge Dilboy †
Army
E-02Private First Class
Belleau, France !near Belleau, France
000000001918-07-18-0000Jul 18, 1918
Mortally wounded while single-handedly attacking and silencing a machine gun position

Donaldson, Michael A.Michael A. Donaldson
Army
E-05Sergeant
Sommerance Landres Et Saint Georges Road, France !Sommerance-Landres-et-Saint-Georges Road, France
000000001918-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1918
Rescued six wounded men despite intense fire

Donovan, William J.William J. Donovan
Army
O-05Lieutenant Colonel
Landres Et Saint Georges, France !near Landres-et-Saint-Georges, France
000000001918-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1918 – 000000001918-10-15-0000Oct 15, 1918
Exposed himself to fire in order to lead and organize his men, remained with them after being wounded. The only person to have received the four highest awards in the United States: the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal, and the National Security Medal.[13]

Dozier, James C.James C. Dozier
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Montbrehain, France !near Montbrehain, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Continued to lead after being wounded and, with another soldier, silenced a machine gun nest

Dunn, Parker F.Parker F. Dunn †
Army
E-02Private First Class
Grand Pre, France !near Grandpré, Ardennes, France
000000001918-10-23-0000Oct 23, 1918
Killed while carrying a message through intense fire

—

Edwards, Daniel R.Daniel R. Edwards
Army
E-02Private First Class
Soissons, France !Soissons, France
000000001918-07-18-0000Jul 18, 1918
Although severely injured, single-handedly entered a German trench and killed or captured the occupants

Eggers, Alan L.Alan L. Eggers
Army
E-05Sergeant
Le Catelet, France !near Le Catelet, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
With J.C. Latham and Thomas E. O'Shea, rescued the crew of a disabled tank and protected them from attack all day

—

Ellis, Michael B.Michael B. Ellis
Army
E-05Sergeant
Exermont, France !near Exermont, France
000000001918-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured several German positions

Forrest, Arthur J.Arthur J. Forrest
Army
E-05Sergeant
Remonville, France !near Remonville, France
000000001918-11-01-0000Nov 1, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest

Foster, Gary E.Gary E. Foster
Army
E-05Sergeant
Montbrehain, France !near Montbrehain, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest

Funk, Jesse N.Jesse N. Funk
Army
E-02Private First Class
Bois De Bantheville, France !near Bois-de-Bantheville, France
000000001918-10-31-0000Oct 31, 1918
With Charles D. Barger, entered no man's land and rescued two wounded officers

—

Furlong, Harold A.Harold A. Furlong
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Bantheville, France !near Bantheville, France
000000001918-11-01-0000Nov 1, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a series of machine gun nests

Gaffney, Frank J.Frank J. Gaffney
Army
E-02Private First Class
Ronssoy, France !near Ronssoy, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly captured and held a German position until reinforcements arrived

Goettler, Harold E.Harold E. Goettler †
Air Service
O-02First Lieutenant
Binarville, France !near Binarville, France
000000001918-10-06-0000Oct 6, 1918
Killed while trying to supply the Lost Battalion by air with Erwin Bleckley

Graves, OraOra Graves
Navy
E-03Seaman
USS Pittsburgh en route to Buenos Aires, Argentina
000000001917-07-23-0000Jul 23, 1917
Extinguished a fire after an accidental explosion

Gregory, Earle D.Earle D. Gregory
Army
E-05Sergeant
Verdun, France !north of Verdun, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured three German positions

Gumpertz, Sydney G.Sydney G. Gumpertz
Army
E-08First Sergeant
Bois De Forges, France !Bois-de-Forges, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest

—

Hall, Thomas L.Thomas L. Hall †
Army
E-05Sergeant
Montbrehain, France !near Montbrehain, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest, killed while attacking a second

Hammann, Charles H.Charles H. Hammann
Naval Reserve
O-01Ensign
Pula, Austria–Hungary !off Pula, Austria–Hungary
000000001918-08-21-0000Aug 21, 1918
Rescued a fellow pilot who had been shot down

Hatler, M. WaldoM. Waldo Hatler
Army
E-05Sergeant
Pouilly Sur Meuse, France !near Pouilly-sur-Meuse, France
000000001918-11-08-0000Nov 8, 1918
Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire

Hayden, David E.David E. Hayden
Navy
E-03Hospital Apprentice First Class
Thiaucourt, France !Thiaucourt, France
000000001918-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1918
Reached a wounded man, treated him, and carried him to safety despite intense fire

Hays, George P.George P. Hays
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Greves Farm, France !near Greves Farm, France
000000001918-07-14-0000Jul 14, 1918 – 000000001918-07-15-0000Jul 15, 1918
Carried messages through heavy fire

Heriot, James D.James D. Heriot †
Army
E-04Corporal
Vaux Andigny, France !Vaux-Andigny, France
000000001918-10-12-0000Oct 12, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun nest, killed while attacking a second

Hill, Ralyn M.Ralyn M. Hill
Army
E-04Corporal
Donnevoux, France !near Donnevoux, France
000000001918-10-07-0000Oct 7, 1918
Ran through heavy fire to rescue a downed French pilot

Hilton, Richmond H.Richmond H. Hilton
Army
E-05Sergeant
Brancourt, France !Brancourt, France
000000001918-10-11-0000Oct 11, 1918
Led an attack which successfully captured a machine gun nest

Holderman, Nelson M.Nelson M. Holderman
Army
O-03Captain
Binarville, France !northeast of Binarville, France
000000001918-10-02-0000Oct 2, 1918 – 000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
As part of the Lost Battalion, continued to lead despite being repeatedly wounded and rescued two wounded men from under intense fire

Ingram, Osmond K.Osmond K. Ingram †
Navy
E-06Gunner's Mate First Class
USS Cassin, off the coast of Ireland
000000001917-10-15-0000Oct 15, 1917
Killed while attempting to release depth charges in the face of an oncoming torpedo

Izac, Edouard V. M.Edouard V. M. Izac
Navy
O-03Lieutenant
German submarine U-90
000000001918-05-21-0000May 21, 1918
Gathered intellegience while a prisoner of war, escaped and brought the information to the Allies

Janson, Ernest A.Ernest A. Janson
Marine Corps
E-07Gunnery Sergeant
Chateau Thierry, France !near Château-Thierry, France
000000001918-06-06-0000Jun 6, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and dispersed a machine gun detachment[n 1][n 2]

Johnston, Harold I.Harold I. Johnston
Army
E-02Private First Class
Pouilly Sur Meuse, France !near Pouilly-sur-Meuse, France
000000001918-11-09-0000Nov 9, 1918
Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire

Johnson, HenryHenry Johnson
Army
E-05Sergeant
Argonne Forest, France !near Argonne Forest, France
000000001918-05-14-0000May 14, 1918
repelled a 24-man German raiding party; suffered 21 wounds

Karnes, James E.James E. Karnes
Army
E-05Sergeant
Estrees, France !near Estrées, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
With Calvin Ward, attacked and captured a machine gun nest

Katz, Phillip C.Phillip C. Katz
Army
E-05Sergeant
Eclisfontaine, France !near Eclisfontaine, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Rescued a wounded man from under heavy fire

Kaufman, BenjaminBenjamin Kaufman
Army
E-08First Sergeant
Argonne Forest, France !Forest of Argonne, France
000000001918-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1918
Although wounded, single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun

Kelly, John J.John J. Kelly
Marine Corps
E-01Private
Blanc Mont Ridge, France !Blanc Mont Ridge, France
000000001918-10-03-0000Oct 3, 1918
Single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest under an artillery barrage[n 1]

Kocak, MatejMatej Kocak †
Marine Corps
E-05Sergeant
Soissons, France !south of Soissons, France
000000001918-07-18-0000Jul 18, 1918
Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest and led a successful attack on a second nest[n 1]

Latham, John C.John C. Latham
Army
E-05Sergeant
Le Catelet, France !near Le Catelet, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
With Alan L. Eggers and Thomas E. O'Shea, rescued the crew of a disabled tank and protected them from attack all day

Lemert, MiloMilo Lemert †
Army
E-08First Sergeant
Bellicourt, France !near Bellicourt, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly silenced three machine guns, killed while attacking a fourth with another man

Loman, BergerBerger Loman
Army
E-01Private
Consenvoye, France !near Consenvoye, France
000000001918-10-09-0000Oct 9, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun

Luke, Jr., FrankFrank Luke, Jr. †
Air Service
O-01Second Lieutenant
Murvaux, France !near Murvaux, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Destroyed three observation balloons before being forced to land because of mortal wounds

Lyle, Alexander G.Alexander G. Lyle
Navy
O-04Lieutenant Commander
France
000000001918-04-23-0000Apr 23, 1918
Exposed himself to hostile fire to treat a wounded man

MacKenzie, JohnJohn MacKenzie
Navy
E-07Chief Boatswain's Mate
USS Remlik (SP-157) in the Bay of Biscay
000000001917-12-17-0000Dec 17, 1917
Secured a live depth charge

Madison, James J.James J. Madison
Naval Reserve
O-04Lieutenant Commander
USS Ticonderoga
000000001918-09-30-0000Sep 30, 1918
Continued to lead his ship after being severely wounded during a U-boat attack

Mallon, George H.George H. Mallon
Army
O-03Captain
Bois De Forges, France !Bois-de-Forges, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Led a small group in the capture of a series of German positions

Manning, Sidney E.Sidney E. Manning
Army
E-04Corporal
Breuvannes, France !near Breuvannes, France
000000001918-07-28-0000Jul 28, 1918
Took command of his platoon and, although repeatedly wounded, led his men forward

McGunigal, PatrickPatrick McGunigal
Navy
E-06Shipfitter First class
USS Huntington
000000001917-09-17-0000Sep 17, 1917
Rescued the pilot of a crashed observation balloon

McMurtry, George G.George G. McMurtry
Army
O-03Captain
Charlevaux, France !Charlevaux, France
000000001918-10-02-0000Oct 2, 1918 – 000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
As part of the Lost Battalion, continued to lead and encourage his men despite being repeatedly wounded

Mestrovitch, James I.James I. Mestrovitch †
Army
E-05Sergeant
Fismette, France !Fismette, France
000000001918-08-10-0000Aug 10, 1918
Rescued a wounded officer from under heavy fire

—

Miles, L. WardlawL. Wardlaw Miles
Army
O-03Captain
Revillon, France !near Revillon, France
000000001918-09-14-0000Sep 14, 1918
Led an attack against a German trench and continued to lead after being severely wounded

Miller, Oscar F.Oscar F. Miller †
Army
O-04Major
Gesnes, France !near Gesnes, France
000000001918-09-28-0000Sep 28, 1918
Continued to lead an attack despite being repeatedly wounded, later died of his wounds

—

Morelock, Sterling L.Sterling L. Morelock
Army
E-01Private
Exermont, France !near Exermont, France
000000001918-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1918
Led a small group in capturing a series of machine gun nests and then treated the wounded

Neibaur, Thomas C.Thomas C. Neibaur
Army
E-01Private
Landres Et Saint Georges, France !near Landres-et-Saint-Georges, France
000000001918-10-16-0000Oct 16, 1918
Although wounded and cut off from his unit, helped hold off a German counterattack

O'Neill, Richard W.Richard W. O'Neill
Army
E-05Sergeant
Ourcq River, France !on the Ourcq River, France
000000001918-07-30-0000Jul 30, 1918
Continued to lead an attack despite being repeatedly wounded

—

Ormsbee, Jr., Francis E.Francis E. Ormsbee, Jr.
Navy
E-07Chief Machinist's Mate
Pensacola, Florida !near the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida
000000001918-09-25-0000Sep 25, 1918
Rescued the gunner of a downed plane, tried unsuccessfully to rescue the pilot

Osborne, Weedon E.Weedon E. Osborne †
Navy
O-02Lieutenant, Junior Grade
Bouresches, France !Bouresches, France
000000001918-06-06-0000Jun 6, 1918
Killed while rescuing wounded men from under heavy fire

O'Shea, Thomas E.Thomas E. O'Shea †
Army
E-04Corporal
Le Catelet, France !near Le Catelet, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Killed while attempting to rescue the crew of a disabled tank along with J.C. Latham and Alan L. Eggers

Parker, Samuel I.Samuel I. Parker
Army
O-01Second Lieutenant
Soissons, France !near Soissons, France
000000001918-07-18-0000Jul 18, 1918 – 000000001918-07-19-0000Jul 19, 1918
Led an attack which captured a German strong point, continued to lead after being wounded

Peck, Archie A.Archie A. Peck
Army
E-01Private
Argonne Forest, France !Forest of Argonne, France
000000001918-10-06-0000Oct 6, 1918
Rescued two wounded men from under heavy fire

Perkins, Michael J.Michael J. Perkins †
Army
E-02Private First Class
Belleu Bois, France !Belleu Bois, France
000000001918-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a pillbox

Petty, Orlando H.Orlando H. Petty
Naval Reserve
O-03Lieutenant
Bois De Belleau, France !Bois-de-Belleau, France
000000001918-06-11-0000Jun 11, 1918
Tended the wounded despite artillery and gas attacks, even after his gas mask was rendered useless

Pike, Emory JenisonEmory Jenison Pike †
Army
O-05Lieutenant Colonel
Vandieres, France !near Vandières, France
000000001918-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1918
Continued to lead after being mortally wounded while aiding an injured soldier

Pope, Thomas A.Thomas A. Pope
Army
E-04Corporal
Hamel, France !Hamel, France
000000001918-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest

Pruitt, John H.John H. Pruitt †
Marine Corps
E-04Corporal
Blanc Mont Ridge, France !Blanc Mont Ridge, France
000000001918-10-03-0000Oct 3, 1918
Single-handedly captured two machine guns and forty prisoners[n 1]

Regan, PatrickPatrick Regan
Army
O-01Second Lieutenant
Bois De Consenvoye, France !Bois-de-Consenvoye, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Led his platoon in the capture of a machine gun nest and continued to lead after being wounded

Rickenbacker, Edward V.Edward V. Rickenbacker
Air Service
O-02First Lieutenant
Billy Sous Les Cotes, France !near Billy-sous-les-Côtes, France
000000001918-09-25-0000Sep 25, 1918
Attacked seven German planes, shooting down two

Robb, George S.George S. Robb
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Sechault, France !near Séchault, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918 – 000000001918-09-30-0000Sep 30, 1918
Continued to lead despite being repeatedly wounded

—

Roberts, Harold W.Harold W. Roberts †
Army
E-04Corporal
Montrebeau Woods, France !Montrebeau Woods, France
000000001918-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1918
Drowned after pushing another man to safety when their tank fell into a water-filled shell hole

Robinson, Robert G.Robert G. Robinson
Marine Corps
E-07Gunnery Sergeant
Pittem, Belgium !over Pittem, Belgium
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918 and
000000001918-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1918
Continued to fire his weapon after being severely wounded in an aerial battle against twelve German planes

Sampler, Samuel M.Samuel M. Sampler
Army
E-04Corporal
Saint Etienne A Arnes, France !near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest

Sandlin, WillieWillie Sandlin
Army
E-05Sergeant
Bois De Forges, France !Bois-de-Forges, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Single-handedly attacked three machine gun nests

Sawelson, WilliamWilliam Sawelson †
Army
E-05Sergeant
Grand Pre, France !Grandpré, Ardennes, France
000000001918-10-26-0000Oct 26, 1918
Killed while aiding a wounded man under heavy fire

—

Schaffner, Dwite H.Dwite H. Schaffner
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
St. Hubert's Pavilion, Boureuilles, France !near St. Hubert's Pavilion, Boureuilles, France
000000001918-09-28-0000Sep 28, 1918
Led his men in a defense against German counterattacks, personally captured a German officer and extracted information from him

Schmidt, Jr., OscarOscar Schmidt, Jr.
Navy
E-07Chief Gunner's Mate
USS Chestnut Hill
000000001918-10-09-0000Oct 9, 1918
Rescued a wounded man from the water and attempted to rescue another

Seibert, Lloyd M.Lloyd M. Seibert
Army
E-05Sergeant
Epinonville, France !near Épinonville, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Although ill, led his men in an attack on a machine gun and continued to lead after being wounded

Shemin, WilliamWilliam Shemin †
Army
E-05Sergeant
Vesle River, southeast of Bazoches, France
000000001918-08-07-0000Aug 7, 1918 – 000000001918-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1918
Rescued the wounded from under heavy fire and took command of his platoon after his superiors became casualties

—

Siegel, John O.John O. Siegel
Navy
E-05Boatswain's Mate Second Class
Mohawk (YT-17)
000000001918-11-01-0000Nov 1, 1918
Rescued two men from a burning vessel before being trapped and collapsing from the smoke

Skinker, Alexander R.Alexander R. Skinker †
Army
O-03Captain
Cheppy, France !Cheppy, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Killed while leading two other men in an attack on German pillboxes

Slack, Clayton K.Clayton K. Slack
Army
E-01Private
Consenvoye, France !near Consenvoye, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a group of German soldiers

Smith, Fred E.Fred E. Smith †
Army
O-05Lieutenant Colonel
Binarville, France !near Binarville, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
Drew German fire onto himself so his men could find cover, retrieved a supply of grenades and was mortally wounded while planning a counterattack

Stockham, Fred W.Fred W. Stockham †
Marine Corps
E-07Gunnery Sergeant
Bois De Belleau, France !Bois-de-Belleau, France
000000001918-06-13-0000June 13, 1918 – 000000001918-06-14-0000Jun 14, 1918
Gave his gas mask to a wounded comrade, later died of poison gas exposure

—

Stowers, FreddieFreddie Stowers †
Army
E-04Corporal
Ardeuil Et Montfauxelles, France !near Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles, France
000000001918-09-28-0000Sep 28, 1918
Led an attack on German positions and continued to lead after being mortally wounded

Sullivan, Daniel A. J.Daniel A. J. Sullivan
Naval Reserve
O-01Ensign
USS Christabel
000000001918-05-21-0000May 21, 1918
Secured a group of live depth charges

Talbot, RalphRalph Talbot †
Marine Corps
O-01Second Lieutenant
Pittem, Belgium !over Pittem, Belgium
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918 and
000000001918-10-14-0000Oct 14, 1918
With gunner Robert G. Robinson, shot down one plane in an aerial battle against twelve German aircraft

Talley, Edward R.Edward R. Talley
Army
E-05Sergeant
Ponchaux, France !near Ponchaux, France
000000001918-10-07-0000Oct 7, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun

Thompson, Joseph H.Joseph H. Thompson
Army
O-04Major
Apremont, France !near Apremont, France
000000001918-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1918
Guided a tank towards a German machine gun nest on foot, despite intense fire

—

Turner, Harold L.Harold L. Turner
Army
E-04Corporal
Saint Etienne A Arnes, France !near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a German strong point

Turner, William B.William B. Turner †
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Ronssoy, France !near Ronssoy, France
000000001918-09-27-0000Sep 27, 1918
Killed while leading his men in a series of attacks despite being wounded

—

Upton, Frank M.Frank M. Upton
Navy
O-01Ensign
USS Stewart
000000001918-04-17-0000Apr 17, 1918
Dove overboard and rescued a man who was surrounded by boxes of explosives

Valente, MichaelMichael Valente
Army
E-01Private
Ronssoy, France !east of Ronssoy, France
000000001918-09-29-0000Sep 29, 1918
With another man, silenced two machine gun nests and attacked a German trench

Van Iersel, Ludovicus M. M.Ludovicus M. M. Van Iersel
Army
E-05Sergeant
Mouzon, France !Mouzon, France
000000001918-11-09-0000Nov 9, 1918
Under heavy fire, reconnoitered a damaged bridge and swam the river to investigate German positions

Villepigue, John C.John C. Villepigue
Army
E-04Corporal
Vaux Andigny, France !Vaux-Andigny, France
000000001918-10-15-0000Oct 15, 1918
Single-handedly attacked a dugout and captured a machine gun nest

Waaler, ReidarReidar Waaler
Army
E-05Sergeant
Ronssoy, France !near Ronssoy, France
000000001918-09-27-0000Sep 27, 1918
Rescued two men from a burning tank under heavy fire

Ward, Calvin J.Calvin J. Ward
Army
E-01Private
Estrees, France !near Estrées, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
With James Karnes, attacked and captured a machine gun nest

—

West, Chester H.Chester H. West
Army
E-08First Sergeant
Bois De Cheppy, France !near Bois-de-Cheppy, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
Single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest

Whittlesey, Charles W.Charles W. Whittlesey
Army
O-04Major
Binarville, France !northeast of Binarville, France
000000001918-10-02-0000Oct 2, 1918 –
000000001918-10-07-0000Oct 7, 1918
As commander of the Lost Battalion, led his unit in holding their position and refused to surrender

Wickersham, J. HunterJ. Hunter Wickersham †
Army
O-01Second Lieutenant
Limey, France !near Limey, France
000000001918-09-12-0000Sep 12, 1918
Continued to lead and fight after being mortally wounded

—

Wold, NelsNels Wold †
Army
E-01Private
Cheppy, France !near Cheppy, France
000000001918-09-26-0000Sep 26, 1918
With another soldier, silenced four machine gun nests, killed while attacking a fifth

Woodfill, SamuelSamuel Woodfill
Army
O-02First Lieutenant
Cunel, France !Cunel, France
000000001918-10-12-0000Oct 12, 1918
Supported by his company, attacked and silenced three machine gun nests

York, Alvin C.Alvin C. York
Army
E-04Corporal
Chatel Chehery, France !near Chatel-Chéhéry, France
000000001918-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1918
Took command of his platoon and led an attack on a machine gun nest


document_title: Left- and right-hand traffic

question_text: when did newfoundland start driving on the right

root

text: Left- and right-hand traffic

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman troops kept to the left when marching.[7] In 1998, archaeologists found a well-preserved double track leading to a Roman quarry near Swindon, in southern England. The grooves in the road on the left side (viewed facing down the track away from the quarry) were much deeper than those on the right side, suggesting LHT, at least at this location, since carts would exit the quarry heavily loaded, and enter it empty.[8]

tag: p

text: The first reference in English law to an order for LHT was in 1756, with regard to London Bridge.[9]

text: Some historians, such as C. Northcote Parkinson, believed that ancient travellers on horseback or on foot generally kept to the left, since most people were right-handed. If two men riding on horseback were to start a fight, each would edge toward the left.[7] In the year 1300, Pope Boniface VIII directed pilgrims to keep left.[7]

text: In the late 1700s, traffic in the United States was RHT based on teamsters' use of large freight wagons pulled by several pairs of horses. The wagons had no driver's seat, so the (typically right-handed) postilion held his whip in his right hand and thus sat on the left rear horse. Seated on the left, the driver preferred that other wagons pass him on the left so that he could be sure to keep clear of the wheels of oncoming wagons.[10]

text: In France, traditionally foot traffic had kept right, while carriage traffic kept left. Following the French Revolution, all traffic kept right.[9] Following the Napoleonic Wars, the French imposed RHT on parts of Europe.[citation needed] During the colonial period, RHT was introduced by the French in New France, French West Africa, the Maghreb, French Indochina, the West Indies, French Guiana and the Réunion, among others.

text: Meanwhile, LHT was introduced by the British in parts of Canada (Atlantic Canada and British Columbia), Australia, New Zealand, the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), British India, Rhodesia and the Cape Colony (now Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa), British Malaya (now Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore), British Guiana, and British Hong Kong. LHT was also introduced by the Portuguese Empire in Portuguese Macau, Colonial Brazil, Portuguese Timor, Portuguese Mozambique, and Portuguese Angola.

text: The first keep-right law for driving in the United States was passed in 1792 and applied to the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike.[11] New York formalized RHT in 1804, New Jersey in 1813 and Massachusetts in 1821.[12]

text: In the early 1900s some countries including Canada, Spain, and Brazil had different rules in different parts of the country. During the 1900s many countries standardised within their jurisdictions, and changed from LHT to RHT, mostly to conform with regional custom. Currently nearly all countries use one side or the other throughout their entire territory. Most exceptions are due to historical considerations and/or involve islands with no road connection to the main part of a country. China is RHT except the Special Administrative Regions of China of Hong Kong and Macau. The United States is RHT except the United States Virgin Islands.[13] The United Kingdom is LHT, but its overseas territories of Gibraltar and British Indian Ocean Territory are RHT.

text: Changing sides[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Influential in Europe was the 1920 Paris Convention, which advised driving on the right-hand side of the road, in order to harmonise traffic across a continent with many borders. This was despite the fact that left-hand traffic was still widespread: in 1915 for example, LHT was introduced everywhere in the Austro-Hungarian Empire; however, three years later the Empire was split up into several countries, and they all changed eventually to RHT, notably including when Nazi Germany introduced RHT with almost immediate effect in Czechoslovakia in 1938–39.[14] [15]

text: Sweden was LHT from about 1734 to 1967,[16] despite having land borders with RHT countries, and approximately 90 percent of cars being left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles.[17] A referendum was held in 1955, with an overwhelming majority voting against a change to RHT. Nevertheless, some years later the government ordered a conversion, which took place at 5 am on Sunday, 3 September 1967. The accident rate dropped sharply after the change,[18] but soon rose back to near its original level.[19] The day was known as Dagen H ("H-Day"), the 'H' being for Högertrafik ("right traffic"). When Iceland switched the following year, it was known as H-dagurinn, again meaning "H-Day".[20]

text: In the late 1960s, the UK Department for Transport considered switching to RHT, but declared it unsafe and too costly for such a built-up nation.[21] Road building standards, for motorways in particular, allow asymmetrically designed road junctions, where merge and diverge lanes differ in length.[22]

text: Today, four countries in Europe continue to use left-hand traffic, all island nations: the UK, Cyprus, Ireland, and Malta.

text: Asia and the Pacific[edit]

text: Nationalist China adopted RHT in 1946. This convention was preserved when the CCP took the mainland and the KMT retreated to Taiwan. Hong Kong and Macau continue to be LHT.

text: Both North Korea and South Korea switched to RHT in September 1945 after liberation from Japan which was defeated by the Allies, and surrendered.

text: Myanmar switched to RHT in 1970.[23]

text: Samoa, a former German colony, had been RHT for more than a century. It switched to LHT in 2009,[24] being the first territory in almost 30 years to switch.[25] The move was legislated in 2008 to allow Samoans to use cheaper right-hand drive (RHD) vehicles--which are better suited for left-hand traffic--imported from Australia, New Zealand or Japan, and to harmonise with other South Pacific nations. A political party, The People's Party, was formed to try to protest against the change, a protest group which launched a legal challenge,[26] and an estimated 18,000 people attending demonstrations against it.[27]  The motor industry was also opposed, as 14,000 of Samoa's 18,000 vehicles are designed for RHT and the government has refused to meet the cost of conversion.[25] After months of preparation, the switch from right to left happened in an atmosphere of national celebration. There were no reported incidents.[2] At 05:50 local time, Monday 7 September, a radio announcement halted traffic, and an announcement at 6:00 ordered traffic to switch to LHT.[24] The change coincided with more restrictive enforcement of speeding and seat-belt laws.[28] That day and the following day were declared public holidays, to reduce traffic.[29] The change included a three-day ban on alcohol sales, while police mounted dozens of checkpoints, warning drivers to drive slowly.[2]

text: The Philippines was mostly LHT during its Spanish[30] and American colonial periods,[31][32] as well as during the Commonwealth era.[33] During the Japanese occupation the Philippines remained LHT,[34] also because LHT had been required by the Japanese;[35] but during the Battle of Manila the liberating American forces drove their tanks to the right for easier facilitation of movement.  RHT was formally finalised by Executive Order No. 34 signed by President Sergio Osmeña on 10 March 1945.[36]

text: Africa[edit]

text: A number of non-contiguous former British colonies in West Africa originally drove LHT and switched to RHT in the early 1970s to match the surrounding countries. Sierra Leone switched to RHT in 1971, Nigeria in 1972 and Ghana in 1974. Before this period The Gambia, a country entirely contained within RHT Senegal, had officially switched to RHT in 1965.[37]

text: Rwanda, a former Belgian colony in central Africa, is RHT but is considering switching to LHT, to bring the country in line with other members of the East African Community (EAC).[38] A survey, carried out in 2009, indicated that 54% of Rwandans were in favour of the switch. Reasons cited were the perceived lower costs of RHD vehicles as opposed to LHD versions of the same model, easier maintenance and the political benefit of harmonisation of traffic regulations with other EAC countries. The same survey also indicated that RHD cars are 16 to 49 per cent cheaper than their LHD equivalents.[39] In 2014 an internal report from consultants to the Ministry of Infrastructure recommended a switch to LHT.[40] In 2015, the ban on RHD vehicles was lifted; RHD trucks from neighbouring countries cost $1000 less than LHD models imported from Europe.[41][42]

text: Safety[edit]

text: In one study, researchers concluded that left-hand traffic may be safer for elderly drivers,[43] since humans are more commonly right-eye dominant than left-eye dominant.[44] Comparing accident statistics between countries operating either LHT or RHT, Leeming concluded that LHT is superior.[45] However, Watson has criticised the small sample size and dismisses the notion.[3]

text: Changing sides at borders[edit]

text: Although many LHT jurisdictions are on islands, there are cases where vehicles may be driven from LHT across a border into a RHT area. Such borders are mostly located in Africa and southern Asia. The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic regulates the use of foreign registered vehicles in the 74 countries that have ratified it.

text: LHT Thailand has three RHT neighbors: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar. Most of its borders use a simple traffic light to do the switch, but there are also interchanges which enable the switch while keeping up a continuous flow of traffic.[46]

text: There are four road border crossing points between Hong Kong and Mainland China. In 2006, the daily average number of vehicle trips recorded at Lok Ma Chau was 31,100.[47] The next largest is Man Kam To, where there is no changeover system and the border roads on the mainland side Wenjindu intersect as one-way streets with a main road.

text: The Takutu River Bridge (which links LHT Guyana and RHT Brazil[48]) is the only border in the Americas where traffic changes sides.

text: Although the United Kingdom is separated from Continental Europe by the English Channel, the level of cross-Channel traffic is very high; the Channel Tunnel alone carries 3.5 million vehicles per year, by rail, between the UK and France.

text: Road vehicle configurations[edit]

text: Driver seating position[edit]

text: In RHT jurisdictions, vehicles are configured with LHD, with the driver sitting on the left side. In LHT jurisdictions, the reverse is true. The driver's side, the side closest to the centre of the road, is sometimes called the offside, while the passenger side, the side closest to the side of the road, is sometimes called the nearside.[49]

text: Historically there was less consistency in the relationship of the position of the driver to the handedness of traffic. Most American cars produced before 1910 were RHD.[11] In 1908 Henry Ford standardised the Model T as LHD in RHT America,[11] arguing that with RHD and RHT, the passenger was obliged to "get out on the street side and walk around the car" and that with steering from the left, the driver "is able to see even the wheels of the other car and easily avoids danger."[50] By 1915 other manufacturers followed Ford's lead, due to the popularity of the Model T.[11]

text: In specialised cases, the driver will sit on the nearside, or curbside. Examples include:

text:
Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. street sweepers, or vehicles driven along unstable road edges.[51]
Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The Grumman LLV postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck.

tag: ul

text: Generally, the convention is to mount a motorcycle on the left,[52] and kickstands are usually on the left[53] which makes it more convenient to mount on the safer kerbside[53] as is the case in LHT. Some jurisdictions prohibit fitting a sidecar to a motorcycle's offside.[54][55]

text: Headlamps and other lighting equipment[edit]

text: Most low-beam headlamps produce an asymmetrical light suitable for use on only one side of the road. Low beam headlamps in LHT jurisdictions throw most of their light forward-leftward; those for RHT throw most of their light forward-rightward, thus illuminating obstacles and road signs while minimising glare for oncoming traffic.

text: In Europe, headlamps approved for use on one side of the road must be adaptable to produce adequate illumination with controlled glare for temporarily driving on the other side of the road,[56]:p.13 ¶5.8. This may be achieved by affixing masking strips or prismatic lenses to a part of the lens or by moving all or part of the headlamp optic so all or part of the beam is shifted or the asymmetrical portion is occluded.[56]:p.13 ¶5.8.1 Some varieties of the projector-type headlamp can be fully adjusted to produce a proper LHT or RHT beam by shifting a lever or other movable element in or on the lamp assembly.[56]:p.12 ¶5.4 Some vehicles adjust the headlamps automatically when the car's GPS detects that the vehicle has moved from LHT to RHT and vice versa.[citation needed]

text: Because blackout strips and adhesive prismatic lenses reduce the safety performance of the headlamps, most countries require all vehicles registered or used on a permanent or semi-permanent basis within the country to be equipped with headlamps designed for the correct traffic-handedness.[citation needed]

text: Without sidecars attached, motorcycles, motor scooters, mopeds, and bicycles are almost symmetric with their handlebars in the centre. However, motorcycles are often equipped with automotive-type asymmetrical-beam headlamps that likewise require adjustments or replacement when brought into a country with opposite traffic-handedness.[citation needed]

text: Rear fog lamps[edit]

text: In the European Union, vehicles must be equipped with one or two red rear fog lamps. A single rear fog lamp must be located between the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the outer extent of the driver's side of the vehicle.[57]

text: Crash testing differences[edit]

text: An Australian news source reports that some RHD cars imported to that country didn't perform as well on crash tests as the LHD versions, although the cause is unknown, and may be due to differences in testing methodology.[58]

text: Worldwide distribution by country[edit]

text: Of the 194 countries currently recognised by the United Nations (and the unrecognised Palestine), 140 use RHT and 54 use LHT. A country and its territories and dependencies is counted once.

text:
Country

Road traffic

Road switched sides

Multi-track rail traffic generally

Notes

Afghanistan

RHT

RHT/LHT

Was LHT until the 1950s, in line with neighbouring British India and later Pakistan.[59]

Albania

RHT[60]

RHT

Algeria

RHT[60]

RHT

Andorra

RHT[60]

Angola

RHT[60]

1928

Antigua and Barbuda

LHT[60]

Former British colony.

Argentina

RHT

1945
10 June

LHT

The anniversary on 10 June is still observed each year as Día de la Seguridad Vial (road safety day).[61]  The Premetro and Metrotranvía Mendoza use RHT.

Armenia

RHT[60]

RHT

Australia

LHT[62]

LHT

Commonwealth. Includes Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Norfolk Island

Austria

RHT

1921–1938

RHT[63]

Originally LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. Switched sides in 1921 in Vorarlberg, 1930 in North Tyrol, 1935 in Carinthia and East Tyrol, and in 1938 in the rest of the country.

Azerbaijan

RHT[60]

RHT

Bahamas

LHT[60]

In Bahamas LHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from the United States.[64][65]

Bahrain

RHT

1967

Former British protectorate. Switched to same side as neighbours.[66]

Bangladesh

LHT[60]

LHT

Barbados

LHT

Belgium

RHT[60]

1899

LHT

The Brussels Metro is nominally RHT, with LHT on the circle line west of Halle Gate. This was done to enable unidirectional vehicles to use island platforms.

Belarus

RHT[60]

RHT

Belize

RHT

1961[1]

Former British colony. Switched to same side as neighbours.

Benin

RHT[60]

Bhutan

LHT[60]

Under British protection before 1949.

Bolivia

RHT[60]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

RHT[60]

1918

RHT[67]

Switched sides after the collapse of Austria-Hungary.

Botswana

LHT[60]

Brazil

RHT

1928[60]

RHT

A Portuguese colony until the early 19th century as LHT and retained it at least partially following independence, switched some states still on LHT to RHT in 1928, the same year as Portugal.[68][69] While some areas in present-day Brazil formerly belonged to Bolivia were already in RHT.

Brunei

LHT[60]

Bulgaria

RHT[60]

RHT

Burkina Faso

RHT[60]

Burundi

RHT

Considering switching to LHT[70] in line with neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

Cambodia

RHT

LHT

RHT implemented while part of French Indochina. RHD cars, many of which were smuggled from Thailand, were banned from 2001, even though they accounted for 80% of vehicles in the country.[71]

Cameroon

RHT[60]

1961

Canada

RHT

1920s

RHT

Territories now in Canada have always been RHT, except British Columbia, which changed to RHT in stages from 1920 to 1923,[72][73] and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island which changed in 1922, 1923, and 1924 respectively.[74] Newfoundland and Labrador changed to RHT in 1947 while still a dominion of the British Empire, two years before joining Canada.[75]

Cape Verde

RHT[60]

1928

Central African Republic

RHT[60]

Chad

RHT[60]

Chile

RHT[60]

1920s

LHT

The Santiago Metro uses RHT.

China

RHT

1946

RHT/LHT

At one time, northern provinces were RHT due to American influence, while southern provinces were LHT due to British influence. LHT was uniform in the 1930s. Hong Kong and Macau are all on LHT due to their colonial heritage. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the Hong Kong MTR and the Macau LRT.

Colombia

RHT[60]

RHT

Comoros

RHT[60]

Congo

RHT[60]

Democratic Republic of Congo

RHT[60]

Costa Rica

RHT[60]

Côte d'Ivoire

RHT[60]

Croatia

RHT[60]

RHT

Istria and Dalmatia were RHT, while Croatia-Slavonia was LHT when Croatia was part of Austria-Hungary[76]. The LHT regions switched to RHT on joining the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Cuba

RHT[60]

RHT

Cyprus

LHT[60]

Former British colony.

Czech Republic

RHT[60]

1939

RHT

Was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary, switched during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia.

Denmark

RHT

RHT[77]

Includes Faroe Islands and Greenland

Djibouti

RHT[60]

Dominica

LHT[60]

Former British colony.

Dominican Republic

RHT[60]

East Timor

LHT

1976

Originally LHT, like its colonial power Portugal. Switched to RHT with Portugal in 1928.[1] Under the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, changed back to LHT in 1976.

Ecuador

RHT[60]

LHT

The Quito Metro and Cuenca tram system will use RHT.

Egypt

RHT[60]

LHT

Road vehicles are RHT due to French influence, but railway system was built by British companies.

El Salvador

RHT[60]

Equatorial Guinea

RHT[60]

Eritrea

RHT[60]

1964

Estonia

RHT[60]

RHT

Ethiopia

RHT[60]

1964

LHT

The Addis Ababa Light Rail uses RHT.

Fiji

LHT

Finland

RHT

1858

RHT/LHT

Formerly ruled as part of LHT Sweden, switched to RHT as the Grand Duchy of Finland by Russian decree.[78] Most of the Helsinki commuter rail lines use LHT, but the Helsinki Metro uses RHT.

France

RHT

1792

LHT[79]/RHT

Includes French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna, French Guiana, Réunion, Saint Barthélemy, Collectivity of Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, Mayotte.  Railroads in Alsace and Moselle use RHT as a former part of German Empire. CDGVAL uses RHT. Most metro systems use RHT, except for the Lyon Metro.

Gabon

RHT[60]

Gambia

RHT

1965[37]

Georgia

RHT[60]

RHT

About 40% vehicles in Georgia are RHD due to the low cost of used cars imported from Japan[80]. The Batumi Ropeway uses LHT.

Germany

RHT[81]

RHT

Ghana

RHT

1974[82]

Former British colony. When changing to RHT, a Twi language slogan was "Nifa, Nifa Enan" or "Right, Right, Fourth".[83] Switched to same side as neighbours.

Greece

RHT[60]

RHT

Grenada

LHT[60]

Guatemala

RHT[60]

Guinea

RHT[60]

Guinea-Bissau

RHT[60]

1928

Guyana

LHT[60]

Haiti

RHT[60]

Honduras

RHT[60]

Hong Kong

LHT[60]

Former British Colony.

Hungary

RHT[60]

1941

RHT

Originally LHT, like most of Austria-Hungary.

Iceland

RHT

1968

The day of the switch was known as H-dagurinn. Most passenger cars were already LHD.

Iran

RHT[60]

RHT

Iraq

RHT[60]

LHT

India

LHT[60]

LHT

Former British colony.

Indonesia

LHT[62]

RHT[84]

Roads were built by British, but railways are RHT due to Dutch influence. The Jakarta MRT will also use RHT.

Ireland

LHT[60]

LHT

Part of the United Kingdom until 1922.

Israel

RHT[60]

LHT

Under British rule till 1948; The Jerusalem Light Rail uses RHT.

Italy

RHT

1920s

LHT

Until 1927 the countryside was RHT while cities were LHT.[85] Rome changed to RHT in 1924 and Milan in 1926. Alfa Romeo and Lancia did  produce LHD cars until as late as 1950 and 1953 respectively only to special order, as many drivers favoured the RHD layout even in RHT as this offered the driver a clearer view of the edge of the road in mountainous regions at a time when many such roads lacked barriers or walls.[86]  The metro systems in Brescia, Genoa, Milan, and Turin use RHT, as well as all tram systems.

Jamaica

LHT[60]

Japan

LHT[87]

LHT/RHT

Post-World War II Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands and was RHT. It was returned to Japan in 1972 but did not convert back to LHT until 1978.[88] The conversion operation was known as 730 (Nana-San-Maru, which refers to the date of the changeover, 30 July). Okinawa is one of few places to have changed from RHT to LHT in the late 20th century. The Hakone Ropeway uses RHT. Also then has been several geared RHT vehicles, imported from North America and Europe. It begin to starts selling all cars and unveiled at car shows instead using the LHTs importers by country, currently it uses as a mixture between LHTs and RHTs in Japan.

Jordan

RHT[60]

RHT, despite the Mandate for Palestine and the Transjordan memorandum being under British rule till 1946.

Kazakhstan

RHT[60]

RHT

Kenya

LHT[89]

British colony until 1963.

Kiribati

LHT[60]

North Korea

RHT

1946

LHT/RHT

Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945.  The metro system in Pyongyang uses a mixture of RHT and LHT.

South Korea

RHT

1946

LHT/RHT

Korea had been LHT because of the influence of Japan in the 1900s. Switched to RHT under Soviet and American occupation after 1945.  Most metro systems in South Korea use RHT (exceptions include lines 1 and 4 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Bundang Line, and the Shinbundang Line).

Kuwait

RHT[60]

Kyrgyzstan

RHT

RHT

Former part of RHT Soviet Union. In 2012, over 20,000 cheaper used RHD cars were imported from Japan.[90]

Laos

RHT[60]

LHT

RHT implemented while part of French Indochina.

Latvia

RHT[60]

RHT

Lebanon

RHT[60]

Former French mandate.

Lesotho

LHT[60]

Liberia

RHT[60]

Libya

RHT[60]

Liechtenstein

RHT[60]

RHT

Lithuania

RHT[60]

RHT

Luxembourg

RHT[60]

RHT

Macedonia

RHT[60]

RHT

Madagascar

RHT[60]

Malawi

LHT[60]

Malaysia

LHT[60]

LHT

Former British colony.

Maldives

LHT[60]

Mali

RHT[60]

Malta

LHT[60]

British colony until 1964.

Marshall Islands

RHT[60]

Mauritania

RHT

Mining roads between Fderîck and Zouérat are LHT.[91]

Mauritius

LHT[60]

Former British colony. Island nation.

Mexico

RHT[60]

RHT

Micronesia

RHT[60]

Moldova

RHT[60]

RHT

Monaco

RHT[60]

LHT

Mongolia

RHT[60]

RHT

Montenegro

RHT[60]

RHT

Morocco

RHT[60]

RHT

Mozambique

LHT[92]

LHT

Myanmar

RHT

1970

LHT

Much of infrastructure still geared to LHT, most cars are used RHD vehicles, imported from Japan.[93]

Netherlands

RHT

1906[94]

RHT

Rotterdam was LHT until 1917.[95] Includes Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and Aruba

Namibia

LHT

1918

RHT as a German colony. After South Africa occupied German South-West Africa during World War I, switched to LHT.[1] South-West Africa was made a South African mandate by the League of Nations, and the new rule of the road was established in law.[96]

Nauru

LHT[60]

1918

Nepal

LHT[97]

New Zealand

LHT[62]

LHT

Includes territories Niue and Cook Islands

Nicaragua

RHT[60]

Niger

RHT[60]

Nigeria

RHT

1972[98]

LHT

Former British colony. Switched to RHT as it is surrounded by former French RHT colonies.

Norway

RHT[60]

RHT

Oman

RHT

Not a party to the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and bans all foreign-registered RHD vehicles.[99]

Palau

RHT[60]

RHT

Palestine

RHT[60]

Pakistan

LHT[60]

LHT

Was part of undivided India

Panama

RHT

1943[100]

RHT

Papua New Guinea

LHT[60]

Paraguay

RHT

1945[101]

Peru

RHT[60]

LHT

Philippines

RHT

1946[36]

RHT

Was LHT during the Spanish and American colonial periods. Switched to RHT during Battle of Manila in 1945.

Poland

RHT

RHT

Partitions of Poland belonging to the German Empire and the Russian Empire were RHT. Partitions that were part of Austria-Hungary were LHT and changed to RHT in the 1920s.[102]

Portugal

RHT[62]

1928

LHT

Colonies Goa, Macau and Mozambique, which had land borders with LHT countries, did not switch and continue to drive on the left.[92] The Porto Metro uses RHT.

Qatar

RHT[60]

Romania

RHT[60]

RHT

Transylvania, the Banat and Bukovina were until 1919 LHT like most of former Austria-Hungary, while Wallachia and Moldavia were already RHT.

Russia

RHT[60]

RHT

In the Russian Far East RHD vehicles are common due to the import of used cars from nearby Japan.[103] Railway between Moscow and Ryazan is LHT. Sormovskaya line in Nizhny Novgorod Metro also uses LHT.

Rwanda

RHT[70]

Former Belgian mandate. Considering switching to LHT[70][104] like its neighbours Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

LHT

Former British colony.

Saint Lucia

LHT

Former British colony.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

LHT

Former British colony.

Samoa

LHT

2009

Switched to LHT to allow the import of cars more cheaply from Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[62]

San Marino

RHT[60]

São Tomé and Príncipe

RHT[60]

1928

Saudi Arabia

RHT[60]

LHT

The Makkah Metro and the Riyadh Metro use RHT.

Senegal

RHT[60]

Serbia

RHT[60]

RHT

Vojvodina was LHT while part of Austria-Hungary.

Seychelles

LHT[60]

Sierra Leone

RHT

1971[105]

Importation of RHD vehicles was banned in 2013.[106]

Singapore

LHT[60]

LHT

Former British colony.

Slovakia

RHT[60]

1939–41

RHT

Was LHT like most of former Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT when it became a client state of Nazi Germany.

Slovenia

RHT[60]

LHT

Was LHT like most of Austria-Hungary. Switched to RHT to unite with Croatia-Slavonia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro to form with Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Solomon Islands

LHT[60]

Somalia

RHT

1968[107]

South Africa

LHT[108][109]

LHT

Former British colony.

South Sudan

RHT

1973

Was LHT during the period of British colonial rule. Split from Sudan in 2011 after the majority of the population voted for independence.

Spain

RHT

1924

RHT

Up to the 1920s Barcelona was RHT, and Madrid was LHT until 1924. The Madrid and Bilbao metro systems use LHT.[110]

Sri Lanka

LHT[60]

LHT

Former British colony.

Sudan

RHT[60]

1973

Former British colony.

Suriname

LHT[60]

1920s

Swaziland

LHT[60]

Sweden

RHT[60]

1967
3 September

LHT

The day of the switch was known as Dagen H. Most passenger cars were already LHD. The tram systems in Gothenburg (except for a short part), Norrköping and Stockholm are RHT.[111] The railroads in Malmö use RHT due to the connection to Denmark.

Switzerland

RHT[60]

LHT

The tram system in Zurich and the Lausanne Metro use RHT.

Syria

RHT[60]

Taiwan

RHT

1946

LHT

Was LHT during the period of Japanese rule. The government of the Republic of China changed Taiwan to RHT in 1946 along with the rest of China.[112] Most metro systems use RHT.

Tajikistan

RHT[60]

RHT

Tanzania

LHT[60]

Thailand

LHT[62]

LHT

One of the few LHT countries not a former British colony. Shares long land border with RHT Laos and Cambodia.

Togo

RHT[60]

Tonga

LHT[60]

Trinidad and Tobago

LHT[113]

Former British colony.

Tunisia

RHT[60]

LHT

French RHT was enforced in the French protectorate of Tunisia from 1881.

Turkey

RHT[60]

RHT

Turkmenistan

RHT[60]

RHT

Tuvalu

LHT[60]

Uganda

LHT[60]

Ukraine

RHT

1922[102]

RHT

West Ukraine was LHT, like most of former Austria-Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia remained LHT as part of Czechoslovakia before switching in 1941 as part of Hungary. The rest of Ukraine, having been part of the Russian Empire, already drove on the right.Some sections of Kryvyi Rih Metrotram use LHT due to tramcars have doors only on right side, which makes it impossible to use RHT at stations with island platforms.[114]

United Arab Emirates

RHT[60]

RHT

United Kingdom

LHT(Mainland UK)RHT(Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory)

1929  (in Gibraltar)

LHT

Includes Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Isle of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha are all LHT. Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929 because of its land border with Spain.[115] The British Indian Ocean Territory is the only other overseas territory driving on the right. The Channel Islands (Jersey and Guernsey) drove on the right under German occupation until their liberation in 1945.[116] The Falkland Islands similarly drove on the right during their occupation by Argentina in 1982.[117]However, virtually all passenger vehicles in British Virgin Islands are LHD due to grey imports of used cars from USA and South Korea.

United States

RHTLHT(U.S. Virgin Islands)

RHT/LHT[118]

Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico. U.S. Virgin Islands is LHT, like much of the Caribbean, as the only American jurisdiction that still has LHT, because the islands drove on the left when the United States purchased the former Danish West Indies from Denmark in 1917. However, virtually all passenger vehicles are LHD due to imports of US vehicles.

Uruguay

RHT

1945[119]

LHT

Became LHT in 1918, but as in some other countries in South America, changed to RHT on 2 September 1945.[119] A speed limit of 30 km/h (19 mph) was observed until 30 September for safety.

Uzbekistan

RHT[60]

RHT

Vanuatu

RHT[120]

Venezuela

RHT[60]

LHT

The Caracas Metro uses RHT.

Vietnam

RHT[60]

LHT

Became RHT as French Indochina.

Yemen

RHT

1977[1]

South Yemen, formerly the British colony of Aden, changed to RHT in 1977. A series of postage stamps commemorating the event was issued.[121] North Yemen was already RHT.

Zambia

LHT[60]

Zimbabwe

LHT

LHT

Former British colony. In 2010 the government attempted to ban LHD vehicles.[122]

tag: table

text: Traffic rules[edit]

text:
Manoeuvre

LHT

RHT

Unless overtaking stay on the

left

right

In roundabouts traffic rotates

clockwise

anti-clockwise

Oncoming traffic is seen coming from the

right

left

Traffic must cross oncoming traffic when turning

right

left

Most traffic signs are on the

left

right

Pedestrians crossing a two-way road look first for traffic from their

right

left

Dual carriageway ramps are on the

left

right

After stopping at a red light it may be legal to turn

left

right

On most vehicles the driver sits on the

right

left

text: Rail traffic[edit]

text: Several states in Europe have RHT for roads but LHT for trains. France has mainly LHT for trains, except in Alsace-Lorraine, an eastern French territory which belonged to Germany for much of its history.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Gibraltar has been RHT (since 1929)

A sign reminding motorists to keep left in Australia

Vehicles entering and leaving Macau cross over each other at the Lotus Bridge.

Sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland