document_title: List of solar eclipses in the 21st century

question_text: when was the last time we had a solar eclipse in north america

text:
Lists of solar eclipses

Geometry of a total solar eclipse
(not to scale)

Centuries

BC[show]

20th
19th
18th
17th
16th
15th
14th
13th
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st

AD

1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
22nd
23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
28th
29th
30th

Eclipses seen from

Australia
China
Philippines
Russia
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States

See also Lists of lunar eclipses

text: During the 21st century, there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial, 72 will be annular, 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses. Of these, two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central,[1] in the sense that the very center (axis) of the moon's shadow will miss the earth (for more information see gamma).[2] In the 21st century the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four, in 2011, 2029, 2047, 2065, 2076, and 2094. The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.[1]

text: At this point, the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun, known as totality, was during the solar eclipse of July 22, 2009. This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds. The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds. The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15, 2010, with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds. The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds. The eclipse of May 20, 2050, will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year, the first one being on November 25, 2049.[a]

text: The next solar eclipse (Partial) will occur on February 15, 2018; the last solar eclipse (Total) occurred on August 21, 2017.

text: The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse (in dynamical time, which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth; this is in Universal Time). The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given, followed by the magnitude of the eclipse (the fraction of the Sun's diameter obscured by the Moon) and the type of the eclipse (either total, annular, partial or hybrid). For total and annular eclipses, the duration of the eclipse is given, as well as the location of the greatest eclipse (the point of maximum eclipse) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse. The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed.[3]

text:
Date
Time of
greatest eclipse
(UTC)
Saros
Type
Magnitude
Central
duration
(min:s)
Location
Path width
Geographical area
Ref(s)

km
mi

2001-06-21 June 21, 2001
12:04:46
127
Total
1.050
4:57
-11.3 11°18′S 2°42′E / 11.3°S 2.7°E / -11.3; 2.7
200
120
Total: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Madagascar
Partial: South America, Africa

[a][4]

2001-12-14 December 14, 2001
20:53:01
132
Annular
0.968
3:53
00.6 0°36′N 130°42′W / 0.6°N 130.7°W / 0.6; -130.7
126
78
Annular: Nicaragua and Costa Rica
Partial: North and Central America, northwestern South America, Hawaii

[a][4]

2002-06-10 June 10, 2002
23:45:22
137
Annular
0.996
0:23
34.5 34°30′N 178°36′W / 34.5°N 178.6°W / 34.5; -178.6
13
8.1
Annular: Manado, Indonesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
Partial: eastern Asia, northeastern Australia, North America, Hawaii

[a][4]

2002-12-04 December 4, 2002
07:32:16
142
Total
1.024
2:04
-39.5 39°30′S 59°36′E / 39.5°S 59.6°E / -39.5; 59.6
87
54
Total: Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Mozambique and South Australia
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Indonesia, Australia

[a][4]

2003-05-31 May 31, 2003
04:09:22
147
Annular
0.938
3:37
66.6 66°36′N 24°30′W / 66.6°N 24.5°W / 66.6; -24.5
—
Annular: Greenland, Iceland, northeastern Scotland, Faroe Islands, Shetland Islands
Partial: Eastern Europe, northern and western Asia, Middle East, Alaska, Greenland and northwestern Canada

[a][4]

2003-11-23 November 23, 2003
22:50:22
152
Total
1.038
1:57
-72.7 72°42′S 88°24′E / 72.7°S 88.4°E / -72.7; 88.4
495
308
Total: East Antarctica
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, southern Chile and Argentina

[a][4]

2004-04-19 April 19, 2004
13:35:05
119
Partial
0.737
—
-61.6 61°36′S 44°18′E / 61.6°S 44.3°E / -61.6; 44.3
—
Partial: Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica, southern Africa
[a][4]

2004-10-14 October 14, 2004
03:00:23
124
Partial
0.928
—
61.2 61°12′N 153°42′W / 61.2°N 153.7°W / 61.2; -153.7
—
Partial: eastern Russia, Mongolia, Northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Hawaii, western Alaska
[a][4]

2005-04-08 April 8, 2005
20:36:51
129
Hybrid
1.007
0:42
-10.6 10°36′S 119°00′W / 10.6°S 119.0°W / -10.6; -119.0
27
17
Hybrid: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, southeastern French Polynesia, Bounty Islands
Partial: Pacific, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, western South America, New Zealand, West Antarctica

[a][4]

2005-10-03 October 3, 2005
10:32:47
134
Annular
0.958
4:32
12.9 12°54′N 28°42′E / 12.9°N 28.7°E / 12.9; 28.7
162
101
Annular: Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Chad, Sudan, Kenya and Somalia
Partial: Africa, Europe, Western Asia, Middle East and India Pakistan

[a][4]

2006-03-29 March 29, 2006
10:12:23
139
Total
1.052
4:07
23.2 23°12′N 16°42′E / 23.2°N 16.7°E / 23.2; 16.7
104
65
Total: Brazil, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Libya, northwest Egypt, Turkey, Georgia, southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan
Partial: North Africa, Central Africa, eastern Brazil, Central Asia, Middle East, India Pakistan and Europe

[a][4]

2006-09-22 September 22, 2006
11:41:16
144
Annular
0.935
7:09
-20.6 20°36′S 9°06′W / 20.6°S 9.1°W / -20.6; -9.1
261
162
Annular: Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana
Partial: South America, West Africa, Southern Africa, Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica

[a][4]

2007-03-19 March 19, 2007
02:32:57
149
Partial
0.876
—
61.0 61°00′N 55°30′E / 61.0°N 55.5°E / 61.0; 55.5
—
Partial: Asia, western Alaska
[a][4]

2007-09-11 September 11, 2007
12:32:24
154
Partial
0.751
—
-61.0 61°00′S 90°12′W / 61.0°S 90.2°W / -61.0; -90.2
—
Partial: Central and Southern South America, Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica, south Atlantic
[a][4]

2008-02-07 February 7, 2008
03:56:10
121
Annular
0.965
2:12
-67.6 67°36′S 150°30′W / 67.6°S 150.5°W / -67.6; -150.5
444
276
Annular: West Antarctica
Partial: Antarctica, southeastern Australia, New Zealand, southeastern Melanesia, southeastern Micronesia, southeastern Polynesia

[a][4]

2008-08-01 August 1, 2008
10:22:12
126
Total
1.039
2:27
65.7 65°42′N 72°18′E / 65.7°N 72.3°E / 65.7; 72.3
237
147
Total: Nunavut, northern Greenland, central Russia, western Mongolia, western China
Partial: Nova Scotia, PEI, New Brunswick, Quebec, Nunavut, Greenland, northern Europe, Asia

[a][4]

2009-01-26 January 26, 2009
07:59:45
131
Annular
0.928
7:54
-34.1 34°06′S 70°12′E / 34.1°S 70.2°E / -34.1; 70.2
280
170
Annular: southeast Sumatra, Jakarta and Borneo
Partial: Southern Africa, east Antarctica, South East Asia, Philippines, Australia

[a][4]

2009-07-22 July 22, 2009
02:36:25
136
Total
1.080
6:39
24.2 24°12′N 144°06′E / 24.2°N 144.1°E / 24.2; 144.1
258
160
Total: central and northeastern Pakistan India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, northern part of the Ryukyu Islands (Satsunan)
Partial: Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands

[a][4]

2010-01-15 January 15, 2010
07:07:39
141
Annular
0.919
11:08
01.6 1°36′N 69°18′E / 1.6°N 69.3°E / 1.6; 69.3
333
207
Annular: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Maldives, southeastern India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, central China
Partial: Africa, Southeastern Europe, Middle East, Asia

[a][4]

2010-07-11 July 11, 2010
19:34:38
146
Total
1.058
5:20
-19.7 19°42′S 121°54′W / 19.7°S 121.9°W / -19.7; -121.9
259
161
Total: Southern Chile and Argentina, Southeastern Polynesia
Partial: southwestern South America, French Polynesia, Hawaii

[a][4]

2011-01-04 January 4, 2011
08:51:42
151
Partial
0.858
—
64.7 64°42′N 20°48′E / 64.7°N 20.8°E / 64.7; 20.8
—
Partial: Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia, Middle East
[a][4]

2011-06-01 June 1, 2011
21:17:18
118
Partial
0.601
—
67.8 67°48′N 46°48′E / 67.8°N 46.8°E / 67.8; 46.8
—
Partial: Iceland, northern Canada, Alaska, northeastern Asia, Greenland, northern Scandinavia
[a][4]

2011-07-01 July 1, 2011
08:39:30
156
Partial
0.097
—
-65.2 65°12′S 28°36′E / 65.2°S 28.6°E / -65.2; 28.6
—
Partial: Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica
[a][4]

2011-11-25 November 25, 2011
06:21:24
123
Partial
0.905
—
-68.6 68°36′S 82°24′W / 68.6°S 82.4°W / -68.6; -82.4
—
Partial: Southwestern South Africa, Antarctica, Tasmania, New Zealand
[a][4]

2012-05-20 May 20, 2012
23:53:54
128
Annular
0.944
5:46
49.1 49°06′N 176°18′E / 49.1°N 176.3°E / 49.1; 176.3
237
147
Annular: Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Kyushu, Shikoku, southern Honshu, Tokyo, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas
Partial: Pacific, eastern Asia, North America, Hawaii

[a][4]

2012-11-13 November 13, 2012
22:12:55
133
Total
1.050
4:02
-40.0 40°00′S 161°18′W / 40.0°S 161.3°W / -40.0; -161.3
179
111
Total: Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula, Australia, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Southeastern South America, Southern Pacific, Polynesia, Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica, Talos Dome

[a][4]

2013-05-10 May 10, 2013
00:26:20
138
Annular
0.954
6:03
02.2 2°12′N 175°30′E / 2.2°N 175.5°E / 2.2; 175.5
173
107
Annular: Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia, Louisiade Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Kiribati
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Central Pacific, Hawaii, Indonesia

[a][4]

2013-11-03 November 3, 2013
12:47:36
143
Hybrid
1.016
1:40
03.5 3°30′N 11°42′W / 3.5°N 11.7°W / 3.5; -11.7
58
36
Hybrid: Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia
Partial: Eastern America, Eastern Canada, Caribbean, Eastern South America, South Europe, Africa

[a][4]

2014-04-29 April 29, 2014
06:04:33
148
Annular (non-central)
0.987
—
-70.6 70°36′S 131°18′E / 70.6°S 131.3°E / -70.6; 131.3
—
Annular: western Wilkes Land

Partial: South Indian Ocean, Australia, east Antarctica

[a][4]

2014-10-23 October 23, 2014
21:45:39
153
Partial
0.811
—
71.2 71°12′N 97°12′W / 71.2°N 97.2°W / 71.2; -97.2
—
Partial: Northern Pacific, North America, Mexico, Eastern Russia
[a][4]

2015-03-20 March 20, 2015
09:46:47
120
Total
1.045
2:47
64.4 64°24′N 6°36′W / 64.4°N 6.6°W / 64.4; -6.6
463
288
Total: Faroe Islands, Svalbard, North Atlantic, North Pole
Partial: Greenland, Europe, Central Asia, Western Russia

[a][4]

2015-09-13 September 13, 2015
06:55:19
125
Partial
0.788
—
-72.1 72°06′S 2°18′W / 72.1°S 2.3°W / -72.1; -2.3
—
Partial: Southern Africa, South Indian Ocean, east Antarctica
[a][4]

2016-03-09 March 9, 2016
01:58:19
130
Total
1.045
4:09
10.1 10°06′N 148°48′E / 10.1°N 148.8°E / 10.1; 148.8
155
96
Total: Indonesia, Micronesia, Marshall Islands
Partial: Southeastern Asia, Korea, Japan, Eastern Russia, Alaska, northwestern Australia, Hawaii, Pacific

[a][4]

2016-09-01 September 1, 2016
09:08:02
135
Annular
0.974
3:06
-10.7 10°42′S 37°48′E / 10.7°S 37.8°E / -10.7; 37.8
100
62
Annular: Atlantic, Central Africa, Madagascar, Indian
Partial: Africa, Indian Ocean

[a][5]

2017-02-26 February 26, 2017
14:54:33
140
Annular
0.992
0:44
-34.7 34°42′S 31°12′W / 34.7°S 31.2°W / -34.7; -31.2
31
19
Annular: southern Chile and Argentina, Angola, southwestern Katanga
Partial: Southern and Western Africa, Southern South America, Antarctica

[a][4]

2017-08-21 August 21, 2017
18:26:40
145
Total
1.031
2:40
37.0 37°00′N 87°42′W / 37.0°N 87.7°W / 37.0; -87.7
115
71
Total: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Nebraska, northeastern Kansas, Missouri, Southern Illinois, Western Kentucky, Tennessee, Southwestern North Carolina, northeastern Georgia, South Carolina
Partial: North America, Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland, British Isles, Portugal, Central America, Caribbean, northern South America, Chukchi Peninsula

[a][4] [6]

2018-02-15 February 15, 2018
20:52:33
150
Partial
0.599
—
-71.0 71°00′S 0°36′E / 71.0°S 0.6°E / -71.0; 0.6
—
Partial: Antarctica, Southern South America
[a][4]

2018-07-13 July 13, 2018
03:02:16
117
Partial
0.336
—
-67.9 67°54′S 127°24′E / 67.9°S 127.4°E / -67.9; 127.4
—
Partial: South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Indian Ocean, Budd Coast
[a][4]

2018-08-11 August 11, 2018
09:47:28
155
Partial
0.737
—
70.4 70°24′N 174°30′E / 70.4°N 174.5°E / 70.4; 174.5
—
Partial: Northeastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Ocean, Scandinavia, northern British Isles, Russia, northern Asia
[a][4]

2019-01-06 January 6, 2019
01:42:38
122
Partial
0.715
—
67.4 67°24′N 153°36′E / 67.4°N 153.6°E / 67.4; 153.6
—
Partial: Northeastern Asia, Southwestern Alaska, Aleutian Islands
[a][4]

2019-07-02 July 2, 2019
19:24:08
127
Total
1.046
4:33
-17.4 17°24′S 109°00′W / 17.4°S 109.0°W / -17.4; -109.0
201
125
Total: Pitcairn Islands, central Argentina and Chile, Tuamotu Archipelago
Partial: South America, Easter Island, Galapagos Islands, Southern Central America, Polynesia

[a][4]

2019-12-26 December 26, 2019
05:18:53
132
Annular
0.970
3:40
01.0 1°00′N 102°18′E / 1.0°N 102.3°E / 1.0; 102.3
118
73
Annular: northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Lakshadweep, Southern India, Sri Lanka, northern Sumatra, southern Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, central Indonesia, Palau, Micronesia, Guam
Partial: Asia, Western Melanesia, northwestern Australia, Middle East, East Africa

[a][4]

2020-06-21 June 21, 2020
06:41:15
137
Annular
0.994
0:38
30.5 30°30′N 79°42′E / 30.5°N 79.7°E / 30.5; 79.7
21
13
Annular: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen, Empty Quarter, Oman, southern Pakistan, northern India, New Delhi, Tibet, southern China, Chongqing, Taiwan
Partial: Asia, Southeastern Europe, Africa, Middle East, West Melanesia, Western Australia, Northern Territory, Cape York Peninsula

[a][4]

2020-12-14 December 14, 2020
16:14:39
142
Total
1.025
2:10
-40.3 40°18′S 67°54′W / 40.3°S 67.9°W / -40.3; -67.9
90
56
Total: Southern Chile and Argentina, Kiribati, Polynesia
Partial: Central and Southern South America, Southwest Africa, Antarctic Peninsula, Ellsworth Land, Western Queen Maud Land

[a][4]

2021-06-10 June 10, 2021
10:43:07
147
Annular
0.943
3:51
80.8 80°48′N 66°48′W / 80.8°N 66.8°W / 80.8; -66.8
527
327
Annular: Northern Canada, Greenland, Russia
Partial: Northern North America, Europe, Asia

[a][7]

2021-12-04 December 4, 2021
07:34:38
152
Total
1.037
1:54
-76.8 76°48′S 46°12′W / 76.8°S 46.2°W / -76.8; -46.2
419
260
Total: Antarctica
Partial: South Africa, South Atlantic
[a][7]

2022-04-30 April 30, 2022
20:42:36
119
Partial
0.640
—
-62.1 62°06′S 71°30′W / 62.1°S 71.5°W / -62.1; -71.5
—
Partial: Southeast Pacific, Southern South America
[a][7]

2022-10-25 October 25, 2022
11:01:20
124
Partial
0.862
—
61.6 61°36′N 77°24′E / 61.6°N 77.4°E / 61.6; 77.4
—
Partial: Europe, northeast Africa, Mid East, West Asia
[a][7]

2023-04-20 April 20, 2023
04:17:56
129
Hybrid
1.013
1:16
-09.6 9°36′S 125°48′E / 9.6°S 125.8°E / -9.6; 125.8
49
30
Hybrid: Indonesia, Australia, Papua New Guinea
Partial: Southeast Asia, East Indies, Philippines, New Zealand
[a][7]

2023-10-14 October 14, 2023
18:00:41
134
Annular
0.952
5:17
11.4 11°24′N 83°06′W / 11.4°N 83.1°W / 11.4; -83.1
187
116
Annular: Western United States, Central America, Colombia, Brazil
Partial: North America, Central America, South America
[a][7]

2024-04-08 April 8, 2024
18:18:29
139
Total
1.057
4:28
25.3 25°18′N 104°06′W / 25.3°N 104.1°W / 25.3; -104.1
198
123
Total: Mexico, central and northeastern United States, East Canada
Partial: North America, Central America
[a][7]

2024-10-02 October 2, 2024
18:46:13
144
Annular
0.933
7:25
-22.0 22°00′S 114°30′W / 22.0°S 114.5°W / -22.0; -114.5
266
165
Annular: Southern Chile, Southern Argentina
Partial: Pacific, Southern South America
[a][7]

2025-03-29 March 29, 2025
10:48:36
149
Partial
0.938
—
61.1 61°06′N 77°06′W / 61.1°N 77.1°W / 61.1; -77.1
—
Partial: Northwest Africa, Europe, northern Russia
[a][7]

2025-09-21 September 21, 2025
19:43:04
154
Partial
0.855
—
-60.9 60°54′S 153°30′E / 60.9°S 153.5°E / -60.9; 153.5
—
Partial: South Pacific, New Zealand, Antarctica
[a][7]

2026-02-17 February 17, 2026
12:13:06
121
Annular
0.963
2:20
-64.7 64°42′S 86°48′E / 64.7°S 86.8°E / -64.7; 86.8
616
383
Annular: Antarctica
Partial: South Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Antarctica
[a][7]

2026-08-12 August 12, 2026
17:47:06
126
Total
1.039
2:18
65.2 65°12′N 25°12′W / 65.2°N 25.2°W / 65.2; -25.2
294
183
Total: Arctic, Greenland, Iceland, Spain, Northeastern Portugal
Partial: Northern North America, Western Africa, Europe
[a][7]

2027-02-06 February 6, 2027
16:00:48
131
Annular
0.928
7:51
-31.3 31°18′S 48°30′W / 31.3°S 48.5°W / -31.3; -48.5
282
175
Annular: Chile, Argentina, Atlantic
Partial: South America, Antarctica, West and South Africa
[a][7]

2027-08-02 August 2, 2027
10:07:50
136
Total
1.079
6:23
25.5 25°30′N 33°12′E / 25.5°N 33.2°E / 25.5; 33.2
258
160
Total: Morocco, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Somalia
Partial: Africa, Europe, Mid East, West and South Asia
[a][7]

2028-01-26 January 26, 2028
15:08:59
141
Annular
0.921
10:27
03.0 3°00′N 51°30′W / 3.0°N 51.5°W / 3.0; -51.5
323
201
Annular: Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Suriname, Spain, Portugal
Partial: Eastern North America, Central and South America, Western Europe, northwest Africa
[a][7]

2028-07-22 July 22, 2028
02:56:40
146
Total
1.056
5:10
-15.6 15°36′S 126°42′E / 15.6°S 126.7°E / -15.6; 126.7
230
140
Total: Australia, New Zealand
Partial: Southeast Asia, East Indies
[a][7]

2029-01-14 January 14, 2029
17:13:48
151
Partial
0.871
—
63.7 63°42′N 114°12′W / 63.7°N 114.2°W / 63.7; -114.2
—
Partial: North America, Central America
[a][7]

2029-06-12 June 12, 2029
04:06:13
118
Partial
0.458
—
66.8 66°48′N 66°12′W / 66.8°N 66.2°W / 66.8; -66.2
—
Partial: Arctic, Scandinavia, Alaska, northern Asia, northern Canada
[a][7]

2029-07-11 July 11, 2029
15:37:19
156
Partial
0.230
—
-64.3 64°18′S 85°36′W / 64.3°S 85.6°W / -64.3; -85.6
—
Partial: Southern Chile, Southern Argentina
[a][7]

2029-12-05 December 5, 2029
15:03:58
123
Partial
0.891
—
-67.5 67°30′S 135°42′E / 67.5°S 135.7°E / -67.5; 135.7
—
Partial: Southern Argentina, Southern Chile, Antarctica
[a][7]

2030-06-01 June 1, 2030
06:29:13
128
Annular
0.944
5:21
56.5 56°30′N 80°06′E / 56.5°N 80.1°E / 56.5; 80.1
250
160
Annular: Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Russia, northern China, Japan
Partial: Europe, Northern Africa, Mid East, Asia, Arctic, Alaska
[a][7]

2030-11-25 November 25, 2030
06:51:37
133
Total
1.047
3:44
-43.6 43°36′S 71°12′E / 43.6°S 71.2°E / -43.6; 71.2
169
105
Total: Botswana, South Africa, Australia
Partial: South Africa, Southern Indian Ocean, East Indies, Australia, Antarctica
[a][7]

2031-05-21 May 21, 2031
07:16:04
138
Annular
0.959
5:26
08.9 8°54′N 71°42′E / 8.9°N 71.7°E / 8.9; 71.7
152
94
Annular: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Tanzania, south Indian Ocean, Malaysia, Indonesia
Partial: Africa, south Asia, East Indies, Australia
[a][8]

2031-11-14 November 14, 2031
21:07:31
143
Hybrid
1.011
1:08
-00.6 0°36′S 137°36′W / 0.6°S 137.6°W / -0.6; -137.6
38
24
Hybrid: Pacific, Panama
Partial: south United States, Central America, northwest South America
[a][8]

2032-05-09 May 9, 2032
13:26:42
148
Annular
0.996
0:22
-51.3 51°18′S 7°06′W / 51.3°S 7.1°W / -51.3; -7.1
44
27
Annular: south Atlantic
Partial: south South America, South Africa
[a][8]

2032-11-03 November 3, 2032
05:34:13
153
Partial
0.855
—
70.4 70°24′N 132°36′E / 70.4°N 132.6°E / 70.4; 132.6
—
Partial: Asia
[a][8]

2033-03-30 March 30, 2033
18:02:36
120
Total
1.046
2:37
71.3 71°18′N 155°48′W / 71.3°N 155.8°W / 71.3; -155.8
781
485
Total: east Russia, Alaska
Partial: North America
[a][8]

2033-09-23 September 23, 2033
13:54:31
125
Partial
0.689
—
-72.2 72°12′S 121°12′W / 72.2°S 121.2°W / -72.2; -121.2
—
Partial: south South America, Antarctica
[a][8]

2034-03-20 March 20, 2034
10:18:45
130
Total
1.046
4:09
16°06′N 22°12′E / 16.1°N 22.2°E / 16.1; 22.2
159
99
Total: Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China
Partial: Africa, Europe, west Asia
[a][8]

2034-09-12 September 12, 2034
16:19:28
135
Annular
0.974
2:58
-18.2 18°12′S 72°36′W / 18.2°S 72.6°W / -18.2; -72.6
102
63
Annular: Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
Partial: Central America, South America
[a][8]

2035-03-09 March 9, 2035
23:05:54
140
Annular
0.992
0:48
-29.0 29°00′S 154°54′W / 29.0°S 154.9°W / -29.0; -154.9
31
19
Annular: New Zealand, Pacific
Partial: Australia, Mexico, Antarctica
[a][8]

2035-09-02 September 2, 2035
01:56:46
145
Total
1.032
2:54
29.1 29°06′N 158°00′E / 29.1°N 158.0°E / 29.1; 158.0
116
72
Total: China, Korea, Japan, Pacific
Partial: east Asia, Pacific
[a][8]

2036-02-27 February 27, 2036
04:46:49
150
Partial
0.629
—
-71.6 71°36′S 131°24′W / 71.6°S 131.4°W / -71.6; -131.4
—
Partial: Antarctica, south Australia, New Zealand
[a][8]

2036-07-23 July 23, 2036
10:32:06
117
Partial
0.199
—
-68.9 68°54′S 3°36′E / 68.9°S 3.6°E / -68.9; 3.6
—
Partial: south Atlantic
[a][8]

2036-08-21 August 21, 2036
17:25:45
155
Partial
0.862
—
71.1 71°06′N 47°00′E / 71.1°N 47.0°E / 71.1; 47.0
—
Partial: Alaska, Canada, Arctic, west Europe, northwest Africa
[a][8]

2037-01-16 January 16, 2037
09:48:55
122
Partial
0.705
—
68.5 68°30′N 20°48′E / 68.5°N 20.8°E / 68.5; 20.8
—
Partial: north Africa, Europe, Mid East, west Asia
[a][8]

2037-07-13 July 13, 2037
02:40:36
127
Total
1.041
3:58
-24.8 24°48′S 139°06′E / 24.8°S 139.1°E / -24.8; 139.1
201
125
Total: Australia, New Zealand
Partial: East Indies, Australia, Pacific
[a][8]

2038-01-05 January 5, 2038
13:47:11
132
Annular
0.973
3:18
02.1 2°06′N 25°24′W / 2.1°N 25.4°W / 2.1; -25.4
107
66
Annular: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Chad, Egypt
Partial: east North America, north South America, Atlantic, Africa, Europe
[a][8]

2038-07-02 July 2, 2038
13:32:55
137
Annular
0.991
1:00
25.4 25°24′N 21°54′W / 25.4°N 21.9°W / 25.4; -21.9
31
19
Annular: Colombia, Venezuela, Mauritania, Morocco, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya
Partial: North and Central America, South America, Africa, Europe, Mid East
[a][8]

2038-12-26 December 26, 2038
01:00:10
142
Total
1.027
2:18
-40.3 40°18′S 164°00′E / 40.3°S 164.0°E / -40.3; 164.0
95
59
Total: Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific
Partial: southeast Asia, East Indies, Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific, Antarctica
[a][8]

2039-06-21 June 21, 2039
17:12:54
147
Annular
0.945
4:05
78.9 78°54′N 102°06′W / 78.9°N 102.1°W / 78.9; -102.1
365
227
Annular: Alaska, north Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Russia
Partial: North America, west Europe
[a][8]

2039-12-15 December 15, 2039
16:23:46
152
Total
1.036
1:51
-80.9 80°54′S 172°48′E / 80.9°S 172.8°E / -80.9; 172.8
380
240
Total: Antarctica
Partial: south South America
[a][8]

2040-05-11 May 11, 2040
03:43:02
119
Partial
0.531
—
-62.8 62°48′S 174°24′E / 62.8°S 174.4°E / -62.8; 174.4
—
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica
[a][8]

2040-11-04 November 4, 2040
19:09:02
124
Partial
0.807
—
62.2 62°12′N 53°24′W / 62.2°N 53.4°W / 62.2; -53.4
—
Partial: North and Central America
[a][8]

2041-04-30 April 30, 2041
11:52:21
129
Total
1.019
1:51
-09.6 9°36′S 12°12′E / 9.6°S 12.2°E / -9.6; 12.2
72
45
Total: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia
Partial: Brazil, Africa, Mid East
[a][9]

2041-10-25 October 25, 2041
01:36:22
134
Annular
0.947
6:07
09.9 9°54′N 162°54′E / 9.9°N 162.9°E / 9.9; 162.9
213
132
Annular: Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, Pacific
Partial: east Asia, Pacific
[a][9]

2042-04-20 April 20, 2042
02:17:30
139
Total
1.061
4:51
27.0 27°00′N 137°18′E / 27.0°N 137.3°E / 27.0; 137.3
210
130
Total: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, north Pacific
Partial: east and southeast Asia, Australia, Pacific

[a][9]

2042-10-14 October 14, 2042
02:00:42
144
Annular
0.930
7:44
-23.7 23°42′S 137°48′E / 23.7°S 137.8°E / -23.7; 137.8
273
170
Annular: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand
Partial: south-east Asia, East Indies, south Pacific, Antarctica

[a][9]

2043-04-09 April 9, 2043
18:57:49
149
Total (non-central)
1.010
—
61.3 61°18′N 152°00′E / 61.3°N 152.0°E / 61.3; 152.0
—
Total: northeast Russia
Partial: north North America, northeast Asia
[a][9]

2043-10-03 October 3, 2043
03:01:49
154
Annular (non-central)
0.950
—
-61.0 61°00′S 35°18′E / 61.0°S 35.3°E / -61.0; 35.3
—
Annular: south Indian Ocean
Partial: Antarctica, southwest Australia, Indian Ocean
[a][9]

2044-02-28 February 28, 2044
20:24:40
121
Annular
0.960
2:27
-62.2 62°12′S 25°36′W / 62.2°S 25.6°W / -62.2; -25.6
—
Annular: south Atlantic
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][9]

2044-08-23 August 23, 2044
01:17:02
126
Total
1.036
2:04
64.3 64°18′N 120°24′W / 64.3°N 120.4°W / 64.3; -120.4
453
281
Total: Greenland; Canada's Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan; Montana, North Dakota
Partial: north Asia, western North America, Greenland

[a][9]

2045-02-16 February 16, 2045
23:56:07
131
Annular
0.928
7:47
-28.3 28°18′S 166°12′W / 28.3°S 166.2°W / -28.3; -166.2
281
175
Annular: New Zealand, Pacific
Partial: Australia, Hawaii

[a][9]

2045-08-12 August 12, 2045
17:42:39
136
Total
1.077
6:06
25.9 25°54′N 78°30′W / 25.9°N 78.5°W / 25.9; -78.5
256
159
Total: south United States, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guyana, Suriname, Brazil
Partial: North, Central and South America, western Africa

[a][9]

2046-02-05 February 5, 2046
23:06:26
141
Annular
0.923
9:42
04.8 4°48′N 171°24′W / 4.8°N 171.4°W / 4.8; -171.4
310
190
Annular: Papua New Guinea, Hawaii, California, Oregon, Idaho
Partial: Australia, western United States
[a][9]

2046-08-02 August 2, 2046
10:21:13
146
Total
1.053
4:51
-12.7 12°42′S 15°12′E / 12.7°S 15.2°E / -12.7; 15.2
206
128
Total: Brazil, Angola, east Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, south Mozambique
Partial: Africa

[a][9]

2047-01-26 January 26, 2047
01:33:18
151
Partial
0.891
—
62.9 62°54′N 111°42′E / 62.9°N 111.7°E / 62.9; 111.7
—
Partial: east Asia, Alaska
[a][9]

2047-06-23 June 23, 2047
10:52:31
118
Partial
0.313
—
65.8 65°48′N 178°00′W / 65.8°N 178.0°W / 65.8; -178.0
—
Partial: north Canada, Greenland, northeast Asia
[a][9]

2047-07-22 July 22, 2047
22:36:17
156
Partial
0.361
—
-63.4 63°24′S 160°12′E / 63.4°S 160.2°E / -63.4; 160.2
—
Partial: southeast Australia, New Zealand
[a][9]

2047-12-16 December 16, 2047
23:50:12
123
Partial
0.882
—
-66.4 66°24′S 6°36′W / 66.4°S 6.6°W / -66.4; -6.6
—
Partial: Antarctica, south Chile, south Argentina
[a][9]

2048-06-11 June 11, 2048
12:58:53
128
Annular
0.944
4:58
63.7 63°42′N 11°30′W / 63.7°N 11.5°W / 63.7; -11.5
272
169
Annular: midwest United States, Quebec, Ontario, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Afghanistan
Partial: North America, Caribbean, north Africa, Europe, west Asia

[a][9]

2048-12-05 December 5, 2048
15:35:27
133
Total
1.044
3:28
-46.1 46°06′S 56°24′W / 46.1°S 56.4°W / -46.1; -56.4
160
99
Total: Chile, Argentina, Namibia, Botswana
Partial: south South America, southwest Africa

[a][9]

2049-05-31 May 31, 2049
13:59:59
138
Annular
0.963
4:45
15.3 15°18′N 29°54′W / 15.3°N 29.9°W / 15.3; -29.9
134
83
Annular: Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria
Partial: southeast United States, Central America, South America, Africa, south Europe

[a][9]

2049-11-25 November 25, 2049
05:33:48
143
Hybrid
1.006
0:38
-03.8 3°48′S 95°12′E / 3.8°S 95.2°E / -3.8; 95.2
21
13
Hybrid: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Malaysia, Indonesia
Partial: east Africa, south Asia, East Indies, Australia

[a][9]

2050-05-20 May 20, 2050
20:42:50
148
Hybrid
1.004
0:21
-40.1 40°06′S 123°42′W / 40.1°S 123.7°W / -40.1; -123.7
27
17
Hybrid: south Pacific
Partial: New Zealand, southwest South America

[a][9]

2050-11-14 November 14, 2050
13:30:53
153
Partial
0.887
—
69.5 69°30′N 1°00′E / 69.5°N 1.0°E / 69.5; 1.0
—
Partial: northeast United States, east Canada, north Africa, Europe
[a][9]

2051-04-11 April 11, 2051
02:10:39
120
Partial
0.985
—
71.6 71°36′N 32°12′E / 71.6°N 32.2°E / 71.6; 32.2
—
Partial: Asia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland
[a][10]

2051-10-04 October 4, 2051
21:02:14
125
Partial
0.602
—
-72.0 72°00′S 117°42′E / 72.0°S 117.7°E / -72.0; 117.7
—
Partial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand
[a][10]

2052-03-30 March 30, 2052
18:31:53
130
Total
1.047
4:08
22.4 22°24′N 102°30′W / 22.4°N 102.5°W / 22.4; -102.5
164
102
Total: central Pacific, Mexico, United States, central Atlantic
Partial: Central and North America, north South America

[a][10]

2052-09-22 September 22, 2052
23:39:10
135
Annular
0.973
2:51
-25.7 25°42′S 175°00′E / 25.7°S 175.0°E / -25.7; 175.0
106
66
Annular: Australia, south Pacific
Partial: New Zealand, Antarctica, West Indies

[a][10]

2053-03-20 March 20, 2053
07:08:19
140
Annular
0.992
0:50
-23.0 23°00′S 83°00′E / 23.0°S 83.0°E / -23.0; 83.0
31
19
Annular: central Indian Ocean, Indonesia
Partial: Africa, Indies, Australia, Antarctica

[a][10]

2053-09-12 September 12, 2053
09:34:09
145
Total
1.033
3:04
21.5 21°30′N 41°42′E / 21.5°N 41.7°E / 21.5; 41.7
116
72
Total: Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Indonesia
Partial: Greenland, Africa, Europe, Asia

[a][10]

2054-03-09 March 9, 2054
12:33:40
150
Partial
0.668
—
-72.0 72°00′S 97°54′E / 72.0°S 97.9°E / -72.0; 97.9
—
Partial: Antarctica, South Africa, Madagascar, Chile
[a][10]

2054-08-03 August 3, 2054
18:04:02
117
Partial
0.066
—
-69.8 69°48′S 121°18′W / 69.8°S 121.3°W / -69.8; -121.3
—
Partial: Antarctica
[a][10]

2054-09-02 September 2, 2054
01:09:34
155
Partial
0.979
—
71.7 71°42′N 82°18′W / 71.7°N 82.3°W / 71.7; -82.3
—
Partial: Asia, United States, Canada, Greenland
[a][10]

2055-01-27 January 27, 2055
17:54:05
122
Partial
0.693
—
69.5 69°30′N 112°12′W / 69.5°N 112.2°W / 69.5; -112.2
—
Partial: Canada, United States, Mexico, Cuba
[a][10]

2055-07-24 July 24, 2055
09:57:50
127
Total
1.036
3:17
-33.3 33°18′S 25°48′E / 33.3°S 25.8°E / -33.3; 25.8
202
126
Total: South Africa
Partial: Africa, Antarctica

[a][10]

2056-01-16 January 16, 2056
22:16:45
132
Annular
0.976
2:52
03.9 3°54′N 153°30′W / 3.9°N 153.5°W / 3.9; -153.5
95
59
Annular: central Pacific, Mexico
Partial: New Zealand, western North America

[a][10]

2056-07-12 July 12, 2056
20:21:59
137
Annular
0.988
1:26
19.4 19°24′N 123°42′W / 19.4°N 123.7°W / 19.4; -123.7
43
27
Annular: central Pacific, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Partial: south North America, Central America, north South America

[a][10]

2057-01-05 January 5, 2057
09:47:52
142
Total
1.029
2:29
-39.2 39°12′S 35°12′E / 39.2°S 35.2°E / -39.2; 35.2
102
63
Total: southern Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia

[a][10]

2057-07-01 July 1, 2057
23:40:15
147
Annular
0.946
4:23
71.5 71°30′N 176°12′W / 71.5°N 176.2°W / 71.5; -176.2
298
185
Annular: China, Mongolia, Russia, Canada, United States
Partial: Asia, North America

[a][10]

2057-12-26 December 26, 2057
01:14:35
152
Total
1.035
1:50
-84.9 84°54′S 21°48′E / 84.9°S 21.8°E / -84.9; 21.8
355
221
Total: Antarctica
Partial: Australia
[a][10]

2058-05-22 May 22, 2058
10:39:25
119
Partial
0.414
—
-63.5 63°30′S 61°06′E / 63.5°S 61.1°E / -63.5; 61.1
—
Partial: South Africa, Madagascar
[a][10]

2058-06-21 June 21, 2058
00:19:35
157
Partial
0.126
—
65.9 65°54′N 9°54′E / 65.9°N 9.9°E / 65.9; 9.9
—
Partial: Russia, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland
[a][10]

2058-11-16 November 16, 2058
03:23:07
124
Partial
0.764
—
62.9 62°54′N 174°12′E / 62.9°N 174.2°E / 62.9; 174.2
—
Partial: Russia, China, Mongolia, Japan
[a][10]

2059-05-11 May 11, 2059
19:22:16
129
Total
1.024
2:23
-10.7 10°42′S 100°24′W / 10.7°S 100.4°W / -10.7; -100.4
95
59
Total: central Pacific, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
Partial: North, Central and South America

[a][10]

2059-11-05 November 5, 2059
09:18:15
134
Annular
0.942
7:00
08.7 8°42′N 47°06′E / 8.7°N 47.1°E / 8.7; 47.1
238
148
Annular: France, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Indonesia
Partial: Africa, Europe, Asia

[a][10]

2060-03-30 April 30, 2060
10:10:00
139
Total
1.066
5:15
28.0 28°00′N 20°54′E / 28.0°N 20.9°E / 28.0; 20.9
222
138
Total: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia
Partial: Africa, Asia

[a][10]

2060-10-24 October 24, 2060
09:24:10
144
Annular
0.928
8:06
-25.8 25°48′S 28°06′E / 25.8°S 28.1°E / -25.8; 28.1
281
175
Annular: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, South America

[a][10]

2061-04-20 April 20, 2061
02:56:49
149
Total
1.048
2:37
64.5 64°30′N 59°12′E / 64.5°N 59.2°E / 64.5; 59.2
559
347
Total: Kazakhstan, Russia
Partial: Asia, Middle East, North America

[a][11]

2061-10-13 October 13, 2061
10:32:10
154
Annular
0.947
3:41
-62.1 62°06′S 54°24′W / 62.1°S 54.4°W / -62.1; -54.4
743
462
Annular: Antarctica, Argentina, Chile
Partial: South America
[a][11]

2062-03-11 March 11, 2062
04:26:16
121
Partial
0.933
—
-61.0 61°00′S 147°06′W / 61.0°S 147.1°W / -61.0; -147.1
—
Partial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand
[a][11]

2062-09-03 September 3, 2062
08:54:27
126
Partial
0.975
—
61.3 61°18′N 150°18′E / 61.3°N 150.3°E / 61.3; 150.3
—
Partial: Greenland, Europe, Asia
[a][11]

2063-02-28 February 28, 2063
07:43:30
131
Annular
0.929
7:41
-25.2 25°12′S 77°42′E / 25.2°S 77.7°E / -25.2; 77.7
280
170
Annular: Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mindanao, Philippines
Partial: Africa, Indies, southeast Asia, the rest of Philippines, Antarctica, Australia

[a][11]

2063-08-24 August 24, 2063
01:22:11
136
Total
1.075
5:49
25.6 25°36′N 168°24′E / 25.6°N 168.4°E / 25.6; 168.4
252
157
Total: China, Mongolia, Japan, central Pacific
Partial: Asia, central Pacific

[a][11]

2064-02-17 February 17, 2064
07:00:23
141
Annular
0.926
8:56
07.0 7°00′N 69°42′E / 7.0°N 69.7°E / 7.0; 69.7
295
183
Annular: Zaire, Zambia, Tanzania, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China
Partial: Africa, Asia
[a][11]

2064-08-12 August 12, 2064
17:46:06
146
Total
1.049
4:28
-10.9 10°54′S 96°00′W / 10.9°S 96.0°W / -10.9; -96.0
184
114
Total: Central Pacific, Chile, Argentina
Partial: Americas, Antarctica

[a][11]

2065-02-05 February 5, 2065
09:52:26
151
Partial
0.912
—
62.2 62°12′N 21°54′W / 62.2°N 21.9°W / 62.2; -21.9
—
Partial: North America, Europe, West Asia
[a][11]

2065-07-03 July 3, 2065
17:33:52
118
Partial
0.164
—
64.8 64°48′N 71°54′E / 64.8°N 71.9°E / 64.8; 71.9
—
Partial: northern Europe, Russia
[a][11]

2065-08-02 August 2, 2065
05:34:17
156
Partial
0.490
—
-62.7 62°42′S 46°30′E / 62.7°S 46.5°E / -62.7; 46.5
—
Partial: Antarctica, South Africa, Madagascar
[a][11]

2065-12-27 December 27, 2065
08:39:56
123
Partial
0.877
—
-65.4 65°24′S 149°12′W / 65.4°S 149.2°W / -65.4; -149.2
—
Partial: Chile, Argentina, Antarctica, Australia
[a][11]

2066-06-22 June 22, 2066
19:25:48
128
Annular
0.943
4:40
70.1 70°06′N 96°24′W / 70.1°N 96.4°W / 70.1; -96.4
309
192
Annular: Russia, Alaska, Canada
Partial: North America, northern Europe, north Asia
[a][11]

2066-12-17 December 17, 2066
00:23:40
133
Total
1.042
3:14
-47.4 47°24′S 175°48′E / 47.4°S 175.8°E / -47.4; 175.8
152
94
Total: Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific
Partial: Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][11]

2067-06-11 June 11, 2067
20:42:26
138
Annular
0.967
4:05
21.0 21°00′N 130°12′W / 21.0°N 130.2°W / 21.0; -130.2
119
74
Annular: central Pacific, Ecuador, Peru
Partial: Americas
[a][11]

2067-12-06 December 6, 2067
14:03:43
143
Hybrid
1.001
0:08
-06.0 6°00′S 32°24′W / 6.0°S 32.4°W / -6.0; -32.4
4
2.5
Hybrid: Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan
Partial: Americas, Africa, south Europe

[a][11]

2068-05-31 May 31, 2068
03:56:39
148
Total
1.011
1:06
-31.0 31°00′S 123°12′E / 31.0°S 123.2°E / -31.0; 123.2
63
39
Total: Australia, New Zealand
Partial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica
[a][11]

2068-11-24 November 24, 2068
21:32:30
153
Partial
0.911
—
68.5 68°30′N 131°06′W / 68.5°N 131.1°W / 68.5; -131.1
—
Partial: North America, Russia
[a][11]

2069-04-21 April 21, 2069
10:11:09
120
Partial
0.899
—
71.0 71°00′N 101°18′W / 71.0°N 101.3°W / 71.0; -101.3
—
Partial: Europe, Asia, north Africa, North America
[a][11]

2069-05-20 May 20, 2069
17:53:18
158
Partial
0.088
—
-68.8 68°48′S 69°54′W / 68.8°S 69.9°W / -68.8; -69.9
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][11]

2069-10-15 October 15, 2069
04:19:56
125
Partial
0.530
—
-71.6 71°36′S 5°30′W / 71.6°S 5.5°W / -71.6; -5.5
—
Partial: Antarctica
[a][11]

2070-04-11 April 11, 2070
02:36:09
130
Total
1.047
4:04
29.1 29°06′N 135°06′E / 29.1°N 135.1°E / 29.1; 135.1
168
104
Total: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines
Partial: Asia, Indies, Alaska, Canada
[a][11]

2070-10-04 October 4, 2070
07:08:57
135
Annular
0.973
2:44
-32.8 32°48′S 60°24′E / 32.8°S 60.4°E / -32.8; 60.4
110
68
Annular: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Madagascar
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia

[a][11]

2071-03-31 March 31, 2071
15:01:06
140
Annular
0.992
0:52
-16.7 16°42′S 37°00′W / 16.7°S 37.0°W / -16.7; -37.0
31
19
Annular: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Republic of the Congo, Zaire
Partial: South America, Africa, Antarctica

[a][12]

2071-09-23 September 23, 2071
17:20:28
145
Total
1.033
3:11
14.2 14°12′N 76°42′W / 14.2°N 76.7°W / 14.2; -76.7
116
72
Total: Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil
Partial: Americas, Africa

[a][12]

2072-03-19 March 19, 2072
20:10:31
150
Partial
0.720
—
-72.2 72°12′S 30°24′W / 72.2°S 30.4°W / -72.2; -30.4
—
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][12]

2072-09-12 September 12, 2072
08:59:20
155
Total
1.056
3:13
69.8 69°48′N 102°00′E / 69.8°N 102.0°E / 69.8; 102.0
732
455
Total: Russia
Partial: Greenland, Europe, Asia
[a][12]

2073-02-07 February 7, 2073
01:55:59
122
Partial
0.677
—
70.5 70°30′N 114°54′E / 70.5°N 114.9°E / 70.5; 114.9
—
Partial: Asia, Alaska
[a][12]

2073-08-03 August 3, 2073
17:15:23
127
Total
1.029
2:29
-43.2 43°12′S 89°24′W / 43.2°S 89.4°W / -43.2; -89.4
206
128
Total: Chile, Argentina
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][12]

2074-01-27 January 27, 2074
06:44:15
132
Annular
0.980
2:21
06.6 6°36′N 78°48′E / 6.6°N 78.8°E / 6.6; 78.8
79
49
Annular: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China, Japan
Partial: Africa, Asia, Indies
[a][12]

2074-07-24 July 24, 2074
03:10:32
137
Annular
0.984
1:57
12.8 12°48′N 133°42′E / 12.8°N 133.7°E / 12.8; 133.7
58
36
Annular: Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia, New Zealand
[a][12]

2075-01-16 January 16, 2075
18:36:04
142
Total
1.031
2:42
-37.2 37°12′S 94°06′W / 37.2°S 94.1°W / -37.2; -94.1
110
68
Total: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil
Partial: New Zealand, South America, Antarctica
[a][12]

2075-07-13 July 13, 2075
06:05:44
147
Annular
0.947
4:45
63.1 63°06′N 95°12′E / 63.1°N 95.2°E / 63.1; 95.2
262
163
Annular: south Europe, Russia
Partial: Europe, Asia, Africa, north North America
[a][12]

2076-01-06 January 6, 2076
10:07:27
152
Total
1.034
1:49
-87.2 87°12′S 173°42′W / 87.2°S 173.7°W / -87.2; -173.7
340
210
Total: Antarctica
Partial: Australia, South America
[a][12]

2076-06-01 June 1, 2076
17:31:22
119
Partial
0.290
—
-64.4 64°24′S 51°12′W / 64.4°S 51.2°W / -64.4; -51.2
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][12]

2076-07-01 July 1, 2076
06:50:43
157
Partial
0.275
—
67.0 67°00′N 98°06′W / 67.0°N 98.1°W / 67.0; -98.1
—
Partial: Russia, North America
[a][12]

2076-11-26 November 26, 2076
11:43:01
124
Partial
0.731
—
63.7 63°42′N 40°06′E / 63.7°N 40.1°E / 63.7; 40.1
—
Partial: Africa, Europe, west Asia
[a][12]

2077-05-22 May 22, 2077
02:46:05
129
Total
1.029
2:54
-13.1 13°06′S 148°18′E / 13.1°S 148.3°E / -13.1; 148.3
119
74
Total: Australia
Partial: Indies, Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica
[a][12]

2077-11-15 November 15, 2077
17:07:56
134
Annular
0.937
7:54
07.8 7°48′N 70°48′W / 7.8°N 70.8°W / 7.8; -70.8
262
163
Annular: United States, Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana
Partial: Americas

[a][12]

2078-05-11 May 11, 2078
17:56:55
139
Total
1.070
5:40
28.1 28°06′N 93°42′W / 28.1°N 93.7°W / 28.1; -93.7
232
144
Total: Mexico, United States
Partial: Americas
[a][12]

2078-11-04 November 4, 2078
16:55:44
144
Annular
0.926
8:29
-27.8 27°48′S 83°18′W / 27.8°S 83.3°W / -27.8; -83.3
287
178
Annular: Chile, Argentina
Partial: Americas, Antarctica
[a][12]

2079-05-01 May 1, 2079
10:50:13
149
Total
1.051
2:55
66.2 66°12′N 46°18′W / 66.2°N 46.3°W / 66.2; -46.3
406
252
Total: United States, Canada, Greenland
Partial: west Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia
[a][12]

2079-10-24 October 24, 2079
18:11:21
154
Annular
0.948
3:39
-63.4 63°24′S 160°36′W / 63.4°S 160.6°W / -63.4; -160.6
495
308
Annular: Antarctica, New Zealand
Partial: South America
[a][12]

2080-03-21 March 21, 2080
12:20:15
121
Partial
0.873
—
-60.9 60°54′S 85°54′E / 60.9°S 85.9°E / -60.9; 85.9
—
Partial: Antarctica, Africa
[a][12]

2080-09-13 September 13, 2080
16:38:09
126
Partial
0.874
—
61.1 61°06′N 25°48′E / 61.1°N 25.8°E / 61.1; 25.8
—
Partial: North America, Europe, Africa
[a][12]

2081-03-10 March 10, 2081
15:23:31
131
Annular
0.930
7:36
-22.4 22°24′S 36°42′W / 22.4°S 36.7°W / -22.4; -36.7
277
172
Annular: Chile, Argentina, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon
Partial: South America, Africa, Antarctica
[a][13]

2081-09-03 September 3, 2081
09:07:31
136
Total
1.072
5:33
24.6 24°36′N 53°36′E / 24.6°N 53.6°E / 24.6; 53.6
247
153
Total: Central Europe, France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman
Partial: Africa, Europe, Asia
[a][13]

2082-02-27 February 27, 2082
14:47:00
141
Annular
0.930
8:12
09.4 9°24′N 47°06′W / 9.4°N 47.1°W / 9.4; -47.1
277
172
Annular: Peru, Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria
Partial: Americas, Europe, Africa
[a][13]

2082-08-24 August 24, 2082
01:16:21
146
Total
1.045
4:01
-10.3 10°18′S 151°48′E / 10.3°S 151.8°E / -10.3; 151.8
163
101
Total: Indonesia, New Guinea, South Pacific
Partial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][13]

2083-02-16 February 16, 2083
18:06:36
151
Partial
0.943
—
61.6 61°36′N 154°06′W / 61.6°N 154.1°W / 61.6; -154.1
—
Partial: Mexico, United States, Canada
[a][13]

2083-07-15 July 15, 2083
00:14:23
118
Partial
0.017
—
64.0 64°00′N 37°42′W / 64.0°N 37.7°W / 64.0; -37.7
—
Partial: Greenland
[a][13]

2083-08-13 August 13, 2083
12:34:41
156
Partial
0.615
—
-62.1 62°06′S 67°30′W / 62.1°S 67.5°W / -62.1; -67.5
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][13]

2084-01-07 January 7, 2084
17:30:23
123
Partial
0.872
—
-64.4 64°24′S 68°30′E / 64.4°S 68.5°E / -64.4; 68.5
—
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][13]

2084-07-03 July 3, 2084
01:50:26
128
Annular
0.942
4:25
75.0 75°00′N 169°06′W / 75.0°N 169.1°W / 75.0; -169.1
377
234
Annular: Russia, United States, Canada
Partial: northern Europe, Asia, North America
[a][13]

2084-12-27 December 27, 2084
09:13:48
133
Total
1.040
3:04
-47.3 47°18′S 47°42′E / 47.3°S 47.7°E / -47.3; 47.7
146
91
Total: South Atlantic, Indian Ocean
Partial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia
[a][13]

2085-06-22 June 22, 2085
03:21:16
138
Annular
0.970
3:29
26.2 26°12′N 131°18′E / 26.2°N 131.3°E / 26.2; 131.3
106
66
Annular: India, Myanmar, China, central Pacific
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia
[a][13]

2085-12-16 December 16, 2085
22:37:48
143
Annular
0.997
0:19
-07.3 7°18′S 160°48′W / 7.3°S 160.8°W / -7.3; -160.8
10
6.2
Annular: central Pacific
Partial: Australia, North America
[a][13]

2086-06-11 June 11, 2086
11:07:14
148
Total
1.017
1:48
-23.2 23°12′S 12°30′E / 23.2°S 12.5°E / -23.2; 12.5
86
53
Total: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa
Partial: South America, Africa
[a][13]

2086-12-06 December 6, 2086
05:38:55
153
Partial
0.927
—
67.4 67°24′N 96°12′E / 67.4°N 96.2°E / 67.4; 96.2
—
Partial: Asia
[a][13]

2087-05-02 May 2, 2087
18:04:42
120
Partial
0.801
—
70.3 70°18′N 127°36′E / 70.3°N 127.6°E / 70.3; 127.6
—
Partial: north Europe, north Asia, North America
[a][13]

2087-06-01 June 1, 2087
01:27:14
158
Partial
0.215
—
-67.8 67°48′S 165°24′E / 67.8°S 165.4°E / -67.8; 165.4
—
Partial: New Zealand
[a][13]

2087-10-26 October 26, 2087
11:46:57
125
Partial
0.470
—
-71.0 71°00′S 130°30′W / 71.0°S 130.5°W / -71.0; -130.5
—
Partial: South America, Antarctica
[a][13]

2088-04-21 April 21, 2088
10:31:49
130
Total
1.047
3:58
36.0 36°00′N 15°06′E / 36.0°N 15.1°E / 36.0; 15.1
173
107
Total: Mauritania, western Sahara, Mali, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, China
Partial: North America, Africa, Europe, Asia
[a][13]

2088-10-14 October 14, 2088
14:48:05
135
Annular
0.973
2:38
-39.7 39°42′S 56°00′W / 39.7°S 56.0°W / -39.7; -56.0
115
71
Annular: Chile, Argentina
Partial: South America, Antarctica, Africa
[a][13]

2089-04-10 April 10, 2089
22:44:42
140
Annular
0.992
0:53
-10.2 10°12′S 154°48′W / 10.2°S 154.8°W / -10.2; -154.8
30
19
Annular: Australia, central Pacific
Partial: Antarctica, North America
[a][13]

2089-10-04 October 4, 2089
01:15:23
145
Total
1.033
3:14
07.4 7°24′N 162°48′E / 7.4°N 162.8°E / 7.4; 162.8
115
71
Total: China, Central Pacific
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia
[a][13]

2090-03-31 March 31, 2090
03:38:08
150
Partial
0.784
—
-72.1 72°06′S 156°18′W / 72.1°S 156.3°W / -72.1; -156.3
—
Partial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand
[a][13]

2090-09-23 September 23, 2090
16:56:36
155
Total
1.056
3:36
60.7 60°42′N 40°30′W / 60.7°N 40.5°W / 60.7; -40.5
463
288
Total: Canada, Greenland, United Kingdom, France
Partial: North America, Europe, Africa, north Asia
[a][13]

2091-02-18 February 18, 2091
09:54:40
122
Partial
0.656
—
71.2 71°12′N 17°48′W / 71.2°N 17.8°W / 71.2; -17.8
—
Partial: North Africa, Europe, Asia
[a][14]

2091-08-15 August 15, 2091
00:34:43
127
Total
1.022
1:38
-55.6 55°36′S 150°30′E / 55.6°S 150.5°E / -55.6; 150.5
236
147
Total: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica
Partial: Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand

[a][14]

2092-02-07 February 7, 2092
15:10:20
132
Annular
0.984
1:48
09.9 9°54′N 48°42′W / 9.9°N 48.7°W / 9.9; -48.7
62
39
Annular: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Morocco, Algeria
Partial: Americas, Europe, Africa
[a][14]

2092-08-03 August 3, 2092
09:59:33
137
Annular
0.979
2:31
05.6 5°36′N 30°18′E / 5.6°N 30.3°E / 5.6; 30.3
75
47
Annular: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Sudan, Kenya, Somalia
Partial: Africa
[a][14]

2093-01-27 January 27, 2093
03:22:16
142
Total
1.034
2:58
-34.1 34°06′S 136°24′E / 34.1°S 136.4°E / -34.1; 136.4
119
74
Total: Australia
Partial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][14]

2093-07-23 July 23, 2093
12:32:04
147
Annular
0.946
5:11
54.6 54°36′N 1°18′E / 54.6°N 1.3°E / 54.6; 1.3
241
150
Annular: United States, Canada, Central Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan
Partial: Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia

[a][14]

2094-01-16 January 16, 2094
18:59:03
152
Total
1.034
1:51
-84.8 84°48′S 10°36′W / 84.8°S 10.6°W / -84.8; -10.6
329
204
Total: Antarctica
Partial: South America, Antarctica, New Zealand
[a][14]

2094-06-13 June 13, 2094
00:22:11
119
Partial
0.162
—
-65.3 65°18′S 163°36′W / 65.3°S 163.6°W / -65.3; -163.6
—
Partial: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica
[a][14]

2094-07-12 July 12, 2094
13:24:35
157
Partial
0.422
—
68.0 68°00′N 152°48′E / 68.0°N 152.8°E / 68.0; 152.8
—
Partial: North America, Asia
[a][14]

2094-12-07 December 7, 2094
20:05:56
124
Partial
0.705
—
64.7 64°42′N 95°00′W / 64.7°N 95.0°W / 64.7; -95.0
—
Partial: North America
[a][14]

2095-06-02 June 2, 2095
10:07:40
129
Total
1.033
3:18
-16.7 16°42′S 37°12′E / 16.7°S 37.2°E / -16.7; 37.2
145
90
Total: Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Madagascar
Partial: Africa

[a][14]

2095-11-27 November 27, 2095
01:02:57
134
Annular
0.933
8:47
07.2 7°12′N 169°48′E / 7.2°N 169.8°E / 7.2; 169.8
285
177
Annular: China, Korea, Japan, central Pacific
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia

[a][14]

2096-05-22 May 22, 2096
01:37:14
139
Total
1.074
6:07
27.3 27°18′N 153°24′E / 27.3°N 153.4°E / 27.3; 153.4
241
150
Total: Indonesia, Central Pacific, Philippines
Partial: Asia, Indies, Australia, North America
[a][14]

2096-11-15 November 15, 2096
00:36:15
144
Annular
0.924
8:53
-29.7 29°42′S 163°18′E / 29.7°S 163.3°E / -29.7; 163.3
294
183
Annular: Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand
Partial: Indies, Antarctica
[a][14]

2097-05-11 May 11, 2097
18:34:31
149
Total
1.054
3:10
67.4 67°24′N 149°30′W / 67.4°N 149.5°W / 67.4; -149.5
339
211
Total: Alaska, Russia
Partial: Asia, North America, northern Europe
[a][14]

2097-11-04 November 4, 2097
02:01:25
154
Annular
0.949
3:36
-65.8 65°48′S 86°48′E / 65.8°S 86.8°E / -65.8; 86.8
411
255
Annular: Antarctica
Partial: Australia
[a][14]

2098-04-01 April 1, 2098
20:02:31
121
Partial
0.798
—
-61.0 61°00′S 38°06′W / 61.0°S 38.1°W / -61.0; -38.1
—
Partial: Antarctica, South America
[a][14]

2098-09-25 September 25, 2098
00:31:16
126
Partial
0.787
—
61.1 61°06′N 101°00′W / 61.1°N 101.0°W / 61.1; -101.0
—
Partial: Asia, North America
[a][14]

2098-10-24 October 24, 2098
10:36:11
164
Partial
0.006
—
-61.8 61°48′S 95°30′W / 61.8°S 95.5°W / -61.8; -95.5
—
Partial: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica
[a][14]

2099-03-21 March 21, 2099
22:54:32
131
Annular
0.932
7:32
-20.0 20°00′S 149°00′W / 20.0°S 149.0°W / -20.0; -149.0
275
171
Annular: central Pacific
Partial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, North America
[a][14]

2099-09-14 September 14, 2099
16:57:53
136
Total
1.068
5:18
23.4 23°24′N 62°48′W / 23.4°N 62.8°W / 23.4; -62.8
241
150
Total: Canada, United States, central Atlantic
Partial: Americas, Africa

[a][14]

2100-03-10 March 10, 2100
22:28:11
141
Annular
0.934
7:29
12.0 12°00′N 162°24′W / 12.0°N 162.4°W / 12.0; -162.4
257
160
Annular: central Pacific, Hawaii, Northwestern United States
Partial: Australia, North America
[a][14]

2100-09-04 September 4, 2100
08:49:20
146
Total
1.040
3:32
-10.5 10°30′S 39°00′E / 10.5°S 39.0°E / -10.5; 39.0
142
88
Total: central Africa, Madagascar
Partial: Africa, Antarctica
[a][14]


document_title: Inkjet printing

question_text: what type of printer has a nozzle like printhead

question_tokens: what type of printer has a nozzle like printhead

root

text: Inkjet printing

text: Continuous inkjet[edit]

text: The continuous inkjet (CIJ) method is used commercially for marking and coding of products and packages. In 1867, Lord Kelvin patented the syphon recorder, which recorded telegraph signals as a continuous trace on paper using an ink jet nozzle deflected by a magnetic coil. The first commercial devices (medical strip chart recorders) were introduced in 1951 by Siemens.[4]

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text: In CIJ technology, a high-pressure pump directs liquid ink from a reservoir through a gunbody and a microscopic nozzle, creating a continuous stream of ink droplets via the Plateau-Rayleigh instability. A piezoelectric crystal creates an acoustic wave as it vibrates within the gunbody and causes the stream of liquid to break into droplets at regular intervals: 64,000 to 165,000 droplets per second may be achieved.[citation needed] The ink droplets are subjected to an electrostatic field created by a charging electrode as they form; the field varies according to the degree of drop deflection desired. This results in a controlled, variable electrostatic charge on each droplet. Charged droplets are separated by one or more uncharged "guard droplets" to minimize electrostatic repulsion between neighbouring droplets.

text: The charged droplets pass through another electrostatic field and are directed (deflected) by electrostatic deflection plates to print on the receptor material (substrate), or allowed to continue on undeflected to a collection gutter for re-use. The more highly charged droplets are deflected to a greater degree. Only a small fraction of the droplets is used to print, the majority being recycled.

text: CIJ is one of the oldest ink jet technologies in use and is fairly mature. The major advantages are the very high velocity (≈20 m/s) of the ink droplets, which allows for a relatively long distance between print head and substrate, and the very high drop ejection frequency, allowing for very high speed printing. Another advantage is freedom from nozzle clogging as the jet is always in use, therefore allowing volatile solvents such as ketones and alcohols to be employed, giving the ink the ability to "bite" into the substrate and dry quickly.[citation needed]

text: The ink system requires active solvent regulation to counter solvent evaporation during the time of flight (time between nozzle ejection and gutter recycling), and from the venting process whereby air that is drawn into the gutter along with the unused drops is vented from the reservoir. Viscosity is monitored and a solvent (or solvent blend) is added to counteract solvent loss.

text: Drop-on-demand[edit]

text: Drop-on-demand (DOD) is divided into thermal DOD and piezoelectric DOD.

text: Thermal DOD[edit]

text: Most consumer inkjet printers, including those from Canon (FINE), Hewlett-Packard, and Lexmark, use the thermal inkjet process. The idea of using thermal excitation to move tiny drops of ink was developed independently by two groups at roughly the same time: John Vaught and a team at Hewlett-Packard's Corvallis Division, and Canon engineer Ichiro Endo. Initially, in 1977, Endo's team was trying to use the piezoelectric effect to move ink out of the nozzle but noticed that ink shot out of a syringe when it was accidentally heated with a soldering iron. Vaught's work started in late 1978 with a project to develop fast, low-cost printing. The team at HP found that thin-film resistors could produce enough heat to fire an ink droplet. Two years later the HP and Canon teams found out about each other's work.[5][6]

text: In the thermal inkjet process, the print cartridges consist of a series of tiny chambers, each containing a heater, all of which are constructed by photolithography. To eject a droplet from each chamber, a pulse of current is passed through the heating element causing a rapid vaporization of the ink in the chamber and forming a bubble, which causes a large pressure increase, propelling a droplet of ink onto the paper (hence Canon's trade name of Bubble Jet). The ink's surface tension, as well as the condensation and resultant contraction of the vapor bubble, pulls a further charge of ink into the chamber through a narrow channel attached to an ink reservoir. The inks involved are usually water-based and use either pigments or dyes as the colorant. The inks must have a volatile component to form the vapor bubble; otherwise droplet ejection cannot occur. As no special materials are required, the print head is generally cheaper to produce than in other inkjet technologies.

text: Piezoelectric DOD[edit]

text: Most commercial and industrial inkjet printers and some consumer printers (those produced by Epson and Brother Industries) use a piezoelectric material in an ink-filled chamber behind each nozzle instead of a heating element. When a voltage is applied, the piezoelectric material changes shape, generating a pressure pulse in the fluid, which forces a droplet of ink from the nozzle. Piezoelectric (also called Piezo) inkjet allows a wider variety of inks than thermal inkjet as there is no requirement for a volatile component, and no issue with kogation (buildup of ink residue), but the print heads are more expensive to manufacture due to the use of piezoelectric material (usually PZT, lead zirconium titanate).

text: A DOD process uses software that directs the heads to apply between zero and eight droplets of ink per dot, only where needed.[citation needed] Piezo inkjet technology is often used on production lines to mark products. For instance, the "use-before" date is often applied to products with this technique; in this application the head is stationary and the product moves past. Requirements of this application are high speed, a long service life, a relatively large gap between the print head and the substrate, and low operating cost.

text: Ink formulations[edit]

text: The basic problem with inkjet inks is the conflicting requirements for a coloring agent that will stay on the surface vs. rapid dispersement of the carrier fluid.[citation needed]

text: Desktop inkjet printers, as used in offices or at home, tend to use aqueous inks based on a mixture of water, glycol and dyes or pigments. These inks are inexpensive to manufacture, but are difficult to control on the surface of media, often requiring specially coated media. HP inks contain sulfonated polyazo black dye (commonly used for dyeing leather), nitrates and other compounds.[citation needed] Aqueous inks are mainly used in printers with thermal inkjet heads, as these heads require water to perform.

text: While aqueous inks often provide the broadest color gamut and most vivid color, most are not waterproof without specialized coating or lamination after printing. Most Dye-based inks, while usually the least expensive, are subject to rapid fading when exposed to light or ozone. Pigment-based aqueous inks are typically more costly but provide much better long-term durability and ultraviolet resistance. Inks marketed as "Archival Quality" are usually pigment-based.

text: Some professional wide format printers use aqueous inks, but the majority in professional use today employ a much wider range of inks, most of which require piezo inkjet heads and extensive maintenance:

text: Head design[edit]

text: There are two main design philosophies in inkjet head design: fixed-head and disposable head. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.

text: Fixed head[edit]

text: The fixed-head philosophy provides an inbuilt print head (often referred to as a gaiter- head) that is designed to last for the life of the printer. The idea is that because the head need not be replaced every time the ink runs out, consumable costs can be made lower and the head itself can be more precise than a cheap disposable one, typically requiring no calibration. On the other hand, if a fixed head is damaged, obtaining a replacement head can become expensive, if removing and replacing the head is even possible. If the printer's head cannot be removed, the printer itself will then need to be replaced.

text: Fixed head designs are available in consumer products, but are more likely to be found on industrial high-end printers and large format plotters. In the consumer space, fixed-head printers are manufactured primarily by Epson and Canon. Hewlett-Packard also offers a few fixed-head models, such as the HP OfficeJet Pro X576dw.[9] Industrial fixed-head print heads are manufactured by these companies: Kodak Versamark, Trident, Xaar, Spectra (Dimatix), Hitachi / Ricoh, HP Scitex, Brother, Konica Minolta, Seiko Epson, and ToshibaTec (a licensee of Xaar).[10]

text: Disposable head[edit]

text: The disposable head philosophy uses a print head which is supplied as a part of a replaceable ink cartridge. Every time a cartridge is exhausted, the entire cartridge and print head are replaced with a new one. This adds to the cost of consumables and makes it more difficult to manufacture a high-precision head at a reasonable cost, but also means that a damaged or clogged print head is only a minor problem: the user can simply buy a new cartridge. Hewlett-Packard has traditionally favoured the disposable print head, as did Canon in its early models. This type of construction can also be seen as an effort by printer manufacturers to stem third party ink cartridge assembly replacements, as these would-be suppliers don't have the ability to manufacture specialized print heads.

text: An intermediate method does exist: a disposable ink tank connected to a disposable head, which is replaced infrequently (perhaps every tenth ink tank or so). Most high-volume Hewlett-Packard inkjet printers use this setup, with the disposable print heads used on lower volume models. A similar approach is used by Kodak, where the printhead intended for permanent use is nevertheless inexpensive and can be replaced by the user. Canon now uses (in most models) replaceable print heads which are designed to last the life of the printer, but can be replaced by the user should they become clogged.

text: Cleaning mechanisms[edit]

text: The primary cause of inkjet printing problems is ink drying on the printhead's nozzles, causing the pigments and dyes to dry out and form a solid block of hardened mass that plugs the microscopic ink passageways. Most printers attempt to prevent this drying from occurring by covering the printhead nozzles with a rubber cap when the printer is not in use. Abrupt power losses, or unplugging the printer before it has capped the printhead, can cause the printhead to be left in an uncapped state. Even when the head is capped, this seal is not perfect, and over a period of several weeks the moisture (or other solvent) can still seep out, causing the ink to dry and harden. Once ink begins to collect and harden, the drop volume can be affected, drop trajectory can change, or the nozzle can completely fail to jet ink.

text: To combat this drying, nearly all inkjet printers include a mechanism to reapply moisture to the printhead. Typically there is no separate supply of pure ink-free solvent available to do this job, and so instead the ink itself is used to remoisten the printhead. The printer attempts to fire all nozzles at once, and as the ink sprays out, some of it wicks across the printhead to the dry channels and partially softens the hardened ink. After spraying, a rubber wiper blade is swept across the printhead to spread the moisture evenly across the printhead, and the jets are again all fired to dislodge any ink clumps blocking the channels.

text: Some printers use a supplemental air-suction pump, utilizing the rubber capping station to suck ink through a severely clogged cartridge. The suction pump mechanism is frequently driven by the page feed stepper motor: it is connected to the end of the shaft. The pump only engages when the shaft turns backwards, hence the rollers reversing while head cleaning. Due to the built-in head design, the suction pump is also needed to prime the ink channels inside a new printer, and to reprime the channels between ink tank changes.

text: Professional solvent- and UV-curable ink wide-format inkjet printers generally include a "manual clean" mode that allows the operator to manually clean the print heads and capping mechanism and to replace the wiper blades and other parts used in the automated cleaning processes. The volume of ink used in these printers often leads to "overspray" and therefore buildup of dried ink in many places that automated processes are not capable of cleaning.

text: The ink consumed in the cleaning process needs to be collected to prevent ink from leaking in the printer. The collection area is called the spittoon, and in Hewlett Packard printers this is an open plastic tray underneath the cleaning/wiping station. In Epson printers, there is typically a large absorption pad in a pan underneath the paper feed platen. For printers several years old, it is common for the dried ink in the spittoon to form a pile that can stack up and touch the printheads, jamming the printer. Some larger professional printers using solvent inks may employ a replaceable plastic receptacle to contain waste ink and solvent which must be emptied or replaced when full.

text: There is a second type of ink drying that most printers are unable to prevent. For ink to spray from the cartridge, air must enter to displace the removed ink. The air enters via an extremely long, thin labyrinth tube, up to 10 cm long, wrapping back and forth across the ink tank. The channel is long and narrow to reduce moisture evaporation through the vent tube, but some evaporation still occurs and eventually the ink cartridge dries up from the inside out. To combat this problem, which is especially acute with professional fast-drying solvent inks, many wide-format printer cartridge designs contain the ink in an airtight, collapsible bag that requires no vent. The bag merely shrinks until the cartridge is empty.

text: The frequent cleaning conducted by some printers can consume quite a bit of ink and has a great impact on cost-per-page determinations.

text: Clogged nozzles can be detected by printing a standard test pattern on the page. Some software workaround methods are known for re-routing printing information from a clogged nozzle to a working nozzle.[11]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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text: Compared to earlier consumer-oriented color printers, inkjet printers have a number of advantages. They are quieter in operation than impact dot matrix or daisywheel printers. They can print finer, smoother details through higher resolution. Consumer inkjet printers with photographic-quality printing are widely available.

text: In comparison to technologies like thermal wax, dye sublimation, and laser printing, inkjets have the advantage of practically no warm up time, and often lower cost per page. However, low-cost laser printers can have lower per-page costs, at least for black-and-white printing, and possibly for color.

text: For some inkjet printers, monochrome ink sets are available either from the printer manufacturer or from third-party suppliers. These allow the inkjet printer to compete with the silver-based photographic papers traditionally used in black-and-white photography, and provide the same range of tones: neutral, "warm" or "cold". When switching between full-color and monochrome ink sets, it is necessary to flush out the old ink from the print head with a cleaning cartridge. Special software or at least a modified device driver are usually required, to deal with the different color mapping.

text: Some types of industrial inkjet printers are now capable of printing at very high speeds, in wide formats, or for a variety of industrial applications ranging from signage, textiles, ceramics and 3-D printing into biomedical applications and conductive circuitry. Leading companies and innovators in hardware include HP, Epson, Canon, Konica Minolta, FujiFilm, EFi, Durst, Brother, Roland, Mimaki, Mutoh and many others worldwide.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (August 2012)

text: Many "intelligent" ink cartridges contain a microchip that communicates the estimated ink level to the printer; this may cause the printer to display an error message, or incorrectly inform the user that the ink cartridge is empty. In some cases, these messages can be ignored, but some inkjet printers will refuse to print with a cartridge that declares itself empty, to prevent consumers from refilling cartridges. For example, Epson embeds a chip which prevents printing when the chip claims the cartridge is empty, although a researcher who over-rode the system found that in one case he could print up to 38% more good quality pages, even though the chip stated that the cartridge was empty.[12] Third-party ink suppliers sell ink cartridges at significant discounts (at least 10−30% off OEM cartridge prices, sometimes up to 95%, typically averaging around 50%), and also bulk ink and cartridge self-refill kits at even lower prices. Many vendors' "intelligent" ink cartridges have been reverse-engineered. It is now possible to buy inexpensive devices to reliably reset such cartridges to report themselves as full, so that they may be refilled many times.

text: Long-term durability of early inkjet prints was quite poor, though improved ink formulations have greatly improved this attribute. See the section on durability for more information.

text: The very narrow inkjet nozzles are prone to clogging. The ink consumed cleaning them—either during cleaning invoked by the user, or in many cases, performed automatically by the printer on a routine schedule—can account for a significant proportion of the ink used in the machine. Inkjet printing head nozzles can be cleaned using specialized solvents; or by soaking in warm distilled water for short periods of time, for water-soluble inks.

text: Third-party ink and cartridges[edit]

text: The high cost of OEM ink cartridges and the intentional obstacles to refilling them have been addressed by the growth of third-party ink suppliers. Many printer manufacturers discourage customers from using third-party inks, stating that they can damage the print heads due to not being the same formulation as the OEM inks, cause leaks, and produce inferior-quality output (e.g. of incorrect color gamut). Consumer Reports has noted that some third-party cartridges may contain less ink than OEM cartridges, and thus yield no cost savings,[13] while Wilhelm Imaging Research claims that with third-party inks the lifetime of prints may be considerably reduced.[14] However, an April 2007 review showed that, in a double-blind test, reviewers generally preferred the output produced using third-party ink over OEM ink.[15] In general, OEM inks have undergone significant system reliability testing with the cartridge and print-head materials, whereas R&D efforts on third-party ink material compatibility are likely to be significantly less. Some inkjet manufacturers have tried to prevent cartridges being refilled using various schemes including fitting chips to the cartridges that log how much the cartridge has printed and prevent the operation of a refilled cartridge.

text: The warranty on a printer may not apply if the printer is damaged by the use of non-approved supplies. In the US the Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act is a federal law which states that warrantors cannot require that only brand name parts and supplies be used with their products, as some printer manufacturers imply. However, this would not apply if non-approved items cause damage. In the UK, a printer manufacturer cannot lawfully impose such conditions as part of its warranty (Regina Vs Ford Motor Company refers) although many attempt to do so illegally. As long as the product used was sold as being for the printer it was used in, then the sale of goods act applies, and anything so sold must be "of merchandisable quality and fit for purpose". Moreover, under UK law, it is the retailer and not the manufacturer that is legally liable, for 2 years on electrically operated items specifically, and as such the retailer is where one would seek redress.[16]

text: Durability[edit]

text: Inkjet documents can have poor to excellent archival durability, depending on the quality of the inks and paper used. If low-quality paper is used, it can yellow and degrade due to residual acid in the untreated pulp; in the worst case, old prints can literally crumble into small particles when handled. High-quality inkjet prints on acid-free paper can last as long as typewritten or handwritten documents on the same paper.

text: Because the ink used in many low-cost consumer inkjets is water-soluble, care must be taken with inkjet-printed documents to avoid even the smallest drop of moisture, which can cause severe "blurring" or "running". In extreme cases, even sweaty fingertips during hot humid weather could cause low-quality inks to smear. Similarly, water-based highlighter markers can blur inkjet-printed documents and discolor the highlighter's tip. The lifetime of inkjet prints produced using aqueous inks is generally shorter (although UV-resistant inks are available) than those produced with solvent-based inkjets; however, so-called "archival inks" have been produced for use in aqueous-based machines which offer extended life.

text: In addition to smearing, gradual fading of many inks can be a problem over time. Print lifetime is highly dependent on the quality and formulation of the ink. The earliest inkjet printers, intended for home and small office applications, used dye-based inks. Even the best dye-based inks are not as durable as pigment-based inks, which are now available for many inkjet printers. Many inkjet printers now utilize pigment based inks which are highly water resistant: at least the black ink is often pigment-based. Resin or silicone protected photopaper is widely available at low cost, introducing complete water and mechanical rub resistance for dye and pigment inks. The photopaper itself must be designed for pigment or for dye inks, as pigment particles are too large to be able to penetrate through dye-only photopaper protection layer.

text: The highest-quality inkjet prints are often called "giclée" prints, to distinguish them from less-durable and lower-cost prints. However, the use of the term is no guarantee of quality, and the inks and paper used must be carefully investigated before an archivist can rely on their long-term durability.

text: Operating cost tradeoffs[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Inkjets use solvent-based inks which have much shorter expiration dates compared to laser toner, which has an indefinite shelf life.[citation needed] Inkjet printers tend to clog if not used regularly, whereas laser printers are much more tolerant of intermittent use.[citation needed] Inkjet printers require periodical head cleaning, which consumes a considerable amount of ink, and will drive printing costs higher especially if the printer is unused for long periods.

text: If an inkjet head becomes clogged, third-party ink solvents/head cleaners and replacement heads are available in some cases. The cost of such items may be less expensive compared to a transfer unit for a laser printer, but the laser printer unit has a much longer lifetime between required maintenance. Many inkjet printer models now have permanently installed heads, which cannot be economically replaced if they become irreversibly clogged, resulting in scrapping of the entire printer. On the other hand, inkjet printer designs which use a disposable printhead usually cost significantly more per page than printers using permanent heads.[citation needed] By contrast, laser printers do not have printheads to clog or replace frequently, and usually can produce many more pages between maintenance intervals.

text: Inkjet printers have traditionally produced better quality output than color laser printers when printing photographic material. Both technologies have improved dramatically over time, although the best quality giclee prints favored by artists use what is essentially a high-quality specialized type of inkjet printer.

text: Business model[edit]

text: A common business model for inkjet printers involves selling the actual printer at or below production cost, while dramatically marking up the price of the (proprietary) ink cartridges (a profit model called "Freebie marketing"). Most current inkjet printers attempt to enforce this product tying by anticompetitive measures such as microchips in the cartridges to hinder the use of third-party or refilled ink cartridges. The microchips monitor usage and report the ink remaining to the printer. Some manufacturers also impose "expiration dates". When the chip reports that the cartridge is empty (or out of date) the printer stops printing. Even if the cartridge is refilled, the microchip will indicate to the printer that the cartridge is depleted. For many models (especially from Canon), the 'empty' status can be overridden by entering a 'service code' (or sometimes simply by pressing the 'start' button again).[17] For some printers, special circuit "flashers" are available that reset the quantity of remaining ink to the maximum.[18][19][20][21]

text: Some manufacturers, most notably Epson and Hewlett Packard, have been accused of indicating that a cartridge is depleted while a substantial amount of ink remains.[22][23] A 2007 study found that most printers waste a significant quantity of ink when they declare a cartridge to be empty. Single-ink cartridges were found to have on average 20% of their ink remaining, though actual figures range from 9% to 64% of the cartridge's total ink capacity, depending on the brand and model of printer.[24][25] This problem is further compounded with the use of one-piece multi-ink cartridges, which are declared empty as soon as one color runs low. Of great annoyance to many users are those printers that will refuse to print documents requiring only black ink, just because one or more of the color ink cartridges is depleted. There are some work-arounds for users, for instance to more than double the life of the printer after it stops with a message to replace the imaging drum.[26]

text: In recent years, many consumers have begun to challenge the business practices of printer manufacturers, such as charging up to US$8,000 per gallon (US$2,100 per liter) for printer ink.[27] Alternatives for consumers are cheaper copies of cartridges, produced by third parties, and the refilling of cartridges, using refill kits. Due to the large differences in price caused by OEM markups, there are many companies selling third-party ink cartridges. Most printer manufacturers discourage refilling disposable cartridges or using aftermarket copy cartridges, and say that use of incorrect inks may cause poor image quality due to differences in viscosity, which can affect the amount of ink ejected in a drop, and color consistency, and can damage the printhead. Nonetheless, the use of alternative cartridges and inks has been gaining in popularity, threatening the business model of printer manufacturers. Printer companies such as HP, Lexmark, and Epson have used patents and the DMCA to launch lawsuits against third-party vendors.[28][29] An anti-trust class-action lawsuit was launched in the US against HP and office supply chain Staples Inc, alleging that HP paid Staples $100 million to keep inexpensive third-party ink cartridges off the shelves.[30][31]

text: In Lexmark Int'l v. Static Control Components, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that circumvention of this technique does not violate the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.[32] The European Commission[citation needed] also ruled this practice anticompetitive: it will disappear in newer models sold in the European Union. [33] While the DMCA case dealt with copyright protection, companies also rely on patent protection to prevent copying and refilling of cartridges. For example, if a company devises all of the ways in which their microchips can be manipulated and cartridges can be refilled and patents these methods, they can prevent anyone else from refilling their cartridges[citation needed]. Patents protecting the structure of their cartridges prevent the sale of cheaper copies of the cartridges. For some printer models (notably those from Canon) the manufacturer's own microchip can be removed and fitted to a compatible cartridge thereby avoiding the need to replicate the microchip (and risk prosecution). Other manufacturers embed their microchips deep within the cartridge in an effort to prevent this approach.

text: In 2007 Eastman Kodak entered the inkjet market with its own line of All-In-One printers based on a marketing model that differed from the prevailing practice of selling the printer at a loss while making large profits on replacement ink cartridges. Kodak claimed that consumers could save up to 50 percent on printing by using its lower cost cartridges filled with the company’s proprietary pigmented colorants while avoiding the potential problems associated with off-brand inks.[34] This strategy proved unsuccessful and Kodak exited the consumer inkjet printer business in 2012.

text: Professional inkjet printers[edit]

text: In addition to the widely used small inkjet printers for home and office, there are professional inkjet printers, some for "page-width" format printing and many for wide format printing. Page-width format means that the print width ranges from about 8.5" to 37" (about 20 cm to 100 cm). "Wide format" means print width ranging from 24" up to 15' (about 60 cm to 5 m). The most common application of page-width printers is in printing high-volume business communications that do not need high-quality layout and color. Particularly with the addition of variable data technologies, the page-width printers are important in billing, tagging, and individualized catalogs and newspapers. The application of most wide format printers is in printing advertising graphics; a lower-volume application is printing of design documents by architects or engineers. But nowadays, there are inkjet printers for digital textile printing up to 64" wide with good High Definition image 1440x720 dpi.[35][36]

text: Another specialty application for inkjets is producing prepress color proofs for printing jobs created digitally. Such printers are designed to give accurate color rendition of how the final image will look (a "proof") when the job is finally produced on a large volume press such as a four-colour offset lithography press. An example is an Iris printer, whose output is what the French term Giclée was coined for.

text: The largest-volume supplier is Hewlett-Packard, which supply over 90 percent of the market for printers for printing technical drawings. The major products in their Designjet series are the Designjet 500/800, the Designjet T Printer series (including the T1100 and T610), the Designjet 1050 and the Designjet 4000/4500. They also have the HP Designjet 5500, a six-color printer that is used especially for printing graphics as well as the new Designjet Z6100 which sits at the top of the HP Designjet range and features an eight colour pigment ink system.

text: Epson, Kodak, and Canon also manufacture wide-format printers, sold in much smaller numbers than standard printers. Epson has a group of 3 Japanese companies around it that predominantly use Epson piezo printheads and inks: Mimaki, Roland, and Mutoh.

text: Scitex Digital Printing developed high-speed, variable-data, inkjet printers for production printing, but sold its profitable assets associated with the technology to Kodak in 2005 who now market the printers as Kodak Versamark VJ1000, VT3000, and VX5000 printing systems. These roll-fed printers can print at up to 1000 feet per minute.

text: Professional high-volume inkjet printers are made by a range of companies. These printers can range in price from US$35,000 to $2 million. Carriage widths on these units can range from 54" to 192" (about 1.4 to 5 m), and ink technologies have tended toward solvent, eco-solvent, and UV-curing with a more recent focus toward water-based (aqueous) ink sets. Major applications where these printers are used are for outdoor settings for billboards, truck sides and truck curtains, building graphics and banners, while indoor displays include point-of-sales displays, backlit displays, exhibition graphics, and museum graphics.

text: The major suppliers for professional wide- and grand-format printers include: EFI,[37] LexJet, Grapo, Inca, Durst, Océ, NUR (now part of Hewlett-Packard), Lüscher, VUTEk, Scitex Vision (now part of Hewlett-Packard), Mutoh, Mimaki, Roland DG, Seiko I Infotech, IQDEMY,[38] Leggett and Platt, Agfa, Raster Printers, DGI and MacDermid ColorSpan (now part of Hewlett-Packard), swissqprint.

text: SOHO multifunction inkjet photo printers[edit]

text: SOHO multifunction inkjet printers for photo printing use up to 6 different inks:

text:
Canon: cyan, yellow, magenta, black, pigment black, gray. 1 pl thermal.[39]
Epson: cyan, yellow, magenta, light cyan, light magenta, black. 1.5 pl piezo variable. Also with A3 paper printing,[40] or FAX and duplex ADF.[41]

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text: Professional inkjet photo printers[edit]

text: Inkjet printers for professional photo printing use up to 12 different inks:

text:
Canon: photo magenta, photo cyan, yellow, magenta, cyan, red, photo black, matte black, grey, plus either blue, photo gray, and one chroma optimiser for black density and uniform glossiness,[42] or light gray, dark gray and one chroma optimiser,[43] or green, blue, and photo gray.[44] 4 pl thermal.
Epson (10 colors from 12): vivid magenta, yellow, cyan, orange, green, vivid light magenta, light cyan, light black, matte black or photo black, plus an irreversible choice of either light light gray or violet (V not for photo).[45] 3.5 pl piezo variable.
HP: magenta, yellow, red, green, blue, light magenta, light cyan, gray, light gray, matte black, photo black, and one gloss enhancer.[46] 4 pl thermal.

text: They can print an image of 36 megapixels on A3 borderless photo paper with 444 ppi.[47]

text: Printing of functional materials[edit]

text:
Three-dimensional printing constructs a prototype by "printing" appreciably thick cross-sections of material on top of one another.
U.S. Patent 6,319,530 describes a "Method of photocopying an image onto an edible web for decorating iced baked goods". In other words, this invention enables one to inkjet print a food-grade color photograph on a birthday cake's surface. Many bakeries now carry these types of decorations, which are printable using edible inks and dedicated inkjet printers.[48] Edible ink printing can be done using normal home use inkjet printers like Canon Bubble Jet printers with edible ink cartridges installed, and using rice paper or frosting sheets.[49]
Inkjet printers and similar technologies are used in the production of many microscopic items. See Microelectromechanical systems.
Inkjet printers are used to form conductive traces for circuits, and color filters in LCD and plasma displays.
Inkjet printers, especially models produced by Dimatix (now part of Fujifilm), Xennia Technology and Pixdro, are in fairly common use in many labs around the world for developing alternative deposition methods that reduce consumption of expensive, rare, or problematic materials. These printers have been used in the printing of polymer, macromolecular, quantum dot, metallic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes etc. The applications of such printing methods include organic thin-film transistors, organic light emitting diodes, organic solar cells, sensors, etc.[50]
Inkjet technology is used in the emerging field of bioprinting.

text: Alternative trade names[edit]

text: Images produced on inkjet printers are sometime sold under other names since the term is associated with words like "digital", "computers", and "everyday printing", which can have negative connotations in some contexts.[51] These trade names or coined terms are usually used in the fine arts reproduction field. They include Digigraph, Iris prints (or Giclée), and Cromalin.[citation needed]

text: Wide-format printers are likewise often referred to as plotters, the technology they have largely replaced.


document_title: Little Giants

question_text: where does the movie little giants take place

text: Little Giants

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Danny O'Shea (Rick Moranis) has always lived in the shadow of his older brother, Kevin (Ed O'Neill), a Heisman Trophy winner and a local football hero. They live in their hometown of Urbania, Ohio. Kevin coaches the local "Pee-Wee Cowboys" football team. Despite being the best player, Danny's tomboy daughter, Becky (Shawna Waldron), nicknamed Icebox, is cut during try outs because she is a girl. Also cut are her less-talented friends, Rashid Hanon (who can't catch anything), Tad Simpson (who can't run), and Rudy Zolteck (who's overweight and quite flatuent). After being ridiculed by the other players who made the team, she convinces her dad to coach a new pee-wee team of their own.

text: At first, Danny is reluctant to do so, but later accepts in an attempt to show Urbania that Kevin is not invincible, and that there is another O'Shea in town capable of winning. Kevin mockingly reminds him of the "one town, one team" rule and with the help of the locals, they decide to have a playoff game to determine the lone team that will represent Urbania. Among Becky, Hanon, Tad, Rudy, and Nubie (an intelligent boy who becomes assistant coach), Danny also gathers other children that have never been given a chance and dubs the team the "Little Giants." One such player is Junior Floyd (Devon Sawa), a strong-armed quarterback who turns out to be the son of Danny's childhood crush, Patty Floyd (Susanna Thompson). Becky slowly develops a crush on him and struggles with her newfound feelings as a girl.

text: Two old-timers, Orville (Harry Fleer) and Wilbur (Dabbs Greer), encourage the rivalry between Danny and Kevin by reporting to them that a new star player, Spike Hammersmith (Sam Horrigan), has just moved to Urbania. Danny succeeds at recruiting him by tricking his overzealous father, Mike (Brian Haley), that he is the famous "Coach O'Shea", but this is a problem as Spike proves to be rude, arrogant, and refuses to play on a team with a girl. The deception is later discovered and he switches over to Kevin's more well-structured team. Kevin also encourages his daughter, Debbie (Courtney Peldon), to be a cheerleader and later convinces Becky that a quarterback will want to date a cheerleader, not a teammate. Believing it is her best chance to win over Junior, she decides to quit the team and pursue cheerleading.

text: Just as Danny's team start to lose hope, a bus arrives carrying NFL stars John Madden, Emmitt Smith, Bruce Smith, Tim Brown, and Steve Emtman. They teach and inspire the young players into believing they can win.

text: On the day of the game, Kevin chastises Danny into making an impulsive bet. If Danny wins, he gets Kevin's Chevrolet dealership; if Kevin wins, he gets Danny's gas station. Facing a 21-point halftime deficit, the Giants are lifted when Danny asks them to individually recall a time when they had a proud accomplishment and reassures them that all it takes is "one time" to beat the Cowboys. With this, they begin to make a big comeback with a series of outstanding and unexpected plays. Realizing that Junior is the main threat to them, Spike, under orders from Mike, injures him by spearing him with his helmet after the whistle, which even Kevin considers disgraceful, unsportsmanlike conduct. Witnessing from the sidelines, an enraged Becky drops her pompoms and suits up for the game. She immediately makes an impact when she forces a fumble after a jarring hit on Spike. Other Giants make touchdowns in tandem with overcoming personal problems, such as Hanon's fear of dropping passes and making a reception, or another one running towards the goal line when his little-seen dad has come to watch him play. In the game's closing seconds with the score tied at 21 all, the Giants make a goal line stand and stop Spike. With time remaining for one final play, their offense steps back onto the field and uses a trick play Nubie calls "The Annexation of Puerto Rico," inspired by one of Madden's plays at Super Bowl XI. Kevin shouts out its actual name as it occurs, shouting "Fumblerooski, Fumblerooski!" The play includes three different ball carriers, utilizing the hook and lateral from Zolteck, to Junior, and finally to Berman, who scores the Giants' 99 yard game-winning touchdown.

text: Afterwards, Danny says that rather than having the Giants solely represent Urbania, they should merge with the Cowboys, and both he and Kevin can coach the team. Danny and Patty rekindle their childhood romance. He also decides not to hold Kevin to the prior bet, on the condition that the town water tower be changed from "Home of Kevin O'Shea" to "Home of The O'Shea Brothers," reflecting a much earlier promise that Kevin made to Danny from their childhood.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rick Moranis - Danny O'Shea

Justin Jon Ross as Young Danny

Ed O'Neill - Kevin O'Shea

Travis Robertson as Young Kevin

Shawna Waldron - Becky "Icebox" O'Shea
Susanna Thompson - Patty Floyd

Janna Michaels as Young Patty

Devon Sawa - Junior Floyd
Brian Haley - Mike Hammersmith
Sam Horrigan - Spike Hammersmith
Joe Bays - Coach Harold Butz

Austin Kottke as Young Butz

Frank Carl Fisher Jr. - Patterson
Mary Ellen Trainor - Karen O'Shea
Courtney Peldon - Debbie O'Shea
Alexa Vega - Priscilla O'Shea
Danny Pritchett - Tad Simpson
Todd Bosley - Jake Berman
Mark Holton - Mr. Zolteck
Matthew McCurley - Nubie
Joey Simmirin - Sean Murphy
Jon Paul Steuer - Johnny "Viper" Vennaro
Troy Simmons - Rashid "Hot Hands" Hanon
Marcus Toji - Marcus "The Toe"
Pat Crawford Brown - Louise

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was inspired by a 1992 McDonald's Super Bowl commercial developed by Jim Ferguson and Bob Shallcross. According to the Baltimore Sun, after seeing the commercial, Steven Spielberg contacted them and said, "I want that commercial made into a movie. I want my 'Home Alone.'"[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews. Stephen Holden remarked, in The New York Times, that "anyone who was ever rejected or picked last for a team can relate to the concept behind "Little Giants," a slickly contrived family movie about an inept junior football team that succeeds in spite of spectacular liabilities [...] In typical Hollywood fashion, "Little Giants" raises issues about competition, machismo and sexism in American sports, then blithely skirts them in confrontations that let everyone have his cake and eat it too [...] "Little Giants," which was directed by Duwayne Dunham, devotes much of its energy to such comic antics as balls getting stuck into face masks, and wispy little kids practicing looking intimidating."[3] The Washington Post stated that "if "Little Giants" were in a beauty pageant it might win votes for Miss Congeniality, but it definitely wouldn't take the crown."[4] Conversely, the Los Angeles Times suggested that the film was "smarter than many of its ilk. Clearly a great deal of care and thought has gone into making special a picture that could so easily have been routine family fare."[5] Little Giants currently holds a 40% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film had a budget of $20 million and failed to recoup it, with a total of $19.3 million in box office returns.[6][7][8][9]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: In a 2010 NCAA football game, Michigan State defeated Notre Dame on a fake field goal touchdown pass in overtime to end the game. Head coach Mark Dantonio said the play was called "Little Giants".[10]

text: The uniforms worn by the Cowboys in the film were the same ones worn by the Dallas Cowboys during the 1994 season as part of the NFL's 75th anniversary. From 2004 to 2007, the New York Giants' alternate jerseys were red with white numerals, similar to the jerseys worn by the Little Giants in the movie.

text: The Annexation of Puerto Rico play was actually used during the December 18, 2011, game between the Carolina Panthers and the Houston Texans.[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On February 7, 1995, Warner Home Video released Little Giants on VHS and LaserDisc. The VHS tape includes a Merrie Melodies cartoon, One Froggy Evening, celebrating the 40th anniversary of Michigan J. Frog. On July 8, 2003, the film was released on DVD. However, it's currently out of print. On March 29, 2011, the film was re-released in a four pack: 4 Film Favorites: Kids Sports (Little Big League, Surf Ninjas and Hometown Legend).