document_title: List of Ottoman titles and appellations

question_text: how do you say your majesty in turkish

question_tokens: how do you say your majesty in turkish

text: List of Ottoman titles and appellations

text: Usage by Ottoman royalty[edit]

text:
The sovereigns' main titles were Khan, Sultan, and Padishah; which were of Turkic, Arabic and Persian origin, respectively. His full style was the result of a long historical accumulation of titles expressing the empire's rights and claims as successor to the various states it annexed or subdued. Beside these imperial titles, "Caesar" of Rome (Kayser-i Rûm) was among the important titles claimed by Sultan Mehmed II after the conquest of Constantinople.
Title sultan (سلطان), originally meaning "authority" or "dominion", used in an ungendered manner to encompass the whole imperial family, men and women, reflected the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as a "family prerogative". Male dynasty member carrying the title before their given name, with female member carrying it after.[1] Nevertheless, when used to refer to female dynasty members and relatives, title sultan often translated to sultana in to outside Ottoman, possibly to distinguish them from the Ottoman ruler.
Hazretleri is honorific Arabic title used to honour a person. The literal translation of Hadrah is "Presence" and often translated as "Your Highness".

text: Sovereign[edit]

text: The sovereigns' main titles were Khan, Sultan, and Padishah; which were of Turkic, Arabic and Persian origin, respectively. His full style was the result of a long historical accumulation of titles expressing the empire's rights and claims as successor to the various states it annexed or subdued. Beside these imperial titles, "Caesar" of Rome (Kayser-i Rûm) was among the important titles claimed by Sultan Mehmed II after the conquest of Constantinople. The emperors' formal title consisted of Sultan together with Khan. This dual title symbolized the Ottomans' dual legitimating heritage, Islamic and Central Asian. Formal titles and styles:

text:
Short: Sultan (given name) Han Hazretleri, with the style of hünkarım (my sovereign, equivalent with "Your Imperial Majesty"), padişah efendim (my master emperor), or sultanım (my sultan)
The full style of the Ottoman sultan once the empire's frontiers had stabilized became:[2]
"Sultan (given name) Han, Sovereign of The Sublime House of Osman, Sultan es Selatin (Sultan of Sultans), Khakhan (Khan of the Khans), Commander of the faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the lord of the Universe, Custodian of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Kouds (Jerusalem), Kayser-i Rum (Caesar of Rome), Padishah of The Three Cities of Istanbul (Constantinople), Edirne (Adrianople) and Bursa, and of the Cities of Châm (Damascus) and Cairo (Egypt), of all Azerbaijan, of the Magreb, of Barkah, of Kairouan, of Alep, of the Arab and Persian Iraq, of Basra, of El Hasa strip, of Raqqa, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyâr-ı Bekr, of Cilicia, of the provinces of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, of Van, of Barbaria, of Habech (Abyssinia), of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Châm (Syria), of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Crete, of the province of Morea (Peloponnese), of Bahr-i Sefid (Mediterranean Sea), of Bahr-i Siyah (Black Sea), of Anatolia, of Rumelia (the European part of the Empire), of Bagdad, of Kurdistan, of Greece, of Turkestan, of Tartary, of Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Gorjestan (Georgia), of the steppe of Kipchaks, of the whole country of the Tatars, of Kefa (Feodosiya) and of all the neighbouring regions, of Bosnia, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the province of Sirbistan (Serbia), with all the castles and cities, of all Arnaut, of all Eflak (Wallachia) and Bogdania (Moldavia), as well as all the dependencies and borders, and many others countries and cities."

text: Dynasty member[edit]

text: Imperial prince[edit]

text: Male descendants of a sovereign in the male line.

text:
Gentleman (çelebi, چلبى). Used before the reign of Mehmed II. Format style: "(given name) Çelebi".
Sultan Imperial Prince (şehzade sultan), or simply Imperial Prince (şehzade, شاهزاده). Format titles and styles:

Short: "Şehzade Sultan (given name)", i.e. Sultan Imperial Prince (given name) or "Şehzade (given name)", i.e. Imperial Prince (given name), with the style of şehzadem (my imperial prince) or efendim (my master).
Full: Devletlû Najabatlu Şehzade Sultan (given name) Hazretleri Efendi

Crown Prince (vali ahad). Full titles and styles: Devletlû Najabatlu Valiahd-i Saltanat Şehzade-i Javanbahd (given name) Efendi Hazretleri.

text: Imperial princess[edit]

text: Female descendants of a sovereign in the male line.

text:
Lady (hatun, خاتون). Used before 16th century and also used for sultan's mothers and consorts. In the 16th century, title sultan carried by prominent members of the imperial family and hatun carried by lesser female member.

Format style: "(given name) Hatun", i.e. Lady (given name)

Sultana (sultan, سلطان). Used after 16th century. Formal title:

Short: "(given name) Sultan", i.e. Sultana (given name), with the style of sultanım (my sultan(a)) or efendim (my mistress).
Full: Devletlû İsmetlu (given name) Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri

text: Sons and daughters of sultana[edit]

text:
Prince Sultan (sultanzade, سلطانزاده). Sons of sultanas (imperial princesses).

Formal title: "Sultanzade (given name) Bey-Efendi", i.e. Sir Prince Sultan (given name)

Sultana madam (hanımsultan, خانم سلطان). Daughters of sultanas (imperial princesses).

Formal title: "(given name) Hanımsultan", i.e. Sultana madam (given name)

text: Relative of dynasty member[edit]

text: Imperial mother[edit]

text: Mothers of the reigning sultans

text:
Lady mother (valide hatun). Used before 16th century. Formal style: "(given name) Valide Hatun" or "Valide (given name) Hatun", i.e. Lady mother (given name).
Sultana mother (valide sultan, والده سلطان). Used after 16th century. Formal titles and styles:

Short: "(given name) Valide Sultan" or "Valide (given name) Sultan", i.e. Sultana mother (given name), with the style of sultanım (my sultan(a)) or validem (my mother).
Full: Devletlû İsmetlû (given name) Vâlide Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri

Sultana grandmother or Grand Sultana mother (büyük valide sultan). Grandmothers of the reigning sultans.

text: Imperial female consort[edit]

text: Consorts of the sultans and imperial princes

text:
Sultana consort (haseki sultan, خاصکى سلطان). Title for chief consort of sultan from 16th. In later period, the meaning of the title begins shift to something more general like "imperial consort" and last became title for "mother of the imperial prince". This title only used until around 17th century. Formal title:

Short: "(given name) Haseki Sultan" or "Haseki (given name) Sultan", i.e. Sultana consort (given name), with the style of sultanım (my sultan(a)) or efendim (my mistress).
Full: Devletlû İsmetlu (given name) Haseki Sultân Aliyyetü'ş-Şân Hazretleri

Lady consort (haseki kadin). Title for sultan's consort who became mother of the imperial princess. This title used around 17th century.
Lady (hatun, خاتون). Also used for imperial princesses and sultan's mothers. In the 16th century, title sultan carried by prominent members of the imperial family and hatun carried by lesser female member.

Format style: "(given name) Hatun", i.e. Lady (given name)

Lady (kadınefendi, قادين افندی). Title given to main imperial consort of Ottoman sultan from the 17th century. The title was a replacement of the early titles, Hatun.

Format style: "(given name) Kadınefendi", i.e. Lady (given name)
Full titles and styles: Devletlu İsmetlu (given name) (rank) Kadınefendi Hazretleri

Madam (hanımefendi, خانم آفندی). Title given to the imperial consort of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from the 17th century, who came below the rank of Kadınefendi. The title was also given to the official consorts of the imperial princes.

text: Imperial male consort[edit]

text: Husbands of the sultana.

text: Prince consort (damad, داماد). Full titles and styles: Damat-i Shahriyari (given name) Bey Efendi.

text: During the time of Suleiman[edit]

text: Titles and appellations in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent, from Albert Howe Lybyer's book "The government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent":[3]

text:
Agha (Ottoman Turkish: آغا, Modern Turkish: ağa): a general officer.
Ajem-oghlan (Ottoman Turkish: عجمی اوغلان, Modern Turkish: acemi oğlan): a cadet or apprentice Janissary.
Akinji (Ottoman Turkish: آقنجى, Modern Turkish: akıncı): the irregular cavalry.
Ashji-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: آشجی باشی, Modern Turkish: aşcıbaşı): a chief cook
Azab (Ottoman Turkish: عزب, Modern Turkish: azab): the irregular infantry.
Berat-emini (Ottoman Turkish: برات امینی): a distributor of ordinances.
Boluk-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: بولق باشی, Modern Turkish: bölükbaşı): a captain of the Janissaries.
Bostanji (Ottoman Turkish: بوستانجی, Modern Turkish: bostancı): a gardener; a euphemism for the Sultan's palace guard.
Bostanji-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: بوستانجی باشی, Modern Turkish: bostancıbaşı): The "chief gardener" and head of the palace guard. Equivalent to the rank of pasha.
Chakirji (Ottoman Turkish: چاقرجی, Modern Turkish: çakırcı): a falconer.
Chasneji (Ottoman Turkish: چشنیجی, Modern Turkish: çeşnici): a taster.
Chasneji-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: چشنیجی باشی, Modern Turkish: çeşnicibaşı): the chief taster.
Çavuş or Chaush (Ottoman Turkish: چاووش, Modern Turkish: çavuş): an usher.
Çavuşbaşı or Chaush-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: چاووش باشی, Modern Turkish: çavuşbaşı): chief of the Chaushes, and a high court official. Equivalent to the rank of pasha.
Chelebi (Ottoman Turkish: چلبى, Modern Turkish: çelebi): a gentleman.
Cheri-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: چری باشی, Modern Turkish: çeribaşı): a petty officer of feudal cavalry.
Danishmend (Ottoman Turkish: دانشمند, Modern Turkish: danişmend): a master of arts.
Defterdar (Ottoman Turkish: دفتردار, Modern Turkish: defterdar): a treasurer.
Defter-emini (Ottoman Turkish: دفتر امینی): a recorder of fiefs.
Deli (Ottoman Turkish: دلی, Modern Turkish: deli): appellation of a scout or a captain of the Akinji.
Dervish (Ottoman Turkish: درویش, Modern Turkish: derviş): a member of a Muslim religious order.
Deveji (Ottoman Turkish: دوه جی, Modern Turkish: deveci): a camel-driver.
Emin (Ottoman Turkish: آمین, Modern Turkish: emin): an intendant.
Emir (Ottoman Turkish: امیر, Modern Turkish: emir): a Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad.; a commander, a governor.
Emir al-Akhor (Ottoman Turkish: امير الآخر, Modern Turkish: ahır bakıcısı): a grand equerry.
Ghurabâ (Ottoman Turkish: غربا, Modern Turkish: guraba): a member of the lowest corps of the standing cavalry.
Gonnullu (Ottoman Turkish: گوڭـللو, Modern Turkish: gönüllü): a volunteer soldier or sailor.
Hekim-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: حکیم باشی, Modern Turkish: hekimbaşı): a chief physician.
Helvaji-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: حلواجی باشی, Modern Turkish: helvacıbaşı): a chief confectioner.
Hoja (Ottoman Turkish: خواجه, Modern Turkish: hoca): a teacher; the Sultan's adviser.
Ikinji Kapu-oghlan (Ottoman Turkish: ایکنجی قاپی اوغلان, Modern Turkish: ikinci kapıoğlan): a white eunuch in charge of the second gate of the palace.
Imam (Ottoman Turkish: امام, Modern Turkish: imam) the Caliph or lawful successor of Mohammed; a leader of daily prayers.
Iskemleji (Ottoman Turkish: اسکمله جی, Modern Turkish: iskemleci): a page of high rank.
Itch-oghlan (Ottoman Turkish: ایچ اوغلان, Modern Turkish: içoğlan): a page in one of the Sultan's palaces.
Jebeji-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: جيب جي باشي, Modern Turkish: cebecibaşı): a chief armorer.
Jerrah-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: جراح باشی, Modern Turkish: cerrahbaşı): a chief surgeon.
Kâim (Ottoman Turkish: قائم, Modern Turkish: kaim): a caretaker of a mosque.
Kanuni (Ottoman Turkish: قانونی, Modern Turkish: kanuni): legislator.
Kapu Aghasi (Ottoman Turkish: قاپی آغاسی, Modern Turkish: kapıağası): the white eunuch in charge of the principal palace.
Kapudan Pasha (Ottoman Turkish: کاپیتان پاشا, Modern Turkish: kaptan paşa) an admiral.
Kapuji (Ottoman Turkish: قاپی جی, Modern Turkish: kapıcı): a gatekeeper.
Kapuji-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: قاپی جی باشی, Modern Turkish: kapıcıbaşı): literally "head gatekeeper"; master of ceremonies.
Kapujilar-kiayasi (Ottoman Turkish: قاپی جی لر قایاسی, Modern Turkish: kapıcılar kâyası): a grand chamberlain.
Katib (Modern Turkish: Kâtib): scribe or secretary
Kazi or Kadi (Ottoman Turkish: قاضی, Modern Turkish: kadı): a judge.
Kazasker (Ottoman Turkish: قاضيعسكر, Modern Turkish: kadıasker): one of the two chief judges of the Ottoman Empire, entrusted with military matters.
Kharaji (Carzeri, Caragi), a non-Muslim who pays the kharij.
Khatib, a leader of Friday prayers.
Khazinehdar-bashi (Ottoman Turkish: خزانه دار باشی, Modern Turkish: hazinedarbaşı), a treasurer-in-chief.
Khazineh-odassi (chamber of the treasury), the second chamber of pages.
Khojagan, a chief of a treasury bureau.
Kiaya (Cacaia, Cahaia, Caia, Checaya, Chechessi, Chiccaia, Chietcudasci, Gachaia, Ketkhuda, Quaia, Queaya) (common form of ketkhuda), a steward or lieutenant.
Kiaya-bey, the lieutenant of the grand vizier.
Kiaya Katibi, a private secretary of the Kiaya-bey.
Kilerji-bashi, a chief of the sultan's pantry.
Kizlar Aghasi (general of the girls), the black eunuch in charge of the palace of the harem.
Kul, a slave; one of the sultan's slave-family.
Masraf-shehriyari (imperial steward), substitute for the intendant of kitchen.
Mektubji, a private secretary of the grand vizier.
Mihter (Mecter), a tent-pitcher; a musician.
Mihter-bashi, the chief tent-pitcher.
Mir Alem, the imperial standard bearer.
Molla, a judge of high rank.
Mosellem, a fief holder by ancient tenure.
Muderis, a professor in a Medresseh.
Muezzin, one who calls Muslims to prayer.
Mufettish, a special judge dealing with endowments.
Mufti, a Muslim legal authority; in particular, the Sheik ul-Islam.
Muhtesib, a lieutenant of police.
Mujtahid, a doctor of the Sacred Law.
Mulazim (candidate), a graduate of the higher Medressehs.
Munejim-bashi, a chief astrologer.
Muste emin, a resident foreigner.
Mutbakh-emini, intendant of the kitchen.
Muteveli, an administrator of an endowment.
Naib, an inferior judge.
Nakib ol-Eshraf, the Chief of the Seids or Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad.
Nazir, an inspector of an endowment.
Nishanji, a chancellor.
Nizam al-mulk, basis of the order of the kingdom (title of a vizier of Melek Shah).
Oda-bashi (head of chamber), the page of highest rank; a corporal of the Janissaries.
Papuji, a page of high rank.
Pasha (Bascia, Bassa), a very high official.
Peik, a member of the body-guard of halbardiers.
Reis Effendi, or Reis ul-Khuttab, a recording secretary; a recording secretary of the Divan, later an important minister of state.
Rekiab-Aghalari (generals of the stirrup), a group of high officers of the outside service of the palace.
Rusnamehji, a chief book-keeper of the Treasury.
Sakka, a water-carrier.
Sanjak-bey, a high officer of feudal, cavalry and governor of a Sanjak.
Sarraf, a banker.
Segban-bashi (Seymen-bashi) (master of the hounds), the second officer of the corps of Janissaries.
Seid, a Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad.
Seraskier, a commander-in-chief.
Serraj, saddlers.
Shahinji, a falconer.
Sharabdar (Seracter) (drink-bearer), a page of high rank.
Shehr-emini (Saremin), intendant of imperial buildings.
Sheik, a preacher; a head of a religious community.
Sheik ul-Islam, the Mufti of Constantinople and head of the Muslim Institution.
Sherif, a Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad.
Silahdar (Silahtar, Selicter, Sillictar, Suiastrus, Suluphtar) (sword-bearer), a member of the second corps of standing cavalry; the page who carried the sultan's arms.
Sofi, woolen; a dervish (an appellation of the Shah of Persia).
Softa (Sukhta), an undergraduate in a Medresseh.
Solak (left-handed), a janissary bowman of the sultan's personal guard.
Sipahi (Sipah, Sipahi, Spachi, Spai), a cavalry soldier; a member of the standing or feudal cavalry.
Spahi-oghlan (Spacoillain) (cavalry youth), a member of the highest corps of the standing cavalry.
Subashi, a captain of the feudal cavalry and governor of a town.
Sultan (سلطان), is a word Arabic origin, originally meaning "authority" or "dominion". By the beginning of the 16th century, this title, carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty, was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably hatun for women and bey for men), with emperor and imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, with sultan's mother, imperial princesses, and main imperial consort carrying it after.This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.
Tahvil Kalemi, a bureau of the Chancery.
Terjuman, an interpreter (dragoman).
Terjuman Divani Humayun, a chief interpreter of the sultan.
Teshrifatji, a master of ceremonies.
Teskereji, a master of petitions.
Teskereji-bashi (chief of document-writers), the Nishanji.
Timarji, the holder of a Timar.
Ulufaji (Ouloufedgis, Allophase, Holofagi) (paid troops), a member of the third corps of the sultan's standing cavalry.
Veznedar, an official weigher of money.
Vizier (burden-bearer), a minister of state.
Voivode (Slavic), an officer, a governor.
Yaya, a fief holder by ancient tenure, owing infantry service.
Yaziji (laxagi), a scribe or secretary.
Zagarji-bashi (master of the harriers), a high officer of the Janissaries.
Zanijiler (Italianized), lancers or Voinaks (?).
Zarabkhane-emini, intendant of mints and mines.
Ziam, the holder of a Ziamet.

text: Other princely, noble, aristocratic, and honorific titles[edit]

text: Other titles include:[4]

text:
Agha (or Agha): commander, a title junior to Bey and conferred on military officers on a personal basis.
Alp: brave warrior, a title conferred during the early years of Ottoman rule.
Amir al-Hajj: Commander of the Hajj Pilgrimage, a title for the annual commanders of the Hajj pilgrimage caravans from Damascus and Cairo
Amir ul-Muminin: Commander of the Faithful, one of the many titles of the Sultan of Turkey.
Bey: a title junior to Pasha and conferred on civil and military officers on a personal basis; also borne as a courtesy title for the sons of a Pasha.
Beg, an ancient Turkic administrative title (chieftain, governor etc.)
Bey Effendi: part of the title of a husband and sons of an Imperial Princess.
Beylerbeyi (or Beglerbegi): Lord of Lords. An office signifying rule over a great province, equivalent to Governor-General. The office entitled the holder to the personal title of Pasha.
Beyzade: son of a Bey, a courtesy title borne by a son of a Bey Effendi.
Binbashi: (literally head of 1000) Major (army) or Commander (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Effendi.
Çavuş: "messenger", used for two separate soldier professions, both acting as messengers although differing in levels.
Çavuşbaşı or Başçavuş: "head messenger", assistant (or deputy) to the Grand Vizier.
Chiflik Rulers: Compared to Christian feudal system the chiflik rulers controlled land holdings. These land holdings could be passed on to their sons.
Khalif (also Caliph or Khalifa): Successor (of the Prophet).
Khalifat Rasul Rub al-A'alimin: Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe. The highest earthly title of the Muslim world, enjoyed by the Sultans of Turkey after their conquest of Egypt in 1517.
Damad-i-Shahriyari: Imperial son-in-law, title conferred on the husbands of Imperial Princesses.
Damat: was an official Ottoman title describing men that entered the imperial House of Osman by means of marriage, literally becoming the bridegroom to the Ottoman sultan and the dynasty.
Effendi: master, title equivalent to Esquire; frequently used together with higher titles in order to indicate signify enhanced status. Used by the sons of Sultans from the reign of Sultan 'Abdu'l Majid I.
Ferik: Lieutenant-General (army) or Vice-Admiral (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Pasha.
Ghazi: victorious, a title conferred on leaders who distinguish themselves in war.
Gözde: noticed (by the Sultan). Style borne by junior ladies of the Harem when first gaining favour from the Sultan.
Khadim ul-Haramain us-Sharifain: Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, a title awarded to Salim I by the Sherif of Mecca.
Haji (or Hacci): honorific used for men who have made the pilgrimage to Mecca.
Hakhan ul-Barrayun wa al-Bahrain: Lord of the Lands and Seas, one of the many titles of the Sultan.
Hanımefendi: title borne by the official wives of Imperial Princes or imperial consort of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, who came below the rank of Kadınefendi.
Haseki Kadın: Lady favourite, title borne by junior ladies of the Harem, who had borne a daughter to a Sultan.
Haseki Sultan (خاصکي سلطان): Title borne by chief consort of Sultan in 16th and 17th century.
Hazretleri: style equivalent to Highness.
Hazinedar: The High Hazinedar or First Hazinedar or Hazinedar Usta was a title of the housemistress of the sultan's palace, the most influential person after the prince.
Kadınefendi (قادين افندی): title given to main imperial consort of Ottoman sultan from the 17th century. The title was a replacement of the early titles, Hatun and Haseki Sultan.
Kaimakam: Lieutenant-Colonel (army) or Commander (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Bey.
Kapıcıbaşı: chief of the palace guards.
Katkhuda: Second in command to the Agha in the Janissary corps
Khan (or Hân): a title signifying sovereign or ruler in Turkey, but a very junior title signifying a male noble, or even a mere name, in other parts of the Muslim world.
Khakhan: Khan of Khans, one of the many titles of the Sultan of Turkey.
Khanum or (Hanim): female of Khan, equivalent to Lady.
Khanum Sultana (or Hanım Sultan): Princess Lady, title borne by the daughters of Imperial Princesses.
Begum: female of Beg, equivalent to Lady.
Kizlar Aghasi: Chief of the Eunuchs. The office entitled the holder to the style of His Highness.
Iqbal (or Ikhal): fortunate, title borne by the favourite Harem ladies of a Sultan.
Kapudan Pasha: Grand Admiral or Admiral of the Fleet.The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Pasha.
Kodjabashis: local Christian notables in parts of Ottoman Greece who exercised considerable influence and held posts in the Ottoman administration.
Lala: were the experienced statesmen who were assigned as the tutors of young princes.
Lewa (or Liva): Major-General (army) or Rear-Admiral (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Pasha.
Mahd-i Ulya-i-Sultanat: crade of the great Sultan, another title for the Sultan's mother.
Miralai: Colonel (army) or Captain (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Bey.
Mulazim Awal: Lieutenant (army) or Sub-Lieutenant (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Effendi.
Mulazim Tani: Second Lieutenant (army) or Midshipman (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Effendi.
Mushir: Field Marshal.The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Pasha.
Naqib al-ashraf: Supervisor or head of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's Descendants (ashraf)
Nishan (or Nichan): order of chivalry or decoration of honour.
Padshah (or Padishah): Emperor, one of the many titles of the Sultan of Turkey.
Pasha: Lord, a title senior to that of Bey and conferred on a personal basis on senior civil officials and military officers. Awarded in several grades, signified by a whip, the highest rank being a whip of three yak or horse tails.
Pashazada: son of a Pasha, used as an alternative courtesy title to Bey.
Sadaf-i-Durr-i-Khilafat: shell of the pearl of the caliphate, another title for the mother of the Sultan.
Saraskar: C-in-C.
Shah: King, title of Persian origin.
Shah-i-Alam Panah: King, refuge of the world, one of the titles of the Sultan.
Shahzada (or Shahzade): son of the King, title used for the sons of Sultans from the reign of Muhammad I.
Shahzada Hazratlari (or Shahzade Hazretleri): Imperial Highness.
Shaikh ul-Islam: the title held by the highest ranking Muslim religious official below the Khalif. The office entitled the holder to the personal title of Pasha together the style of His Highness.
Shalabi (or Çelebi): gracious lord, title borne by sons of the Sultan until the reign of Muhammad II.
Silahadar: Master-General of the Ordnance.
Sipah Salar: General of Cavalry.
Sultan: title borne by male members of the Imperial family, particularly after then reign of Muhammad II. When it is used before the given name, together with Khan after the name, it signifies ruler. When used before the name, Imperial Prince. When used after the name, Imperial Princess.
Sultan Khan: The Grand Sultan, the chief title borne by the ruler of Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, equivalent to Emperor.
Sultan us-Selatin: Sultan of Sultan, one of the many titles of the Sultan of Turkey.
Sultanzade (or Sultanzada): literally "son of a Sultan", the title borne by the sons of Imperial Princesses.
Sünnetçi: Circumciser.
Vali: Governor. The office entitled the holder to the personal title of Pasha.
Vali Ahad (or Veliaht): Heir Apparent or Presumptive usually translated as Crown Prince.
Vali Ahad Zevcesi: Heir Apparent's wife, the title borne by the official wives of the Heir Apparent, equivalent to Crown Princess but not usually translated.
Valide Hatun: The title borne by the "legal mother" of a reigning Sultan before the 16th century
Valide Sultan: The title borne by the "legal mother" of a reigning Sultan from the 16th century.
Vizier: bearer of the burden, i.e. Minister.
Vizier-i-Azam: Grand Vizier, the title borne by the incumbent Prime Minister. The office entitled the holder to the personal title of Pasha together the style of His Highness.
Yuzbashi (or Youzbashi): Captain (army) or Lieutenant (navy). The holder of the rank enjoyed the title of Effendi.
Khedive: Governor of Egypt and Sudan, and vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
Muhtasib: meaning market overseer, market inspector, or master of the bazaar, who supervised weights and measures in the market.


document_title: Big Four (banking)

question_text: who owns the big four banks in australia

question_tokens: who owns the big four banks in australia

root

text: Big Four (banking)

text: International use[edit]

text: Internationally, the term "Big Four Banks" has traditionally referred to the following central banks:[1]

tag: p

text:
The Federal Reserve
 The Bank of England [2]
 The Bank of Japan
 The European Central Bank

tag: ul

text: Australia/New Zealand[edit]

text: In Australia, the "big four banks" refers to the four largest banks[3] by market share, who between them hold 80% of the home loan markets in the country. In 2012, their combined total asset is A$2.66 trillion, which is about 200% of Australian GDP in 2011. In order of total assets, these are:

text:
National Australia Bank (NAB)
Commonwealth Bank (CBA) (was owned by Australian Government up to 1996)
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ)
Westpac (WBC)

text: A longstanding policy of the federal government in Australia has been to maintain this status quo, called the "four pillars policy". The policy has been maintained through the Global Recession of 2008–09, as Westpac acquired St.George Bank and the Commonwealth Bank acquired Bankwest, reinforcing the special status of the "big four".

text: Being New Zealand's closest neighbour, with very close ties culturally and economically, has helped Australia dominate the banking sector there. Often referred to collectively as the 'big banks'[4][5][6] or the 'big Aussie banks', the "Big Four" Australian banks also dominate the New Zealand banking sector in the form of:

text:
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, or ANZ, also comprising the former business of The National Bank.
ASB Bank, formerly Auckland Savings Bank, wholly owned by the Commonwealth Bank
The Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), wholly owned by the National Australia Bank
Westpac, formerly known as WestpacTrust after a merger with the Trust Bank.

text: Together they hold over 90% of gross loans and advances in New Zealand [7] as well as close to 90% of all mortgages.[8]

text: These four subsidiaries are massively profitable and in some cases even outperform the Australian parent company.[9] The extent to which they dominate the banking sector can be seen in profits: In the 2012/2013 financial year, the largest of the Big Banks, ANZ New Zealand, made a profit of NZ$1.37 billion. The smallest, BNZ, made a profit of NZ$695 million.[4] State-owned Kiwibank, community trust-owned TSB Bank, SBS Bank (formerly Southland Building Society) and Heartland Bank, the next four largest banks by profit, made NZ$97 million,[10] NZ$73.5 million,[11] NZ$14 million[12] and NZ$7 million (albeit with an underlying result of about NZ$30 million) respectively.[13] In other words, the profit of New Zealand's next four largest banks (after the Big Four) is equal to less than 30% of the smallest of the Big Four, BNZ.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: The "Big Four" banks of Belgium are a result of national- and international mergers in the early 90s.

text:
Belfius, government owned bank
BNP Paribas Fortis, subsidiary of BNP Paribas
ING Bank, subsidiary of the ING Group
KBC Bank, including its CBC Banque subsidiary in the French Community of Belgium and KBC Brussels brand in the Brussels-Capital Region

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil, the "big four", according to Exame Magazine [14] in 2016:

text:
Name
Description
Year
Net Assets

Banco do Brasil
Largest Government owned Bank
2016
BRL 1.443 trillion

Caixa Econômica Federal
State Owned Bank
2016
BRL 1.242 trillion

Itaú Unibanco
Largest Private Bank
2016
BRL 1,204 trillion

Banco Bradesco
Private Bank
2016
BRL 0.924 trillion

tag: table

text: Canada[edit]

text: The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Canadian banking world. The operation of Canadian banks include retail banking, mutual funds, insurance, credit cards, and brokerage activities. In addition, they have large international subsidiaries operated through subsidiaries (i.e. CIBC FirstCaribbean International Bank, and TD Bank, N.A.). The Canadian banking operations of the Big Five are largely conducted out of each parent company, unlike U.S. banks that use a holding company structure to hold their primary retail banking subsidiaries. The Big Five include:

text:
Royal Bank of Canada
Toronto-Dominion Bank
Bank of Nova Scotia
Bank of Montreal
Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce

text: China[edit]

text: During the 1920s, the term “Big Four” applied to the Four Northern Banks of the Republic of China (i.e. the four most capitalized commercial banks in Northern China).[15] These were the Yien Yieh Commercial Bank, the Kincheng Banking Corporation, the Continental Bank and The China & South Sea Bank. These were contrasted with the Three Southern Banks of Southern China.

text: By 1949, the Big Four banks were the Bank of China, the Bank of Communications, the Central Bank of China and the Farmers Bank of China. All four were state-owned banks. These four, together with Central Trust of China, Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau of China, Central Cooperative Treasury of China, were called the "Four Banks, Two Bureaus, One Treasury" or "四行两局一库".[16]

text: In the People's Republic of China, the Big Four state-owned commercial banks ("四大国有商业银行") are:

text:
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
Bank of China
China Construction Bank
Agricultural Bank of China

text: and have been described as such in the Western press.[17] All four are state-controlled banks with commercial banking operations.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: In Czech Republic, according to R. Pazderník,[18] the "big four" are:

text: Česká spořitelna, Československá obchodní banka, Komerční banka, and Investiční a poštovní banka.

text: Finland[edit]

text: The biggest banks in Finland are:

text: Osuuspankki (fully Finnish), Nordea (predominantly Swedish), Danske Bank, the fourth place is a tie between Aktia, S-pankki and Ålandsbanken.

text: Finland does not follow the Big 4 model so much as a model of 3 Major + 3 minor.

text: France[edit]

text:
BNP Paribas
Crédit Agricole
Société Générale
BPCE

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, the largest four banks are:

text:
Deutsche Bank
Commerzbank
KfW
DZ Bank

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, after a series of mergers and acquisitions following the Greek government-debt crisis, the sector has concentrated with the below 4 banks controlling more than 90% of the market.

text:
National Bank of Greece
Piraeus Bank
Alpha Bank
Eurobank Ergasias

text: In 2013 the National Bank of Greece attempted to acquire Eurobank Ergasias but later the plan was abandoned.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text:
The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Bank of China (Hong Kong)
Hang Seng Bank
Standard Chartered Hong Kong

text: Hungary[edit]

text:
OTP Bank
UniCredit
K&H Bank
Raiffeisen Bank (Hungary)

text: India[edit]

text: In India, the largest four banks are:

text:
State Bank of India
HDFC Bank
ICICI Bank
Punjab National Bank

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, the term "big four" applies to the four largest banks by market capitalisation.[19][20] These all operate in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, and have a wider international presence; these banks also issue banknotes in Northern Ireland.[21][22]

text:
Bank of Ireland
Allied Irish Banks (operates as First Trust Bank in Northern Ireland)[23]
Danske Bank (also operates as Danske Bank in Northern Ireland[24]) - Irish Branch of Danske Bank A/S since 2007.
Ulster Bank - Subsidiary of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group since 2000/2001

text: Ever since Danske Bank has phased out its personal banking services, it has been suggested that either KBC Ireland or Permanent TSB could replace, in the medium-term, Danske Bank in the "Big Four" ranking.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the term "big four" is not explicitly used. As of 2017, the four largest banks by total assets are:

text:
Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
Banco BPM
Intesa Sanpaolo
UniCredit

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, the "big four"[25] are:

text:
Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group
Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group
Mizuho Financial Group
Japan Post Bank

text: However, a widely cited grouping is the three "megabanks," which include only the first three listed above.[26]

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: In Lebanon, where the banks have retained their banking secrecy laws since 1956, which is prevalent in the whole MENA region, and while adopting international measures to fight money laundering, the "big four" banks consist of:[27]

text:
Audi Saradar Bank (founded in 1830 and ranked on the Forbes Magazine Global 2000 list of largest public companies in the world in 2016)
Byblos Bank (founded in 1950 as “Société Commerciale et Agricole Byblos Bassil Frères & Co.”)
BLOM Bank: Banque du Liban et d'Outre-Mer S.A.L (founded in 1951)
Fransabank (founded in 1921 as Société Centrale de Banque)

text: Furthermore, as of September 2016, there are more than 51 banks in Lebanon, one of the smallest countries in the middle east, the fact that has always made investors from the Arab countries, especially the GCC petrodollar in addition to the European and world investors, to place their funds in the Lebanese banks.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: The big four full-service in Luxembourg are:[28]

text:
Banque et Caisse d'Épargne de l'État (Spuerkeess), state owned bank
Banque Internationale à Luxembourg,
BGL BNP Paribas
ING Luxembourg

text: It should be noted that there are bigger banks in Luxembourg, but these only deliver a limited number of services such as investment banking, private banking or corporate banking only. Luxembourg is a financial center.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The "big four" banks in the Netherlands by market concentration are:[29]

text:
ING Group
Rabobank
ABN AMRO
de Volksbank, state owned banking arm of SNS Reaal

text: It should be noted that the market leader for the Netherlands, ING Group, is one of the largest multinational banking and financial service corporations in the world, with products and services reaching over 41 countries worldwide. [30]

text: Nigeria[edit]

text: The term "Big Five" is used instead of four, with five banks dominating the Nigerian banking world. In 2011, these top five banks had a combined balance sheet, including contingents, of 12.9 trillion naira ($821 billion), 33 percent higher than the prior year.[31]

text:
Zenith Bank
First Bank of Nigeria
Guaranty Trust Bank
Access Bank
United Bank for Africa (UBA)

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The "top five" banks of Pakistan are:[32]

text:
Habib Bank
MCB Bank Limited
National Bank of Pakistan
United Bank
Allied Bank Limited

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In Portugal, the "big four" are:[33]

text:
Banco Comercial Português
Banco Português de Investimento
Caixa Geral de Depósitos (state-owned)
Novo Banco (former Banco Espírito Santo)

text: Romania[edit]

text:
Banca Comercială Română (of the Erste Group)
BRD – Groupe Société Générale
Banca Transilvania
Raiffeisen Bank

text: Singapore[edit]

text:
DBS Bank
OCBC Bank
United Overseas Bank

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, the "big four" are:[34]

text:
Standard Bank (Not at all related to Standard Chartered Bank)
FirstRand Bank (operators of First National Bank)
Nedbank - owned by Old Mutual.
Barclays Africa Group Limited trading as ABSA (also capitalised as Absa)- majority owned by Barclays since 2005; remainder owned by the public.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: In South Korea, the term "Big Five", is used as opposed to four. The "big five" are:[citation needed]

text:
KB Kookmin Bank
Nonghyup Bank
Shinhan Bank
Woori Bank
Hana Bank

text: Spain[edit]

text: In Spain, the "big four" are:[35]

text:
Bankia (Bank of Madrid and Valencia)
BBVA (Bank of Bilbao and Biscay)
Caixabank (Bank of Barcelona and Seville)
Santander

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the "big four" are:[36]

text:
Nordea Bank AB
Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB
Svenska Handelsbanken AB
Swedbank AB

text: Thailand[edit]

text: before Siamese Revolution the banking system are control by foreign power particularly the "big four" European bank

text:
The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in 1888 (Now HSBC)
The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China in 1894 (Now Standard Chartered Bank Thailand)
Banque de l'Indochine in 1897 (Now Banque Calyon, a subsidiary of Crédit Agricole)
Mercantile Bank of India in 1923 (Now Citibank Thailand, a subsidiary of Citigroup)

text: in 2014, the "big four" Bank [37] Together they hold over 66% of gross loans and controlling more than 67% of total assets in banking system [38]

text:
Bangkok Bank
Siam Commercial Bank
Krung Thai Bank
Kasikornbank

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In relation to the United Kingdom, the phrase "big four banks" is currently used to refer to the four largest UK-based banking groups, being:

text:
Barclays;
HSBC;
Lloyds Banking Group; and
The Royal Bank of Scotland Group.[39][40]

text: Until 1970, the phrase "big five banks" was used to refer to the five largest UK clearing banks (institutions which clear bankers' cheques), which in England and Wales were:

text:
Barclays Bank (now part of Barclays);
Midland Bank (now HSBC Bank and part of HSBC);
Lloyds Bank (now part of Lloyds Banking Group);
National Provincial Bank and
Westminster Bank

text: After the merger of Westminster Bank and National Provincial Bank to form NatWest (now part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group) in 1970, the term "big four" was used.

text: In Scotland the "big four" were:

text:
The Royal Bank of Scotland ("RBS") (part of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group);
Bank of Scotland (part of Lloyds Banking Group);
Clydesdale Bank (part of CYBG plc); and
Trustee Savings Bank ("TSB") (now part of TSB ).[41]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the "big four" banks hold 39% of all U.S. customer deposits (as of 2015), and consist of:[42][43]

text:
JPMorgan Chase (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Columbus, Ohio)
Bank of America (headquartered and bank chartered in Charlotte, North Carolina)
Citigroup (headquartered in New York, New York, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)
Wells Fargo (headquartered in San Francisco, California, bank chartered in Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

text: From a retail banking perspective, U.S. Bancorp (headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota/bank charter Cincinnati, Ohio) and PNC Financial Services (headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania/bank charter Wilmington, Delaware) both have significantly more branches than Citibank, the retail banking arm of Citigroup.[44] However, Citibank still has significantly more assets than U.S. Bancorp and PNC.[45]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: In Vietnam, the "big four" banks by total assets are four commercial banks:

text:
Agribank
BIDV
VietinBank
Vietcombank


document_title: Michael Myers (Halloween)

question_text: who played michael myers in the new movie

text: Michael Myers (Halloween)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Michael Myers is the primary antagonist in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and had nothing to do with Michael Myers.  Michael returned in the following film, Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers, with the title highlighting his revival. The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared: there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers.

text: Films[edit]

text: Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film, Halloween, although the masked character is credited as "The Shape" in the first two films. In the beginning of Halloween, a 6-year-old Michael (Will Sandin) murders his teenage sister Judith (Sandy Johnson) on Halloween, 1963. Fifteen years later, Michael (Nick Castle) escapes Smith's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield, Illinois. He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode (Jamie Lee Curtis) on Halloween, while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence) attempts to track him down.  Murdering her friends, Michael finally attacks Laurie, but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her. Loomis shoots Michael six times, before Michael falls over the house's second-story balcony ledge; when Loomis goes to check Michael's body, he finds it missing.[4] Michael returns in the sequel, Halloween II (1981). The film picks up directly where the original ends, with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael. Michael (Dick Warlock) follows Laurie  (Curtis) to the local hospital, where he wanders the halls in search of her, killing security guards, doctors, and nurses that get in his way. Loomis learns that Laurie is Michael's younger sister, and rushes to the hospital to find them. He causes an explosion in the operating theater, allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames.[5]

text: Michael Myers does not appear in Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which does not include any story elements from the first two installments. Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988) picks the story up ten years after the events of Halloween II. Michael (George P. Wilbur) and Dr. Loomis are revealed to have survived the explosion, although Michael has been in a coma at the Ridgemont Federal Sanitarium for a decade. Michael wakes from his coma when he learns Laurie Strode has died, but also learns that she has a seven-year-old daughter, Jamie Lloyd (Danielle Harris). Returning to Haddonfield, he causes a citywide blackout and massacres the town's police force, before being shot down a mine shaft by the state police.[6] Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers (1989) begins immediately after the fourth film ends, with Michael Myers (Donald L. Shanks) escaping the mine shaft and being nursed back to health by a local hermit. The next year, Michael kills the hermit and returns to Haddonfield to find Jamie (Harris) again, chasing her through his childhood home in a trap set up by Loomis (Pleasence).  Michael is eventually captured and taken to the local police station, but an unseen figure kills the officers and frees him.[7] Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995) takes place six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers; both Jamie (J. C. Brandy) and Michael (Wilbur) have disappeared from Haddonfield. Jamie has been kidnapped and impregnated by the Cult of Thorn, led by Dr. Terence Wynn (Mitchell Ryan), Loomis' friend and colleague from Smith's Grove. Wynn is revealed to have been manipulating Michael Myers all along, and was his mysterious savior in Halloween 5. Michael kills Jamie, but not before she hides her infant, who is discovered and taken in by Tommy Doyle (Paul Rudd). While trying to protect the baby from Michael and Wynn, Tommy learns that the cult may be the cause of Michael's obsession with killing his entire family, in addition to his seemingly supernatural abilities.[8]

text: Ignoring the events of the previous three films, Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998) establishes that Michael Myers (Chris Durand) has been missing since the explosion in 1978. Laurie Strode (Curtis) has faked her death to escape her brother, and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John (Josh Hartnett). On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting, Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress, and murders John's friends. Getting her son to safety, Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael, and succeeds in decapitating him.[9] Halloween: Resurrection (2002), which picks up three years after H20, retcons Michael's death, establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with. Michael (Brad Loree) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie (Curtis) and kills her. Returning to Haddonfield, he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home. Contestant Sara Moyer (Bianca Kajlich) and show producer Freddie Harris (Busta Rhymes) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage.[10]

text: A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie's Halloween (2007), a reboot of the franchise.[11] The film follows the basic premise of the original film, with an increased focus on Michael's childhood: ten-year-old Michael (Daeg Faerch) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith (Hanna R. Hall) and his mother's boyfriend Ronnie (William Forsythe), both of whom he later murders. During his time in Smith's Grove, Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier-mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis (Malcolm McDowell). As an adult, Michael (Tyler Mane) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie (Scout Taylor-Compton). Laurie, however, is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self-defense.[12] Zombie's story is continued in the sequel, Halloween II (2009), which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year. Here, Michael (Mane) is presumed dead, but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah (Sheri Moon Zombie) informs him that he must track Laurie (Taylor-Compton) down so that they can "come home". In the film, Michael and Laurie have a mental link, with the two sharing visions of their mother. During the film's climax, Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife.[13]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Michael Myers made his literary debut in October 1979 when Curtis Richards released a novelization of the film. The book follows the events of the film, but includes references to the festival of Samhain.  A prologue provides a possible explanation for Michael's murderous impulses, telling the story of Enda, a disfigured Celtic teenager who butchers the Druid princess Deirdre and her lover as revenge for rejecting him; the king subsequently has his shaman curse Enda's soul to walk the earth reliving his crime for eternity.  It is later revealed that Michael Myers suffers nightmares about Enda and Deirdre, as did Michael's great-grandfather before shooting to death two people at a Halloween harvest dance in the 1890s.  The novel shows Michael's childhood in more detail; his mother voices concern over her son's anti-social behavior shortly before he murders Judith, and Dr. Loomis notices the boy's effortless control and manipulation of the staff and patients at Smith's Grove during his incarceration. Later in the story, Michael's stalking of Laurie and her friends is depicted as more explicitly sexual than was apparent in the film, with several references to him having an erection.[14] Michael returned to the world of literature with the 1981 adaptation of Halloween II written by Jack Martin; it was published alongside the first film sequel, with the novel following the film events, with an additional victim, a reporter, added to the novel.[15] The final novelization to feature Michael was Halloween IV, released October 1988. The novel was written by Nicholas Grabowsky, and like the previous adaptations, follows the events of Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.[16]

text: Over a four-month period, Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke, with no direct continuity with the films.[17] The first, released on 1 October 1997, titled The Scream Factory, follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall, only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there.[18] The Old Myers Place is the second novel, released 1 December 1997, and focuses on Mary White, who moves into the Myers house with her family and takes up residence in Judith Myers' former bedroom. Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends.[19] O'Rourke's final novel, The Mad House, was released on 1 February 1998. The Mad House features a young girl, Christine Ray, who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations; they are currently headed to Smith Grove Mental Hospital. The crew is quickly confronted by Michael Myers.[20]

text: The character's first break into comics came with a series of comics published by Brian Pulido's Chaos! Comics. The first, simply titled Halloween, was intended to be a one-issue special, but eventually two sequels spawned: Halloween II: The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III: The Devil's Eyes. All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman, with Daniel Farrands—writer for Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers—assisting on the first issue; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations. Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues, focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers. The first issue includes backstory on Michael's childhood, while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20.[21]

text: In 2003, Michael appeared in the self-published comic One Good Scare, written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding. The main character in the comic is Lindsey Wallace, the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film. Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots, and away from the "lumbering Jason-clone" the film sequels had made him.[22] On 25 July 2006, as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween: 25 Years of Terror, the comic book Halloween: Autopsis was released. Written by Stefan Hutchinson and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas, the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers. As the photographer, Carter, follows Dr. Loomis; he begins to take on Loomis's obsession himself, until finally meeting Michael Myers in person, which results in his death.[23]

text: In 2008, Devil's Due Publishing began releasing more Halloween comic books, starting with a four issue mini series, titled Halloween: Nightdance.  Written by Stefan Hutchinson, Nightdance takes place in Russellville, and follows Michael's obsession with Lisa Thomas, a girl who reminds him of his sister Judith.  Lisa is afraid of the dark after Michael trapped her in a basement for days, and years later, he starts sending her disturbing, childlike drawings and murdering those around her on Halloween.  Meanwhile, Ryan Nichols is hunting Michael down after seeing him attack and kidnap his wife.  In the end, Michael frames Ryan for the murders and buries Lisa alive.[24]  Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film; Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa, just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween, before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her.[25] Included in the Nightdance trade paperback is the short prose story Charlie, which features Charlie Bowles, a Russellville serial killer who taps into the same evil force which motivates Michael Myers.[24]  To celebrate the anniversary of the Halloween series, Devil's Due released a one-shot comic entitled Halloween: 30 Years of Terror in August 2008, written by Hutchinson. An anthology collection inspired by John Carpenter's original film, Michael appears in various stories, tampering with Halloween candy, decapitating a beauty queen, tormenting Laurie Strode, and killing a school teacher.[26][27]

text: Characterization[edit]

text:
"I met this six-year-old child with this blank, pale, emotionless face, and the blackest eyes; the devil's eyes [...] I realized what was living behind that boy's eyes was purely and simply...evil."
— Loomis' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter's experience with a real life mental patient.[28]

tag: div

text: A common characterization is that Michael Myers is evil. John Carpenter has described the character as "almost a supernatural force - a force of nature. An evil force that's loose," a force that is "unkillable".[2] Nicholas Rogers elaborates, "Myers is depicted as a mythic, elusive bogeyman, one of superhuman strength who cannot be killed by bullets, stab wounds, or fire."[29] Carpenter's inspiration for the "evil" that Michael would embody came when he was in college. While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky, Carpenter visited "the most serious, mentally ill patients". Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years-old. The boy gave this "schizophrenic stare", "a real evil stare", which Carpenter found "unsettling", "creepy", and "completely insane". Carpenter's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the original film. Debra Hill has stated the scene where Michael kills the Wallaces' German Shepherd was done to illustrate how he is "really evil and deadly".[28]

text: The ending scene of Michael being shot six times, and then disappearing from the ground outside the house, was meant to terrify the imagination of the audience. Carpenter tried to keep the audience guessing as to who Michael Myers really is—he is gone, and everywhere at the same time; he is more than human; he may be supernatural, and no one knows how he got that way. To Carpenter, keeping the audience guessing was better than explaining away the character with "he's cursed by some..."[28] For Josh Hartnett, who portrayed John Tate in Halloween H20, "it's that abstract, it's easier for me to be afraid of it. You know, someone who just kind of appears and, you know [mimics stabbing noise from Psycho] instead of an actual human who you think you can talk to. And no remorse, it's got no feelings, that's the most frightening, definitely." Richard Schickel, film critic for TIME, felt Michael was "irrational" and "really angry about something", having what Schickel referred to as "a kind of primitive, obsessed intelligence". Schickel considered this the "definition of a good monster", by making the character appear "less than human", but having enough intelligence "to be dangerous".[2]

text:
"Michael Myers is enduring because he's pure evil."
—Steve Miner[2]

text: Dominique Othenin-Girard attempted to have audiences "relate to 'Evil', to Michael Myers' 'ill' side". Girard wanted Michael to appear "more human [...] even vulnerable, with contradicting feelings inside of him". He illustrated these feelings with a scene where Michael removes his mask and sheds a tear. Girard explains, "Again, to humanize him, to give him a tear. If Evil or in this case our boogeyman knows pain, or love or demonstrate a feeling of regrets; he becomes even more scary to me if he pursues his malefic action. He shows an evil determination beyond his feelings. Dr. Loomis tries to reach his emotional side several times in [Halloween 5]. He thinks he could cure Michael through his feelings."[30]

text: Daniel Farrands, writer of The Curse of Michael Myers, describes the character as a "sexual deviant". According to him, the way Michael follows girls around and watches them contains a subtext of repressed sexuality. Farrands theorizes that, as a child, Michael became fixated on the murder of his sister Judith, and for his own twisted reasons felt the need to repeat that action over and over again, finding a sister-like figure in Laurie who excited him sexually. He also believes that by making Laurie Michael's literal sister, the sequels took away from the simplicity and relatability of the original Halloween. Nevertheless, when writing Curse, Farrands was tasked with creating a mythology for Michael which defined his motives and why he could not be killed. He says, "He can't just be a man anymore, he's gone beyond that. He's mythical. He's supernatural. So, I took it from that standpoint that there's something else driving him. A force that goes beyond that five senses that has infected this boy's soul and now is driving him." As the script developed and more people became involved, Farrands admits that the film went too far in explaining Michael Myers and that he himself was not completely satisfied with the finished product.[31]

text: Michael does not speak in the films; the first time audiences ever hear his voice is in the 2007 Rob Zombie reboot. Michael speaks as a child during the beginning of the film, but while in Smith's Grove he stops talking completely. Rob Zombie originally planned to have the adult Michael speak to Laurie in the film's finale, simply saying his childhood nickname for her, "Boo". Zombie explained that this version was not used because he was afraid having the character talk at that point would demystify him too much, and because the act of Michael handing Laurie the photograph of them together was enough.[32]

text: Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween: Nightdance, writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character's "bizarre and dark sense of humor", as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend, and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them, such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her. Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael's actions: "see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men".[25] He also suggests that Michael Myers' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior, likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper, citing Myers as a "product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles". Hutchinson describes Michael as a "monster of abjection". When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie's expansion on Michael's family life, Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does "[reduces] the character". That being said, Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie—included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback—and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years "attuning himself to this force to the point where he is, as Loomis says, 'pure evil'".[33] Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character's personality in John Carpenter's 1978 film as "a void", which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him. He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone; a part people are afraid will one day "snap and knife someone", which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen.[25] He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as "infused with a distilled and pure form of evil... For Michael, he had to kill to find some inner peace. As he took his sister's life, the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene. Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child. Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert [sic] and deranged."[34]

text: In 2005, a study was conducted by the Media Psychology Lab of California State University, Los Angeles on the psychological appeal of movie monsters—vampires, Freddy Krueger, Frankenstein's monster, Jason Voorhees, Godzilla, Chucky, Hannibal Lecter, King Kong, the Alien, and the shark from Jaws—which surveyed 1,166 people nationwide (United States), with ages ranging from 16 to 91. It was published in the Journal of Media Psychology. In the survey, Michael was considered to be the "embodiment of pure evil"; when compared to the other characters, Michael Myers was rated the highest. Michael was characterized lending to the understanding of insanity, being ranked second to Hannibal Lecter in this category; he also placed first as the character who shows audiences the "dark side of human nature". He was rated second in the category "monster enjoys killing" by the participants, and believed to have "superhuman strength". Michael was rated highest among the characters in the "monster is an outcast" category.[3]

text: John Carpenter, serving as an executive producer and creative consultant for the 2018 sequel to Halloween (1978), expressed his disagreement with Rob Zombie's portrayal of the lead slasher, "I thought that he took away the mystique of the story by explaining too much about [Michael Myers]. I don't care about that. He's supposed to be a force of nature. He's supposed to be almost supernatural."[35] Co-writer Danny McBride felt that previous sequels had made Michael less scary by giving him an inhuman level of invulnerability, preferring to humanize the character: "I think we’re just trying to strip it down and just take it back to what was so good about the original... I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen. I think it's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you're taking the trash out as opposed to someone who can’t be killed pursuing you."[36]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In Robot Chicken's nineteenth episode, "That Hurts Me", Michael Myers (voiced by Seth Green) appears as a housemate of "Horror Movie Big Brother", alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees, Ghostface, Freddy Krueger, Pinhead, and Leatherface. Myers is evicted from the house, and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers, and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase, "I feel randy, baby, yeah!" He then proceeds to kill the host.[37] Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer, starring Jennifer Love Hewitt, titled "Horror Show". Here, a spirit communicates with Hewitt's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased's favorite horror movies, and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers.[38] The Cold Case episode "Bad Night" has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who, after seeing Halloween in theatres, went on a killing spree dressed as Michael.[39] Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto, released on 22 September 2009.[40] Michael Myers appears in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts, Onslaught, as a playable character.[41] Myers also makes a playable appearance in the Halloween chapter of the video game Dead by Daylight, alongside Laurie Strode.[42]

text: In one of the various merchandises to feature the character, Michael Myers made his video game debut with the 1983 Atari video game Halloween. The game is rare to find, often being played on emulators. No characters from the films are specifically named, with the goal of the game focusing on the player, who is a babysitter, protecting children from a "homicidal maniac [who] has escaped from a mental institution".[43] Michael was one of several horror icons to be included in the 2009 version of Universal Studios Hollywood's Halloween Horror Nights event, as a part of a maze entitled Halloween: The Life and Crimes of Michael Myers[44] Pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Michael Myers out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his "Totally Sweet" series in 2013.[45][46] In 2018 Spirit Halloween released a lifesize animated Michael Myers prop to coincide with the Halloween 2018 film.[47]


document_title: Groundhog

question_text: what is the average life expectancy of a groundhog

text: Groundhog

text: Description[edit]

text: The groundhog is the largest sciurid in its geographical range, typically measuring 40 to 65 cm (16 to 26 in) long (including a 15 cm (6 in) tail) and weighing 2 to 4 kg (4 to 9 lb). In areas with fewer natural predators and large amounts of alfalfa, groundhogs can grow to 80 cm (30 in) and 14 kg (31 lb).[citation needed] Groundhogs are well adapted for digging, with short, powerful limbs and curved, thick claws. Unlike other sciurids, the groundhog's spine is curved, more like that of a mole,[citation needed] and the tail is comparably shorter as well — only about one-fourth of body length. Suited to their temperate habitat, groundhogs are covered with two coats of fur: a dense grey undercoat and a longer coat of banded guard hairs that gives the groundhog its distinctive "frosted" appearance.[citation needed]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The etymology of the name woodchuck is unrelated to wood or chucking. It stems from an Algonquian (possibly Narragansett) name for the animal, wuchak.[8] The similarity between the words has led to the popular tongue-twister:

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and is rarely far from a burrow entrance. Since the clearing of forests provided it with a much more suitable habitat, the groundhog population is probably higher now than it was before the arrival of European settlers in North America. Groundhogs are often hunted for sport, which tends to control their numbers. However, their ability to reproduce quickly has tended to mitigate the depopulating effects of sport hunting.[10] As a consequence, the groundhog is a familiar animal to many people in the United States and Canada.[citation needed]

text: Survival[edit]

text: In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being average. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live from 9 to 14 years. Common predators for groundhogs include wolves, cougars, coyotes, foxes, bobcats, bears, eagles, and dogs. Young groundhogs are often at risk for predation by snakes, which easily enter the burrow.[citation needed] Man, the domestic dog, and the red fox, in the order named, are the chief enemies of the groundhog.[11]:128–129 In areas of intensive agriculture and dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly the southern parts, the woodchuck by 1950 had been almost extirpated.[11]:124 Jackson (1961) suggested the amount of damage done by the woodchuck had been exaggerated and that excessive persecution by people substantially reduced its numbers in Wisconsin. In some areas marmots are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In Kentucky an estimated 267,500 M. monax were taken annually from 1964 to 1971 (Barbour and Davis 1974)[12]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: The time spent observing groundhogs by field biologists represents only a small fraction of time devoted to the field research.[13] W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell or hear the observer.[6]:41–43 Ken Armitage, marmot researcher, states that the social biology of the groundhog is well understudied.[14] Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and occasionally climb trees when escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings.[15] They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisors and front claws. Groundhogs are generally agonistic and territorial among their own species, and may skirmish to establish dominance.[16] Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when not actively feeding. It is common to see one or more nearly-motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they use a high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig".[10][17] Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator.[17] Other sounds groundhogs may make are low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth.[17] When groundhogs are frightened, the hairs of the tail stand straight up, giving the tail the appearance of a hair brush.[citation needed] David P. Barash wrote he witnessed only two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves sustained physical contact between individuals and may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in M. monax. He said it was possible to conclude, alternatively, that upright play-fighting is part of the woodchuck's behavioral repertory but rarely shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance.[18]

text: Diet[edit]

text: Mostly herbivorous, groundhogs eat primarily wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries and agricultural crops, when available.[16] Clover, alfalfa, dandelion, and coltsfoot are among preferred groundhog foods.[6]:93 Groundhogs also eat grubs, grasshoppers, insects, snails and other small animals, but are not as omnivorous as many other Sciuridae. Like squirrels, they also have been observed sitting up eating nuts such as shagbark hickory, but unlike squirrels, do not bury them for future use.[citation needed] Zoologists believe that groundhogs get most of the water they need from the juices of food-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew.[6]:85[19]

text: Burrows[edit]

text: Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernating. W.J. Schoonmaker excavated 11 dens finding the earth removed from these averaged six cubic feet or four and eight-tenths bushels per den. The longest burrow was 24 feet plus 2 short side galleries. The amount of soil taken from this den was eight bushels and it weighed 640 pounds. The average weight of the earth taken from all eleven dens was 384 pounds.[20] Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows are particularly large, with up to 14 metres (46 ft) of tunnels buried up to 1.5 metres (5 ft) underground, and can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations.[10] In a June 7, 2009 Humane Society of the United States article, "How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard", John Griffin, director of Humane Wildlife Services, stated you would have to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose any risk to a structure.

text: The burrow is used for safety, retreat in bad weather, hibernating, sleeping, love nest, and nursery. In addition to the nest, there is an excrement chamber. The nest chamber may be about twenty inches to three feet below ground surface. It is about sixteen inches wide and fourteen inches high. There are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main entrance, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes the side galleries of the burrow. Excluding the side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was twenty-four feet, with the average length of eleven dens dug out to be fourteen feet.[6]:104–105 W.H. Fisher investigated nine burrows, finding the deepest point to be forty-nine inches down. The longest, including side galleries, was forty-seven feet eleven and one half inches.[5]:306

text: Bachman mentioned that when the young groundhogs are a few months old, they prepare for separation, digging a number of holes in the area of their early home. Some of these holes were only a few feet deep and never occupied but the numerous burrows gave the impression that groundhogs live in communities.[5]:318

text: Hibernation[edit]

text: Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true hibernation, and often build a separate "winter burrow" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the frost line and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as three months.[21] To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation. They emerge from hibernation with some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food. Groundhogs are mostly diurnal, and are often active early in the morning or late afternoon.[22]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Usually groundhogs breed in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their first. The breeding season extends from early March to mid- or late April, after hibernation. A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day[23] gestation period. As birth of the young approaches in April or May, the male leaves the den. One litter is produced annually, usually containing two to six blind, hairless and helpless young. Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family.[5]:316 They encourage their young to copy their behaviors and during this time may differ from usual routines.[citation needed] By the end of August, the family breaks up; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own.[5]:318

text: Relationship with humans[edit]

text: Both their diet and habit of burrowing make them serious nuisance animals around farms and gardens. They will eat many commonly grown vegetables, and their burrows can destroy farm ponds and undermine foundations. Consequently, there is a thriving business exterminating them. Their preferred habitat of grassy areas near woods also makes them abundant along roads and highways where they often become the victims of passing cars.[citation needed]

text: Very often the dens of groundhogs provide homes for other animals including skunks, red foxes, and cottontail rabbits. The fox and skunk feed upon field mice, grasshoppers, beetles and other creatures that destroy farm crops. In aiding these animals, the woodchuck indirectly helps the farmer. In addition to providing homes for itself and other animals, the groundhog aids in soil improvement by bringing subsoil to the surface. The groundhog is also a valuable game animal and is considered a difficult sport when hunted in a fair manner.[6]:129–131 In some parts of Appalachia, they are eaten.[24]

text: A report in 1883 by the New Hampshire Legislative Woodchuck Committee illustrates the attitude of some people towards this animal. In part, the report states: "The woodchuck, despite its deformities both of mind and body, possess some of the amenities of a higher civilization. It cleans its face after the manner of the squirrels, and licks its fur after the manner of a cat. Your committee is too wise, however, to be deceived by this purely superficial observation of better habits. Contemporaneous with the ark, the woodchuck has not made any material progress in social science, and it is now too late to reform the wayward sinner. The average age of the woodchuck is too long to please your committee.... The woodchuck is not only a nuisance, but also a bore. It burrows beneath the soil, and then chuckles to see a mowing machine, man and all, slump into one of these holes and disappear....[5]:328 Your committee is confident that a small bounty will prove of incalculable good; at all vents, even as an experiment, it is certainly worth trying; therefore your committee would respectfully recommend that the accompanying bill be passed."[6]:133

text: Groundhogs may be raised in captivity, but their aggressive nature can pose problems. Doug Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the Staten Island Zoo, has been quoted as saying "They’re known for their aggression, so you’re starting from a hard place. His natural impulse is to kill ’em all and let God sort ’em out. You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly."[25] Wildlife rehabilitation is the treatment and care of injured, orphaned, or sick wild animals so that they can be released back to the wild. In the event an injured, orphaned, or sick groundhog is found, contact a wildlife rescue center or rehabilitator.

text: In the United States and Canada, the yearly February 2 Groundhog Day celebration has given the groundhog recognition and popularity. The most popularly known of these groundhogs are Punxsutawney Phil, Wiarton Willie, Jimmy the Groundhog, and Staten Island Chuck kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania; Wiarton, Ontario; Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, and Staten Island respectively. The 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day references several events related to Groundhog Day, and portrays both Punxsutawney Phil himself, and the annual Groundhog Day ceremony. Famous Southern groundhogs include Smith Lake Jake from Graysville, Alabama and General Beauregard Lee, based at the Yellow River Game Ranch outside Atlanta, Georgia.[citation needed]

text: Groundhogs are used in medical research on hepatitis B-induced liver cancer. A percentage of the woodchuck population is infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), similar to human hepatitis B virus. Humans do not receive hepatitis from woodchucks with WHV but the virus and its effects on the liver make the woodchuck the best available animal for the study of viral hepatitis in humans. The only other animal model for hepatitis B virus studies is the chimpanzee, an endangered species.[26]

text: Groundhog burrows have been known to reveal at least one archaeological site, the Ufferman Site in the U.S. state of Ohio.[27] Although archaeologists have never excavated the Ufferman Site, numerous artifacts have been found because of the activities of local groundhogs. They favor the loose soil of the esker upon which the site lies, and their many diggings for their burrows have brought to the surface significant numbers of human and animal bones, pottery, and bits of stone.[27] Woodchuck remains were found in the Indian mounds at Aztalan, Jefferson County, Wisconsin.[11]

text: Robert Frost's poem "A Drumlin Woodchuck" uses the imagery of a groundhog dug into a small ridge as a metaphor for his emotional reticence.[citation needed]


document_title: Kate Chopin

question_text: when did kate chopin write the story of an hour

text: Kate Chopin

text: Life[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Chopin was born Katherine O'Flaherty in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Thomas O'Flaherty, was a successful businessman who had immigrated to the United States from Galway, Ireland. Her mother, Eliza Faris, was his second wife and a well-connected member of the ethnic French community in St. Louis; she was the daughter of Athénaïse Charleville, who was of French Canadian descent. Some of Chopin's ancestors were among the first European (French) inhabitants of Dauphin Island, Alabama.[5]

text: Kate was the third of five children, but her sisters died in infancy and her half-brothers (from her father's first marriage) died in their early twenties. They were reared Roman Catholic, in the French and Irish traditions. After her father's death in 1855, Chopin developed a close relationship with her mother, maternal grandmother, and great-grandmother. She also became an avid reader of fairy tales, poetry, and religious allegories, as well as classic and contemporary novels. She graduated from Sacred Heart Convent in St. Louis in 1868.[5]

text: In St. Louis, Missouri, on 8 June 1870,[6] she married Oscar Chopin and settled with him in his home town of New Orleans, an important port. Chopin had six children between 1871 and 1879: in order of birth, Jean Baptiste, Oscar Charles, George Francis, Frederick, Felix Andrew, and Lélia (baptized Marie Laïza).[7] In 1879, Oscar Chopin's cotton brokerage failed.

text: The family left the city and moved to Cloutierville in south Natchitoches Parish to manage several small plantations and a general store. They became active in the community, and Chopin absorbed much material for her future writing, especially regarding the culture of the Creoles of color of the area.

text: When Oscar Chopin died in 1882, he left Kate with $42,000 in debt (approximately $420,000 in 2009 money). According to Emily Toth, "for a while the widow Kate ran his [Oscar's] business and flirted outrageously with local men; (she even engaged in a relationship with a married farmer)."[8] Although Chopin worked to make her late husband's plantation and general store succeed, two years later she sold her Louisiana business.[8][9]

text: Her mother had implored her to move back to St. Louis, and Chopin did, aided by her mother's assistance with finances. Her children gradually settled into life in the bustling city of St. Louis. The following year, Chopin's mother died.[9]

text: Chopin struggled with depression after the losses in a short time of both her husband and her mother. Her obstetrician and family friend, Dr. Frederick Kolbenheyer, suggested that she start writing, believing that it could be a source of therapeutic healing for her. He understood also that writing could be a focus for her extraordinary energy, as well as a source of income.[10]

text: By the early 1890s, Kate Chopin began writing short stories, articles, and translations which were published in periodicals, including the St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper. She was quite successful and placed many of her publications in literary magazines. At the time, she was considered only as a regional local color writer, as this was a period of considerable publishing of folk tales, works in dialect, and other elements of Southern folk life. Chopin's strong literary qualities were overlooked.[11]

text: In 1899, her second novel, The Awakening, was published. It generated a significant amount of negative press because its characters, especially the women, behaved in ways that conflicted with current standards of acceptable ladylike behavior. People considered offensive Chopin's treatment of female sexuality, her questions about the virtues of motherhood, and showing occasions of marital infidelity.[12] At the same time, some newspaper critics reviewed it favorably.[13]

text: This, her best-known work, is the story of a woman trapped in the confines of an oppressive society. It was out of print for several decades, as literary tastes changed. Rediscovered in the 1970s, when there was a wave of new studies and appreciation of women's writings, the novel has since been reprinted and is widely available. It has been critically acclaimed for its writing quality and importance as an early feminist work of the South.[11]

text: Critics suggest that such works as The Awakening, were too far ahead of their time and therefore not socially embraced. After almost 12 years of publishing and shattered by the lack of acceptance, Chopin, deeply discouraged by the criticism, turned to short story writing.[11] In 1900, she wrote "The Gentleman from New Orleans." That same year she was listed in the first edition of Marquis Who's Who. However, she never made much money from her writing, and had to depend on her investments in Louisiana and St. Louis (aided by her inheritance from her mother) to support her.[11]

text: While visiting the St. Louis World's Fair on August 20, 1904, Chopin suffered a brain hemorrhage. She died two days later, at the age of 54. She was interred in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis.[11]

text: Literary themes[edit]

text: Kate Chopin lived in a variety of locations, based on different economies and societies. These were sources of insights and observations from which she analyzed and expressed her ideas about late 19th-century Southern American society. She was brought up by women who were primarily ethnic French. Living in areas influenced by the Louisiana Creole and Cajun cultures after she joined her husband in Louisiana, she based many of her stories and sketches in her life in Louisiana. They expressed her unusual portrayals (for the time) of women as individuals with separate wants and needs.[14]

text: Chopin's writing style was influenced by her admiration of the contemporary French writer Guy de Maupassant, known for his short stories:

text: ...I read his stories and marveled at them. Here was life, not fiction; for where were the plots, the old fashioned mechanism and stage trapping that in a vague, unthinkable way I had fancied were essential to the art of story making. Here was a man who had escaped from tradition and authority, who had entered into himself and looked out upon life through his own being and with his own eyes; and who, in a direct and simple way, told us what he saw...[15]

text: Chopin went beyond Maupassant's technique and style to give her writing its own flavor. She had an ability to perceive life and creatively express it. She concentrated on women's lives and their continual struggles to create an identity of their own within the Southern society of the late nineteenth century. For instance, in "The Story of an Hour," Mrs. Mallard allows herself time to reflect after learning of her husband's death. Instead of dreading the lonely years ahead, she stumbles upon another realization altogether.

text: "She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome."[3]

text: Not many writers during the mid- to late 19th century were bold enough to address subjects that Chopin took on. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, of Emory University, wrote that "Kate was neither a feminist nor a suffragist, she said so. She was nonetheless a woman who took women extremely seriously. She never doubted women's ability to be strong."[16] Kate Chopin's sympathies lay with the individual in the context of his and her personal life and society.

text: Through her stories, Kate Chopin wrote a kind of autobiography and described her societies; she had grown up in a time when her surroundings included the abolitionist movements before the American Civil War, and their influence on freedmen education and rights afterward, as well as the emergence of feminism. Her ideas and descriptions were not reporting, but her stories expressed the reality of her world.[17]

text: Chopin took strong interest in her surroundings and wrote about many of her observations. Jane Le Marquand assesses Chopin's writings as a new feminist voice, while other intellectuals recognize it as the voice of an individual who happens to be a woman. Marquand writes, "Chopin undermines patriarchy by endowing the Other, the woman, with an individual identity and a sense of self, a sense of self to which the letters she leaves behind give voice. The 'official' version of her life, that constructed by the men around her, is challenged and overthrown by the woman of the story."[15]

text: Chopin appeared to express her belief in the strength of women. Marquand draws from theories about creative nonfiction in terms of her work. In order for a story to be autobiographical, or even biographical, Marquand writes, there has to be a nonfictional element, but more often than not the author exaggerates the truth to spark and hold interest for the readers. Kate Chopin might have been surprised to know her work has been characterized as feminist in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, just as she had been in her own time to have it described as immoral. Critics tend to regard writers as individuals with larger points of view addressed to factions in society.[15]

text: The short story of "Désirée's Baby" focuses on Kate Chopin's experience with miscegenation and communities of the Creoles of color in Louisiana. She came of age when slavery was institutionalized in St. Louis and the South. In Louisiana, there had been communities established of free people of color, especially in New Orleans, where formal arrangements were made between white men and free women of color or enslaved women for plaçage, a kind of common-law marriage. There and in the country, she lived with a society based on the history of slavery and the continuation of plantation life, to a great extent. Mixed-race people (also known as mulattos) were numerous in New Orleans and the South. This story addresses the racism of 19th century America; persons who were visibly European-American could be threatened by the revelation of also having African ancestry. Chopin was not afraid to address such issues, which were often suppressed and intentionally ignored. Her character Armand tries to deny this reality, when he refuses to believe that he is of black descent, as it threatens his ideas about himself and his status in life. R. R. Foy believed that Chopin's story reached the level of great fiction, in which the only true subject is "human existence in its subtle, complex, true meaning, stripped of the view with which ethical and conventional standards have draped it".[18]

text: "Desiree's Baby" was first published in an 1893 issue of Vogue magazine, alongside another of Kate Chopin's short stories, "A Visit to Avoyelles", under the heading "Character Studies: The Father of Desiree's Baby - The Lover of Mentine." "A Visit to Avoyelles" typifies the local color writing that Chopin was known for, and is one of her stories that shows a couple in a completely fulfilled marriage. While Doudouce is hoping otherwise, he sees ample evidence that Mentine and Jules' marriage is a happy and fulfilling one, despite the poverty-stricken circumstances that they live in. In contrast, in "Desiree's Baby", which is much more controversial, due to the topic of miscegenation, portrays a marriage in trouble. The other contrasts to "A Visit to Avoyelles" are very clear, although some are more subtle than others. Unlike Mentine and Jules, Armand and Desiree are rich and own slaves and a plantation. Mentine and Jules' marriage has weathered many hard times, while Armand and Desiree's falls apart at the first sign of trouble. Kate Chopin was very talented at showing various sides of marriages and local people and their lives, making her writing very broad and sweeping in topic, even as she had many common themes in her work.[19][20]

text: Representation in other media[edit]

text: Louisiana Public Broadcasting, under president Beth Courtney, produced a documentary on Chopin's life, Kate Chopin: A Reawakening.[21]

text: In the penultimate episode of the first season of HBO's Treme, set in New Orleans, the teacher Creighton (played by John Goodman) assigns Kate Chopin's The Awakening to his freshmen and warns them:

text: "I want you to take your time with it," he cautions. "Pay attention to the language itself. The ideas. Don't think in terms of a beginning and an end. Because unlike some plot-driven entertainments, there is no closure in real life. Not really." [22]

text: Works[edit]

text:
"Bayou Folk" Read "Bayou Folk"
"A Night in Acadie" Read "A Night in Acadie"
"At the Cadian Ball" (1892) Read "At the Cadian Ball"
"Désirée’s Baby" (1895) Read "Désirée's Baby"
"The Story of an Hour" (1896) Read "The Story of an Hour"
"Emancipation: A Life Fable" Read "Emancipation: A Life Fable"
"The Storm" (1898) Read "The Storm"
"A Pair of Silk Stockings" Read "A Pair of Silk Stockings"
"The Locket"
"Athenaise" Read "Athenaise"
"Lilacs" Read "Athenaise"
"A Respectable Woman" Read "A Respectable Woman"
"The Unexpected" Read "The Unexpected"
"The Kiss" Read "The Kiss"
"Beyond the Bayou" Read "Beyond the Bayou"
"An No-Account Creole" Read "An No-Account Creole"
"Fedora"
"Regret" Read "Regret"
"Madame Célestin's Divorce" Read "Madame Célestin's Divorce"
At Fault (1890), Nixon Jones Printing Co, St. Louis Read "At Fault"
The Awakening (1899), H.S. Stone, Chicago Read "The Awakening"

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text:
Her home with Oscar Chopin in Cloutierville was built by Alexis Cloutier in the early part of the 19th century. In the late 20th century, the house was designated as the Kate Chopin House, a National Historic Landmark (NHL), because of her literary significance. The house was adapted for use as the Bayou Folk Museum. On October 1, 2008, the house was destroyed by a fire, with little left but the chimney.[23]
In 1990 Chopin was honored with a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in that city in Missouri.[24]
In 2012 she was commemorated with an iron bust of her head at the Writer's Corner in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis, across the street from Left Bank Books.[25]