document_title: In Living Color

question_text: when did the wayans leave in living color

text: In Living Color

text: Description and history[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: Following Keenen Ivory Wayans' success with Hollywood Shuffle and I'm Gonna Git You Sucka, Fox Broadcasting Company approached Wayans to offer him his own show.[3] Wayans wanted to produce a variety show similar to Saturday Night Live, but with a cast of people of color that took chances with its content.[4] Fox gave Wayans a lot of freedom with the show, although Fox executives were a bit concerned about the show's content prior to its television debut.[3]

tag: p

text: In announcing its debut, Fox described In Living Color as a, "contemporary comedy variety show".[5] In its preview, the Christian Science Monitor warned that its, "raw tone may offend some, but it does allow a talented troupe to experiment with black themes in a Saturday Night Live-ish format."[6] Keenen Ivory Wayans said, "I wanted to do a show that reflects different points of view. We've added an Asian and a Hispanic minority to the show. We're trying in some way to represent all the voices. ... Minority talent is not in the system and you have to go outside. We found Crystal doing her act in the lobby of a theater in Chicago. We went beyond the Comedy Stores and Improvs, which are not showcase places for minorities."[1]

text: The first episode aired on Sunday, April 15, 1990, following an episode of Married... with Children.[1] The first episode was watched by 22.7 million people,[7] making it the 29th top show for the week.[8]

text: The Miami Herald said the show was as "smart and saucy as it is self-aware" and "audacious and frequently tasteless, but terrific fun".[9] The Philadelphia Inquirer called it "the fastest, funniest half-hour in a long time".[10] The Seattle Times said it had "the free-wheeling, pointed sense of humor that connects with a large slice of today's audience".[11] The Columbus Dispatch described it as a "marvelously inventive" show that has "catapulted television back to the cutting edge".[12]

text: Description[edit]

text: The sketch comedy show helped launch the careers of comedians/actors Jim Carrey (then credited as "James Carrey"), one of only two white members of the original cast, Jamie Foxx, who joined the cast in the third season and David Alan Grier (an established theatre actor who had worked in Keenen Ivory Wayans' 1988 motion picture I'm Gonna Git You Sucka).

text: The series strove to produce comedy with a strong emphasis on modern black subject matter. It became renowned for parody, especially of race relations in the United States. For instance, Carrey was frequently used to ridicule white musicians such as Snow and Vanilla Ice, who performed in genres more commonly associated with black people. The Wayans themselves often played exaggerated black ghetto stereotypes for humor and effect. A sketch parodying Soul Train mocked the show as Old Train, suggesting the show (along with its host, Don Cornelius) was out of touch and only appealed to the elderly and the dead. When asked about the show's use of stereotypes of black culture for comedy, Wayans said, "Half of comedy is making fun of stereotypes. They only get critical when I do it. Woody Allen has been having fun with his culture for years, and no one says anything about it. Martin Scorsese, his films basically deal with the Italian community, and no one ever says anything to him. John Hughes, all of his films parody upscale white suburban life. Nobody says anything to him. When I do it, then all of a sudden it becomes a racial issue. You know what I mean? It's my culture, and I'm entitled to poke fun at the stereotypes that I didn't create in the first place. I don't even concern myself with that type of criticism, because it's racist in itself."[13]

text: Prominent skits:

text:
"The Homeboy Shopping Network", featuring Damon and Keenan as streetwise criminals operating an unlicensed, Home Shopping Network-style shopping network out of the back of their van to sell stolen goods.
"Fire Marshal Bill", featuring Carrey as an incompetent, dangerously inept fire marshal.
"Men on Film", featuring Damon and Grier as effeminate black film critics with exaggerated physical motions, such as "two snaps up".
"Homey D. Clown", featuring Damon as a misanthropic, verbally abusive clown doing demeaning entertainment gigs for low pay as part of his prison release program.
"East Hollywood Squares", featuring many of the cast in a ghetto parody of the game show Hollywood Squares.
"Benita Buttrell", featuring Kim Wayans as an untrustworthy neighborhood gossip.
Parodies of Arsenio Hall (who was popular on his own show at the time) by Keenan Wayans.
"Calhoun Tubbs", a blues singer (played by Grier) who sang extremely short songs (about 10 seconds each) at the slightest provocation.

tag: ul

text: Opening credits[edit]

text: For the first episode, an exotic-looking logo was used for the opening credits. However, after the band Living Colour claimed in a lawsuit that the show stole the band's logo and name,[14] the logo was changed to one with rather plain-type letters of three colors. The show title itself is an homage to the NBC Peacock tag line, "The following program is brought to you in living color" from the 1960s when television was transitioning from black & white to color TV.[15]

text: In the first two seasons, the opening sequence was set in a room covered with painters' tarps. Each cast member, wearing black-and-white, played with brightly colored paint in a different way (throwing paintballs at the camera by hand, spray painting the lens, using a roller to cover the camera lens, etc.). The sequence ended with a segue to a set built to resemble the rooftop of an apartment building, where the show's dancers performed a routine and opened a door to let Keenen Ivory Wayans greet a live audience.

text: For the third and fourth seasons, an animated sequence and different logo were used. Cast members were superimposed over pictures hanging in an art gallery and interacted with them in different ways (spinning the canvas to put it right-side up, swinging the frame out as if it were a door, etc.). The final image was of the logo on a black canvas, which shattered to begin the show. The fifth season retained the logo, but depicted the cast members on various signs and billboards around a city (either New York or Chicago), ending with the logo displayed on a theater marquee.

text: The hip-hop group Heavy D & the Boyz performed two different versions of the opening theme. One version was used for the first two seasons and remixed for the fifth, while the other was featured in the third and fourth seasons.

text: Live musical performances[edit]

text: In Living Color was known for its live music performances, which started in Season 2 with Queen Latifah as their first performer (appearing again in the third season). Additional musical acts who appeared were Heavy D, Public Enemy, Kris Kross, En Vogue, Eazy-E, Monie Love, Onyx, 3rd Bass, MC Lyte, Arrested Development, Jodeci, Mary J. Blige, Tupac Shakur, Father MC, Gang Starr, Us3, and Leaders of the New School.

text: The Fly Girls[edit]

text: The show employed an in-house dance troupe known as the "Fly Girls". The original lineup consisted of Carrie Ann Inaba (who became a choreographer and judge on Dancing with the Stars), Cari French, Deidre Lang, Lisa Marie Todd, Barbara Lumpkin and Michelle Whitney-Morrison. Rosie Perez was the choreographer for the first four seasons. The most notable former Fly Girl was future actress/singer Jennifer Lopez, who joined the show in its third season.

text: The Fly Girls would sometimes be used as extras in sketches, or as part of an opening gag. In one sketch, they were shown performing open-heart surgery (in the sketch, the girls are dancing in order to pay their way through medical school). Another routine featured the three original female cast members dancing off-beat during the introduction of the show, when it was revealed that the regular Fly Girls were all bound and gagged and breaking through the door where Keenan Ivory Wayans enters.

text: Three of the Fly Girls also appeared in the eleventh episode of Muppets Tonight's second season in 1997.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Departure of the Wayans family[edit]

text: Keenen Ivory Wayans stopped appearing in sketches in 1992 after the end of the third season, over disputes with Fox about the network censoring the show's content and rerunning early episodes without his consultation. Wayans feared that Fox would ultimately decrease the syndication value of In Living Color.[16] Damon went on to pursue a movie career, though he made occasional return appearances in the fourth season. During the fourth season (1992–1993), Keenen appeared only in the season opener, though he remained the executive producer and thus stayed in the opening credits until the tenth episode. Marlon left shortly after Keenen resigned as producer; and Shawn and Kim both left at the end of the fourth season.

text: Censorship[edit]

text: Fox censorship of scripts increased after In Living Color produced a live Super Bowl halftime special (branded by the network as The Doritos Zaptime/'In Living Color' Super Halftime Party). During the "Men on Football" sketch, Damon Wayans and David Alan Grier ad libbed a suggestion that Richard Gere and track and field star Carl Lewis were homosexuals, much to Lewis's dismay. The programming stunt lured 20 to 25 million viewers from CBS' telecast of the halftime festivities during Super Bowl XXVI on January 26, 1992. Also, the originally-aired version of another sketch unrelated to the Super Bowl special ("Men on Fitness" – February 7, 1993) included a simulation of Damon Wayans's character Blaine enjoying receiving facial ejaculation while being sprayed with a water bottle. These two segments were initially cut from reruns, but have been airing on the Centric cable channel. The DVD releases have the Gere and Lewis references cut but retain the facial ejaculation simulation.

text: Reruns of the program on BET have questionable words and phrases (such as "ho" and "bitch") muted. One line ("drop the soap") during the second "Men on Film" sketch was muted out by Fox censors before ever airing on TV for its implications of prison rape. The DVD releases have the language intact (except for the "drop the soap" line), but have numerous sketches edited to remove song lyrics and music video parodies due to copyright and licensing issues (for example, the "Fire Marshall Bill Christmas" sketch originally had Jim Carrey singing "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" before the house exploded; on the DVD version, the short scene was cut, making it look like the house immediately exploded after the last person ran out).

text: On the May 5, 1990 broadcast, Keenen Ivory Wayans did a parody of a Colt 45 commercial featuring Billy Dee Williams (in which the purpose of the beverage is to get one's date drunk enough to have sex) that ended with a woman (played by Kim Coles) passed out on her back on a dining table, and "Billy Dee" moving in on her unconscious body to have sex with her. The "Bolt 45" sketch was seen only once during the original broadcast and omitted from repeats due to complaints from censors and viewers that it was mocking date rape.[citation needed] The Season 1 DVD set of ILC did not include the cut sketch from the pilot. This sketch was cut by Fox censors, and the necessary modifications were made to the master tape. Keenen Ivory Wayans accidentally mixed up the master tape of the pilot, and the edited master was broadcast instead. The sketch has never been broadcast since, not even in syndication, on FX, or on BET, and is considered lost forever (although videos of the sketch from viewer tapings have been posted to YouTube). It has been replaced by "The Exxxon Family" (a fake promo for a sitcom about a clumsy Exxon boat captain and his wife, played by Jim Carrey and Kelly Coffield) in syndication and DVD box sets.

text: The FXX reruns of this show are mostly intact. The pop music references/music video parodies are left intact, along with the misogynist slurs that were edited on BET. However, the "Colt 45" sketch is still missing (though it is available for viewing on YouTube), as well as the "drop the soap" line and the line from "Men on Football" about Richard Gere's and Carl Lewis's sexualities, and a "Fire Marshall Bill" sketch from season five ("Fire Marshall Bill at the Magic Show") was edited on FXX (but not the DVD) to remove a line that implies that Fire Marshall Bill and an Arab man were involved with the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center after the magician assures Bill that his magic tricks are safe (the lines cut were, "That's what they said about the World Trade Center, son. But me and my friend Abdul and a couple of pounds of plastique explosives showed them different", along with Bill's laugh and catchphrase "Lemme show ya somethin'!").

text: Final season[edit]

text: By the fifth and final season, none of the Wayans family had any involvement with the show. The show's sketches were no longer character-driven and satirical, giving way to wilder, cruder content and a reliance on celebrity guest appearances. Some celebrities who have appeared include Nick Bakay (who played the host of The Dirty Dozens game show sketches and wrote for the show), Barry Bonds (in the "Ugly Wanda finds her baby's father" arc), James Brown (appeared in the season four sketch "The Groom Room Barber Shop"), Rodney Dangerfield (though he appeared in a season four sketch where the police pull him over), Bret Hart, Sherman Hemsley, Biz Markie (who appeared in a lot of sketches, such as "Ugly Wanda's Ugly Sister," "Carl 'The Tooth' Williams' Paternity Trial," "The Bad Guidance Counselor," and "The Dirty Dozens: The Tournament of Champions"), Peter Marshall (as the host of "East Hollywood Squares"), Ed O'Neill (as the Dirty Dozens champion whom Jamie Foxx's T-Dog Jenkins fails to defeat), Chris Rock (mostly as his character, Cheap Pete, from I'm Gonna Git You, Sucka), Macho Man Randy Savage, Tupac Shakur, and players from the NBA, (just like players from the NHL were on Saturday Night Live). Kelly Coffield, who was the lone white female cast member, prior to Alexandra Wentworth's arrival in the fourth season, left before the start of season five.

text: Jim Carrey, David Alan Grier, Tommy Davidson, T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh, and Deidre Lang from the Fly Girls are the only cast members who stayed on the show from its premiere to its finale, although Carrey's appearances became very limited due to his rising movie career, while Davidson missed a few episodes for undisclosed reasons.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Repertory cast members

Jim Carrey (billed as James Carrey)
Kelly Coffield (seasons 1–4)
Kim Coles (season 1)
Tommy Davidson
Jamie Foxx (season 3–5)
David Alan Grier
Anne-Marie Johnson (season 5)
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh
Jay Leggett (season 5)
Reggie McFadden (season 5)
Steve Park (season 3)
Carol Rosenthal (season 5)
DJ Twist (seasons 3–5)
Damon Wayans (seasons 1–3, 4)
Keenen Ivory Wayans (seasons 1–4)
Kim Wayans (seasons 1–4)
Marlon Wayans (season 4)
Shawn Wayans (seasons 1–4)
Alexandra Wentworth (season 4–5)
Marc Wilmore (season 5)

"The Fly Girls"

Cari French (seasons 1–3)
Carla Garrido (season 2)[17]
Laurie Ann Gibson (season 5)
Jossie Harris (seasons 4–5)
Carrie Ann Inaba (seasons 1–3)
Deidre Lang
Jennifer Lopez (seasons 3–4)
Rosie Perez (choreographer, seasons 1–4)
Lisa Joann Thompson (seasons 4–5)
Lisa Marie Todd (seasons 1–3)
Michelle Whitney-Morrison (seasons 1–2)
Masako Willis (season 5)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Chris Rock appeared (as a "special guest star") in a number of sketches in the fifth season, and reprised his "Cheap Pete" character from I'm Gonna Git You Sucka. In the early years of In Living Color, Rock was parodied as being the only African American cast member on Saturday Night Live (despite SNL also having Tim Meadows at the time). In an SNL episode honoring Mother's Day, Rock's mother states that she is disappointed in him for not trying out for In Living Color, to which Rock states he is happy with his job on SNL.

text: Other recurring guest stars in the fifth season include Nick Bakay (for The Dirty Dozens sketches) and Peter Marshall (for several editions of East Hollywood Squares). Rapper Biz Markie also appeared in various roles as a guest star in the fifth season, such as being in drag as Wanda the Ugly Woman's sister or as "Dirty Dozens" contestant Damian "Foosball" Franklin. Ed O'Neill made a cameo appearance as Al Bundy in a "Dirty Dozens" segment.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Originally produced by 20th Century Fox Television on Fox, the series was in reruns on local affiliates for a few years, but has since become a longstanding mainstay on Fox's sister cable networks FX and FXX. In syndication, the series is distributed by Twentieth Television.

text: Reruns of the show also aired on BET from 2005–2008, and returned in 2010. Reruns have also aired on MTV2, VH1, nuvoTV, and on BET-owned Centric.

text: Unlike past runs on FX and the Viacom Media Networks, the FXX cut of episodes are mostly uncut and censored. The music video parodies and spoken references to licensed songs have been reinstated, but the "Bolt 45" sketch, the "drop the soap" line, and the "Men on Football" sketch with the adlibbed lines about Richard Gere's and Carl Lewis's alleged homosexuality are still edited (though the facial ejaculation shot on "Men on Fitness" was reinstated), along with a line from the season five sketch "Fire Marshall Bill at the Magic Show" that makes reference to the 1993 World Trade Center bombing (the missing line is, "That's what they said about the World Trade Center, son. But me and my friend Abdul and a couple of pounds of plastique explosives showed them different." Bill's laugh and his catchphrase "Lemme show ya somethin'" was also cut abruptly), due to the September 11, 2001 attacks.

text: The Best of In Living Color aired on MyNetworkTV from April 16 to June 18, 2008. Hosted by David Alan Grier, it was a retrospective featuring classic sketches, along with cast interviews and behind-the-scenes footage. The show aired on Wednesdays at 8:30 pm Eastern/7:30 pm Central, after MyNetworkTV's sitcom Under One Roof.

text: In 2017, the show began airing reruns on Fusion.

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
1990–91: #58 (10.31 rating)
1991–92: #49 (10.37 rating)
1992–93: #62 (9.67 rating)
1993–94: #71 (7.98 rating)

text: Note: Ratings data courtesy of TVTango.com

text: Crossovers[edit]

text:
At the 2006 BET Awards when the show returned from one of its commercial breaks, the show's host Damon Wayans played a character very reminiscent to "Men on ..." critic Blaine Edwards.
In Living Color alums Damon Wayans, Jim Carrey, and David Alan Grier reprised some of their In Living Color characters on Saturday Night Live:

Damon Wayans, a featured player during that show's eleventh season, hosted an episode from SNL's 20th season in 1995, where he brought on two of his famous In Living Color characters: homeless wino Anton Jackson and gay film critic Blaine Edwards.
Jim Carrey auditioned to be one of the repertory members on SNL 's ill-fated 1980–1981 season, but was dropped in favor of Charles Rocket (who later appeared in the 1988 film Earth Girls Are Easy and the 1994 film Dumb and Dumber with Carrey). Carrey also auditioned for the 1985–1986 season (season eleven), but was turned down just like in 1980. Carrey hosted the season finale of SNL's 21st season in 1996, where he impersonated Fire Marshal Bill during the monologue. Carrey's most recent hosting stint, in October 2014, involved a Carrey family reunion sketch in which Cecily Strong plays Carrey's aunt, who is modeled after Fire Marshal Bill.[18]
David Alan Grier first hosted SNL during season 21 and reprised his In Living Color role as "Men on..." critic Antoine Merriweather, which the end of the sketch included a surprise on-set appearance from Damon Wayans as Blaine. Grier hosted SNL on December 9, 1995 (season 21) and March 18, 1997 (season 22).

Jamie Foxx reprised his role as Wanda in a short segment at the 2009 BET Awards.
In 1997, three of the Fly Girls also appeared in the eleventh episode of Muppets Tonight's second season.
In the 1997 film Liar Liar, Jim Carrey reprised his "Fire Marshal Bill" character (albeit with no lines) in the background of one of the closing scenes.
The February 10, 2001 episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Jennifer Lopez included a sketch where Lopez "reunited" with the Fly Girls (played by Rachel Dratch, Jerry Minor and Tracy Morgan).

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment has released all five seasons of In Living Color on DVD in Region 1. Due to music licensing issues, some sketches have been edited to remove any and all mention of licensed songs, from characters waxing lyrical to entire performances (including the music video parodies and some of the Fly Girl dancing interstitials). Additionally, the "Bolt 45" sketch (which aired one-time only on May 5, 1990) was omitted, and the "soap" portion of the "drop the soap" line in the second "Men on Film" sketch has been muted.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date

Season 1
13
April 6, 2004

Season 2
26
September 28, 2004

Season 3
28
May 10, 2005

Season 4
33
October 25, 2005

Season 5
26
April 11, 2006

text: Attempted revival[edit]

text: In 2011, there were plans to make a revival of the original series that featured a new cast, characters, and sketches.[19][20][21] The pilot episodes were hosted and executive produced by original series creator and cast member Keenen Ivory Wayans. In early 2012, Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo were hired as the choreographers.[22] They cast the new line-up of The Fly Girls[23] and shot pilot episodes for the show which were set to air on Fox, like the original. However, on January 8, 2013, Keenen Ivory Wayans confirmed the reboot had been canceled because he and Fox did not feel that the show was sustainable after one season.[24] Reported cast members included Cooper Barnes, Jennifer Bartels, Sydney Castillo, Josh Duvendeck, Jermaine Fowler, Ayana Hampton, Kali Hawk, and Lil Rel Howery.[21][25] In addition, featured cast members were Henry Cho, Melanie Minichino, and Chris Leidecker. Members of the new Fly Girls included Christina Chandler, Tera Perez, Lisa Rosenthal, Katee Shean, and Whitney Wiley.[21]

text: Many of the cast members of the revival (Bartels, Fowler, and Howery) went on to create the TruTV sketch show Friends of the People.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Singer Bruno Mars paid tribute to the television program in the music video Finesse (song)

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Image Awards 1994 for Outstanding Variety Series
Image Awards 1992 for Outstanding Comedy Series
PGA Awards 1992 for Most Promising Producer in Television: Keenen Ivory Wayans
People's Choice Award 1991 for Favorite New TV Comedy Series Tied with The Simpsons (1989)
TV Land Awards 2012 for Groundbreaking Show: Shared with whole cast
Primetime Emmy 1990 for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series


document_title: Division of labour

question_text: who propounded the theory of division of labour

root

text: Division of labour

text: Theorists[edit]

text: Plato[edit]

text: In Plato's Republic, the origin of the state lies in the natural inequality of humanity, which is embodied in the division of labour.

text: Well then, how will our state supply these needs? It will need a farmer, a builder, and a weaver, and also, I think, a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs. So that the minimum state would consist of four or five men.... (The Republic, p. 103, Penguin Classics edition.)

text: Silvermintz notes that, "Historians of economic thought credit Plato, primarily on account of arguments advanced in his Republic, as an early proponent of the division of labour." Notwithstanding this, Silvermintz argues that, "While Plato recognizes both the economic and political benefits of the division of labour, he ultimately critiques this form of economic arrangement insofar as it hinders the individual from ordering his own soul by cultivating acquisitive motives over prudence and reason."[2]

text: Xenophon[edit]

text: Xenophon, in the fourth century BC, makes a passing reference to division of labour in his 'Cyropaedia' (a.k.a. Education of Cyrus).

text: Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities, however, because many make demands on each trade, one alone is enough to support a man, and often less than one: for instance one man makes shoes for men, another for women, there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes, another by cutting them out, another just by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts, Of necessity, he who pursues a very specialized task will do it best.[3]

text: Ibn Khaldun[edit]

text: The 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun emphasised the importance of the division of labour in the production process. In his Muqaddimah, he states:

text: The power of the individual human being is not sufficient for him to obtain (the food) he needs, and does not provide him with as much as he requires to live. Even if we assume an absolute minimum of food...that amount of food could be obtained only after much preparation...Thus, he cannot do without a combination of many powers from among his fellow beings, if he is to obtain food for himself and for them. Through cooperation, the needs of a number of persons, many times greater than their own number, can be satisfied.[4]

text: William Petty[edit]

text: Sir William Petty was the first modern writer to take note of division of labour, showing its existence and usefulness in Dutch shipyards. Classically the workers in a shipyard would build ships as units, finishing one before starting another. But the Dutch had it organized with several teams each doing the same tasks for successive ships. People with a particular task to do must have discovered new methods that were only later observed and justified by writers on political economy.

text: Petty also applied the principle to his survey of Ireland. His breakthrough was to divide up the work so that large parts of it could be done by people with no extensive training.

text: Bernard de Mandeville[edit]

text: Bernard de Mandeville discusses the matter in the second volume of The Fable of the Bees (1714).  This elaborates many matters raised by the original poem about a 'Grumbling Hive'. He says:

text: But if one will wholly apply himself to the making of Bows and Arrows, whilst another provides Food, a third builds Huts, a fourth makes Garments, and a fifth Utensils, they not only become useful to one another, but the Callings and Employments themselves will in the same Number of Years receive much greater Improvements, than if all had been promiscuously followed by every one of the Five.

text: David Hume[edit]

text: When every individual person labors apart, and only for himself, his force is too small to execute any considerable work; his labor being employed in supplying all his different necessities, he never attains a perfection in any particular art; and as his force and success are not at all times equal, the least failure in either of these particulars must be attended with inevitable ruin and misery. Society provides a remedy for these three inconveniences. By the conjunction of forces, our power is augmented: By the partition of employments, our ability increases: And by mutual succor we are less exposed to fortune and accidents. ’Tis by this additional force, ability, and security, that society becomes advantageous.

text: Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau[edit]

text: In his introduction to Art de l'Épinglier [The Art of the Pin-Maker] (1761),[5] Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau writes about the "division of this work":[6]

text: There is nobody who is not surprised of the small price of pins; but we shall be even more surprised, when we know how many different operations, most of them very delicate, are mandatory to make a good pin. We are going to go through these operations in a few words to stimulate the curiosity to know their detail; this enumeration will supply as many articles which will make the division of this work. [...] The first operation is to have brass go through the drawing plate to calibrate it. [...]

text: By "division of this work", Duhamel du Monceau is referring to the subdivisions of the text describing the various trades involved in the pin making activity; this can also be described as division of labour.

text: Adam Smith[edit]

text: In the first sentence of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith foresaw the essence of industrialism by determining that division of labour represents a substantial increase in productivity. Like du Monceau, his example was the making of pins. Unlike Plato, Smith famously argued that the difference between a street porter and a philosopher was as much a consequence of the division of labour as its cause. Therefore, while for Plato the level of specialization determined by the division of labour was externally determined, for Smith it was the dynamic engine of economic progress.  However, in a further chapter of the same book Smith criticizes the division of labour saying it can lead to "the almost entire corruption and degeneracy of the great body of the people. … unless government takes some pains to prevent it."[7] The contradiction has led to some debate over Smith's opinion of the division of labour.[8] Alexis de Tocqueville agreed with Smith: "Nothing tends to materialize man, and to deprive his work of the faintest trace of mind, more than extreme division of labor."[9] Adam Ferguson shared similar views to Smith, though was generally more negative.[10]

text: The specialization and concentration of the workers on their single subtasks often leads to greater skill and greater productivity on their particular subtasks than would be achieved by the same number of workers each carrying out the original broad task.

text: Smith saw the importance of matching skills with equipment – usually in the context of an organization.  For example, pin makers were organized with one making the head, another the body, each using different equipment.  Similarly he emphasised a large number of skills, used in cooperation and with suitable equipment, were required to build a ship.

text: In modern economic discussion, the term human capital would be used.  Smith's insight suggests that the huge increases in productivity obtainable from technology or technological progress are possible because human and physical capital are matched, usually in an organization. See also a short discussion of Adam Smith's theory in the context of business processes.

text: Babbage wrote a seminal work "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures" analyzing perhaps for the first time the division of labour in factories.[11]

text: Immanuel Kant[edit]

text: In the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of morals 1785, Kant notes the value of the division of labour:

text: All crafts, trades and arts have profited from the division of labour; for when each worker sticks to one particular kind of work that needs to be handled differently from all the others, he can do it better and more easily than when one person does everything. Where work is not thus differentiated and divided, where everyone is a jack-of-all-trades, the crafts remain at an utterly primitive level.[12]

text: Karl Marx[edit]

text: Marx argued that increasing the specialization may also lead to workers with poorer overall skills and a lack of enthusiasm for their work. He described the process as alienation: workers become more and more specialized and work becomes repetitive, eventually leading to complete alienation from the process of production. The worker then becomes "depressed spiritually and physically to the condition of a machine".[13]

text: Additionally, Marx argued that division of labour creates less-skilled workers. As the work becomes more specialized, less training is needed for each specific job, and the workforce, overall, is less skilled than if one worker did one job entirely.[14]

text: Among Marx's theoretical contributions is his sharp distinction between the economic and the social division of labor.[15] That is, some forms of labour co-operation are purely due to "technical necessity", but others are a result of a "social control" function related to a class and status hierarchy. If these two divisions are conflated, it might appear as though the existing division of labour is technically inevitable and immutable, rather than (in good part) socially constructed and influenced by power relationships. He also argues that in a communist society, the division of labour is transcended, meaning that balanced human development occurs where people fully express their nature in the variety of creative work that they do.[16]

text: Henry David Thoreau[edit]

text: Henry David Thoreau criticized the division of labour in Walden (published in 1854), on the basis that it removes people from a sense of connectedness with society and with the world at large, including nature. He claimed that the average man in a civilized society is less wealthy, in practice, than one in a "savage" society. The answer he gave was that self-sufficiency was enough to cover one's basic needs.[citation needed]

text: Thoreau's friend and mentor, Ralph Waldo Emerson, criticized the division of labour in "The American Scholar"; a widely informed, holistic citizenry is vital for the spiritual and physical health of the country.[citation needed]

text: Émile Durkheim[edit]

text: In his seminal work, The Division of Labor in Society, Émile Durkheim[17] observes that the division of labour appears in all societies and positively correlates with societal advancement because it increases as a society progresses. Durkheim arrived at the same conclusion regarding the positive effects of the division of labour as his theoretical predecessor, Adam Smith.  In The Wealth of the Nations, Smith observes the division of labour results in "a proportionable increase of the productive powers of labor."[18]  While they shared this belief, Durkheim believed the division of labour applied to all "biological organisms generally" while Smith believed this law applied "only to human societies."[19]  This difference may result from the influence of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species on Durkheim’s writings.[19]  For example, Durkheim observed an apparent relationship between "the functional specialization of the parts of an organism" and "the extent of that organism's evolutionary development," which he believed "extended the scope of the division of labour so as to make its origins contemporaneous with the origins of life itself…implying that its conditions must be found in the essential properties of all organized matter."[19]

text: Since Durkheim’s division of labour applied to all organisms, he considered it a "natural law"[19] and worked to determine whether it should be embraced or resisted by first analysing its functions.  Durkheim hypothesized that the division of labour fosters social solidarity, yielding "a wholly moral phenomenon" that ensures "mutual relationships" among individuals.[20]

text: As social solidarity cannot be directly quantified, Durkheim indirectly studies solidarity by "classify[ing] the different types of law to find...the different types of social solidarity which correspond to it."[20] Durkheim categorizes: criminal laws and their respective punishments as promoting mechanical solidarity, a sense of unity resulting from individuals engaging in similar work who hold shared backgrounds, traditions, and values;[21] and civil laws as promoting organic solidarity, a society in which individuals engage in different kinds of work that benefit society and other individuals.[21]  Durkheim believes that organic solidarity prevails in more advanced societies, while mechanical solidarity typifies less developed societies.[22]  He explains that, in societies with more mechanical solidarity, the diversity and division of labour is much less, so individuals have a similar worldview.[23]  Similarly, Durkheim opines that in societies with more organic solidarity, the diversity of occupations is greater, and individuals depend on each other more, resulting in greater benefits to society as a whole.[23]

text: Durkheim’s work enabled social science to progress more efficiently "in … the understanding of human social behavior."[24]

text: Ludwig von Mises[edit]

text: Marx's theories, including the negative claims regarding the division of labour have been criticized by the Austrian economists such as Ludwig von Mises.

text: The main argument here is the economic gains accruing from the division of labour far outweigh the costs. It is argued that it is fully possible to achieve balanced human development within capitalism, and alienation is downplayed as mere romantic fiction.

text: Friedrich A. Hayek[edit]

text: In The Use of Knowledge in Society, Friedrich A. Hayek states:

text: The price system is just one of those formations which man has learned to use (though he is still very far from having learned to make the best use of it) after he had stumbled upon it without understanding it. Through it not only a division of labour but also a coordinated utilization of resources based on an equally divided knowledge has become possible. The people who like to deride any suggestion that this may be so usually distort the argument by insinuating that it asserts that by some miracle just that sort of system has spontaneously grown up which is best suited to modern civilization. It is the other way round: man has been able to develop that division of labour on which our civilization is based because he happened to stumble upon a method which made it possible. Had he not done so, he might still have developed some other, altogether different, type of civilization, something like the "state" of the termite ants, or some other altogether unimaginable type.[25]

text: Globalization and global division of labour[edit]

text:
The issue reaches its broadest scope in the controversies about globalization, which is often interpreted as a euphemism for the expansion of world trade based on comparative advantage.
This would mean that countries specialize in the work they can do at the lowest relative cost measured in terms of the opportunity cost of not using resources for other work, compared to the opportunity costs experienced countries. Critics, however, allege that international specialization cannot be explained sufficiently in terms of "the work nations do best", rather this specialization is guided more by commercial criteria, which favour some countries over others.

text: The OECD recently advised (28 June 2005) that:

text: Efficient policies to encourage employment and combat unemployment are essential if countries are to reap the full benefits of globalization and avoid a backlash against open trade... Job losses in some sectors, along with new job opportunities in other sectors, are an inevitable accompaniment of the process of globalization... The challenge is to ensure that the adjustment process involved in matching available workers with new job openings works as smoothly as possible.

text: Few studies have taken place regarding the global division of labour.  Information can be drawn from ILO and national statistical offices.[citation needed]

text: In one study, Deon Filmer estimated that 2.474 billion people participated in the global non-domestic labour force in the mid-1990s. Of these,

text:
around 15%, or 379 million people, worked in industry,
a third, or 800 million worked in services, and
over 40%, or 1,074 million, in agriculture.

text: The majority of workers in industry and services were wage and salary earners – 58 percent of the industrial workforce and 65 percent of the services workforce. But a big portion were self-employed or involved in family labour. Filmer suggests the total of employees worldwide in the 1990s was about 880 million, compared with around a billion working on own account on the land (mainly peasants), and some 480 million working on own account in industry and services. The 2007 ILO Global Employment Trends Report indicated that services have surpassed agriculture for the first time in human history: "In 2006 the service sector’s share of global employment overtook agriculture for the first time, increasing from 39.5 per cent to 40 per cent. Agriculture decreased from 39.7 per cent to 38.7 per cent. The industry sector accounted for 21.3 per cent of total employment."[26]

text: Modern debates[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In the modern world, those specialists most preoccupied in their work with theorizing about the division of labour are those involved in management and organization. In view of the global extremities of the division of labour, the question is often raised about what division of labour would be most ideal, beautiful, efficient and just.

text: Two styles of management that are seen in modern organizations are control and commitment, control being the division of labour style of the past and commitment being the style of the future. Control management is based on the principles of job specialization and the division of labour. This is the assembly line style of job specialization where employees are given a very narrow set of tasks or one specific task. Commitment division of labour is oriented on including the employee and building a level of internal commitment towards accomplishing tasks. Tasks include more responsibility and are coordinated based on expertise rather than formal position.[27]

text: Job specialization is advantageous in developing employee expertise in a field and boosting organizational production. However, disadvantages of job specialization included limited employee skill, a dependence on entire department fluency, and employee discontent with repetitious tasks.[citation needed]

text: It is widely accepted that the division of labour is to a great extent inevitable, simply because no one can do all tasks at once. Labour hierarchy is a very common feature of the modern workplace structure, but of course the way these hierarchies are structured can be influenced by a variety of different factors.

text: Size, cost, and the development of new technology are factors that have influenced job specialization structures in the modern workplace. The cost of job specialization is what limits small organizations from dividing their labour responsibilities, but as organizations increase in size there is a correlation in the rise of division of labour. Technological developments have led to a decrease in the amount of job specialization in organizations as new technology makes it easier for fewer employees to accomplish a variety of tasks and still enhance production. New technology has also been supportive in the flow of information between departments helping to reduce the feeling of department isolation.[27]

text: It is often agreed[citation needed] that the most equitable principle in allocating people within hierarchies is that of true (or proven) competency or ability. This important concept of meritocracy could be read as an explanation or as a justification of why a division of labour is the way it is.

text: In general, in capitalist economies, such things are not decided consciously.[citation needed]  Different people try different things, and that which is most effective cost-wise (produces the most and best output with the least input) will generally be adopted.[citation needed]  Often techniques that work in one place or time do not work as well in another.  This does not present a problem,[citation needed] as the only requirement of a capitalist system is that you turn a profit.

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Adam Smith famously said in The Wealth of Nations that the division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. This is because it is by exchange that each person can be specialized in their work and yet still have access to a wide range of goods and services. Hence, reductions in barriers to exchange lead to increases in the division of labour and so help to drive economic growth. Limitations to the division of labour have also been related to coordination and transportation costs.[28]

text: There can be motivational advantages to a reduced division of labour (which has been termed ‘job enlargement’ and 'job enrichment').[29] Jobs that are too specialized in a narrow range of tasks are said to result in demotivation due to boredom and alienation. Hence, a Taylorist approach to work design contributed to worsened industrial relations.

text: There are also limitations to the division of labour (and the division of work) that result from work-flow variations and uncertainties.[30][31] These help to explain issues in modern work organization, such as task consolidations in business process reengineering and the use of multi-skilled work teams. For instance, one stage of a production process may temporarily work at a slower pace, forcing other stages to slow down. One answer to this is to make some portion of resources mobile between stages, so that those resources must be capable of undertaking a wider range of tasks. Another is to consolidate tasks so that they are undertaken one after another by the same workers and other resources. Stocks between stages can also help to reduce the problem to some extent but are costly and can hamper quality control. Note also that modern flexible manufacturing systems require both flexible machines and flexible workers.

text: In project-based work, the coordination of resources is a difficult issue for the project manager as project schedules and resulting resource bookings are based on estimates of task durations and so are subject to subsequent revisions. Again, consolidating tasks so that they are undertaken consecutively by the same resources and having resources available that can be called on at short-notice from other tasks can help to reduce such problems, though at the cost of reduced specialisation.

text: There are also advantages in a reduced division of labour where knowledge would otherwise have to be transferred between stages.[32] For example, having a single person deal with a customer query means that only that one person has to be familiarised with the customer’s details. It is also likely to result in the query being handled faster due to the elimination of delays in passing the query between different people.

text: Gendered division of labour[edit]

text: The clearest exposition of the principles of sexual division of labour across the full range of human societies can be summarized by a large number of logically complementary implicational constraints of the following form: if women of childbearing ages in a given community tend to do X (e.g., preparing soil for planting) they will also do Y (e.g., the planting) while for men the logical reversal in this example would be that if men plant they will prepare the soil. "Entailment Theory and Method: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Sexual Division of Labor"[33] by White, Brudner and Burton (1977, public domain), using statistical entailment analysis, shows that tasks more frequently chosen by women in these order relations are those more convenient in relation to childrearing. This type of finding has been replicated in a variety of studies, including modern industrial economies. These entailments do not restrict how much work for any given task could be done by men (e.g., in cooking) or by women (e.g., in clearing forests) but are only least-effort or role-consistent tendencies. To the extent that women clear forests for agriculture, for example, they tend to do the entire agricultural sequence of tasks on those clearings. In theory, these types of constraints could be removed by provisions of child care, but ethnographic examples are lacking.

text: Industrial organizational psychology[edit]

text: Job satisfaction has been shown to improve as an employee is given the task of a specific job. Students who have received PhDs in a chosen field later report increased satisfaction compared to their previous jobs. This can be attributed to their high levels of specialization.[34] The higher the training needed for the specialized job position, the higher is the level of job satisfaction as well, although many highly specialized jobs can be monotonous and produce high rates of burn out periodically.[35]


document_title: Leg shaving

question_text: when did the first woman shave her legs

question_tokens: when did the first woman shave her legs

text: Leg shaving

text: Women[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Western countries, the majority of women engage in leg shaving, doing so largely for aesthetic reasons. This practice has developed especially since the early 20th century, around the time of the First World War, as hemlines on women's dresses have become shorter and women's swimsuits have become more revealing, displaying all of a woman's legs.[1][2]

text: Some women may only shave the hair below the knee – depending on the length of dress styles in fashion – while others shave the entire leg.[3] The frequency of shaving also varies, with some women shaving their legs every day, and others shaving only at the start of summer, in anticipation of the wearing of a swimsuit. Special razors, different in shape from those used by men for face-shaving, are often used by women. Advertising campaigns also promote hair-removal products, such as depilatories and waxing kits.

text: Men[edit]

text: Among Western men, the shaving of legs is common in sporting situations and in fact has been taking place for longer than women shaving their legs. For sports such as cycling and swimming, men started shaving their legs around the turn of the 20th Century. Most male swimmers, bicycle racers, and some male non-racers shave their legs regularly. The practice is most useful in long distance swimming, where the effects of drag can cause a significant time difference in races over 400 meters. Regarding cycling, wind tunnel tests performed by Specialized, indicate over a 40 km TT one can save 50-82 seconds by shaving legs. Other reasons cyclists shave include: faster healing and easier cleaning of road rash, less pain during leg massage.

text: Seneca suggested that in ancient Rome it was considered an ostentatious bit of effeminacy, contrary to underarm hair removal: "One is, I believe, as faulty as the other: the one class are unreasonably elaborate, the other are unreasonably negligent; the former depilate the leg, the latter not even the armpit" (letter 114). Summers cites Ovid, A. A. i. 506 "Don't rub your legs smooth with the tight-scraping pumice stone."

text: Many athletes also shave their legs or bodies to facilitate therapeutic massage that is frequently a part of their training or post-race recovery programs. They may also shave their legs if they tape protective gear to them to prevent the tape from pulling painfully on the hair when removed. Shaving of the legs is also frequently practised by male models and bodybuilders, since it accentuates muscle definition.


document_title: Microscopic scale

question_text: what unit of measurement is used for objects seen under the microscope

text: Microscopic scale

text: The microscopic scale (from Greek: μικρός, mikrós, "small" and σκοπέω, skopéō "look") is the scale of objects and events smaller than those that can easily be seen by the naked eye, requiring a lens or microscope to see them clearly.[1] In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes considered the scale between the macroscopic and the quantum realm.[2][3] Microscopic units and measurements are used to classify and describe very small objects. One common microscopic length scale unit is the Micrometer (μm) - one millionth of 1 meter.

text: Biology[edit]

text: By convention, the microscopic scale also includes classes of objects that are most commonly too small to see but of which some members are large enough to be observed with the eye. Such groups include the Cladocera, planktonic green algae of which Volvox is readily observable, and the protozoa of which stentor can be easily seen without aid. The submicroscopic scale similarly includes objects that are too small to see even with any optical microscope.[4]


document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: when does the good doctor episode 15 come out

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California, to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[3] He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12.
Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne, a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5]
Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu, a surgical resident from a wealthy family.[6]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7]
Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews, Chief of Surgery, attending plastic surgeon, and board member.[8]
Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and attending neurosurgeon, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[9][10]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki, Chairman of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital Board and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital's funding.[11]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[4] He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 osteosarcoma.
Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks.
Paige Spara as Lea: Shaun's love interest/ former neighbor.
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim
Chris D'Elia as Kenny, Shaun's new neighbor, who moves into Lea's apartment.
Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick, a new resident (joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2).[12] As a resident, Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire. (debuted in "She").[13]
Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park, an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor (debuted in "Heartfelt").[14]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean, a surgical resident (only appears in the pilot, however had series regular status for said episode) [8][15]
Jasika Nicole as Carly[16]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[16]
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle, a suave doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he makes explicit advances towards one of them.[17]
Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes, Marcus' wife. [18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[19]

On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[20]

Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned 'scut work', where his attention to detail gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girl's life.

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
William Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[21]

Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning the helicopter can't take off due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. Meanwhile, at the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his transplant eligibility. Chuck later confesses he had one drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and ability to supply transplants to future patients, the hospital denies Chuck the liver. Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to learn that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital.

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[22]

Barb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband arrive at St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save their baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing on the fetus and must be removed in order to save his life. Despite the serious risks both to her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Meanwhile, Shaun and Claire are assigned a patient, Olivia, who has a boil in her genital area. However, when doctors attempt to drain it, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve. The surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals. Shaun comes up with a solution that allows her to keep feeling in her genital area.

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[23]

Shaun notices a young boy, Evan, who has an uncanny resemblance to his deceased brother Steve. Evan was brought to the hospital by his parents for a possible fracture to his arm. However, we discover that he is actually suffering from bone cancer, a fact his parents have kept hidden from him. Meanwhile, the other members of the team try to diagnose an older man, brought in by his estranged son, with a severe allergy condition causing him to convulse violently. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from a cystic form of tapeworms located in his skull. A successful surgery is performed by Dr. Glassman.

6
"Not Fake"
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
10.60[24]

Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site.

7
"22 Steps"
David Straiton
Johanna Lee
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
10.14[25]

Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared deals with a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker; but the patient states his desire is to die.

8
"Apple"
Nestor Carbonell
David Renaud
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
9.97[26]

While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.

9
"Intangibles"
Bronwen Hughes
Karen Struck
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
9.25[27]

The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the "flirting trifecta". Meanwhile, Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.

10
"Sacrifice"
Michael Patrick Jann
Lloyd Gilyard Jr.
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
9.03[28]

Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children.

11
"Islands Part One"
Bill D'Elia
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
8.30[29]

Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins, one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a "father" in other ways.

12
"Islands Part Two"
Cherie Nowlan
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
9.33[30]

Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks’ notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny’s heart is failing. Despite the doctors’ best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table. Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu’s lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.

13
"Seven Reasons"
Mike Listo
David Shore & David Hoselton
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
9.61[31]

While treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun.

14
"She"
Seth Gordon
Simran Baidwan
February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)
9.63[32]

The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving.

15
"Heartfelt"
Regina King
Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)
7.82[33]

A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live. A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's, motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations. At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown.

16
"Pain"
Allison Liddi-Brown
William L. Rotko & David Renaud
March 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)
9.88[34]

Shaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery. Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence. Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him.

17
"Smile"
Bill D'Elia
David Hoselton & Karen Struck
March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)
9.03[35]

Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome, enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. Morgan and Claire's patient, "Lucy Callard," is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies of an infection. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars, but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date.

18
"More"
Mike Listo
David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr.
March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)
9.52[36]

Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer; he will pursue treatment. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[37] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[38][39] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[40] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[41]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[42] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[43] On March 7, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[44] It will premiere in the fall of 2018.

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[3] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger);[6] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[8] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor.[9][42] Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[11]

text: In April 2018, it was revealed that Will Yun Lee, Fiona Gubelmann, Christina Chang, and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season, after recurring in the first as Alex, Morgan, Audrey, and Lea, respectively.[45] In addition, it was announced that Chuku Modu would not return for the second season.[45]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[47][48] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and concluded on March 1, 2018.[49]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[50]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[51] and on CTV in Canada.[52] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[53] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[54] Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018.[55] In the Netherlands, the series began airing on January 29, 2018, on RTL 4 and on video-on-demand service Videoland.[56]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[57] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[58] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[59] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[60]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[61] On March 22, 2018, members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series, along with a screening of the season finale of the first season.[62]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[19]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[63]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[20]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[64]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[21]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[65]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[22]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[66]

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[23]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[67]

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[24]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[68]

7
"22 Steps"
November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.14[25]
1.9
6.92
3.8
17.14[69]

8
"Apple"
November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[26]
1.8
6.98
3.6
16.99[70]

9
"Intangibles"
November 27, 2017
1.7/7
9.25[27]
1.8
6.66
3.5
15.91[71]

10
"Sacrifice"
December 4, 2017
1.6/7
9.03[28]
1.8
6.67
3.4
15.74[72]

11
"Islands Part One"
January 8, 2018
1.6/6
8.30[29]
1.8
7.10
3.4
15.40[73]

12
"Islands Part Two"
January 15, 2018
1.7/6
9.33[30]
1.8
6.66
3.5
16.00[74]

13
"Seven Reasons"
January 22, 2018
1.7/7
9.61[31]
1.9
6.91
3.6
16.53[75]

14
"She"
February 5, 2018
1.7/7
9.63[32]
1.8
7.07
3.5
16.71[76]

15
"Heartfelt"
February 26, 2018
1.3/5
7.82[33]
1.8
6.84
3.1
14.66[77]

16
"Pain"
March 12, 2018
1.8/7
9.88[34]
1.5
6.23
3.3
16.12[78]

17
"Smile"
March 19, 2018
1.6/6
9.03[35]
1.5
6.39
3.1
15.42[79]

18
"More"
March 26, 2018
1.7/6
9.52[36]
1.6
6.32
3.3
15.85[80]

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[81] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[82] According to TV Guide's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week.[83]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58% approval rating with an average rating of 5.49/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[84] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[85]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[86]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik, notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [87]

text: Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: "... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him..." Bradley feels that Highmore's performance has been "the central key" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. [88]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref.

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Freddie Highmore
Nominated
[89][90]

Humanitas Prize
60-Minute Category
David Shore
Won
[91]

Banff Rockie Awards
Scripted Melodrama Series
The Good Doctor
Pending
[92]