document_title: Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)

question_text: when does the new season of twin peaks end

text: Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Background and development[edit]

text: The first series of Twin Peaks, an American serial drama television series created by Mark Frost and David Lynch, premiered on April 8, 1990, on ABC. It was one of the top-rated series of 1990, but declining ratings led to its cancellation in 1991 after its second season. In subsequent years, Twin Peaks has often been listed among the greatest television dramas of all time.[10][11][12][13][14] A prequel film directed by Lynch, Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, was released in 1992. Lynch planned two more films that would have concluded the series' narrative, but in 2001 stated that Twin Peaks was as "dead as a doornail."[15]

text: In 2007, artist Matt Haley began work on a graphic novel continuation, which he hoped would be included in the "Complete Mystery" DVD box set. Twin Peaks producer Robert Engels agreed to help write it on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved the project; Haley said: "[Engels] and I had a number of discussions about what the story would be. I was keen to use whatever notes they had for the proposed third season. I really wanted this to be a literal 'third season' of the show." Paramount Home Entertainment agreed to package it with the box set, also on the condition that Lynch and Frost approved. Though Frost approved the project, Lynch vetoed it, stating that he respected the effort but did not want to continue the story of Twin Peaks.[16]

text: In 2013, rumors that Twin Peaks would return were dismissed by Lynch's daughter Jennifer Lynch (author of The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer) as well as by Frost.[17] Cast member Ray Wise recounted what Lynch had said to him about a possible continuation: "Well, Ray, you know, the town is still there. And I suppose it's possible that we could revisit it. Of course, [your character is] already dead... but we could maybe work around that."[18]

text: In January 2014, a casting call for a "Twin Peaks promo", directed by Lynch, was revealed to be the filming of a featurette for the Twin Peaks: The Complete Mystery Blu-ray set.[19] In September 2014, Lynch answered a question about Twin Peaks at the Lucca Film Festival by saying it was a "tricky question", and that "there's always a possibility... and you just have to wait and see."[20]

text: Announcement[edit]

text: On October 6, 2014, Showtime announced that it would air a nine-episode miniseries[21] written by Lynch and Frost and directed by Lynch. Frost emphasized that the new episodes were not a remake or reboot but a continuation of the series. The episodes are set in the present day, and the passage of 25 years is an important element in the plot. As to whether the miniseries would become an ongoing series, Frost said: "If we have a great time doing it and everybody loves it and they decide there's room for more, I could see it going that way."[22]

text: In March 2015, Lynch expressed doubts about the production due to "complications". Showtime confirmed the series was moving forward, stating: "Nothing is going on that's any more than any preproduction process with David Lynch. Everything is moving forward and everybody is crazy thrilled and excited."[23] In April 2015, Lynch said he would not direct the nine episodes due to budget constraints.[24] He and Showtime came to an agreement, with Lynch confirming on May 15, 2015, that he would direct, and that there would be more episodes than the originally announced nine.[4] At a Twin Peaks panel in Seattle, cast members Sherilyn Fenn and Sheryl Lee said that the new series would consist of 18 episodes and Angelo Badalamenti would return as composer.[25]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On January 12, 2015, Kyle MacLachlan was confirmed to return to the series.[6] In October 2015, it was confirmed that Michael Ontkean, who portrayed Sheriff Harry S. Truman and has since retired from acting, would not return for the revival. In October 2015, it was reported that the role of town sheriff would be filled by Robert Forster, later confirmed as playing Frank Truman, brother of Harry. Forster had been cast as Harry in the 1990 pilot, but was replaced by Ontkean due to scheduling issues.[26] Also in October, David Duchovny teased his return as Agent Denise Bryson.[27] In November 2015, it was reported that Miguel Ferrer would reprise his role as Albert Rosenfield and that Richard Beymer and David Patrick Kelly would return as Benjamin Horne and Jerry Horne respectively.[28] In December 2015, Alicia Witt confirmed she would reprise her role as Gersten Hayward.[29] Michael J. Anderson was asked to reprise his role as The Man from Another Place, but declined.[30]

text: Russ Tamblyn underwent open-heart surgery in late 2014 and was still recovering in 2015. Lynch and Frost were still hoping Tamblyn would join the cast for the new season, which was later confirmed.[31] On September 28, 2015, Catherine E. Coulson, who reprised her role of the Log Lady in the new series,[32] died of cancer.[33] She filmed her final scene four days before her death.[5][34]

text: The series' first teaser trailer, released in December 2015, confirmed the involvement of Michael Horse (Tommy "Hawk" Hill).[35] In January 2016, it was reported that Sherilyn Fenn would reprise her role as Audrey Horne in a "major presence."[36] In February 2016, it was reported that Lynch would reprise his role as Gordon Cole.[37] Frequent Lynch collaborator Laura Dern was cast in a "top-secret pivotal role",[38] which eventually proved to be Diane, the previously unseen character to whom Cooper frequently dictated taped messages during the show's original run. In April 2016, a complete cast list was released, featuring 217 actors, with actors returning from the earlier series marked with asterisks.[39] Mary Reber, who plays Alice Tremond in the finale, is the actual owner of the house used for the Palmer residence.[40]

text: David Bowie was asked to make a cameo appearance as FBI Agent Phillip Jeffries, his character from Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me.[41] As Bowie's health was declining, his lawyer told Lynch that he was unavailable. Before his death in January 2016, Bowie gave the production permission to reuse old footage featuring him; however, he was unhappy with the accent he had used in the film, and requested that he be dubbed over by an authentic Louisiana actor, leading to the casting of Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Jeffries.[42] In January and February 2017, respectively, cast members Miguel Ferrer and Warren Frost died, but both appear in the new series.[43][44] Harry Dean Stanton, who reprised his role as Carl Rodd, died in September 2017, less than two weeks after the last episode of the series aired.[45]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In July 2015, Frost suggested that the series would premiere in 2017 rather than 2016, as originally planned.[46] The series began filming in September 2015, and Showtime president David Nevins said, "I'm hoping we make 2016. It's not clear. It's ultimately going to be in [series co-creators David Lynch and Mark Frost's] control."[47] Nevins also stated, "I don't know [how many episodes there will be]. They're going to decide, I expect it to be more than nine, but it's open-ended. I know what the shooting schedule is and then we'll have him cut into it however many episodes it feels best at."[48] In January 2016, Nevins confirmed that the series would premiere in the first half of 2017.[49] The series was shot continuously from a single, long shooting script before being edited into episodes. Filming was completed by April 2016.[5]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kyle MacLachlan as:

Special Agent Dale Cooper[50][51][52]
Cooper's doppelgänger[53]
Douglas "Dougie" Jones[53]

text: Twin Peaks

text:
Jay Aaseng as Drunk[5]
Mädchen Amick as Shelly Briggs[50][51]
Dana Ashbrook as Deputy Sheriff Bobby Briggs[50][51]
Phoebe Augustine[a] as Ronette Pulaski
Richard Beymer as Benjamin Horne[28][51]
Gia Carides as Hannah[5]
Vincent Castellanos as Federico[5]
Michael Cera as Wally "Brando" Brennan[5]
Joan Chen as Josie Packard[b]
Candy Clark as Doris Truman[54]
Scott Coffey as Trick[5]
Catherine E. Coulson[c] as Margaret Lanterman (the "Log Lady")[5][51]
Grace Victoria Cox as Charlotte[5]
Jan D'Arcy as Sylvia Horne[50][51]
Eric Da Re as Leo Johnson[b]
Ana de la Reguera as Natalie[55]
Hugh Dillon as Tom Paige[55]
Eamon Farren as Richard Horne[5]
Sherilyn Fenn as Audrey Horne[50][51]
Sky Ferreira as Ella[5]
Robert Forster as Sheriff Frank Truman[26]
Mark Frost as Cyril Pons
Warren Frost[c] as Dr. Will Hayward[56][51]
Balthazar Getty as Red[57]
Harry Goaz as Deputy Sheriff Andy Brennan[50][51]
Grant Goodeve as Walter Lawford[50]
Andrea Hays as Heidi[5][51]
Gary Hershberger as Mike Nelson[50][51]
Michael Horse as Deputy Chief Tommy "Hawk" Hill[50][51]
Caleb Landry Jones as Steven Burnett[50]
Ashley Judd as Beverly Paige[56]
David Patrick Kelly as Jerry Horne[50][51]
Piper Laurie as Catherine Martell[b]
Jane Levy as Elizabeth[5]
Peggy Lipton as Norma Jennings[50][51]
Sarah Jean Long as Miriam Sullivan[50]
Riley Lynch as Bing
James Marshall as James Hurley[50][51]
Everett McGill as Ed Hurley[50][51]
Clark Middleton as Charlie[5]
Moby as Musician
Jack Nance[c] as Pete Martell[b]
Walter Olkewicz as Jacques Renault[a] and Jean-Michel Renault[5][51]
John Pirruccello as Deputy Sheriff Chad Broxford
Mary Reber as Alice Tremond[5]
Kimmy Robertson as Lucy Brennan[50][51]
Wendy Robie as Nadine Hurley[50][51]
Eric Rondell as Johnny Horne
Marvin "Marv" Rosand[c] as Toad[5][51]
Rod Rowland as Chuck[5]
Amanda Seyfried as Rebecca (Becky) Burnett[58]
Harry Dean Stanton as Carl Rodd[50][51]
JR Starr as MC[5]
Charlotte Stewart as Betty Briggs[50][51]
Jessica Szohr as Renee[59]
Russ Tamblyn as Dr. Lawrence Jacoby[5][51]
Jodi Thelen as Maggie[5]
Lauren Tewes as Gersten's neighbor[5]
Jake Wardle as Freddie Sykes[5]
Alicia Witt as Gersten Hayward[29][51]
Karolina Wydra as Chloe[5]
Charlyne Yi as Ruby[5]
Grace Zabriskie as Sarah Palmer[50][51]

text: Government

text:
Chrysta Bell as FBI Agent Tammy Preston[5]
Richard Chamberlain as Bill Kennedy[5]
Laura Dern as Diane Evans and Diane Evans's tulpa (doppelgänger)[5]
David Duchovny as FBI Chief of Staff Denise Bryson[27][51]
Jay R. Ferguson as Special Agent Randall Headley[5]
Miguel Ferrer[c] as FBI Agent Albert Rosenfield[50][51]
Ernie Hudson as Colonel Davis[5]
David Lynch as FBI Deputy Director Gordon Cole[37][51]
Adele René as Lieutenant Cynthia Knox[5]
Owain Rhys-Davies as Agent Wilson[5]

text: Las Vegas

text:
Alon Aboutboul as Head Mover[5]
Joe Adler as Roger
Tammie Baird as Lorraine[5]
Jim Belushi as Bradley Mitchum
John Billingsley as Doctor Ben[5]
Ronnie Gene Blevins as Tommy[5]
Wes Brown as Darren[5]
Juan Carlos Cantu as Officer Reynaldo
Larry Clarke as Detective T. Fusco[5]
Jonny Coyne as Polish Accountant[5]
Giselle Damier as Sandie[5]
David Dastmalchian as Pit Boss Warrick[60]
Jeremy Davies as Jimmy[5]
Eric Edelstein as Detective "Smiley" Fusco[5]
John Ennis as Slot Machine Man[5]
Josh Fadem as Phil Bisby[5]
Rebecca Field as Another Mom[5]
Patrick Fischler as Duncan Todd[60]
Meg Foster as Cashier[5]
Pierce Gagnon as Sonny Jim Jones[5]
Hailey Gates as Drugged-out Mother[61]
Brett Gelman as Supervisor Burns[5]
Ivy George as 5-Year-Old Girl
Robert Knepper as Rodney Mitchum
David Koechner as Detective D. Fusco[5]
Jay Larson as Limo Driver[5]
Andrea Leal as Mandie[5]
Bellina Logan as Female Doctor[d][5]
Josh McDermitt as Wise Guy[5]
Don Murray as Bushnell Mullins[5]
Sara Paxton as Candy Shaker[5]
Linda Porter as Lady Slot-Addict
Elena Satine as Rhonda[5]
John Savage as Detective Clark[5]
Amy Shiels as Candie[37]
Tom Sizemore as Anthony Sinclair[37]
Bob Stephenson as Frank[5]
Ethan Suplee as Bill Shaker[5]
Sabrina S. Sutherland as Floor Attendant Jackie
Naomi Watts as Janey-E Jones[37]
Nafessa Williams as Jade[5]
Christophe Zajac-Denek as Ike "The Spike" Stadtler[5]

text: South Dakota

text:
Jane Adams as Constance Talbot[5]
Brent Briscoe as Detective Dave Macklay[5]
Bailey Chase as Detective Don Harrison[62]
Neil Dickson as George Bautzer[5]
George Griffith as Ray Monroe[50]
Cornelia Guest as Phyllis Hastings[5]
Nicole LaLiberte as Darya[5]
Jennifer Jason Leigh as Chantal Hutchens[63]
Matthew Lillard as William Hastings[5]
Karl Makinen as Inspector Randy Hollister
Bérénice Marlohe as French Woman[5]
James Morrison as Warden Dwight Murphy[5]
Christopher Murray as Officer Olson[5]
Max Perlich as Hank[5]
Tim Roth as Gary "Hutch" Hutchens[5]
Mary Stofle as Ruth Davenport

text: Supernatural

text:
Phoebe Augustine as American Girl[a][5][51]
Monica Bellucci as herself[5]
David Bowie[c] as Phillip Jeffries[b][5]

Nathan Frizzell as the voice of Phillip Jeffries[64]

Robert Broski as Woodsman[5]
Don S. Davis[c] as Major Garland Briggs[b][65]
Erica Eynon as Experiment[5]
Sheryl Lee as Laura Palmer[50][51]
Joy Nash as Señorita Dido[5]
Carlton Lee Russell as the Jumping Man[5][51]
Frank Silva[c] as Killer BOB[b][66]
Malachy Sreenan as Bosomy Lady[5]
Al Strobel as MIKE[50][51]
Carel Struycken as The Fireman[e][5][51]
Ray Wise as Leland Palmer[50][51]
Nae Yuuki as Naido[5]

text: Michael J. Anderson did not reprise his role as The Man from Another Place, who instead appears as a treelike computer-generated effect and is voiced by an uncredited actor.

text: Other

text:
Michael Bisping as Guard[5]
Benjamin Rosenfield as Sam Colby[5]
Madeline Zima as Tracey Barberato[5]

text:
Leslie Berger as New Mexico Wife[5]
Cullen Douglas as Disc Jockey[5]
Tikaeni Faircrest as Girl[5]
Tad Griffith as New Mexico Husband[5]
Xolo Mariduena as Boy[5]
Tracy Philips as Receptionist[5]

text:
Frank Collison as Muddy[5]
Derek Mears as Renzo[5]

text:
Matt Battaglia as Cowboy 3[5]
Francesca Eastwood as Texas Waitress Kristi[5]
Heath Hensley as Cowboy 1[5]
Rob Mars as Cowboy 2[5]
Sheryl Lee as Carrie Page

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c These actors appear both in archive footage and, playing different roles, in new material.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Archive footage only.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h These actors died before the series aired and episodes are dedicated in their memory.
Jump up ^ In the original series, Logan portrayed Louie "Birdsong" Budway.
Jump up ^ The character's name wasn't revealed until Part 14. Struycken was credited as "The Giant" in the original series.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

31
1
"Part 1"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
0.506[67]

FBI agent Dale Cooper remains trapped in the Black Lodge. The Fireman tells him to remember "430" and "Richard and Linda". Great Northern hotel owner Ben Horne introduces his brother Jerry to his secretary, Beverly. Deputy Chief Hawk gets a call from the Log Lady, who tells him evidence relating to Dale Cooper is missing. In a New York City warehouse, a young man, Sam, is employed to observe a glass box. When the security guard is absent, Sam and a young woman, Tracey, have sex. An androgynous entity, the Experiment, materializes in the box and murders them. In Buckhorn, South Dakota, Cooper's doppelgänger — a sinister, long-haired man with black irises — retrieves two associates, Ray and Darya. Police find the severed head of Buckhorn librarian Ruth Davenport placed on the headless corpse of a John Doe. Local principal Bill Hastings's fingerprints are found and he is arrested. Hastings denies guilt, but fumbles his alibi.

32
2
"Part 2"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 21, 2017 (2017-05-21)
0.506[67]

Hastings's wife visits him in jail and is later murdered by Cooper's doppelgänger. In Las Vegas, businessman Duncan Todd sends money to an unseen woman for a future job. Cooper's doppelgänger employs Darya, Ray and Jack to obtain information. Perceiving that Jack and Darya have turned on him, he murders them. He has a plan to avoid his due return to the Black Lodge and has a telephone conversation with someone he believes is missing FBI agent Phillip Jeffries, who mentions Major Briggs and BOB, the evil spirit inside the doppelgänger. The doppelgänger sets out for the South Dakota prison where Ray is imprisoned. Hawk approaches the entrance to the Black Lodge near Twin Peaks. Inside the Black Lodge, Cooper encounters the one-armed spirit MIKE and murdered schoolgirl Laura Palmer, who opens her face, revealing light. The Arm, who has evolved into a skeletal tree, says Cooper's doppelgänger must return before Cooper can leave. The Arm's doppelgänger attacks Cooper and he falls into the box in New York (as Sam welcomes Tracey), then into space. In Twin Peaks, Shelly flirts with Red while her friend Renee notices James Hurley staring at her.

33
3
"Part 3"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 28, 2017 (2017-05-28)[a]
0.195[69]

Cooper lands in a building above a purple sea, where two women protect him from an unseen threat. An eyeless woman, Naido, pulls a lever and falls into space. Cooper leaves through a portal. Cooper's doppelgänger and a second, "manufactured" doppelgänger, Dougie Jones, become sick and see the Black Lodge's curtains. The first doppelgänger crashes his car and is apprehended by the police. Dougie is drawn into the Black Lodge, where he dissolves into a golden seed. Cooper takes Dougie's place in Las Vegas, where Jade, a prostitute, finds him in a disoriented state and drops him at a casino. Criminals pursuing Dougie place a bomb under his car. Cooper wanders around the casino and plays slot machines marked by signals from the Black Lodge, winning megajackpots every time. At the Twin Peaks Sheriff's Department, Hawk, Andy and Lucy are unable to discern what is missing. At the FBI headquarters in Philadelphia, Deputy Director Gordon Cole receives a call stating that Cooper has been found in South Dakota.

34
4
"Part 4"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
May 28, 2017 (2017-05-28)[a]
0.195[69]

Cooper wins 30 megajackpots at the casino and is driven to Dougie's home. Dougie's wife, Janey-E, is relieved that they can pay his large gambling debts. Cooper, near-catatonic, has difficulty settling into life as Dougie. He sees a vision of MIKE, who informs him that either he or his doppelgänger must die. At the Sheriff's Department, Sheriff Frank Truman gets an update on Hawk's investigation, and Deputy Bobby Briggs recalls that Cooper was the last person to see his father, Major Briggs, before his death. Andy and Lucy's son Wally Brando arrives at the Sheriff's Office to pay his respects to his ill godfather, Harry Truman. Gordon and fellow FBI agents Albert Rosenfield and Tammy Preston travel to South Dakota to interview Cooper's doppelgänger, who claims to have been working undercover with Jeffries. Gordon and Albert discuss their misgivings, suspect a "Blue Rose" case and decide to contact a woman they think can help.

35
5
"Part 5"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 4, 2017 (2017-06-04)
0.254[70]

Dougie's would-be assassins call their terrified boss, Lorraine, who sends a message that activates a black box in Buenos Aires. An autopsy finds Dougie's wedding ring in the corpse's stomach. Looking into a mirror, Cooper's doppelgänger sees that BOB is still within him. At Dougie's workplace, Cooper reacts to a statue, coffee, and the words "agent" and "case files". A light above his colleague Anthony Sinclair spurs Cooper to accuse him of lying, angering Sinclair and their boss, Bushnell Mullins. The casino's owners, the Mitchum brothers, beat and fire a supervisor, believing him complicit in Cooper's winning streak. Car thieves trigger the bomb under Dougie's car. Jade drops Cooper's Great Northern Hotel room key in a mailbox. Becky and her jobless husband, Steven Burnett, snort drugs after borrowing money from Becky's mother, Shelly. Dr. Jacoby broadcasts conspiracy theories, watched by Jerry Horne and Nadine Hurley. At the Pentagon, Colonel Davis learns the headless corpse's fingerprints match those of Major Briggs. At the Roadhouse, Richard Horne bribes Deputy Chad and molests a woman. Tammy discovers Cooper's on-file fingerprints are the reverse of the doppelgänger's. Cooper's doppelgänger uses his prison phone call to disrupt the security system. The black box becomes a silver ball.

36
6
"Part 6"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11)
0.270[71]

Police take Cooper to Dougie's home and Janey-E receives a photo of Dougie with Jade from criminals demanding Dougie's gambling debts plus exorbitant interest. Janey-E convinces the criminals to accept a smaller sum. Cooper draws cryptic images on the case files, guided by lights on the pages. Bushnell recognizes a pattern in the drawings and thanks Cooper. Cooper has another vision of MIKE urging him to "wake up". Todd sends an envelope marked with a black spot to hitman Ike "The Spike" Stadtler, ordering him to kill Lorraine and Dougie. Ike kills Lorraine and her coworkers, destroying his signature weapon in the process. Albert finds Diane, Cooper's erstwhile assistant, in a bar. In Twin Peaks, Red, revealed as a drug supplier, charges Richard Horne with a delivery. Richard speeds in his truck, running over and killing a young boy. Carl Rodd comforts the boy's mother. Hawk drops a coin in the restroom and finds pages torn from Laura's diary hidden inside a stall door.

37
7
"Part 7"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 18, 2017 (2017-06-18)
0.294[72]

Hawk and Frank examine the pages, which describe a dream in which Annie tells Laura that the good Dale is trapped in the Black Lodge. Frank calls Doc Hayward, who recalls that after returning from the Black Lodge, Cooper sneaked out of intensive care, where Audrey Horne was in a coma. Air Force Lt. Knox arrives in Buckhorn and learns that Major Briggs's fingerprints come from a body in its forties, not seventies. Albert and Gordon convince Diane to speak to Cooper in prison. She is upset by the conversation and tells Gordon the man is not Cooper. Cooper's doppelgänger blackmails Warden Murphy into releasing him and Ray. Police visit Cooper at Dougie's workplace to question him about his destroyed car. As he leaves with Janey-E, Ike runs at them with a gun, but Cooper expertly disarms him while having a vision of the Arm. In Twin Peaks, the owner of the truck driven by Richard in the hit-and-run fails to arrive for a meeting with Andy. Beverly tries to locate the source of a hum in Ben Horne's office, then returns home to her terminally ill husband, Tom. A young man bursts into the RR, looking for Billy.

38
8
"Part 8"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
0.246[73]

In a standoff, Ray shoots Cooper's doppelgänger. Woodsmen tear at his body, revealing an orb with BOB's face. Ray flees and informs Jeffries that the doppelgänger may have survived. The doppelgänger awakens. In 1945 New Mexico, the first atomic bomb is detonated. Woodsmen occupy a convenience store and the Experiment spews smoke containing an orb bearing BOB's face. In the building above the purple sea, the Fireman observes these events and levitates, emanating a golden mist and an orb containing Laura Palmer’s face. His companion, Señorita Dido, sends the orb to Earth. In 1956 New Mexico, a woodsman descends to the ground, enters a radio station and repeatedly broadcasts a mysterious message, rendering listeners unconscious. A bug/frog-like creature hatches from an egg, enters an unconscious girl's room and climbs down her throat.

39
9
"Part 9"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 9, 2017 (2017-07-09)
0.355[74]

Cooper's doppelgänger meets hitmen Hutch and Chantal at a farm and orders them to kill Warden Murphy. He sends a text to Diane and calls Todd to ask if he has done "it" yet. Dougie's boss says that Dougie sometimes has episodes due to a car accident. The Las Vegas police discover no record of Dougie Jones before 1997 and take fingerprints and DNA from his coffee mug. Ike leaves a phone message for a "JT" and is arrested. Bobby visits his mother with Frank and Hawk to ask about Cooper; her husband Major Briggs long ago foretold their arrival, and she gives them a cylinder containing a location, date, and Cooper's name written twice. The FBI stops in Buckhorn to examine the corpse with Major Briggs's fingerprints. Hastings tells Tammy that he and Ruth visited Briggs in another dimension, where he had been "hibernating" for years, and witnessed his beheading as he was saying "Cooper, Cooper". Johnny Horne injures himself, and Jerry Horne hallucinates that his foot is talking.

40
10
"Part 10"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 16, 2017 (2017-07-16)
0.267[75]

Richard Horne confronts Miriam, a teacher who witnessed his hit-and-run. She tells him she has written to the sheriff. He attacks her and leaves her for dead in her trailer, then has Deputy Chad intercept the letter. The Mitchums see a news story about Ike's arrest, and recognize Cooper as "Mr. Jackpots". Janey-E notices that her husband's physique has improved and has sex with him. Nadine Hurley watches Jacoby's latest broadcast from her drapery store. Richard attacks his grandmother Sylvia in her home and robs her. She calls Ben and demands money from him. Todd orders Anthony Sinclair to frame Dougie for the denial of an arson insurance claim that lost the Mitchums $30 million. Gordon has a vision of Laura. Albert informs him that the FBI has intercepted a text message from Diane informing someone of Hastings's arrest. Tammy shows them a photo that links Cooper's doppelgänger with the glass box in New York. Hawk receives another call from the Log Lady, who tells him "Laura is the one."

41
11
"Part 11"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 23, 2017 (2017-07-23)
0.219[76]

A group of children discover Miriam crawling from the underbrush. Becky learns Steven has been cheating on her with Gersten Hayward. She drives to Gersten's apartment and shoots through the door, but the couple are elsewhere. At the Double R Diner, Becky's parents, Shelly and Bobby, discuss the incident with her. Red arrives and Shelly leaves to kiss him. A child fires a gun through the diner window, causing a commotion. At the location where Hastings met Major Briggs, the FBI finds Ruth's body with coordinates written on one arm. Gordon sees woodsmen in a vortex and is drawn back by Albert. One of the woodsmen sneaks up on Hastings and kills him. While Hawk and Frank study an ancient map, the Log Lady calls Hawk and tells him "There's fire where you are going." Dougie's boss sends Cooper to give the Mitchums a $30 million check after realizing their claim is legitimate. The Mitchums plan to kill Cooper, but after Bradley has a prophetic dream, they decide he is not their enemy and take him for drinks, where Cooper reacts to the words "damn good" while eating cherry pie.

42
12
"Part 12"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
0.240[77]

Gordon and Albert recruit Tammy and deputize Diane to the Blue Rose task force. Sarah Palmer has an unsettling experience in a grocery store, which leads Deputy Chief Hawk to check on her at her house, where he hears a sound behind Sarah. Albert interrupts Gordon and his French lady friend to show him a text message Diane received asking about Las Vegas. Audrey Horne demands that her husband, Charlie, help her find Billy, her missing lover. He reluctantly phones Tina, and is astonished by what she tells him, but does not tell Audrey what Tina said. Chantal and Hutch assassinate Warden Murphy. Frank visits Ben Horne to tell him his grandson Richard killed the boy in the hit-and-run, and attempted to kill the only witness. Ben agrees to pay her medical costs and gives Cooper's old room key to Frank as a memento for Harry. Diane finds that the coordinates on Ruth Davenport's arm point to Twin Peaks.

43
13
"Part 13"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
0.280[78]

The Mitchums thank Dougie and Bushnell with gifts. Anthony Sinclair is about to poison Dougie, but relents and confesses his collusion with Todd to Bushnell. The Las Vegas police dismiss Dougie's fingerprint analysis. Cooper's doppelgänger arrives in Montana, where Ray is with a gang. The doppelgänger defeats the gang leader in an arm-wrestling match, then kills him, with the gang (including Richard) watching. He questions Ray about the assassination attempt, forces him to give up the coordinates, and shoots him, sending him to the Black Lodge. Hutch and Chantal drive through Utah. At the RR, Big Ed and Bobby have dinner while Norma meets Walter, who helped franchise her business. Nadine and Jacoby meet for the first time in years. Sarah watches a loop of a boxing match. Audrey tells Charlie she does not know who or where she is and cannot leave the house. James, performing at the Roadhouse, moves Renee to tears.

44
14
"Part 14"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
0.253[79]

Frank informs Gordon that pages found from Laura's diary suggest two Coopers. Albert tells Tammy about the first Blue Rose case, which involved doppelgängers. Diane identifies Janey-E as her estranged half-sister. Gordon orders the Las Vegas office to search for the Joneses. Chad is arrested. Frank, Hawk, Bobby and Andy follow Major Briggs's instructions to “Jack Rabbit's Palace” in the woods, where they find a naked Naido. Andy is transported to the Fireman, who shows him visions of the events in New Mexico, Laura, two Coopers, Lucy and an electrical pole numbered 6. For her safety the police place Naido in a cell in the Sheriff's department, next to cells containing Chad and a drunk bleeding from his face. James learns how fellow Great Northern security guard Freddie Sykes bought a strength-enhancing glove and moved to Twin Peaks from London after a vision of the Fireman. James notices a hum in the boiler room. When a trucker insults her in a bar, Sarah opens her face, revealing darkness, and bites his throat, killing him. At the Roadhouse, Megan and Sophie discuss Billy, who stormed into Megan's kitchen, bleeding from his nose and mouth.

45
15
"Part 15"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
0.329[80]

Cooper's doppelgänger arrives at the convenience store to ask Jeffries (whose voice comes from a machine) about the assassination attempt and his reference to "Judy". Jeffries tells him he has already met Judy and gives him coordinates. Outside, Richard attacks the doppelgänger, whom he recognized as an FBI agent his mother Audrey knew, but is subdued. In Las Vegas, Chantal assassinates Todd and his assistant. Cooper reacts to hearing Gordon's name on TV and sticks a fork into an electrical socket. Inspired by Jacoby's show, Nadine tells Ed he is free to pursue Norma. Norma lets Walter buy out the RR franchise, then accepts Ed's marriage proposal. Gersten attempts to console an armed, suicidal Steven in the woods; hiding from a passerby, she hears a gunshot. The Log Lady calls Hawk and gives him a final message before dying. Audrey and Charlie continue arguing. At the Roadhouse, James is attacked by Renee's jealous husband, Chuck, whom Freddie punches out with his glove; Freddie and James are arrested. A young woman crawls across the Roadhouse floor and screams.

46
16
"Part 16"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
0.267[81]

Cooper's doppelgänger and Richard Horne follow two of three coordinates the doppelgänger obtained. Observed by Jerry Horne, the doppelgänger sends Richard ahead to the site, where he is electrocuted and vaporized, and then calls Richard his son. While Cooper lies in a coma, both the FBI and Chantal and Hutch are waiting outside the Jones residence. Chantal and Hutch are killed by a neighbor they provoked in a parking dispute. Cooper awakes from his coma. MIKE tells him that the doppelgänger is still at large and gives him the Owl Cave ring. Cooper gives MIKE some of his hair, asking him to "make another one", then has the Mitchums organize a flight to Spokane, Washington. Having received a text from the doppelgänger, Diane tells the task force that, years ago, Cooper raped her and took her to an old gas station. Exclaiming "I'm in the sheriff's station... I'm not me", she pulls a gun but is shot by Albert and Tammy. Diane is drawn to the Black Lodge and dissolves into a seed. Tammy realizes that the "Diane" they had been associating with is actuality a tulpa. At the Roadhouse, Audrey dances to "Audrey's Dance". When a fight breaks out, Audrey begs Charlie to take her home. Suddenly she is in a brightly lit room, without makeup, looking into a mirror, exclaiming “What? What?”

47
17
"Part 17"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
0.254[82]

Gordon tells Albert of a secret plan to find "Judy", an "extreme negative force" originally known as "Jiāo Dài", and is informed that Cooper is headed for Twin Peaks. The remaining coordinates lead Cooper's doppelgänger to "Jack Rabbit's Palace". He is transported to the Fireman, then to the Sheriff's Department, and mistaken for the real Cooper. While talking to the doppelgänger, Frank receives a call from Cooper. The doppelgänger draws a gun but is shot by Lucy. Cooper, the FBI and the Mitchums arrive. Woodsmen tear at the doppelgänger's body, releasing BOB's orb. Freddie knocks out Chad, who had escaped his cell, and smashes BOB's orb with several punches. Cooper puts the Owl Cave ring on the doppelgänger's finger, sending him to the Black Lodge. Naido transforms into Diane. Cooper unlocks a door at the Great Northern, where MIKE takes him to Jeffries, who transports Cooper to the night Laura died. Cooper prevents Laura's murder; in the morning, her corpse vanishes. As he leads her through the woods, she disappears. Sarah screams and smashes Laura's photo.

48
18
"Part 18"
David Lynch
Mark Frost & David Lynch
September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
0.240[82]

Cooper's doppelgänger burns in the Black Lodge. MIKE creates another Dougie, who returns to Janey-E and Sonny Jim. Cooper appears in the Black Lodge again, encountering MIKE and the Arm. He emerges and meets Diane in the woods. They drive on a highway for 430 miles and "cross over" some electrical field, then drive to a motel and have sex. Cooper awakes the next morning alone and finds a note left to "Richard" from "Linda". Arriving at Judy's Diner in Odessa, Texas, Cooper saves a waitress from harassment and obtains the address of another waitress, Carrie Page, who resembles Laura Palmer. Believing she is Laura, he drives her to Twin Peaks, but finds the Palmer house occupied by different owners. Confused, Cooper asks Carrie what year it is. Carrie hears Sarah calling Laura's name and screams. The house lights go out. In the Black Lodge, Laura whispers to Cooper.

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Parts 3 and 4 were made available immediately after the premiere of parts 1 and 2 through Showtime's digital platform.[68]

text: Music[edit]

text: The soundtrack contains new and reused compositions from Angelo Badalamenti as well as dark ambient music and sound design by Dean Hurley and David Lynch (including some from The Air Is on Fire) and unreleased music from Lynch and Badalamenti's 1990s project Thought Gang two tracks of which previously appeared in Fire Walk with Me. Hurley's contributions were released on the album Anthology Resource Vol. 1: △△ on August 6, 2017, by Sacred Bones Records.[83] Several tracks from Johnny Jewel's album Windswept also appear throughout. Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima by Krzysztof Penderecki appears in key scenes. Two soundtracks were released on September 8, 2017, by Rhino Records: Twin Peaks (Music From the Limited Event Series) and Twin Peaks (Limited Event Series Original Soundtrack).[84]

text: Additionally, multiple episodes contain musical performances at the Roadhouse:[85]

text:
Episode(s)
Artist
Song

Part 2
Part 12
Chromatics (Ruth Radelet, Adam Miller, Johnny Jewel and Nat Walker)
"Shadow" (Part 2)
"Saturday" (Part 12)

Part 3
The Cactus Blossoms (Jack Torrey, Page Burkum, Joel Paterson, Beau Sample and Alex Hall)
"Mississippi"

Part 4
Part 9
Au Revoir Simone (Heather D'Angelo, Erika Forster and Annie Hart)
"Lark" (Part 4)
"A Violent Yet Flammable World" (Part 9)

Part 5
Trouble (Riley Lynch, Alex Zhang Hungtai, Sam Smith and Dean Hurley)
"Snake Eyes"

Part 6
Sharon Van Etten, with Carolyn Pennypacker Riggs, John Phillip Irons III and Zeke Hutchins
"Tarifa"

Part 8
Nine Inch Nails (Trent Reznor, Atticus Ross, Mariqueen Maandig, Robin Finck, Alessandro Cortini and Joey Castillo)[86]
"She's Gone Away"[87]

Part 9
Hudson Mohawke
"Human"

Part 10
Rebekah Del Rio
"No Stars"

Part 13
James Marshall (as James Hurley)
"Just You"

Part 14
Lissie, with Eric Sullivan, Lewis Keller and Jesse Siebenberg
"Wild West"

Part 15
The Veils (Finn Andrews, Sophia Burn and Uberto Rapisardi)
"Axolotl"

Part 16
Eddie Vedder (introduced as Edward Louis Severson III)
"Out of Sand"

Part 17
Julee Cruise, with Chromatics
"The World Spins"[88]

text: Other music, mostly played diegetically includes:

text:
"American Woman" (David Lynch Remix) by Muddy Magnolias
"Take Five" by Dave Brubeck
"I Love How You Love Me" by The Paris Sisters
"I Am (Old School Hip Hop Beat)" by Blunted Beatz
"Habit" and "Tabloid" by Uniform
"Sleep Walk" by Santo & Johnny
"Green Onions" by Booker T. & the M.G.'s
"My Prayer" by The Platters
"Charmaine" by Mantovani
"Viva Las Vegas" by Shawn Colvin
"I've Been Loving You Too Long" (Live) by Otis Redding
"Sharp Dressed Man" by ZZ Top

text: Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata and "Last Call" by David Lynch are played slowed down significantly.[89][90]

text: Release[edit]

text: Twin Peaks premiered on Showtime on May 21, 2017, with a two-hour episode.[2] After the airing, the premiere and an additional two episodes became available online, and the series aired in weekly increments from that point onwards (at Lynch's insistence). Overall, the series consists of 18 episodes.[2] It concluded on September 3, 2017, with a two-part finale.[91]

text: In the United Kingdom, Sky Atlantic simulcast the first two episodes beginning at 2:00 am British Summer Time on May 22, 2017,[92] and the next two episodes were released on Sky UK's on-demand service after the premiere.[93] In the Nordic countries, the series is broadcast on HBO Nordic, with the two-hour premiere airing on May 22, and subsequent episodes being made available the day after its U.S. airing.[94] In Canada, the series is available on CraveTV and The Movie Network, and debuted simultaneously with the U.S. broadcast.[95][96] In Australia, episodes of the series are available to stream on Stan the same day as the original U.S. broadcast.[97] Two episodes were screened at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[98] In Japan, the series airs on the satellite television network Wowow, which also aired the original series.[99]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The first two episodes garnered positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, Twin Peaks has a score of 74 out of 100 based on 26 reviews.[100] On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 94% rating with an average score of 7.75 out of 10 based on 71 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Surreal, suspenseful, and visually stunning, this new Twin Peaks is an auteurist triumph for David Lynch."[8]

text: Sonia Saraiya of Variety wrote "Twin Peaks: The Return is weird and creepy and slow. But it is interesting. The show is very stubbornly itself—not quite film and not quite TV, rejecting both standard storytelling and standard forms. It's not especially fun to watch and it can be quite disturbing. But there is never a sense that you are watching something devoid of vision or intention. Lynch’s vision is so total and absolute that he can get away with what wouldn't be otherwise acceptable."[101]

text: The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Fienberg commented that "The thing that struck me most immediately about the premiere is how relatively cogent it was, with a clear emphasis on 'relatively'. What premiered on Sunday was as accessibly scary, disturbing and audaciously funny as many of the best parts of the original Twin Peaks, and nowhere near as hallucinatory and subtextually distilled as the prequel film Fire Walk With Me." Fienberg also wrote about the series' format: "It's obvious this Twin Peaks is going to be an 18-hour unit. There was no discernible separation between hours and if credits hadn't rolled, the second hour could probably just as easily have flowed into the third. This isn't episodic TV. It's another thing."[102]

text: In her "A" grade review, Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club wrote regarding its possible reception from critics and viewers: "This two-part premiere is going to be wildly difficult for any two people to agree upon, in part because a viewer's assessment of the revival will depend upon what they hoped for. If you were looking forward to a return of the sometimes campy, sometimes cozy humor of the original two seasons of Twin Peaks, this premiere could come as a shock. If you were anticipating that once jolting, now familiar blend of genres, this is... not that." She called the two-part premiere "pure Lynchian horror".[103]

text: At the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, Lynch screened the two-hour premiere of the series and received a five-minute standing ovation from the crowd.[104]

text: Sean T. Collins of Rolling Stone called the series "one of the most groundbreaking TV series ever", praising its original, complex story lines and the performances of its cast, particularly Kyle MacLachlan.[105] Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture wrote that the show was "the most original and disturbing to hit TV drama since The Sopranos".[106] In his season review for IGN, Matt Fowler noted that Twin Peaks "came back as a true artistic force that challenged just about every storytelling convention we know" and scored it an 8.8 out of 10.[107]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour premiere on May 21, 2017, received 506,000 viewers on Showtime, which Deadline.com called "soft for such a strongly promoted prestige project". Ratings increased to 626,000 after the encore broadcasts that night and the premiere also had over 450,000 viewers via streaming and on-demand.[108]

text: Viewership for the premiere increased to 804,000 in Live+3 ratings, and it had a viewership of 1.7 million across streaming and on-demand platforms.[109] Showtime announced that the weekend of the Twin Peaks premiere had the most signups to their streaming service ever.[9] Prior to the finale, the series was averaging 2 million weekly viewers, when including time-shifting, encores and streaming. Showtime president David Nevins said that Twin Peaks "has exceeded expectations" from a financial perspective.[110]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Ep. 17
Ep. 18

The Return
506
506
195
195
254
270
294
246
355
267
219
240
280
253
329
267
254
240

text: Home media[edit]

text: The series is scheduled to be released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 5, 2017.[1]

text: Future[edit]

text: Lynch has expressed interest in making another season of Twin Peaks, but noted that such a project will not immediately follow The Return, given that it took four and a half years for him and Frost to write and film the third season.[112]


document_title: Gun laws in New Jersey

question_text: how many rounds can you have in a magazine in nj

root

text: Gun laws in New Jersey

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant statutes
Notes

State permit to purchase?
Yes
Yes

A lifetime purchaser identification card is required for purchase of rifles and shotguns, as well as for purchases of handgun ammunition. A permit to purchase a handgun, valid for 90 days is required for each handgun purchase. Only one handgun can be purchased within a 30-day period. According to state law, purchase permits/identification cards are supposed to be granted on a Shall-Issue basis, but in practice many issuing authorities require the applicant to justify the need for a firearm before granting approval for the permit/ID card. Some issuing authorities have been known to arbitrarily deny purchase permits and ID cards.

Firearm registration?
No
Yes

The NJ State Police Firearms Investigation Unit (NJSP FIU) maintains a record of all handgun transfers, except for inherited firearms willed to the transferee, or firearms brought to the state by new residents moving to the state. Firearm registration is voluntary, but since handgun purchase permits are also a form of register, there is de facto mandatory handgun registration for handguns purchased in-state. Purchases by NJ residents must either be from a licensed dealer in NJ or a private individual who is a resident of NJ. In both dealer purchases and private sales, a copy of the purchase permit is sent to the NJSP FIU. A NICS background check at the point of sale is only required for purchases from dealers.

Owner license required?
No
No

No license is required to own any firearm in New Jersey, except an assault firearm or NFA regulated firearms

Carry permits required?
Yes
Yes
N.J. Admin. Code § 13:54
No-Issue for ordinary citizens. New Jersey calls its permit a "permit to carry a handgun" and is a "may-issue" by law for firearm carry, either openly or concealed, but permits are rarely or never granted to the general populace. Permit applicants must "specify in detail the urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun." Then it must be approved by both the township's police chief and a NJ judge, whereas the applicant will not know who denied the $200 application to carry. As a result of this tough standard, New Jersey is effectively a "no issue" state unless one is a retired law enforcement officer or an individual with political connections. Armed security officers and armored car drivers typically get restricted permits limited to carry while on duty only. A letter of need from the security company is required.

Open carry?
Yes
Yes

Open carry is allowed only with a permit to carry a handgun and is generally not practiced except by security officers and others who carry firearms on duty. While it is technically legal to carry long guns with a valid Firearm Purchaser ID card, it is generally frowned upon by law enforcement, except when hunting. One can expect to be detained and questioned in most places if carrying in this manner.

State preemption of local restrictions?
No
No

There is limited state preemption for some firearm laws.

Assault weapon law?
Yes
Yes
N.J.S.A 2C:39-1[3]
New Jersey prohibits the possession of certain named firearms or "substantially identical" firearms deemed to be assault firearms, including possession of parts from which an assault firearm may be readily assembled. Firearms classed as assault firearms but acquired before May 1, 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency.

Magazine capacity restriction?
Yes
Yes
N.J.S.A 2C:39-1(y)[4]
Magazines are limited to 15 rounds for semi-automatic firearms and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns.[5] Police officers may possess "standard capacity magazines" for duty purposes and may possess personal "standard capacity magazines" with recommendation by their agency.

NFA weapons restricted?
Yes
Yes
N.J.S.A 2C:39-3(a-c)[6]; N.J.S.A 2C:58-5[7]
Possession of short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, destructive devices, and suppressors are prohibited to the average citizen. Law is silent on AOWs. Possession of a machine gun requires a state license, which is granted on a may issue basis by a county superior court judge. Machine gun licenses are extremely difficult to obtain.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
Yes
N.J.S.A 2C:58-3[8]
A person acquiring a handgun must have a permit to purchase a handgun. A person acquiring a long gun must have a firearms purchaser identification card. Private sale of a long gun does not require a background check.

tag: table

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: The Constitution of New Jersey has no provision explicitly guaranteeing the right of citizens to keep and bear arms.

tag: p

text: Limits and restrictions[edit]

text: Hollow-point ammunition is available for unrestricted purchase from most retailers wherever firearms are sold, and may be transported by purchasers without special licensing. However, hollow-point bullets may not be carried outside of a place of target practice, dwelling, premises or land possessed by a person, even if one has a valid permit to carry a handgun, except when being transported directly to and from these places. LEOSA (HR 218) qualified and retired or separated LEOs carrying anywhere in the USA are exempt from state laws and may legally carry hollow points ammo or any ammo that is not prohibited under the Gun Control Act of 1968 or the National Firearm Act. [9] Additionally the NJ Superior Court in State v Brian Aitken have ruled that there is no exception for moving between residences with hollow-point bullets.[10]

text: Permits to purchase and own[edit]

text: In New Jersey, anyone seeking to purchase firearms (one does not need to obtain a Firearm Purchaser Identification card to own, possess in the home, transport firearms to and from authorized target range, to a gunsmith for purposes of repair, or to the woods or fields of the state for purposes of hunting ) is required to obtain a lifetime Firearm Purchaser Identification card, commonly referred to as FID, for the purchase of rifles and shotguns. To purchase a handgun, a separate permit is needed from the Chief of Police of their municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police if the municipality does not have a local police department. A permit is required for each handgun to be purchased and expires after 90 days but may be extended for an additional 90 days at the discretion of the Chief of Police or Superintendent of State Police. These, like the initial Firearms Purchaser Identification Card (FID), are provided to applicants on a shall-issue basis. They require in-depth application questioning, multiple references and background checks via the State Bureau of Identification and New Jersey State Police; however, authorities do not have discretion and must issue permits to applicants who satisfy the criteria described in the statutes. Reasons for denial include being convicted of a crime (equivalent to a felony) or disorderly persons offense (equivalent to a misdemeanor) in the case of domestic violence. As of August 2013 anyone on the terror watchlist is also disqualified.

text: NJ law states that Firearms Identification approval and/or handgun purchase permit(s) must be issued within 30 days. However, this is not always adhered to with some applicants waiting months to receive their permits. Applicants are able to appeal the denial of permits. The Firearm Purchaser ID card is also required to purchase handgun ammunition at dealers in the state. "Handgun ammunition" is interpreted as any caliber that can be used in a handgun, therefore some calibers that are typically used in rifles and shotguns require one to show a FPIC to purchase.

text: Forms required by municipalities[edit]

text: N.J.S.A 2C:58-3(f)[11]:

text: There shall be no conditions or requirements added to the form or content of the application, or required by the licensing authority for the issuance of a permit or identification card, other than those that are specifically set forth in this chapter.

text: Only two forms are required to obtain a FPIC or permit to purchase a handgun: the "Application for Firearms Purchaser Identification Card and/or Handgun Purchase Permit", STS-33, and "Consent For Mental Health Records Search", SP-66. Additionally, the Chief of Police for the Municipality or the Superintendent of State Police may require an applicant to be fingerprinted or complete a "Request for Criminal History Record Information", form SBI 212A. Fingerprinting is usually done at private facilities such as Morpho (Safran) and the SBI 212A form can be submitted online or on paper. The method of submission is determined by the local police department. Many police departments and the NJSP are moving toward online submission and phasing out the paper SBI 212A.

text: Some municipalities have required additional forms, photographs and other requirements such as notarization. These forms are not required for approval per NJSA 2C:58-3a. This has been affirmed by the Appellate Court in two cases, one against the City of Paterson by resident Jeremy Perez, and another against Jersey City by resident Michael McGovern where the court ruled against the cities in violation.[12][13][14]

text: Fees[edit]

text: Each FPIC application fee is $5 and each permit to purchase a handgun is $2. Fingerprinting is charged a fee by the private facility contracted by the state, approximately $50 to $60. The SBI 212A "Request for Criminal History Record Information" application fee is $18 if submitted on paper or $20 if submitted online. Each police department has its own policy with regard to which method they choose for background checks. Some may require fingerprinting for each application, but most only require it for the initial FPIC.

text: Capacities of semiautomatic handguns and rifles (total in magazine excluding chamber) are limited to 15 rounds.[15] Furthermore, beginning January 1, 2010, New Jersey limits handgun purchases to one per 30-day period. Upon completing a New Jersey State police form, an FID card holder may be granted permission to purchase more than one handgun a month by declaring good reason. Reasons may include: recreational shooting; the purposes of collectors; when it is required for certain employment; and when obtaining firearms as the beneficiary of a will.[16] The State application required for this increase, Form SP-015, specifically requires the make, model and serial number of each firearm to be transferred prior to the exemption, keeping the spirit of the purchasing limit safe from circumvention.[17]

text: Permits to carry and transport[edit]

text: Permit to carry a handgun[edit]

text: New Jersey "may issue" a Permit to Carry a Handgun to both residents and non-residents. One must submit an application to the chief law enforcement officer of one's municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police in areas where there is no local police department. Armored car employees are required to apply to the Superintendent of State Police. Non-residents may apply to the Superintendent of State Police. By statute, New Jersey is a "may-issue" permit system, in which authorities are allowed discretion in the approval and denial of applications. Additionally, training and range qualification is required, non politically connected or retired LEO will not be issued a permit. After a background check and review by the law enforcement agency, permit applications are forwarded to the Superior Court where they are approved or denied.[18]

text: Every applicant not applying as a law enforcement officer must demonstrate justifiable need in order to obtain a permit, by means of a letter detailing specific need attached to the application; this requirement applies to active and retired judges, prosecutors, public defenders, military personnel, and elected officials in addition to the general populace.[19] Justifiable need has been defined as, "urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun."[20] This standard gives Superior Court judges wide discretion in approving or denying permits. Many applicants have reported difficulty in obtaining New Jersey Permits to Carry, especially non-residents. Most people do not even bother to apply since denial is almost a certainty and any denial must be disclosed on subsequent applications for permits to purchase a firearm. Registered and licensed private security officers and private investigators encounter less difficulty, however their permits are usually heavily scrutinized and restricted to carry while on duty only. [21]

text: Retired law enforcement officers are eligible to obtain a permit to carry a handgun without specific justifiable need, pursuant to N.J.S.A 2C:39-6(l)[22]. These permits are administered by the Superintendent of State Police and not subject to judicial review unless the officer was denied and is appealing a denial.[23] Additionally, qualified retired law enforcement officers may carry under LEOSA, which allows retired and current law enforcement officers who qualify and meet certain criteria to carry concealed firearms. There is no requirement for qualified retired or separated officers to apply for the state permit when carrying under LEOSA (H.R. 218) since the federal law trumps state law. As of the end of 2013, there were 1,212 active Handgun Carry Permits in New Jersey, out of a population of nearly 9 million residents.[24]

text: Carry to exempted locations[edit]

text: There are a few exempted locations where one may carry and possess firearms. These locations are your home, place of business, premises or land possessed, or to a gunsmith for purposes of repair. Members of rifle or pistol clubs that submit their names to the state police annually are allowed to possess and transport their firearms to "a place of target practice." Those who are not members of a rifle or pistol club can carry their firearms to "an authorized target range." One may also carry firearms to the woods or fields or waters of the state for purposes of hunting or fishing. One must have a valid hunting or fishing license and the firearms must be appropriate for hunting or fishing to be covered under this exemption.

text: Interstate transportation of unloaded firearms[edit]

text: Interstate transportation is covered under the Safe Passage provision of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA), 18 USC § 926A, which states:

text: Notwithstanding any other provision of any law or any rule or regulation of a State or any political subdivision thereof, any person who is not otherwise prohibited by this chapter from transporting, shipping, or receiving a firearm shall be entitled to transport a firearm for any lawful purpose from any place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm to any other place where he may lawfully possess and carry such firearm if, during such transportation the firearm is unloaded, and neither the firearm nor any ammunition being transported is readily accessible or is directly accessible from the passenger compartment of such transporting vehicle: Provided, That in the case of a vehicle without a compartment separate from the driver’s compartment the firearm or ammunition shall be contained in a locked container other than the glove compartment or console.

text: However, the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey has found that this provision only applies to transporting a firearm in a vehicle, and that carrying a firearm in a locked container in checked luggage in an airport terminal to declare it to the airline constitutes unlawful possession and is not protected under the law. This decision was a direct result of a 2005 incident where Gregg C. Revell, a Utah Resident with a valid Utah Concealed Firearm Permit was traveling through Newark Airport en route to Allentown, Pennsylvania. Because of a missed flight, he was given his luggage, which included a properly checked firearm, and was forced to spend the night in a hotel in New Jersey. When he returned to the airport the following day to check his handgun for the last portion of the trip, he was arrested for illegal possession of a firearm. Revell lost his lawsuit after The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit held in Gregg C. Revell v. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, [222] held that "Section 926A does not apply to Revell because his firearm and ammunition were readily accessible to him during his stay in New Jersey." This opinion will apply to NJ airports. If you miss a flight or for any other reason your flight is interrupted and the airline tries to return you luggage that includes a checked firearm, you cannot take possession of the firearm if you are taking a later flight. The Association of New Jersey Rifle and Pistol Clubs (ANJRPC) later also sued the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which resulted in a similar decision.

text: Assault firearms and magazine capacity[edit]

text: Firearms classed as "assault firearms" but acquired before May 1, 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency. FFLs are also allowed to possess "assault firearms."

text: Assault firearm feature criteria[edit]

text: Under New Jersey law, a firearm is classified as an "assault firearm" if it meets the following criteria:[25]

text:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip
Bayonet mount
Flash suppressor, or threaded barrel designed to accommodate one
Grenade launcher mount

tag: ul

text:
Magazine that attaches outside the pistol grip
Threaded barrel to attach barrel extender, flash suppressor, handgrip, or suppressor
Barrel shroud safety feature that prevents burns to the operator
Unloaded weight of 50 oz (1.4 kg) or more
A semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm.

text:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip that protrudes conspicuously beneath the action of the weapon
A magazine capacity exceeding six rounds
An ability to accept a detachable magazine

text: Banned manufacturers, models, and types[edit]

text: The following manufacturers, models, and types are namingly banned:[26]

text:
Armalite AR-180 type
Australian Automatic Arms SAR
Avtomat Kalashnikov type semi-automatic firearms
Beretta AR-70 and BM59 semi-automatic firearms
Bushmaster Assault Rifle
Calico M-900 Assault carbine and M-900
CETME G3
Chartered Industries of Singapore SR-88 type
Colt AR-15 and CAR-15 series (Colt Match Target Rifle are allowed)
Daewoo K-1, K-2, Max 1 and Max 2, AR 100 types
Demro TAC-1 carbine type
Encom MP-9 and MP-45 carbine types
FAMAS MAS223 types
FN-FAL, FN-LAR, or FN-FNC type semi-automatic firearms
Franchi SPAS 12 and LAW 12 shotguns
G3SA type
Galil type Heckler and Koch HK91, HK93, HK94, MP5, PSG-1
Intratec TEC 9 and 22 semi-automatic firearms
M1 carbine type
M14S type (M1a's are allowed)
MAC 10, MAC 11, MAC 11-9mm carbine type firearms
PJK M-68 carbine type
Plainfield Machine Company Carbine
Ruger K-Mini-14/5F and Mini-14/5RF
SIG AMT, SIG 550SP, SIG 551SP, SIG PE-57 types
SKS with detachable magazine type
Spectre Auto carbine type
Springfield Armory BM59 and SAR-48 type
Sterling MK-6, MK-7 and SAR types
Steyr A.U.G. semi-automatic firearms
USAS 12 semi-automatic type shotgun
Uzi type semi-automatic firearms
Valmet M62, M71S, M76, or M78 type semi-automatic firearms
Weaver Arm Nighthawk

text: Magazine capacity[edit]

text: In New Jersey, it is illegal to possess any magazine that is capable of accepting more than 15 rounds for semi-automatic rifles/pistols and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns. Police officers may possess these magazines for both personal and official purposes. FFLs may also possess these magazines (N.J.S.A 2C:39-1(y)[27]).

text: Bump stock[edit]

text: In his final day in office in January 2018, Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie signed legislation making the gun accessory bump stock illegal.[28]

text: New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law[edit]

text: The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law is a 2002 state law that requires that all handguns sold in the state be smart guns once such guns are available.[29]


document_title: Shock (circulatory)

question_text: what is the common end result in all shock states

text: Shock (circulatory)

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: The presentation of shock is variable with some people having only minimal symptoms such as confusion and weakness.[6] While the general signs for all types of shock are low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and confusion, these may not always be present.[6] While a fast heart rate is common, those on β-blockers, those who are athletic and in 30% of cases of those with shock due to intra abdominal bleeding may have a normal or slow heart rate.[7] Specific subtypes of shock may have additional symptoms.

text: Low volume[edit]

text:
Hemorrhage classes[8]

Class
Blood loss
Response
Treatment

I
<15 %(0.75 l)
min. fast heart rate, normal blood pressure
minimal

II
15-30 %(0.75-1.5 l)
fast heart rate, min. low blood pressure
intravenous fluids

III
30-40 %(1.5-2 l)
very fast heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion
fluids and packed RBCs

IV
>40 %(>2 l)
critical blood pressure and heart rate
aggressive interventions

text: Hypovolemia is a direct loss of effective circulating blood volume leading to:

text:
A rapid, weak, thready pulse due to decreased blood flow combined with tachycardia
Cool, clammy skin due to vasoconstriction and stimulation of vasoconstriction
Rapid and shallow breathing due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation and acidosis
Hypothermia due to decreased perfusion and evaporation of sweat
Thirst and dry mouth, due to fluid depletion
Cold and mottled skin (Livedo reticularis), especially extremities, due to insufficient perfusion of the skin

text: The severity of hemorrhagic shock can be graded on a 1–4 scale on the physical signs. This approximates to the effective loss of blood volume.[citation needed] The shock index (heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure) is a stronger predictor of the impact of blood loss than heart rate and blood pressure alone.[4] This relationship has not been well established in pregnancy-related bleeding.[9]

text: Cardiogenic[edit]

text: Symptoms of cardiogenic shock include:

text:
Distended jugular veins due to increased jugular venous pressure
Weak or absent pulse
Abnormal heart rhythms, often a fast heart rate
Pulsus paradoxus in case of tamponade
Reduced blood pressure

text: Obstructive[edit]

text: Obstructive shock includes cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism and aortic stenosis

text: Distributive[edit]

text:
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome[10]

Finding
Value

Temperature
<36 °C (96.8 °F) or >38 °C (100.4 °F)

Heart rate
>90/min

Respiratory rate
>20/min or PaCO2<32 mmHg (4.3 kPa)

WBC
<4x109/L (<4000/mm³), >12x109/L (>12,000/mm³), or 10% bands

text: Distributive shock includes infectious, anaphylactic, endocrine (e.g., adrenal insufficiency), salicylate toxicity, and neurogenic causes. The SIRS features typically occur in early septic shock.[6]

text: Septic shock[edit]

text:
Systemic leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells[11]
Reduced contractility of the heart[11]
Activation of the coagulation pathways, resulting in disseminated intravascular coagulation[11]
Increased levels of neutrophils[11]

text: Main manifestations are produced due to massive release of histamine which causes intense dilation of the blood vessels. People with septic shock will also likely be positive for the SIRS criteria. The most generally accepted treatment for these patients is early recognition of symptoms, and early administration of broad spectrum and organism specific antibiotics.[12]

text: Cause[edit]

text: Shock is a common end point of many medical conditions.[13] It has been divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive.[14] A few additional classifications are occasionally used including: endocrinologic shock.[13]

text: Low volume[edit]

text: Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock and is caused by insufficient circulating volume.[6]  Its primary cause is haemorrhage (internal or external), or loss of fluid from the circulation. Vomiting and diarrhea are the most common cause in children.[13] Other causes include burns, environmental exposure, and excess urine loss due to diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetes insipidus.[13]

text: Cardiogenic[edit]

text: Cardiogenic shock is caused by the failure of the heart to pump effectively.[6] This can be due to damage to the heart muscle, most often from a large myocardial infarction. Other causes of cardiogenic shock include dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy/myocarditis, congestive heart failure (CHF), contusio cordis, or valvular heart disease problems.[13]

text: Obstructive[edit]

text: Obstructive shock is due to obstruction of blood flow outside of the heart.[6] Several conditions can result in this form of shock.

text:
Cardiac tamponade[13] in which fluid in the pericardium prevents inflow of blood into the heart (venous return). Constrictive pericarditis, in which the pericardium shrinks and hardens, is similar in presentation.
Tension pneumothorax[13] Through increased intrathoracic pressure, bloodflow to the heart is prevented (venous return).
Pulmonary embolism is the result of a thromboembolic incident in the blood vessels of the lungs and hinders the return of blood to the heart.
Aortic stenosis hinders circulation by obstructing the ventricular outflow tract
Hypertrophic sub-aortic stenosis is overly thick ventricular muscle dynamically occludes the ventricular outflow tract.

text: Distributive[edit]

text: Distributive shock is due to impaired utilization of oxygen and thus production of energy by the cell.[6] Examples of this form of shock are:

text:
Septic shock is the most common cause of distributive shock.[13] Caused by an overwhelming systemic infection resulting in vasodilation leading to hypotension. Septic shock can be caused by Gram negative bacteria such as (among others) Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Klebsiella pneumoniae which have an endotoxin on their surface which produces adverse biochemical, immunological and occasionally neurological effects which are harmful to the body, and other Gram-positive cocci, such as pneumococci and streptococci, and certain fungi as well as Gram-positive bacterial toxins. Septic shock also includes some elements of cardiogenic shock. In 1992, the ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee defined septic shock: ". . .sepsis-induced hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg or a reduction of 40 mmHg from baseline) despite adequate fluid resuscitation along with the presence of perfusion abnormalities that may include, but are not limited to, lactic acidosis, oliguria, or an acute alteration in mental status. Patients who are receiving inotropic or vasopressor agents may have a normalized blood pressure at the time that perfusion abnormalities are identified."
Anaphylactic shock is caused by a severe anaphylactic reaction to an allergen, antigen, drug or foreign protein causing the release of histamine which causes widespread vasodilation, leading to hypotension and increased capillary permeability.
High spinal injuries may cause neurogenic shock.[15] The classic symptoms include a slow heartrate due to loss of cardiac sympathetic tone and warm skin due to dilation of the peripheral blood vessels.[15] (This term can be confused with spinal shock which is a recoverable loss of function of the spinal cord after injury and does not refer to the haemodynamic instability per se.)

text: Endocrine[edit]

text: Based on endocrine disturbances such as:

text:
Hypothyroidism (can be considered a form of cardiogenic shock) in people who are critically ill patients, reduces cardiac output and can lead to hypotension and respiratory insufficiency.
Thyrotoxicosis (cardiogenic shock) may induce a reversible cardiomyopathy.
Acute adrenal insufficiency (distributive shock) is frequently the result of discontinuing corticosteroid treatment without tapering the dosage. However, surgery and intercurrent disease in patients on corticosteroid therapy without adjusting the dosage to accommodate for increased requirements may also result in this condition.
Relative adrenal insufficiency (distributive shock) in critically ill patients where present hormone levels are insufficient to meet the higher demands

text: Pathophysiology[edit]

text: There are four stages of shock. As it is a complex and continuous condition there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next.[16] At a cellular level, shock is the process of oxygen demand becoming greater than oxygen supply.[6]

text: One of the key dangers of shock is that it progresses by a positive feedback mechanism. Poor blood supply leads to cellular damage, which results in an inflammatory response to increase blood flow to the affected area. This is normally very useful to match up blood supply level with tissue demand for nutrients. However, if enough tissue causes this, it will deprive vital nutrients from other parts of the body. Additionally, the ability of the circulatory system to meet this increase in demand causes saturation, and this is a major result, of which other parts of the body begin to respond in a similar way; thus, exacerbating the problem. Due to this chain of events, immediate treatment of shock is critical for survival.[5]

text: Initial[edit]

text: During this stage, the state of hypoperfusion causes hypoxia. Due to the lack of oxygen, the cells perform lactic acid fermentation. Since oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, is not abundant, this slows down entry of pyruvate into the Krebs cycle, resulting in its accumulation. Accumulating pyruvate is converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase and hence lactate accumulates (causing lactic acidosis).

text: Compensatory[edit]

text: This stage is characterised by the body employing physiological mechanisms, including neural, hormonal and bio-chemical mechanisms in an attempt to reverse the condition.  As a result of the acidosis, the person will begin to hyperventilate in order to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO2).  CO2 indirectly acts to acidify the blood and by removing it the body is attempting to raise the pH of the blood.  The baroreceptors in the arteries detect the resulting hypotension, and cause the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine causes predominately vasoconstriction with a mild increase in heart rate, whereas epinephrine predominately causes an increase in heart rate with a small effect on the vascular tone; the combined effect results in an increase in blood pressure. The renin–angiotensin axis is activated, and arginine vasopressin (Anti-diuretic hormone; ADH) is released to conserve fluid via the kidneys.  These hormones cause the vasoconstriction of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs to divert blood to the heart, lungs and brain.  The lack of blood to the renal system causes the characteristic low urine production. However the effects of the renin–angiotensin axis take time and are of little importance to the immediate homeostatic mediation of shock.[citation needed]

text: Progressive[edit]

text: Should the cause of the crisis not be successfully treated, the shock will proceed to the progressive stage and the compensatory mechanisms begin to fail.  Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells, sodium ions build up within while potassium ions leak out. As anaerobic metabolism continues, increasing the body's metabolic acidosis, the arteriolar smooth muscle and precapillary sphincters relax such that blood remains in the capillaries.[11]  Due to this, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and, combined with histamine release, this will lead to leakage of fluid and protein into the surrounding tissues.  As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and viscosity increase, causing sludging of the micro-circulation. The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to reduced perfusion.[11]  If the bowel becomes sufficiently ischemic, bacteria may enter the blood stream, resulting in the increased complication of endotoxic shock.[5][11]

text: Refractory[edit]

text: At this stage, the vital organs have failed and the shock can no longer be reversed. Brain damage and cell death are occurring, and death will occur imminently.  One of the primary reasons that shock is irreversible at this point is that much cellular ATP has been degraded into adenosine in the absence of oxygen as an electron receptor in the mitochondrial matrix.  Adenosine easily perfuses out of cellular membranes into extracellular fluid, furthering capillary vasodilation, and then is transformed into uric acid.  Because cells can only produce adenosine at a rate of about 2% of the cell's total need per hour, even restoring oxygen is futile at this point because there is no adenosine to phosphorylate into ATP.[5]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: The first change seen in shock is an increased cardiac output followed by a decrease in mixed venous oxygen saturation (SmvO2) as measured in the pulmonary artery via a pulmonary artery catheter. Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) as measured via a central line correlates well with SmvO2 and are easier to acquire. If shock progresses anaerobic metabolism will begin to occur with an increased blood lactic acid as the result. While many laboratory tests are typically performed there is no test that either makes or excludes the diagnosis. A chest X-ray or emergency department ultrasound may be useful to determine volume state.[6][7]

text: Management[edit]

text: The best evidence exists for the treatment of septic shock in adults and as the pathophysiology appears similar in children and other types of shock treatment this has been extrapolated to these areas.[13] Management may include securing the airway via intubation if necessary to decrease the work of breathing and for guarding against respiratory arrest.  Oxygen supplementation, intravenous fluids, passive leg raising (not Trendelenburg position) should be started and blood transfusions added if blood loss is severe.[6] It is important to keep the person warm as well as adequately manage pain and anxiety as these can increase oxygen consumption.[6]

text: Fluids[edit]

text: Aggressive intravenous fluids are recommended in most types of shock (e.g. 1–2 liter normal saline bolus over 10 minutes or 20 ml/kg in a child) which is usually instituted as the person is being further evaluated.[17] Which intravenous fluid is superior, colloids or crystalloids, remains undetermined.[6] Thus as crystalloids are less expensive they are recommended.[18] If the person remains in shock after initial resuscitation packed red blood cells should be administered to keep the hemoglobin greater than 100 g/l.[6]

text: For those with haemorrhagic shock the current evidence supports limiting the use of fluids for penetrating thorax and abdominal injuries allowing mild hypotension to persist (known as permissive hypotension).[19] Targets include a mean arterial pressure of 60 mmHg, a systolic blood pressure of 70–90 mmHg,[6][20] or until their adequate mentation and peripheral pulses.[20] Hypertonic fluid may also be an option in this group.[21]

text: Medications[edit]

text: Vasopressors may be used if blood pressure does not improve with fluids. There is no evidence of substantial superiority of one vasopressor over another; however, using dopamine leads to an increased risk of arrythmia when compared with norepinephrine.[22] Vasopressors have not been found to improve outcomes when used for hemorrhagic shock from trauma[23] but may be of use in neurogenic shock.[15] Activated protein C (Xigris) while once aggressively promoted for the management of septic shock has been found not to improve survival and is associated with a number of complications.[24] Xigris was withdrawn from the market in 2011, and clinical trials were discontinued.[24] The use of sodium bicarbonate is controversial as it has not been shown to improve outcomes.[25] If used at all it should only be considered if the pH is less than 7.0.[25]

text: Mechanical support[edit]

text:
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)
Ventricular assist device (VAD)
Artificial heart (TAH)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

text: Treatment goals[edit]

text: The goal of treatment is to achieve a urine output of greater than 0.5 ml/kg/h, a central venous pressure of 8–12 mmHg and a mean arterial pressure of 65–95 mmHg. In trauma the goal is to stop the bleeding which in many cases requires surgical interventions.

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Haemorrhagic shock occurs in about 1–2% of trauma cases.[20] Up to one-third of people admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are in circulatory shock.[26] Of these, cardiogenic shock accounts for approximately 20%, hypovolemic about 20%, and septic shock about 60% of cases.[27]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: The prognosis of shock depends on the underlying cause and the nature and extent of concurrent problems. Hypovolemic, anaphylactic and neurogenic shock are readily treatable and respond well to medical therapy. Septic shock however, is a grave condition with a mortality rate between 30% and 50%. The prognosis of cardiogenic shock is even worse with a mortality rate between 70% and 90%.[28]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1972 Hinshaw and Cox suggested the classification system for shock which is still used today.[28]


document_title: Fault block

question_text: mountain ranges can uplift on these types of faults

text: Fault block

text: Fault-block mountains[edit]

text: Fault-block mountains often result from rifting, another indicator of tensional tectonic forces. These can be small or form extensive rift valley systems, such as the East African Rift zone. Death Valley in California is a smaller example. There are two types of block mountains; lifted and sloped.

text: Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the horst and graben terrain seen in northern Europe, including the Upper Rhine valley, a graben between two horsts, the Vosges mountains (in France) and Black Forest (in Germany). Another graben is the basin of the Narmada River in India, between the Vindhya and Satpura horsts.

text: Tilted type block mountains have one gently sloping side and one steep side with an exposed scarp, and are common in the Basin and Range region of the western United States.


document_title: The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)

question_text: who said ours is not to question why

question_tokens: who said ours is not to question why

text: The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)

text: History[edit]

text: Composition[edit]

text: During the 1850s, when Great Britain was engaged in the Crimean War, Tennyson wrote several patriotic poems under various pseudonyms. Scholars speculate that Tennyson created his pen names because these verses used a traditional structure Tennyson employed in his earlier career but suppressed during the 1840s,[1] worrying that poems like "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (which he initially signed only A.T.) "might prove not to be decorous for a poet laureate".[2]

text: The poem was written after the Light Cavalry Brigade suffered great casualties in the Battle of Balaclava. Tennyson wrote the poem based on two articles published in The Times: the first, published in November, 1854, provided the phrase "Some one has blunder'd" and thus the meter of the poem.[3] The poem was written in a few minutes on December 2 of the same year, based on a recollection of that account;[4] Tennyson wrote other similar poems, like "Riflemen, form in town and in Shrine" in a similar manner.[5]

text: Later versions[edit]

text: Tennyson made revisions to the poem due to criticisms by the American poet Frederick Goddard Tuckerman and others;[6] these were published in Tennyson's volume Maud and Other Poems. These changes were criticized by several, including both Tennyson and Tuckerman.

text: Tennyson sent a version of the poem, after correcting the revisions in Maud, at the soldiers' request.[7] There, it was distributed in pamphlet form at the behest of Jane, Lady Franklin.[8] The same version was used for the second printing of Maud.[7]

text: Tennyson recited this poem onto a wax cylinder in 1890.

text: Kipling's postscript[edit]

text: Rudyard Kipling wrote "The Last of the Light Brigade" (1891) some 40 years after the appearance of "The Charge of the Light Brigade". His poem focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade. Its purpose was to shame the British public into offering financial assistance.[9]

text: Later references[edit]

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)

text:
The poem is referenced in Eugene V. Debs' Canton Speech (1918).
The film The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) features a quote from the poem, when United States Navy Commander Shears remarks on the guts of Colonel Nicholson, who stands to face the possibility of death for refusing that his officers participate in manual labor.
At the beginning of the horror film Burnt Offerings (1976), patriarch Ben prophetically foreshadows his family's destruction by paraphrasing, "Forward into the Valley of Death rode the six hundred."  He says this for no apparent reason as his family first enters an isolated mansion in the country they intend to rent; none of them realize that the mansion is evil and requires periodic human sacrifice to renovate itself.
In the 1985 film Clue, Tim Curry states he is quoting Sir Alfred Lloyd Tennyson when he says "Ours is not to question why, ours is to do and die."
In the 1985 film The Falcon and the Snowman, protagonist Chris Boyce recites several lines of the poem in response to insistent prompting by his father.
In 1990, a Season 1 episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air entitled, "Def Poet's Society", features a poem based on The Charge of the Light Brigade. The sitcom's character, Geoffrey, impersonating a fictional famous poet named Raphael DeLaGhetto, recites a paraphrased version of the poem. Notably, he quotes, "CANNONS, TO THE LEFT OF THEM. CANNONS, TO THE RIGHT OF THEM. VOLLEYED AND THUNDERED".
In "Sacrifice of Angels", (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Season 6 Episode 6, 1997), as the USS Defiant and a Federation fleet are about to go into battle against a much larger enemy force, Miles O'Brien and Julian Bashir recite lines from the poem until Nog asks them to stop. Later in the episode Elim Garak asks how that poem ends, to be told by O'Brien "You don't want to know."[10]
In the film Saving Private Ryan (1998), Private Reiben asks why eight men are sent to save one. Corporal Timothy E. Upham replies with a quote from the poem, "Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die". Captain Miller responds that it is about their "duty as soldiers" to follow their orders, which supersedes everything, including their mothers, even if they think the mission is doomed to failure. Captain Miller shows his acquaintance with Emerson's works too. These foreshadow the later revelation that Captain Miller taught English composition at Thomas Alva Edison High School for eleven years before the war.
Jean Johnson's military sci-fi book series, Theirs Not To Reason Why, and the first book, A Soldier's Duty, were nominated for the Philip K. Dick Award in 2011.[11]
In a response to the near destruction of Taffy 3 at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the padding in Admiral Nimitz's inquiry about Halsey's Battleship Task Force, "Where is TF 34?" was "The world wonders." Some speculate that it is a reference to the poem and a comment on the heroic but near suicidal charge of the three destroyers, four destroyer escorts, and lightly armed bombers and fighters of Taffy 3 against the Japanese Centre Force, made up of battleships, including the Yamato, heavy cruisers, light cruisers, and 11 destroyers.[12]
The poem inspired the Iron Maiden song "The Trooper" (1983).[13]
The character Dr. Reed Akley on Manhattan recites three lines of the poem, in Episode 12.[14]
The TV show Top Gear referenced the poem and its origins in series 21, episode 3, during a trip through Ukraine. When stopping at a spot near the battlefield, the team commented on the event and Richard Hammond quoted Tennyson's poem.[15]
Lamb Of God reference the poem in their 2009 album Wrath. In the song 'Contractor' the poem is paraphrased in the lines: "Ours is not to reason why; Ours is but to do if the pay rate's right." Making reference to a private military company involved in the Iraq War.
In the film The Blind Side (2009) Michael Oher doesn't know what to write about in his final English essay. His adoptive father quotes the first two stanzas and explains them using a football analogy.[16]
It is referenced in "The Light Brigade" (1996) episode of The Outer Limits television series.[citation needed]
The poem is referenced in the closing lyrics of KMFDM's song "Professional Killer" from their 2005 album Hau Ruck.[citation needed]
It is referenced in the 2016 Johnny Flynn song "Heart Sunk Hank" on the album Sillion. The lyric in the first verse says, "'Ours is but to do and die', said Alfred to the Charging Light".[citation needed]
Charge of the Light Brigade is the title of a card in Yu-Gi-Oh! trading card game and related media.[citation needed]
"Ours is not to reason why; Ours is but to do or die," is a line referenced in Season 1, Episode 3 of Netflix's The Punisher series (based on the eponymous Marvel comics character).[citation needed]
The poem inspired the rock group Höffmänn in the song "Half A League" (2017).[17]