document_title: The Wind in the Willows (TV series)

question_text: wind in the willows badger's home crossword clue

question_tokens: wind in the willows badger 's home crossword clue

text: The Wind in the Willows (TV series)

text: Characters[edit]

text: The series stars David Jason as Toad and the Chief Weasel, the late Michael Hordern as Badger, the late Peter Sallis as Rat (replacing Ian Carmichael who voiced Rat in the original 1983 film, though Carmichael remained in the series, having been re-cast as the narrator), and the late Richard Pearson as Mole. The Chief Weasel was almost always accompanied by his bumbling henchman, who was referred to in two separate episodes,"The Rescue" and "The Paperchase", as Bert.

text: Background[edit]

text: The series is sometimes misidentified as being filmed in claymation. The method used by Cosgrove Hall is a stop-motion animation process using scale model sets and posable character figurines. The figurines are composed of an articulate metal skeleton (armature) covered in latex rubber, providing the flexibility and the detail which distinguishes the series.

text: The series is set at "The Riverbank", a mythical location somewhere in Berkshire. The Riverbank is where Ratty, Mole and Toad live. Nearby is the Wild Wood, where Badger and the Wily Weasels live. Each episode has a unique story line, although there are some common themes running throughout the series. In series 4, the humans start building a new railway that is planned to be built through the area where the animals live. The show teaches children about the destruction of forests and animals' natural habits. The railway gets closer and closer to the animals' homes, yet in the episode Happy New Year it turns out that the railway would be travelling under unsuitable land, and therefore the route is diverted from the Riverbank & Wild Wood areas.

text: Music[edit]

text: The popular theme song - based on the instrumental theme to the original film - was sung by British singer-songwriter Ralph McTell. The Stone Roses guitarist John Squire also worked on this series, but as a prop maker not a musician.

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Film (1983)[edit]

text: The Wind in the Willows (1983 film) (27 December 1983)

text: Series 1 (1984)[edit]

text:
Title
Synopsis

1.The Further Adventures of Toad (27 April 1984)
After having overthrown the Weasels in the battle of Toad Hall, Toad hosts a celebration dinner for his friends. He reminisces about his time in prison, escape from jail, his exploits with the barge woman, etc. His friends are less than impressed with how he handled some of the situations, but Toad gets offended when they tell him so.

2.The Kidnapping of Toad (4 May 1984)
Invited to the weasels' den for a 'literary evening', Toad is taken prisoner and a ransom demanded. Badger has no intention of paying for his return and instead opts to attack the weasels with Mole and Ratty, but Toad's incessant chatter drives the weasels to distraction, so they play a final trick on him before letting him go free.

3.The Ghost at Mole End (11 May 1984)
While resting, Mole hears sounds which he cannot account for. It leads him to fear that there might be a ghost in his house. Mole seeks reassurance from Badger that the sounds could be the noises of growing tree roots, etc., but Toad exacerbates the issue by singing to Mole about the thousands of ghosts skulking in Toad Hall. Eventually, though, he discovers that the sounds are produced by a hedgehog which has fallen into a crevice immediately above his burrow. With the help of Rat, he saves the animal.

4.The Great Steamer (18 May 1984)
After Rat's house is shaken by the passing of a great steamer, he and Mole hear the calls of the riverbank youngsters, who have lost their friend Billy (a fieldmouse - not Billy Rabbit) in the commotion. A desperate search for ensues, and he is found clinging perilously close to the weir. Rat and Mole stage a brave rescue, and bring the youngsters back to the house to dry off and have a hot drink. Rat admonishes the youngsters for playing dangerously on the river, before entertaining them with a rendition of his song, "We'll Go Boating".

5.Buried Treasure (25 May 1984)
The Chief Weasel visits Badger and Mole, revealing he and the other weasels buy the part of the Wild Wood upon which stands the entrance to Badger's home. He orders Badger to vacate the property in three days noon, giving him the document from the court of law. When Badger takes the weasels, Rat, Mole and the youngsters to court, Mrs. Carrington-Moss decides in their favour, as the weasels' deed to the property appears to be valid. Faced with eviction, Badger prepares to leave his domicile although owning the friendship and love from Rat, Mole and the youngsters. However, it is Mole who saves the day when he discovers a Roman document signed by Julius Caesar; which conveys the ownership of the area that is now the Wild Wood to the badgers, and their descendants. With this document in hand, Badger and Mole are able to chase the weasels away only minutes before they take permanent possession of his burrow in a struggle against Rat and the young Wild Wooders.

6.Mole's Cousin (1 June 1984)
Mole's cousin, a famous literary figure called Auberon Mole, comes to stay after being invited by Toad to a 'literary soiree.' Mole's friends deem his dwelling and appearance too humble for the famous guest, and 'try to give him a little bit of style'. Toad and Rat redecorate Mole's house, and Badger sets out to teach Mole a smattering of Latin and Shakespearean drama. Eventually Mole decides to resist the attempts to have him present himself as someone he is not. Auberon and Mole have a lovely time, and the others are somewhat ashamed of their earlier actions.

7.The Grand Annual Show (9 November 1984)
Mole's jam, Rat's walnut cake, Badger's pickled walnuts, and Toad's 'homemade' elderflower wine all compete to be best in the grand annual show held by Mrs. Carrington-Moss, Reggie and Rosemary. The weasels also have an abnormally large pumpkin. But two competitors aren't playing fair...

8.The Open Road Again (16 November 1984)
On a Toad-inspired hiking trip attended by Mole and Rat, the trio soon bump into an old friend - Alfred the horse who once pulled Toad's caravan. Tired of the ghastly 3 quarters of a mile journey thus far, Toad leads the way to the derelict caravan full of desire to hit "the open road again". In no time at all, Toad is off on another craze astride his new Dursley Pedersen bicycle.

9.Wayfarers All (23 November 1984)
Based on chapter 9 of the original book. The Rat is visited by a seafarer, who captivates him with stories of his travels, and entices him to journey south, to embark on a ship bound for Constantinople. Mole and Toad must catch him before he leaves the River Bank behind forever.

10.The Weasel's Trap (30 November 1984)
After Badger interrupts the Chief Weasel's attempts to rob Billy Rabbit in the Wild Wood, the angry Chief plots his revenge. When his henchman stumbles upon an old hunter's trap, he sees what seems to be the perfect opportunity. However, despite the Chief setting everything up, things go horribly wrong. Badger unexpectedly takes another route to help judge ownership of a fence between the hedgehogs and the rabbits, and when the Chief Weasel's henchman relocates the trap, the Chief accidentally walks right into it.

11.Burglary at Toad Hall (7 December 1984)
Toad opens Toad Hall to the public with Mrs. Carrington-Moss, Reggie and Rosemary, in order to (modestly) show off his many family heirlooms, oblivious to the large proportion of weasels in attendance. But the weasels have a dastardly plan to sabotage his efforts. All Toad's possessions begin to disappear, causing him terrible embarrassment. Fortunately, Badger is on hand to save the day.

12.The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (14 December 1984)
Another dramatisation of an episode from Kenneth Grahame’s book (chapter 7). Portly, Otter's young son, goes missing. He has picked the worst possible time – there are otter-hunters on the prowl. Rat and Mole set out on a mission to find him, and in the process have a supernatural encounter with the god Pan- a statue under which Portly, who has also encountered him, is found sleeping.

13.The Yuletide Entertainment (24 December 1984)
At the time of the Christmas season, the riverbank residents are organising a fun gathering where they show off their singing, dancing and instrument-playing talents: Otter on the piano; Rat playing accordion and singing Uptails All; Badger's slideshow journey across the world. The pièce de résistance (Toad singing excerpts from Gilbert and Sullivan) suffers a setback when he swallows his fake moustache just before coming on. Mole, who had not intended to appear in the show, is drafted in at the last minute to sing. The episode finishes with a lovely choir song: "Dulce Domum". Sadly, Toad finally manages to cough up his moustache just as the guests are saying their goodnights and Merry Christmas.

text: Series 2 (1985/1986)[edit]

text:
Title
Synopsis

14.Winter Sports (24 December 1985)
It is snowing, and Mr. Toad has dug out his skis. Rallying for a winter sports competition among the Riverbankers, he only finds enthusiasm for a snowman building competition, but the weasels are up for a race, and as usual there is a bet to be had.

15.Toad, Photographer (7 January 1986)
Toad decides that he must have a portrait on the wall in his home, alongside his ancestors, and not being convinced by the merits of painting, he sends for some expensive camera equipment. Having contemptuously disregarded the introductory manual "For Novices", he sets out to practise what he believes to be a natural ability for photography. Needless to say, the results are not quite what he expects.

16.The Rescue (14 January 1986)
Ernest, a young shrew, is missing in the snow. Rat and Mole discover him with the Chief Weasel and his Assistant, who Ernest calls "Uncle Bill" and "Uncle Bert". They have taken him in after finding him lost and taught him to make a bunny from a handkerchief. Rat and Mole are surprised by the weasels' kind streak, but the weasels are rather affronted to be accused of kindness, and try to pretend they have been mistreating the shrew. Accompanying Ernest home, they encounter Toad. Toad was also searching for the shrew, but became lost along the way. The weasels stole his possessions, and he is displeased to discover that Ernest was treated to his lunch.

17.Bankruptcy (21 January 1986)
The weasels intercept Toad’s morning newspaper delivery, and discover his new-found interest in stocks and shares. Seizing their opportunity, the Chief and his henchman call on Toad several times, disguised as wealthy businessmen, to sell him shares in their spurious companies. After some persuasion, he agrees to give them first his Rolls-Royce, then other treasured possessions, as payment. Toad Hall quickly becomes very empty, and Badger is furious when he finds out. Of course, the companies all collapse, and Toad soon finds himself bankrupt and about to lose Toad Hall. Fortunately, it does not take long for Badger to find out who is behind all this.

18.The Storm (28 January 1986)
It is Badger's birthday, and his friends come bearing gifts. Meanwhile, a storm is brewing. While Ratty secures his boat, Mole and Otter go on ahead to join Toad and Badger in the Wild Wood. Alone, and on his way to Badger's house, Ratty is caught by a falling tree. While the others speculate that Rat has stayed at home, Mole is sure that Ratty would make the trip on Badger's birthday. Mole ventures into the Wood to find the incapacitated Rat, but cannot shift the tree, and he is lost. He seeks the Chief Weasel's assistance, who reluctantly tries to help, before giving up on the unfortunate pair. The others notice Mole's absence and come to the rescue. Rat recuperates at Toad Hall.

19.Patient Toad (4 February 1986)
Toad comes down with a minor cold, but begins to think it something much more serious after he realizes that all his ancestors died young. He searches what he thinks are his father's medical books and realizes that he has come down with a fatal combination of diseases (specifically, armillaria mellea, botrytis, and ranunculus repens). While Rat and Mole diligently wait on the seemingly-dying Toad, Badger searches the books and discovers that Toad's diseases are actually plant ailments. When informed of this, Toad leaps out of bed in happiness, only to fall down the stairs and break his leg.

20.The Labyrinth (11 February 1986)
On his way to visit Badger, Ratty stumbles down a hole in the Wild Wood. Injured, he wanders the labyrinth of tunnels while Toad, dressed as Sherlock Holmes, tries to track him down.

21.Harvest (18 February 1986)
Badger, Ratty, Mole and Toad go harvesting wild berries and the weasels scheme to steal the hoarde. Toad just has his breakfast on his mind, which he pretends that he hasn't eaten and would starve. The weasels proceeded to steal the harvest from the hollow tree that Mole placed into. Ratty, Mole and Badger caught the weasels red-handed, but they were unable to catch them. Fortunately for them, finding a secluded place to eat his hamper and have forty winks, Toad stumbles across the weasels' hiding place. And finding the stolen harvest already put down by the weasels, he returns it back to his friends, foiling the weasels' plan.

22.Auberon's Return (25 February 1986)
Mole is visited by his cousin Auberon, who is in low spirits after receiving poor reviews for his latest West End offering. Auberon is suffering from writer's block. Word of Auberon's visit has reached the Riverbank, and Mole soon has visitors. Ratty wants feedback for his poetry, while Badger wants to share a literary conversation with the esteemed visitor. Mole tries to protect his cousin, who needs peace and quiet, but hurts Badger's feelings in the process. Toad, too, pays a visit, but proves rather insensitive about the poor reviews. Toad fancies himself quite the playwright, much to Auberon's amusement. After Auberon's visit, he relates in a letter the successes of his new play. Auberon's new comedy, "Oh Jeremy" is based on a "conceited country squire" whose enthusiasms include writing. The character is clearly based on Mr. Toad, although the Toad seems oblivious to the resemblance.

23.The Great Golfing Gamble (4 March 1986)
Toad becomes disillusioned with croquet after losing a game with Badger, and discovers a new exciting pastime: golf. Firmly convinced that he is a natural champion, he agrees to a match with the Chief Weasel, for rather high stakes – if Toad loses, the Chief takes Toad Hall. Badger, as usual, despairs at Toad’s folly, but may yet be able to save the situation.

24.Gadget Mad (11 March 1986)
Toad invites his friends around for a big surprise after tea. He has spent the past weeks installing an electrical generator to power his newfound craze. Toad Hall's stairs are "not in use" thanks to his new elevator, a variety of other strange state-of-the-art appliances also make an appearance, much to the dismay of Mole who loses his best waistcoat to the suction cleansing device.

25.May Day (18 March 1986)
May Day celebrations are in full swing on the riverbank, and Toad, Ratty, Badger and Mole are enjoying all the fun of the fair. Toad fails miserably at "Test Your Strength"- he cannot even lift the mallet- but Badger breaks the bell! Unfortunately, the weasels are set to spoil Mr. Toad's day. Posing as the fortune teller, Madame Pastelengro, after sending the real one away by telling her that her son is injured, the chief's henchman foretells an encounter with "a tall, dark stranger with a foreign accent". Later that day, encountering another weasel who matches this very description, the gullible Toad is persuaded to part with all his belongings. Luckily for him, Badger, Mole and Rat are on hand to uncover the deception.

26.Fancy Dress (25 March 1986)
Toad invites everyone to a fancy dress Christmas party, at which he plans on making a surprise entrance. Mole decides that he will go as an Indian chief, while Ratty goes as an admiral and Badger as a rajah. A group of weasels have also shown up at the party, all of them dressed as burglars and criminals (except for one who is dressed as a fairy), with the Chief Weasel as a policeman. Throughout the party, they secretly snatch cutlery, jewels, and even Ratty's watch, and hide them in a suit of armor, which turns out to be Toad in costume (he intended to appear as a "knight watchman", but his ancestor's suit was too heavy to move). The plan works fine until the suit falls down the stairs and all the jewels tumble out, along with Toad, who exposes the weasels and has them driven out.

text: Series 3 (1986/1987)[edit]

text:
Title
Synopsis

27.Paperchase (30 December 1986)
When the riverbank youngsters accidentally smash one of Mr. Toad's windows while playing cricket, Badger, Ratty and Mole decide a good clean paperchase is in order. With Badger in charge, and Ratty and Mole as checkpoint stewards, the race is complicated by one "Aloysius Weasel" (represented, in fact, by three runners in disguise), and Mr. Toad, who cannot resist his beloved motorcar. Unfortunately for the cheats, there is a booby prize. The last two to finish pick up the paper, and, since Toad and "Aloysius" (as Badger puts it, "however many Aloysiuses there were.") were disqualified, they became the last two home.

28.Mercury of the Motorbicycle (8 January 1987)
Another motorcar crash turns Toad off motoring. He determines to purchase a motorbicycle, and his friends are unimpressed. Later, a caped motorcyclist is seen to narrowly miss Billy Rabbit, who falls into the canal. The motorcyclist causes havoc around the Riverbank. Badger, Rat and Mole decide to indicate their disapproval by ostracising Toad. Toad has a problem involving his motorbicycle and the Law, but receives little support from his friends. Billy Rabbit realises that the motorbicyclist was not Mr. Toad after all, and informs Mr. Toad that the culprit was a weasel. Toad tries to re-capture his machine but falls into difficulty. Thankfully, Badger, Rat and Mole come to the rescue and apologise to Toad for their assumptions.

29.Mr Toad's Telephone (15 January 1987)
Toad has bought a new telephone from the weasels, and is very excited about it. But there are a few problems: firstly, the kit has no wires (the weasels point out that he never asked for wires); secondly, no one else on the Riverbank owns a phone. Toad has to spend even more money connecting up his friends, and the situation quickly becomes more complicated than he expected.

30.Toad, Astronomer (22 January 1987)
Toad has taken up an interest in stargazing, in anticipation of the return of Halley’s Comet. Naturally then, he has bought a telescope at, as Badger puts it, "an astronomical price". Having managed, with some difficulty, to get it onto the roof of Toad Hall, Mole and Rat leave Toad to his observations, and as night falls he spots a moving light which he assumes to be the comet. Little does he realise that the weasels are creeping about with a torch, and suddenly his ladder disappears, leaving him stranded on the roof. Rescue and explanations follow in the morning.

31.Caught in a Maze (29 January 1987)
It's holiday time, and Toad and his friends visits the palace at Hampton Court and sees the famous maze. On his return, he decides to restore his father's maze in the grounds of Toad Hall. He challenges Badger, Mole and Rat to a race around the maze, and is sure he will win because he plans to cheat using some string to mark his path. Unfortunately, Mole encounters the string and thinks it will prove jolly useful, and picks it up. Toad is lost in the maze.

32.School Days (5 February 1987)
The riverbank youngsters are not at school, because their teacher is indisposed. Badger decides to organise a temporary makeshift school until she has recovered. Toad, Mole, Ratty and himself will each take some of the children for lessons. Toad's lessons go badly wrong, and students soon start leaving his class and asking to join one of the other animals'. This is because of Toad's lack of academic knowledge - he thinks Columbus; before he discovers the United States of America, won the Battle of Trafalgar! At last, there is only one pupil left, as Toad tries to teach chemistry. The lesson ends with a test-tube exploding, and Toad lying heavily bandaged in Toad Hall. But he soon recovers, and promptly decides to take up pyrotechnics.

33.Badger's Remedy (12 February 1987)
Badger and Rat are busy organising the harvest festival, and Mole is unaccountably absent. A concerned Rat calls round to find him seriously ill in bed. Badger suspects mushroom poisoning and organises a search for ingredients to make up an antidote, enlisting the help of riverbankers and weasels alike. One elusive but vital ingredient (a rare fungus) is causing them the most worry, and with time running out for Mole, they just need to look in the right place.

34.Masterchef (19 February 1987)
After staying with Mole's cousin Auberon in London, Toad excitedly tells his three friends of the wonderful French cuisine he ate whilst there, and promptly announces his plans to host a special dinner at Toad Hall, which Toad himself will prepare. Toad sets to work on preparing the various dishes, with calamitous results. Upon receiving their error-strewn invitations, Badger, Rat and Mole agree to attend, and fearing the worst, take their own provisions with them.

35.Fire at Toad Hall (26 February 1987)
While out for an autumn stroll, Mole and Rat notice a column of smoke rising from Toad Hall, and hasten to the rescue at once. Toad himself leaves them to extinguish the blaze, then returns and tries to take the credit. Badger arrives and elicits the cause of the fire from Toad: he had been camping indoors (claiming "it looked like rain"), and lit a stove inside the tent. Mole is persuaded to put him up while the Hall is restored, but reluctant to adapt to his bucolic way of life, Toad insists on filling Mole End with his furniture and objets d’art. Of course, this can only lead to trouble. Eventually, Mole gets fed up and leaves to spend time at Ratty's, making sure to lock Toad out of the house.

36.Unlikely Allies (5 March 1987)
A dark and mysterious stranger appears in the weasels’ den, and incites the henchman and other weasels to rebellion against the Chief. Under this new influence, they make even more mischief than usual, setting fire to haystacks and stealing Toad’s Rolls-Royce. Having forced out the Chief, they then plot to invade Toad Hall and seize it for themselves. For once in his life, the Chief decides to call for Badger’s help, and so he is able to warn Toad of the impending attack.

37.A Producer's Lot (12 March 1987)
It is 25 years since Badger started running annual dramatic productions in the locality, and Mole and Rat insist that they perform The Pirates of Penzance to mark the occasion. Rat offers to handle the music, and Mole the scenery. Toad, whose father played Major-General Stanley in the first production, demands a big part in this one, but the others are not entirely convinced by his musical abilities.

38.Champion of the Green Baize (19 March 1987)
The four friends are at Badger's home playing bridge. Toad however believe he is playing a multitude of different card games and spoils the game for the others, and is heavily chastised by Badger. Sulking in a corner, Toad comes across a newspaper advertisement for a billiard table, and soon enough orders one for Toad Hall. Seizing upon Toad's lack of skill, the Chief Weasel challenges Toad to a game of snooker, with a bet - the Weasel den or Toad's motor car. Toad soon loses; however, witness to this, Badger immediately challenges the Chief Weasel to a game...

39.Winter Haunts (26 March 1987)
Snowed in at Toad Hall, the four friends recall the episode in which Mole mistakenly thought his house was haunted. Toad, who is proud of his illustrious ancestors (despite Badger's revelation of how one of them made his money in candles), maintains that a few still haunt the Hall, but no one takes him seriously. Deciding to play a trick on them, Toad retires early to bed, then dresses up as a ghost and waits in the cellar to surprise the others. However, the trick suffers a setback when, before going to bed, Mole locks the cellar door. Fortunately, Toad remembers the secret tunnel.

text: Series 4 (1987/1988)[edit]

text:
Title
Synopsis

40.Auld Lang Syne (31 December 1987)
Toad's New Year's Eve party goes wrong when he locks himself outside and can't find his way around through the rear entrance of his own house. Badger, however, has some serious news which puts a damper on the celebration: a railway company is planning to build its line through the Riverbank, possibly destroying their homes.

41.Bricks and Mortar (6 January 1988)
Toad Hall is in need of some renovation work. Badger tells Toad about his ancestor, Inigo, a great architect. Inspired, Toad decides to take up architecture himself, and re-design Toad Hall. As usual, his efforts are somewhat misguided – he thinks the west wing has been put on the wrong side of the hall – and the weasels see yet another opportunity to take advantage of him.

42.The Lost River (13 January 1988)
One morning after the storm, Rat return home with Mole after being invited to breakfast, only to discover that the river has disappeared from its channel. Confused and distressed, he enlists the help of Mole, Badger and Toad, and they all set off to find out what happened. But Rat is not the only one to have lost something: on their search, he and Toad encounter a family of fieldmice whose caravan home has been flooded out. Toad is eventually persuaded to put them up at Toad Hall, but meanwhile the others may have found a clue to the disappearance of the river.

43.The Tournament (20 January 1988)
Excited by reading 'A Boy's First Book of Wonders', Toad announces that he will host a medieval jousting pageant. Astride his trusty steed (his motorcycle), 'Sir Toad' issues a challenge to joust, which the weasels accept.

44.Lord Toad (27 January 1988)
Just miles away from the riverbank, Lord Rushton, a famous archaeologist, has uncovered an ancient barrow. Tired of the inconspicuous life of a country squire, Toad resolves to become "Lord Toad", a famous archaeologist. Toad's excavations meet a tunnel that the Chief Weasel and his assistant are digging. Lamenting his lack of finds, Toad is convinced by the weasels that he has found some ancient artifacts.

45.Hot Air (3 February 1988)
Toad's hot air balloon finally arrives, and Badger thinks it will be a good way to survey the approach of the railway. However, when Toad packs a huge hamper to take up with him, only Mole is left to help. The henchman weasel has fallen asleep in the basket, and as Mole tries to carry the hamper he trips over the rope and the balloon begins its ascent. Mole drives along in one of Toad's cars, following the balloon across the countryside. Up in the air, Toad takes photographs of the railway as the henchman tries not to be sick. With too much weight, the balloon starts drifting downward towards a lake. With all the sandbags released, Toad and the henchman fight over who should jump out. Toad pulls the wrong lever and the balloon crashes down into a tree. Examining the developed photographs, Badger is pleased with Toad's efforts. Mole even plays a joke on his friends by pretending that he has become obsessed with cars like Toad.

46.Fighting Fit (10 February 1988)
Badger, Rat and Mole are preoccupied with the progress of the railway, which looks set to encroach on the Wild Wood and Riverbank. Toad almost collapses at the end of the long walk, and is rather cross when the others brand him overweight and unfit. He orders an array of expensive exercise equipment, which turns out to be quite beyond his capabilities. As Toad cavorts into a cabinet in front of Rat and Mole, a stack of letters is revealed. They refer to a consultation period for those affected by the railway, but Toad has failed to object in time.

47.Hall for Sale (17 February 1988)
Disguised as representatives of the railway company, the weasels talk Toad into selling Toad Hall to them. Toad plans to travel the world with the proceeds, until Badger gets wind of the deal and reads the fraudulent contract.

48.Toad's Harvest (24 February 1988)
It is autumn, and Rat, Mole and Badger are making preparations for winter, exchanging their home-made jams and preserves. Toad's garden supplies most of the fruits and vegetables for his friends, but Toad himself prefers to buy his own winter provisions in a hamper from London, much to Badger’s distaste. Determined to impress them all, Toad buys a tinning machine imported from the USA. However, having refused to blanch the vegetables before putting them into the tins, the impression he makes when they are opened is not the sort he planned.

49.Monster of the Wild Wood (2 March 1988)
With only a few days to Halloween, the riverbank youngsters are brimming with excitement. Meanwhile, Toad is planning a party for the youngsters and is planning to make the best Halloween mask and costume. Billy Rabbit and the others venture into the Wild Wood to go play trick-or-treat, and they are scared by a monster. When the youngsters come running to his house for help, Toad determines to investigate(After Billy and the others have to help him remove his mask which has become glued to his face). In the Wild Wood, his nerves get the better of him, and terror ensues when the monster reappears, hot on the tail of the weasels. The following day Toad has taken to his bed in fright and Badger explains that the "monster" is, in fact, a steam traction engine, part of the construction effort in the Wild Wood. Toad feels silly and pretends to Badger he knew it was not a monster after all!.

50.Remember, Remember (9 March 1988)
It is nearing 5 November, Bonfire Night, and the riverbankers decide to celebrate as a welcome distraction from the construction of the railway in the Wild Wood. Toad determines to have fireworks, and after trying his hand at firework-making without success, he heads to London to buy a luxury box. The display is in peril when the weasels steal the wood for the bonfire and the fireworks, but the riverbankers have a merry gathering nevertheless. Seeing the fireworks being let off from the Wild Woods, the riverbankers notice that the woods are on fire. While tending to the injured weasels, Badger offers them asylum in Mr. Toad's outhouses. He makes an impassioned speech for unity in the face of the builders.

51.Tunnels and Tremors (16 March 1988)
Toad is planning a Christmas party starring the great magician 'Il Mysterioso' (who looks an awful lot like Toad). Meanwhile, Mole End is struck by an earth tremor. Mole and Rat rescue the trapped Billy Rabbit. Toad's performance eventually goes ahead, but Badger is concerned about the cause of the tremor.

52.Happy New Year (23 March 1988)
The New Year brings little cheer for the riverbankers, as the approaching railway threatens to destroy everyone's homes, and even Badger seems to have given up hope. Despite this, Toad insists on holding a New Year’s celebration at the Hall, and on providing the entertainment himself (by playing the bagpipes very badly and reading with an exaggerated accent from the poetry of Rabbie Burns). Mole’s cousin Auberon is in attendance. During the evening two messengers bring news to the group: the first concerning the weasels and a stolen traction engine; the second concerning new developments on the railway.

text: A Tale of Two Toads (1989)[edit]

text: A Tale of Two Toads (6 December 1989)

text: The Chief Weasel discovers that Toad has a double: an actor, impersonator and con artist (in short, someone after his own heart) called Isambard Bilbone Toad. Together, they form a plan which involves the kidnapping of the real Toad and the acquisition of Toad Hall, all without the riverbankers noticing. Once this is done, Isambard continues to play the rôle of Toad in public, having perfected his voice and mannerisms. However, Badger, Rat and Mole cannot help noticing some slight oddities about their friend, particularly when he spreads slanderous remarks that the three have supposedly made about each other. Then, as if that were not strange enough, Toad breaks off his friendship with them, in favour of the weasels who are now sharing the Hall. Eventually, Badger’s keen observation leads them to realise the truth, and they must now rescue the real Toad before the weasels put an even more audacious plan into action...

text: Series 5 (or Oh, Mr. Toad) (1990)[edit]

text:
Title
Synopsis

53.The Chief's Return (27 March 1990)
After being arrested and thrown in jail over the business in "A Tale of Two Toads". The Chief weasel and his henchman send some weasels to Toad Hall with a message saying the Chief wants Toad to be the weasels' new leader and arrange a meeting in his prison cell. Gullible Toad believes them and visits the Chief. But the Chief and his Henchman trick Toad, escape and take over Toad Hall. When Badger, Mole and Rat find out they do some "Prison Visiting" and set Toad free. Then they think of the perfect "cure" for getting the Chief (who is pretending to be Toad ill in bed) and his henchman (posing as a nurse) out of Toad Hall. Enter "Doctor MacSporran".

54.Oarsman Toad (3 April 1990)
Toad decides to enter the "Home-Made Boat Competition" in the River Bank Regatta. However, he can't be bothered to build a boat, and therefore decides to buy one and attempt to pass it off as his own. This plan fails, and he decides to build a boat just to spite the cynical Badger. His first attempt at building a boat fails, but the Weasels offer to help him build another one.

55.Midsummer Night's Disaster (10 April 1990)
Toad decides to produce the Summer Entertainment, after Badger, who usually does the job, decides to take a year off. Toad decides to do a drastically re-written version of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The show includes Oberon, the Fairy Characters- Oberon, the King- who turns out to be Robin Hood in disguise- Titania and her attendants, but it also includes D'Artagnan, Ophelia from Hamlet, and most of the cast of Robin Hood. Mole plays Friar Tuck, and Ratty is the Sheriff of Nottingham, but the Chief Weasel and his bumbling henchman are out to sabotage the production. They make scenery and then steal from Toad Hall during the production, but they are spotted as they make their getaway.

56.The Compleat Bungler (17 April 1990)
Toad takes up fishing. Badger, unusually, encourages this obsession, and offers to give him a lesson in fly fishing. Toad refuses, and goes to London to buy the finest fishing tackle money can buy. With Toad Hall unattended, the weasels decide to steal Toad's motorbike.

57.Mr. Toad of 'The Times' (24 April 1990)
Annoyed that there is no mention of his speech in the local newspaper, Toad decides to write his own. He interviews his friends, but this does not work out. Mole has nothing exciting to tell Toad – his most exciting experience is winning second-prize at a flower show – and Toad is bored by Badger's account of his travels around the world. He attempts to photograph a fake boating accident with Ratty, but this ends in disaster. However, Toad finally gets the paper together and sets out to make copies of it with his new printing press. The action of this episode is interspersed with Toad's fantasies about when his newspaper is a success – a semi-regular character, a young rabbit named Billy, is seen shouting "Read all about it!", as he attempts to sell "The Toad Hall Times".

58.Toad in Motion (1 May 1990)
No one would be silly enough to believe in a perpetual motion machine, would they? Except, of course, for Toad, who acts as generous benefactor to a rather weasely "professor"...

59.Piano-Roll Toad (8 May 1990)
Toad inherits a pianola, and decides to impress his friends by pretending that he can play a real piano, in a grand recital at Toad Hall. When the pedal action proves too much of a strain for him, he enlists the help of Billy Rabbit and a modified bicycle. However, once the weasels learn of the trick, they plan an act of sabotage.

60.Gypsy Toad (15 May 1990)
Inspired by the lifestyle of an old gypsy that visits Toad Hall, Mr Toad finds his tent and fiddle, and heads out to a new life on the open road... until it rains.

61.Hip-Hip Soirée! (22 May 1990)
Bored by Badger's intellectual slide show, Toad decides to hold a soirée at Toad Hall. He starts with a game of charades, but when his opening charade (The Three Musketeers) goes wrong, he calls a halt and suggest they play Pin the Tail on the Donkey instead. This plan goes awry when a blindfolded host falls down a flight of stairs. Badger suggests an impressions game, but Ratty's impression of Toad offends him, and he storms off to bed, vowing never to speak to them again. He then has a strange dream.

62.Happy Birthday! (29 May 1990)
28 November is coming. It is a special day for Toad, and though all his friends know it, they are not letting on. Ignoring all his hints, they move the conversation round to astrological signstar signs and astrology, and soon Toad becomes fascinated and decides to become an "astrologer". He even dreams of a mention in the Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom New Year's Honours List. His fortunes take a turn for the worse when the weasels steal his "pocket watch", but the dawn of 28 November holds some more pleasant surprises...

63.A Toad in Time (5 June 1990)
Toad decides to build a "time travelling machine". His friends think that his latest project is doomed to failure. Undaunted, Toad sets to work. He falls asleep and dreams of being "Robin Hood", and then "Julius Caesar". His friends wake him up, but he is convinced he really did go back in time.

64.Toad in Love (12 June 1990)
Toad has a new craze "filming" and goes London to buy a film camera. While he is there Toad visits a music hall to see a show. Toad falls in love with a singer he sees at the music hall, Lottie D'Urbeville (who never actually appears) which puts him off filming, food and even motoring!. Badger discovers that Lettuce Pommefrite (her real name) is married to a "tightrope walker" – how can he break it to Toad gently?

65.Toad: Film Maker (19 June 1990)
Toad's new enthusiasm is film-making, but with Badger, Mole and Rat preparing for the winter he seeks other cast members. After the initial failure of a young hedgehog and Billy Rabbit in the role of the orphan child, the heroine and her villainous father are replaced by the Assistant and Chief Weasel. The screening reveals a rough cut, and much hilarity, and even Badger is cheered by Mr. Toad's screen wedding to the Chief Weasel's assistant. During the film, Badger explained to Mole that out of all of Toad's follies, he had given everyone a little magic with his film. He also says that when they're gone, they will be remembered forever on a little strip of film, showing those in the future of what their lives were like in their time.

text: Cast[edit]

text: The Narrator (Ian Carmichael)

text: Main characters

text:
Mole (Richard Pearson) - Mild-mannered, unassuming and modest, Mole lives in a humble home underground. Although the book featured him as the key protagonist, he plays less of a role in the series in comparison with characters like Toad.
Rat (Peter Sallis) - Best friend to Mole. A laid-back, reasonable fellow with a taste for poetry and music, and a great love for the river by which he lives.
Toad (David Jason) - The wealthy owner of Toad Hall, the finest home in the county. Although overly enthusiastic, vain, conceited and not too bright, he is kind hearted and loves his friends dearly. He always throws himself into all kinds of new crazes, without much in the way of consideration. His main catchphrase is "It's the only thing!" Many episodes conclude with his friends chorusing "Oh, Toad!" in despair at his unstoppable enthusiasm and incompetence.
Badger (Michael Hordern) - The Nestor of the group. Well respected by all for his wisdom and strength. Stern and conservative, but with a strong sense of justice, he always tries to keep Toad & The Weasels out of trouble.
Chief Weasel (David Jason) - The villainous leader of the Weasels, the bullies and thieves of the Wild Wood. He often tries to trick Toad out of his wealth. However, he is not all bad, and at times will selflessly come to the aid of other animals in need - examples including Mole in "Badger's Remedy"; Otter's son Portly in "The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn" and a lost shrew, Ernest, in "The Rescue".
Henchman Weasel (Brian Trueman) - the Chief's second-in-command; known for his catchphrase, "Very nice, very nice!".

text: Recurring characters

text:
Otter (Brian Southwood) - One of the inhabitants of the River Bank.
Portly (Brian Southwood) - Otter's son
Billy Rabbit (David Jason) - "Billy" is present in all series. He first appears in the Series 1 episode "The Grand Annual Show", but becomes more of a recurring character from Series 3 onwards. He is not to be confused with Billy the Fieldmouse, who appears on and off in the series. Both appear together in a number of episodes.
Alfred (Allan Bardsley) - "Alfred" is Toad's sardonic and disagreeable but good-hearted horse who always refuses to do what Toad wants to do. He briefly appeared in the film with a singing role and then made on and off appearances in the series. His catchphrases are "Nope" and "Ar".
Auberon Mole (Howard Lew Lewis) - Mole's cousin; in the series, is a well-known playwright, and the focus of the episodes "Mole's Cousin", "Auberon's Return" and "Happy New Year".
Mrs. Carrington-Moss (Beryl Reid) - The magistrate in the film; she appears in the episodes, "The Grand Annual Show", "Buried Treasure", and "Burglary at Toad Hall".
Reggie and Rosemary - The owners of the stolen motor car in the film; they appear in the episodes, "The Grand Annual Show", and "Burglary at Toad Hall".
Thomas (Jimmy Hibbert) - Auberon's chauffeur and personal assistant, who is also a toad. He appears in the episodes "Mole's Cousin" and "Happy New Year".

text: International showings[edit]

text:
United Kingdom
 Ireland
 United States
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 France
 Germany
 Portugal
 Sweden
 Norway

text: VHS/DVD releases[edit]

text: VHS/DVD (Region 2)[edit]

text:
VHS - Video Collection International Ltd./DVD - PT Video Ltd.
The film (1983) (VHS - 1986 & 1993 re-release & DVD 2000)
A Tale of Two Toads (1989) (VHS - 1989 & 1994 re-release & DVD 2008)
The Four Seasons - A 2 VHS boxset (1998), containing one episode each from the original four season based Videos (See Below!) - May Day, Grand Annual Show, Harvest and Winter Sports.

Spring (DVD) / Spring Follies (VHS - 1988 & 1995) - The Great Steamer, Paperchase (The Lost River in newer VHS 1995), May Day
Summer (DVD) / Summer Escapades (VHS - 1987 & 1997) - Toad: Photographer, The Great Golfing Gamble, Grand Annual Show
Autumn (DVD) / Autumn Antics (VHS - 1988 & 1995) - Harvest, Monster of the Wild Wood, Remember, Remember
Winter (DVD) / Winter Tales (VHS - 1986 & 1994) - The Yuletide Entertainment (Cut version on the DVD), Winter Sports, The Rescue (Cut version on the VHS).

text: VHS

text:
All VHS titles released by Video Collection International Ltd.
The Further Adventures of Mr Toad (VHS - 1989) - The Further Adventures of Mr Toad, Patient Toad (The Storm in one with a different picture on its VHS cover), Fire at Toad Hall.
Masquerade (VHS - 1987) - A Producer's Lot, Winter Haunts, Fancy Dress.
The Enthusiastic Mr Toad/Oh Toad! (Double Pack VHS - 1987)

The Enthusiastic Mr Toad - Mercury of the Motorbicycle, Mr Toad's Telephone, Toad, Astronomer.
Oh Toad! - Caught in a Maze, Masterchef, Champion of the Green Baize.

Oh! Mr Toad! (VHS - 1990) - Oarsman Toad, Midsummer Night's Disaster, The Complete Bungler.
Happy Birthday and other stories (VHS - 1991) - Happy Birthday, A Toad in Time, Film Maker.
The Labyrinth and other stories (VHS - 1992) - The Labyrinth, Bankruptcy, Unlikely Allies.
Lord Toad and other stories (VHS - 1992) - Lord Toad, Hall for Sale, Toad's Harvest.
Patient Toad and other stories (VHS - 1989) - Patient Toad, The Kidnapping of Toad, Badger's Remedy.
Mole's Cousin and other stories (VHS - 1989) - Mole's Cousin, Auberon Returns, Happy New Year.
The Wind in the Willows Bumper Special (VHS - 1990) - Mr Toad of the Times, Toad in Motion, Piano-Roll Toad, Gypsy Toad, Toad in Love.
My Bumper The Wind In The Willows: Fun & Games (VHS - 1997) - Mercury of the Motorbicycle, Champion of the Green Baize, The Tournament, Hot Air, Fighting Fit.
Sample VHS tape (1988) that includes School Days and Hot Air.

text: DVD

text: In 2003, Time Life DVD released a set of six DVDs with four digitally re-mastered episodes on each disc containing various episodes from Series 1 - 3; these were as follows:

text: 1. Classic Willows Tales - 1. The Yuletide Entertainment (cut version), 2. Caught in a Maze, 3. Grand Annual Show, 4. Badger's Remedy.

text: 2. Typical Toad - 1. Mercury of the Motor bicycle, 2. Burglary at Toad Hall, 3. Fire at Toad Hall, 4. Patient: Toad.

text: 3. Ratty and Mole:Chums For Life - 1. The Ghost at Mole End, 2. The Great Steamer, 3. The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 4. The Storm.

text: 4. Champion of the Willows - 1. Paper Chase, 2. The Great Golfing Gamble, 3. Champion of the Green Baize, 4. Winter Sports.

text: 5. Those Wily Weasels - 1. The Weasels' Trap, 2. The Rescue, 3. Unlikely Allies, 4. Fancy-Dress.

text: 6. Wise Old Badger - 1. Buried Treasure, 2. Harvest, 3. School Days, 4. A Producer's Lot.

text: These DVDs are now out of print and are very rare to find but can be found on eBay every so often.

text:
The Four Seasons - released in May 2006
The Complete Series 1 - released on 26 March 2007
The Complete Series 2 - released on 25 June 2007
Wind In The Willows - The Complete Collection - released on 13 October 2011 (features all 65 episodes including those from Oh Mr. Toad! plus both films)
3 DVDs were made as part of a one-off Daily Mail event around the end of 2008, each containing six episodes. Two of them are similar to The Four Seasons collection.

Disc One: Six classic episodes from the 1st series - The Further Adventures of Toad, The Kidnapping of Toad, The Ghost at Mole End, Buried Treasure, Mole's Cousin, The Open Road Again.
Disc Two: Spring and Summer - The Great Steamer, The Lost River, Paper Chase, May Day, Toad: Photographer, The Great Golfing Gamble, Grand Annual Show.
Disc Three: Autumn and Winter - The Harvest, Monster of the Wild Wood, Remember, Remember, The Yuletide Entertainment, Winter Sports, The Rescue.

text: DVD (Region 1)[edit]

text:
The film (1983)
A Tale of Two Toads (1988)
The Feature Films Collection - a compendium of The Movie and A Tale of Two Toads.
The Complete First Series
The Complete Second Series
The Wind in the Willows Four-Pack - includes both feature films, and the complete first and second series.

text: DVD (Region 4)[edit]

text: The film (1983) - There have been VHS releases Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring, among others.


document_title: Battle of Trenton

question_text: who led the hessians in the battle of trenton

root

text: Battle of Trenton

text: Background[edit]

text: In early December 1776, American morale was very low. The Americans had been ousted from New York by the British and their Hessian auxiliaries, and the Continental Army was forced to retreat across New Jersey. Ninety percent of the Continental Army soldiers who had served at Long Island were gone. Men had deserted, feeling that the cause for independence was lost. Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, expressed some doubts, writing to his cousin in Virginia, "I think the game is pretty near up."[7]

tag: p

text: At the time a small town in New Jersey, Trenton was occupied by four regiments of Hessian soldiers (numbering about 1,400 men) commanded by Colonel Johann Rall. Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox.[8]

text: Prelude[edit]

text: Intelligence[edit]

text: George Washington had stationed a spy named John Honeyman, posing as a Tory, in Trenton. Honeyman had served with Major General James Wolfe in Quebec at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759, and had no trouble establishing his credentials as a Tory. Honeyman was a butcher and bartender, who traded with the British and Hessians. This enabled him to gather intelligence, and also to convince the Hessians that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton. Shortly before Christmas, he arranged to be captured by the Continental Army, who had orders to bring him to Washington unharmed. After being questioned by Washington, he was imprisoned in a small hut, to be tried as a Tory in the morning, but a small fire broke out nearby, enabling him to "escape."[9]

text: American plan[edit]

text: The American plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three directions. General John Cadwalader would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, New Jersey, to block off reinforcements from the south. General James Ewing would take 700 militia across the river at Trenton Ferry, seize the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and prevent enemy troops from escaping. The main assault force of 2,400 men would cross the river 9 mi (14 km) north of Trenton and split into two groups, one under Greene and one under Sullivan, to launch a pre-dawn attack.[10] Sullivan would attack the town from the south, and Greene from the north.[11] Depending on the success of the operation, the Americans would possibly follow up with separate attacks on Princeton and New Brunswick.[12]

text: During the week before the battle, American advance parties began to ambush enemy cavalry patrols, capturing dispatch riders and attacking Hessian pickets. The Hessian commander, to emphasize the danger to his men, sent 100 infantry and an artillery detachment to deliver a letter to the British commander at Princeton.[12] Washington ordered Ewing and his Pennsylvania militia to try to gain information on Hessian movements and technology.[13] Ewing instead made three successful raids across the river. On December 17 and 18, 1776, they attacked an outpost of jägers and on the 21st, they set fire to several houses.[13] Washington put constant watches on all possible crossings near the Continental Army encampment on the Delaware, as he believed William Howe would launch an attack from the north on Philadelphia if the river froze over.[14]

text: On December 20, 1776, some 2,000 troops led by General Sullivan arrived in Washington's camp.[15] They had been under the command of Charles Lee, and had been moving slowly through northern New Jersey when Lee was captured. That same day, an additional 800 troops arrived from Fort Ticonderoga under the command of Horatio Gates.[15]

text: Hessian moves[edit]

text: On December 14, 1776, the Hessians arrived in Trenton to establish their winter quarters.[16] At the time, Trenton was a small town with about 100 houses and two main streets, King (now Warren) Street and Queen (now Broad) Street.[17] Carl von Donop, Rall's superior, had marched south to Mount Holly on December 22 to deal with the resistance in New Jersey, and had clashed with some New Jersey militia there on December 23.[18]

text: Donop, who despised Rall, was reluctant to give command of Trenton to him.[19] Rall was known to be loud and unacquainted with the English language,[19] but he was also a 36-year soldier with a great deal of battle experience. His request for reinforcements had been turned down by British commander General James Grant, who disdained the American rebels and thought them poor soldiers. Despite Rall's experience, the Hessians at Trenton did not admire their commander.[20] They believed that he was too nice, and not ruthless enough to be successful.[20] His officers complained, "His love of life was too great, a thought came to him, then another, so he could not settle on a firm decision ..."[21] Rall avoided hard work and had little concern for his troops' comfort.[21]

text: Trenton lacked city walls or fortifications, which was typical of American settlements.[22] Some Hessian officers advised Rall to fortify the town, and two of his engineers advised that a redoubt be constructed at the upper end of town, and fortifications be built along the river.[22] The engineers went so far as to draw up plans, but Rall disagreed with them.[22] When Rall was again urged to fortify the town, he replied, "Let them come ... We will go at them with the bayonet."[22]

text: As Christmas approached, Loyalists came to Trenton to report the Americans were planning action.[7] American deserters told the Hessians that rations were being prepared for an advance across the river. Rall publicly dismissed such talk as nonsense, but privately in letters to his superiors, he said he was worried about an imminent attack.[7] He wrote to Donop that he was "liable to be attacked at any moment". Rall said that Trenton was "indefensible" and asked that British troops establish a garrison in Maidenhead (now Lawrenceville). Close to Trenton, this would help defend the roads from Americans. His request was denied.[23] As the Americans disrupted Hessian supply lines, the officers started to share Rall's fears. One wrote, "We have not slept one night in peace since we came to this place."[24] On December 22, 1776, a spy reported to Grant that Washington had called a council of war; Grant told Rall to "be on your guard".[25]

text: The main Hessian force of 1,500 men was divided into three regiments: Knyphausen, Lossberg and Rall. That night, they did not send out any patrols because of the severe weather.[26]

text: Crossing and march[edit]

text: Before Washington and his troops left, Benjamin Rush came to cheer up the General. While he was there, he saw a note Washington had written, saying, "Victory or Death".[24] Those words would be the password for the surprise attack.[27] Each soldier carried 60 rounds of ammunition, and three days of rations.[28] When the army arrived at the shores of the Delaware, they were already behind schedule, and clouds began to form above them.[29] It began to rain. As the air's temperature dropped, the rain changed to sleet, and then to snow.[29] The Americans began to cross the river, with John Glover in command. The men went across in Durham boats, while the horses and artillery went across on large ferries.[30] The 14th Continental Regiment of Glover manned the boats. During the crossing, several men fell overboard, including Colonel John Haslet. Haslet was quickly pulled out of the water. No one died during the crossing, and all the artillery pieces made it over in good condition.[31]

text: Two small detachments of infantry of about 40 men each were ordered ahead of main columns.[32] They set roadblocks ahead of the main army, and were to take prisoner whoever came into or left the town.[32] One of the groups was sent north of Trenton, and the other was sent to block River Road, which ran along the Delaware River to Trenton.[33]

text: The terrible weather conditions delayed the landings in New Jersey until 3:00 am; the plan was that they were supposed to be completed by 12:00 am. Washington realized it would be impossible to launch a pre-dawn attack. Another setback occurred for the Americans, as generals Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join the attack due to the weather conditions.[10]

text: At 4:00 am, the soldiers began to march towards Trenton.[34] Along the way, several civilians joined as volunteers, and led as guides (see Captain John Mott) because of their knowledge of the terrain.[35] After marching 1.5 miles (2.4 km) through winding roads into the wind, they reached Bear Tavern, where they turned right.[36] The ground was slippery, but it was level, making it easier for the horses and artillery. They began to make better time.[36] They soon reached Jacobs Creek, where, with difficulty, the Americans made it across.[37] The two groups stayed together until they reached Birmingham, where they split apart.[11] Soon after, they reached the house of Benjamin Moore, where the family offered food and drink to Washington.[38] At this point, the first signs of daylight began to appear.[38] Many of the troops did not have boots, so they were forced to wear rags around their feet. Some of the men's feet bled, turning the snow to a dark red. Two men died on the trip.[39]

text: As they marched, Washington rode up and down the line, encouraging the men to continue.[30] General Sullivan sent a courier to tell Washington that the weather was wetting his men's gunpowder. Washington responded, "Tell General Sullivan to use the bayonet. I am resolved to take Trenton."[40]

text: About 2 miles (3 km) outside the town, the main columns reunited with the advance parties.[41] They were startled by the sudden appearance of 50 armed men, but they were American. Led by Adam Stephen, they had not known about the plan to attack Trenton, and had attacked a Hessian outpost.[42] Washington feared the Hessians would have been put on guard, and shouted at Stephen, "You sir! You Sir, may have ruined all my plans by having them put on their guard."[42] Despite this, Washington ordered the advance continue to Trenton. In the event, Rall thought the first raid was the attack which Grant had warned him about, and that there would be no further action that day.[43]

text: Battle[edit]

text: American attack[edit]

text: At 8 am, the outpost was set up by the Hessians at a cooper shop on Pennington Road about one mile north-west of Trenton. Washington led the assault, riding in front of his soldiers.[44] As the Hessian commander of the outpost, Lieutenant Andreas Wiederholdt, left the shop, an American fired at him but missed.[44] Wiederholdt shouted, "Der Feind!" (The Enemy!) and other Hessians came out.[45] The Americans fired three volleys and the Hessians returned one of their own.[44] Washington ordered Edward Hand's Pennsylvania Riflemen and a battalion of German-speaking infantry to block the road that led to Princeton. They attacked the Hessian outpost there.[45] Wiederholdt soon realized that this was more than a raiding party; seeing other Hessians retreating from the outpost, he led his men to do the same.[46] Both Hessian detachments made organized retreats, firing as they fell back.[45] On the high ground at the north end of Trenton, they were joined by a duty company from the Lossberg Regiment.[45] They engaged the Americans, retreating slowly, keeping up continuous fire and using houses for cover.[47] Once in Trenton, they gained covering fire from other Hessian guard companies on the outskirts of the town. Another guard company nearer to the Delaware River rushed east to their aid, leaving open the River Road into Trenton. Washington ordered the escape route to Princeton be cut off, sending infantry in battle formation to block it, while artillery formed at the head of King and Queen streets.[48]

text: Leading the southern American column, General Sullivan entered Trenton by the abandoned river road and blocked the only crossing over the Assunpink Creek to cut off the Hessian escape.[49] Sullivan briefly held up his advance to make sure Greene's division had time to drive the Hessians from their outposts in the north.[49] Soon after, they continued their advance, attacking the Hermitage, home of Philemon Dickinson, where 50 Jägers under the command of Lieutenant von Grothausen were stationed.[49] Lieutenant von Grothausen brought 12 of his Jägers into action against the advanced guard, but had only advanced a few hundred yards when he saw a column of Americans advancing to the Hermitage.[49] Pulling back to the Hessian barracks, he was joined by the rest of the Jägers. After the exchange of one volley, they turned and ran, some trying to swim across the creek, while others escaped over the bridge, which had not yet been cut off. The 20 British Dragoons also fled.[49] As Greene and Sullivan's columns pushed into the town, Washington moved to high ground north of King and Queens streets to see the action and direct his troops.[50] By this time, American artillery from the other side of the Delaware River had come into action, devastating the Hessian positions.[51]

text: With the sounding of the alarm, the three Hessian regiments began to prepare for battle.[52] The Rall regiment formed on lower King Street along with the Lossberg Regiment, while the Knyphausen Regiment formed at the lower end of Queen Street.[52] Lieutenant Piel, Rall's brigade adjutant, woke his commander, who found that the rebels had taken the "V" of the main streets of the town. This is where the engineers had recommended building a redoubt. Rall ordered his regiment to form up at the lower end of King Street, the Lossberg regiment to prepare for an advance up Queen Street, and the Knyphausen regiment to stand by as a reserve for Rall's advance up King Street.[49]

text: The American cannon stationed at the head of the two main streets soon came into action. In reply, Rall directed his regiment, supported by a few companies of the Lossberg regiment, to clear the guns.[53] The Hessians formed ranks and began to advance up the street, but their formations were quickly broken by the American guns and fire from Mercer's men who had taken houses on the left side of the street.[53] Breaking ranks, the Hessians fled. Rall ordered two three-pound cannon into action. After getting off six rounds each, within just a few minutes, half of the Hessians manning their guns were killed by the American cannon.[53] After the men fled to cover behind houses and fences, their cannons were taken by the Americans.[54] Following capture of the cannon, men under the command of George Weedon advanced down King Street.[49]

text: On Queen Street, all Hessian attempts to advance up the street were repulsed by guns under the command of Thomas Forrest. After firing four rounds each, two more Hessian guns were silenced. One of Forrest's Howitzers was put out of action with a broken axle.[49] The Knyphausen Regiment became separated from the Lossberg and the Rall regiments. The Lossberg and the Rall fell back to a field outside town, taking heavy losses from grapeshot and musket fire. In the southern part of the town, Americans under command of Sullivan began to overwhelm the Hessians. John Stark led a bayonet charge at the Knyphausen regiment, whose resistance broke because their weapons would not fire. Sullivan led a column of men to block off escape of troops across the creek.[54]

text: Hessian resistance collapses[edit]

text: The Hessians in the field attempted to reorganize, and make one last attempt to retake the town so they could make a breakout.[1] Rall decided to attack the American flank on the heights north of the town.[55] Rall yelled "Forward! Advance! Advance!", and the Hessians began to move, with the brigade's band playing fifes, bugles and drums to help the Hessians' spirit.[55][56]

text: Washington, still on high ground, saw the Hessians approaching the American flank. He moved his troops to assume battle formation against the enemy.[55] The two Hessian Regiments began marching toward King Street, but were caught in American fire that came at them from three directions.[55] Some Americans had taken up defensive positions inside houses, reducing their exposure. Some civilians joined the fight against the Hessians.[57] Despite this, they continued to push, recapturing their cannon. At the head of King Street, Knox saw the Hessians had retaken the cannon and ordered his troops to take them. Six men ran and, after a brief struggle, seized the cannon, turning them on the Hessians.[58] With most of the Hessians unable to fire their guns, the attack stalled. The Hessians' formations broke, and they began to scatter.[57] Rall was mortally wounded.[59] Washington led his troops down from high ground while yelling, "March on, my brave fellows, after me!"[57] Most of the Hessians retreated into an orchard, with the Americans in close pursuit. Quickly surrounded,[60] the Hessians were offered terms of surrender, to which they agreed.

text: Although ordered to join Rall, the remains of the Knyphausen Regiment mistakenly marched in the opposite direction.[60] They tried to escape across the bridge, but found it had been taken. The Americans quickly swept in, defeating a Hessian attempt to break through their lines. Surrounded by Sullivan's men, the regiment surrendered, just minutes after the rest of the brigade.[61]

text: Casualties and Capture[edit]

text: The Hessian forces lost 22 killed in action, 83 wounded, and 896 captured–including the wounded.[62] The Americans suffered only two deaths from bare feet causing frostbite and five wounded from battle, including a near-fatal wound to future president James Monroe. Other losses incurred by the Patriots due to exhaustion, exposure, and illness in the following days may have raised their losses above those of the Hessians.[63]

text: The captured Hessians were sent to Philadelphia and later Lancaster. In 1777 they were moved to Virginia.[64] Rall was mortally wounded and died later that night at his headquarters.[63] All four Hessian colonels in Trenton were killed in the battle. The Lossberg regiment was effectively removed from the British forces. Parts of the Knyphausen regiment escaped to the south, but Sullivan captured some 200 additional men, along with the regiment's cannon and supplies. They also captured approximately 1,000 arms and much-needed ammunition.[65] Last, but not least, was the capture from the Hessians of their entire store of provisions—tons of flour, dried and salted meats, ale and other liquors, but also shoes, boots, clothing and bedding—things that were as much needed by the ragtag Continental forces as weapons and horses.

text: Hessians drinking[edit]

text: An officer in Washington's staff wrote before the battle, "They make a great deal of Christmas in Germany, and no doubt the Hessians will drink a great deal of beer and have a dance to-night. They will be sleepy to-morrow morning."[66] Popular history commonly portrays the Hessians as drunk from Christmas celebrations. However, historian David Hackett Fischer quotes Patriot John Greenwood, who fought in the battle and supervised Hessians afterward, who wrote, "I am certain not a drop of liquor was drunk during the whole night, nor, as I could see, even a piece of bread eaten."[67] Military historian Edward G. Lengel wrote, "The Germans were dazed and tired but there is no truth to the legend claiming that they were helplessly drunk."[68]

text: After effect[edit]

text: After the Hessians' surrender, Washington is reported to have shaken the hand of a young officer and said, "This is a glorious day for our country."[69] On December 28. General Washington interviewed Lieutenant (later Colonel) Andreas Wiederhold, who detailed the failures of Rall's preparation.[70] Washington soon learned however that Cadwalader and Ewing had been unable to complete their crossing, leaving his worn-out army of 2,400 men isolated.[71] Without their 2,600 men, Washington realized he did not have the forces to attack Princeton and New Brunswick.[71]

text: This small but decisive battle, as with the later Battle of Cowpens, had an effect disproportionate to its size. The colonial effort was galvanized, and the Americans overturned the psychological dominance achieved by the British Government troops in the previous months. Howe was stunned that the Patriots so easily surprised and overwhelmed the Hessian garrison.[61] Colonial support for the rebellion was also buoyed significantly at this time by writings of Thomas Paine and additional successful actions by the New Jersey Militia.[72]

text: Aftermath & legacy[edit]

text: By noon, Washington's force had moved across the Delaware back into Pennsylvania, taking their prisoners and captured supplies with them.[71] This battle gave the Continental Congress a new confidence, as it proved colonial forces could defeat regulars. It also increased re-enlistments in the Continental Army forces. By defeating a European army, the colonials reduced the fear which the Hessians had caused earlier that year after the fighting in New York.[1]

text: Two notable American officers were wounded: William Washington, cousin of the General, and Lieutenant James Monroe, the future President of the United States. Monroe was carried from the field bleeding badly after he was struck in the left shoulder by a musket ball, which severed an artery. Doctor John Riker clamped the artery, preventing him from bleeding to death.[58]

text: The hours before the battle served as the inspiration for the painting Washington Crossing the Delaware by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. The image in the painting, in which Washington stands majestic in his boat as it crosses the Delaware River, is generally believed to be more symbolic than historically accurate. The waters of the river were icy and treacherous, and the flag Monroe holds was not created until six months after the battle.[73] In addition, contrary to the painting, the crossing occurred before dawn.[73] On the other hand, Fischer argues that because the crossing took place in a storm, people may have stood to avoid sitting in icy water in the boats.[74] Because of its emotional content, the painting has become an icon of American history.[73]

text: The Trenton Battle Monument, erected at "Five Points" in Trenton, stands as a tribute to this American victory.[75] The crossing of the Delaware and battle are reenacted by local enthusiasts every year (unless the weather is too severe on the river).[73]

text: Eight current Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn,[76] 103rd Eng Bn,[77] A/1-104th Cav,[78] 111th Inf,[79] 125th QM Co,[80] 175th Inf,[81] 181st Inf[82] and 198th Sig Bn[83]) and one currently-active Regular Army Artillery battalion (1–5th FA[84] ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Trenton. There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots.


document_title: List of countries with McDonald's restaurants

question_text: when did mcdonald's open in south africa

question_tokens: when did mcdonald 's open in south africa

text: Countries and territories with a McDonald's outlet[edit]

text:
1#

Name of country

Date of first store

First outlet location

Number of currently operating outlets

Source and date of source

People per outlet

Notes

1

 United States

May 15, 1940Franchise: April 13, 1955

San Bernardino, CaliforniaDes Plaines, Illinois (Franchise)

14,146

(source: Statista 2016)

22,985

See McDonald's USA

2

 Canada (details)

June 3, 1967

Richmond, British Columbia

1,450

(source: Statista 2016)

24,242

See McDonald's Canada

3

 Puerto Rico

December 6, 1967

San Juan

108

(source: McDonald's 2013)

31,583

First McDonald's in Latin America and in the Caribbean. See McDonald's Puerto Rico

4

 U.S. Virgin Islands

September 5, 1970

St. Croix

6

(source: McDonald's 2013)

17,666

5

 Costa Rica

December 8, 1970

San Jose, 4th street, between 1st and Central Avenue.

54

(source: McDonald's 2013)

84,925

Third country (not U.S. possession) and first outlet outside Northern America where McDonald's opened. See McDonald's Costa Rica

6

 Australia

May 30, 1971

Yagoona, New South Wales[12]

920

(source: McDonald's 2013)

26,613

First outlet in Oceania and first outlet outside the Americas. See McDonald's Australia.

7

 Guam

June 10, 1971

Dededo

6

(source: Statista 2016)

27,166

8

 Japan

July 21, 1971

Tokyo

2,975

(source: McDonald's 2015)

42,598

First outlet in Asia, see McDonald's Japan; McDonald's Holdings Company Japan, Inc.[13]

9

 Netherlands

August 21, 1971

Zaandam

245

(source: McDonald's 2016)

69,797

This was the first outlet in Europe. Opened in 1971 by European Master Franchisees Jan Sybesma & Diet de Wolff (Brother & Sister) - McDonald's Europe is now run by the Dutch Sybesma family & Australian de Wolff family who also own in excess of 80 Stores Worldwide. Sybesma & de Wolff ATF McDonald's Europe - Plan to open 15 more stores in the next 4 years. See McDonald's Netherlands

10

 Panama

September 1, 1971

Panama City

57

(source: McDonald's 2013)

71,192

See McDonald's Panama

11

 Germany

November 22, 1971( West Germany)December 21, 1990(former  East Germany)[14]

Munich( West Germany)Plauen(former  East Germany)

1,476

(source: McDonald's Germany 2018)[15]

56,098

First outlet in West Germany. First outlet in the new states of Germany opened in 1990 following reunification. See McDonald's Germany

12

 France

June 30, 1972

Créteil

1,419

(source: McDonald's December 2016)[15]

45,708

First outlet in Creteil in 1972 even though McDonald's officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979. See McDonald's France.

13

 El Salvador

July 20, 1972

San Salvador

20

(source: 2018)

490,538

Left in 1980 during the Salvadorian Civil War, but returned after the war in 1992.

14

 Sweden

October 27, 1973

Kungsgatan 4, Stockholm

202

(source: 2018)

44,546

First outlet in Scandinavia. See McDonald's Sweden

15

 Guatemala

June 6, 1974

Guatemala City

94

(source: 2018)

197,268

See McDonald's Guatemala

16

 Curacao

August 16, 1974

Willemstad

5

(source: McDonald's 2013)

31,800

See McDonald's Aruba and Curaçao

17

 United Kingdom

England: 13 November 1974[16]Wales: 3 December 1984Scotland: 23 November 1987[17]Northern Ireland: 12 October 1991

Woolwich, London (England)Cardiff (Wales)Dundee (Scotland)Belfast (Northern Ireland)

1,274

(source: McDonald's December 2016)[15]

51,106

Includes Isle of Man and Jersey (1 each)England: 1,038Scotland: 95Wales: 62Northern Ireland: 26See McDonald's UK

18

 Hong Kong( British Hong Kong at the time)

January 8, 1975

Paterson Street, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong Island.[18]

237

R(source: McDonald's 2013)

31,118

Then a British Crown colony/Dependent Territory. See McDonald's Hong Kong

19

 Bahamas

August 4, 1975

Nassau

3

(source: Dec. 2012)

131,000

First outlet in an independent country of the Caribbean.

20

 New Zealand (details)

June 7, 1976

Porirua Central, Wellington[19]

166

(source: 2018)

29,574

Founded in New Zealand by Wally and Hugh Morris[20]First South Island restaurants opened at Linwood and Merivale, both Christchurch, on 3 November 1987.[21] See McDonald's New Zealand.

21

  Switzerland

October 20, 1976

Geneva

167

(source: 2018)

51,858

see McDonald's Switzerland

22

 Ireland

May 9, 1977

Grafton Street, Dublin

89

(source: McDonald's 2013)

53,505

First drive-thru in Europe opened in Nutgrove, Dublin and first McCafé in Europe Grafton Street, Dublin, see McDonald's Ireland

23

 Austria

July 21, 1977

Schwarzenbergplatz, Vienna

195

(source: McDonald's 2018)

45,246

see McDonald's Austria

24

 Belgium

March 21, 1978

Brussels

74

(source: McDonald's 2015)

152,027

A division of Sybesma & de Wolff (Master Franchisees McDonald's Europe), with most stores being owned by S&DW. See McDonald's Belgium

25

 Brazil

February 13, 1979

Rio de Janeiro

812

(source: McDonald's 2013)

255,357

First outlet in South America and first outlet in a lusophone country. See McDonald's Brazil

26

 Singapore

October 20, 1979

Liat Towers, Orchard Road

136

(source: Dec. 2012)

44,856

First outlet in Southeast Asia. See McDonald's Singapore

27

 Spain

March 10, 1981

Gran Vía, Madrid

507[22]

(source: July 2018)

93,406

First outlet in the Iberian Peninsula, see McDonald's Spain

28

 Denmark

April 15, 1981

Vesterbrogade 2D, Copenhagen

88

(source: 2018)

64,595

See McDonald's Denmark

29

 Philippines

September 27, 1981

Morayta, Sampaloc, Manila

572

(source: February 2018)[23][24]

183,423

See McDonald's Philippines

30

 Malaysia

April 29, 1982

Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur[25]

271

(source: 2018)

100,417

First outlet in a Muslim-majority country. See McDonald's Malaysia

31

 Norway

November 18, 1983

Nedre Slottsgate, Oslo

73

(source: Jun. 2017)

72,150

see McDonald's Norway

32

 Taiwan

January 28, 1984

Minsheng East Road, Taipei

413

(source: 2015)

56,949

Left in 1992 during investigations of restaurant bombings in Taiwan, but returned that same year after investigations concluded.
See McDonald's Taiwan

33

 Andorra

June 29, 1984

Andorra la Vella

5

(source: 2018)[26]

17,000

34

 Finland

December 14, 1984

Hämeenkatu 17, Tampere

65

(source: June 2017 [2])

84,676

see McDonald's Finland

35

 Thailand

February 23, 1985

Bangkok

240

(source: 2017)

283,162

see McDonald's Thailand

36

 Aruba

April 4, 1985

Oranjestad

4

(source: 2016)

25,750

See McDonald's Aruba and Curaçao

37

 Luxembourg

July 17, 1985

Luxembourg City

10

(source: 2013)

57,600

see McDonald's Luxembourg

38

 Venezuela

August 31, 1985

Caracas

133

(source: 2018 website)

226,964

see McDonald's Venezuela

39

 Italy

March 20, 1985

Piazza di Spagna, Rome

571

(source: 2018)[27]

106,296

see McDonald's Italy

40

 Mexico

October 29, 1985

Mexico City

402

(source: Dec. 2012)

297,340

see McDonald's Mexico

41

 Cuba

April 24, 1986

Guantanamo Bay

1

(source: Dec. 2012)

11,239,000

Guantanamo Bay – Open only to base personnel.

42

 Turkey

October 24, 1986

Istanbul

250

(source: 2018)[28]

313,000

see McDonald's Turkey. First outlet in West Asia.

43

 Argentina

November 24, 1986

Belgrano, Buenos Aires

222

(source: Jun. 2018)

207,736

see McDonald's Argentina.

44

 Macau( Portuguese Macau at the time)

April 11, 1987

Rua do Campo, Cathedral Parish, Macau Peninsula

27

(source: Dec. 2012)

24,111

Then Portuguese territory; McDonald's would only open a restaurant in Portugal itself 4 years later. see List of restaurants.

45

 Serbia(part of  Yugoslavia at the time)

March 24, 1988

Slavija Square, Belgrade

30

(source: October 2016)[29]

271,461

First outlet in a communist country and first outlet in the Balkans. See McDonald's Serbia

46

 South Korea

March 29, 1988

Gangnam District, Seoul

450[30]

(source: June 2017)

113,888

See McDonald's South Korea

47

 Hungary( HPR at the time)

April 13, 1988

Budapest[31]

89

(source: 2018)[32]

109,222

Second communist country, first Warsaw Pact member, thus first outlet behind the Iron Curtain. See McDonald's Hungary

48

 Russia(part of  Soviet Union at the time)

January 31, 1990

Pushkin Square, Moscow

645

(source: January 2017)[33]

223,255

See McDonald's Russia

49

 PR of China

October 8, 1990

Shenzhen

2,391

(source: December 2016)[34]

624,336>

See McDonald's China.

50

 Chile

November 19, 1990

Santiago de Chile

77

(source: Dec. 2012)

233,844

See McDonald's Chile

51

 Indonesia

February 23, 1991

Sarinah, Jakarta

170

(source: 2016)

1,550,058

See McDonald's Indonesia

52

 Portugal

May 23, 1991

CascaiShopping, Cascais

148

(source: Sep. 2015)

69,871

See McDonald's Portugal

53

 Greece

November 12, 1991

Athens Syntagma Sq.

23

(source: 2018)

456,458

See McDonald's Greece

54

 Uruguay

November 18, 1991

Montevideo

21

(source: 2014)

163,190

See McDonald's Uruguay

55

 Martinique

December 16, 1991

Fort-de-France

9

(source: 2016)

42,888

See McDonald's French Antilles

56

 Czech Republic(part of  Czechoslovakia at the time)

March 20, 1992

Vodičkova street, Prague

95

(source: Feb. 2015)

111,094

See McDonald's Czech Republic

57

 Guadeloupe

April 8, 1992

8

(source: 2016)

50,250

See McDonald's French Antilles

58

 Poland

June 16, 1992

Marszałkowska Street, Warsaw in department store "Sezam"

403

(source: 2018)

94,875

See McDonald's Poland

59

 Monaco

November 20, 1992

Monte Carlo

2

19,000

60

 Brunei

December 12, 1992

Bandar Seri Begawan

2

(source: 2016)

208,500

61

 Morocco

December 18, 1992

Casablanca

41

(source: 2018)[35]

846,200

First outlet in Africa – McDonald's is now present in all continents except Antarctica. See McDonald's Morocco

62

 Northern Marianas

March 18, 1993

Saipan

2

(source:August 2011)

26,500

First outlet opened on the island of Saipan – Along with a second outlet in 1997

63

 Israel (details)

October 14, 1993

Ayalon Mall, Ramat Gan

185

(source: 2016)

47,021

First outlet in the Middle East. See McDonald's Israel

64

 Slovenia

December 2, 1993

In Čopova Street, Ljubljana

20

(source: 2016)

103,300

See McDonald's Slovenia

65

 Saudi Arabia

December 8, 1993

Riyadh

263

(source: 2018)

147,321

See McDonald's Saudi Arabia McDonald's Saudi Arabia

66

 Kuwait

June 15, 1994

72

(source: 2018)

57,973

See McDonald's Kuwait

67

 New Caledonia

July 26, 1994

Nouméa

2

(source: 2012)

134,500

68

 Oman

July 30, 1994

23

(source: 2018)

304,866

See McDonald's Oman

69

 Egypt

October 20, 1994

Cairo

100

(source: 2017)

1,260,621

See McDonald's Egypt

70

 Bulgaria

December 10, 1994

Plovdiv

42

(source: 2011)

169,095

See [3]

71

 Bahrain

December 15, 1994

Muharraq City

23

(source: 2018)

68,900

See McDonald's Bahrain

72

 Latvia

December 15, 1994

Riga

12

(source: June 2012)[36]

162,750

First outlet in the Baltics. See McDonald's Latvia

73

 United Arab Emirates

December 21, 1994

Abu Dhabi

165

(source: 2018)

88,938

See McDonald's UAE

74

 Estonia

April 29, 1995

Tallinn

10

(source: June 2015)[37]

131,600

See McDonald's Estonia

75

 Romania

June 16, 1995

Bucharest

70

(source: 2017)

280,543

See McDonald's Romania

76

 Malta

July 7, 1995

Valletta

10

(source: McDonald's 2016, 9 in Malta, 1 in Gozo)

44,500

See McDonald's Malta

77

 Colombia

July 14, 1995

Centro Andino, Bogota

81

(source: July 2013)

607,530

See McDonald's Colombia

78

 Slovakia

October 14, 1995

Banská Bystrica

30

(source: 2015)

180,866

See McDonald's Slovakia

79

 South Africa

November 11, 1995

Blackheath, Gauteng

252

(source: 2018)

244,253

See McDonald's South Africa

80

 Qatar

December 13, 1995

42

(source: 2018)

107,040

See McDonald's Qatar

81

 Honduras

December 14, 1995

Tegucigalpa

8

1,031,250

See McDonald's Honduras

82

 Sint Maarten

December 15, 1995

Philipsburg

3

(source: December 2013)

11,333

83

 Croatia

February 2, 1996

Zagreb

30

(source: 2018)[38]

139,033

See McDonald's Croatia

84

 Samoa(named Western Samoa at the time)

March 2, 1996

Apia

1

192,000

85

 Fiji

May 1, 1996

Suva

4

(source: 2001)

224,690

As of April 2012, Fiji is the only country in the world to still use the 2003 "i'm lovin' it" packaging, even though the other countries are using the 2008 packaging for meals and items. See McDonald's Fiji

86

 Liechtenstein

May 3, 1996

Triesen

1

(source: 2018)

38,111

See McDonald's Switzerland

87

 Lithuania

May 31, 1996

Vilnius

13

(source: 2018)[39]

257,090

See McDonald's Lithuania

88

 India

October 13, 1996[40]

Delhi

290+

(source: 2017)[41][42]

5,306,288>

First outlet in South Asia. See McDonald's India

89

 Peru

October 18, 1996

Lima

40

(source: 2014)

778,800

See McDonald's Peru

90

 Jordan

November 7, 1996

Amman

31

(source: 2018)

352,928

91

 Paraguay

November 21, 1996

Asuncion

19

(source: 2018)

616,636

See McDonald's Paraguay

92

 Dominican Republic

November 30, 1996

Santo Domingo

31

325,000

Country with the second most locations of McDonald's in the Caribbean, after Puerto Rico. See McDonald's Dominican Republic

93

 French Polynesia

December 10, 1996

Tahiti

6

47,666

94

 Belarus

December 10, 1996

Minsk

14

(source: 2017)

864,272

First McDonald's in a non-Baltic former Soviet republic (not including Russia)
The company claimed this as McDonald's "100th country" although this calculation included many non-sovereign territories. See McDonald's Belarus.

95

 Trinidad and Tobago

May 6, 1997

6

225,000

McDonald's previously had stores in Trinidad (May 6, 1997 – October 25, 2003) but closed due to low sales. Re-opened at The Falls At West Mall in 2011 and has expanded to 5 other locations.[43]

96

 Ukraine

May 24, 1997

Kyiv

80

(source: October 2017)

545,410

All three restaurants in the peninsula of Crimea were closed in 2014. See McDonald's Ukraine

97

 Cyprus

June 12, 1997

Larnaca

18

(source: 2016)

63,388

See McDonald's Cyprus

98

 Jersey

August 1, 1997

Saint Helier

1

100,080

99

 Ecuador

October 9, 1997

6 de Diciembre Avenue, Quito

27

(source: 2014)

597,925

See McDonald's Ecuador

100

 Bolivia

October 24, 1997

La Paz

1

10,980,000

McDonald's was open in Bolivia from October 24, 1997 to September 30, 2002, when it closed due to slow sales and cost. A new restaurant opened on October 10, 2017 after fifteen years of absence.

101

 Reunion

December 14, 1997

Saint-Denis

4

(source: 2018)

210,904

102

 Isle of Man

December 15, 1997

Douglas

1

84,000

103

 Suriname

December 18, 1997

Paramaribo

2

(source: 2010)

293,000

104

 Moldova

April 30, 1998

Chișinău

5

(source: 2018)

599,647

See McDonald's Moldova

105

 Nicaragua

July 11, 1998

Managua

6

(source: June 2010)

1,027,833

McDonald's outlets ceased operation during the Nicaraguan civil war and re-established a presence in 1998 after an absence of two decades. During the civil war one continued operating as "Donald's".[44] See McDonald's Nicaragua

106

 Lebanon

September 18, 1998

Beirut

33

(source: 2013)

187,424

107

 Pakistan

September 19, 1998[45]

Karachi

60

(source: 2018)

2,885,757

McDonald's Pakistan

108

 Sri Lanka

October 16, 1998

Colombo

7

(source: March 4, 2013)

2,896,857

see McDonald's Sri Lanka

109

 Georgia

February 5, 1999

Rustaveli Avenue, Tbilisi

14

(source: 2018)

338,181

First outlet in the Caucasus. See McDonald's Georgia

110

 San Marino

July 6, 1999

Borgo Maggiore

1

(source: 2018)

33,328

See McDonald's Italy

111

 Gibraltar

August 13, 1999

Westside

1

(source: 2018)

32,194

See McDonald's Spain

112

 Azerbaijan

November 6, 1999

Fountains Square, Baku

12

(source: 2016)[46]

818,666

See McDonald's Azerbaijan

113

 French Guiana

February 22, 2000

Cayenne

2

(source: 2016)

125,000

See McDonald's French Antilles

114

 American Samoa

September 29, 2000

2

(source: 2008)

27,000

115

 Mauritius

July 4, 2001

Port Louis

7

192,571

117

  Iraq

August 10, 2006

Baghdad

1

(source: 2006)

38,146,000

One location in Baghdad for the U.S. Army, but there is also a knockoff called MaDonal.

118

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

July 21, 2011[47]

Sarajevo

4

(source: 2015)

882,790

After some 10 years of trying to enter the Bosnian market with no success, McDonald's opened its first restaurant in BiH on 20 July 2011. See McDonald's Bosnia and Herzegovina

119

 Vietnam

February 8, 2014

Ho Chi Minh City

17

(source: 2017)

6,180,000

See McDonald's Vietnam

120

 Kazakhstan

March 8, 2016

Astana

11

1,778,844

First outlet in Central Asia. See McDonald's Kazakhstan

121

 Tunisia

Tunis

Coming Soon

122

 Kenya

Coming Soon

Nairobi

(source: 2017)

49,125,325

Announced on December 10, 2017. McDonald's is still yet to open in Kenya.

tag: table

text: Former locations[edit]

text:
1#

Name of country

Date of first store

Date of closing

Reason to closing

1

 Iran

circa 1971/1972

1979

Closed due to the Islamic Revolution. A lot of foreign companies, specifically American, were forced to leave. McDonald's attempted to re-enter the Iranian market in 1994, but this failed due to a hostile anti-American fundamentalist attack on the building which was under construction where the planned franchise would be opened. McDonald's does not plan on opening any restaurants in Iran at this time.

2

 Barbados [48]

August 25, 1989

December 13, 1990

Closed due to extremely slow sales.

3

 Bermuda [49]

November 10, 1985

March 9, 1995

Closed due to a government law that bans franchised restaurants in the country. The McDonald's restaurant was located on a US Naval Air Station and was thus exempt from the law. When the base closed in 1995 the restaurant was required to do likewise.

4

 Jamaica [50]

April 15, 1995

October 14, 2005

Closed due to governmental problems and declining sales.

5

 Montenegro

June 1, 2004

2007

A seasonal McDonald's restaurant was opened in Budva, but it was closed due to the lack of location.

6

 Iceland [51]

September 1, 1993

October 31, 2009

Closed down by Icelandic affiliate due to both prohibitive costs of importing foreign food products as required by McDonald's and the collapse of the Icelandic krona. Its three former outlets were re-branded as its own chain of Metro restaurants, which offer similar service and menus with domestically produced ingredients.

7

 Macedonia

September 6, 1997

May 15, 2013

Closed due to dispute in contract and contractual obligations with the franchise owner Sveto Janevski.


document_title: The Man in the Moon

question_text: who dies in the man in the moon

question_tokens: who dies in the man in the moon

text: The Man in the Moon

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1957, Dani Trant (Reese Witherspoon) is a 14-year-old girl in Louisiana who, according to her father, is "too big to be running off by herself." Dani and her older sister Maureen (Emily Warfield), who is going off to college in the fall, are very close. Maureen helps take care of their younger sister, Missy, while their mother Abigail (Tess Harper) is pregnant. Dani however prefers to run off to the neighbor's creek to go swimming in the nude. It is here that she meets her new neighbor, 17-year-old Court Foster (Jason London). Court kicks Dani out of his creek. When Dani goes home, her mother tells her to wash up because an old friend is coming for dinner with her children. The Trants' old friend turns out to be a widow, Mrs. Foster (Gail Strickland) with her three sons Court, Dennis, and Rob. When Dani realizes who Court is, the two dislike each other. Court calls Dani "a little girl". When Dani's father Matthew (Sam Waterston) tells Dani to accompany Court into town for groceries, Dani and Court drive into town and start to get along. Dani finally realizes that she is in love with Court.

text: Maureen goes on a date to a dance with her boyfriend Billy Sanders (Bentley Mitchum). When they leave the dance, Billy wants to park his car and have sex. Maureen gets angry and breaks up with Billy because she believes "love should be beautiful". The next day, Dani asks Maureen for advice on how to kiss a boy. Maureen demonstrates by practicing on her hand. Dani and Court continue to go swimming during the hot sunny days and become very close friends. The two agree to meet to go swimming at night, since Court has too much work to do during the day. Dani sneaks off and swims with Court until they reach the point where they are about to kiss. Court pushes Dani away and says she is a little girl that doesn't know what she's doing, and runs off home. Dani leaves too just as a thunderstorm is breaking out. Abigail wakes up, knowing Dani isn't home, and runs outside looking for her. Just as Dani gets home, and runs to her mother, her mother also runs and trips on a root, landing on her stomach. Dani's father races her to the hospital, where she is kept for treatment. When her father returns home from the hospital, he spanks Dani with his belt. The next day, Court brings food to the Trant house and apologizes to Dani for the other night. Dani, still hurt, just ignores him at first, until Court says he would still like to be friends. The next time they go swimming the two share Dani's first kiss. Dani is still hurt and angry at her father for hitting her. When he tries to talk to her the next day feeling remorseful for using his belt on her, she only replies with "Yes Sir" or "No Sir" to his questions.

text: Once Dani has made up with her father, he tells Dani to invite Court over once in a while so he can get to know him better. When Court comes over for dinner, he finally meets Maureen. Dani can tell it is love at first sight for the two of them. While Dani visits her mother in the hospital, Court comes over to the Trant house and kisses Maureen. Over the next few days, Dani is getting pushed away by Court. While the rest of the family goes to pick up Abigail and the new baby from the hospital, Court and Maureen claim their love for each other, consummating their love in a field. When Maureen leaves for home, Court goes back to plowing the fields and falls off the tractor, and is badly injured. Dani sees this, and races home to tell her father. When Matthew returns home, he has some of Court's blood on his clothes and the family realizes that Court has died. Maureen hides her pain at first, while Dani bursts into tears. After Court's funeral, Dani continues to be angry at Maureen for stealing Court away from her. Matthew tells Dani that although she has a right to be hurt, being mad won't bring Court back, and Maureen will be her sister for life. Dani comforts Maureen as she weeps on Court's fresh grave, and the film ends with Maureen and Dani talking outside on the porch at night as the summer draws to a close, looking up at the moon becoming close again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sam Waterston as Matthew Trant
Tess Harper as Abigail Trant
Gail Strickland as Marie Foster
Reese Witherspoon as Dani Trant
Jason London as Court Foster
Emily Warfield as Maureen Trant
Bentley Mitchum as Billy Sanders
Ernie Lively as Will Sanders
Dennis Letts as Doc White
Earleen Bergeron as Eileen Sanders
Anna Chappell as Mrs. Taylor
Brandi and Sandi Smith as Missy Trant
Derek and Spencer Ball as Foster Twins

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The Man in the Moon marked the film debut of Reese Witherspoon at the age of 14 years. Director Mulligan commented that casting her in the role of Dani was “risky business, to say the least. We had a casting team that went out and saw several thousand kids and tested them on video. When I saw Reese’s test, she just jumped off the screen, simply as a personality. I couldn’t tell whether she could act or not, but she’s got a wonderful face and there’s a brightness and intelligence there. Then, when I tested her in Santa Monica, a strange breakthrough took place. Early in the movie, Dani is a bit of a tomboy. Reese was trying to project this in a scene where she had to get angry with the boy, but it had a false ring to it. Because in real life she isn’t a tomboy. She’s a real ‘girl’ girl. Just before we did another rehearsal, I told her I wanted her to chew gum. Well, she started chewing gum and all of a sudden the performance happened. She was tough. Strong. Direct. And the scene worked. Like that. In an instant, it was there. What was marvelous was, at the end of the scene, Reese knew that something happened. Her compass, her sense of what’s real, kicked in. The motor was running and she knew it. It was funny because she said: ‘Can I always chew gum?’ And I said: ‘Yeah.’”[2] The photography was by Academy Award-winning cinematographer Freddie Francis.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was highly praised by Roger Ebert, who included it at No. 8 in his Top 10 list of the best films of 1991,[3] declaring, "Nothing else [Mulligan] has done... approaches the purity and perfection of The Man in the Moon. As the film approached its conclusion without having stepped wrong once, I wondered whether he could do it - whether he could maintain the poetic, bittersweet tone, and avoid the sentimentalism and cheap emotion that could have destroyed this story. Would he maintain the integrity of this material? He would, and he does."[4]

text: Versions[edit]

text: Later, Mulligan became disenchanted with how the film was edited and cut by airlines, particularly American and Delta Air Lines, for in-flight showings. He became so disturbed by these airline edits to the picture that he insisted that his name be removed from the credits of the film.[5]