question_text: who plays alan dershowitz in american crime story

root

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Sterling K. Brown as Christopher Darden
Kenneth Choi as Judge Lance Ito
Christian Clemenson as Bill Hodgman
Cuba Gooding Jr. as O. J. Simpson
Bruce Greenwood as Gil Garcetti
Nathan Lane as F. Lee Bailey
Sarah Paulson as Marcia Clark
David Schwimmer as Robert Kardashian
John Travolta as Robert Shapiro
Courtney B. Vance as Johnnie Cochran

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Chris Bauer as Det. Tom Lange
Selma Blair as Kris Jenner
Jordana Brewster as Denise Brown
Connie Britton as Faye Resnick
Garrett M. Brown as Lou Brown
Chris Conner as Jeffrey Toobin
Bonita Friedericy as Patti Goldman
Dale Godboldo as Carl E. Douglas
Jessica Blair Herman as Kim Goldman
Evan Handler as Alan Dershowitz
Larry King as himself
Cheryl Ladd as Linell Shapiro
Billy Magnussen as Kato Kaelin
Rob Morrow as Barry Scheck
Robert Morse as Dominick Dunne
Michael McGrady as Det. Phillip Vannatter
Angel Parker as Shawn Chapman
Steven Pasquale as Det. Mark Fuhrman
Leonard Roberts as Dennis Schatzman
Keesha Sharp as Dale Cochran
Joseph Siravo as Fred Goldman
Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Al Cowlings

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Marguerite Moreau as Laura McKinny
Angie Patterson as Paula Barbieri
Kwame Patterson as Michael Darden
Romy Rosemont as Jill Shively
Duane Shepard Sr. as Mr. Darden
Beau Wirick as Allan Park
Ken Lerner as Howard Weitzman

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)11"From the Ashes of Tragedy"Ryan MurphyScott Alexander & Larry KaraszewskiFebruary 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)1WAX015.12[3]
On the morning of June 13, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman are found stabbed to death outside Brown's Brentwood, Los Angeles condominium. When Brown's ex-husband, NFL superstar and actor O. J. Simpson, becomes a person of interest in the double homicide, deputy district attorney Marcia Clark takes the case, discovering that Simpson physically assaulted Brown multiple times in the past. As African-American defense attorney Johnnie Cochran challenges Christopher Darden for not standing up for his race as a prosecutor, the LAPD questions Simpson only for him to give vague responses and fail to establish a timeline for the day prior to the murders. Clark becomes further convinced Simpson is guilty while Robert Kardashian talks Simpson into hiring litigator Robert Shapiro as his new attorney. Days later, a suicidal Simpson brings a gun into Kardashian's house as the LAPD arrives to arrest him for the murders. When both parties cannot find Simpson, Kardashian learns he has escaped with friend Al Cowlings in his white Ford Bronco.
22"The Run of His Life"Ryan MurphyScott Alexander & Larry KaraszewskiFebruary 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)1WAX023.90[4]
In the aftermath of Simpson's disappearance, District Attorney Gil Garcetti issues a statewide manhunt while Shapiro and Kardashian discover Simpson's suicide letter. Shapiro then holds a press conference to save face, with Kardashian reading the letter to the press. A driver on the I-405 spots Simpson in his Ford Bronco and notifies the LAPD, leading to a low-speed chase that dominates the airwaves. Simpson orders Cowlings to drive him to Brentwood and prepares to kill himself when Kardashian calls him and asks that he peacefully surrender. Simpson complies and emerges from the car before being taken into custody for the murders.
33"The Dream Team"Anthony HemingwayD. V. DeVincentisFebruary 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)1WAX033.34[5]
With Simpson now in custody, Shapiro begins assembling his defense team, while Clark confirms to the media that Simpson is to be prosecuted for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman, which means he is eligible for the death penalty. Clark also reveals the evidence, the glove, and the blood trail to the media, leading most of the media (and Clark herself) to believe that the case will be an easy win. A controversial issue of TIME magazine featuring a darkened image of Simpson on the cover raises issues of racism among the media. Shapiro signs F. Lee Bailey first onto the team, who recommends bringing aboard Alan Dershowitz. Dershowitz mentions they could argue that the DNA found at the crime scene could have been tampered with, and this is later made the main defense after it is revealed that Mark Fuhrman, the LAPD detective who found the glove that is key to the prosecution's case, has made racist comments frequently during his career. Deciding to go with the argument that the LAPD is systemically racist and has framed Simpson for racist reasons, Shapiro talks to a reporter from The New Yorker who publishes it as a front-page story. Simpson, after meeting with Shapiro, Bailey, and Kardashian, reluctantly agrees to bring aboard Cochran as the final member of his defense team. Meanwhile, the prosecution is forced to move onto the attack for the trial after most of key evidence is leaked to the media, and they panic over Shapiro's plan for the defense.
44"100% Not Guilty"Anthony HemingwayMaya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky andScott Alexander & Larry KaraszewskiFebruary 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)1WAX043.00[6]
Simpson's "dream team" bears down on the trial, with Shapiro adopting a strategy of barricading and objecting to every motion the prosecution attempts. However, the defense suffers from dissent in the ranks, as Shapiro begins making desperate efforts to remain the lead defense attorney, despite Cochran's being clearly more qualified for the position as the defense increasingly begins to lean more on racial tension. Eventually Bailey, Cochran, and Kardashian stage a minor coup while Shapiro is on vacation, and convince Simpson to endorse Cochran as the lead attorney. Lance Ito is called to preside over the trial, and the process of jury selection begins, with both sides seeking a racial composition favorable to their own agenda. While both Clark and Cochran are correct that whites are biased against Simpson and black men are biased in his favor, they each have their own respective theories about why black women would be unsympathetic to him: Cochran believes they would resent Simpson for marrying a white woman, while Clark believes they would be sympathetic to Nicole as a battered woman. However, this theorizing proves inaccurate when all potential black female jurors align with Simpson as much as their male counterparts. Clark is also forced to confront the fact that she herself is singularly uncharismatic to jurors of all demographics. Adding to the media circus surrounding the case is a book published by Faye Resnick, detailing Brown Simpson's lifestyle and relationship to Simpson, and detracting more potential evidence from the trial itself. With Clark and her team realizing the case is not the easy win they initially thought it was, she and Garcetti decide that the only possible buffer against the charismatic and beloved Cochran is to add a black lawyer to the prosecution. She calls on Christopher Darden, and he joins the prosecution team, surprising the defense.
55"The Race Card"John SingletonJoe Robert ColeMarch 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)1WAX052.73[7]
The Simpson murder trial begins when in his first contribution to the prosecution, Darden attempts to sway the jury from any racist implications of the case. His wording backfires severely when Cochran delivers a fiery and moving rebuttal, humiliating all of the prosecutors. Clark also assigns Darden to interview Mark Fuhrman and coach him on how to speak during the trial as a credible witness. Darden gets a bad feeling about Fuhrman, strongly suspecting him to be the latent racist suggested by his murky history, but Clark disregards his suspicions, leaving him increasingly conflicted about his role in the case. Meanwhile, Cochran redecorates Simpson's home, re-imagining him as being more proud and in touch with his African American identity, for a tour by the jury. After the defense springs a surprise and illegal move by introducing new witnesses, William Hodgman suffers a panic attack and faints in court. Clark nominates Darden to replace him as co-leading prosecutor. A new obstacle emerges to the prosecution, unbeknownst to Clark, when Darden's suspicions are confirmed and Fuhrman is shown to have a collection of Nazi memorabilia.
66"Marcia, Marcia, Marcia"Ryan MurphyD. V. DeVincentisMarch 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)1WAX063.00[8]
Clark is going through a bitter divorce. The media criticizes her attitude and appearance and she becomes overwhelmed with her sudden celebrity status. Television networks preempt their daytime programming for coverage of the trial. Darden and Clark bond at the office after-hours with drinks and dancing. A reporter from Los Angeles Times confronts Cochran about the alleged past domestic violence against his first wife. Clark decides to get a haircuit in response to the media's criticisms of her, but it is not well received. Bailey gives his cross examination of Fuhrman, asking him if he has ever used the 'N' word in the last ten years, which Fuhrman strongly denies. Darden consoles Clark, who bemoans finding herself being turned into a public personality like the defense lawyers.
77"Conspiracy Theories"Anthony HemingwayD. V. DeVincentisMarch 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)1WAX072.89[9]
Shapiro tries to convince others to agree to a plea deal. Kardashian finds himself unable to believe Simpson's story because of the lack of any other suspects. Clark travels to Oakland with Darden for a friend's birthday showing the increasing closeness between them both. Simpson tries on the gloves (found at the scene of the crime). After he seemingly struggles to put on the gloves, it appears that they are too small.
88"A Jury in Jail"Anthony HemingwayJoe Robert ColeMarch 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)1WAX082.91[10]
The members on the jury start to go stir-crazy and deal with cabin fever during sequestration. A few of them are excused for lying on the questionnaire or having connections with Simpson in strange ways. The defense and counsel begin to focus on getting alternates who they are sure would vote favorably at the end of the trial. After the glove debacle, everyone assumes that Simpson is not guilty but when Clark fiercely presents the DNA evidence in court, doubts start again. Even the ever-faithful Kardashian begins to doubt Simpson's story while Cochran and Shapiro seem unconcerned with this.
99"Manna from Heaven"Anthony HemingwayScott Alexander & Larry KaraszewskiMarch 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)1WAX092.76[11]
Simpson's attorneys uncover tapes of Fuhrman recounting horrifying stories of torturing, murdering and framing black suspects for fun. It emerges that one of the people Fuhrman attacks in those tapes is the wife of Judge Lance Ito, and a mistrial is barely avoided. The tapes are released, Fuhrman takes the stand and further incriminates himself by refusing to answer any more questions, much to the dismay of Clark.
1010"The Verdict"Ryan MurphyScott Alexander & Larry KaraszewskiApril 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)1WAX103.27[12]
On the last day of proceedings, Simpson declines to take the stand and instead makes a brief statement, maintaining his innocence and expressing his yearning for the trial to end and to return to his family. Following four hours of deliberation, the jury delivers a not guilty verdict, prompting rejoice and shock across the country. Simpson returns to civilian life only to enter a society that perceives him as a different person as he was before the trial: some, primarily his family, welcome him home with open arms while his friends and neighbors view him as a killer who got away with his crime. During a welcome home party, in which he states his intent to find the real killer, Simpson sees Kardashian leave in disgust and learns that his favorite restaurant has banned him before going to gaze at a life-size statue of himself in his backyard.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On October 7, 2014, it was announced that FX had ordered a 10-episode season of American Crime Story, developed by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski, and executive produced by Alexander and Karaszewski, as well as Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, who co-created such series as Nip/Tuck, Glee, American Horror Story, and Scream Queens. Murphy also directed the pilot episode. Other executive producers are Nina Jacobson and Brad Simpson.[13] Co-executive producers are Anthony Hemingway and D. V. DeVincentis. All 10 episodes were expected to be written by Alexander and Karaszewski.[1][14] The series was previously in development at Fox but since moved to the company's sibling cable network FX.[15]

tag: p

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cuba Gooding Jr. and Sarah Paulson were the first to be cast as Simpson and Marcia Clark, respectively.[16] Subsequently, David Schwimmer was cast as Robert Kardashian.[17] In January 2015, it was reported that John Travolta had joined the cast as Robert Shapiro; he would also serve as producer.[18] In February 2015, Courtney B. Vance joined the series as Johnnie Cochran.[19] In March 2015, it was announced that Connie Britton would co-star as Faye Resnick.[20] April 2015 saw the casting of Sterling K. Brown as Christopher Darden,[21] Jordana Brewster as Denise Brown,[22] and Kenneth Choi as Judge Lance Ito.[23] In May 2015, it was confirmed Selma Blair would be portraying Kris Kardashian Jenner.[24] In July 2015, it was announced Nathan Lane had joined the cast as F. Lee Bailey.[25]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California.[22][26]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In October 2015, FX released its first promotional trailer for The People v. O. J. Simpson, showing an Akita dog whining, walking from its residence onto a sidewalk to bark, then walking back to its residence, leaving behind bloody paw prints.[27] Later that month another teaser was released, wherein the first actual footage of Travolta as Shapiro was shown. In the teaser, Shapiro is about to ask Simpson (whose face is unseen) if he is responsible for the murder of Simpson's ex-wife. In the next short teaser that was released, Simpson (again unseen) is taking a lie detector test.

text: In November, two new teasers were released. The first shows Simpson writing his attempted suicide letter, while a voice-over by Gooding, Jr. narrates. The second shows the police chasing Simpson's white Ford Bronco, while dozens of fans cheer for him.[28]

text: The first full trailer was released in December, along with a poster for the season. The trailer included Simpson sitting in the childhood bedroom of Kim Kardashian and contemplating suicide while Robert Kardashian tries to stop him.[29]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The first season of American Crime Story received acclaim from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 96%, based on 79 reviews, with an average rating of 8.73/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story brings top-shelf writing, directing, and acting to bear on a still-topical story while shedding further light on the facts—and provoking passionate responses along the way."[30] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 90 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[31]

text: Many critics singled out many cast members for the performances, particularly Paulson and Vance.[32][33][34] Dan Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter praised the performances of Paulson and Vance, writing: "As Clark's discomfort grows, Paulson's collection of tics seem more and more human, [...] Vance's Cochran is sometimes hilarious, but he has a dynamic range such that he's occasionally introspective and always intelligent as well."[33] Brian Lowry of Variety praised the casting of the smaller roles, particularly Connie Britton as Faye Resnick and Nathan Lane as F. Lee Bailey.[35]

text: Despite the praise for the rest of the cast, Travolta and Gooding's respective portrayals of Shapiro and Simpson have been met with mixed reviews by critics. Brian Lowry of Variety called Travolta "awful" in the role, adding: "Yes, Shapiro spoke in stiff, measured tones, but the actor's overly mannered line readings turn the attorney into a buffoon, in sharp contrast to the more nuanced portrayals around him."[35] Nicole Jones of Vanity Fair called his performance "campy and calculated."[36] Dan Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also criticized his performance, calling it "a mesmerizingly bad performance from the eyebrows down." He also wrote that "His unnecessary accent varies by episode, and Travolta's laser intensity feels arch and almost kabuki at times, turning Shapiro into a terrifying character from the next American Horror Story installment, rather than a part of this ensemble."[33]

text: Maureen Ryan of Vanity Fair, conversely, became more impressed with Travolta as the season progressed: "I started in the realm of puzzled disbelief, arrived at amusement, and ultimately traveled to a place of sincere appreciation. You simply can't take your eyes off Travolta, and that is a form of enchantment."[37] Elisabeth Garber-Paul of Rolling Stone also called it "arguably [Travolta's] best performance since Tarantino brought him back from the dead."[38] Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote that Travolta's was the show's "broadest performance."[39]

text: Dave Schilling of The Guardian panned Gooding's performance, writing: "his whiny, gravely voice sounds absolutely nothing like the real O. J. Simpson's deep, commanding tones."[40] Michael Starr of New York Post also was highly critical of Gooding's performance, saying that he "portrays Simpson as a hollow, sad-sack cipher who speaks in a high-pitched whine and sleepwalks in a fog he never shakes after being arrested for the brutal double murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman. He's a forgettable, annoying presence in what should be a showcase role for Gooding—who, to be fair, is reciting lines written for him, so he can only do so much with the material."[41]

text: On the other hand, Joe McGovern was more positive on Gooding's performance, writing that his casting "takes a risk and pulls it off."[42] Elisabeth Garber-Paul of Rolling Stone described his performance as "an unnervingly believable take on a potential psychopath with teetering sanity."[38] Nick Venable of Cinema Blend also opined that Gooding's turn as Simpson "could indeed get him on a shortlist of Emmy nominees."[43]

text: In spite of the mixed reviews on their performances, Gooding and Travolta received Emmy nominations. Additionally, Travolta was among the recipients for Outstanding Limited Series, being one of the show's producers. Gooding's Emmy nomination for his work on the series was criticized by some reviewers.[44]

text: Reaction from individuals involved[edit]

text: Mark Fuhrman, who is portrayed by Steven Pasquale, refused to watch the series and called his portrayal untruthful. In an interview with New York Post, he said, "The last 20 years, I have watched the facts dismissed by the media, journalists and the public simply because it does not fit within the politically correct narrative. At this late date, FX is attempting to establish a historical artifact with this series without reaching out to any prosecution sources. In a time when Americans read less and less and investigative journalism is on vacation, it is sad that this movie will be the historical word on this infamous trial. After all, it was 'based on a true story.'"[45]

text: Marcia Clark praised the series and called Sarah Paulson's portrayal of her "phenomenal."[46] Clark went to the Emmys with Sarah Paulson, who won that night for her performance.[47]

text: The families of Brown and Goldman expressed anger at the show. Ron Goldman's father, Fred Goldman, had numerous criticisms of the series. He felt that there was not enough material about Ron, who is only depicted on the show as a corpse. He expressed concern that the generations of people who were too young to understand the events at the time would consider everything to be accurate. Goldman's family also criticized the series for not depicting the murders, as they believe that Goldman died trying to save Brown from her attacker and that he was the man who eyewitnesses heard shouting that night.[48] Goldman's sister, Kim, criticised the series for sympathetic portrayals of Simpson and Kardashian. Nicole Brown's sister, Tanya Brown, lashed out at the cast members for what she saw as a lack of consultation with the families.[49]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"From the Ashes of Tragedy"

February 2, 2016
2.0
5.11[3]
1.6
3.86
3.6
8.97[50]

2

"The Run of His Life"

February 9, 2016
1.5
3.89[4]
1.9
4.37
3.4
8.26[51]

3

"The Dream Team"

February 16, 2016
1.3
3.33[5]
1.6
3.45
2.9
6.78[52]

4

"100% Not Guilty"

February 23, 2016
1.3
2.99[6]
1.4
3.35
2.7
6.34[53]

5

"The Race Card"

March 1, 2016
1.1
2.72[7]
2.0
4.28
3.1
7.00[54]

6

"Marcia, Marcia, Marcia"

March 8, 2016
1.2
3.00 [8]
1.8
4.03
3.0
7.03[55]

7

"Conspiracy Theories"

March 15, 2016
1.2
2.89 [9]
1.7
3.88
2.9
6.77[56]

8

"A Jury in Jail"

March 22, 2016
1.2
2.91[10]
1.3
3.01
2.5
5.92[57]

9

"Manna from Heaven"

March 29, 2016
1.1
2.76[11]
1.8
3.99
2.9
6.75[58]

10

"The Verdict"

April 5, 2016
1.3
3.27[12]
1.6
3.51
2.9
6.78[59]

text: SeasonEpisode numberAverage12345678910The People v. O. J. Simpson5.123.903.343.002.733.002.892.912.763.273.29The Assassination of Gianni Versace2.221.421.260.980.911.100.921.001.20N/A1.22

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominated artist/work

Result

2016

BET Awards 2016[62]

Best Actor

Courtney B. Vance

Nominated

68th Primetime Emmy Awards[63]

Outstanding Limited Series

The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story

Won

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie

Courtney B. Vance

Won

Cuba Gooding Jr.

Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie

Sarah Paulson

Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie

Sterling K. Brown

Won

David Schwimmer

Nominated

John Travolta

Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special

Ryan Murphy (for "From the Ashes of Tragedy")

Nominated

John Singleton (for "The Race Card")

Nominated

Anthony Hemingway (for "Manna from Heaven")

Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special

Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski (for "From the Ashes of Tragedy")

Nominated

Joe Robert Cole (for "The Race Card")

Nominated

D. V. DeVincentis (for "Marcia, Marcia, Marcia")

Won

68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[63]

Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special

Jeanne McCarthy, Nicole Abellera Hallman, Courtney Bright, and Nicole Daniels

Won

Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie

Nelson Cragg (for "From the Ashes of Tragedy")

Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Period/Fantasy Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray, and Elinor Bardach (for "Marcia, Marcia, Marcia")

Nominated

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie

Chris Clark, Natalie Driscoll, Shay Sanford-Fong, and Katrina Chevalier

Won

Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)

Eryn Krueger Mekash, Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Deborah Huss Humphries, Luis Garcia, and Becky Cotton

Nominated

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie

Adam Penn (for "From the Ashes of Tragedy")

Nominated

C. Chi-Yoon Chung (for "The Race Card")

Won

Stewart Schill (for "The Verdict")

Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie

Doug Andham, Joe Earle, and John Bauman (for "From the Ashes of Tragedy")

Won

32nd TCA Awards[64]

Program of the Year

The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story

Won

Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials

Won

Individual Achievement in Drama

Sarah Paulson

Won

Courtney B. Vance

Nominated

7th Critics' Choice Television Awards[65]

Best Movie/Limited Series

The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story

Won

Best Actor in a Movie/Limited Series

Courtney B. Vance

Won

Cuba Gooding Jr.

Nominated

Best Actress in a Movie/Limited Series

Sarah Paulson

Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Limited Series

Sterling K. Brown

Won

John Travolta

Nominated

2017

74th Golden Globe Awards[66]

Best Limited Series or Television Film

The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story

Won

Best Actor – Limited Series or Television Film

Courtney B. Vance

Nominated

Best Actress – Limited Series or Television Film

Sarah Paulson

Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Limited Series, or Television Film

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

John Travolta

Nominated

21st Satellite Awards[67]

Best Miniseries or Television Film

The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story

Won

Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film

Courtney B. Vance

Nominated

Cuba Gooding Jr.

Nominated

Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film

Sarah Paulson

Won

Writers Guild of America Awards[68]

Long Form – Adapted

Scott Alexander, Joe Robert Cole, D.V. DeVincentis, Maya Forbes, Larry Karaszewski, and Wally Wolodarsky

Won

American Film Institute Awards 2016[69]

Top 10 Television Programs

The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story

Won

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards[70]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series

Sterling K. Brown

Nominated

Courtney B. Vance

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series

Sarah Paulson

Won

ACE Eddie Awards 2017[71]

Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Television

Adam Penn, Stewart Schill and C. Chi-yoon Chung (for "Marcia, Marcia, Marcia")

Nominated

21st Art Directors Guild Awards[72]

Excellence in Production Design for a Television Movie or Limited Series

Jeffrey Mossa (for "100% Not Guilty"," ""Marcia, Marcia, Marcia"," ""Manna From Heaven")

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards 2017[73]

Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television

Scott Alexander, Larry Karaszewski, Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, Nina Jacobson, Brad Simpson, D.V. DeVincentis, Anthony Hemingway, Alexis Martin Woodall, John Travolta, Chip Vucelich

Won

Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017[74]

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Television Movie or Mini-Series

John Bauman, Joe Earle, Doug Andham, Judah Getz and John Guentner

Won

Society of Camera Operators Awards[75]

Camera Operator of the Year – Television

Andrew Mitchell

Won

British Academy Television Awards[76]

Best International Program

Ryan Murphy, Nina Jacobson, Brad Simpson

Won


document_title: Monsoon

question_text: where does the monsoon first hit the main indian land

text: Monsoon

text: Etymology

text: The English monsoon came from Portuguese monção, ultimately from Arabic mawsim (موسم "season") and/or Hindi "mausam", "perhaps partly via early modern Dutch monsun".[9]

text: History

text: Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the Indian sub-continent and Asia around 50 million years ago.[10] Because of studies of records from the Arabian Sea and that of the wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China, many geologists believe the monsoon first became strong around 8 million years ago. More recently, studies of plant fossils in China and new long-duration sediment records from the South China Sea led to a timing of the monsoon beginning 15–20 million years ago and linked to early Tibetan uplift.[11] Testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.[12] The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to global climate change, especially the cycle of the Pleistocene ice ages.[13] A study of marine plankton suggested that the Indian Monsoon strengthened around 5 million years ago. Then, during ice periods, the sea level fell and the Indonesian Seaway closed. When this happened, cold waters in the Pacific were impeded from flowing into the Indian Ocean. It is believed that the resulting increase in sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean increased the intensity of monsoons.[14]

text: Five episodes during the Quaternary at 2.22 Ma (PL-1), 1.83 Ma (PL-2), 0.68 Ma (PL-3), 0.45 Ma (PL-4) and 0.04 Ma (PL-5) were identified which showed a weakening of Leeuwin Current (LC). The weakening of the LC would have an effect on the sea surface temperature (SST) field in the Indian Ocean, as the Indonesian through flow generally warms the Indian Ocean. Thus these five intervals could probably be those of considerable lowering of SST in the Indian Ocean and would have influenced Indian monsoon intensity. During the weak LC, there is the possibility of reduced intensity of the Indian winter monsoon and strong summer monsoon, because of change in the Indian Ocean dipole due to reduction in net heat input to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian through flow. Thus a better understanding of the possible links between El Niño, Western Pacific Warm Pool, Indonesian Throughflow, wind pattern off western Australia, and ice volume expansion and contraction can be obtained by studying the behaviour of the LC during Quaternary at close stratigraphic intervals.[15]

text: Strength of impact

text: The impact of monsoon on the local weather is different from place to place. In some places there is just a likelihood of having a little more or less rain. In other places, quasi semi-deserts are turned into vivid green grasslands where all sorts of plants and crops can flourish.

text: The Indian Monsoon turns large parts of India from a kind of semi-desert into green lands. See photos only taken 3 months apart in the Western Ghats. In places like this it is crucial for farmers to have the right timing for putting the seeds on the fields, as it is essential to use all the rain that is available for growing crops.

text: Process

text: Monsoons are large-scale sea breezes [16] which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the temperature of the ocean. These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways. Over oceans, the air temperature remains relatively stable for two reasons: water has a relatively high heat capacity (3.9 to 4.2 J g−1 K−1),[17] and because both conduction and convection will equilibrate a hot or cold surface with deeper water (up to 50 metres). In contrast, dirt, sand, and rocks have lower heat capacities (0.19 to 0.35 J g−1 K−1),[18] and they can only transmit heat into the earth by conduction and not by convection. Therefore, bodies of water stay at a more even temperature, while land temperature are more variable.

text: During warmer months sunlight heats the surfaces of both land and oceans, but land temperatures rise more quickly. As the land's surface becomes warmer, the air above it expands and an area of low pressure develops. Meanwhile, the ocean remains at a lower temperature than the land, and the air above it retains a higher pressure. This difference in pressure causes sea breezes to blow from the ocean to the land, bringing moist air inland. This moist air rises to a higher altitude over land and then it flows back toward the ocean (thus completing the cycle). However, when the air rises, and while it is still over the land, the air cools. This decreases the air's ability to hold water, and this causes precipitation over the land. This is why summer monsoons cause so much rain over land.

text: In the colder months, the cycle is reversed. Then the land cools faster than the oceans and the air over the land has higher pressure than air over the ocean. This causes the air over the land to flow to the ocean. When humid air rises over the ocean, it cools, and this causes precipitation over the oceans. (The cool air then flows towards the land to complete the cycle.)

text: Most summer monsoons have a dominant westerly component and a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious amounts of rain (because of the condensation of water vapor in the rising air). The intensity and duration, however, are not uniform from year to year. Winter monsoons, by contrast, have a dominant easterly component and a strong tendency to diverge, subside and cause drought.[19]

text: Similar rainfall is caused when moist ocean air is lifted upwards by mountains,[20] surface heating,[21] convergence at the surface,[22] divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface.[23] However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, and this produces condensation.

text: Global monsoon

text: Summary table

text:
Location
Monsoon/sub-system
Average date of arrival
Average date of withdrawal
Notes

Northern Mexico
North American/Gulf of California-Southwest USA
late May[24]
September
incomplete wind reversal, waves

Tucson, Arizona
North American/Gulf of California-Southwest USA
early July[25]
September
incomplete wind reversal, waves

Central America
Central/South American Monsoon
April[26]
October[26]
true monsoon

Amazon Brazil
South American monsoon
September[26]
May[26]

Southeast Brazil
South American monsoon
November[26]
March[26]

West Africa
West African
June 22[27]
Sept[28] /October[27]
waves

Southeast Africa
Southeast Africa monsoon w/ Harmattan
Jan[28]
March[28]

Kelantan, Malaysia
Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian
October
March

Phuket, Thailand
Indo-Australian
February/March
December

Bangkok, Thailand
Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina
April–May
October/November
persistent

Yangon, Myanmar
Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina
May 25[29]
Nov 1[29]

Colombo, Sri Lanka
Indo-Australian
May 25[29]
Dec 15[29]
persistent

Kerala, India
Indian monsoon
Jun 1[29]
Dec 1[29]
persistent

Jakarta, Indonesia
Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian
November
March
abrupt

Lahore, Pakistan
Indian monsoon
late July[29]
Sep 1[29]

Dhaka, Bangladesh
Indo-Australian/Indian-Indochina
mid-June
October
abrupt

Cebu, Philippines
Indo-Australian/Borneo-Australian
October
March
abrupt

Kaohsiung, Taiwan
East Asian monsoon
May 10[29]

Taipei, Taiwan
East Asian monsoon
May 20[29]

Kagoshima, Japan
East Asian monsoon
Jun 10[29]

Seoul, Korea
East Asian monsoon
July 10[29]

Hanoi, Vietnam
East Asian monsoon
May 20[29]

Beijing, China
East Asian monsoon
July 20[29]

Karachi, Pakistan
Indian monsoon
July 15[29]
August[29]

Mumbai, India
Indian monsoon
July 10[29]
Oct 1[29]

Darwin, Australia
Australian monsoon
Oct[28]
April[28]

text: Africa (West African and Southeast African)

text: The monsoon of western Sub-Saharan Africa is the result of the seasonal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the great seasonal temperature and humidity differences between the Sahara and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean.[30] It migrates northward from the equatorial Atlantic in February, reaches western Africa on or near June 22, then moves back to the south by October.[31] The dry, northeasterly trade winds, and their more extreme form, the harmattan, are interrupted by the northern shift in the ITCZ and resultant southerly, rain-bearing winds during the summer. The semiarid Sahel and Sudan depend upon this pattern for most of their precipitation.

text: North America

text: The North American monsoon (NAM) occurs from late June or early July into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid-July. It affects Mexico along the Sierra Madre Occidental as well as Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, West Texas and California. It pushes as far west as the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of Southern California, but rarely reaches the coastal strip (a wall of desert thunderstorms only a half-hour's drive away is a common summer sight from the sunny skies along the coast during the monsoon). The North American monsoon is known to many as the Summer, Southwest, Mexican or Arizona monsoon.[32][33] It is also sometimes called the Desert monsoon as a large part of the affected area are the Mojave and Sonoran deserts. However, it is debatable whether the North and South American weather patterns with incomplete wind reversal should be counted as true monsoons.[6]

text: Asia

text: The Asian monsoons may be classified into a few sub-systems, such as the Indian Subcontinental Monsoon which affects the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions including Nepal, and the East Asian Monsoon which affects southern China, Taiwan, Korea and parts of Japan.

text: South Asian monsoon

text: Southwest monsoon

text: The southwestern summer monsoons occur from July through September. The Thar Desert and adjoining areas of the northern and central Indian subcontinent heat up considerably during the hot summers. This causes a low pressure area over the northern and central Indian subcontinent. To fill this void, the moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean rush into the subcontinent. These winds, rich in moisture, are drawn towards the Himalayas. The Himalayas act like a high wall, blocking the winds from passing into Central Asia, and forcing them to rise. As the clouds rise their temperature drops and precipitation occurs. Some areas of the subcontinent receive up to 10,000 mm (390 in) of rain annually.

text: The southwest monsoon is generally expected to begin around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September. The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.

text: The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India, thus making this area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. This branch of the monsoon moves northwards along the Western Ghats (Konkan and Goa) with precipitation on coastal areas, west of the Western Ghats. The eastern areas of the Western Ghats do not receive much rain from this monsoon as the wind does not cross the Western Ghats.

text: The Bay of Bengal Branch of Southwest Monsoon flows over the Bay of Bengal heading towards North-East India and Bengal, picking up more moisture from the Bay of Bengal. The winds arrive at the Eastern Himalayas with large amounts of rain. Mawsynram, situated on the southern slopes of the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya, India, is one of the wettest places on Earth. After the arrival at the Eastern Himalayas, the winds turns towards the west, travelling over the Indo-Gangetic Plain at a rate of roughly 1–2 weeks per state,[citation needed] pouring rain all along its way. June 1 is regarded as the date of onset of the monsoon in India, as indicated by the arrival of the monsoon in the southernmost state of Kerala.

text: The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India.[34][citation needed] Indian agriculture (which accounts for 25% of the GDP and employs 70% of the population) is heavily dependent on the rains, for growing crops especially like cotton, rice, oilseeds and coarse grains. A delay of a few days in the arrival of the monsoon can badly affect the economy, as evidenced in the numerous droughts in India in the 1990s.

text: The monsoon is widely welcomed and appreciated by city-dwellers as well, for it provides relief from the climax of summer heat in June.[35] However, the roads take a battering every year. Often houses and streets are waterlogged and slums are flooded despite drainage systems. A lack of city infrastructure coupled with changing climate patterns causes severe economic loss including damage to property and loss of lives, as evidenced in the 2005 flooding in Mumbai that brought the city to a standstill. Bangladesh and certain regions of India like Assam and West Bengal, also frequently experience heavy floods during this season. Recently, areas in India that used to receive scanty rainfall throughout the year, like the Thar Desert, have surprisingly ended up receiving floods due to the prolonged monsoon season.

text: The influence of the Southwest Monsoon is felt as far north as in China's Xinjiang. It is estimated that about 70% of all precipitation in the central part of the Tian Shan Mountains falls during the three summer months, when the region is under the monsoon influence; about 70% of that is directly of "cyclonic" (i.e., monsoon-driven) origin (as opposed to "local convection").[36]

text: Northeast monsoon

text: Around September, with the sun fast retreating south, the northern land mass of the Indian subcontinent begins to cool off rapidly. With this air pressure begins to build over northern India, the Indian Ocean and its surrounding atmosphere still holds its heat. This causes cold wind to sweep down from the Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plain towards the vast spans of the Indian Ocean south of the Deccan peninsula. This is known as the Northeast Monsoon or Retreating Monsoon.

text: While travelling towards the Indian Ocean, the dry cold wind picks up some moisture from the Bay of Bengal and pours it over peninsular India and parts of Sri Lanka. Cities like Chennai, which get less rain from the Southwest Monsoon, receive rain from this Monsoon. About 50% to 60% of the rain received by the state of Tamil Nadu is from the Northeast Monsoon.[37] In Southern Asia, the northeastern monsoons take place from December to early March when the surface high-pressure system is strongest.[38] The jet stream in this region splits into the southern subtropical jet and the polar jet. The subtropical flow directs northeasterly winds to blow across southern Asia, creating dry air streams which produce clear skies over India. Meanwhile, a low pressure system develops over South-East Asia and Australasia and winds are directed toward Australia known as a monsoon trough.

text: East Asian Monsoon

text: The East Asian monsoon affects large parts of Indo-China, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Korea and Japan. It is characterised by a warm, rainy summer monsoon and a cold, dry winter monsoon. The rain occurs in a concentrated belt that stretches east-west except in East China where it is tilted east-northeast over Korea and Japan. The seasonal rain is known as Meiyu in China, Jangma in Korea, and Bai-u in Japan, with the latter two resembling frontal rain.

text: The onset of the summer monsoon is marked by a period of premonsoonal rain over South China and Taiwan in early May. From May through August, the summer monsoon shifts through a series of dry and rainy phases as the rain belt moves northward, beginning over Indochina and the South China Sea (May), to the Yangtze River Basin and Japan (June) and finally to North China and Korea (July). When the monsoon ends in August, the rain belt moves back to South China.

text: Australia

text: Also known as the Indo-Australian Monsoon. The rainy season occurs from September to February and it is a major source of energy for the Hadley circulation during boreal winter. The Maritime Continent Monsoon and the Australian Monsoon may be considered to be the same system, the Indo-Australian Monsoon.

text: It is associated with the development of the Siberian High and the movement of the heating maxima from the Northern Hemisphere to the Southern Hemisphere. North-easterly winds flow down Southeast Asia, are turned north-westerly/westerly by Borneo topography towards Australia. This forms a cyclonic circulation vortex over Borneo, which together with descending cold surges of winter air from higher latitudes, cause significant weather phenomena in the region. Examples are the formation of a rare low-latitude tropical storm in 2001, Tropical Storm Vamei, and the devastating flood of Jakarta in 2007.

text: The onset of the monsoon over the Maritime Continent tends to follow the heating maxima down Vietnam and the Malay Peninsula (September), to Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines (October), to Java, Sulawesi (November), Irian Jaya and Northern Australia (December, January). However, the monsoon is not a simple response to heating but a more complex interaction of topography, wind and sea, as demonstrated by its abrupt rather than gradual withdrawal from the region. The Australian monsoon (the "Wet") occurs in the southern summer when the monsoon trough develops over Northern Australia. Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.

text: Europe

text: The European Monsoon (more commonly known as the return of the westerlies) is the result of a resurgence of westerly winds from the Atlantic, where they become loaded with wind and rain.[39] These westerly winds are a common phenomenon during the European winter, but they ease as spring approaches in late March and through April and May. The winds pick up again in June, which is why this phenomenon is also referred to as "the return of the westerlies".[40]

text: The rain usually arrives in two waves, at the beginning of June and again in mid- to late June. The European monsoon is not a monsoon in the traditional sense in that it doesn't meet all the requirements to be classified as such. Instead the return of the westerlies is more regarded as a conveyor belt that delivers a series of low pressure centres to Western Europe where they create unsettled weather. These storms generally feature significantly lower than average temperatures, fierce rain or hail, thunder and strong winds.[41]

text: The return of the westerlies affects Europe's Northern Atlantic coastline, more precisely Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Western Germany, Northern France and parts of Scandinavia.


document_title: List of tallest towers

question_text: what is taller the cn tower or the eiffel tower

text: List of tallest towers

text: Entirely self-supported towers[edit]

text: Towers taller than 250 metres[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Pinnacle height
Year
Structure
Country
City
Remarks

1
Tokyo Skytree
634 m (2,080 ft)
2012
Steel
 Japan
Tokyo
Became tallest tower in 2011, second-tallest freestanding structure in the world

2
Canton Tower
604 m (1,982 ft)
2010
Steel & concrete
 China
Guangzhou
Tallest in the world 2009–11

3
CN Tower
553.33 m (1,815.4 ft)
1976
Concrete
 Canada
Toronto
Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1975–2007, tallest in the western hemisphere

4
Ostankino Tower
540.1 m (1,772 ft)
1967
Concrete
 Russia
Moscow
Tallest freestanding structure in the world, 1967–75, tallest in Europe

5
Oriental Pearl Tower
468 m (1,535 ft)
1994
Concrete
 China
Shanghai
Tallest in China 1994–2007

6
Milad Tower
435 m (1,427 ft)
2007
Concrete
 Iran
Tehran
Tallest in the Middle East

7
KL Tower
421 m (1,381 ft)
1994
Concrete
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Tallest in South East Asia

8
Tianjin Radio and Television Tower
415.2 m (1,362 ft)
1991
Concrete
 China
Tianjin

9
Central Radio and TV Tower
405 m (1,329 ft)
1992
Concrete
 China
Beijing

10
Zhongyuan Tower
388 m (1,273 ft)
2011
Steel
 China
Zhengzhou

11
Kiev TV Tower
385 m (1,263 ft)
1973
Steel
 Ukraine
Kiev

12
Tashkent Tower
374.9 m (1,230 ft)
1985
Steel
 Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Tallest in Central Asia

13
Liberation Tower
372 m (1,220 ft)
1996
Concrete
 Kuwait
Kuwait City

14
Almaty Tower
371.5 m (1,219 ft)
1983
Steel
 Kazakhstan
Almaty

15
Riga Radio and TV Tower
368.5 m (1,209 ft)
1986
Steel
 Latvia
Riga
Tallest in the European Union

16
Berliner Fernsehturm
368 m (1,207 ft)
1969
Concrete
 Germany
Berlin
Tallest structure in Germany

17
Stratosphere Tower
350.2 m (1,149 ft)
1996
Concrete
 United States
Las Vegas
Tallest observation tower in the United States

18
Lotus Tower
350 m (1,150 ft)
2018
Concrete
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
Tallest structure in South Asia

19
West Pearl Tower
339 m (1,112 ft)
2004
Concrete
 China
Chengdu

20
Macau Tower
338 m (1,109 ft)
2001
Concrete
 China
Macau

21
Dragon Tower
336 m (1,102 ft)
2000
Lattice
 China
Harbin

22
Europaturm
337.5 m (1,107 ft)
1979
Concrete
 Germany
Frankfurt

23
Tokyo Tower
332.6 m (1,091 ft)
1958
Lattice
 Japan
Tokyo
Tallest in the world 1958–67

24
Emley Moor TV Tower
330.4 m (1,084 ft)
1971
Concrete
 United Kingdom
Kirklees
Tallest freestanding structure in the United Kingdom

25
Sky Tower (Auckland)
328 m (1,076 ft)
1997
Concrete
 New Zealand
Auckland
Tallest freestanding structure in the Southern Hemisphere

26
Vilnius TV Tower
327 m (1,073 ft)
1980
Concrete
 Lithuania
Vilnius

27
Saint Petersburg TV Tower
326 m (1,070 ft)
1962
Lattice
 Russia
Saint Petersburg

28
Eiffel Tower
324 m (1,063 ft)
1889
Lattice
 France
Paris
First to surpass 300 metres, tallest tower in the world 1889–1958, oldest in this list

29
Rameswaram TV Tower
323 m (1,060 ft)
1995
Concrete
 India
Rameswaram

30
Jiangsu Nanjing TV Tower
318.5 m (1,045 ft)
1996
Concrete
 China
Nanjing

31
Tallinn TV Tower
314 m (1,030 ft)
1980
Concrete
 Estonia
Tallinn

32
Yerevan TV Tower
311.7 m (1,023 ft)
1977
Lattice
 Armenia
Yerevan
[5]

33
Tortoise Mountain TV Tower
311.4 m (1,022 ft)
1986
Concrete
 China
Wuhan

34
Baku TV Tower
310 m (1,020 ft)
1996
Concrete
 Azerbaijan
Baku

35
Sydney Tower
309 m (1,014 ft)
1981
Concrete
 Australia
Sydney

36
Liaoning Broadcast and TV Tower
305.5 m (1,002 ft)
1989
Concrete
 China
Shenyang

37
Jaisalmer TV Tower
300 m (984 ft)
1993
Concrete
 India
Jaisalmer

38
Samatra TV Tower
300 m (984 ft)
1999
Concrete
 India
Bhuj

39
VRT Toren
300 m (984 ft)
1996
Concrete
 Belgium
Sint-Pieters-Leeuw

40
Zhuzhou Television Tower
293 m (961 ft)
1999
Concrete
 China
Zhuzhou

41
Fernmeldeturm Nürnberg
292 m (958 ft)
1977
Concrete
 Germany
Nuremberg

42
Olympiaturm
289.5 m (950 ft)
1968
Concrete
 Germany
Munich

43
Torre de Collserola
288 m (945 ft)
1992
Steel
 Spain
Barcelona

44
Telemax
282.2 m (926 ft)
1992
Concrete
 Germany
Hannover

45
Jalandhar TV Tower
280 m (920 ft)
2007
Concrete
 India
Jalandhar

46
Heinrich-Hertz-Turm
279.7 m (918 ft)
1968
Concrete
 Germany
Hamburg

47
Georgia Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower
274.5 m (901 ft)
1972
Steel
 Georgia
Tbilisi

48
Hillbrow Tower
269 m (883 ft)
1971
Concrete
 South Africa
Johannesburg
Tallest in Africa

49
Kaifeng TV Tower
268 m (879 ft)
1995
Concrete
 China
Kaifeng

50
Colonius
266 m (873 ft)
1981
Concrete
 Germany
Cologne

51
Novorossiysk TV Tower
261.5 m (858 ft)
1996
Concrete
 Russia
Novorossiysk

52
Daqing Radio and Television Tower
260 m (850 ft)
1989
Concrete
 China
Daqing

53
Olympic Park Observation Tower
258 m (846 ft)
2014
Steel
 China
Beijing

54
Fernmeldeturm Kühkopf
255 m (837 ft)
1976
Concrete
 Germany
Koblenz

55
Donauturm
252 m (827 ft)
1964
Concrete
 Austria
Vienna

56
Fernsehturm Dresden-Wachwitz
252 m (827 ft)
1969
Concrete
 Germany
Dresden

57
Swisscom-Sendeturm St. Chrischona
250 m (820 ft)
1984
Concrete
  Switzerland
St. Chrischona

58
Jeddah TV Tower
250 m (820 ft)
2007
Concrete
 Saudi Arabia
Jeddah

text: Towers between 200 and 250 metres tall[edit]

text:
Tower
Year
Country
City
Pinnacle height
Remarks

Shaanxi Provincial TV Tower
1987
 China
Xi'an
245 m

Rheinturm Düsseldorf
1981
 Germany
Düsseldorf
240.5 m
Was 234.2 m before another antenna was mounted in 2004

Pattaya Park Tower
?
 Thailand
Pattaya
240 m

N Seoul Tower
1975
 South Korea
Seoul
239.7 m

Menara TVRI
1994
 Indonesia
Jakarta
239 m

Foshan TV Tower
1995
 China
Foshan
238 m

Sentech Tower
1962
 South Africa
Johannesburg
237 m

Endem TV Tower
2002
 Turkey
Istanbul
236 m

Bremen-Walle Telecommunication Tower
1986
 Germany
Bremen-Walle
235.7 m

Pitampura TV Tower
1988
 India
Delhi
235 m

Fukuoka Tower
1989
 Japan
Fukuoka
234 m

Qingdao TV Tower
1994
 China
Qingdao
232 m

Torrespaña
1982
 Spain
Madrid
231 m

Ryan Tower
1968
 Canada
Chelsea, Quebec
228.9 m

Tower of the Americas
1968
 United States
San Antonio, Texas
228.6 m

Torre Espacial
1980
 Argentina
Buenos Aires
228 m

Katanga TV Tower
1992
 India
Jabalpur
225 m

Brasilia TV Tower
1965
 Brazil
Brasilia
224 m

Buková hora TV Tower
1975
 Czech Republic
Bukova hora
223 m

Fernmeldeturm Münster 42
1986
 Germany
Münster
222.5 m

Florianturm
1959
 Germany
Dortmund
219.6 m

Jilin Radio and TV Tower
1996
 China
Jilin
218 m

Guangzhou TV Tower
1991
 China
Guangzhou
217 m

Fernsehturm Stuttgart
1956
 Germany
Stuttgart-Degerloch
216.8 m
World's first concrete TV tower

Prague - Žižkov Television Tower
1992
 Czech Republic
Prague
216 m

Fernmeldeturm Mannheim
1975
 Germany
Mannheim
212.8 m

Fernmeldeturm Berlin
1964
 Germany
Berlin
212 m

Turkmenistan Broadcasting Centre
2011
 Turkmenistan
Ashgabat
211 m

Minaret of Hassan II Mosque
1993
 Morocco
Casablanca
210 m

Transmitter Hornisgrinde
1972
 Germany
Hornisgrinde
206 m

Baghdad Tower
1994
 Iraq
Baghdad
205 m
Formerly International Saddam Tower

Donnersberg TV Tower
1962
 Germany
Donnersberg
204.82 m

Avala TV Tower
1965
 Serbia
Avala, near Belgrade
204.5 m
Destroyed in NATO bombing on April 29, 1999; reconstruction completed October 2009; tallest in the Balkans

Rousse TV Tower
1987
 Bulgaria
Rousse
204 m

TV tower Helpterberge
1981
 Germany
Helpterberge
203.2 m

Woobang Tower
1992
 South Korea
Daegu
202 m

Guangdong TV Tower[citation needed]
1965
 China
Guangzhou
200 m

text: Towers between 100 and 200 metres tall[edit]

text:
Tower
Year
Country
City
Pinnacle height
Remarks

Xuzhou TV Tower
1990
 China
Xuzhou
199 m

KPN-Zendmast Waalhaven
1962
 Netherlands
Rotterdam-Waalhaven
199 m

Zendmast Roermond
1957
 Netherlands
Roermond
197.7 m

KPN Tower Hilversum
1973
 Netherlands
Hilversum
196 m

Bantiger TV Tower
1996
  Switzerland
Bolligen
196 m

Sky Tower Nishitōkyō
1988
 Japan
Nishitōkyō, Tokyo
195 m

Telstra Tower
1980
 Australia
Canberra
195 m

Kamzik TV Tower
1975
 Slovakia
Bratislava
194 m

Gateway Arch
1965
 United States
St. Louis
192 m

Dalian Radio and TV Tower
?
 China
Dalian
190.5 m

Calgary Tower
1967
 Canada
Calgary
190 m

BT Tower
1964
 United Kingdom
London
188 m

Cairo Tower
1961
 Egypt
Cairo
188 m

Telecom Italia Tower Rozzano
1990
 Italy
Rozzano - Milan
187 m

Kuwait Towers
1979
 Kuwait
Kuwait City
187 m

Euromast
1962
 Netherlands
Rotterdam
186 m

TV tower Decquede
1959
 Germany
Dequede
184.5 m

Space Needle
1962
 United States
Seattle
184 m

Brasilia Digital TV Tower
2012
 Brazil
Brasília, DF
182 m

Nagoya TV Tower
1954
 Japan
Nagoya
180 m

PL Peace Tower
1970
 Japan
Tondabayashi
180 m

Hošťálkovice transmitter
1979
 Czech Republic
Ostrava
180 m

Telecommunication Tower Bungsberg
1977
 Germany
Bungsberg
179 m

Löffelstelz Transmitter
2000
 Germany
Bad Mergentheim
179 m

Monte da Virgem Tower
?
 Portugal
Vila Nova de Gaia
177 m

Pécs TV Tower
1973
 Hungary
Pécs
176 m

Olympic Stadium tower
1987
 Canada
Montreal
175.3 m
Highest inclined tower in the world, with its 45-degree angle.

Zendstation Markelo
?
 Netherlands
Markelo
174.4 m

San Jacinto Monument
1939
 United States
La Porte, Texas
172.92 m / 567.31 ft
World's tallest monumental column

Reunion Tower
1978
 United States
Dallas
170.7 m

Iriški Venac TV Tower
1975
 Serbia
near Novi Sad
170 m

Juche Tower
1982
 North Korea
Pyongyang
170 m

Riyadh TV Tower
1981
 Saudi Arabia
Riyad
170 m

Spinnaker Tower
2005
 United Kingdom
Portsmouth
170 m

Washington Monument
1884
 United States
Washington, DC
169.3 m / 555 ft 5 in
Observation level at 152 m

Zagreb TV Tower
1973
 Croatia
Zagreb
169 m

Fernmeldeturm Bödefeld
?
 Germany
Schmallenberg-Bödefeld
168.7 m

Näsinneula Observation Tower
1971
 Finland
Tampere
168 m
Located at Särkänniemi amusement park

Menara Alor Star
1998
 Malaysia
Alor Star
165.5 m

Hünenburg Telecommunication Tower
?
 Germany
Bielefeld-Hühnenburg
165 m
Also known as Fernmeldeturm Teutoburger Wald

Heubach Telecommunication Tower
?
 Germany
Heubach
164.8 m

Las Vegas Eiffel Tower
1999
 United States
Las Vegas
164.6 m
Replica of Eiffel Tower

Praděd TV Tower
1983
 Czech Republic
Praděd Mountain
162 m

Ulm Münster
1377–1890
 Germany
Ulm
161.5 m
Tallest church tower in the world

British Airways i360
2016
 United Kingdom
Brighton
161 m
Thinnest tall tower in the world[6]

Osaka Tower
1966
 Japan
Osaka
160 m

Skylon Tower
1965
 Canada
Niagara Falls
160 m

Blackpool Tower
1894
 United Kingdom
Blackpool
158 m

Gold Tower
1988
 Japan
Utazu, Kagawa
158 m

Cologne Cathedral
1248–1880
 Germany
Cologne
157.4 m
Twin spires

Snejanka tower
1978
 Bulgaria
Pamporovo - Mount Snejanka
156 m
Also known as Pamporovo TV Tower

Kaknästornet TV Tower
1964
 Sweden
Stockholm
155 m

Funkturm Arsenal
?
 Austria
Vienna
155 m

Kaikyo Yume Tower
1996
 Japan
Shimonoseki
153 m

BT Tower
1967
 United Kingdom
Birmingham
152 m

Rouen Cathedral
1145–1876
 France
Rouen
151 m

Cuyahoga Falls Cathedral Tower
1971
 USA
Cuyahoga Falls
150.57 m
unfinished TV tower

Funkturm Berlin
1926
 Germany
Berlin
150 m
Only observation tower standing on insulators

Cruz de los Caídos
1956
 Spain
San Lorenzo de El Escorial
150 m
Tallest cross in the world

Galaţi TV Tower
1978
 Romania
Galaţi
150 m

St. Nikolai, Hamburg
1846–77
 Germany
Hamburg
147.3 m
Church ruin

Sapporo TV Tower
1957
 Japan
Sapporo
147.2 m

Dobrich TV Tower
1979
 Bulgaria
Dobrich
146 m

Fallturm Bremen
1990
 Germany
Bremen
146 m

Vasco da Gama Tower
1998
 Portugal
Lisboa
145 m

Strasbourg Cathedral
1176–1439
 France
Strasbourg
144 m

Nozema Tower Wormer
1968
 Netherlands
Wormer
144 m

Zigong TV Tower
1988
 China
Zigong
143.6 m

Jakobsberg Telecommunication Tower
1978
 Germany
Porta Westfalica-Jakobsberg
142 m

Monte Mario Tower
?
 Italy
Rome
140 m

Nozema Zendstation
1957
 Netherlands
Mierlo
139.5 m

Twin Arch 138
1995
 Japan
Ishinomiya
138 m

Goes TV Tower
1957
 Netherlands
Goes
137 m
Also known as Nozema TV Tower Goes. Between 1957 and 2007 153 m tall.

Hohenstadt Transmission Tower
?
 Germany
Hohenstadt
137 m

Monas
1975
 Indonesia
Jakarta
137 m

St. Chrischona, old tower
1962
  Switzerland
St. Chrischona
136 m

Montjuic Communications Tower
1992
 Spain
Barcelona
136 m

Higashiyama Sky Tower
1989
 Japan
Nagoya
134 m

Radio City Tower
1969
 United Kingdom
Liverpool
134 m

KLIA2 Control Tower
2013
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
133.8m
Tallest air-traffic control tower in the world[7]

Mulleklenkes
1984
 Germany
Aachen
133 m
Radio-DVB-T Transmission Tower de:Mulleklenkes

Nozema Zendstation The Hague
1965
 Netherlands
The Hague
133 m

BKK Control Tower
2006
 Thailand
Bang Phli
132.2 m
Second-tallest air-traffic control tower in the world

Telefónica Chile Tower
1996
 Chile
Santiago
132 m

TV-toren Ittervoort
?
 Netherlands
Ittervoort
132 m

Telecommunication Tower Leipzig
?
 Germany
Leipzig
132 m

Kyoto Tower
1964
 Japan
Kyoto
131 m

1000 Islands SkyDeck
1965
 Canada
Hill Island, Ontario
130 m

TV Tower Nordhelle
1984
 Germany
Nordhelle
130 m

Telecommunication tower Großerlach
1985
 Germany
Großerlach
130 m

Zendstation Loon op Zand
1986
 Netherlands
Loon op Zand
130 m

Shiraz Tower
2011
 Iran
Shiraz
130 m

KUL Control Tower
1998
 Malaysia
Kuala-Lumpur
130 m

Piątkowo transmitter, Tower 2
1993
 Poland
Poznań
128 m

Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń
2004
 Poland
Licheń
128 m

Express Lift Tower
1980–82
 United Kingdom
Northampton
127.45 m

Torre Entel
1974
 Chile
Santiago
127.4 m

Glasgow Tower
2001
 United Kingdom
Glasgow
127 m

Aliant Tower
1971
 Canada
Moncton
127 m

Sender Inselsberg
1974
 Germany
Inselsberg Mountain
+ 126 m
Was 43.31 when constructed in 1939

Dreamworld Tower
1997
 Australia
Dreamworld, Coomera
126.5m

Grobal Tower
1995
 Japan
Beppu
125 m

FMT 6 - Brackenheim
?
 Germany
Brackenheim
125 m

Craigkelly TV Tower
?
 United Kingdom
Craigkelly, Burntisland, Fife
125 m

Chiba Port Tower
1986
 Japan
Chiba
125 m

Atakule Tower
1989
 Turkey
Ankara
125 m

Riga Radio Station
?
 Latvia
Riga
125 m

Gatlinburg Space Needle
1970
 United States
Gatlinburg
124 m

Transmitter Geiersberg
?
 Germany
Geiersberg
124 m

Tyholttårnet
1985
 Norway
Trondheim
124 m

Banharn-Jamsai Tower
?
 Thailand
Suphan Buri
123.25 m

Salisbury Cathedral
1220–1320
 United Kingdom
Salisbury
123 m

Sender Brocken
1937 &
1974
 Germany
Brocken Mountain
123 m
95 m on original tower

Mont Pèlerin TV Tower
1974
  Switzerland
Mont Pèlerin
122.6 m

Pääskyvuoren linkkitorni
1964
 Finland
Turku
122 m

Ginosa Water Tower
?
 Italy
Ginosa
122 m

Zendstation Megen
1980
 Netherlands
Megen
121 m

Fernmeldeturm Duisburg

 Germany
Duisburg
121 m

Gibloux Radio Tower
?
  Switzerland
Sorens
118.7 m

Crossland Tower
1994
 Japan
Oyabe, Toyama
118 m

Silistra TV Tower
1979
 Bulgaria
Silistra
117 m

Lisebergstornet
1990
 Sweden
Göteborg
116.1 m

Observation tower of la Cité de l'Énergie
?
 Canada
Shawinigan, Quebec
115 m

Bernauer Birzel
?
 Germany
Bernau
115 m

Torrazzo of Cremona
1309
 Italy
Cremona
112.7 m

Domtoren
1328
 Netherlands
Utrecht
112.5 m
Free-standing medieval church tower, see also list of tallest churches

Tiger Sky Tower
2004
 Singapore
Sentosa Island
110 m
Tallest free-standing observation tower in Asia

Bytków TV Tower
?
 Poland
Siemianowice Śląskie
110 m

Taming Sari Tower
2008
 Malaysia
Melaka
110 m
First revolving tower in Malaysia

Exelberg Telecommunication Tower

 Austria
Vienna
109 m

Torre Branca
1933
 Italy
Milano
108.6 m

Kobe Port Tower
1963
 Japan
Kobe
108 m

Vitosha Mountain TV Tower
1985
 Bulgaria
Vitosha Mountain
186 m

Tour Hertzienne TDF de Romainville
1984
 France
Paris-Romainville
108 m
Also known as Tour Relais TDF

Goryokaku Tower
2006
 Japan
Hakodate
107 m

Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial
1915
 United States
Put-in-Bay, Ohio
107 m
World's most massive Doric column; fourth-tallest memorial in the U.S.

Torre Jaume I
1931
 Spain
Barcelona
107 m
Connected with Torre Sant Sebastia by Port Vell Aerial Tramway

Bremerhaven Radar Tower
1965
 Germany
Bremerhaven
106.1 m

Yokohama Marine Tower
1961
 Japan
Yokohama
106 m

Borisova Gradina TV Tower
1959
 Bulgaria
Sofia
106 m

Tsutenkaku
1956
 Japan
Osaka
103 m

Scream
1992
 Germany
Soltau - Heidepark
103 m
Gyro-Drop Tower

Total Tower
1994
 United States
Denver
102.4 m

Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower
1908
 United Kingdom
Birmingham, England
100 m

Beppu Tower
1957
 Japan
Beppu
100 m

Hakata Port Tower
1964
 Japan
Hukuoka
100 m

Ještěd TV Tower
1968
 Czech Republic
Jested
100 m

Hokkaido Centennial Monument
1970
 Japan
Sapporo
100 m

Bazita Peak TV Tower
1975
 Hungary
Zalaegerszeg
100 m

Holstein Tower
1988
 Germany
Sierksdorf
100 m
Additionally guyed Gyro-Tower

Faro de Moncloa
1992
 Spain
Madrid
100 m

text: Diagram[edit]

text: Timeline of tallest towers[edit]

text:
From
To
Tower
Country
City
Pinnacle height

280 BC
1180 AD
Pharos Lighthouse
 Egypt
Alexandria
122 m (400 ft)

1180
1240
Malmesbury Abbey Tower
 United Kingdom
Malmesbury
131.3 m (431 ft)

1240
1311
Tower of Old St Paul's Cathedral
 United Kingdom
London
150 m (490 ft)

1311
1549
Tower of Lincoln Cathedral
 United Kingdom
Lincoln
159.7 m (524 ft)

1549
1647
Tower of St Mary's church
 Germany
Stralsund
151 m (495 ft)

1647
1874
Tower of Strasbourg Cathedral
 France
Strasbourg
142 m (466 ft)

1874
1876
Tower of St. Nikolai
 Germany
Hamburg
147 m (482 ft)

1876
1880
Tower of Rouen Cathedral
 France
Rouen
151 m (495 ft)

1880
1889
Tower of Cologne Cathedral
 Germany
Cologne
157.38 m (516.3 ft)

1889
1958
Eiffel Tower
 France
Paris
312.3 m (1,025 ft)

1958
1967
Tokyo Tower
 Japan
Tokyo
332.6 m (1,091 ft)

1967
1975
Ostankino Tower
 Russia
Moscow
540.1 m (1,772 ft)

1975
2009
CN Tower
 Canada
Toronto
553.33 m (1,815.4 ft)

2009
2011
Canton Tower
 China
Guangzhou
604 m (1,982 ft)

2011
present
Tokyo Skytree
 Japan
Tokyo
634 m (2,080 ft)


document_title: Indian 2000-rupee note

question_text: base colour of 2000 rupee note released in 2016

text: Indian 2000-rupee note

text: Design[edit]

text: The new ₹2000 banknote is a 66 mm × 166 mm magenta coloured note, with the obverse side featuring a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, the Ashoka Pillar Emblem, and the signature of Reserve Bank of India Governor. It has Braille print on it, to assist the visually challenged in identifying the currency. The reverse side features a motif of the Mangalyaan, representing India's first interplanetary space mission, and the logo and tag line for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[1]

text: Security features[edit]

text: The ₹2000 banknote has multiple security features, listed below:[1]

text:
See through register with denominational numeral ₹2000
Latent image with denominational numeral ₹2000
Micro letters ‘RBI’ and ‘2000’ on the left side of the banknote
Windowed security thread with inscriptions ‘भारत’, RBI, and ₹2000 on banknotes, with a colour shift. The thread colour changes from green to blue when the note is tilted
Guarantee Clause, the Governor’s signature with the Promise Clause, and the RBI's emblem on the right side
Denominational numeral with Rupee Symbol, ₹2000 in colour changing ink (green to blue) on bottom right
Ashoka Pillar emblem on the right Mahatma Gandhi portrait and electrotype (2000) watermarks
Number panel with numerals growing from small to big on the top left side and bottom right side.
For the visually impaired Intaglio (raised printing) of Mahatma Gandhi portrait, Ashoka Pillar emblem, bleed lines and identity mark
Horizontal rectangle with ₹2000 in raised print on the right
Seven angular bleed lines on left and right side in raised print (obverse)
Year of printing of the note on the left (reverse)

text: Languages[edit]

text: Like other Indian rupee banknotes, the ₹2000 banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

text:
Denominations in central level official languages (At below either ends)

Language

₹2000

English
Two thousand rupees

Hindi
दो हज़ार रुपये

Denominations in 15 state level/other official languages (As seen on the language panel)

Assamese
দুহেজাৰ টকা

Bengali
দুই হাজার টাকা

Gujarati
બે હજાર રૂપિયા

Kannada
ಎರಡು ಸಾವಿರ ರುಪಾಯಿಗಳು

Kashmiri
د ساس رۄپے

Konkani
दोन हजार रुपया

Malayalam
രണ്ടായിരം രൂപ

Marathi
दोन हजार रुपये

Nepali
दुई हजार रुपियाँ

Odia
ଦୁଇ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା

Punjabi
ਦੋ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਰੁਪਏ

Sanskrit
द्विसहस्रं रूप्यकाणि

Tamil
இரண்டாயிரம் ரூபாய்

Telugu
రెండు వేల రూపాయలు

Urdu
دو ہزار روپے

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: The introduction of such high denomination currency has been criticized by some, with former Finance minister of India P. Chidambaram dubbing the move "puzzling".[8] The design of the new note was criticized by former  Minister of Commerce and Industry Anand Sharma.[9]


document_title: Blood cell

question_text: which is the smallest blood cell in human body

text: Blood cell

text: Red blood cells[edit]

text: Red blood cells or erythrocytes, primarily carry oxygen and collect carbon dioxide through the use of haemoglobin, and have a lifespan of about 120 days. In the process of being formed they go through a unipotent stem cell stage. They have the job alongside the white blood cells of protecting the healthy cells.

text: RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow in the adults. After they are worn-out or have completed their lifespan, they are removed from the bloodstream by the spleen.

text: White blood cells[edit]

text: White blood cells or leukocytes, are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five diverse types of leukocytes exist, and are all produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cells. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.

text: The two main categories of white blood cells are granulocytes and agranulocytes.

text: Neutrophils (a type of granulocyte) are the most abundant of all the WBCs.

text: Platelets[edit]

text: Platelets, or thrombocytes or yellow blood cells, are very small, irregularly shaped clear cell fragments (i.e. cells that do not have a nucleus containing DNA), 2–3 µm in diameter, which derive from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes. The average lifespan of a platelet is normally just 5 to 9 days. Platelets are a natural source of growth factors. They circulate in the blood of mammals and are involved in hemostasis, leading to the formation of blood clots. Platelets release thread-like fibers to form these clots.

text: If the number of platelets is too low, excessive bleeding can occur. However, if the number of platelets is too high, blood clots can form thrombosis, which may obstruct blood vessels and result in such events as a stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism—or blockage of blood vessels to other parts of the body, such as the extremities of the arms or legs. An abnormality or disease of the platelets is called a thrombocytopathy, which can be either a low number of platelets (thrombocytopenia), a decrease in function of platelets (thrombasthenia), or an increase in the number of platelets (thrombocytosis). There are disorders that reduce the number of platelets, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), that typically cause thromboses, or clots, instead of bleeding.

text: Platelets release a multitude of growth factors including Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potent chemotactic agent, and TGF beta, which stimulates the deposition of extracellular matrix. Both of these growth factors have been shown to play a significant role in the repair and regeneration of connective tissues. Other healing-associated growth factors produced by platelets include basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, platelet-derived epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Local application of these factors in increased concentrations through Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used as an adjunct to wound healing for several decades.

text: Complete blood count[edit]

text: A complete blood count (CBC) is a test panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. A scientist or lab technician performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC. In the past, counting the cells in a patient's blood was performed manually, by viewing a slide prepared with a sample of the patient's blood under a microscope. Today, this process is generally automated by use of an automated analyzer, with only approximately 10-20% of samples now being examined manually. Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview of a patient's general health status.

text: Discovery[edit]

text: In 1658 Dutch naturalist Jan Swammerdam was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope, and in 1695, microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, also Dutch, was the first to draw an illustration of "red corpuscles", as they were called. No further blood cells were discovered until 1842 when French physician Alfred Donné discovered platelets. The following year leukocytes were first observed by Gabriel Andral, a French professor of medicine, and William Addison, a British physician, simultaneously. Both men believed that both red and white cells were altered in disease. With these discoveries, hematology, a new field of medicine, was established. Even though agents for staining tissues and cells were available, almost no advances were made in knowledge about the morphology of blood cells until 1879, when Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting [3]