document_title: Oryx and Crake

question_text: who are the crakers in oryx and crake

question_tokens: who are the crakers in oryx and crake

text: Oryx and Crake

text: Plot[edit]

text: The novel focuses on a post-apocalyptic character with the name of Snowman, living near a group of primitive human-like creatures whom he calls Crakers. Flashbacks reveal that Snowman was once a boy named Jimmy who grew up in a world dominated by multinational corporations and privileged compounds for the families of their employees. Near starvation, Snowman decides to return to the ruins of a compound named RejoovenEsence to search for supplies even though it is overrun by dangerous genetically engineered hybrid animals. He concocts an explanation for the Crakers, who regard him as a teacher, and begins his foraging expedition.

text: In Snowman's recollection of past events, Jimmy's family moves to the HelthWyzer compound, where his father works as a genographer. Jimmy meets and befriends a brilliant science student named Glenn. Jimmy begins to refer to him as Crake when he uses that name in an online trivia game called Extinctathon. Jimmy and Crake spend much of their leisure time playing online games, smoking "skunkweed" and watching underground videos such as live executions, graphic surgery, Noodie News, frog squashing and child pornography.[6][7][8] During one of their child pornography viewings, Jimmy is very much lovestruck by the gazing eyes of a young Asian girl seen in the porn.

text: After high school, Crake attends the highly respected Watson-Crick Institute, where he studies advanced bioengineering, but Jimmy ends up at the loathed Martha Graham Academy, where students study humanities, only valued for their propaganda applications. Jimmy gets a job writing ad copy, while Crake becomes a bioengineer at RejoovenEsence. Crake uses his prominent position to create the Crakers, peaceful, gentle, herbivorous humanoids who have sexual intercourse only during limited polyandrous breeding seasons. His stated purpose for the Crakers, actually a deliberate deception, is to create "floor models" of all the possible options a family could choose in the genetic manipulation of their future children. Crake's bio-engineering team consists of the most expert players gathered from the online Extinctathon community.

text: Crake tells Jimmy about another very important project, a Viagra-like super-pill called BlyssPluss, which also promises health and happiness, but secretly has other major and ultimately fatal effects. Crake officially hires Jimmy to help market it. At the Rejoov compound, Jimmy eventually sees a human in the Craker habitat and recognizes her as the girl from the pornographic video. Unaware of Jimmy's obsession with her, Crake explains that her name is Oryx and that he has hired her as a prostitute for himself and a teacher for the Crakers. Oryx notices Jimmy's feelings for her and makes herself sexually available to him. As their relationship progresses, Jimmy becomes increasingly fearful that Crake has found out about it. He also makes a promise to both Oryx and Crake that he will look after the Crakers if anything happens to them.

text: After Crake's wonder drug BlyssPluss is widely distributed, a global pandemic, deliberately caused by it, breaks out and begins wiping out the human race and causing mass chaos outside of the protected Rejoov compound. Realizing that this was planned by Crake all along, and sensing that something dangerous is happening regarding Crake and Oryx,  Jimmy grabs a gun to confront Crake, who is returning with Oryx from outside the compound and needs Jimmy to let them in. Crake presents himself to Jimmy with his arm around an injured and silent Oryx, saying that he and Jimmy are immune to the virus. Jimmy lets them in, whereupon Crake looks directly into Jimmy's eyes and with the words "I'm counting on you," he slits Oryx's throat with his jackknife. Jimmy then immediately shoots Crake dead.

text: During Snowman's journey to scavenge supplies, he cuts his foot on a sliver of glass and becomes infected. He returns to the Crakers' camp and learns that three ragged true humans are camping nearby. Snowman follows the smoke to their fire and surreptitiously sees two dangerous looking men and a woman. Unsure of whether to befriend them or shoot them, Snowman checks his broken watch, thinks "Time to go" and makes up his mind.

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Snowman, whose original name is Jimmy, is the main protagonist; the story is told from his perspective. The name "Snowman" is short for "abominable Snowman", a reference to the Yeti, a mythical ape-like creature of the Himalaya. For the online-game Extinctathon, Jimmy temporarily also has the animal code name "Thickney" (bush thick-knee or bush stone-curlew, Burhinus grallarius), which Crake chooses for Jimmy from an Australian bird known for inhabiting cemeteries (p. 81).
Crake, whose original name is Glenn, is Jimmy's childhood friend; an excellent student in high school, he becomes a brilliant geneticist and eventual mad scientist. He devises a plan to rid the earth of Homo sapiens and replace this destructive, poorly designed species with a more peaceful and environmentally friendly version. His player-name in  Extinctathon is from the red-necked crake, a small Australian bird. In Robin Elliott's essay on Atwood, he explains the parallels between Glenn and the famous pianist Glenn Gould: the novel states that Glenn is named after a famous pianist, and Atwood has explained that Glenn, like the pianist, has Asperger syndrome.[9][10]
Oryx is a mysterious woman, recognized by Jimmy and Crake as the waif-like girl from a child pornography site. Crake hires her for sexual services and as a teacher to the Crakers, but she  secretly becomes Jimmy's lover as well. After the catastrophe, her memory continues to haunt Snowman. Her name is from the oryx, an African antelope: "It's not even her real name, which he'd never known anyway; it's only a word. It's a mantra" (p. 110).  She is described as likely originating from the South or South-East Asian region.
Sharon is Jimmy's mother. She once worked at OrganInc like her husband, but stopped due to an untreated nervous breakdown related to her opposition to the bio-corporations' business. She is depressed and often fights with Jimmy's father. Jimmy vies for his mother's attention, but she spends much of her time sitting in her bathrobe and smoking. Eventually, Sharon runs away from the HelthWyzer compound, abandoning her son and taking his treasured genetically engineered pet rakunk named "Killer." She takes up with various underground opposition groups, and is hunted by the deadly CorpSeCorps corporate security services. Jimmy is haunted by his mother's absence, and is visited often by CorpSeCorps inspectors attempting to track her whereabouts.
Jimmy's father, unnamed in the book, works first for OrganInc and later for HelthWyzer as a scientist. He is heavily involved in the development of pigoons. He is more pragmatic about the morality of genetic splicing than his wife. After Jimmy's mother deserts the compound, he pursues a relationship with his laboratory technician, Ramona, and they eventually marry.
Ramona is one of Jimmy's father's lab technicians at OrganInc. Ramona, Jimmy, and Jimmy's father frequently go out to eat together. When Jimmy's father leaves OrganInc to accept a new position at HelthWyzer, Ramona makes the move with him. After Jimmy's mother's mysterious departure, Ramona moves in and takes on a motherly role in Jimmy's life.

text: Beginnings[edit]

text: Margaret Atwood started writing the novel much earlier than she expected, while still on a book tour for her previous novel, The Blind Assassin. In March 2001, Atwood found herself in the Northern region of Australia, birdwatching with her partner during a break from the book tour. Here, while watching the red-necked crakes in their natural habitat, she was struck with inspiration for the story. However, Atwood explained that the work was also a product of her lingering thoughts on such a scenario throughout her life, as well as spending a great amount of time with scientists throughout her childhood. She stated

text: Several of my close relatives are scientists, and the main topic at the annual family Christmas dinner is likely to be intestinal parasites or sex hormones in mice, or, when that makes the non-scientists too queasy, the nature of the Universe.[11]

text: Atwood continued to write the novel through the summer of 2001 while visiting the Arctic North, witnessing global warming's effect on the region. However, shaken by the September 11 attacks, she stopped writing for a few weeks in the autumn, saying, "It's deeply unsettling when you're writing about a fictional catastrophe and then a real one happens".[11] However, with the looming questions of the end, Atwood finished the novel for release in 2003. These questions in Oryx and Crake, Atwood explained, are "simply, What if we continue down the road we're already on? How slippery is the slope? What are our saving graces? Who's got the will to stop us?"[11]

text: Allusions and references[edit]

text: To other works[edit]

text: The cover of some editions contains a portion of the left panel of Hieronymous Bosch's painting The Garden of Earthly Delights.  The cover of other editions contains a modified portion of Lucas Cranach the Elder's painting The Fall.

text: In the first chapter, Snowman utters a reference from Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five:

text: "It is the strict adherence to daily routine that tends towards the maintenance of good morale and the preservation of sanity," he says out loud. He has the feeling he's quoting from a book, some obsolete, ponderous directive written in aid of European colonials running plantations of one kind or another.

text: One of Snowman's musings, "Now I'm alone [...] All, all alone. Alone on a wide, wide sea"[12] is an allusion to part four of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner.[13]

text: In chapter 5 (sub section Bottle) is "Out, out, brief candle" from Shakespeare's Macbeth.

text: Crake finds as Hamlet does, that his father was probably killed by his mother and step father. Like Hamlet he plots to avenge him.

text: To popular culture[edit]

text: In "Margaret Atwood, Transhumanism, and the Singularity", Sobriquet Magazine identified several possible pop cultural references in Oryx and Crake:

text: the world Atwood imagines in Oryx and Crake is hardly that far-fetched, especially online. The exhibitionistic website At Home With Anna K, for instance, is almost certainly a reference to Ana Voog's AnaCam and the lifecasting movement pioneered by Jennifer Ringley and her now-defunct JenniCam website. Likewise, many of the other fictional websites Jimmy and Crake visit in the novel have real-life analogues: Felicia's Frog Squash is essentially a crush porn portal, the premise of dirtysockpuppets.com recalls ITV's Spitting Image programme, Queek Geek sounds an awful lot like Fear Factor, and the concept of watching assisted suicides on nitee-nite.com was actualized in our world when Craig Ewert allowed his death in Switzerland to be documented by Sky TV for their controversial Right to Die documentary. Even the seemingly far-fetched idea of broadcasting live executions (which Jimmy and Crake watch on shortcircuit.com, brainfrizz.com, and deathrowlive.com) has already been discussed, with a high percentage of the U.S. population receptive to the concept.[14]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The book received mostly favourable reviews in the press. The Globe and Mail, Maclean's, and the Toronto Star ranked the novel high among Atwood's works and Helen Brown, for the Daily Telegraph, wrote "The bioengineered apocalypse she imagines is impeccably researched and sickeningly possible: a direct consequence of short-term science outstripping long-term responsibility. And just like the post-nuclear totalitarian vision of The Handmaid's Tale, this story is set in a society readers will recognise as only a few steps ahead of our own."[15] For The New Yorker, Lorrie Moore called the novel "towering and intrepid". Moore wrote, "Tonally, 'Oryx and Crake' is a roller-coaster ride. The book proceeds from terrifying grimness, through lonely mournfulness, until, midway, a morbid silliness begins sporadically to assert itself, like someone, exhausted by bad news, hysterically succumbing to giggles at a funeral."[16] Joyce Carol Oates noted that the novel is "more ambitious and darkly prophetic" than The Handmaid's Tale. Oates called the work an "ambitiously concerned, skillfully executed performance".[17]

text: Joan Smith, writing for The Observer, faulted the novel's uneven construction and lack of emotional depth. She concluded: "In the end, Oryx and Crake is a parable, an imaginative text for the anti-globalisation movement that does not quite work as a novel."[18]

text: In a review of The Year of the Flood, Ursula K. Le Guin defended the novel against criticism of its characters by suggesting the novel experiments with components of morality plays.[19]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The Year of the Flood was released on 7 September 2009 in the United Kingdom, and 22 September 2009 in Canada and the United States. Though chronicling a different set of characters, the follow-up expands upon and clarifies the relationships of Crake with Oryx and Jimmy with his high school girlfriend Ren. Glenn makes a brief appearance. It also identifies the three characters introduced at the end of the original, and finishes the cliffhanger ending.

text: The third book in the series, MaddAddam, was published in August 2013.[20]

text: TV adaptation[edit]

text: Darren Aronofsky's company Protozoa Pictures were developing a television adaptation of the entire trilogy, under the working title MaddAddam.  Aronofsky is to serve as executive producer and possibly director, with the script written by playwright Eliza Clark.[3][21]

text: The project was formerly being developed for HBO; in 2016 Aronofsky said that the network was no longer attached, but confirmed that the scripts were written and the project was still underway.[21]

text: In January 2018, Paramount Television and Anonymous Content announced they won the bidding war for rights to Atwood's MaddAddam book trilogy and plan to bring the series to cable or a video on demand. A network has not yet agreed to carry the series.[22]


document_title: Father Knows Best

question_text: who was the dad in father knows best

question_tokens: who was the dad in father knows best

root

text: Father Knows Best

text: Radio[edit]

text: The series began August 25, 1949, on NBC Radio. Set in the Midwest, it starred Robert Young as the General Insurance agent Jim Anderson. His wife Margaret was first portrayed by June Whitley and later by Jean Vander Pyl. The Anderson children were Betty (Rhoda Williams), Bud (Ted Donaldson), and Kathy (Norma Jean Nilsson). Others in the cast were Eleanor Audley, Herb Vigran, and Sam Edwards. Sponsored through most of its run by General Foods, the series was heard Thursday evenings on NBC until March 25, 1954.

tag: p

text: On the radio program, the character of Jim differs from the later television character. The radio Jim is far more sarcastic and shows he really rules over his family. Jim also calls his children names, something common on radio but lost in the TV series. For example, Jim says, "What a bunch of stupid children I have." Margaret is portrayed as a paragon of solid reason and patience, unless the plot calls for her to act a bit off; for example, in a Halloween episode, Margaret cannot understand how a table floats in the air. But that is a rare exception.

text: Betty, on radio, is portrayed as a status-seeking, boy-crazy teenage girl. To her, every little thing is "the worst thing that could ever happen." Bud, on radio, is portrayed as an "all-American" boy who always seems to need "just a bit more" money, though he gets $1.25 (around $12.00 in 2013) per week in allowance. Bud is in charge of always having to answer the phone, which he hates. He is also shown as a somewhat dim boy who takes everything literally; for example, Jim might say, "Go jump in the lake," to which Bud would reply, "Okay, Dad; which lake should I go jump into?" He also uses the phrase "Holy Cow" to express displeasure. On radio, Kathy often is portrayed as a source of irritation. She whines, cries and complains about her status in the family as being overlooked. She often is the source of money to her brother and sister, although she is in hock several years on her own allowance.

text: In an interview published in the magazine Films of the Golden Age (Fall 2015), Young revealed about the radio program: "I never quite liked it because it had to have laughs. And I wanted a warm relationship show.... When we moved to TV I suggested an entirely new cast and different perspective."[2]

text: Television series[edit]

text: The May 27, 1954, episode of The Ford Television Theatre show was called "Keep It in the Family." This 26-minute episode stars Robert Young as Jim Warren, head of the Warren Family. With him was wife Grace (Ellen Drew), older daughter Peggy (Sally Fraser), younger daughter Patty (Tina Thompson), and son Jeff (Gordon Gebert). Developed by Young and his partner Eugene Rodney, it was intended as a pilot for a Father Knows Best television series.[3] In the episode Peggy dreams of making it as an actress, but a talent scout who has raised her hopes just wants people for his acting school.

text: Only Robert Young remained of the radio cast when the series moved to CBS Television:

text:
James "Jim" Anderson Sr.: Robert Young
Margaret Anderson: Jane Wyatt
Betty "Princess" Anderson: Elinor Donahue
James "Bud" Anderson Jr.: Billy Gray
Kathy "Kitten" Anderson: Lauren Chapin

tag: ul

text: The series premiered October 3, 1954, on CBS where it aired Sundays at 10:00 pm (EST). Originally sponsored by Lorillard's Kent cigarettes in its first season, Scott Paper Company became the primary sponsor when in the fall of 1955 the series moved to NBC, where it aired Wednesdays at 8:30 pm (EST) for the next three seasons. Scott Paper remained as sponsor even after it moved in September 1958 back to CBS, where it aired Mondays at 8:30 pm (EST) for the last two seasons, with Lever Brothers as an alternate sponsor from 1957 through 1960. A total of 203 episodes were produced, running until September 17, 1960, and appearing on all three of the television networks of the time, including prime-time repeats from September 1960 through April 1963.

text: As before, the character of Margaret was portrayed as a "voice of reason," but Jim's character was softened to that of a thoughtful father who offered sage advice whenever one (or more) of his children had a problem. Jim was a salesman and manager of the General Insurance Company in Springfield, while Margaret was a housewife. One history of the series characterized the Andersons as "truly an idealized family, the sort that viewers could relate to and emulate."[4] As the two eldest children aged from teen-ager to young adult, Betty (1956) and Bud (1959) graduated from high school and attended Springfield Junior College.

text: Other actors had recurring roles on Father Knows Best. Vivi Janiss played the part of Myrtle Davis in eleven sporadic episodes from 1954 to 1959.

text: Father Knows Best had become so ingrained in American pop culture as its idyllic presentation of family life that in 1959, the U.S. Treasury Department commissioned a special 30-minute episode of the show called "24 Hours in Tyrant Land."[4] Never aired on television, the episode—distributed to schools, churches and civic groups—promoted the buying of savings bonds.[4] The episode was later included in the Season One DVD.

text: Young left the series in 1960 at the height of the show's popularity to work on other projects, but reruns continued to air in prime time for another three years, on CBS from 1960 to 1962 and on ABC from 1962 to 1963. Following that, reruns were shown on ABC-TV in the early afternoon for several years.

text: On November 22, 1963, the third-season episode "Man About Town" was being rerun on several ABC affiliates, mostly in the Mountain Time Zone (WABC-TV in New York was airing a local repeat of The Ann Sothern Show), when at 1:42 PM EST, ABC News broke into the program with the first bulletin of the assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas, Texas.

text: The facade of the Anderson House depicted in the series' opening credits is the same structure used as Mr. George Wilson's home in the television series Dennis the Menace and again, in remodeled form, as Captain/Major Anthony Nelson's residence in I Dream of Jeannie.  This reuse of the house is identified both under "Production notes" in Wikipedia's entry on Dennis the Menace and under "Setting" in Wikipedia's entry relating to I Dream of Jeannie.  Originally built in 1941 during the production of a series of Blondie movies, this theatrical property continued to serve for many more years as part of the backlot of Columbia Pictures (now Warner Brothers Ranch in Burbank, California). The house can also be seen in both its familiar Father Knows Best style and later renovated variations in episodes of Hazel, Bewitched, The Monkees, The Partridge Family and in numerous other television comedies and dramas.

text: 1977 reunion movies[edit]

text: The TV cast reunited for a pair of TV movies on NBC: Father Knows Best Reunion on May 15, 1977 and Father Knows Best: Home for Christmas on December 18, 1977. In the 17 years since the series ended, the characters of Betty and Bud had both gotten married and had families of their own. Betty was the widowed mother of two girls, Jenny (Cari Anne Warder) and Ellen (Kyle Richards), while Bud and his wife, Jean (Susan Adams) were the parents of a son, Robert "Robby" (Christopher Gardner). Kathy, meanwhile, had become engaged to a doctor, Jason Harper (played by Hal England).[5]

text: Home video releases[edit]

text: Shout! Factory has released all six seasons of Father Knows Best on DVD in Region 1.  Season 5 and 6 were released as Shout! Select titles, available exclusively through their online store. Season 5 was re-released on April 11, 2017.[6]  Season 6 was re-released on July 18, 2017.[7]

text: In Region 4, Madman Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia.[8][9]

text:
DVD Name

Ep#

Release Date

Season One

26

April 1, 2008

Season Two

37

November 11, 2008

Season Three

37

June 9, 2009

Season Four

33

March 23, 2010

Season Five

38

August 17, 2010♦April 11, 2017 (re-release)

Season Six

32

April 19, 2011♦July 18, 2017 (re-release)

tag: table

text: ♦ – Shout! Factory Exclusives title, sold exclusively through Shout's online store

text: Homages[edit]

text: In a September 2010 episode of the CBS daytime television series The Young and the Restless, newlyweds Billy and Victoria Abbott (portrayed by Billy Miller and Amelia Heinle, respectively) buy a house that's a replica of the Anderson house. They watch Father Knows Best on DVD and often call each other "Jim" and "Margaret." At her wedding, which takes place in the house, Victoria chooses a 1950s-style white dress. Judge Anderson, the minister who marries the couple, was played by Donahue.

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The series finished in the Nielsen ratings at #25 for the 1957–1958 season, #14 for 1958–1959 and #6 for 1959–1960.[10]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Father Knows Best aired in the 1980s on Superstation WTBS and in the 1990s on The Family Channel. The show also aired on TV Land from 1998–1999 and 2002–2004.  Reruns of Father Knows Best air on Antenna TV as part of that channel's regular programming schedule since January 3, 2011  and it also aired weekday afternoons on digital sub-channel ME-TOO in Chicago. Father Knows Best  is currently broadcast weekday mornings on fetv.


document_title: Index (publishing)

question_text: where does the index go in a book

question_tokens: where does the index go in a book

text: Index (publishing)

text: Earliest examples in English[edit]

text: In the English language, indexes have been referred to as early as 1593, as can be seen from lines in Christopher Marlowe's Hero and Leander of that year:

text:
Therefore, even as an index to a book
So to his mind was young Leander's look.

text: A similar reference to indexes is in Shakespeare's lines from Troilus and Cressida (I.3.344), written nine years later:

text:
And in such indexes, although small pricks
To their subsequent volumes, there is seen
The baby figure of the giant mass
Of things to come at large.

text: But according to G. Norman Knight, "at that period, as often as not, by an 'index to a book' was meant what we should now call a table of contents."[2]

text: Among the first indexes – in the modern sense – to a book in the English language was one in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, in Sir Thomas North's 1595 translation.[2] A section entitled "An Alphabetical Table of the most material contents of the whole book" may be found in Henry Scobell's Acts and Ordinances of Parliament of 1658. This section comes after "An index of the general titles comprised in the ensuing Table".[2] Both of these indexes predate the index to Alexander Cruden's Concordance (1737), which is erroneously held to be the earliest index found in an English book.[2]

text: Etymology and plural[edit]

text: The word is derived from Latin, in which index means "one who points out", an "indication", or a "forefinger".

text: In Latin, the plural form of the word is indices. In English, the plural "indices" is commonly used in mathematical and computing contexts, and sometimes in bibliographical contexts – for example, in the 17-volume Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia (1999–2002).[3] However, this form is now seen as an archaism by many writers and commentators, who prefer the anglicised plural "indexes". "Indexes" is widely used in the publishing industry; in the International Standard ISO 999, Information and documentation – Guidelines for the content, organization and presentation of indexes; and is preferred by the Oxford Style Manual.[4] The Chicago Manual of Style allows both forms.[5]

text: G. Norman Knight quotes Shakespeare's lines from Troilus and Cressida (I.3.344) – "And in such indexes ..." – and comments:

text: "But the real importance of this passage is that it establishes for all time the correct literary plural; we can leave the Latin form "indices" to the mathematicians (and similarly "appendices" to the anatomists)."[2]

text: Indexing process[edit]

text: Conventional indexing[edit]

text: The indexer reads through the text, identifying indexable concepts (those for which the text provides useful information and which will be of relevance for the text's readership). The indexer creates index headings to represent those concepts, which are phrased such that they can be found when in alphabetical order (so, for example, one would write 'indexing process' rather than 'how to create an index'). These headings and their associated locators (indicators to position in the text) are entered into specialist indexing software which handles the formatting of the index and facilitates the editing phase. The index is then edited to impose consistency throughout the index.

text: Indexers must analyze the text to enable presentation of concepts and ideas in the index that may not be named within the text. The index is intended to help the reader, researcher, or information professional, rather than the author, find information, so the professional indexer must act as a liaison between the text and its ultimate user.

text: In the United States, according to tradition, the index for a non-fiction book is the responsibility of the author, but most authors don't actually do it. Most indexing is done by freelancers hired by authors, publishers or an independent business which manages the production of a book,[6] publishers or book packagers. Some publishers and database companies employ indexers.

text: Indexing software[edit]

text: Commercial software is available to aid the indexer in building a book index.[7] There are several dedicated, indexing software programs available to assist with the special sorting and copying needs involved in index preparation. The most widely known include Cindex, Macrex and SkyIndex. TExtract is a hybrid semi-automatic program combining conventional manual indexing with automated indexing features and text linking.

text: Embedded indexing[edit]

text: Embedded indexing involves including the index headings in the midst of the text itself, but surrounded by codes so that they are not normally displayed. A usable index is then generated automatically from the embedded text using the position of the embedded headings to determine the locators. Thus, when the pagination is changed the index can be regenerated with the new locators.

text: LaTeX documents support embedded indexes primarily through the MakeIndex package. Several widely used XML DTDs, including DocBook and TEI, have elements that allow index creation directly in the XML files. Most word processing software, such as StarWriter/OpenOffice.org Writer, Microsoft Word, and WordPerfect, as well as some desktop publishing software (for example, FrameMaker and InDesign), as well as other tools (MadCap Software's Flare)) have some facility for embedded indexing as well. TExtract supports embedded indexing of Microsoft Word documents.

text: An embedded index requires more time to create than a conventional static index; however, an embedded index can save time in the long run when the material is updated or repaginated. This is because, with a static index, if even a few pages change, the entire index must be revised or recreated while, with an embedded index, only the pages that changed need updating or indexing.

text: Purpose[edit]

text: Indexes are designed to help the reader find information quickly and easily. A complete and truly useful index is not simply a list of the words and phrases used in a publication (which is properly called a concordance), but an organized map of its contents, including cross-references, grouping of like concepts, and other useful intellectual analysis.

text: Sample back-of-the-book index excerpt:

text: In books, indexes are usually placed near the end (this is commonly known as "BoB" or back-of-book indexing). They complement the table of contents by enabling access to information by specific subject, whereas contents listings enable access through broad divisions of the text arranged in the order they occur. It has been remarked that, while "[a]t first glance the driest part of the book, on closer inspection the index may provide both interest and amusement from time to time."[8]

text: Index quality[edit]

text: Some principles of good indexing include:[9]

text:
Ensuring each topic/section includes a variety of relevant index entries; use two or three entries per topic
Understanding the audience and understand what kind of index entries they're likely to look for
Use the same form throughout (singular vs. plural, capitalisation, etc.), using standard indexing conventions

text: Indexing pitfalls:

text:
Significant topics with no index entries at all
Indexing 'mere mentions' --- "But John Major was no Winston Churchill..." indexed under 'Churchill, Winston'
Circular cross-references: 'Felidae. See Cats' --- 'Cats. See Felidae'
References to discussions of a single topic scattered among several main headings: 'Cats, 50-62' --- 'Felidae, 175-183'
Inconsistently indexing similar topics
Confusing similar names: Henry V of England, Henri V of France
Incorrect alphabetization: 'α-Linolenic acid' under 'A' instead of 'L'
Inappropriate inversions: 'processors, word' for 'word processors'
Inappropriate subheadings: 'processors: food, 213-6; word, 33-7'
Computer indexing from section headings: e.g. 'Getting to know your printer' under 'G'

text: Indexer roles[edit]

text: Some indexers specialize in specific formats, such as scholarly books, microforms, web indexing (the application of a back-of-book-style index to a website or intranet), search engine indexing, database indexing (the application of a pre-defined controlled vocabulary such as MeSH to articles for inclusion in a database), and periodical indexing[10] (indexing of newspapers, journals, magazines).

text: Some indexers with expertise in controlled vocabularies also work as taxonomists and ontologists.

text: Some indexers specialize in particular subject areas, such as anthropology, business, computers, economics, education, government documents, history, law, mathematics, medicine, psychology, and technology. An indexer can be found for any subject.

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: In "The Library of Babel", a short story by Jorge Luis Borges, there is an index of indexes that catalogues all of the books in the library, which contains all possible books.

text: Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle includes a character who is a professional indexer and believes that "indexing [is] a thing that only the most amateurish author [undertakes] to do for his own book." She claims to be able to read an author's character through the index he created for his own history text, and warns the narrator, an author, "Never index your own book."

text: Vladimir Nabokov's novel Pale Fire includes a parody of an index, reflecting the insanity of the narrator.

text: Mark Danielewski's novel House of Leaves contains an exhaustive 41 page index of words in the novel, including even large listings for inconsequential words such as the, and, and in.

text: Standards[edit]

text: ISO 999:1996 Guidelines for the Content, Organization, and Presentation of Indexes (this is also the national standard in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand)

text: Societies[edit]

text: The American Society for Indexing, Inc. (ASI) is a national association founded in 1968 to promote excellence in indexing and increase awareness of the value of well-designed indexes. ASI serves indexers, librarians, abstractors, editors, publishers, database producers, data searchers, product developers, technical writers, academic professionals, researchers and readers, and others concerned with indexing. It is the only professional organization in the United States devoted solely to the advancement of indexing, abstracting and related methods of information retrieval.

text: Other similar societies include:

text:
Association of Southern African Indexers and Bibliographers (ASAIB)[11]
Australian and New Zealand Society of Indexers[12]
British Record Society[13]
China Society of Indexers[14]
German Network of Indexers/Deutsches Netwerk der Indexer (DNI)[15]
Indexing Society of Canada/Société canadienne d'indexation (ISC/SCI)[16]
Nederlands Indexers Netwerk (NIN)[17]
Society of Indexers[18]


document_title: List of Twenty20 International records

question_text: list of highest run scorer in t20 cricket

question_tokens: list of highest run scorer in t20 cricket

text: List of Twenty20 International records

text: Listing notation[edit]

text: Team notation

text:
(100/3) indicates that a team scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(100) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(75) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5/40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(19.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing T20Is (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by .

text: Team records[edit]

text: Overall results[edit]

text:
Team

Mat

Won

Lost

Tie+W

Tie+L

NR

Win %

 Afghanistan

66

44

22

0

0

0

66.66

 Australia

106

56

47

0

2

1

54.28

 Bangladesh

79

23

54

0

0

2

29.87

 Bermuda

3

0

3

0

0

0

0.00

 Canada

19

4

14

0

1

0

23.68

 England

104

49

50

1

0

4

49.50

 Hong Kong

24

10

14

0

0

0

41.66

 ICC World XI

4

1

3

0

0

0

25.00

 India

104

65

36

1

0

2

64.21

 Ireland

67

27

33

0^

0

6

45.08

 Kenya

29

10

19

0

0

0

34.48

   Nepal

11

3

8

0

0

0

27.27

 Netherlands

49

26

21

0

0

2

55.31

 New Zealand

111

54

49

2

3

3

52.31

 Oman

17

5

11

0

0

1

31.25

 Pakistan

133

83

47

1

2

0

63.53

 Papua New Guinea

9

3

6

0

0

0

33.33

 Scotland

50

20

26

0^

0

3

43.90

 South Africa

103

60

42

0

0

1

58.82

 Sri Lanka

106

54

50

1

0

1

51.90

 United Arab Emirates

26

9

17

0

0

0

34.61

 West Indies

98

46

45

2

1

4

50.53

 Zimbabwe

59

13

45

1

0

0

22.88

The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties (irrespective of a tiebreaker) as half a win.Last updated: 8 July 2018[2]

^  On 17 June 2018, a T20I between Scotland and Ireland was ended in a tie, though no Super Over was played. It was the tenth T20I match to end in a tie, and the first since the ICC playing conditions were implemented in September 2017, not to end with a Super Over.

text: Highest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

263/3 (20.0 overs)

 Australia

 Sri Lanka

Pallekele

6 September 2016

Scorecard

260/5 (20.0 overs)

 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

260/6 (20.0 overs)

 Sri Lanka

 Kenya

Johannesburg

14 September 2007

Scorecard

248/6 (20.0 overs)

 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)

 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 16 February 2018[3]

text: Highest successful chases[edit]

text:
Score

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

245/5 (18.5 overs)

 Australia
 New Zealand
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

236/6 (19.2 overs)

 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

230/8 (19.4 overs)

 England
 South Africa
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

215/5 (19.4 overs)

 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
10 March 2018
Scorecard

211/4 (19.2 overs)

 India
 Sri Lanka
Mohali
12 December 2009
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2018[4]

text: Lowest innings totals[edit]

text:
Score

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

39 (10.3 overs)

 Netherlands
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

53 (14.3 overs)

   Nepal
 Ireland
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

56 (18.4 overs)

 Kenya
 Afghanistan
Sharjah
30 September 2013
Scorecard

57 (19.3 overs)

 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

60 (13.4 overs)

 West Indies
 Pakistan
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

Qualification: Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included. Updated: 12 March 2017
[5]

If the qualification is removed, there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands. Six of those innings were 0/0 (0 overs), of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results.[6]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29/1 by Zimbabwe. Batting second, Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka. After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe's innings, rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29/1. With no further play possible, the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs.[7]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36/1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe. Batting second, New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed, rain prevented any further play from occurring. The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs.[8]
The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada. Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets.[9]

text: Highest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

172 runs

 Sri Lanka (260/6) beat  Kenya (88)
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

143 runs

 Pakistan (203/5) beat  West Indies (60)
Karachi
1 April 2018
Scorecard

143 runs

 India (213/4) beat  Ireland (70)
Malahide
29 June 2018
Scorecard

130 runs

 South Africa (211/5) beat  Scotland (81)
London (Oval)
7 June 2009
Scorecard

119 runs

 New Zealand (243/5) beat  West Indies (124)
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 29 June 2018
[10]

text: Highest margin of victory (by balls remaining)[edit]

text:
Balls Rem

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

90 balls

 Sri Lanka (40/1) beat  Netherlands (39)
Chittagong
24 March 2014
Scorecard

76 balls

 Ireland (72/0) beat  Kenya (71)
Dubai (DSC)
14 March 2012
Scorecard

74 balls

 New Zealand (74/1) beat  Kenya (73)
Durban
12 September 2007
Scorecard

73 balls

 Afghanistan (75/0) beat  Ireland (71)
Dubai
20 January 2017
Scorecard

72 balls

 Ireland (54/2) beat    Nepal (53)
Belfast
13 July 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017
[11]

text: Highest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

10 wickets

 New Zealand (171/0) beat  Pakistan (168/7)
Hamilton
17 January 2016

Scorecard

10 wickets

 England (143/0) beat  New Zealand (139/8)
Wellington
15 February 2013
Scorecard

10 wickets

 South Africa (132/0) beat  Pakistan (129/8)
Johannesburg
2 February 2007
Scorecard

10 wickets

 England (128/0) beat  West Indies (125)
London (Oval)
23 September 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets

 New Zealand (127/0) beat  Zimbabwe (123/8)
Harare
15 October 2011
Scorecard

10 wickets

 Kenya (126/0) beat  Scotland (123)
Nairobi (Gym)
4 February 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 12 March 2017[12]

text: Smallest margin of victory (by runs)[edit]

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1 run

 West Indies (245/6) beat  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

1 run

 India (146/7) beat  Bangladesh (145/9)
Bengaluru
23 March 2016
Scorecard

1 run

 Australia (150/7) beat  New Zealand (149/5)
Sydney
15 February 2009
Scorecard

1 run

 South Africa (128/7) beat  New Zealand (127/5)
Lord's
9 June 2009
Scorecard

1 run [a]

 England (202/6) beat  South Africa (127/3)
Johannesburg
13 November 2009
Scorecard

1 run

 New Zealand (133/7) beat  Pakistan (132/7)
Bridgetown
8 May 2010
Scorecard

1 run

 South Africa (120/7) beat  West Indies (119/7)
North Sound
20 May 2010
Scorecard

Updated: 27 August 2016
[13]

^[a]  Rain interrupted play in South Africa's innings with South Africa having scored 127/3 after 13 overs. The par score at this point was 128. Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run.

text: Smallest margin of victory (by wickets)[edit]

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1 wicket

 England (158/9) beat  Australia (157/4)
Adelaide
12 January 2011
Scorecard

1 wicket

 Netherlands (131/9) beat  Kenya (128)
The Hague
26 July 2012
Scorecard

1 wicket

 Pakistan (174/9) beat  Sri Lanka (172/7)
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 3 April 2016
[14]

text: Tied matches[edit]

text:
Teams

Tie Break

Venue

Date

Scorecard

 West Indies (126/8) tied  New Zealand (126/7)

New Zealand won bowl-out
Auckland
16 February 2006
Scorecard

 India (141/9) tied  Pakistan (141/7)

India won bowl-out
Durban
14 September 2007
Scorecard

 Canada (135/7) tied  Zimbabwe (135/9)

Zimbabwe won bowl-out
King City
11 October 2008
Scorecard

 West Indies (155/8) tied  New Zealand (155/7)

West Indies won Super Over
Auckland
26 December 2008
Scorecard

 Australia (214/4) tied  New Zealand (214/6)

New Zealand won Super Over
Christchurch
28 February 2010
Scorecard

 Australia (151/4) tied  Pakistan (151/8)

Pakistan won Super Over
Dubai (DSC)
7 September 2012
Scorecard

 Sri Lanka (174/6) tied  New Zealand (174/7)

Sri Lanka won Super Over
Pallekele
27 September 2012
Scorecard

 West Indies (139) tied  New Zealand (139/7)

West Indies won Super Over
Pallekele
1 October 2012
Scorecard

 England (154/8) tied  Pakistan (154/7)

England won Super Over
Sharjah
30 November 2015
Scorecard

 Scotland (185/4) tied  Ireland (185/6)

No Super Over
Sportpark Het Schootsveld, Deventer
17 June 2018
Scorecard

Even though tie-breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches, for statistical purposes, these matches are considered as ties. Updated: 17 June 2018
[15]

text: Most consecutive wins by a team[edit]

text:
Wins

Team

First win

Last win

11

 Afghanistan
 West Indies at Nagpur, 27 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Greater Noida, 12 March 2017 (Scorecard)

8

 England
 Pakistan at Bridgetown, 6 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Adelaide, 12 January 2011 (Scorecard)

8

 Ireland
 Kenya at Mombasa, 22 February 2012 (Scorecard)
 Afghanistan at Dubai (DSC), 24 March 2012 (Scorecard)

8

 Pakistan
 New Zealand at Auckland, 25 January 2018 (Scorecard)
 Zimbabwe  at Harare, 1 July 2018 (Scorecard)

7

 South Africa
 Australia at Johannesburg, 27 March 2009 (Scorecard)
 India at Nottingham, 16 June 2009 (Scorecard)

7

 Pakistan
 New Zealand at London (Oval), 13 June 2009 (Scorecard)
 New Zealand at Dubai (DSC), 13 November 2009 (Scorecard)

7

 India
 Pakistan at Ahmedabad, 28 December 2012 (Scorecard)
 South Africa at Dhaka, 4 April 2014 (Scorecard)

7

 India
 Sri Lanka at Ranchi, 12 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 6 March 2016 (Scorecard)

7

 India
 Bangladesh at Colombo, 8 March 2018 (Scorecard)
 England at Manchester, 3 July 2018 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.Updated: 11 July 2018[16]

text: Most consecutive defeats[edit]

text:
Defeats

Team

First defeat

Last defeat

16

 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Providence, 3 May 2010 (Scorecard)
 West Indies at North Sound, 3 March 2013 (Scorecard)

12

 Netherlands
 South Africa at Cape Town, 15 September 2007 (Scorecard)
 Australia at Bridgetown, 5 May 2010 (Scorecard)

9

 United Arab Emirates
 Sri Lanka at Dhaka, 25 February 2016 (Scorecard)
 Ireland at Dubai, 18 January 2017 (Scorecard)

8

 Bangladesh
 Pakistan at Kolkata, 16 March 2016 (Scorecard)
 Sri Lanka at Colombo, 4 April 2017 (Scorecard)

No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table. A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through, usually due to rain.* indicates that the sequence is ongoing   Updated: 12 April 2017[17]

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes

Batting Team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

21

 West Indies
 India
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

19

 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

18

 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

Updated: 16 February 2018[18]

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

30

 Sri Lanka
 Kenya
Johannesburg
14 September 2007
Scorecard

29

 Sri Lanka
 India
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

26

 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

25

 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

24

 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 6 September 2016[19]

text: Most sixes in a match[edit]

text:
Sixes

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

32

 West Indies (21) v  India (11)
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32

 New Zealand (18) v  Australia (14)
Eden Park
16 February 2018
Scorecard

31

 India (21) v  Sri Lanka (10)
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

30

 Ireland (11) v  Netherlands (19)
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

28

 Afghanistan (16) v  Ireland (12)
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[20]

text: Highest aggregate runs in a single match[edit]

text:
Runs

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

489

 West Indies (245/6) v  India (244/4)
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

488

 New Zealand (243/6) v  Australia (245/5)[18.5]
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

467

 South Africa (231/7) v  West Indies (236/6) [19.2]
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

459

 South Africa (229/4) v  England (230/8)
Mumbai
18 March 2016
Scorecard

457

 Australia (248/6) v  England (209/6)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 7 September 2016[21]

text: Most fours in a match[edit]

text:
Fours

Teams

Venue

Date

Scorecard

47

 India (18) v  Sri Lanka (29)
Nagpur
9 December 2009
Scorecard

44

 South Africa (18) v  West Indies (26)
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

43

 South Africa (24) v  West Indies (19)
London
13 June 2009
Scorecard

43

 Bangladesh (22) v  Pakistan (21)
Kandy
25 September 2012
Scorecard

43

 England (24) v  Australia (19)
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

43

 Australia (24) v  India (19)
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[22]

text: Individual records (batting)[edit]

text: Most career runs[edit]

text:
Runs

Innings

Batsman

Team

T20I career span

2,271

73
Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand
2009–present

2,140

70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

2,121

96
Shoaib Malik ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

2,102

58
Virat Kohli ‡
 India
2010–present

2,086

77
Rohit Sharma ‡
 India
2007–present

Updated: 8 July 2018[23]

text: Most runs in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Runs

Innings

Batsman

Team

Year

641

13
Virat Kohli
 India
2016

520

15
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2016

516

13
Fakhar Zaman
 Pakistan
2018

497

18
Rohit Sharma
 India
2016

472

13
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2012

Updated: 8 July 2018[24]

text: Most 50+ Scores[edit]

text:
50+ (100+50)

Innings

Batsman

Team

T20I career span

18 (0+18)

58
Virat Kohli
 India
2010–present

18 (3+15)

77
Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

16 (2+14)

73
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

15 (2+13)

52
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

15 (2+13)

70
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

Updated: 8 July 2018[25]

text: Highest career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate

Balls faced

Batsman

Team

T20I career span

165.68

647
Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
2012–present

163.59

717
Colin Munro
 New Zealand
2012–present

154.96

468
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
2016–present

151.69

795
Aaron Finch
 Australia
2011–present

150.75

932
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2016

Qualification: 250 balls.Updated: 21 February 2018[26]

text: Highest career average[edit]

text:
Average

Innings

Runs

Batsman

T20I career span

53.00
20
742
 Babar Azam ‡
2016–present

48.88
58
2,102
 Virat Kohli ‡
2010–present

45.60
42
1,596
 Aaron Finch ‡
2011–present

42.91
21
515
 Manish Pandey ‡
2015–present

37.95
70
1822
 JP Duminy ‡
2007–present

Qualification: 20 innings
Source:  Cricinfo. Last updated: 8 July 2018.

text: Most career ducks[edit]

text:
Ducks

Innings

Batsman

Team

T20I career span

10
79
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

9
45
Luke Wright
 England
2007–2014

9
58
Kevin O'Brien‡
 Ireland
2008–present

8
77
Umar Akmal
 Pakistan
2009–2016

8
91
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2018

Last updated: 3 July 2018[27]

text: Most career sixes[edit]

text:
Sixes

Balls faced

Batsman

Team

T20I career span

103

1123
Chris Gayle
 West Indies
2006–present

103

1709
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

91

1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

89

1522
Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

83

1006
Shane Watson
 Australia
2006–2016

Updated:8 July 2018[28]

text: Most career fours[edit]

text:
Fours

Balls faced

Batsman

Team

T20I career span

223

1567
Tillakaratne Dilshan
 Sri Lanka
2006–2016

216

1410
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

214

1543
Virat Kohli
 India
2010–present

200

1709
Martin Guptill
 New Zealand
2009–present

199

1571
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
2005–2015

Updated:9 July 2018[29]

text: Highest individual score[edit]

text:
Runs

Batsman

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

172

Aaron Finch
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
Harare
3 July 2018

Scorecard

156

Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

145*

Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

125*

Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 India
Kingston
9 July 2017
Scorecard

124*

Shane Watson
 Australia
 India
Sydney
31 January 2016
Scorecard

Updated: 3 July 2018[30]

text: Highest individual score (by batting position)[edit]

text:
Runs

Position

Batsman

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

172

Openers
Aaron Finch
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
Harare
3 July 2018

Scorecard

123

Position 3
Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Pallekele
21 September 2012
Scorecard

110*

Position 4
K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Lauderhill
27 August 2016
Scorecard

101*

Position 5
David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

85*

Position 6
Cameron White
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

89

Position 7
Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
12 March 2017
Scorecard

57*

Position 8
Simi Singh
 Ireland
 Netherlands
Rotterdam
12 June 2018
Scorecard

46

Position 9
Anwar Ali
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
Colombo (RPS)
1 August 2015
Scorecard

40

Position 10
Sompal Kami
   Nepal
 Hong Kong
Colombo (PSS)
24 November 2014
Scorecard

18

Position 11
Paul van Meekeren
 Netherlands
 Hong Kong
Dubai
18 January 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 3 July 2018[31]

text: Fastest 50[edit]

text:
Balls

Batsman

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

12

Yuvraj Singh
 India
 England
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

14

Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 Sri Lanka
Auckland
10 January 2016
Scorecard

17

Paul Stirling
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Dubai (DSC)
24 March 2012
Scorecard

17

Stephan Myburgh
 Netherlands
 Ireland
Sylhet
21 March 2014
Scorecard

17

Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Cape Town
9 January 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 29 August 2016[32]

text: Fastest 100[edit]

text:
Balls

Batsman

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

35

Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

35

David Miller
 South Africa
 Bangladesh
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

45

Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

46

K. L. Rahul
 India
 West Indies
Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

46

Francois du Plessis
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

Updated: 22 December 2017[33]

text: Most sixes in an innings[edit]

text:
Sixes

Batsman

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

14 (63)

Aaron Finch
 Australia
 England
Southampton
29 August 2013
Scorecard

13 (51)

Richard Levi
 South Africa
 New Zealand
Hamilton
19 February 2012
Scorecard

11 (48)

Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 England
Mumbai
16 March 2016
Scorecard

10 (41)

Corey Anderson
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
Mount Maunganui
8 January 2017
Scorecard

10 (43)

Rohit Sharma
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

10 (53)

Colin Munro
 New Zealand
 West Indies
Mount Maunganui
3 January 2018
Scorecard

10 (57)

Chris Gayle
 West Indies
 South Africa
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

Updated: 3 January 2018

text: Most fours in an innings[edit]

text:
Fours

Batsman

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

16 (76)

Aaron Finch
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
Harare
3 July 2018
Scorecard

14 (55)

Herschelle Gibbs
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 September 2007
Scorecard

14 (52)

Aaron Finch
 Australia
 India
Rajkot
10 October 2013
Scorecard

14 (65)

Glen Maxwell
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Pallekele
6 September 2016
Scorecard

13 (53)

Ricky Ponting
 Australia
 India
Mumbai
20 October 2007
Scorecard

Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings.Updated: 3 July 2018[34]

text: Most runs off an over[edit]

text:
Runs

Sequence

Batsman

Batting team

Bowler

Venue

Date

Scorecard

36

6–6–6–6–6–6
Yuvraj Singh
 India
 Stuart Broad
Durban
19 September 2007
Scorecard

32

6–6–w–6–6–6–1
Evin Lewis
 West Indies
 Stuart Binny
Lauderhill, Florida
27 August 2016
Scorecard

32

6–6–2–nb–(nb+4)–4–6–2
Jos Buttler
 England
 Wayne Parnell
Edgbaston
12 September 2012
Scorecard

32

4–wk–(nb+6)–(nb+1)–6–6–6–1[a]
Jonny BairstowLuke Wright
 England
 Izatullah Dawlatzai
Colombo (RPS)
21 September 2012
Scorecard

31

6–6–6–6–6–1
David Miller
 South Africa
 Mohammad Saifuddin
Potchefstroom
29 October 2017
Scorecard

Key:
nb – No-ball
(nb+X) – A no-ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat
Ynb – A no-ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no-ball and Y-1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes (however, all Y runs will be scored as no-balls on the scorecard)[35]
w – Wide
wk – Wicket
Updated: 29 October 2017[36]^[a]  The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike. Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over. Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries.[37]

text: Individual records (bowling)[edit]

text: Most wickets in a career[edit]

text:
Wickets

Innings

Bowler

Team

T20I career span

98

97
Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2018

90

68
Lasith Malinga
 Sri Lanka
2006–2017

85

60
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–2016

85

63
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

77

65
Shakib Al Hasan
 Bangladesh
2006–present

Updated: 01 November 2017[38]

text: Most wickets in a calendar year[edit]

text:
Wickets

Matches

Bowler

Team

Year

28

21
Jasprit Bumrah
 India
2016

27

14
Dirk Nannes
 Australia
2010

25

16
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2012

23

11
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
2017

23

15
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2016

23

17
Ravichandran Ashwin
 India
2016

Updated: 8 July 2018[39]

text: Most four-wickets-in-an-innings(and over) in a career[edit]

text:
4+ (4+5)

Matches

Bowler

Team

T20I career span

6 (4+2)

60
Umar Gul ‡
 Pakistan
2007–present

5 (3+2)

39
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

4 (4+0)

64
Saeed Ajmal
 Pakistan
2009–2015

Updated: 3 April 2016[40]

text: Best career economy rate[edit]

text:
Economy rate

Overs bowled

Bowler

Team

T20I career span

5.70

131.1
Daniel Vettori
 New Zealand
2007–2014

5.93

121.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

5.98

169.0
Samuel Badree
 West Indies
2012–present

6.02

171.4
Sunil Narine
 West Indies
2012–present

6.07

90.0
Imad Wasim
 Pakistan
2015–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled. Updated: 21 February 2018[41]

text: Best career strike rate[edit]

text:
Strike rate

Wickets

Overs Bowled

Bowler

Team

T20I career span

12.96

56
121.0
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

13.0

44
95.5
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

13.4

66
147.3
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

13.9

57
132.5
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

14.1

85
200.3
Umar Gul
 Pakistan
2007–present

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[42]

text: Best career averages[edit]

text:
Average

Wickets

Runs conceded

Bowler

Team

T20I career span

12.82

56
718
Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

14.42

66
952
Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
2008–2014

15.85

57
904
Imran Tahir
 South Africa
2013–present

16.59

44
730
Ahsan Malik
 Netherlands
2012–present

16.84

51
859
Graeme Swann
 England
2005–2012

Qualification: 500 balls bowled.
Updated: 21 February 2018.[43]

text: Best figures in a match[edit]

text:
Figures

Bowler

Bowling team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

6/8 (4.0 overs)

Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
Hambantota
18 September 2012
Scorecard

6/16 (4.0 overs)

Ajantha Mendis
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
Pallekele
8 August 2011
Scorecard

6/25 (4.0 overs)

Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 England
Bangalore
1 February 2017
Scorecard

5/3 (3.3 overs)

Rangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 New Zealand
Chittagong
31 March 2014
Scorecard

5/3  (2.0 overs)

Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan
 Ireland
Greater Noida
10 March 2017
Scorecard

Updated: 10 March 2017[44]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings[edit]

text:
Runs

Bowling figures

Bowler

Bowling team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

69

4–0–69–0
Barry McCarthy
 Ireland
 Afghanistan
Greater Noida
12 March 2017

Scorecard

68

4–0–68–1
Kyle Abbott
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
11 January 2015
Scorecard

64

3.1–0–64–0
Ben Wheeler
 New Zealand
 Australia
Auckland
16 February 2018
Scorecard

64

4–0–64–1
James Anderson
 England
 Australia
Sydney
9 January 2007
Scorecard

64

4–0–64–0
Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka
 Pakistan
Johannesburg
17 September 2007
Scorecard

64

4–0–64–0
Yuzvendra Chahal
 India
 South Africa
Centurion
21 February 2018
Scorecard

Bowling figures given above are in the form of "Overs-Maidens-Runs-Wickets".
Updated: 21 February 2018[45]

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match

(b)

Bowled

(c)

Caught

(c b)

Caught and bowled

(lbw)

Leg before wicket

(st)

Stumped

Wicket-keeper

text:
No.

Bowler

For

Against

Wickets

Venue

Date

Ref.

1

Brett Lee

 Australia

 Bangladesh

Shakib Al Hasan (c Gilchrist)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Alok Kapali (lbw)

Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town

16 September 2007

[46]

2

Jacob Oram

 New Zealand

 Sri Lanka

Angelo Mathews (c and b)
Malinga Bandara (c McCullum)
Nuwan Kulasekara (c Broom)

Premadasa Stadium, Colombo

2 September 2009

[47]

3

Tim Southee

 New Zealand

 Pakistan

Younis Khan (c Brownlie)
Mohammad Hafeez (c McGlashan)
Umar Akmal (lbw)

Eden Park, Auckland

26 December 2010

[48]

4

Thisara Perera

 Sri Lanka

 India

Hardik Pandya (c Senanayake)
Suresh Raina (c Chameera)
Yuvraj Singh (c Gunathilaka)

JSCA International Stadium Complex, Ranchi

12 February 2016

[49]

5

Lasith Malinga

 Sri Lanka

 Bangladesh

Mushfiqur Rahim (b)
Mashrafe Mortaza (b)
Mehedi Hasan (lbw)

R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo

6 April 2017

[50]

6

Faheem Ashraf

 Pakistan

 Sri Lanka

Isuru Udana (c Hasan Ali)
Mahela Udawatte (c Babar Azam)
Dasun Shanaka (lbw)

Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi

27 October 2017

[51]

Source: ESPNcricinfo. Last Updated: 27 October 2017

text: Individual records (fielding)[edit]

text: Most catches in T20I career[edit]

text:
Catches

Innings

Fielder

Team

T20I career span

44

81
Ross Taylor ‡
 New Zealand
2006–present

44

52
AB de Villiers
 South Africa
2006–2018

42

76
Suresh Raina ‡
 India
2006–present

41

70
David Warner ‡
 Australia
2009–present

40

101
Shoaib Malik ‡
 Pakistan
2006–present

The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper  Updated: 4 July 2018[52]

text: Individual records (Wicket-Keeper)[edit]

text: Most dismissals in career[edit]

text:
Dismissals

Catches

Stumpings

Innings

Player

Team

T20I career span

87

54
33
92
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

60

28
32
53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

56

36
20
65
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present

55

29
26
68
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

54

26
28
62
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.Updated: 5 August 2018[53]

text: Most catches in career[edit]

text:
Catches

Innings

Wicket-keeper

Team

T20I career span

49

87
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

32

58
Denesh Ramdin
 West Indies
2006–present

28

53
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

30

31
Quinton de Kock
 South Africa
2012–present

26

34
Wesley Barresi
 Netherlands
2012–present

Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper. All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper.Updated: 21 February 2018[54]

text: Most stumpings in career[edit]

text:
Stumpings

Innings

Wicket-keeper

Team

T20I career span

33

90
MS Dhoni
 India
2006–present

32

54
Kamran Akmal
 Pakistan
2006–2017

27

59
Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
2010–present

25

57
Mushfiqur Rahim
 Bangladesh
2006–present

20

56
Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
2006–2014

Updated: 03 July 2018[55]

text: Individual records (others)[edit]

text: Most matches played in career[edit]

text:
Matches

Player

Team

T20I Career Span

103

Shoaib Malik
 Pakistan
2006–present

99

Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2006–2018

93

Mahendra Singh Dhoni
 India
2006–present

84

Rohit Sharma
 India
2007–present

83

Mohammad Hafeez
 Pakistan
2006–present

Updated: 8 July 2018[56]

text: Most matches as a captain[edit]

text:
Matches

Player

Team

T20I Career Span

72

MS Dhoni
 India
2007–2016

56

William Porterfield
 Ireland
2008–2017

47

Darren Sammy
 West Indies
2011–2016

44

Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
2009–2018

43

Asghar Afghan
 Afghanistan
2015–present

Updated: 22 August 2018[57]

text: Most matches as an umpire[edit]

text:
Matches

Umpire

Country

T20I Career Span

43

Aleem Dar
 Pakistan
2009–present

37

Ian Gould
 England
2006–2016

35

Rod Tucker
 Australia
2009–2016

34

Simon Taufel
 Australia
2007–2012

33

Shaun George
 South Africa
2010–present

Updated: 17 June 2018[58]

text: Most matches as a match referee[edit]

text:
Matches

Referee

Country

T20I Career Span

87

Ranjan Madugalle
 Sri Lanka
2006–present

84

Chris Broad
 England
2005–present

80

Jeff Crowe
 New Zealand
2005–present

61

Javagal Srinath
 India
2006–present

53

David Jukes
 England
2010–present

Updated: 10 March 2017[59]

text: Most Player-of-the Match Awards[edit]

text:
No. of Awards

Player

Team

Matches

T20I Career Span

11

Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan
99
2006–2018

10

Virat Kohli
 India
57
2010–present

9

Chris Gayle
 West Indies
55
2006–present

Mohammad Nabi
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Mohammad Shahzad
 Afghanistan
60
2010–present

Shane Watson
 Australia
58
2006–2016

Last updated: 17 March 2018[60]

text: Partnership records[edit]

text: Highest overall partnership runs by a pair[edit]

text:
Runs

Innings

Players

Batting team

Highest

Average

100/50

T20I career span

1154

37
David Warner & Shane Watson
 Australia
133
31.18
3/6
2009–2016

1151

24
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
171*
50.04
3/8
2012–Present

1138

37
Shikhar Dhawan & Rohit Sharma
 India
160
30.75
2/4
2013-present

1065

40
William Porterfield & Paul Stirling
 Ireland
109*
28.78
1/6
2009–Present

831

22
Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand
127*
41.55
2/4
2009–2015

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).Updated: 20 August 2018[61]

text: Highest partnerships (any wicket)[edit]

text:
Runs

Partnership

Players

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

223

1st wicket
Aaron Finch & D'Arcy Short
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
Harare
3 July 2018
Scorecard

171*

1st wicket
Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
Hamilton
17 January 2016
Scorecard

170

1st wicket
Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman
 South Africa
 England
Centurion
15 November 2009
Scorecard

165

1st wicket
Rohit Sharma & K. L. Rahul
 India
 Sri Lanka
Indore
22 December 2017
Scorecard

166

2nd wicket
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).Updated: 3 July 2018[62]

text: Highest partnerships (by wicket)[edit]

text:
Partnership

Runs

Batsmen

Batting team

Opposition

Venue

Date

Scorecard

1st wicket

223
Aaron Finch & D'Arcy Short
 Australia
 Zimbabwe
Harare
3 July 2018
Scorecard

2nd wicket

166
Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara
 Sri Lanka
 West Indies
Bridgetown
7 May 2010
Scorecard

3rd wicket

152
Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan
 England
 Sri Lanka
Chittagong
27 March 2014
Scorecard

4th wicket

161
David Warner & Glenn Maxwell
 Australia
 South Africa
Johannesburg
6 March 2016
Scorecard

5th wicket

119*
Shoaib Malik & Misbah-ul-Haq
 Pakistan
 Australia
Johannesburg
18 September 2007
Scorecard

6th wicket

101*
Cameron White & Michael Hussey
 Australia
 Sri Lanka
Bridgetown
9 May 2010
Scorecard

7th wicket

91
Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy
 England
 West Indies
London
28 June 2007
Scorecard

8th wicket

80
Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif
 Scotland
 Netherlands
Edinburgh
11 July 2015
Scorecard

9th wicket

66
Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor
 West Indies
 Pakistan
Dubai (DSC)
23 September 2016
Scorecard

10th wicket

31*
Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar
 Pakistan
 New Zealand
Auckland
26 December 2010
Scorecard

An asterisk (*) signifies an unbroken partnership (i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score).  Updated: 3 July 2018[63]


document_title: Grace and Frankie

question_text: who plays the emt on grace and frankie

question_tokens: who plays the emt on grace and frankie

text: Grace and Frankie

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson, a retired cosmetics mogul
Lily Tomlin as Frances "Frankie" Bergstein (née Mengela), a hippie art teacher
Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson, a successful divorce lawyer and Grace's former husband who later becomes Sol's husband
Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein, a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie's former husband who later becomes Robert's husband
Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson, younger daughter of Grace and Robert, and a housewife with four children
Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein, adopted son of Frankie and Sol, a substitute teacher and recovering addict
June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson, daughter of Grace and Robert, head of the company founded and once run by Grace
Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike "Bud" Bergstein, adopted son of Frankie and Sol, and also a lawyer

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Geoff Stults as Mitch, Mallory's husband of more than seven years and a doctor. (seasons 1, 3)
Timothy V. Murphy as Byron, one of Frankie's ex-convict students and Grace's love interest. (season 1)
Craig T. Nelson as Guy, Robert's adventurous college friend and Grace's love interest. (season 1)
Ernie Hudson as Jacob, Frankie's love interest.
Peter Cambor as Barry, one of Brianna's employees and her love interest.
Tim Bagley as Peter, one of Robert and Sol's friends and Jeff's partner.
Sam Elliott as Phil Milstein, Grace's love interest. (season 2)
Lindsey Kraft as Allison, Bud's love interest with an eccentric personality even by the Bergsteins' standards. (season 3–present)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Mary Kay Place as Amanda, one of Frankie and Sol's oldest friends.
Joe Morton as Jason, one of Frankie and Sol's oldest friends.
Christine Lahti as Lydia Foster, Robert's sister and a close friend of Grace.
Corbin Bernsen as Dr. Paul Mason, Grace's doctor and her love interest.
Brian Benben as Charlie, Grace's Internet date.
Nicholas D'Agosto as Dutch, Brianna's love interest.
Michael Gross as Jeff, one of Robert and Sol's friends and Peter's partner.
Nora Dunn as Dr. Rossmore, Robert's doctor.
Rita Moreno as Lucy Chambers, Robert and Sol's neighbor.
Jai Rodriguez as Jojo, Robert's hospital nurse.
Conchata Ferrell as Grandma Jean, Mallory's mother-in-law.
Swoosie Kurtz as Janet, one of Grace's close friends.
Marsha Mason as Arlene, one of Grace's close friends.
Carrie Preston as Krystle, Coyote's birth mother.
Estelle Parsons as Babe, an old friend of both Grace and Frankie.
Amy Madigan as Elaine Milstein, Phil's wife.
Lois Smith as Barbara Hanson, Robert's mother.
Millicent Martin as Joan Margaret, Sol's very wise receptionist.
Wendie Malick as Mimi Becker, Grace's longtime business colleague.
Peter Gallagher as Nick, Grace and Frankie's business rival and Grace's potential love interest.
Natalie Morales as Mellisa, Frankie's EMT.
Ed Begley Jr. as Mark, Frankie's doctor.
Kevin Chamberlin as Frank, a protestor who Sol gets caught up with.
Michael Charles Roman as Adam, Brianna's executive assistant.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[1]

text: On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[2] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[3]

text: On December 10, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season[4] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[5]

text: On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, set to premiere in sometime 2018.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[7] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[8] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son, who was adopted from Uganda at a young age.[9] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son (also adopted), while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[10] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[11] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[12] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[13][14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[15] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]

text: The second season received more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[17] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[18] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [19]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015

67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[21]

20th Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[22]

73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[23]

Dorian Awards
TV Comedy of the Year

Nominated

[24]

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

LBGTQ TV Show of the Year

Nominated

27th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[25]

19th OFTA Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[26]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Won

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Sam Waterston
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2016

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[27]
[28]

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[29]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Contemporary Television Series
Allyson B. Fanger
Nominated

[30]

28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[31]

Artios Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy
Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler
Nominated

[32]

20th OFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[33]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2017

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[34]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Designers[show]

Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Designers[show]

Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson

Nominated

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[35] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[36] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[37] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[37]


document_title: Shimmer and Shine

question_text: what's the monkeys name in shimmer and shine

question_tokens: what 's the monkeys name in shimmer and shine

text: Shimmer and Shine

text: Plot[edit]

text: The first season is set in the human world and focuses on a young girl named Leah Thompson who is friends with a pair of twin genie sisters named Shimmer and Shine. Each day, the genies grant Leah three wishes, but they often make errors. Each episode features Leah working together with the genies to resolve the problems they unintentionally cause, all while keeping Shimmer and Shine a secret from her next door neighbor and best friend Zac.

text: In the second season, the characters are transported to Zahramay Falls, a magical land where Shimmer and Shine live. Leah reveals her genies' existence to Zac, who is given a genie of his own, named Kaz. Shimmer and Shine continue to grant Leah wishes in Zahramay Falls and befriend the sovereign of the land, Princess Samira. The season includes Samira's pet peacock, Roya, Zeta, a villainous sorceress, and Zeta's dragon, Nazboo.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired120August 24, 2015 (2015-08-24)May 11, 2016 (2016-05-11)220June 15, 2016 (2016-06-15)March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)320[2]May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)November 18, 2018 (2018-11-18)420October 20, 2018 (2018-10-20)TBA

text: Characters[edit]

text: Humans and Genies[edit]

text:
Shimmer (voiced by Eva Bella) – An optimistic genie with blue eyes and pink hair. She is enthusiastic and encouraging. She loves cleaning, glitter, and collecting genie bottles. Her pet is a gibbon monkey named Tala.
Shine (voiced by Isabella Cramp) – A courageous genie with purple eyes and blue hair. She is an animal lover and is often hungry. Her pet is a Bengal tiger cub named Nahal. Due to her love of animals, she is very knowledgeable about the behaviors of magical creatures native to Zahramay Falls. Unlike her sister, she hates cleaning. A running gag involves Shine saying "It's like I always say..." only to humorously reveal that she has just made up whatever she says next.
Leah (voiced by Alina Foley) – A blonde girl with green eyes who owns a genie bottle necklace, which includes Shimmer and Shine.[3] Although Shimmer and Shine usually mess up her wishes, Leah is patient and forgiving with them. Originally, she was forced to keep her genies existence a secret from her close friend Zac, but revealed her secret to him after being transported to Zahramay Falls. In the second season, Princess Samira grants Leah and Zac's wish to visit Zahramay Falls whenever they want. While visiting her genies in Zahramay Falls, Leah magically dons a genie disguise in order to blend in, as humans are normally not allowed in Zahramay Falls.
Zac (voiced by Blake Bertrand in the first two seasons, Justin Felbinger from season three and onward) – Leah's neighbor with red hair and blue eyes, and best human friend. In the first season, he is oblivious to the fact that Leah has genies. Whenever something strange or unusual happens, he responds to it in a carefree manner. He also has a habit of telling humorous experiences he has had to Leah. In the second season, he learns that Leah has genies and gets a genie of his own named Kaz.
Princess Samira (voiced by Nikki SooHoo) – The ruler of Zahramay Falls with violet eyes and ice blue hair, who is in charge of checking up on all the genies in training. She can grant wishes along with the younger genies. She occasionally rewards genies with magic Genie Gems that can have a variety of magical effects. She acts as Shimmer and Shine's mentor and teacher. Despite Zeta being her self-proclaimed rival, Samira likes Zeta and is willing to give her a second chance at becoming a genie-in-training, which in season three is revealed to be due to her past friendship with Zeta when they were both students under Empress Caliana and hopes that Zeta and her can one day become friends again.
Zeta the Sorceress (voiced by Lacey Chabert) – A resident of Zahramay Falls with green eyes and purple hair, who is Princess Samira's rival and wishes to replace her as the most powerful person in Zahramay Falls. Zeta is a sorceress instead of a genie, as she has no desire to grant the wishes of others, relying on magic potions and magical items. Her plans are almost always thwarted by Shimmer, Shine, and Leah. However, her own arrogance and ignorance can cause her to foil her own schemes as well. Despite the trouble she causes, the girls and Zac don't hold it against her and generally try to be friendly towards her when not foiling her schemes. Though she tends to be antagonistic towards Leah and her genies, she can be civil towards them at times and even work with them such when she finds herself and/or Nazboo in danger usually when her schemes backfire, which usually results in them saving her. Before becoming a sorceress, she was a genie-in-training under Empress Caliana along with Samira, whom Zeta befriended when she was a new student, though later quit school due to her jealousy of Samira and decided to become a sorceress instead, though despite her current rivalry with Samira is shown to cherish their past friendship as she held onto a feather pen Samira gave her when they first met along with a picture of the two of them together when they were both still friends.
Kaz (voiced by Jet Jurgensmeyer) – A genie in training with blue eyes and magenta hair who becomes Zac's genie in the second season. In contrast to Zac's easy-going and adventurous personality, Kaz is more cautious and scared easily. Despite their contrasting personalities, Zac and Kaz work well together and can be brave when he has to be. His cautious nature also means he puts more thought into how he grants Zac's wishes. Like most genies in Zahramay Falls, he has his own magic carpet, though sometimes uses Zac's Super Zoom Flyer, a magic carpet wished up by Zac. Kaz has a pet Ziffilon named Zain, who summoned by one of Zac's wishes after he learned that Kaz always wanted a Ziffilon as a pet. Though he and Zac get along well, he occasionally becomes unenthusiastic when granting wishes for Zac he would prefer not too. He was initially afraid of Zac's dog Rocket due to being unfamiliar with dogs, though eventually overcame his fear after Zac and the girls reminded him of how other genies were initially scared of Zain before they got to know him.
Empress Caliana (voiced by Barbara Eden) – Princess Samira's famous, semi-retired mentor with purple eyes and blonde hair. Caliana was the one who gave Samira her special necklace back when she was a little genie-in-training. Empress Caliana was a great explorer when she was a little girl and made many groundbreaking discoveries, such as finding the Caliana Caves. She is also old friends with Rohan, the normally shy crystalline golem that guards the caves. When Zeta and Samira were younger, Caliana taught genies-in-training at her school in Genie Hall, where Zeta was her top student. While praising Zeta's potion making skills, she tried to teach her to be more considerate of others and assigned Samira to sit next to Zeta when Samira was a new student which lead to Samira befriending Zeta, though Zeta eventually became jealous of Samira when she became the class's new top student, which eventually lead Zeta to quit school and decide to become a Sorceress instead after her attempt to sabotage Samira backfired, though Caliana expressed hope to Samira that she would one day return.
Captain Zora (voiced by Kellie Pickler from season two finale, Kate Higgins from season three and onward) – A pirate genie who is Shine's idol. She is absentminded at times and can be very clumsy and forgetful, especially when she is on an adventure. She owns a flying pirate ship that she sometimes accidentally docks in odd places. Shine loves pirate genies and Captain Zora is her favorite of them all, so she gets very nervous and sometimes cannot talk clearly when she is around Zora.
Layla (voiced by Danica McKellar) – An ice genie who is a good friend of Princess Samira. She possesses an ice gem necklace that gives her freezing powers and keeps her body cold. She originally lived in a genie bottle buried on a sandy beach in Zahramay Falls, but it was accidentally broken by Leah and her genies. She currently lives in an ice palace.
Shaya (voiced by Kin Santiago) – A lightning genie in training who rides around on a flying cloud-board and can generate magical lightning. Leah and her genies help him catch a run away magic lightning bolt he created while practicing his magic. Though he is reluctant to work with Leah and her genies at first, he eventually learns the value of teamwork from them.
Nila (voiced by Mila Brener) – A mermaid who lives in the waters near Zahramay Falls. Leah and her genies befriend Nila after Leah wishes to find a Mermaid after learning they are real. She helps the girls obtain the Mermaid Gem to change the girls back to their non-mermaid selves after Leah accidentally uses up her wishes which leaves the girls trapped in Mermaid form. After Nila and the girls obtain the gem by befriending its lonely Guardian, she teaches them the spell to activate the gem's power which can both transform into Mermaids as well as undo the transformation allowing the girls to visit Nila and go on underwater adventures with her.
Imma  (voiced by Grace Kaufman) – The Waterfall Genie who oversees the source of the rainbow waterfalls of Zahramay Falls in Rainbow Zahramay. The girls befriend her after Samira sends them on their first adventure to Rainbow Zahramay to investigate the cause of a weird mist produced by the falls that disrupts magic in Zahramay Falls and help Imma resolve the problem. Imma can use water magic that allows her to manipulate water using her magic staff which she also uses to activate the locks that control the flow of rainbow water to the falls.
Wishy Washy Genie (voiced by Fred Tatasciore) - A male genie whose powerful magic is to remove or fix a wish that cannot be used on other genies. He can be very wishy washy, just like his name. But while on the their adventure to find his home, the children help him make decisions.
Ayla (voiced by Liliana Mumy) – A hair-changing genie who has the power to change hairstyles.
Minu (voiced by Kitana Turnbull) – A flitter genie.
Nadia (voiced by Brittany Snow) - The dream genie who is the only genie capable of granting wishes involving dreams and specializes in dream magic which involve using magic dust. She is also in charge of crafting special dreams for everyone in Zahramay Falls. As a result, she knows about everyone in Zahramay Falls. However it is rare for her to make dreams actually come true.
Ezri (voiced by Gunnar Sizemore) - Nadia's assistant who like Nadia knows about everybody in Zahramay Falls as he recognizes Leah, Shimmer, Shine, and even Zeta on first meeting them.

text: Animals[edit]

text: All animals in the series are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker.

text:
Tala – Shimmer's pet gibbon monkey.[4] She has green eyes and wears white pearls, like Shimmer does. Tala is shown to be a talented dancer.
Nahal – Shine's white Bengal tiger cub.[5] She wears pink jewels and a gold circlet, like Shine does. She has a talent for playing the keyboard.
Rocket – Zac's pet dog who appears in several episodes of the first season and reappears in the third season. He is a rambunctious dog with a tendency to drool and chew on things which often causes trouble, though is simply an overly playful pouch who means no real harm. He has encountered Shimmer, Shine, Tala, and Nahal at various times. The only pet native to Leah and Zac's world, he eventually is wished to Zahramay Falls by Zac though is mistakenly seen as a monster by genies like Kaz and animals native to genie world like Parisa and Zain who are unfamiliar with dogs at first due to dogs not being native to their world, with the exception of Shimmer, Shine, Tala, Nahal, and Samira. After helping Zac stop Zeta from stealing Samira's staff, Samira permits Rocket to accompany Zac when he visits Zahramay Falls.
Nazboo – Zeta's talking pet dragon, who caters to her every need and acts as Zeta's underling. He is somewhat clumsy and often accidentally causes Zeta's schemes to backfire. He can also get easily distracted by food or anything that piques his interest. He also enjoys getting an occasional tummy rubs from Zeta. Though he acts as Zeta's underling most of the time, he is friendly towards Leah, Zac, and their genies as well as their pets to the point he often greets them by saying "Hi, Friends!" even in the middle of one of Zeta's schemes. Unlike Zeta, he is generally more considerate of others and prefers to play fair in competitions though usually assists Zeta in cheating. In the third season, he is revealed to be from Manetikar, The Land of Dragons and befriended Zeta when she came to Manetikar to find a dragon for a pet. Feeling sorry for Zeta after her attempt to make one of the larger flying dragons her pet failed, he agreed to become her pet and went home with her to her lair in Zahramay Falls, where he has lived ever since. He has a sister and two brothers who resemble him in appearance and personality.
Roya – Princess Samira's pet peacock, who resides in her palace. Roya is the polar opposite of Shimmer and Shine's pets, as she would much rather show off her feathers or practice walking gracefully than play or dance. Unlike Samira, Roya has a strong dislike for Zeta and Nazboo, to the point of literally chasing them out of Samira's Palace on one occasion. Once a year, she sheds a special feather with the ability to repair any magical object.
Parisa – Leah's pet Zahramay fox who possesses the ability to camouflage herself, making her practically invisible, whenever she wants. she also has a talent for painting. Parisa is introduced midway through the second season. Like Kaz and Zain, she was initially scared of Rocket, due to being unfamiliar with dogs, though not to the same degree that Kaz and Zain were.
Zain – Kaz's pet Ziffilon (a griffin-like creature). Kaz had always wanted a pet Ziffilon before getting Zain, so Zac uses one of his wishes to wish up a Ziffilon for Kaz. Zain is by far the largest of the pets, as he is big enough for Kaz to ride on his back, though despite his size Zain gets scared easily even more so than Kaz. Like most Ziffilons his favorite food is Zlam Berries and is originally from Ziffilon Island. Though he gets along with the other pets, he is frightened by Rocket at first due to being unfamiliar with dogs though after Zac reminds Kaz and Zain how other genies were scared of Zain at first, he and Kaz manage to overcome their initial fear of Rocket.
Zoomicorns – Winged Unicorns native to Zahramay Falls and Rainbow Zahramay introduced in the second season. They are friendly and helpful creatures who occasionally aid the girls and allow them to ride them. There is also a game called Zoomicorn Toss, where players ride flying Zahramay Cloud Boards while trying to throw rings around a Zoomicorn's horn as it flies around, without the use of magic as using magic is considered unfair. The only known named Zoomicorn, is Gleam who lives in Rainbow Zahramay that is a friend of the Glitter Genie Afina whom the girls meet and befriend during one of their adventures in Rainbow Zahramay in the third season.
Scallywag – The magical pet of the Pirate Genie Captain Zora, who helps Zora remember things that she forgets such as names and the meaning if words and phrases used by pirates. Scallywag flies around by spinning her tail in helicopter like fashion. Her magic goes out of control when scared causing random magic effects.
Nazboo's Family – Nazboo's three siblings Razboo, Kazboo, and Frank who are introduced in the third season. They all small flightless dragons that resemble Nazboo in appearance and share his friendly playful nature as well as his love of food and tummy rubs, though Nazboo and his siblings tend to get into trouble when they are together much to Zeta's frustration and annoyance, when they come to visit Nazboo. His sister Razboo has purple scales and wears a bow on her head. His brother Kazboo has green scales and a mohawk, while his brother Frank has blue scales and wears a bowtie. While Kazboo and Razboo are capable of speech like Nazboo, Frank's vocabulary is apparently limit to saying his own name which doesn't rhyme with his other siblings' names.

text: Production[edit]

text: Shimmer and Shine is based on an unreleased pilot that took six months to develop in 2013, with a reported completion date of September 2013. The pilot was created by Farnaz Esnaashari-Charmatz, who previously worked on Dora the Explorer, with Sindy Boveda Spackman as the writer and Andy Bialk as the art director.[6] It was ordered to series by Nickelodeon in March 2014, with the first season to consist of 20 episodes.[7] The series premiered on August 24, 2015.[8]

text: On February 11, 2016, it was announced that Shimmer and Shine was renewed for a 20-second second season that uses CGI animation,[9] with the second season premiering in the United States on June 15, 2016.[10] On June 21, 2016, Shimmer and Shine was renewed for a third season of an additional 20 episodes.[11]

text: On May 24, 2017, Shimmer and Shine was renewed for a fourth season consisting of 20 episodes.[1]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Shimmer and Shine premiered on Nick Jr. UK on November 9, 2015,[12] where it was dubbed with British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack (though Zeta and the animals' voices remained unchanged).

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Books[edit]

text: Nickelodeon and Random House Children's Books released books based on the show starting in January 2016.

text: DVDs[edit]

text: Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment released a DVD based on the show on February 2, 2016.[13] Another DVD, entitled Welcome to Zahramay Falls, was released on August 16, 2016. A third DVD, Friendship Divine, was released on February 7, 2017. A fourth DVD, Magical Pets of Zahramay Falls, was scheduled to be released on August 22, 2017. A fifth DVD, Beyond the Rainbow Falls, was released on February 6, 2018.

text: A Nick Jr. compilation DVD, entitled Nickelodeon Favorites: Whiskers & Paws, was released on January 26, 2016 and consists the episode "Abraca-Genie", along with select episodes of PAW Patrol, Dora and Friends: Into the City!, Fresh Beat Band of Spies, Bubble Guppies, and Blue's Clues.[14]

text: Toys[edit]

text: Nickelodeon and Fisher-Price released a toy line based on the show. Mega Bloks playlets based on the show have been released.