document_title: Kennedy Space Center

question_text: where is the nasa space station in florida

text: Kennedy Space Center

text: Formation[edit]

text: The military had been performing launch operations since 1949 at what would become Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. In December 1959, the Department of Defense transferred 5,000 personnel and the Missile Firing Laboratory to NASA to become the Launch Operations Directorate under NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center.

text: President John F. Kennedy's 1961 goal of a manned lunar landing before 1970 required an expansion of launch operations. On July 1, 1962, the Launch Operations Directorate was separated from MSFC to become the Launch Operations Center (LOC). Also, Cape Canaveral was inadequate to host the new launch facility design required for the mammoth 363-foot (111 m) tall, 7,500,000-pound-force (33,000 kN) thrust Saturn V rocket, which would be assembled vertically in a large hangar and transported on a mobile platform to one of several launch pads. Therefore, the decision was made to build a new LOC site located adjacent to Cape Canaveral on Merritt Island.

text: NASA began land acquisition in 1962, buying title to 131 square miles (340 km2) and negotiating with the state of Florida for an additional 87 square miles (230 km2).[10] The major buildings in KSC's Industrial Area were designed by architect Charles Luckman.[11] Construction began in November 1962, and Kennedy visited the site twice in 1962, and again just a week before his assassination on November 22, 1963.[12]

text: On November 29, 1963, the facility was given its current name by President Lyndon B. Johnson under Executive Order 11129.[13][14] Johnson's order joined both the civilian LOC and the military Cape Canaveral station ("the facilities of Station No. 1 of the Atlantic Missile Range") under the designation "John F. Kennedy Space Center", spawning some confusion joining the two in the public mind. NASA Administrator James E. Webb clarified this by issuing a directive stating the Kennedy Space Center name applied only to the LOC, while the Air Force issued a general order renaming the military launch site Cape Kennedy Air Force Station.[15]

text: Location[edit]

text: Located on Merritt Island, Florida, the center is north-northwest of Cape Canaveral on the Atlantic Ocean, midway between Miami and Jacksonville on Florida's Space Coast, due east of Orlando. It is 34 miles (55 km) long and roughly six miles (9.7 km) wide, covering 219 square miles (570 km2).

text: KSC is a major central Florida tourist destination and is approximately one hour's drive from the Orlando area. The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex offers public tours of the center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

text: Because much of the installation is a restricted area and only nine percent of the land is developed, the site also serves as an important wildlife sanctuary; Mosquito Lagoon, Indian River, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and Canaveral National Seashore are other features of the area. Center workers can encounter bald eagles, American alligators, wild boars, eastern diamondback rattlesnakes, the endangered Florida panther[citation needed] and Florida manatees.

text: Historical programs[edit]

text: Apollo program[edit]

text: From 1967 through 1973, there were 13 Saturn V launches, including the ten remaining Apollo missions after Apollo 7. The first of two unmanned flights, Apollo 4 (Apollo-Saturn 501) on November 9, 1967, was also the first rocket launch from KSC. The Saturn V's first manned launch on December 21, 1968 was Apollo 8's lunar orbiting mission. The next two missions tested the Lunar Module: Apollo 9 (Earth orbit) and Apollo 10 (lunar orbit). Apollo 11, launched from Pad A on July 16, 1969, made the first Moon landing on July 20. Apollo 12 followed four months later. From 1970–1972, the Apollo program concluded at KSC with the launches of missions 13 through 17.

text: Skylab[edit]

text: On May 14, 1973, the last Saturn V launch put the Skylab space station in orbit from Pad 39A. By this time, the Cape Kennedy pads 34 and 37 used for the Saturn IB were decommissioned, and Pad B was modified to launch three manned missions to Skylab that year, as well as the final Apollo spacecraft for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975.

text: Space Shuttle[edit]

text: As the Space Shuttle was being designed, NASA received proposals for building alternative launch-and-landing sites at locations other than KSC, which demanded study. KSC had important advantages, including: its existing facilities; location on the Intracoastal Waterway; and its southern latitude, which gives a velocity advantage to missions launched in easterly near-equatorial orbits. Disadvantages included: its inability to safely launch military missions into polar orbit, since spent boosters would be likely to fall on the Carolinas or Cuba; corrosion from the salt air; and frequent cloudy or stormy weather. Although building a new site at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico was seriously considered, NASA announced its decision in April 1972 to use KSC for the shuttle.[16] Since the Shuttle could not be landed automatically or by remote control, the launch of Columbia on April 12, 1981 for its first orbital mission STS-1, was NASA's first manned launch of a vehicle that had not been tested in prior unmanned launches.

text: In 1976, the VAB's south parking area was the site of Third Century America, a science and technology display commemorating the U.S. Bicentennial. Concurrent with this event, the U.S. flag was painted on the south side of the VAB. During the late 1970s, LC-39 was reconfigured to support the Space Shuttle. Two Orbiter Processing Facilities were built near the VAB as hangars with a third added in the 1980s.

text: KSC's 2.9-mile (4.7 km) Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) was the orbiters' primary end-of-mission landing site, although the first KSC landing did not take place until the tenth flight, when Challenger completed STS-41-B on February 11, 1984; the primary landing site until then was Edwards Air Force Base in California, subsequently used as a backup landing site. The SLF also provided a return-to-launch-site (RTLS) abort option, which was not utilized. The SLF is among the longest runways in the world.[17]

text: After 24 successful shuttle flights, Challenger was torn apart 73 seconds after the launch of STS-51-L on January 28, 1986; the first shuttle launch from Pad 39B and the first U.S. manned launch failure, killing the seven crew members. An O-ring seal in the right booster rocket failed at liftoff, leading to subsequent structural failures. Flights resumed on September 29, 1988 with STS-26 after modifications to many aspects of the shuttle program.

text: On February 1, 2003, Columbia and her crew of seven were lost during re-entry over Texas during the STS-107 mission (the 113th shuttle flight); a vehicle breakup triggered by damage sustained during launch from Pad 39A on January 16, when a piece of foam insulation from the orbiter's external fuel tank struck the orbiter's left wing. During reentry, the damage created a hole allowing hot gases to melt the wing structure. Like the Challenger disaster, the resulting investigation and modifications interrupted shuttle flight operations at KSC for more than two years until the STS-114 launch on July 26, 2005.

text: The shuttle program experienced five main engine shutdowns at LC-39, all within four seconds before launch; and one abort to orbit, STS-51-F on July 29, 1985. Shuttle missions during nearly 30 years of operations included deploying satellites and interplanetary probes, conducting space science and technology experiments, visits to the Russian MIR space station, construction and servicing of the International Space Station, deployment and servicing of the Hubble Space Telescope and serving as a space laboratory. The shuttle was retired from service in July 2011 after 135 launches.

text: Constellation[edit]

text: On October 28, 2009, the Ares I-X launch from Pad 39B was the first unmanned launch from KSC since the Skylab workshop in 1973.

text: Expendable launch vehicles (ELVs)[edit]

text: Beginning in 1958, NASA and military worked side by side on robotic mission launches (previously referred to as unmanned),[18] cooperating as they broke ground in the field. In the early 1960s, NASA had as many as two robotic mission launches a month. The frequent number of flights allowed for quick evolution of the vehicles, as engineers gathered data, learned from anomalies and implemented upgrades. In 1963, with the intent of KSC ELV work focusing on the ground support equipment and facilities, a separate Atlas/Centaur organization was formed under NASA's Lewis Center (now Glenn Research Center (GRC)), taking that responsibility from the Launch Operations Center (aka KSC).[6]

text: Though almost all robotics missions launched from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS), KSC "oversaw the final assembly and testing of rockets as they arrived at the Cape."[6] In 1965, KSC's Unmanned Launch Operations directorate became responsible all NASA unmanned launch operations, including those at Vandenberg Air Force Base. From the 1950s to 1978, KSC chose the rocket and payload processing facilities for all robotic missions launching in the U.S., overseeing their near launch processing and checkout. In addition to government missions, KSC performed this service for commercial and foreign missions also, though non-U.S. government entities provided reimbursement. NASA also funded CCAFS launch pad maintenance and launch vehicle improvements.

text: All this changed with the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, after which NASA only coordinated its own and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ELV launches. Companies were able to "operate their own launch vehicles"[6] and utilize NASA's launch facilities. Payload processing handled by private firms also started to occur outside of KSC. Reagan's 1988 space policy furthered the movement of this work from KSC to commercial companies.[19] That same year, launch complexes on CCAFS started transferring from NASA to air force management.[6]

text: In the 1990s, though KSC was not performing the hands-on ELV work, engineers still maintained understanding of ELVs and had contracts allowing them insight in the vehicles so they could provide knowledgeable oversight. KSC also worked on ELV research and analysis and the contractors were able to utilize KSC personnel as a resource for technical issues. KSC, with the payload and launch vehicle industries, developed advances in automation of the ELV launch and ground operations for the purpose of enabling competitiveness of U.S. rockets against the global market.[6]

text: In 1998, the Launch Services Program (LSP) formed at KSC, pulling together programs (and personnel) that already existed at KSC, GRC, Goddard Space Flight Center, and more to manage the launch of NASA and NOAA robotic missions. CCAFS and VAFB are the primary launch sites for LSP missions, though other sites are occasionally used. LSP payloads such as the Mars Science Laboratory have been processed at KSC before being transferred to a launch pad on CCAFS.

text: Space station processing[edit]

text: As the International Space Station modules design began in the early 1990s, KSC began to work with other NASA centers and international partners to prepare for processing prior to launch on board the Space Shuttles. KSC utilized its hands-on experience processing the 22 Spacelab missions in the Operations and Checkout Building to gather expectations of ISS processing. These experiences were incorporated into the design of the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), which began construction in 1993. The Space Station Directorate formed in 1996. KSC personnel were embedded at station module factories for insight into their processes.[6]

text: From 1997 to 2007, KSC planned and performed on the ground integration tests and checkouts of station modules: three Multi-Element Integration Testing (MEIT) sessions and the Integration Systems Test (IST). Numerous issues were found and corrected that would have been difficult to nearly impossible to do on-orbit.

text: Today KSC continues to process ISS payloads from across the world prior to launch along with developing its own experiments for on orbit.[20]

text: Current programs and initiatives[edit]

text: The following are current programs and initiatives at Kennedy Space Center:[21]

text:
Commercial Crew Program[22]
Ground Systems Development and Operations Program[23]

NASA is currently designing the next heavy launch vehicle known as the Space Launch System (SLS) for continuation of human spaceflight.
On December 5, 2014, NASA launched the first unmanned flight test of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), currently under development to facilitate human exploration of the Moon, asteroids, and Mars.[24][25]

Launch Services Program[26]
Educational Launch of Nanosatellites (ELaNa)[27]
Research and Technology[7]
International Space Station Payloads[20]

text: Facilities[edit]

text: The KSC Industrial Area, where many of the center's support facilities are located, is 5 miles (8 km) south of LC-39. It includes the Headquarters Building, the Operations and Checkout Building and the Central Instrumentation Facility. The astronaut crew quarters are in the O&C; before it was completed, the astronaut crew quarters were located in Hangar S[28] at the Cape Canaveral Missile Test Annex (now CCAFS).[12] Located as KSC was the Merritt Island Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network station (MILA), a key radio communications and spacecraft tracking complex.

text: Facilities at the Kennedy Space Center are directly related to its mission to launch and, in some cases, recover missions. Facilities are available to prepare and maintain spacecraft and payloads for flight.[29][30] The Headquarters (HQ) Building houses offices for the Center Director, library, film and photo archives, a print shop and security.[31] A new Headquarters Building is under construction as a part of the Central Campus consolidation and the first phase is expected to be complete in 2017.[9][32][33][34]

text: The center operated its own 17-mile (27 km) short-line railroad.[35] This operation was discontinued in 2015, with the sale of its final two locomotives. A third had already been donated to a museum. The line was costing $1.3 million annually to maintain.[36]

text: Payload processing[edit]

text:
Payloads are received, processed and integrated together in the Operations and Checkout Building (O&C) dating back to the 1960s with the Gemini and Apollo programs, 70s with the Skylab program and 80s and 90s for initial segments of the International Space Station.[37]
The three-story, 457,000 square feet (42,500 m2) Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) consists of two processing bays, an airlock, operational control rooms, laboratories, logistics areas and office space for support of non-hazardous Station and Shuttle payloads to ISO 14644-1 class 5 standards.[38]
The Vertical Processing Facility (VPF) features a 71 feet (22 m) x 38 feet (12 m) door where payloads which are processed in the vertical position are brought in and manipulated with two overhead cranes and a hoist capable of lifting up to 35 short tons (32 t).[39]
The Hypergolic Maintenance and Checkout Area (HMCA) comprises three buildings which are isolated from the rest of the industrial area because of the hazardous materials handled there. Hypergolic-fueled modules that made up the Space Shuttle Orbiter's reaction control system, orbital maneuvering system and auxiliary power units were stored and serviced in the HMCF.[40]

text: Launch Complex 39[edit]

text: Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) was originally built for the Saturn V, the largest and most powerful operational launch vehicle in history, for the Apollo manned Moon landing program. Since the end of the Apollo program in 1972, LC-39 has been used to launch every NASA human space flight, including Skylab (1973), the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1975), and the Space Shuttle program (1981-2011).

text: Since December 1968, all launch operations have been conducted from launch pads A and B at LC-39. Both pads are on the ocean, 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the VAB. From 1969–1972, LC-39 was the departure point for all six Apollo manned Moon landing missions using the Saturn V, and was used from 1981–2011 for all Space Shuttle launches.

text: Human missions to the Moon required the large three-stage Saturn V rocket, which was 363 feet (111 meters) tall and 33 feet (10 meters) in diameter. At KSC, Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) was built on Merritt Island to accommodate the new rocket. Construction of the $800 million project began in November 1962. LC-39 pads A and B were completed by October 1965 (planned Pads C, D and E were canceled), the VAB was completed in June 1965, and the infrastructure by late 1966.

text: The complex includes:

text:
the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), a 130,000,000 cubic feet (3,700,000 m3) hangar capable of holding four Saturn Vs. The VAB is the fourth-largest structure in the world by volume, and was the largest when completed in 1965.[41]
a transporter capable of carrying 5,440 tons along a crawlerway to either of two launch pads;
a 446-foot (136 m) mobile service structure, with three Mobile Launcher Platforms, each containing a fixed launch umbilical tower;
the Launch Control Center; and
a news media facility.

text: Commercial leasing[edit]

text: As a part of promoting commercial space industry growth in the area and the overall center as a multi-user spaceport,[42][43] KSC leases some of its properties. Here are some major examples:

text:
Exploration Park to multiple users (partnership with Space Florida)
Shuttle Landing Facility to Space Florida (who contracts use to private companies)
Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF)-3 to Boeing (for CST-100 Starliner)
LC-39A to SpaceX
O&C High Bay to Lockheed Martin (for Orion processing)
Land for FPL’s Space Coast Next Generation Solar Energy Center to Florida Power and Light (FPL)[44][45][46]
Hypergolic Maintenance Facility (HMF) to United Paradyne Corporation (UPC)[47]

text: Visitor complex[edit]

text: The Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, operated by Delaware North since 1995, has a variety of exhibits, artifacts, displays and attractions on the history and future of human and robotic spaceflight. Bus tours of KSC originate from here. The complex also includes the separate Apollo/Saturn V Center, north of the VAB and the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame, six miles west near Titusville. There were 1.5 million visitors in 2009. It had some 700 employees.[48]

text: It was announced on May 29, 2015 that the Astronaut Hall of Fame exhibit would be moved from its current location to another location within the Visitor Complex to make room for an upcoming high-tech attraction entitled "Heroes and Legends". The attraction, to be designed by Orlando-based design firm Falcon's Treehouse, is slated to open sometime late 2016.[49]

text: In March 2016, the visitor center unveiled the new location of the iconic countdown clock at the complex's entrance; previously, the clock was located with a flagpole at the press site. The clock was originally built and installed in 1969 and listed with the flagpole in the National Register of Historic Places in January 2000.[50]

text: Historic locations[edit]

text: NASA lists the following Historic Districts at KSC; each district has multiple associated facilities:[51][52][53]

text:
Launch Complex 39: Pad A Historic District
Launch Complex 39: Pad B Historic District
Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) Area Historic District
Orbiter Processing Historic District
Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) Disassembly and Refurbishment Complex Historic District
NASA KSC Railroad System Historic District
NASA-owned Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Industrial Area Historic District

text: There are 24 historic properties outside of these historic districts, including the Space Shuttle Atlantis, Vehicle Assembly Building, Crawlerway, and Operations and Checkout Building.[51] KSC has one National Historic Landmark, 78 National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listed or eligible sites, and 100 Archaeological Sites.[54]

text: Weather[edit]

text: Florida's peninsular shape and temperature contrasts between land and ocean provide ideal conditions for electrical storms, earning Central Florida the reputation as "lightning capital of the United States".[55][56] This makes extensive lightning protection and detection systems necessary to protect employees, structures and spacecraft on launch pads.[57] On November 14, 1969, Apollo 12 was struck by lightning just after lift-off from Pad 39A, but the flight continued safely. The most powerful lightning strike recorded at KSC occurred at LC-39B on August 25, 2006, while shuttle Atlantis was being prepared for STS-115. NASA managers were initially concerned that the lightning strike caused damage to Atlantis, but none was found.[citation needed]

text: On September 7, 2004, Hurricane Frances directly hit the area with sustained winds of 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) and gusts up to 94 miles per hour (151 km/h), the most damaging storm to date. The Vehicle Assembly Building lost 1,000 exterior panels, each 3.9 feet (1.2 m) x 9.8 feet (3.0 m) in size. This exposed 39,800 sq ft (3,700 m2) of the building to the elements. Damage occurred to the south and east sides of the VAB. The shuttle's Thermal Protection System Facility suffered extensive damage. The roof was partially torn off and the interior suffered water damage. Several rockets on display in the center were toppled.[58] Further damage to KSC was caused by Hurricane Wilma in October 2005.

text: KSC directors[edit]

text: Since KSC's formation, ten NASA officials have served as directors, including three former astronauts (Crippen, Bridges and Cabana):

text:
Name
Start
End
Reference

Dr. Kurt H. Debus
July 1962
November 1974
[59]

Lee R. Scherer
January 19, 1975
September 2, 1979
[60]

Richard G. Smith
September 26, 1979
August 2, 1986
[61]

Forrest S. McCartney
August 31, 1987
December 31, 1991
[62]

Robert L. Crippen
January 1992
January 1995
[63]

Jay F. Honeycutt
January 1995
March 2, 1997
[64]

Roy D. Bridges, Jr.
March 2, 1997
August 9, 2003
[65]

James W. Kennedy
August 9, 2003
January 2007
[66]

William W. Parsons
January 2007
October 2008
[67]

Robert D. Cabana
October 2008
present
[68]

text: Labor force[edit]

text: When KSC separated from Marshall Space Flight Center in July 1962, it took 375 employees with it.

text: In May 1965, KSC had 7,000 employees and contractors move from rented space in Cocoa Beach to the new Merritt Island facilities. The peak number of persons working on center was 26,000 in 1968 (3,000 were civil servants). In 1970, President Nixon announced intent to reduce cost of space operations and major cuts occurred at KSC. By 1974, KSC's workforce was down to 10,000 employees (2,408 civil servants).[6]

text: A total of 13,100 people worked at the center as of 2011. Approximately 2,100 are employees of the federal government; the rest are contractors.[69] The average annual salary for an on-site worker in 2008 was $77,235.[70]

text: The end of the Space Shuttle program in 2011, preceded by the cancellation of Constellation Program in 2010, produced a significant downsizing of the KSC workforce similar to that experienced at the end of the Apollo program in 1972. As part of this downsizing, 6,000 contractors lost their jobs at the Center during 2010 and 2011.[71]


document_title: And Then There Were None

question_text: when did the book and then there were none take place

root

text: And Then There Were None

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the novel, a group of people are lured into coming to an island under different pretexts, e.g., offers of employment, to enjoy a late summer holiday, or to meet old friends. All have been complicit in the deaths of other human beings, but either escaped justice or committed an act that was not subject to legal sanction. The guests and two servants who are present are "charged" with their respective "crimes" by a gramophone recording after dinner the first night, and informed that they have been brought to the island to pay for their actions. They are the only people on the island, and cannot escape due to the distance from the mainland and the inclement weather, and gradually all ten are killed in turn, each in a manner that seems to parallel the deaths in the nursery rhyme. Nobody else seems to be left alive on the island by the time of the apparent last death. A confession, in the form of a postscript to the novel, unveils how the killings took place and who was responsible.

tag: p

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: On a hot, early August day sometime in the late 1930s, eight people arrive on a small, isolated island off the Devon coast of England. Each appears to have an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances, such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday. They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers, the butler and cook/housekeeper, who state that their hosts, Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen, whom they have not yet met in person, have not arrived, but left instructions, which strikes all the guests as odd.

text: A framed copy of a nursery rhyme, "Ten Little Niggers" (called "Ten Little Indians" or "Ten Little Soldiers" in later editions), hangs in every guest's room, and ten figurines sit on the dining room table. After supper, a gramophone (or "phonograph") record is played; it contains a recording that describes each visitor in turn, accuses each of having committed murder but escaping justice, and then asks if any of "the accused" wishes to offer a defence. All but Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard deny the charges, and Miss Brent refuses to discuss the matter.

text: They discover that none of them actually knows the Owens and conclude that the name "U.N. Owen" is shorthand for "Unknown". In the aftermath of the recording, Marston finishes his drink and immediately dies from cyanide poisoning. The remaining guests notice that one of the ten figurines is now broken, and the nursery rhyme appears to reflect the manner of death ("One choked his little self and then there were nine").

text: The next morning, Mrs Rogers' corpse is found in her bed; she had died in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate. By lunchtime, General MacArthur is found dead, from a heavy blow to his head. Two more figurines are found to be broken, and again the deaths parallel the rhyme. Miss Brent, who had refused to speak with the men present, relates the account of the gramophone charge against her to Vera Claythorne, who later tells the others.

text: A search for "Mr Owen" shows that nobody else is on the island except the remaining seven. The island is a "bare rock" with no hiding places, and no one could have arrived or left; thus, they uncomfortably conclude that any one of the seven remaining persons is the killer. Justice Wargrave leads the group in determining that as of yet, none of them can definitively be ruled out as the murderer. The next morning, Rogers is found dead while chopping wood, and after breakfast, Miss Brent is found dead in the kitchen, where she had been left alone after complaining of feeling unwell; she had been injected with potassium cyanide via a hypodermic needle.

text: Wargrave then suggests searching all the rooms, and any potentially dangerous items they can think of are locked up. Lombard's gun is missing from his room. When Vera goes upstairs to take a bath, she is shocked by the touch and smell of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams; the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room. Wargrave, however, is still downstairs. The others find him seated, immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge. Wargrave is examined briefly by Dr Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead.

text: That night, Lombard appears surprised when he finds his gun returned to his room. Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail. He then discovers Armstrong is absent from his room, and the remaining three guests conclude that Armstrong must be the killer. Vera, Blore, and Lombard decide to stay together at all times. In the morning, they unsuccessfully attempt to signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight. Blore then decides to return to the house for food by himself—the others are not hungry—and is killed by a heavy bear-shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera's window sill, crushing his skull.

text: Vera and Lombard are now confident that Armstrong is the killer. However, shortly afterwards, the duo come upon Armstrong's body washed up on the beach, which they do not immediately recognize due to decomposition. They realize that Armstrong could not have killed Blore. Panicked, each concludes the other must be the killer, overlooking that neither had the opportunity as they were together on the beach and when they found Blore's body. Quickly regaining her composure, Vera suggests moving the doctor's body past the shore, but this is a pretext. She manages to lift Lombard's gun. When Lombard lunges at her to get it back, she shoots him dead.

text: She returns to the house in a shaken dreamlike state, relieved to be alive. She finds a noose and chair arranged in her room, and a strong smell of the sea. With visions of her former lover, Hugo, urging her on, in a post-traumatic state, she adjusts the noose and kicks the chair out from under her.

text: Two Scotland Yard officials are puzzled by the identity of U.N. Owen. Although they can ostensibly reconstruct the deaths from Marston to Wargrave with the help of the victims' diaries and a coroner's careful report, they are forced to conclude that "U.N. Owen" was one of the victims, but are unable to determine which one. They note that the chair on which Vera stood to hang herself had been set back upright, indicating that someone—presumably the killer—was still alive on the island after her suicide.

text: In a postscript, a fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings, which is then sent to Scotland Yard. It is not clear how long after the killings the bottle was discovered.

text: In the confession, Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder, but is morally limited to victims who are themselves guilty and deserving of such an end. He explains how he tricked the gullible Dr. Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would supposedly give him the freedom to help the group identify the killer, and also explains that after Vera died, he replaced the chair in her room neatly against the wall. Finally, he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests' diaries. Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery, he acknowledges in the missive a "pitiful human" need for recognition, hence the confession.

text: He also describes how his first chronological victim was actually Isaac Morris, the sleazy lawyer and drugs trafficker who anonymously purchased the island and arranged the invitations on his behalf. Morris was poisoned before Wargrave departed for the island. Wargrave's intention is that when the police arrive they will find ten bodies, with evidence that someone had been alive after each death, but nobody else on the island, and no way to trace the killer through his invitations or preparations. He states that, although there are three clues that could guide the police to the correct killer, he is confident they will be unable to do so and that the mystery will remain unsolved until the confession is retrieved.

text: Current published version of the rhyme[edit]

text:
Ten little Soldier Boys went out to dine;
One choked his little self and then there were nine.

Nine little Soldier Boys sat up very late;
One overslept himself and then there were eight.

Eight little Soldier Boys travelling in Devon;
One said he'd stay there and then there were seven.[8]

Seven little Soldier Boys chopping up sticks;
One chopped himself in halves and then there were six.

Six little Soldier Boys playing with a hive;
A bumblebee stung one and then there were five.

Five little Soldier Boys going in for law;
One got in Chancery and then there were four.

Four little Soldier Boys going out to sea;
A red herring swallowed one and then there were three.

Three little Soldier Boys walking in the zoo;
A big bear hugged one and then there were two.

Two little Soldier Boys sitting in the sun;
One got frizzled up and then there was one.[9]

One little Soldier Boy left all alone;
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none.[10]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The following details of the characters are based on the original novel. Backstories, backgrounds, and names vary with differing international adaptations, based on censorship, cultural norms, etc.

text:
Anthony James Marston, a handsome but amoral and irresponsible young man, killed two young children (John and Lucy Combes) while driving recklessly, for which he felt no real remorse and accepted no personal responsibility, complaining only that his driving licence had been suspended as a result. He was the first island victim, poisoned with potassium cyanide slipped into his drink while the guests were listening to the gramophone recording. ("One choked his little self ...")
Mrs Ethel Rogers, the cook/housekeeper and Thomas Rogers' wife, described as a pale and ghost-like woman who walks in mortal fear. She was dominated by her bullying husband, who coerced her into agreeing to withhold the medicine of a former employer (Miss Jennifer Brady, an elderly spinster) in order that they might collect an inheritance they knew she had left them in her will. Mrs Rogers was haunted by the crime for the rest of her life, and was the second victim, dying in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate in her brandy. ("One overslept himself ...")
General John Gordon Macarthur, a retired World War I war hero, who sent his late wife's lover (a younger officer, Arthur Richmond) to his death by assigning him to a mission where it was practically guaranteed he would not survive. Leslie Macarthur had mistakenly put the wrong letters in the envelopes on one occasion when she wrote to both men at the same time. The general accepts that no one will leave the island alive, which he tells Vera Claythorne. Shortly thereafter, he is bludgeoned while left alone sitting along the shore. ("One said he'd stay there...")
Thomas Rogers, the butler and Ethel Rogers' husband. He dominated his weak-willed wife, and they killed their former elderly employer by withholding her medicine, causing the woman to die from heart failure, thus inheriting the money she bequeathed them in her will. Despite his wife's death, Rogers was still serving the others. In that capacity, he was killed when bludgeoned with an axe as he cut firewood in the woodshed. ("One chopped himself in halves ...")
Emily Caroline Brent, an elderly, religiously rigid, socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints. Years earlier, she had dismissed her young maid, Beatrice Taylor, for becoming pregnant out of wedlock. Beatrice, who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason, drowned herself, which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin. She refuses to discuss the matter with the gentlemen, telling them, "I have always acted in accordance with the dictates of my conscience. I have nothing with which to reproach myself." Later, she confides what happened regarding Beatrice Taylor to Vera Claythorne, who tells the others shortly before Miss Brent is found dead herself. She was sedated with chloral hydrate in her coffee, leaving her disorientated, before being injected in the neck with potassium cyanide while left alone in the kitchen, with one of Dr Armstrong's hypodermic syringes. The murderer also put a bee into the room. ("A bumblebee stung one...")
Dr Edward George Armstrong, a Harley Street doctor, responsible for the death of a patient, Louisa Mary Clees, after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier. Armstrong is asked by Justice Wargrave to help fake his death, on the pretext that this will leave the judge free to find the killer, but is fooled in doing so – while rendezvousing with the judge at night on a rocky cliff, the judge asks him if he sees a cave. When Armstrong looks, he is pushed by the other man into the sea, and is killed. ("A red herring swallowed one..."). His body goes missing for a while, leading the others to believe that he is the killer, but his corpse washes ashore at the end of the novel, sparking the final confrontation between Vera Claythorne and Philip Lombard in which the latter is killed.
William Henry Blore, a former police inspector and now a private investigator, was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang, which resulted in an innocent man, James Landor, being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Landor, who had a wife and young child, died shortly afterwards in prison. Using the alias "Davis" and claiming to have arrived from South Africa, as he was instructed to do, he is on the island for "security work". His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording. He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording, but later privately admits the truth to Lombard. He was crushed by a bear-shaped clock dropped from Vera's bedroom window onto the terrace below. ("A big bear hugged one...")
Philip Lombard, a soldier of fortune. Literally down to his last square meal, he comes to the island with a loaded revolver, as suggested by his invitation letter. Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen, after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths. He, along with Marston, are the only guests to openly and immediately confirm that the accusations against them are true; neither feels any remorse. ("Story's quite true! I left 'em! Matter of self-preservation. We were lost in the bush. I and a couple of other fellows took what food there was and cleared out ... Not quite the act of a pukka sahib, I'm afraid. But self-preservation's a man's first duty. And natives don't mind dying, you know. They don't feel about it as Europeans do.") Lombard fulfilled the ninth referenced verse of the rhyme, shot to death on the beach by Vera, ("One got frizzled up ...") who believed him to be the murderer. Of all the "guests" he is the only one to theorize that "U.N. Owen" might be Wargrave, but the others reject this and it does him no good. He, along with Vera, is the only guest not killed by Justice Wargrave. Technically he is the 8th person to die out of the ten guests.
Vera Elizabeth Claythorne, a cool, efficient, resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third-rate girls' school. She has largely worked at secretarial jobs ever since her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge, Cyril Hamilton, whom she intentionally allowed to swim out to sea – as the child had wanted to do, but had theretofore been denied as too dangerous – and drowned. She did this so her lover, Cyril's uncle, Hugo Hamilton, could become the family heir, inherit the estate and marry her, which had been their original plan before Cyril's birth changed things. She swam out to sea to "save" Cyril to make it seem he had disobeyed her – as she had consistently told him it was too dangerous – but knowing she would not arrive in time. Her plan backfired when Hugo, who loved his nephew, abandoned her after he somehow sensed what she had done. Hugo, ironically, did become the heir but has become a miserable drunkard. On a fateful transatlantic journey, he met Wargrave and, inebriated, told the judge, "I've known a murderess – known her, I tell you [confides Hugo]. ... Women are fiends – absolute fiends – you wouldn't think a girl like that – a nice straight jolly girl – you wouldn't think she'd do that, would you? That she'd take a kid out to sea and let it drown – you wouldn't think a woman could do a thing like that?"
Wargrave was able to trace Vera with this information, and lure her to the island. In the penultimate scene of the novel, she manages to take Lombard's gun, and shoot him dead in what she believed was self-defence. She returns to the house, relieved she has survived. When she goes to her room, she finds a readied noose, complete with chair beneath it, suspended from a hook hanging from the ceiling. She, in what Wargrave, hidden from her sight, describes first hand as a post-traumatic state, sees and hears Hugo, her former lover, encouraging her. She adjusts the noose round her neck and kicks the chair away, fulfilling the rhyme's final verse ("One little Soldier Boy left all alone; He went and hanged himself and then there were none.")
Justice Lawrence John Wargrave, a retired judge, known as a "hanging judge" for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases. Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton, a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman, and sentencing him to death unfairly. However, as the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard, new evidence after Seton's execution proved he was unmistakably guilty. He admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to cause death, but felt bound only to indulge it with guilty persons, and a lifelong wish to create a masterpiece of a mystery. Finding himself terminally ill, he creates a game in which, as island owner "U.N. Owen" (i.e., "Unknown"), he entices to an island various people who have been responsible for the deaths of other people, but escaped justice, through a third party agent, Isaac Morris, in order to be a murderer himself, and kill his "guests" in a way that would leave an almost-unsolvable mystery. After the deaths, he arranges the island so that each death appears to have a survivor. However out of what he admits is a "pitiful human need" for recognition, he also writes a confession, which he throws in the sea, and leaves to chance whether it will be found. His final act is to shoot himself in a way that matches the description of his death in some of the other guests' diaries, by using a rubber cord and handkerchief wrapped around the gun when he shoots himself in the head; the elastic will separate and attract no attention, and the gun and cloth will recoil a sufficient distance from him to avoid any suspicion of the true circumstances by the police.
Isaac Morris is an unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island (under the name "U.N. Owen"), arrange the gramophone recording, and make various necessary arrangements on his behalf, including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard, to whom he gave some money to get by (with the promise of more to come) and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island (a fateful proposition, without which events could not have developed as they did to make Wargrave's gambit successful). Morris's is actually the first death chronologically, as he died before the guests arrived on the island. Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities. The victim by chance was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave. A hypochondriac, he trusted "Mr Owen" sufficiently to accept the latter's lethal cocktail of pills, assured they would improve his health, although Wargrave would have had to get rid of him in any event.
Fred Narracott, the boatman who delivered the guests to the island. After doing so, he does not appear again in the story, although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who, sensing something seriously amiss, returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed, before he was scheduled to do, and found the bodies.
Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine, two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in an epilogue. It is clearly implied that the police have not solved the case by the time Wargrave's message is found. The name Legge is a symbolic name, because, in Italian, it means Law.

tag: ul

text: History of the publication's title[edit]

text: English language versions[edit]

text: The novel was originally published in 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously, in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers, in book and newspaper serialized formats. The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939. All of the instalments carried an illustration by "Prescott" with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story. The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions.[11] The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence.

text: In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None, again in both book and serial formats. Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK, due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture, where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture, and because of the pejorative connotations of the original blackface rhyme. The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May (Volume 211, Number 47) to 1 July 1939 (Volume 212, Number 1) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh, and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd, Mead and Company for $2.[4][5][6]

text: In the original UK novel all references to "Indians" or "Soldiers" were originally "Nigger", including the island's name, the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors, and the ten figurines.[5] (In Chapter 7, Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of "our black brothers", which is understandable only in the context of the original name.) The word "Nigger" was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century, and therefore the book's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book, as did the 1945 motion picture.[citation needed]

text: The book and its adaptations have since been released under various new names since the original publication, including Ten Little Indians (1946 play, Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book), Ten Little Soldiers and – the most widely used today – And Then There Were None.[citation needed] UK editions continued to use the work's original title until the 1980s; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback.[12]

text:
Christie, Agatha (November 1939). Ten Little Niggers. London: Collins Crime Club. OCLC 152375426.  Hardback, 256 pp. (First edition.)
Christie, Agatha (January 1940). And Then There Were None. New York: Dodd, Mead. OCLC 1824276.  Hardback, 264 pp. (First US edition.)
Christie, Agatha (1944). And then there were none. New York: Pocket Books (Pocket number 261). Paperback, 173 pp.
Christie, Agatha (1947). Ten Little Niggers. London: Pan Books (Pan number 4). Paperback, 190 pp.
Christie, Agatha (1958). Ten Little Niggers. London: Penguin Books (Penguin number 1256). Paperback, 201 pp.
Christie, Agatha (1963). And Then There Were None. London: Fontana. OCLC 12503435.  Paperback, 190 pp. (The 1985 reprint was the first UK publication of the novel under the title And Then There Were None.)[12]
Christie, Agatha (1964). Ten Little Indians. New York: Pocket Books. OCLC 29462459.  (First publication of novel as Ten Little Indians.)
Christie, Agatha (1964). And Then There Were None. New York: Washington Square Press. Paperback, teacher's edition.
Christie, Agatha (1977). Ten Little Niggers (Greenway ed.). London: Collins Crime Club. ISBN 0-00-231835-0.  Collected works, Hardback, 252 pp. (Except for reprints of the 1963 Fontana paperback, this was one of the last English-language publications of the novel under the title Ten Little Niggers.)[13]
Christie, Agatha (1980). The Mysterious Affair at Styles; Ten Little Niggers; Dumb Witness. Sydney: Lansdowne Press. ISBN 0-7018-1453-5.  (Late use of the original title in an Australian edition.)
Christie, Agatha (1986). Ten Little Indians. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-55222-8.  (Last publication of novel under the title Ten Little Indians.)

text: Foreign language versions[edit]

text: The original title (Ten Little Niggers) still survives in a few foreign-language versions of the novel, such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета, and was used in other languages for a time, for example in the Dutch publication until the 18th edition of 1994.[citation needed] The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign-language versions, for example in Spanish, Greek, Serbian, Romanian,[14] French[15] and Hungarian, as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят (Desyat Negrityat). In 1999, the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik (And Then There Were None) mid-run.[16]

text:
Language
Title
English translation

Arabic
عشرة عبيد صغار (Eshrt eubayd sghar)
ثم لم يبق منهم أحد (thumm lm yabq minhum ahd)
جزيرة الموت (jazirat almwt)
عشرة زنوج صغار (eshrt zunuj saghar)
Ten Young Slaves
And Then There Were None
Isle of Death
Ten Little Negroes

Basque
Eta ez zen alerik ere geratu
And Then There Were None

Bengali
রইলো না আর কেউ (Ra'ilō nā āra kē'u)
And Then There Were None

Bosnian
Deset malih crnaca
Ten Little Negroes

Breton
Dek morian bihan
Ten Little Negroes

Bulgarian
Десет малки негърчета (Deset malki negŭrcheta)
Ten Little Negroes

Catalan
Deu negrets
Ten Little Negroes

Chinese
無人生還 (Wú rén shēng huán) 一個都不留 (Yī gè dōu bù liú)
No One Survived
None is Left

Croatian
Deset malih crnaca
Ten Little Negroes

Czech
Deset malých černoušků
Ten Little Negroes

Danish
En af os er morderen
One of Us is the Killer

Dutch
Tien kleine negertjes
En toen waren er nog maar…
Ten Little Negroes
And Then There Were Only…

Estonian
Kümme väikest neegrit (1994 edition)
Ja ei jäänud teda ka (2008 edition)
Ten Little Negroes
And Then There Were None

Finnish
Eikä yksikään pelastunut (1940, 2004)
Kymmenen pientä neekeripoikaa (1968)
And None Survived
Ten Little Negro Boys

French[15]
Dix Petits Nègres
Ten Little Negroes

Galician
Dez negriños
Ten Little Negroes

Georgian
და აღარავინ დარჩა
And Then There Were None

German
Das letzte Wochenende (1944)
Zehn kleine Negerlein (1982)
Und dann gab's keines mehr (2003)
Last Weekend
Ten Little Negroes
And Then There Were None

Greek
Δέκα μικροί νέγροι (Déka mikrí négri)
Ten Little Negroes

Hebrew
עשרה כושים קטנים (asara kushim ktanim)
Ten Little Negroes

Hungarian
Tíz kicsi néger
Ten Little Negroes

Icelandic
Tíu litlir negrastrákar
Ten Little Negro Boys

Indonesian
Sepuluh Anak Negro
Lalu Semuanya Lenyap
Ten Little Negroes
And Then There Were None

Italian
Dieci piccoli indiani
E non ne rimase nessuno
Ten Little Indians
And Then There Were None

Japanese
そして誰もいなくなった (Soshite dare mo i naku natta)
And Then There Were None

Kannada
ಗಾಜಿನ ಮನೆ (Gaajina Mane)
The Glass House

Korean
그리고 아무도 없었다 (Geurigo amudo eobs-eossda)
And Then There Were None

Latvian
Desmit mazi nēģerēni
Ten Little Negroes

Macedonian
Десетте мали црнци (Desette mali crnci)
Ten Little Negroes

Malayalam
ഒടുവില് ആരും അവശേഷിച്ചില്ല
(Oduvil Aarum Avasheshichilla)
No One Survived in the End

Malaysian
Sepuluh Budak Hitam
Ten Black Children

Norwegian
Ti små negerbarn
Og dermed var det ingen
Ten Little Negro Children
And Then There Were None

Persian
ده بچه زنگی
Ten Negro Children

Polish
Dziesięciu murzynków
I nie było już nikogo
Ten Little Negroes
And Then There Were None

Portuguese (European)
Convite para a Morte
As Dez Figuras Negras
Invitation to Death
Ten Black Figures

Portuguese (Brazilian)
E Não Sobrou Nenhum
O Caso dos Dez Negrinhos
O Vingador Invisível
And Then There Were None
The Case of the Ten Little Negroes
The Invisible Avenger

Romanian[14]
Zece negri mititei
Ten Little Negroes

Russian
Десять негритят (Desyat' negrityat)
Ten Little Negroes

Serbian
Десет малих црнаца (Deset malih crnaca)
Ten Little Negroes

Slovak
A neostal ani jeden
And Then There Were None

Slovenian
Deset zamorčkov (1967)
In potem ni bilo nikogar več (2006)
Bilo jih je deset (2016)
Ten Little Negroes
And Then There Were None
There Were Ten of Them

Spanish[citation needed]
Y no quedó ninguno
Diez Negritos
And No One Remained
Ten Little Negroes

Swedish
Tio små negerpojkar (1940)
Och så var de bara en (2008)
Ten Little Negro Boys
And Then They Were Only One

Tamil
பிறகு அங்கு ஒருவர் கூட இல்லை
(Piragu angu oruvar kooda illai)
And Then There Were None

Telugu
మరియు అప్పుడు ఎవరూ దేర్ వర్
And Then There Were None

Thai
ฆาตกรรมยกเกาะ (rtgs: Khattakam yok ko)
Murders on the Island

Turkish
On Küçük Zenci
Ten Little Negroes

Ukrainian
І не лишилось жодного
And Then There Were None

Urdu
اور پھر کوئی بی نہیں رہا!
And Then There Were None

Vietnamese
Mười người da đen nhỏ
Ten Little Black People

tag: table

text: Literary significance and reception[edit]

text: And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie's best-known mysteries, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written.[2] Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, "If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer", he continued. "It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly."[17]

text: Many other reviews were also complimentary; in The New York Times Book Review (25 February 1940), Isaac Anderson detailed the set-up of the plot up to the point where "the voice" accuses the ten "guests" of their past crimes or sins, which have all resulted in the deaths of other human beings, and then said, "When you read what happens after that you will not believe it, but you will keep on reading, and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading. The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating. It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written, and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory. We are referring, of course, to mysteries that have logical explanations, as this one has. It is a tall story, to be sure, but it could have happened."[18]

text: Such was the quality of Christie's work on this book that many compared it to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). For instance, an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said, "Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie, but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending. With And Then There Were None... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising... is, indeed, considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level."[19]

text: Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings. Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observer's issue of 5 November 1939 which began, "No wonder Agatha Christie's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance. We will refrain, however, from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best, most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written. We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly, as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody, and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure." After stating the set-up of the plot, Richardson concluded, "Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie's baleful form. Her plot may be highly artificial, but it is neat, brilliantly cunning, soundly constructed, and free from any of those red-herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work."[3]

text: Robert Barnard, a recent critic, concurred with the reviews, describing the book as "Suspenseful and menacing detective-story-cum-thriller. The closed setting with the succession of deaths is here taken to its logical conclusion, and the dangers of ludicrousness and sheer reader-disbelief are skillfully avoided. Probably the best-known Christie, and justifiably among the most popular."[20]

text: The original title of the mystery (Ten Little Niggers) has long been abandoned as offensive in English-speaking countries and a number of others. Some critics have opined that Christie's original title and the setting on "Nigger Island" (later changed to "Indian Island" and "Soldier Island", variously) may be integral to the work. These aspects of the novel, argues Alison Light, "could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling 'otherness', a place where revelations about the 'dark side' of the English would be appropriate."[21] Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness, "Christie's location is both more domesticated and privatized, taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery. If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears, it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment."[21]

text: In the "Binge!" article of Entertainment Weekly Issue #1343-44 (26 December 2014–3 January 2015), the writers picked And Then There Were None as an "EW favorite" on the list of the "Nine Great Christie Novels".[22]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story, such as using Christie's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island.

text: Film[edit]

text: There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel, some comedic. Examples include:

text:
And Then There Were None (1945 film), René Clair's cinema adaptation, was a successful US production
Ten Little Indians (1965 film), is George Pollock's cinema adaptation
Gumnaam (1965, translation: Unknown or Anonymous) is an Indian suspense thriller film adaptation
Nadu Iravil (1970, translation: In the middle of the night), a Tamil adaptation directed by Sundaram Balachander[23]
And Then There Were None (1974 film), the first English-language colour version, directed by Peter Collinson
Desyat' Negrityat (1987, Десять негритят, Eng: "Ten Little Negroes") Stanislav Govorukhin's Russian adaptation keeps intact Christie's grim storyline and ending.
Ten Little Indians, a 1989 American version directed by Alan Birkinshaw
Aduthathu (2012) is a Tamil adaptation[24]
Aatagara (2015) is a Kannada film adaptation[25]

text: Radio[edit]

text:
The BBC broadcast "Ten Little Niggers" (1947), adapted by Ayton Whitaker, first aired as a Monday Matinee on the BBC Home Service on 27 December 1947 and as Saturday Night Theatre on the BBC Light Programme on 29 December.[26]
On 13 November 2010, as part of its Saturday Play series, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 90-minute adaptation written by Joy Wilkinson. The production was directed by Mary Peate and featured, among others, Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave, Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne, Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard, John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong, and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent. In this production, which is extremely faithful to the novel, the rhyme is "Ten Little Soldier Boys".[citation needed]

text: Stage[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
And Then There Were None (1943 play) is Christie's adaptation of the story for the stage. She and the producers agreed that audiences might not flock to a tale with such a grim ending as the novel, nor would it work well dramatically as there would be no one left to tell the story. Thus, she reworked the ending for Lombard and Vera to be innocent of the crimes of which they were accused, survive, and fall in love with each other. Some of the names were also changed, e.g., General Macarthur became General McKenzie (possibly due to the real-life General Douglas MacArthur's then playing a prominent role in the ongoing World War II[citation needed]).
And Then There Were None (1944 play), Dundee Repertory Theatre Company was given special permission to restore the original ending of the novel. The company first performed a stage adaptation of the novel in 1944 under its original title.[27]
And Then There Were None (2005 play), On 14 October 2005, a new version of the play, written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Steven Pimlott, opened at the Gielgud Theatre in London. For this version, Elyot returned to the original story, restoring the nihilism of the original.[citation needed]

text: Television[edit]

text: Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television. There have been three different British adaptations: two by the BBC (in 1949[28] and 2015[29]), and an ITV adaptation in 1959.[30]

text: And Then There Were None (miniseries) (airdates 26–28 December 2015), is a BBC One adaptation based on the original novel. This was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the original novel.[29]

text: On 25 and 26 March, 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして誰もいなくなった (Soshite daremo inakunatta), a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei (長坂秀佳) of the original story set in modern times.[31][32]

text: Other media[edit]

text: The novel has been the inspiration for several video games. For the Apple II, Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980. On the PC, The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None in 2005, the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels. In February 2008, it was ported to the Wii console. The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book. The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. This allows for alternate, more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne. All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different.[citation needed]

text: And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009, adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq.[2]

text: Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book, created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría, and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado.[33]

text: Timeline of adaptations[edit]

text:
type
Title
Year
Notes

Film
And Then There Were None
1945
American film and first cinema adaptation. Produced & directed by René Clair.

TV
Ten Little Niggers
1949
BBC television production (IMDb)

TV
Ten Little Niggers
1959
ITV television production (IMDb)

TV
Ten Little Indians
1959
NBC television production (IMDb)

Film
Ten Little Indians
1965
British film and second cinema adaptation. Directed by George Pollock and produced by Harry Alan Towers; Pollock had previously handled four Miss Marple films starring Margaret Rutherford. Set in a mountain retreat in Austria.

Film (loosely based)
Gumnaam
1965
Uncredited Hindi film adaptation, which adds the characteristic "Bollywood" elements of comedy, music and dance to Christie's plot.[citation needed]

TV
Zehn kleine Negerlein
1969
West German television production (IMDb)

Film (loosely based)
5 bambole per la luna d'agosto
1970
Italian film (directed by Mario Bava)

Film
And Then There Were None
1974
English language film by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers. First English-language color film version of the novel, based on a screenplay by Towers (writing as "Peter Welbeck"), who co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film. Set at a grand hotel in the Iranian desert.

TV
Ten Little Slaves (Achra Abid Zghar)
1974
Télé Liban TV series directed by Jean Fayyad, TV Adaptation by Latifeh Moultaka. (Facebook Page)

Film
Desyat' negrityat
Десять негритят
("Ten Little Negroes")
1987
Russian film version produced/directed by Stanislav Govorukhin, notable for being the first cinema adaptation to keep the novel's original plot and grim ending.

Film
Ten Little Indians
1989
British film, produced by Harry Towers and directed by Alan Birkinshaw, set on safari in the African savannah.

Film (loosely based)
Identity
2003
Horror film with same starting settings

Film (loosely based)
Mindhunters
2004
Suspense-thriller film with a similar premise

Sound novel
Umineko no Naku Koro Ni
Umineko no Naku Koro Ni Chiru
2007–2010
A series of Japanese sound novels which borrows the book's premise and sets the reader on a quest to discover the identity behind the crimes, and whether it is human or not.

TV (loosely based)
Harper's Island
2009
13 episode mini-series with the same premise

Film (loosely based)
Devil
2010
film by M. Night Shyamalan adapts this story's basic structure and final plot twist to the confines of an elevator

Film (loosely based)
The Incite Mill
2010
Japanese suspense-thriller film based on the premise of the story. Overt references are made to the story within the film.[34]

Film (loosely based)
Game
2011
Bollywood thriller inspired by the story[citation needed]

Film (loosely based)
Aduthathu
2012
Tamil movie [35]

TV (loosely based)
Whodunnit?
2013
A Reality TV Gameshow Created by Anthony E. Zuiker.

Film (loosely based)
Asach Eka Betavar
2013
Marathi movie [36] [37]

Film (loosely based)
Sabotage
2014
an American action thriller/crime drama film starring Arnold Schwarzenegger.

Film (loosely based)
TEN
2014
Surrealist intrigue murder mystery.

TV
Ten Little Slaves (Achra Abid Zghar)
2014
MTV Lebanon television production (MTV)

Film (loosely based)
Aatagaara
2015
Kannada movie directed by K. M. Chaitanya produced by Dwarkish

TV
And Then There Were None
2015
BBC One miniseries broadcast on three consecutive nights, directed by Craig Viveiros and adapted by Sarah Phelps. Similar to book, although not identical, with changes to backstories and actual murders on the island.

TV
Soshite Daremo Inakunatta
2017
Japanese TV Asahi miniseries broadcast on two consecutive nights, directed by Seiji Izumi and adapted by Hideka Nagasaka. (TV Asahi)

text: Parodies, references and related works[edit]

text: In 1930, The Ninth Guest by Owen Davis, premiered on Broadway. Its plot (and that of the 1934 film based on the play) strongly matches that of Christie's novel, including a recorded voice announcing to the invitees that their sins will be visited upon them by death. Davis's play was based on the novel The Invisible Host, by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning (also 1930), both of which predated Christie's novel by nine years.[38]

text: The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film, A Study in Scarlet, predates the publication of Ten Little Indians and follows a strikingly similar plot;[39] it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint: "Six little Indians ....bee stung one and then there were five"; the film predates the novel by six years. Though it is a Sherlock Holmes movie, the movie bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle's original story of the same name. In this case, the rhyme refers to "Ten Little Fat Boys". The author of the movie's screenplay, Robert Florey, "doubted that [Christie] had seen A Study in Scarlet, but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her".[40]

text: Several parodies have been made. As early as autumn 1942, "World's Finest Comics" (#7, Fall Issue) had a Superman story by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster called "The Eight Doomed Men" which used Christie's basic structure and even borrowed a number of her victim's backgrounds, although Superman intervened to rescue half of the intended victims and the killer's motivation was changed to specific revenge. Siegel and Shuster anticipated the 1966 film by moving the locale to a mountain cabin and tossed in a Zeppelin-like dirigible – one location not yet used in adaptations of the story.

text: Another parody, the 1976 Broadway musical Something's Afoot, stars Tessie O'Shea as a female sleuth resembling Miss Marple. Something's Afoot takes place in a remote English estate, where six guests have been invited for the weekend. The guests, as well as three servants and a young man who claims to have wandered innocently onto the estate, are then murdered one by one, several in full view of the audience, with the murderer's surprise identity revealed at the end. For an encore, the murdered cast members perform a song, "I Owe It All to Agatha Christie".[citation needed]

text: In the 1967 The Avengers episode "The Superlative Seven"[41] John Steed is invited to a costume party aboard a chartered aeroplane. The aeroplane is being flown by remote control. Steed and the six other fancy-dressed guests, who are specialists in various combat styles, eventually land on a deserted island where they are informed that one of them is a trained assassin trying to kill them all. When the first murder is committed, Steed observes "Looks as though his back was broken". To which an off-screen protagonist responds, over a speaker, "Quite right, Mr Steed. And then there were six".[42] CSI:Crime Scene Investigation based an episode of the show's second season under the same name focusing on a gang of armed robbers stealing from casinos outside the Las Vegas metropolitan area with each criminal killing a member of the gang to keep more of the proceeds. The animated US sitcom Family Guy loosely parodied the novel in the 2010 episode And Then There Were Fewer in which a number of previously regular characters were killed off.

text: The 1998 anime film Case Closed: The Fourteenth Target is a combination of this story, with intended victims invited to a secluded island and the murderer hiding amongst them, and Christie's Hercule Poirot novel The A.B.C. Murders.

text: The sixth game of the Touhou Project series Embodiment of Scarlet Devil contains references to the Christie novel in the Extra boss, such as the title of the music being played called "U.N Owen Was Her?", an attack named "And Then There Were None" and also dialogues quoting the book.

text: The season 2 finale of the Australian TV show Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries ("Murder under the Mistletoe", 2013) mirrors the plot of Christie's novel. Guests stranded in a secluded mansion are murdered one by one according to the circumstances described in the "12 Days of Christmas." Like in the Christie novel, the guests soon realize that the murderer must be among them, but the culprit escapes detection by means of a bluff involving one of the corpses. The episode follows the 1965 film Ten Little Indians in re-imagining the island as a snowed-in inaccessible chalet.

text: In Anthony Horowitz's detective series, The Diamond Brothers, the case I Know What You Did Last Wednesday pays homage to And Then There Were None; protagonist Nick Diamond accompanies his brother Tim to a school reunion on a lonely island where the various guests start dying in a manner that reflects back to a subject that they came first in at school (the person who came first in chemistry is poisoned, the one who came first in geography is crushed by a globe, etc.), with the killer revealed at the conclusion to be a former schoolfriend who came second in everything.

text: Sierra's Laura Bow adventure game has a similar plot, inspired by the novel, where some (although innocent) people are murdered by a serial killer who is also found dead before their true identity is revealed.


document_title: List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions

question_text: who has won the most world championships in f1

text: By season[edit]

text:
Season

Driver

Age

CarNo.

Team

Engine

Tyres

Poles

Wins

Podiums

Fastest Laps

Points

Clinched

Race

Point Margin

1950

 Giuseppe Farina[1]

44

 Alfa Romeo

Alfa Romeo

P

2

3

3

3

30

Race 7 of 7

Italian Grand Prix

3

1951

 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]

40

 Alfa Romeo

Alfa Romeo

P

4

3

5

5

31

Race 8 of 8

Spanish Grand Prix

6

19521

 Alberto Ascari[3]

34

 Ferrari

Ferrari

F P

5

6

6

6

36

Race 6 of 8

German Grand Prix

12

19531

 Alberto Ascari[3]

35

 Ferrari

Ferrari

P

6

5

5

4

34.5

Race 8 of 9

Swiss Grand Prix

6.5

1954

 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]

43

 Maserati2

Maserati

P

5

6

7

3

42

Race 7 of 9

Swiss Grand Prix

16.86

 Mercedes2

Mercedes

C

1955

 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]

44

 Mercedes

Mercedes

C

3

4

5

3

40

Race 6 of 7

British Grand Prix

16.5

1956

 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]

45

 Ferrari

Ferrari

E

6

3

5

4

30

Race 8 of 8

Italian Grand Prix

3

1957

 Juan Manuel Fangio[2]

46

 Maserati

Maserati

P

4

4

6

2

40

Race 6 of 8

German Grand Prix

15

1958

 Mike Hawthorn[4]

29

 Ferrari

Ferrari

E

4

1

7

5

42

Race 11 of 11

Moroccan Grand Prix

1

1959

 Jack Brabham[5]

33

 Cooper

Climax

D

1

2

5

1

31

Race 9 of 9

United States Grand Prix

4

1960

 Jack Brabham[5]

34

 Cooper

Climax

D

3

5

5

3

43

Race 8 of 10

Italian Grand Prix

9

1961

 Phil Hill[6]

34

 Ferrari

Ferrari

D

5

2

6

2

34

Race 7 of 8

Italian Grand Prix

1

1962

 Graham Hill[7]

33

 BRM

BRM

D

1

4

6

3

42

Race 9 of 9

South African Grand Prix

12

1963

 Jim Clark[8]

27

 Lotus

Climax

D

7

7

9

6

54

Race 7 of 10

Italian Grand Prix

21

1964

 John Surtees[9]

30

 Ferrari

Ferrari

D

2

2

6

2

40

Race 10 of 10

Mexican Grand Prix

1

1965

 Jim Clark[8]

29

 Lotus

Climax

D

6

6

6

6

54

Race 7 of 10

German Grand Prix

14

1966

 Jack Brabham[5]

40

 Brabham

Repco

G

3

4

5

1

42

Race 7 of 9

Italian Grand Prix

14

1967

 Denny Hulme[10]

31

 Brabham

Repco

G

0

2

8

2

51

Race 11 of 11

Mexican Grand Prix

5

1968

 Graham Hill[7]

39

 Lotus

Ford

F

2

3

6

0

48

Race 12 of 12

Mexican Grand Prix

12

1969

 Jackie Stewart[11]

30

 Matra

Ford

D

2

6

7

5

63

Race 8 of 11

Italian Grand Prix

26

1970

 Jochen Rindt[12]

28

 Lotus

Ford

F

3

5

5

1

45

Race 12 of 133

United States Grand Prix

5

1971

 Jackie Stewart[11]

32

 Tyrrell

Ford

G

6

6

7

3

62

Race 8 of 11

Austrian Grand Prix

29

1972

 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]

25

 Lotus

Ford

F

3

5

8

0

61

Race 10 of 12

Italian Grand Prix

16

1973

 Jackie Stewart[11]

34

 Tyrrell

Ford

G

3

5

8

1

71

Race 13 of 15

Italian Grand Prix

16

1974

 Emerson Fittipaldi[13]

27

5

 McLaren

Ford

G

2

3

7

0

55

Race 15 of 15

United States Grand Prix

3

1975

 Niki Lauda[14]

26

12

 Ferrari

Ferrari

G

9

5

8

2

64.5

Race 13 of 14

Italian Grand Prix

19.5

1976

 James Hunt[15]

29

11

 McLaren

Ford

G

8

6

8

2

69

Race 16 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

1

1977

 Niki Lauda[14]

28

11

 Ferrari

Ferrari

G

2

3

10

3

72

Race 15 of 17

United States Grand Prix East

17

1978

 Mario Andretti[16]

38

5

 Lotus

Ford

G

8

6

7

3

64

Race 14 of 16

Italian Grand Prix

13

1979

 Jody Scheckter[17]

29

11

 Ferrari

Ferrari

M

1

3

6

0

51

Race 13 of 15

Italian Grand Prix

4

1980

 Alan Jones[18]

34

27

 Williams

Ford

G

3

5

10

5

67

Race 13 of 14

Canadian Grand Prix

13

1981

 Nelson Piquet[19]

29

5

 Brabham

Ford

M G

4

3

7

1

50

Race 15 of 15

Caesars Palace Grand Prix

1

1982

 Keke Rosberg[20]

34

6

 Williams

Ford

G

1

1

6

0

44

Race 16 of 16

Caesars Palace Grand Prix

5

1983

 Nelson Piquet[19]

31

5

 Brabham

BMW

M

1

3

8

4

59

Race 15 of 15

South African Grand Prix

2

1984

 Niki Lauda[14]

35

8

 McLaren

TAG

M

0

5

9

5

72

Race 16 of 16

Portuguese Grand Prix

0.5

1985

 Alain Prost[21]

30

2

 McLaren

TAG

G

2

5

11

5

73

Race 14 of 16

European Grand Prix

20

1986

 Alain Prost[21]

31

1

 McLaren

TAG

G

1

4

11

2

72

Race 16 of 16

Australian Grand Prix

2

1987

 Nelson Piquet[19]

35

6

 Williams

Honda

G

4

3

11

4

73

Race 15 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

12

1988

 Ayrton Senna[22]

28

12

 McLaren

Honda

G

13

8

11

3

90

Race 15 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

3

1989

 Alain Prost[21]

34

2

 McLaren

Honda

G

2

4

11

5

76

Race 15 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

16

1990

 Ayrton Senna[22]

30

27

 McLaren

Honda

G

10

6

11

2

78

Race 15 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

7

1991

 Ayrton Senna[22]

31

1

 McLaren

Honda

G

8

7

12

2

96

Race 15 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

24

1992

 Nigel Mansell[23]

39

5

 Williams

Renault

G

14

9

12

8

108

Race 11 of 16

Hungarian Grand Prix

52

1993

 Alain Prost[21]

38

2

 Williams

Renault

G

13

7

12

6

99

Race 14 of 16

Portuguese Grand Prix

26

1994

 Michael Schumacher[24]

25

5

 Benetton

Ford

G

6

8

10

8

92

Race 16 of 16

Australian Grand Prix

1

1995

 Michael Schumacher[24]

26

1

 Benetton

Renault

G

4

9

11

8

102

Race 15 of 17

Pacific Grand Prix

33

1996

 Damon Hill[25]

36

5

 Williams

Renault

G

9

8

10

5

97

Race 16 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

19

1997

 Jacques Villeneuve[26]

26

3

 Williams

Renault

G

10

7

8

3

81

Race 17 of 17

European Grand Prix

39 (3)4

1998

 Mika Häkkinen[27]

30

8

 McLaren

Mercedes

B

9

8

11

6

100

Race 16 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

14

1999

 Mika Häkkinen[27]

31

1

 McLaren

Mercedes

B

11

5

10

6

76

Race 16 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

2

2000

 Michael Schumacher[24]

31

3

 Ferrari

Ferrari

B

9

9

12

2

108

Race 16 of 17

Japanese Grand Prix

19

2001

 Michael Schumacher[24]

32

1

 Ferrari

Ferrari

B

11

9

14

3

123

Race 13 of 17

Hungarian Grand Prix

58

2002

 Michael Schumacher[24]

33

1

 Ferrari

Ferrari

B

7

11

17

7

144

Race 11 of 17

French Grand Prix

67

2003

 Michael Schumacher[24]

34

1

 Ferrari

Ferrari

B

5

6

8

5

93

Race 16 of 16

Japanese Grand Prix

2

2004

 Michael Schumacher[24]

35

1

 Ferrari

Ferrari

B

8

13

15

10

148

Race 14 of 18

Belgian Grand Prix

34

2005

 Fernando Alonso[28]

24

5

 Renault

Renault

M

6

7

15

2

133

Race 17 of 19

Brazilian Grand Prix

21

2006

 Fernando Alonso[28]

25

1

 Renault

Renault

M

6

7

14

5

134

Race 18 of 18

Brazilian Grand Prix

13

2007

 Kimi Räikkönen[29]

28

6

 Ferrari

Ferrari

B

3

6

12

6

110

Race 17 of 17

Brazilian Grand Prix

1

2008

 Lewis Hamilton[30]

23

22

 McLaren

Mercedes

B

7

5

10

1

98

Race 18 of 18

Brazilian Grand Prix

1

2009

 Jenson Button[31]

29

22

 Brawn

Mercedes

B

4

6

9

2

95

Race 16 of 17

Brazilian Grand Prix

11

2010

 Sebastian Vettel[32]

23

5

 Red Bull

Renault

B

10

5

10

3

256

Race 19 of 19

Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

4

2011

 Sebastian Vettel[32]

24

1

 Red Bull

Renault

P

15

11

17

3

392

Race 15 of 19

Japanese Grand Prix

122

2012

 Sebastian Vettel[32]

25

1

 Red Bull

Renault

P

6

5

10

6

281

Race 20 of 20

Brazilian Grand Prix

3

2013

 Sebastian Vettel[32]

26

1

 Red Bull

Renault

P

9

13

16

7

397

Race 16 of 19

Indian Grand Prix

155

2014

 Lewis Hamilton[30]

29

44

 Mercedes

Mercedes

P

7

11

16

7

384

Race 19 of 19

Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

67

2015

 Lewis Hamilton[30]

30

44

 Mercedes

Mercedes

P

11

10

17

8

381

Race 16 of 19

United States Grand Prix

59

2016

 Nico Rosberg[33]

31

6

 Mercedes

Mercedes

P

8

9

16

6

385

Race 21 of 21

Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

5

2017

 Lewis Hamilton[30]

32

44

 Mercedes

Mercedes

P

11

9

13

7

363

Race 18 of 20

Mexican Grand Prix

46

text: Notes[edit]

text: Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since 1958).

text:
^  The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
^  Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
^  Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
^ Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the 1997 season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

tag: ol

text: By driver[edit]

text:
Driver

Total

Season(s)

Championship Winner

 Michael Schumacher

7

1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

24th

 Juan Manuel Fangio

5

1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957

2nd

 Alain Prost

4

1985, 1986, 1989, 1993

21st

 Lewis Hamilton

4

2008, 2014, 2015, 2017

30th

 Sebastian Vettel

4

2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

32nd

 Jack Brabham

3

1959, 1960, 1966

5th

 Jackie Stewart

3

1969, 1971, 1973

11th

 Niki Lauda

3

1975, 1977, 1984

14th

 Nelson Piquet

3

1981, 1983, 1987

19th

 Ayrton Senna

3

1988, 1990, 1991

22nd

 Alberto Ascari

2

1952, 1953

3rd

 Graham Hill

2

1962, 1968

7th

 Jim Clark

2

1963, 1965

8th

 Emerson Fittipaldi

2

1972, 1974

13th

 Mika Häkkinen

2

1998, 1999

27th

 Fernando Alonso

2

2005, 2006

28th

 Giuseppe Farina

1

1950

1st

 Mike Hawthorn

1

1958

4th

 Phil Hill

1

1961

6th

 John Surtees

1

1964

9th

 Denny Hulme

1

1967

10th

 Jochen Rindt

1

1970

12th

 James Hunt

1

1976

15th

 Mario Andretti

1

1978

16th

 Jody Scheckter

1

1979

17th

 Alan Jones

1

1980

18th

 Keke Rosberg

1

1982

20th

 Nigel Mansell

1

1992

23rd

 Damon Hill

1

1996

25th

 Jacques Villeneuve

1

1997

26th

 Kimi Räikkönen

1

2007

29th

 Jenson Button

1

2009

31st

 Nico Rosberg

1

2016

33rd

text: Drivers in bold have competed in the 2018 World Championship.

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Country

Total

Drivers

Seasons

Drivers by Name (titles)

 United Kingdom

17

10

1958, 1962–1965, 1968–1969, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1992, 1996, 2008–2009, 2014–2015, 2017

Mike Hawthorn (1)

Graham Hill (2)

Jim Clark (2)

John Surtees (1)

Jackie Stewart (3)

James Hunt (1)

Nigel Mansell (1)

Damon Hill (1)

Lewis Hamilton (4)

Jenson Button (1)

 Germany

12

3

1994–1995, 2000–2004, 2010–2013, 2016

Michael Schumacher (7)

Sebastian Vettel (4)

Nico Rosberg (1)

 Brazil

8

3

1972, 1974, 1981, 1983, 1987–1988, 1990–1991

Emerson Fittipaldi (2)

Nelson Piquet (3)

Ayrton Senna (3)

 Argentina

5

1

1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957

Juan Manuel Fangio (5)

 Finland

4

3

1982, 1998–1999, 2007

Keke Rosberg (1)

Mika Häkkinen (2)

Kimi Räikkönen (1)

 Australia

4

2

1959–1960, 1966, 1980

Jack Brabham (3)

Alan Jones (1)

 Austria

4

2

1970, 1975, 1977, 1984

Jochen Rindt (1)

Niki Lauda (3)

 France

4

1

1985–1986, 1989, 1993

Alain Prost (4)

 Italy

3

2

1950, 1952–1953

Giuseppe Farina (1)

Alberto Ascari (2)

 United States

2

2

1961, 1978

Phil Hill (1)

Mario Andretti (1)

 Spain

2

1

2005–2006

Fernando Alonso (2)

 New Zealand

1

1

1967

Denny Hulme (1)

 South Africa

1

1

1979

Jody Scheckter (1)

 Canada

1

1

1997

Jacques Villeneuve (1)

text: By driver in home car[edit]

text:
Season

Country

Driver

Constructor

Note

1950

 Italy

Giuseppe Farina

Alfa Romeo

Also engine (Alfa Romeo) and tyres (Pirelli)

1952

 Italy

Alberto Ascari

Ferrari

Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1953

 Italy

Alberto Ascari

Ferrari

Also engine (Ferrari) and tyres (Pirelli)

1962

 United Kingdom

Graham Hill

BRM

Also engine (BRM) and tyres (Dunlop)

1963

 United Kingdom

Jim Clark

Lotus

Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1965

 United Kingdom

Jim Clark

Lotus

Also engine (Climax) and tyres (Dunlop)

1968

 United Kingdom

Graham Hill

Lotus

Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1971

 United Kingdom

Jackie Stewart

Tyrrell

Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1973

 United Kingdom

Jackie Stewart

Tyrrell

Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1976

 United Kingdom

James Hunt

McLaren

Also engine (Ford made by Cosworth)

1992

 United Kingdom

Nigel Mansell

Williams

1996

 United Kingdom

Damon Hill

Williams

2008

 United Kingdom

Lewis Hamilton

McLaren

2009

 United Kingdom

Jenson Button

Brawn

2016

 Germany

Nico Rosberg

Mercedes

Also engine (Mercedes)

text: Note[edit]

text: In 1966 Australian Jack Brabham won the world championship driving his own car powered by the Australian engine Repco, but the car was built by his team registered in Britain.[34][35]

text: By constructor[edit]

text:
Constructor
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

McLaren
 United Kingdom
12

Williams
 United Kingdom
7

Lotus
 United Kingdom
6

Mercedes1
 Germany
6

Red Bull
 Austria
4

Brabham
 United Kingdom
4

Renault
 France
2

Cooper
 United Kingdom
2

Benetton
 United Kingdom
2

Tyrrell
 United Kingdom
2

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati1
 Italy
2

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

Matra
 France
1

Brawn
 United Kingdom
1

text: Constructors in bold have competed in the 2018 World Championship.

text: ^  Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. This shared championship is counted for each of these constructors.

text: By constructor nationality[edit]

text:
Nationality

Total

 United Kingdom

37

 Italy

19

 Germany

6

 Austria

4

 France

3

text: By engine[edit]

text:
Engine
Country
Total

Ferrari
 Italy
15

Ford *
 United States
13

Renault
 France
11

Mercedes  **
 West Germany/Germany
10

Honda
 Japan
5

Climax
 United Kingdom
4

TAG  ***
 Luxembourg
3

Alfa Romeo
 Italy
2

Maserati
 Italy
2

Repco
 Australia
2

BMW
 West Germany
1

BRM
 United Kingdom
1

text:
Engine manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2018 World Championship.
^ *  Built by  Cosworth

text: ^ **  In 1998 and 1999 built by  Ilmor

text: ^ ***  Built by  Porsche

text: By tyre manufacturer[edit]

text:
Pos

Manufacturer

Country

Total

Seasons

1

G

Goodyear

 United States

24 (7)1

1966–1967, 1971, 1973–1978, 1980, 1982, 1985–1997

2

P

Pirelli

 Italy

13 (7)2

1950–19544 5, 1957, 2011–2017

3

B

Bridgestone

 Japan

11 (6)3

1998–2004, 2007–2010

4

D

Dunlop

 United Kingdom

8

1959–1965, 1969

5

M

Michelin

 France

6

1979, 1981, 1983–1984, 2005–2006

6

F

Firestone

 United States

4

19525, 1968, 1970, 1972

7

C

Continental

 West Germany

2

19544–1955

E

Englebert

 Belgium

2

1956, 1958

text: Tyre manufacturers in bold have competed in the 2018 World Championship. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the sole tyre supplier.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Goodyear was the sole tyre supplier for the 1987, 1988 & 1992–1996 seasons
^ Pirelli was the sole tyre supplier for the 2011–2018 seasons
^ Bridgestone was the sole tyre supplier for the 1999, 2000 & 2007–2010 seasons
^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix on Pirelli with Maserati, then completed the season on Continental with Mercedes
^ Ascari competed in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 on Firestone tyres, then completed the season on Pirelli

text: Records[edit]

text: Youngest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver*

Age**

Season

1

 Sebastian Vettel

23 years, 134 days

2010

2

 Lewis Hamilton

23 years, 300 days

2008

3

 Fernando Alonso

24 years, 58 days

2005

4

 Emerson Fittipaldi

25 years, 273 days

1972

5

 Michael Schumacher

25 years, 314 days

1994

6

 Niki Lauda

26 years, 197 days

1975

7

 Jacques Villeneuve

26 years, 200 days

1997

8

 Jim Clark

27 years, 188 days

1963

9

 Kimi Räikkönen

28 years, 4 days

2007

10

 Jochen Rindt

28 years, 140 days

1970 (posthumously)

text:
* Bold text indicates driver was still active in the 2018 World Championship
** Measured at the race where the driver secured the championship (except for Rindt, measured at the day of his death)

text: Oldest Drivers' Champion[edit]

text:
Driver

Age

Season

1

 Juan Manuel Fangio

46 years, 41 days

1957

2

 Giuseppe Farina

43 years, 308 days

1950

3

 Jack Brabham

40 years, 155 days

1966

4

 Graham Hill

39 years, 262 days

1968

5

 Nigel Mansell

39 years, 8 days

1992

6

 Alain Prost

38 years, 214 days

1993

7

 Mario Andretti

38 years, 193 days

1978

8

 Damon Hill

36 years, 26 days

1996

9

 Niki Lauda

35 years, 242 days

1984

10

 Michael Schumacher

35 years, 239 days

2004

text: Consecutive Drivers' Championships[edit]

text: Ten drivers have achieved consecutive wins in the Formula One Drivers' Championship.  Of those, Michael Schumacher is the only driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers' Championships.

text:
Championships

Driver

Seasons

5

 Michael Schumacher

2000–2004

4

 Juan Manuel Fangio

1954–1957

 Sebastian Vettel

2010–2013

2

 Alberto Ascari

1952–1953

 Jack Brabham

1959–1960

 Alain Prost

1985–1986

 Ayrton Senna

1990–1991

 Michael Schumacher

1994–1995

 Mika Häkkinen

1998–1999

 Fernando Alonso

2005–2006

 Lewis Hamilton

2014–2015

text: Bold text indicates driver has competed in the 2018 World Championship.