document_title: Milky Way

question_text: which part of the milky way galaxy is our sun located

question_tokens: which part of the milky way galaxy is our sun located

text: Milky Way

text: Appearance

text: The Milky Way is visible from Earth as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching across the night sky.[35] In night sky observing, although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way, the term “Milky Way” is limited to this band of light.[36][37] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane. Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack, are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance.

text: The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.[38] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1.[39] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon.[nb 2] "The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness" shows that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.[40]

text: As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations.[41] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.

text: The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit). Relative to the celestial equator, it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux, indicating the high inclination of Earth’s equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12h 49m, declination +27.4° (B1950) near β Comae Berenices, and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the arch of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.

text: Size and mass

text: The Milky Way is the second-largest galaxy in the Local Group, with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly (30 kpc) in diameter and, on average, approximately 1,000 ly (0.3 kpc) thick.[4][5] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the contiguous United States.[42] A ring-like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself, rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane.[27] If so, that would mean a diameter of 150,000–180,000 light-years (46–55 kpc).[43]

text: Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. At the low end of the estimate range, the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8×1011 solar masses (M☉), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy.[44][45][46] Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way.[47] Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7×1011 M☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center.[48] In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kiloparsecs is 7×1011 M☉.[49] According to a study published in 2014, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5×1011 M☉,[50] which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy.[50]

text: Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter, an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5×1012 M☉.[10][11][51] Recent studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5×1012 M☉ [52] and as small as 8×1011 M☉.[53]

text: The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6×1010 M☉[54] and 6.43×1010 M☉.[10] In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass,[55] with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen.[56] The mass of this gas is equal to between 10%[56] and 15%[55] of the total mass of the galaxy's stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas.[55]

text: Contents

text: The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars[57][58] and at least 100 billion planets.[59] The exact figure depends on the number of very-low-mass stars, which are hard to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (1012) stars.[60] The Milky Way may also contain perhaps ten billion white dwarfs, a billion neutron stars, and a hundred million black holes.[nb 3][61][62][63] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,[64] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas.[65][66]

text: The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.[67] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).[68] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.[69][70][a]

text: Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way,[30][71] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars.[72][73] The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 with the Kepler space observatory.[31] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way.[74] On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way.[75][76][77] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.[78] The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light-years away, according to a 2016 study.[79] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants.[30] Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.[80]

text: 360-degree panorama view of the Milky Way (an assembled mosaic of photographs) by ESO. The galactic centre is in the middle of the view, with galactic north up.

text: Structure

text: The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas, dust and stars. The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms.[1] Astronomers first began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1960s.[83][84][85] Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005[86] that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.

text: Galactic quadrants

text: A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In actual astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system, which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system.[87]

text: Quadrants are described using ordinals—for example, "1st galactic quadrant",[88] "second galactic quadrant",[89] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way".[90] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees (°) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are as follows:

text:
1st galactic quadrant – 0° ≤ longitude (ℓ) ≤ 90°[91]
2nd galactic quadrant – 90° ≤ ℓ ≤ 180°[89]
3rd galactic quadrant – 180° ≤ ℓ ≤ 270°[90]
4th galactic quadrant – 270° ≤ ℓ ≤ 360° (0°)[88]

text: Galactic Center

text: The Sun is 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center. This value is estimated using geometric-based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles, with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range.[15][16][17][92][93][94] In the inner few kpc (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge.[95] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies, and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar.[96] However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc,[97] abound.

text: The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A* (pronounced Sagittarius A-star). The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A* harbors a massive, compact object.[98] This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole[nb 4][15][99] (SMBH) with an estimated mass of 4.1–4.5 million times the mass of the Sun.[99] The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus, being estimated at around 6995100000000000000♠1×10−5 M☉ y−1.[100] Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies.[101][102]

text: The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc (3,000–16,000 ly) and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center.[93][94][103] Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other.[104] However, RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar.[94][105][106] The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5-kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way.[107] X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar[100] and the Galactic ridge.[108]

text: In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere.[109][110] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.[111]

text: Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.[82]

text: Spiral arms

text: Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.[112] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions[113][114] and molecular clouds.[115]

text: The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's spiral arms.[81] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun,[114][116] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity.[94][116][117] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm[114] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way.[116] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°.[64][118] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way's center.[119] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right:

text:
Color

Arm(s)

cyan

Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm

purple

Norma and Outer arm (Along with extension discovered in 2004[120])

green

Scutum–Centaurus Arm

pink

Sagittarius-Carina Arm

There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including:

orange

Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System)

text: Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum-Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.[118][121] This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars.[81] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way.[122][123][124] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.[124]

text: The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21-centimeter radio measurements of HI (atomic hydrogen).[125][126] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the Galactic Center.[126][127]

text: A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy.[128]

text: It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring,[129] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm.[130]

text: Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way.[131]

text: Halo

text: The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters, of which 90% lie within 100,000 light-years (30 kpc) of the Galactic Center.[132] However, a few globular clusters have been found farther, such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. About 40% of the Milky Way's clusters are on retrograde orbits, which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation.[133] The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way, in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star.[134]

text: Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars.[18] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.[135]

text: Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way's structure. With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) extends much further than previously thought,[136] the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent, and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm[120][137] and of a similar extension of the Scutum-Centaurus Arm.[138] With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart. Similarly, with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk.

text: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light-years (9 kpc) away.[139]

text: Gaseous halo

text: In addition to the stellar halo, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas. The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years, much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself.[140][141][142] The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million oF).[143]

text: Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much baryonic (ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way.[144] If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way.[144]

text: Sun’s location and neighborhood

text: The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm, within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble, and in the Gould Belt, at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly (8.09 ± 0.31 kpc)[15][16][17] from the Galactic Center. The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) from the central plane of the Galactic disk.[145] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly).[146] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone.

text: There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.[147]

text: The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit.[148] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth.[149] However, a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.[150]

text: It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year),[18] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).[151] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.[152]

text: Galactic rotation

text: The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph).[1] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.

text: If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.[32] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.[155]

text: Formation

text: The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang.[156] Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies.[156] Nonetheless, these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to conservation of angular momentum, this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk.[157][158]

text: Since the first stars began to form, the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers (particularly early in the Milky Way's growth) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo.[158] The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies, including two of its largest satellite galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, through the Magellanic Stream. Direct accretion of gas is observed in high-velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud.[159][160] However, properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, angular momentum, and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies.[161][162]

text: According to recent studies, the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star-formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties, star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.[163] In fact, measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies.[164]

text: Age and cosmological history

text: Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology. These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001[166] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248.[167] Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years.[168]

text: Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way.[169] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology.[169] Another star, HD 140283, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old.[9][170]

text: The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[171] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.[172]

text: The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed, but seemed to be the result of a break-up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide.[173] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.[174]

text: Environment

text: The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Bootes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the South. These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor,[175] which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.[176]

text: Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light-years. It has a close companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way.[177] Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf (the closest), Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, and Leo I Dwarf. The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, and Leo II Dwarf. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015.[178] There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as Omega Centauri.[179]

text: In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.[180] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.[181]

text: In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.[182]

text: Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 3 to 4 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low, but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy[183] over the course of about a billion years.[184]

text: Velocity

text: Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.

text: One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.[185] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley supercluster, behind it.[186] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.[187]

text: Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)[188] with respect to the photons of the CMB, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction.[188]

text: Etymology and mythology

text: In the Babylonian epic poem Enûma Eliš, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her.[189][190] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur,[191][192] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.[192]

text: Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.

text: In western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos, "milky circle"). The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars.[21][193][194][195]

text: In Greek mythology, the Milky Way was formed after the trickster god Hermes suckled the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera, the queen of the gods, while she was asleep.[196][197] When Hera awoke, she tore Heracles away from her breast and splattered her breast milk across the heavens.[196][197] In another version of the story, Athena, the patron goddess of heroes, tricked Hera into suckling Heracles voluntarily,[196][197] but he bit her nipple so hard that she flung him away, spraying milk everywhere.[196][197]

text: The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic and Antarctic circles, and two colure circles passing through both poles.[198]

text: Astronomical history

text: In Meteorologica (DK 59 A80), Aristotle (384–322 BC) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars.[199] However, Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by "the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large, numerous and close together"[200] and that the "ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere, in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions."[201][202] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 A.D.) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world.[203]

text: The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars".[204] The Andalusian astronomer Avempace (d 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence.[202] Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars" and that these stars are larger than planets.[205]

text:
According to Jamil Ragep, the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira writes:
"The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."[206]

text: Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars.[207][208] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright,[209] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales.[210] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.[211][212][213]

text: The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.[214]

text: In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.[215]

text: In 1917, Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula (Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies.[216] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.[217]

text: The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope. With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.[218][219]

text: Mapping

text: The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022.[220][221]


document_title: List of NHL franchise post-season droughts

question_text: teams that have never played in the stanley cup

root

text: Longest active droughts[edit]

text: Post-season appearance droughts[edit]

text: A post-season appearance drought is continued by not making the NHL playoffs after the regular season. Since the first round of the playoffs consists of 8 series (16 teams) and there are 31 teams in the NHL, there will always be 15 teams that did not make the most recent playoffs on this list.

tag: p

text: The other 16 teams – the Anaheim Ducks, Boston Bruins, Colorado Avalanche, Columbus Blue Jackets, Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota Wild, Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vegas Golden Knights, Washington Capitals and Winnipeg Jets – all qualified for the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs.

text:
Team

Last appearance in post-season

Post-season drought

Carolina Hurricanes
2008–09
9 seasons

Buffalo Sabres
2010–11
7 seasons

Arizona Coyotes1
2011–12
6 seasons

Vancouver Canucks
2014–15
3 seasons

Dallas Stars
2015–16
2 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
2015–16
2 seasons

Florida Panthers
2015–16
2 seasons

New York Islanders
2015–16
2 seasons

Calgary Flames
2016–17
1 season

Chicago Blackhawks
2016–17
1 season

Edmonton Oilers
2016–17
1 season

Montreal Canadiens
2016–17
1 season

New York Rangers
2016–17
1 season

Ottawa Senators
2016–17
1 season

St. Louis Blues
2016–17
1 season

tag: table

text: Post-season series win droughts[edit]

text: A post-season series win drought is continued either by not making the playoffs in a season or by making the playoffs in a season but subsequently losing the first round series. Since the first round of the NHL playoffs consist of 8 series (16 teams), there will always be 23 teams in this list – the 15 teams that do not qualify for the post-season, plus the 8 teams that lose their first round series.

text: The other 8 teams – the Boston Bruins, Nashville Predators, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Tampa Bay Lightning, Vegas Golden Knights, Washington Capitals and Winnipeg Jets – all won a post-season series in the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs.

text:
Team

Last post-seasonseries win

Subsequent post-seasonseries losses

Post-seasonseries win drought

Florida Panthers
1995–96
4 : 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2011–12, 2015–16
21 seasons

Columbus Blue Jackets
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)
4 : 2008–09, 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18
17 seasons

Toronto Maple Leafs
2003–04
3 : 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18
13 seasons

Buffalo Sabres
2006–07
2 : 2009–10, 2010–11
011 seasons

Colorado Avalanche
2007–08
3 : 2009–10, 2013–14, 2017–18
010 seasons

Carolina Hurricanes
2008–09

09 seasons

Vancouver Canucks
2010–11
3 : 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15
07 seasons

Arizona Coyotes1
2011–12

06 seasons

New Jersey Devils
2011–12
1 : 2017–18
06 seasons

Philadelphia Flyers
2011–12
3 : 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18
06 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
2012–13
3 : 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
05 seasons

Los Angeles Kings
2013–14
2 : 2015–16, 2017–18
04 seasons

Calgary Flames
2014–15
1 : 2016–17
03 seasons

Chicago Blackhawks
2014–15
2 : 2015–16, 2016–17
03 seasons

Minnesota Wild
2014–15
3 : 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18
03 seasons

Montreal Canadiens
2014–15
1 : 2016–17
03 seasons

Dallas Stars
2015–16

02 seasons

New York Islanders
2015–16

02 seasons

Anaheim Ducks
2016–17
1 : 2017–18
01 season

Edmonton Oilers
2016–17

01 season

New York Rangers
2016–17

01 season

Ottawa Senators
2016–17

01 season

St. Louis Blues
2016–17

01 season

text: Stanley Cup Finals droughts[edit]

text: This is a list of the teams and the number of seasons since they have reached the Stanley Cup Finals. This list does not include the two teams that made the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals: the Vegas Golden Knights and the Washington Capitals.

text:
Team

Last appearancein Stanley Cup Finals

Subsequent ConferenceFinals losses

Stanley CupFinals drought

Toronto Maple Leafs
1966–67
5: 1977–78, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1998–99, 2001–02
50 seasons

St. Louis Blues
1969–70
4: 1971–72, 1985–86, 2000–01, 2015–16
47 seasons

Arizona Coyotes
never (franchise entered the NHL in 1979–80)
1: 2011–12
38 seasons1

New York Islanders
1983–84
1: 1992–93
33 seasons

Montreal Canadiens
1992–93
2: 2009–10, 2013–14
24 seasons

Florida Panthers
1995–96

21 seasons

Buffalo Sabres
1998–99
2: 2005–06, 2006–07
18 seasons

Winnipeg Jets
never (inception of franchise in 1999–2000)
1: 2017–18
18 seasons2

Dallas Stars
1999–2000
1: 2007–08
17 seasons

Columbus Blue Jackets
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)

17 seasons

Minnesota Wild
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)
1: 2002–03

17 seasons

Colorado Avalanche
2000–01
1: 2001–02
16 seasons

Calgary Flames
2003–04

13 seasons

Carolina Hurricanes
2005–06
1: 2008–09
012 seasons

Edmonton Oilers
2005–06

012 seasons

Anaheim Ducks
2006–07
2: 2014–15, 2016–17
011 seasons

Ottawa Senators
2006–07
1: 2016–17
011 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
2008–09

09 seasons

Philadelphia Flyers
2009–10

08 seasons

Vancouver Canucks
2010–11

07 seasons

New Jersey Devils
2011–12

06 seasons

Boston Bruins
2012–13

05 seasons

Los Angeles Kings
2013–14

04 seasons

New York Rangers
2013–14
1: 2014–15
04 seasons

Chicago Blackhawks
2014–15

03 seasons

Tampa Bay Lightning
2014–15
2: 2015–16, 2017–18
03 seasons

San Jose Sharks
2015–16

02 seasons

Nashville Predators
2016–17

01 season

Pittsburgh Penguins
2016–17

01 season

text: Stanley Cup droughts[edit]

text: This is a list of the teams and the number of seasons since they have won the Stanley Cup. This list does not include the most recent Stanley Cup Champions: the Washington Capitals.

text:
Team

Last Stanley Cup

Subsequent Stanley CupFinals losses

Stanley Cupdrought

Toronto Maple Leafs
1966–67

50 seasons

St. Louis Blues
never (inception of franchise in 1967–68)
3 : 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70
50 seasons

Buffalo Sabres
never (inception of franchise in 1970–71)
2 : 1974–75, 1998–99
47 seasons

Vancouver Canucks
never (inception of franchise in 1970–71)
3 : 1981–82, 1993–94, 2010–11
47 seasons

Philadelphia Flyers
1974–75
6 : 1975–76, 1979–80, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1996–97, 2009–10
42 seasons

Arizona Coyotes
never (franchise entered the NHL in 1979–80)

38 seasons1

New York Islanders
1982–83
1 : 1983–84
34 seasons

Calgary Flames
1988–89
1 : 2003–04
28 seasons

Edmonton Oilers
1989–90
1 : 2005–06
27 seasons

San Jose Sharks
never (inception of franchise in 1991–92)
1 : 2015–16
26 seasons

Ottawa Senators
never (inception of franchise in 1992–93)
1 : 2006–07
25 seasons

Montreal Canadiens
1992–93

24 seasons

Florida Panthers
never (inception of franchise in 1993–94)
1 : 1995–96
24 seasons

New York Rangers
1993–94
1 : 2013–14
23 seasons

Nashville Predators
never (inception of franchise in 1998–99)
1 : 2016–17
19 seasons

Dallas Stars
1998–99
1 : 1999–2000
18 seasons

Winnipeg Jets
never (inception of franchise in 1999–2000)

18 seasons2

Columbus Blue Jackets
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)

17 seasons

Minnesota Wild
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)

17 seasons

Colorado Avalanche
2000–01

16 seasons

New Jersey Devils
2002–03
1 : 2011–12
14 seasons

Tampa Bay Lightning
2003–04
1 : 2014–15
13 seasons

Carolina Hurricanes
2005–06

012 seasons

Anaheim Ducks
2006–07

011 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
2007–08
1 : 2008–09
010 seasons

Boston Bruins
2010–11
1 : 2012–13
07 seasons

Los Angeles Kings
2013–14

04 seasons

Chicago Blackhawks
2014–15

03 seasons

Pittsburgh Penguins
2016–17

01 season

Vegas Golden Knights
never (inception of franchise in 2017–18)
1 : 2017–18
01 season

text: Closest approaches without winning[edit]

text:
Team

First RoundAppearances1

Second RoundAppearances2

Conference FinalsAppearances3

Stanley Cup FinalsAppearances

Fewest Wins Short of Stanley Cup

Vancouver Canucks
26
11
3
3
01 win short : 1993–94, 2010–11

Buffalo Sabres
27
15
6
2
02 wins short : 1974–75, 1998–99

San Jose Sharks
20
14
4
1
02 wins short : 2015–16

Nashville Predators
11
5
1
1
2 wins short : 2016–17

Ottawa Senators
16
7
3
1
03 wins short : 2006–07

Vegas Golden Knights
1
1
1
1
03 wins short : 2017–18

St. Louis Blues
33
23
7
3
04 wins short : 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70

Florida Panthers
5
1
1
1
04 wins short : 1995–96

Arizona Coyotes4
19
3
1

07 wins short : 2011–12

Winnipeg Jets5
3
1
1

7 wins short : 2017–18

Minnesota Wild
9
3
1

08 wins short : 2002–03

Columbus Blue Jackets
4

14 wins short : 2013–14, 2017–18

text: Longest all-time droughts[edit]

text: Post-season appearance droughts[edit]

text:
Team

Previous post-season appearance

Next post-season appearance

Post-season drought

Florida Panthers
1999–2000
2011–12
10 seasons1

Edmonton Oilers
2005–06
2016–17
010 seasons

Colorado Rockies/New Jersey Devils
1977–78
1987–88
09 seasons2

Carolina Hurricanes
2008–09

09 seasons

California Golden Seals/Cleveland Barons3
1969–70
never (merger of franchise after 1977–78)
08 seasons4

Boston Bruins
1958–59
1967–68
08 seasons

Washington Capitals
never (inception of franchise in 1974–75)
1982–83
08 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
1969–70
1977–78
07 seasons

New York Islanders
1993–94
2001–02
07 seasons

Calgary Flames
1995–96
2003–04
07 seasons

New York Rangers
1996–97
2005–06
07 seasons

Columbus Blue Jackets
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)
2008–09
07 seasons

Toronto Maple Leafs
2003–04
2012–13
07 seasons

Atlanta Thrashers/Winnipeg Jets
2006–07
2014–15
07 seasons5

Buffalo Sabres
2010–11

07 seasons

text: Post-season series win droughts[edit]

text:
Team

Previous post-seasonseries win

Intervening post-seasonseries losses

Next post-seasonseries win

Post-seasonseries win drought

Winnipeg Jets / Phoenix Coyotes1
1986–87
12 : 1987–88, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2009–10, 2010–11
2011–12
25 seasons2

New York Islanders
1992–93
07 : 1993–94, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2006–07, 2012–13, 2014–15
2015–16
23 seasons

Florida Panthers
1995–96
04 : 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2011–12, 2015–16

21 seasons

New York Rangers
1949–50
08 : 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1961–62, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70
1970–71
20 seasons

Atlanta Thrashers / Winnipeg Jets
never (inception of franchise in 1999–2000)
02 : 2006–07, 2014–15
2017–18
17 seasons3

Columbus Blue Jackets
never (inception of franchise in 2000–01)
04 : 2008–09, 2013–14, 2016–17, 2017–18

17 seasons

Chicago Black Hawks
1943–44
04 : 1945–46, 1952–53, 1958–59, 1959–60
1960–61
16 seasons

Hartford Whalers / Carolina Hurricanes
1985–86
08 : 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1998–99, 2000–01
2001–02
15 seasons4

Calgary Flames
1988–89
06 : 1989–90, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96
2003–04
14 seasons

Kansas City Scouts / Colorado Rockies / New Jersey Devils
never (inception of franchise in 1974–75)
01 : 1977–78
1987–88
13 seasons5

Toronto Maple Leafs
2003–04
3 : 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18

13 seasons

text: Stanley Cup Finals droughts[edit]

text:
Team

Previous Stanley Cup Finals

Intervening ConferenceFinals losses

Next Stanley Cup Finals

Stanley Cup Finals drought

Toronto Maple Leafs
1966–67
5: 1977–78, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1998–99, 2001–02

50 seasons

St. Louis Blues
1969–70
4: 1971–72, 1985–86, 2000–01, 2015–16

47 seasons

Winnipeg Jets / Phoenix/Arizona Coyotes
never (franchise entered the NHL in 1979–80)
1: 2011–12

38 seasons1

New York Islanders
1983–84
1: 1992–93

33 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
1965–66
2: 1986–87, 1987–88
1994–95
28 seasons

Los Angeles Kings
never (inception of franchise in 1967–68)
1: 1968–69
1992–93
25 seasons

Montreal Canadiens
1992–93
2: 2009–10, 2013–14

24 seasons

Buffalo Sabres
1974–75
2: 1979–80, 1997–98
1998–99
23 seasons

Pittsburgh Penguins
never (inception of franchise in 1967–68)
1: 1969–70
1990–91
23 seasons

Washington Capitals
never (inception of franchise in 1974–75)
1: 1989–90
1997–98
23 seasons

San Jose Sharks
never (inception of franchise in 1991–92)
3: 2003–04, 2009–10, 2010–11
2015–16
23 seasons

text: Stanley Cup droughts[edit]

text:
Team

Previous Stanley Cup

Intervening Stanley CupFinals losses

Next Stanley Cup

Stanley Cup drought

New York Rangers
1939–40
3 : 1949–50, 1971–72, 1978–79
1993–94
53 seasons1

Toronto Maple Leafs
1966–67

50 seasons

St. Louis Blues
never (inception of franchise in 1967–68)
3 : 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70

50 seasons

Chicago Black Hawks2
1960–61
5 : 1961–62, 1964–65, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1991–92
2009–10
47 seasons

Buffalo Sabres
never (inception of franchise in 1970–71)
2 : 1974–75, 1998–99

47 seasons

Vancouver Canucks
never (inception of franchise in 1970–71)
3 : 1981–82, 1993–94, 2010–11

47 seasons

Los Angeles Kings
never (inception of franchise in 1967–68)
1 : 1992–93
2011–12
43 seasons

Washington Capitals
never (inception of franchise in 1974–75)
1 : 1997–98
2017–18
42 seasons

Philadelphia Flyers
1974–75
6 : 1975–76, 1979–80, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1996–97, 2009–10

42 seasons

Detroit Red Wings
1954–55
6 : 1955–56, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1994–95
1996–97
41 seasons

text: Cities/regions awaiting first Stanley Cup[edit]

text: This list only includes cities/regions currently hosting an NHL franchise.

text:
City/Region

Seasons waiting

Stanley CupFinals appearances

Current NHL team

St. Louis
511
1967–682, 1968–692, 1969–702
St. Louis Blues

Buffalo
470
1974–75, 1998–99
Buffalo Sabres

Minneapolis–Saint Paul
433
1980–814, 1990–914
Minnesota Wild

San Francisco Bay Area
355
2015–16
San Jose Sharks

South Florida
240
1995–96
Florida Panthers

Phoenix
210
Never
Arizona Coyotes

Columbus, Ohio
196
Never
Columbus Blue Jackets

Nashville
190
2016–17
Nashville Predators

Las Vegas
1
2017–18
Vegas Golden Knights

text:
Although the Vancouver Canucks have not won a Stanley Cup in their 46 seasons of play (inception of franchise in 1970–71 through to 2016–17), Vancouver has one Stanley Cup to its credit - the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association won the Stanley Cup in 1915 prior to the founding of the NHL in 1917.
While the current Ottawa Senators have never won the Stanley Cup in their 24 seasons of play (inception of franchise in 1992–93 through to 2016–17), Ottawa celebrated 11 Stanley Cup championships with the original era Ottawa Senators, the last one in 1927.
While neither team called the Winnipeg Jets ever won the Stanley Cup in their combined 23 seasons playing in Winnipeg (as of 2016–17), the city celebrated three Stanley Cup championships by the Winnipeg Victorias, the last in 1902, prior to the founding of the NHL in 1917.

tag: ul


document_title: Scrooged

question_text: who played the ghost of christmas present in scrooged

text: Scrooged

text: Plot[edit]

text: IBC Television president Frank Cross is pushing his company to broadcast an extravagant live production of A Christmas Carol on Christmas Eve, making the staff work throughout the holiday. Frank fires executive Eliot Loudermilk for disagreeing with him, and sends cheap IBC-monogrammed towels to all on his Christmas list, including his personal assistant Grace, and his brother James. Frank's boss Preston Rhinelander, seeing the stress Frank is under with the production, brings in Brice Cummings to provide assistance, though Brice secretly wants Frank's job.

text: The night before the show, Frank is visited by the ghost of his mentor Lew Hayward, who died in an accident as an unloved miser. Lew warns him three more ghosts will appear to him over the next day to help Frank avoid the same fate. Before it vanishes, the ghost dials up Claire Phillips, Frank's lost love from years ago. Claire comes to the network to talk to Frank, but Frank does not make time for her, and she returns to the homeless shelter where she works.

text: As rehearsals start, Frank is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Past, appearing as a taxi driver. He takes Frank to see his past: how he found solace in television after his mother left his father, and how he had fallen in love with Claire but lost her favor when he prioritized his television career over her. When back in the present, Frank goes to see Claire, hoping to make amends. However, his attitude quickly sours when he refuses to buy a cup of coffee for Herman, one of the homeless, and after Claire's co-workers pester her about Frank's disdain for the homeless. He returns back to the studio.

text: The Ghost of Christmas Present arrives as a clumsy fairy. She takes him to Grace's apartment, showing his assistant's struggles to support her large family, including her youngest son Calvin who has remained mute since seeing his father murdered. The Ghost then shows him James, who still respects Frank as his brother despite declining invitations to his Christmas celebrations and cheap gifts. The Ghost leaves him in a utility space under a sidewalk with Herman, frozen to death due to Frank's selfishness. Frank desperately tries to escape, breaking through a boarded up door to end back up on the set of the production. Preston directs Brice to take over rehearsals to give Frank some time off.

text: Retiring to his office, Frank finds Eliot waiting for him with a shotgun, as after being fired, Eliot lost everything. Frank escapes into the elevator where the reaper-like Ghost of Christmas Future awaits. The Ghost takes him to the future, where Calvin has become catatonic and been institutionalized, and Claire had heeded Frank's words and shunned the homeless to become just like Frank. Finally, the Ghost shows Frank's cremation ceremony, with only James and his wife in attendance. Frank, having come to a revelation about his life, is shocked when he finds himself in the coffin as is it about to be incinerated, and breaks his way out, ending up back out of the elevator facing Eliot. Frank's completely changed demeanor surprises Eliot, particularly when Frank offers him a high-level executive position.

text: With Eliot's help, Frank returns to the production set, secures Brice in the control room, and breaks the show's live broadcast to speak of his new appreciation for life. He apologizes on air to Grace, James, and the cast and crew, and makes a passionate plea to Claire to come back to him. Claire sees this at the shelter, and makes for the network with the help of the Ghost of Christmas Past. As Frank and Claire reunite, Calvin comes up to Frank and speaks for the first time, reminding him to say the closing words of the Carol, "God bless us, everyone", much to Grace's elation. Frank leads the crew in singing "Put a Little Love in Your Heart", and sees Lew, the three Ghosts, and the ghost of Herman smile and wave back to him.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bill Murray as Frank Cross
Karen Allen as Claire Phillips
John Forsythe as Lew Hayward
John Glover as Brice Cummings
Alfre Woodard as Grace Cooley
Bobcat Goldthwait as Eliot Loudermilk
David Johansen as the Ghost of Christmas Past
Carol Kane as the Ghost of Christmas Present
Robert Mitchum as Preston Rhinelander
Michael J. Pollard as Herman
Mary Ellen Trainor as Ted
Mabel King as Gramma
John Murray as James Cross
Wendie Malick as Wendie Cross
Brian Doyle-Murray as Earl Cross

text: Scrooged features a number of cameos including, Lee Majors,[1] Miles Davis, Paul Shaffer, David Sanborn, John Houseman. Robert Goulet, Buddy Hackett,[2] Mary Lou Retton,[3] Jamie Farr,[4] Larry Carlton,[5] and Anne Ramsey and her husband Logan Ramsey.[4][6]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Scrooged was filmed on a $32 million budget[7] over three-and-a-half months on sets in Hollywood.[8] Murray considered himself "rusty" after having left acting for four years following the release of Ghostbusters.[9] He described the success of that film as a phenomenon that would forever be his biggest success, compounded by the failure of The Razor's Edge (1984) made him feel "radioactive" and resulted in him avoiding making movies temporarily.[10][11] Murray had the opportunity to work on Scrooged over two years earlier but Murray was enjoying his break from work. When he did feel a desire to return to acting, he said the "scripts were just not that good", and he returned to the Scrooged project as he found the idea of making a funny Scrooge appealing.[12] Murray was paid $6 million for his role. Producer Art Linson justified the figure, by saying that for each year Murray stayed away from films, his audience draw and therefore fee potentially increased. At the time, Linson said that aside from Eddie Murphy, Murray's was the only other name that could draw $10 million of tickets in the opening three to four days.[13]

text: Murray wanted several changes to the script once he joined the project; among other changes, the romantic plot with Karen Allen's Claire was expanded, and the family scenes were reworked as Murray felt they were "off".[14] Murray worked with scriptwriters, Michael O'Donoghue and Mitch Glazer (whom Murray had previously worked with on Saturday Night Live), until Murray was confident enough to begin filming.[15][4] In a 1989 interview, Murray said "we shot a big, long, sloppy movie", describing how a lot of filmed content was not present in the film's final cut.[14] The final cut of the film runs for 97 minutes.[16]

text: The production was rife with conflict between Murray and Donner. In a 1990 interview with Roger Ebert, Murray said that Scrooged "could have been a really, really great movie. The script was so good... He [Donner] kept telling me to do things louder, louder, louder. I think he was deaf."[10] In a later 1993 interview, Murray and Donner had different visions for the type of film Scrooged would become,[17] adding that there was potentially only one take in the finished film that was his.[18] Murray described the experience as having a "fair amount of misery" and said "That’s a tough one; I still have trouble talking about [Scrooged]",[17] describing working on a "dusty, smelly, and smokey" set, feeling alone, and even coughing up blood due to the fake snow being used.[8] He also admitted to feeling pressure from being the solo star of a film compared to previous productions like Ghostbusters, as he was on set mostly every day where some actors would make brief cameos requiring only a day or two of work.[15]

text: Donner himself said that he had never worked with Murray before and met up with him for drinks before accepting the project to see if they would get along; they did. The director was more positive about their relationship, describing Murray as "superbly creative but occasionally difficult - as difficult as any actor." Donner said that Murray was always in a working mindset on set, believing it made him tired, so the crew would do "silly things" to improve morale.[19] Donner had not worked with an improvisational comedian like Murray before, who ad-libbed many of his lines, saying "you don't direct [Murray], you pull him back".[15][4]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Murray described "being the meanest person in the world" as Frank Cross as fun. He described his challenge as having an edge but then complete Cross' transformation into a decent person at the end. Murray said "being a decent person is not that hard. But acting like one is."[19] Carol Kane's ghost was intended to have a body double for ballet scenes until set designer saw Kane rehearsing the dance and convinced Donner that the resulting scene would be funnier with Kane's "horrible" dancing.[20] Donner and Murray said that Kane would sometimes experience long crying periods during filming, citing frustration. Murray also endured some physical pain during his encounters with Kane's character, insisting that she actually hit him during their scenes together, and at one point tearing the inside of his lip when Kane pulled his lip too hard.[15] Kane herself said "I hit Bill Murray with a toaster, and with my wings, and I kicked him in areas that weren’t pleasant for him. I had fun. I don’t think it was as fun for Bill, because he was the victim! I did what the stunt people told me, but when I had to flap my wings in his face, I really couldn’t control them."[21]

text: The film also features Murray's three brothers; John Murray as his on-screen brother James, Brian Doyle-Murray as Frank's father, and Joel Murray cameos as a party guest,[22] and the final appearance of the Solid Gold Dancers.[4] Comedian Sam Kinison was considered for the role of the Ghost of Christmas Past before it went to musician David Johansen. Robert Mitchum cameos as Frank's boss Preston Rhinelander; the actor was not interested in the small role, but Donner asked him to meet with Murray, who convinced him to take the part.[4] Lee Majors cameos as himself in the film after being contacted directly by Donner. Starring as himself, Majors appears in the opening scene helping to save Santa Claus with a machine gun he found difficult to hold due to its weight.[1]

text: Music[edit]

text: In 1989, A&M Records released the soundtrack to Scrooged, which features 9 songs. Seven of the songs were released as singles: Put a Little Love in Your Heart (October 1988),[23] The Love You Take (December 1988),[24] The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire) December 1988[25] We Three Kings Of Orient Are,[26] A Wonderful Life,l[27] Sweetest Thing 1988[28] Christmas Must Be Tonight.[29]

text: The rendition of "Put a Little Love in Your Heart" by Al Green and Annie Lennox spent 17 weeks in the U.S. music charts, peaking at number 9 on January 14, 1989.[30][31] It was also a top 40 hit in several countries worldwide.

text:
Track listing[32]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"Put a Little Love in Your Heart"
Jackie DeShannon, Randy Myers, Jimmy Holiday
Annie Lennox & Al Green
3:48

2.
"A Wonderful Life"
Judson Spence, Monroe Jones
Mark Lennon
4:19

3.
"Sweetest Thing"
U2
New Voices of Freedom featuring Adriane McDonald & George Pendergrass
4:12

4.
"The Love You Take"
Dan Hartman
Dan Hartman & Denise Lopez
4:21

5.
"Get Up 'n' Dance"
L. Mallison, Mohandas Dewese, R. Isaacs
Kool Moe Dee
4:09

6.
"We Three Kings of Orient Are"
John Henry Hopkins, Jr.
Miles Davis, Larry Carlton, David Sanborn & Paul Shaffer
4:43

7.
"Christmas Must Be Tonight"
Robbie Robertson
Robbie Robertson
4:51

8.
"Brown Eyed Girl"
Van Morrison
Buster Poindexter
3:34

9.
"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"
Mel Tormé, Robert Wells
Natalie Cole
3:53

text: Release[edit]

text: The film's marketing made references to Murray's role in Ghostbusters, with taglines including "Bill Murray is back among the ghosts, only this time, it's three against one".[4] Scrooged premiered in Los Angeles, California on November 17, 1988,[33] followed by its public release on November 23, 1988.[34]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Scrooged was a moderate box office hit on release in the United States,[35] earning $18.6 million during its release over its Thanksgiving-extended opening weekend in the United States at 1,262 theaters. It was the highest earning film that weekend, ahead of The Land Before Time ($8.1 million) and Oliver & Company ($6.3 million), both in their second weekend,[36][37] and made Scrooged the fourth highest-opening weekend of the year.[38] The second weekend saw an over 40% drop, taking $7.5 million,[39] and over the Christmas holiday period itself, the film had fallen to ninth place, behind The Land Before Time and Oliver & Company.[6] The film left theaters after eight weeks with a total gross of $60.3 million, making it the 13th highest-grossing film of 1988.[39][38]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD version was scheduled for re-release on October 31, 2006 as the "Yule Love It!" edition. This version was to include commentary by Donner, "On the set with Bill Murray", Murray's message from the ShoWest exhibitors convention, and other featurettes including "The Look of Scrooged", "Updating Ebeneezer", "Bringing the Ghosts to Life", and "Christmas to Remember". Although Paramount promoted the "Yule Love It!" edition with images of a custom DVD case and a retail price as late as September that year, it missed its release date and it remains unreleased.[40]

text: Scrooged was released on Blu-ray on November 1, 2011. The release featured a 1080p resolution transfer of the original film and DTS HD Master Audio 5.1 quality sound. The release was criticized for only including the film's theatrical trailer, with Collider's Phil Brown saying "there must be some incredible behind-the-scenes stories to tell."[41][42][43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Pre-release audience screenings in Summer 1988 were positive, with 93% of those surveyed rating the film as "very good", the highest rating studio Paramount Pictures had received at the time. Press screenings nearer to release however were met with responses ranging from ovations to disgruntlement.[13]

text: On release, reviews were similarly mixed.[2] Roger Ebert called it one of the most "disquieting, unsettling films to come along in quite some time", saying that it portrays pain and anger more than comedy.[44] Empire's William Thomas called it a slick and cynical update of Dicken's tale, but that it is only funny when Murray's character is being a "complete bastard".[45] The Washington Post's Joe Brown said that while it was not a good movie, he loved it. Brown said that Scrooged was unlikely to become a seasonal tradition like Miracle on 34th Street and It's a Wonderful Life, considering that it would age poorly and either scare or be too adult for child audiences.[3] The Los Angeles Times's Sheila Benson said the film's opening is its high-point, featuring the parody IBC lineup of "Robert Goulet's Cajun Christmas" and "The Night the Reindeer Died," but as the film progresses the laughs become more sporadic and the tone becomes darker. Benson said that the film is a "mass of sharp, well-deserved paper cuts" to the entertainment industry, citing Murray's character whose life knowledge is based on the Golden Age of Television, and Mitchum's character who wants to add elements to the network shows that attract pet audiences, but Benson lamented that these details were never expanded upon.[46]

text: The Hollywood Reporter said that the story was uproarious and sometimes vitriolic, labeling it a scathing satire of the entertainment industry, that was a "wild and wooly holiday feast that should scrape off the competition". Their review continued that Scrooged features "wickedly amusing flashbacks", but also some overwrought comic misfires.[47] The Radio Times' John Ferguson appreciated the film, calling it a "joyously black Christmas treat", but once the "sentimentality starts seeping in", it seems like a misstep.[48] A 2007 review by Den of Geek agreed, saying that the film and Murray are at their best before the redemption begins, and that the only film to come close to capturing Murray's vitriol was 2003's Bad Santa.[49]

text: Jonathan Rosenbaum called Scrooged an ironic film, for seemingly condemning the commercialization of Christmas while also capitalizing on it, taking on the moral message of "A Christmas Carol", "without sacrificing its yuppie priorities for an instant". Rosenbaum cited out the ending in particular, where Frank gives his Christmas message, causing Karen to leave the needy homeless to come to his side, and both are watched over approvingly by Herman, a homeless man who froze to death.[50] Ebert and Empire concurred about the ending. Ebert said that the necessary words are spoken by the characters, but it lacks heart, continues at embarrassing length, and seems like an onscreen breakdown.[44] Empire also called the ending embarrassing and beyond Murray's capabilities.[45] Converesely, the BBC's Ben Falk said it is hard not to join in singing at the end.[51]

text: Critics were divided by Murray's performance.[51][44] Falk said that Murray is a comic genius at his best, and Brown said that he created a credible, comic character.[51][3] Ferguson said that the first part of Scrooged featured Murray at "his sour faced best".[48] The Hollywood Reporter called him "hilariously convincing" and "impressively sinister" as the TV executive, saying that his hip and sassy performance gives the film energy, nuttiness and charm. Their review said that his deadpan, cutting style was hilarious, but that he layers the character's histrionics with inner sensibility that makes his eventual redemption believable and uplifting.[47] Conversely, Ebert said that Murray looks genuinely unhappy, and lacked the lightness and good cheer lurking beneath previous performances. Ebert also criticized Murray's ad-libbing, blaming it for being at odds with, and blocking the flow of the story.[44] Benson said that Murray imbued Frank Cross' worst attributes with sincerity, making his redemption difficult to accept.[46]

text: Carol Kane was praised for her performance, with The Hollywood Reporter referring to her as a "certified hoot", and Entertainment Weekly's Sara Vilkomerson saying that she "steals the show" from Murray.[47][52] Benson said that watching her fragile, winged character pummel Murray was "strangely satisfying", although the joke eventually wore out.[46] Benson was more positive on Woodward, saying that she offered the films one completely persuasive performance.[46] The Hollywood Reporter also praised Woodward, Mitchum, and John Glover's credible portrayal of a sleazy executive. Both The Hollywood Reporter and Brown appreciated Goldthwait's role, with Brown calling it "twitchingly touching".[47][3] Thomas called Johansen's Ghost of Christmas Past a "bonus", but he and Benson lamented the "king's ransom of actors" that were wasted.[45][46] The Hollywood Reporter said that Elfman's music is "full blast with holiday spirit", and singled out J. Michael Riva's production design, calling it "dead on the mark funny".[47]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Make up artists Tom Burman and Bari Dreiband-Burman were responsible for the film's single nomination at the 61st Academy Awards for Best Makeup, losing to Beetlejuice.[53] It was also nominated for three Saturn Awards: Best Fantasy Film, Best Actor for Bill Murray, and Best Special Effects. Danny Elfman's score won a BMI Award.[citation needed]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Since its release, Scrooged has become a cult classic[54] and a Christmas classic, being regularly shown on TV during the holiday period. Entertainment Weekly's Whitney Pastorek called it an immortal classic and argued that it is the most underrated Christmas movie. Pastorek said that the film is "both crude and sentimental, resonant and ludicrous...Scrooged is the perfect holiday movie for bitter, reluctant, closet Christmas lovers".[55] The Boston Globe's Maura Johnston said that the film was ahead of its time which allowed it to remain relevant years later,[56] and PopMatters said that their view of the ongoing commercialization of Christmas, and the film's anticipation of marketing tactics aimed at pets watching television, made the film more relevant now that at the time of its release.[56][57] In 2012, Den of Geek! described it as the "finest Christmas comedy of all time".[58] Al Green's and Annie Lennox's "Put a Little Love in your Heart" is also played regularly at Christmas despite not being about or mentioning Christmas.[56] O'Donoghue disavowed the film before his death, stating that the script was much funnier than what ended up on screen.[59]

text: Contemporary review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes offers a score of 69% based on 42 reviews—an average rating of 6 out of 10, which provides the consensus: "Scrooged gets by with Bill Murray and a dash of holiday spirit, although it's hampered by a markedly conflicted tone and an undercurrent of mean-spiritedness."[60] The film also has a score of 38 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14critics indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[61]

text: In 2015, IGN named it the 11th-best holiday movie of all time.[54] In 2016, Empire listed Scrooged as the seventh-best Christmas film, and in 2017, Time Out and Consequence of Sound listed it as, respectively, the 12th-best and 23rd best.[62][63][64] That same year, Collider named it the fifth-best adaptation of A Christmas Carol, calling it is easily the best non-traditional translation of the story, and saying that it uses "a classic tale of redemption as the framework for a satire of modern culture's desire to embrace the irredeemable".[65] Johansen's prominent role in the film sent his New York Dolls band mate Arthur Kane into a jealous rage after seeing Scrooged on TV, resulting in him beating his wife before attempting suicide by jumping from a third story window.[66]


document_title: The Mission (1986 film)

question_text: where does the movie the mission take place

text: The Mission (1986 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is set in the 1740s and involves Spanish Jesuit priest Father Gabriel who enters the northeastern Argentina and western Paraguayan jungle to build a mission station and convert a Guaraní community to Christianity. The Guaraní are not initially receptive to Christianity or outsiders in general, and tie a priest to a wooden cross and send him over the Iguazu Falls. Father Gabriel travels to the falls, climbs to the top, and plays his oboe. The Guaraní warriors, captivated by the music, allow him to live.

text: Mercenary and slaver Rodrigo Mendoza makes his living kidnapping natives such as the Guarani community and selling them to nearby plantations, including the plantation of the Spanish Governor Don Cabeza. After returning from another kidnapping trip Mendoza is told by his assumed fiancée, Carlotta, that she loves his younger half-brother Felipe. Mendoza later finds them in bed together and in a fit of rage kills Felipe in a duel. Although he is acquitted of the killing of Felipe, Mendoza spirals into depression. Father Gabriel visits and challenges Mendoza to undertake a suitable penance. Mendoza accompanies the Jesuits on their return journey, dragging a heavy bundle containing his armour and sword. After initially tense moments upon reaching the outskirts of the natives' territory, though they recognise him, the natives embrace a tearful Mendoza and cut away his heavy bundle.

text: Father Gabriel's mission is depicted as a place of sanctuary and education for the Guaraní. Moved by the Guaraní's acceptance, Mendoza wishes to help at the mission and Father Gabriel gives him a Bible. In time, Mendoza takes vows and becomes a Jesuit under Father Gabriel and his colleague Father Fielding.

text: The Jesuit missions were safe because they were protected under Spanish law. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) reapportioned South American land the Jesuit missions were located on, transferring the area to the Portuguese, who allowed slavery. The Portuguese colonials seek to enslave the natives, and as the independent Jesuit missions might impede this, Papal emissary Cardinal Altamirano, a former Jesuit priest himself, is sent from the Vatican to survey the missions and decide which, if any, should be allowed to remain.

text: Under pressure from both Cabeza and Portuguese Governor Don Hontar, Cardinal Altamirano is forced to choose between two evils. If he rules in favour of the colonists, the indigenous peoples will become enslaved; if he rules in favour of the missions, the entire Jesuit Order may be condemned by the Portuguese and the European Catholic Church could fracture. Altamirano visits the missions and is amazed at their industry and success, both in converting the Indians and, in some cases, economically. At Father Gabriel's mission of San Carlos he tries to explain the reasons behind closing the mission and instructs the Guaraní that they must leave because it is God's will. The Guaraní question the validity of his claim, and argue God's will was to settle and develop the mission. Father Gabriel and Mendoza, under threat of excommunication, state their intention to defend the mission alongside the Guaraní if the plantation owners and colonists attack. They are, however, divided on how to do this, and they debate how to respond to the impending military attack. Father Gabriel believes that violence is a direct crime against God. Mendoza, however, decides to break his vows to militarily defend the Mission. Against Father Gabriel's wishes, he teaches the natives the European art of war and once more takes up his sword.

text: When a joint Portuguese and Spanish [discuss] force attack, the mission is initially defended by Mendoza, Fielding and the Guaraní. They are no match for the military force and Mendoza is shot and fatally wounded after the soldiers destroy a trap, allowing them to enter the village. Fielding sacrifices himself by killing the Portuguese commander before he is killed. Upon seeing the Church at the mission village the soldiers become reluctant to fire. When the soldiers enter the mission village, they encounter the singing of Father Gabriel and the Guaraní women and children who march in the procession. Fr. Gabriel leads carrying a monstrance with the Blessed Sacrament. In spite of this, the Spanish [discuss] commander orders the attack and Father Gabriel, the rest of the priests and most of the Guaraní, including women and children, are gunned down. After Fr. Gabriel is shot, a child picks up the Blessed Sacrament and leads the procession. Only a handful escape into the jungle.

text: In a final exchange between Cardinal Altamirano and Don Hontar, Hontar laments that what happened was unfortunate but inevitable because "we must work in the world; the world is thus." Altamirano replies, "No, thus have we made the world. Thus have I made it." Days later, a canoe of young children return to the scene of the Mission massacre and salvage a few belongings. They set off up the river, going deeper into the jungle, with the thought that the events will remain in their memories. A final title declares that many priests continue to fight for the rights of indigenous people. The text of John 1:5 is displayed: "The light shineth in the darkness, and the darkness hath not overcome it."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert De Niro as Captain Rodrigo Mendoza
Jeremy Irons as Father Gabriel
Ray McAnally as Cardinal Altamirano
Aidan Quinn as Felipe Mendoza
Cherie Lunghi as Carlotta
Ronald Pickup as Don Hontar
Chuck Low as Don Cabeza

Fred Melamed provides Don Cabeza's voice (uncredited)[7]

Liam Neeson as Father John Fielding
Bercelio Moya as Indian Boy
Sigifredo Ismare as Witch Doctor
Asuncion Ontiveros as Indian Chief
Alejandrino Moya as Chief's Lieutenant
Daniel Berrigan as Sebastian
Rolf Gray as Father Ralph
Álvaro Guerrero as Jesuit

text: Historical basis[edit]

text: The Mission is based on events surrounding the Treaty of Madrid in 1750, in which Spain ceded part of Jesuit Paraguay to Portugal. A significant subtext is the impending suppression of the Jesuits, of which Father Gabriel is warned by the film's narrator, Cardinal Altamirano, who was once himself a Jesuit. Altamirano, speaking in hindsight in 1758, corresponds to the actual Andalusian Jesuit Father Luis Altamirano, who was sent by Jesuit Superior General Ignacio Visconti to Paraguay in 1752 to transfer territory from Spain to Portugal. He oversaw the transfer of seven missions south and east of the Río Uruguay, that had been settled by Guaraní and Jesuits in the 17th century. As compensation, Spain promised each mission 4,000 pesos, or fewer than 1 peso for each of the circa 30,000 Guaraní of the seven missions, while the cultivated lands, livestock, and buildings were estimated to be worth 7–16 million pesos. The film's climax is the Guaraní War of 1754–1756, during which historical Guaraní defended their homes against Spanish-Portuguese forces implementing the Treaty of Madrid. For the film, a re-creation was made of one of the seven missions, São Miguel das Missões.[8]

text: Father Gabriel's character is loosely based on the life of Paraguayan saint and Jesuit Roque González de Santa Cruz. The story is taken from the book The Lost Cities of Paraguay by Father C. J. McNaspy, S.J., who was also a consultant on the film.[9]

text: The waterfall setting of the film suggests the combination of these events with the story of older missions, founded between 1610–1630 on the Paranapanema River above the Guaíra Falls, from which Paulista slave raids forced Guaraní and Jesuits to flee in 1631. The battle at the end of the film evokes the eight-day Battle of Mbororé in 1641, a battle fought on land as well as in boats on rivers, in which the Jesuit-organised, firearm-equipped Guaraní forces stopped the Paulista raiders.[8]

text: Historical inaccuracies[edit]

text: The character of Altamirano is historically inaccurate. He was not a cardinal sent by the Pope but an emissary sent by the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Ignacio Visconti, to preserve the Jesuits in Europe in the face of attacks in Spain and Portugal.[10]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was mostly filmed in Colombia, Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. The tunnels of Fort Amherst in Kent were used as part of the monastery where Mendoza (Robert De Niro) is being held after he murders his brother.[11]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Mission main theme

From The Mission soundtrack by Ennio Morricone

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The Mission soundtrack was written by Ennio Morricone. Beginning with a liturgical piece ("On Earth as It Is in Heaven") which becomes the "Spanish" theme, it moves quickly to the "Guaraní" theme, which is written in a heavily native style and uses several indigenous instruments. Later, Morricone defines the "Mission" theme as a duet between the "Spanish" and "Guaraní" themes.

text: Other themes throughout the movie include the "Penance", "Conquest" and "Ave Maria Guaraní" themes. In the latter, a large choir of indigenous people sing a rendition of the "Ave Maria".

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film grossed $17.2 million at the US and international box office against a budget of £16.5 million, which at the time was the US equivalent of $25.4 million, making this film a commercial flop.

text: The Mission received mixed to positive reviews from critics. The film currently holds a 65% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews.[12]

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text: Academy Awards[13]

text:
Best Picture – Fernando Ghia and David Puttnam (nominated)
Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Art Direction – Stuart Craig and Jack Stephens (nominated)
Best Cinematography – Chris Menges (won)
Best Costume Design – Enrico Sabbatini (nominated)
Best Film Editing – Jim Clark (nominated)
Best Original Score – Ennio Morricone (nominated)

text: BAFTA Film Awards[14]

text:
Best Film – Fernando Ghia, David Puttnam and Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Ray McAnally (won)
Best Original Screenplay – Robert Bolt (nominated)
Best Cinematography – Chris Menges (nominated)
Best Costume Design – Enrico Sabbatini (nominated)
Best Film Editing – Jim Clark (won)
Best Film Music – Ennio Morricone (won)
Best Production Design – Stuart Craig (nominated)
Best Sound – Ian Fuller, Bill Rowe and Clive Winter (nominated)
Best Special Visual Effects – Peter Hutchinson (nominated)

text: Cannes Film Festival

text:
Palme d'Or – Roland Joffé (won)[15]
Technical Grand Prize – Roland Joffé (won)[15]

text: Golden Globe Awards[16]

text:
Best Motion Picture – Drama (nominated)
Best Director – Roland Joffé (nominated)
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama – Jeremy Irons (nominated)
Best Screenplay – Robert Bolt (won)
Best Original Score – Ennio Morricone (won)

text: Others[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #23[17]