document_title: Mickey Mouse

question_text: what name did walt disney originally have in mind for mickey mouse

question_tokens: what name did walt disney originally have in mind for mickey mouse

text: Mickey Mouse

text: Origin

text: "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse."

text: Mickey Mouse was created as a replacement for Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, an earlier cartoon character created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz, a film producer who distributed product through Universal Studios.[4] In the spring of 1928, with the series going strong, Disney asked Mintz for an increase in the budget. But Mintz instead demanded that Walt take a 20 percent budget cut, and as leverage, he reminded Disney that Universal owned the character, and revealed that he had already signed most of Disney's current employees to his new contract. Angrily, Disney refused the deal and returned to produce the final Oswald cartoons he contractually owed Mintz. Disney was dismayed at the betrayal by his staff but determined to restart from scratch. The new Disney Studio initially consisted of animator Ub Iwerks and a loyal apprentice artist, Les Clark, who together with Wilfred Jackson were among the few who remained loyal to Walt. One lesson Disney learned from the experience was to thereafter always make sure that he owned all rights to the characters produced by his company.

text: In the spring of 1928, Disney asked Ub Iwerks to start drawing up new character ideas. Iwerks tried sketches of various animals, such as dogs and cats, but none of these appealed to Disney. A female cow and male horse were also rejected. They would later turn up as Clarabelle Cow and Horace Horsecollar. A male frog was also rejected. It would later show up in Iwerks' own Flip the Frog series.[5] Walt Disney got the inspiration for Mickey Mouse from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.[6] In 1925, Hugh Harman drew some sketches of mice around a photograph of Walt Disney. These inspired Ub Iwerks to create a new mouse character for Disney.[5] "Mortimer Mouse" had been Disney's original name for the character before his wife, Lillian, convinced him to change it, and ultimately Mickey Mouse came to be.[7][8] The actor Mickey Rooney claimed that, during his Mickey McGuire days, he met cartoonist Walt Disney at the Warner Brothers studio, and that Disney was inspired to name Mickey Mouse after him.[9] This claim, however, has been debunked by Disney historian Jim Korkis, since at the time of Mickey Mouse's development, Disney Studios had been located on Hyperion Avenue for several years, and Walt Disney never kept an office or other working space at Warner Brothers, having no professional relationship with Warner Brothers, as the Alice Comedies and Oswald cartoons were distributed by Universal.[10][11]

text: Design

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text: Throughout the earlier years, Mickey's design bore heavy resemblance to Oswald, save for the ears, nose, and tail.[12][13][14] Ub Iwerks designed Mickey's body out of circles in order to make the character simple to animate. Disney employees John Hench and Marc Davis believed that this design was part of Mickey's success as it made him more dynamic and appealing to audiences.

text: Mickey's circular design is most noticeable in his ears. In animation in the 1940s, Mickey's ears were animated in a more realistic perspective. Later, they were drawn to always appear circular no matter which way Mickey was facing. This made Mickey easily recognizable to audiences and made his ears an unofficial personal trademark. The circular rule later created a dilemma for toy creators who had to recreate a three-dimensional Mickey.

text: In 1938, animator Fred Moore redesigned Mickey's body away from its circular design to a pear-shaped design. Colleague Ward Kimball praised Moore for being the first animator to break from Mickey's "rubber hose, round circle" design. Although Moore himself was nervous at first about changing Mickey, Walt Disney liked the new design and told Moore "that's the way I want Mickey to be drawn from now on."

text: Each of Mickey's hands has only three fingers and a thumb. Disney said that this was both an artistic and financial decision, explaining "Artistically five digits are too many for a mouse. His hand would look like a bunch of bananas. Financially, not having an extra finger in each of 45,000 drawings that make up a six and one-half minute short has saved the Studio millions." In the film The Opry House (1929), Mickey was first given white gloves as a way of contrasting his naturally black hands against his black body. The use of white gloves would prove to be an influential design for cartoon characters, particularly with later Disney characters, but also with non-Disney characters such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Mighty Mouse, and Mario.

text: Mickey's eyes, as drawn in Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho, were large and white with black outlines. In Steamboat Willie, the bottom portion of the black outlines was removed, although the upper edges still contrasted with his head. Mickey's eyes were later re-imagined as only consisting of the small black dots which were originally his pupils, while what were the upper edges of his eyes became a hairline. This is evident only when Mickey blinks. Fred Moore later redesigned the eyes to be small white eyes with pupils and gave his face a Caucasian skin tone instead of plain white. This new Mickey first appeared in 1938 on the cover of a party program, and in animation the following year with the release of The Pointer.[15] Mickey is sometimes given eyebrows as seen in The Simple Things (1953) and in the comic strip, although he does not have eyebrows in his most recent appearances.

text: Some of Mickey's early appearance, particularly the gloves, and facial characteristics, evolved from blackface caricatures used in minstrel shows.[16][17][18][19][20]

text: Besides Mickey's gloves and shoes, he typically wears only a pair of shorts with two large buttons in the front. Before Mickey was seen regularly in color animation, Mickey's shorts were either red or a dull blue-green. With the advent of Mickey's color films, the shorts were always red. When Mickey is not wearing his red shorts, he is often still wearing red clothing such as a red bandmaster coat (The Band Concert, The Mickey Mouse Club), red overalls (Clock Cleaners, Boat Builders), a red cloak (Fantasia, Fun and Fancy Free), a red coat (Squatter's Rights, Mickey's Christmas Carol), or a red shirt (Mickey Down Under, The Simple Things).

text: Animation history

text: Debut (1928)

text: Disney had Ub Iwerks secretly begin animating a new cartoon while still under contract with Universal. The cartoon was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks was the main animator for the short and reportedly spent six weeks working on it. In fact, Iwerks was the main animator for every Disney short released in 1928 and 1929. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising also assisted Disney during those years. They had already signed their contracts with Charles Mintz, but he was still in the process of forming his new studio and so for the time being they were still employed by Disney. This short would be the last they animated under this somewhat awkward situation.[21]

text: Mickey was first seen in a test screening of the cartoon short Plane Crazy, on May 15, 1928, but it failed to impress the audience and to add insult to injury, Walt could not find a distributor. Though understandably disappointed, Walt went on to produce a second Mickey short, The Gallopin' Gaucho, which was also not released for lack of a distributor.[22]

text: Steamboat Willie was first released on November 18, 1928, in New York. It was co-directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. Iwerks again served as the head animator, assisted by Johnny Cannon, Les Clark, Wilfred Jackson and Dick Lundy. This short was intended as a parody of Buster Keaton's Steamboat Bill, Jr., first released on May 12 of the same year. Although it was the third Mickey cartoon produced, it was the first to find a distributor, and thus is considered by The Disney Company as Mickey's debut. Willie featured changes to Mickey's appearance (in particular, simplifying his eyes to large dots) that established his look for later cartoons and in numerous Walt Disney films.[23][24]

text: The cartoon was not the first cartoon to feature a soundtrack connected to the action. Fleischer Studios, headed by brothers Dave and Max Fleischer, had already released a number of sound cartoons using the DeForest system in the mid-1920s. However, these cartoons did not keep the sound synchronized throughout the film. For Willie, Disney had the sound recorded with a click track that kept the musicians on the beat. This precise timing is apparent during the "Turkey in the Straw" sequence when Mickey's actions exactly match the accompanying instruments. Animation historians have long debated who had served as the composer for the film's original music. This role has been variously attributed to Wilfred Jackson, Carl Stalling and Bert Lewis, but identification remains uncertain. Walt Disney himself was voice actor for both Mickey and Minnie and would remain the source of Mickey's voice through 1946 for theatrical cartoons. Jimmy MacDonald took over the role in 1946, but Walt provided Mickey's voice again from 1955 to 1959 for The Mickey Mouse Club television series on ABC.

text: Audiences at the time of Steamboat Willie's release were reportedly impressed by the use of sound for comedic purposes. Sound films or "talkies" were still considered innovative. The first feature-length movie with dialogue sequences, The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson, was released on October 6, 1927. Within a year of its success, most United States movie theaters had installed sound film equipment. Walt Disney apparently intended to take advantage of this new trend and, arguably, managed to succeed. Most other cartoon studios were still producing silent products and so were unable to effectively act as competition to Disney. As a result, Mickey would soon become the most prominent animated character of the time. Walt Disney soon worked on adding sound to both Plane Crazy and The Gallopin' Gaucho (which had originally been silent releases) and their new release added to Mickey's success and popularity. A fourth Mickey short, The Barn Dance, was also put into production; however, Mickey does not actually speak until The Karnival Kid in 1929 when his first spoken words were "Hot dogs, Hot dogs!" After Steamboat Willie was released, Mickey became a close competitor to Felix the Cat, and his popularity would grow as he was continuously featured in sound cartoons. By 1929, Felix would lose popularity among theater audiences, and Pat Sullivan decided to produce all future Felix cartoons in sound as a result.[25] Unfortunately, audiences did not respond well to Felix's transition to sound and by 1930, Felix had faded from the screen.[26]

text: Black and white films (1929–1935)

text: In Mickey's early films he was often characterized not as a hero, but as an ineffective young suitor to Minnie Mouse. The Barn Dance (March 14, 1929) is the first time in which Mickey is turned down by Minnie in favor of Pete.

text: The Opry House (March 28, 1929) was the first time in which Mickey wore his white gloves. Mickey wears them in almost all of his subsequent appearances and many other characters followed suit. The three lines on the back of Mickey's gloves represent darts in the gloves' fabric extending from between the digits of the hand, typical of glove design of the era.

text: When the Cat's Away (April 18, 1929), essentially a remake of the Alice Comedy, "Alice Rattled by Rats", was an unusual appearance for Mickey. Although Mickey and Minnie still maintained their anthropomorphic characteristics, they were depicted as the size of regular mice and living with a community many other mice as pests in a home. Mickey and Minnie would later appear the size of regular humans in their own setting. In appearances with real humans, Mickey has been shown to be about two to three feet high.[27] The next Mickey short was also unusual. The Barnyard Battle (April 25, 1929) was the only film to depict Mickey as a soldier and also the first to place him in combat. The Karnival Kid (1929) was the first time Mickey spoke. Before this he had only whistled, laughed, and grunted. His first words were "Hot dogs! Hot dogs!" said while trying to sell hot dogs at a carnival. Mickey's Follies (1929) introduced the song "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" which would become the theme song for Mickey Mouse films for the next several years. The "Minnie's Yoo-Hoo" song sequence was also later reused with different background animation as its own special short shown only at the commencement of 1930s theater-based Mickey Mouse Clubs.[28][29] Mickey's dog Pluto first appeared as Mickey's pet in The Moose Hunt (1931) after previously appearing as Minnie's dog "Rover" in The Picnic (1930).

text: The Cactus Kid (April 11, 1930) was the last film to be animated by Ub Iwerks at Disney. Shortly before the release of the film, Iwerks left to start his own studio, bankrolled by Disney's then-distributor Pat Powers. Powers and Disney had a falling out over money due Disney from the distribution deal. It was in response to losing the right to distribute Disney's cartoons that Powers made the deal with Iwerks, who had long harbored a desire to head his own studio. The departure is considered a turning point in Mickey's career, as well as that of Walt Disney. Walt lost the man who served as his closest colleague and confidant since 1919. Mickey lost the man responsible for his original design and for the direction or animation of several of the shorts released till this point. Advertising for the early Mickey Mouse cartoons credited them as "A Walt Disney Comic, drawn by Ub Iwerks". Later Disney Company reissues of the early cartoons tend to credit Walt Disney alone.

text: Disney and his remaining staff continued the production of the Mickey series, and he was able to eventually find a number of animators to replace Iwerks. As the Great Depression progressed and Felix the Cat faded from the movie screen, Mickey's popularity would rise, and by 1932 The Mickey Mouse Club would have one million members.[30] At the 5th Academy Awards in 1932, Mickey received his first Academy Award nomination, received for Mickey's Orphans (1931). Walt Disney also received an honorary Academy Award for the creation of Mickey Mouse. Despite being eclipsed by the Silly Symphonies short the Three Little Pigs in 1933, Mickey still maintained great popularity among theater audiences too, until 1935, when polls showed that Popeye was more popular than Mickey.[31][32][33] By 1934, Mickey merchandise had earned $600,000.00 a year.[34] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the Mickey Mouse Clubs, due to administration problems.[35]

text: About this time, story artists at Disney were finding it increasingly difficult to write material for Mickey. As he had developed into a role model for children, they were limited in the types of gags they could make. This led to Mickey taking more of a secondary role in some of his next films allowing for more emphasis on other characters. In Orphan's Benefit (August 11, 1934) Mickey first appeared with Donald Duck who had been introduced earlier that year in the Silly Symphonies series. The tempestuous duck would provide Disney with seemingly endless story ideas and would remain a recurring character in Mickey's cartoons.

text: Color films (1935–1953)

text: Mickey first appeared animated in color in Parade of the Award Nominees in 1932, however, the film strip was created for the 5th Academy Awards ceremony and was not released to the public. Mickey's official first color film came in 1935 with The Band Concert. The Technicolor film process was used in the film production. Here Mickey conducted the William Tell Overture, but the band is swept up by a tornado. It is said that conductor Arturo Toscanini so loved this short that, upon first seeing it, he asked the projectionist to run it again. In 1994, The Band Concert was voted the third-greatest cartoon of all time in a poll of animation professionals. By colorizing and partially redesigning Mickey, Walt would put Mickey back on top once again, and Mickey would reach popularity he never reached before as audiences now gave him more appeal.[36] Also in 1935, Walt would receive a special award from the League of Nations for creating Mickey.

text: However, by 1938, the more manic Donald Duck would surpass the passive Mickey, resulting in a redesign of the mouse between 1938 and 1940 that put Mickey at the peak of his popularity.[36] The second half of the 1930s saw the character Goofy reintroduced as a series regular. Together, Mickey, Donald Duck, and Goofy would go on several adventures together. Several of the films by the comic trio are some of Mickey's most critically acclaimed films, including Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935), Moose Hunters (1937), Clock Cleaners (1937), Lonesome Ghosts (1937), Boat Builders (1938), and Mickey's Trailer (1938). Also during this era, Mickey would star in Brave Little Tailor (1938), an adaptation of The Valiant Little Tailor, which was nominated for an Academy Award.

text: Mickey was redesigned by animator Fred Moore which was first seen in The Pointer (1939). Instead of having solid black eyes, Mickey was given white eyes with pupils, a Caucasian skin colored face, and a pear-shaped body. In the 40's, he changed once more in The Little Whirlwind, where he used his trademark pants for the last time in decades, lost his tail, got more realistic ears that changed with perspective and a different body anatomy. But this change would only last for a short period of time before returning to the one in "The Pointer", with the exception of his pants. In his final theatrical cartoons in the 1950s, he was given eyebrows, which were removed in the more recent cartoons.

text: In 1940 Mickey appeared in his first feature-length film, Fantasia. His screen role as The Sorcerer's Apprentice, set to the symphonic poem of the same name by Paul Dukas, is perhaps the most famous segment of the film and one of Mickey's most iconic roles. The segment features no dialogue at all, only the music. The apprentice (Mickey), not willing to do his chores, puts on the sorcerer's magic hat after the sorcerer goes to bed and casts a spell on a broom, which causes the broom to come to life and perform the most tiring chore—filling up a deep well using two buckets of water. When the well eventually overflows, Mickey finds himself unable to control the broom, leading to a near-flood. After the segment ends, Mickey is seen in silhouette shaking hands with Leopold Stokowski, who conducts all the music heard in Fantasia. Mickey has often been pictured in the red robe and blue sorcerer's hat in merchandising. It was also featured into the climax of Fantasmic!, an attraction at the Disney theme parks.

text: After 1940, Mickey's popularity would decline until his 1955 re-emergence as a daily children's television personality.[37] Despite this, the character continued to appear regularly in animated shorts until 1943 (winning his only competitive Academy Award—with canine companion Pluto—for a short subject, Lend a Paw) and again from 1946 to 1952.

text: The last regular installment of the Mickey Mouse film series came in 1953 with The Simple Things in which Mickey and Pluto go fishing and are pestered by a flock of seagulls.

text: Television and later films

text: In the 1950s, Mickey became more known for his appearances on television, particularly with The Mickey Mouse Club. Many of his theatrical cartoon shorts were rereleased on television series such as Ink & Paint Club, various forms of the Walt Disney anthology television series, and on home video. Mickey returned to theatrical animation in 1983 with Mickey's Christmas Carol, an adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol in which Mickey played Bob Cratchit. This was followed up in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper.

text: Throughout the decades, Mickey Mouse competed with Warner Bros.' Bugs Bunny for animated popularity. But in 1988, the two rivals finally shared screen time in the Robert Zemeckis Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Disney and Warner signed an agreement stating that each character had the same amount of screen time in the scene.

text: Similar to his animated inclusion into a live-action film on Roger Rabbit, Mickey made a featured cameo appearance in the 1990 television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World where he met Kermit the Frog. The two are established in the story as having been old friends. The Muppets have otherwise spoofed and referenced Mickey over a dozen times since the 1970s. Eventually, The Muppets were purchased by the Walt Disney Company in 2004.

text: His most recent theatrical cartoon short was 2013's Get a Horse! which was preceded by 1995's Runaway Brain, while from 1999 to 2004, he appeared in direct-to-video features like Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas, Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers and the computer-animated Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas.

text: Many television series have centered on Mickey, such as the ABC shows Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003), Disney Channel's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), and Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–). Prior to all these, Mickey was also featured as an unseen character in the Bonkers episode "You Oughta Be In Toons".

text: Mickey has recently been announced to star in two films. One is being based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[38]

text: Since June 28, 2013, Disney Channel has been airing new 3-minute Mickey Mouse shorts, with animator Paul Rudish at the helm, incorporating elements of Mickey's late twenties-early thirties look with a contemporary twist.[39]

text: Voice actors

text: A large part of Mickey's screen persona is his famously shy, falsetto voice. From 1928 onward, Mickey was voiced by Walt Disney himself, a task in which Disney took great personal pride. However, by 1946, Disney was becoming too busy with running the studio to do regular voice work which meant he could not do Mickey's voice anymore. It is also speculated that his cigarette habit had damaged his voice over the years. After recording the Mickey and the Beanstalk section of Fun and Fancy Free, Mickey's voice was handed over to veteran Disney musician and actor Jimmy MacDonald. MacDonald voiced Mickey in the remainder of the theatrical shorts, and for various television and publicity projects up until his retirement in the mid-1970s, although Walt voiced Mickey again for the introductions to the original 1955–1959 run of The Mickey Mouse Club TV series, the "Fourth Anniversary Show" episode of the Disneyland TV series that aired on September 11, 1958, and the Disneyland USA at Radio City Music Hall show from 1962.[40] Composer Carl W. Stalling was the very first person to provide lines for Mickey in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid. Clarence Nash voiced Mickey in the 1934 Disney short, The Dognapper; around the time when it was filmed, Walt was traveling in Europe and was unavailable to record his lines for Mickey for the short. Along with Disney, J. Donald Wilson, Joe Twerp, and John Hiestand provided the voice in 1938 broadcasts of The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air.[41] Stan Freberg voiced Mickey in the Freberg-produced record Mickey Mouse's Birthday Party. Alan Young voiced Mickey in the Disneyland record album An Adaptation of Dickens' Christmas Carol, Performed by The Walt Disney Players in 1974, which it would be the first and only time that Alan Young voices him.[42][43]

text: The 1983 short film Mickey's Christmas Carol marked the theatrical debut of Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse, who was the official voice of Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.[44] Allwine once recounted something MacDonald had told him about voicing Mickey: "The main piece of advice that Jim gave me about Mickey helped me keep things in perspective. He said, 'Just remember kid, you're only filling in for the boss.' And that's the way he treated doing Mickey for years and years. From Walt, and now from Jimmy."[45] In 1991, Allwine married Russi Taylor, the voice of Minnie Mouse since 1986. Les Perkins did the voice of Mickey in two TV specials, "Down and Out with Donald Duck" and "DTV Valentine" in the mid-1980s. Peter Renaday voiced Mickey in the 1980s Disney albums Yankee Doodle Mickey and Mickey Mouse Splashdance.[46][47] He also provided his voice for The Talking Mickey Mouse toy in 1986.[48][49] Quinton Flynn briefly filled in for Allwine as the voice of Mickey in a few episodes of the first season of Mickey Mouse Works whenever Allwine was unavailable to record.[50]

text: Bret Iwan, a former Hallmark greeting card artist, is the current voice of Mickey. Iwan was originally cast as an understudy for Allwine due to the latter’s declining health; however, Allwine died before Iwan could meet him, and Iwan became the new official voice for Mickey. Iwan’s early recordings in 2009 included work for the Disney Cruise Line, Mickey toys, theme parks, and also the Disney on Ice: Celebrations! ice show.[51] He directly replaced Allwine as Mickey for the Kingdom Hearts video game series and the series Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. His first video game voice-over of Mickey Mouse can be found on Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, a video game for PlayStation Portable. Iwan also became the first voice actor to portray Mickey during Disney’s rebranding of the character, providing the vocal effects of Mickey in the games Epic Mickey as well as his voice in Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two and the remake of Castle of Illusion. Despite Iwan being Mickey's primary voice actor, the character's voice is provided by Chris Diamantopoulos in the 2013 animated series,[52] as the producers were looking for a voice closer to Walt Disney’s portrayal of the character in order to match the vintage look of the series.[53]

text: Mickey in comics

text: Mickey first appeared in comics after he had appeared in 15 commercially successful animated shorts and was easily recognized by the public. Walt Disney was approached by King Features Syndicate with the offer to license Mickey and his supporting characters for use in a comic strip. Disney accepted and Mickey made his first comic strip appearance on January 13, 1930. The comical plot was credited to Disney himself, art to Ub Iwerks and inking to Win Smith. The first week or so of the strip featured a loose adaptation of "Plane Crazy". Minnie soon became the first addition to the cast. The strips first released between January 13, 1930, and March 31, 1930, has been occasionally reprinted in comic book form under the collective title "Lost on a Desert Island". Animation historian Jim Korkis notes "After the eighteenth strip, Iwerks left and his inker, Win Smith, continued drawing the gag-a-day format..."[54]

text: In early 1930, after Iwerks' departure, Disney was at first content to continue scripting the Mickey Mouse comic strip, assigning the art to Win Smith. However, Disney's focus had always been in animation and Smith was soon assigned with the scripting as well. Smith was apparently discontent at the prospect of having to script, draw, and ink a series by himself as evidenced by his sudden resignation.

text: Disney then searched for a replacement among the remaining staff of the Studio. He selected Floyd Gottfredson, a recently hired employee. At the time Gottfredson was reportedly eager to work in animation and somewhat reluctant to accept his new assignment. Disney had to assure him the assignment was only temporary and that he would eventually return to animation. Gottfredson accepted and ended up holding this "temporary" assignment from May 5, 1930, to November 15, 1975.

text: Walt Disney's last script for the strip appeared May 17, 1930.[54] Gottfredson's first task was to finish the storyline Disney had started on April 1, 1930. The storyline was completed on September 20, 1930, and later reprinted in comic book form as Mickey Mouse in Death Valley. This early adventure expanded the cast of the strip which to this point only included Mickey and Minnie. Among the characters who had their first comic strip appearances in this story were Clarabelle Cow, Horace Horsecollar, and Black Pete as well as the debuts of corrupted lawyer Sylvester Shyster and Minnie's uncle Mortimer Mouse. The Death Valley narrative was followed by Mr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers, first printed between September 22 and December 26, 1930, which introduced Marcus Mouse and his wife as Minnie's parents.

text: Starting with these two early comic strip stories, Mickey's versions in animation and comics are considered to have diverged from each other. While Disney and his cartoon shorts would continue to focus on comedy, the comic strip effectively combined comedy and adventure. This adventurous version of Mickey would continue to appear in comic strips and later comic books throughout the 20th and into the 21st century.

text: Floyd Gottfredson left his mark with stories such as Mickey Mouse Joins the Foreign Legion (1936) and The Gleam (1942). He also created the Phantom Blot, Eega Beeva, Morty and Ferdie, Captain Churchmouse, and Butch. Besides Gottfredson artists for the strip over the years included Roman Arambula, Rick Hoover, Manuel Gonzales, Carson Van Osten, Jim Engel, Bill Wright, Ted Thwailes and Daan Jippes; writers included Ted Osborne, Merrill De Maris, Bill Walsh, Dick Shaw, Roy Williams, Del Connell, and Floyd Norman.

text: The next artist to leave his mark on the character was Paul Murry in Dell Comics. His first Mickey tale appeared in 1950 but Mickey did not become a specialty until Murry's first serial for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories in 1953 ("The Last Resort"). In the same period, Romano Scarpa in Italy for the magazine Topolino began to revitalize Mickey in stories that brought back the Phantom Blot and Eega Beeva along with new creations such as the Atomo Bleep-Bleep. While the stories at Western Publishing during the Silver Age emphasized Mickey as a detective in the style of Sherlock Holmes, in the modern era several editors and creators have consciously undertaken to depict a more vigorous Mickey in the mold of the classic Gottfredson adventures. This renaissance has been spearheaded by Byron Erickson, David Gerstein, Noel Van Horn, Michael T. Gilbert and César Ferioli.

text: In Europe, Mickey Mouse became the main attraction of a number of comics magazines, the most famous being Topolino in Italy from 1932 on, Le Journal de Mickey in France from 1934 on, Don Miki in Spain and the Greek Miky Maous.

text: Mickey was the main character for the series MM Mickey Mouse Mystery Magazine, published in Italy from 1999 to 2001.

text: In 2006, he appeared in the Italian fantasy comic saga Wizards of Mickey.

text: In 1958, Mickey Mouse was introduced to the Arab world through another comic book called “Sameer”. He became very popular in Egypt and got a comic book with his name. Mickey’s comics in Egypt are licensed by Disney and were published since 1959 by “Dar Al-Hilal” and they were success, however Dar Al-Hilal stopped the publication in 2003 because of problems with Disney. The comics were re-released by "Nahdat Masr" in 2004 and the first issues were sold out in less than 8 hours.[55]

text: Merchandising

text: Since his early years, Mickey Mouse has been licensed by Disney to appear on many different kinds of merchandise. Mickey was produced as plush toys and figurines, and Mickey's image has graced almost everything from T-shirts to lunchboxes. Largely responsible for Disney merchandising in the 1930s was Kay Kamen (1892–1949) who was called a "stickler for quality." Kamen was recognized by The Walt Disney Company as having a significant part in Mickey's rise to stardom and was named a Disney Legend in 1998.[56] At the time of his 80th-anniversary celebration in 2008, Time declared Mickey Mouse one of the world's most recognized characters, even when compared against Santa Claus.[57] Disney officials have stated that 98% of children aged 3–11 around the world are at least aware of the character.[57]

text: Mickey was most famously featured on wrist watches and alarm clocks, typically utilizing his hands as the actual hands on the face of the clock. The first Mickey Mouse watches were manufactured in 1933 by the Ingersoll Watch Company. The seconds were indicated by a turning disk below Mickey. The first Mickey watch was sold at the Century of Progress in Chicago, 1933 for $3.75. Mickey Mouse watches have been sold by other companies and designers throughout the years, including Timex, Elgin, Helbros, Bradley, Lorus, and Gérald Genta[58] The fictional character Robert Langdon from Dan Brown's novels was said to wear a Mickey Mouse watch as a reminder "to stay young at heart."[59]

text: In 1989, Milton Bradley released the electronic talking game titled Mickey Says, with three modes featuring Mickey Mouse as its host. Mickey also appeared in other toys and games, including the Worlds of Wonder released The Talking Mickey Mouse.

text: Fisher-Price has recently produced a line of talking animatronic Mickey dolls including "Dance Star Mickey" (2010)[60] and "Rock Star Mickey" (2011).[61]

text: In total, approximately 40% of Disney's revenues for consumer products are derived from Mickey Mouse merchandise, with revenues peaking in 1997.[57]

text: Mickey at the Disney parks

text: As the official Walt Disney mascot, Mickey has played a central role in the Disney parks since the opening of Disneyland in 1955. As with other characters, Mickey is often portrayed by a non-speaking costumed actor. In this form, he has participated in ceremonies and countless parades. A popular activity with guests is getting to meet and pose for photographs with the mouse. As of the presidency of Barack Obama (who jokingly referred to him as "a world leader who has bigger ears than me")[62] Mickey has met every U.S. President since Harry Truman, with the exception of Lyndon B. Johnson.[14]

text: Mickey also features in several specific attractions at the Disney parks. Mickey's Toontown (Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland) is a themed land which is a recreation of Mickey's neighborhood. Buildings are built in a cartoon style and guests can visit Mickey or Minnie's houses, Donald Duck's boat, or Goofy's garage. This is a common place to meet the characters.[63]

text: Mickey's PhilharMagic (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland, Hong Kong Disneyland) is a 4D film which features Mickey in the familiar role of symphony conductor. At Main Street Cinema several of Mickey's short films are shown on a rotating basis; the sixth film is always Steamboat Willie. Mickey plays a central role in Fantasmic! (Disneyland Resort, Disney's Hollywood Studios) a live nighttime show which famously features Mickey in his role as the Sorcerer's Apprentice. Mickey was also a central character in the now-defunct Mickey Mouse Revue (Magic Kingdom, Tokyo Disneyland) which was an indoor show featuring animatronic characters. Mickey's face currently graces the Mickey's Fun Wheel at Disney California Adventure Park, where a figure of him also stands on top of Silly Symphony Swings.

text: In addition to Mickey's overt presence in the parks, numerous images of him are also subtly included in sometimes unexpected places. This phenomenon is known as "Hidden Mickey", involving hidden images in Disney films, theme parks, and merchandise.

text: Mickey in video games

text: Like many popular characters, Mickey has starred in many video games, including Mickey Mousecapade on the Nintendo Entertainment System, Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse, Mickey's Ultimate Challenge, and Disney's Magical Quest on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse on the Mega Drive/Genesis, Mickey Mouse: Magic Wands! on the Game Boy, and many others. In the 2000s, the Disney's Magical Quest series were ported to the Game Boy Advance, while Mickey made his sixth generation era debut in Disney's Magical Mirror Starring Mickey Mouse, a Nintendo GameCube title aimed at younger audiences. Mickey plays a major role in the Kingdom Hearts series, as the king of Disney Castle and aide to the protagonist, Sora. King Mickey wields the Keyblade, a weapon in the form of a key that has the power to open any lock and combat darkness. Epic Mickey, featuring a darker version of the Disney universe, was released in 2010 for the Wii. The game is part of an effort by The Walt Disney Company to re-brand the Mickey Mouse character by moving away from his current squeaky clean image and reintroducing the mischievous side of his personality.[3]

text: Awards and honors

text: Mickey Mouse has received ten nominations for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. These are Mickey's Orphans (1931), Building a Building (1933), Brave Little Tailor (1938), The Pointer (1939), Lend a Paw (1941), Squatter's Rights (1946), Mickey and the Seal (1948), Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), Runaway Brain (1995), and Get a Horse! (2013). Among these, Lend a Paw was the only film to actually win the award. Additionally, in 1932 Walt Disney received an honorary Academy Award in recognition of Mickey's creation and popularity.

text: In 1994, four of Mickey's cartoons were included in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons which listed the greatest cartoons of all time as voted by members of the animation field. The films were The Band Concert (#3), Steamboat Willie (#13), Brave Little Tailor (#26), and Clock Cleaners (#27).

text: On November 18, 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located on 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

text: Melbourne (Australia) runs the annual Moomba festival street procession and appointed Mickey Mouse as their King of Moomba (1977).[64]:17–22 Although immensely popular with children, there was controversy with the appointment: some Melburnians wanted a 'home-grown' choice, e.g. Blinky Bill; when it was revealed that Patricia O'Carroll (from Disneyland's Disney on Parade show) was performing the mouse, Australian newspapers reported "Mickey Mouse is really a girl!"[64]:19–20

text: Mickey was the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade on New Year's Day 2005. He was the first cartoon character to receive the honor and only the second fictional character after Kermit the Frog in 1996.

text: Social impact

text: Use in politics

text: In the United States, protest votes are often made in order to indicate dissatisfaction with the slate of candidates presented on a particular ballot or to highlight the inadequacies of a particular voting procedure. Since most states' electoral systems do not provide for blank balloting or a choice of "None of the Above", most protest votes take the form of a clearly non-serious candidate's name entered as a write-in vote. Mickey Mouse is often selected for this purpose.[65][66] As an election supervisor in Georgia observed, "If [Mickey Mouse] doesn’t get votes in our election, it’s a bad election."[67] The earliest known mention of Mickey Mouse as a write-in candidate dates back to the 1932 New York City mayoral elections.[68]

text: Mickey Mouse's name has also been known to appear fraudulently on voter registration lists, such as in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election.[69][70]

text: Pejorative use of Mickey's name

text: "Mickey Mouse" is a slang expression meaning small-time, amateurish or trivial. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it also means poor quality or counterfeit. However, in parts of Australia it can mean excellent or very good (rhyming slang for "grouse").[71] Examples of the former two of the three usages include the following:

text:
In The Godfather Part II, Fredo's justification of betraying Michael is that his orders in the family usually were "Send Fredo off to do this, send Fredo off to do that! Let Fredo take care of some Mickey Mouse nightclub somewhere!" as opposed to more meaningful tasks.
In an early episode of the 1978–82 sitcom Mork & Mindy, Mork stated that Pluto was "a Mickey Mouse planet", referring to the future dwarf planet having the same name as Mickey's pet dog Pluto. Actually, the planet was named shortly before the dog was.
In 1984, just after an ice hockey game in which Wayne Gretzky's Edmonton Oilers beat the New Jersey Devils 13–4, Gretzky was quoted as saying to a reporter, "Well, it's time they got their act together, they're ruining the whole league. They had better stop running a Mickey Mouse organization and put somebody on the ice". Reacting to Gretzky's comment, Devils fans wore Mickey Mouse apparel when the Oilers returned to New Jersey.[72]
In the 1993 Warner Bros. film Demolition Man, as Sylvester Stallone's character is fighting the malfunctioning AI of his out-of-control police car, he shouts for the system to "Brake! Brake! Brake now, you Mickey Mouse piece of shit!"[73]
In the 1996 Warner Bros. film Space Jam, Bugs Bunny derogatorily comments on Daffy Duck's idea for the name of their basketball team, asking: "What kind of Mickey Mouse organization would name a team 'The Ducks?'" (This also referenced the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, an NHL team that was then owned by Disney, as well as the Disney-made "The Mighty Ducks" movie franchise. This was referencing the Disney/Warner Brothers rivalry.)
In the United States armed forces, actions that look good but have little or no practical use (such as the specific manner of making beds in basic training or the polishing of brass fittings on board ship) are commonly referred to as "Mickey Mouse work."[citation needed]
In schools a "Mickey Mouse course", "Mickey Mouse major", or "Mickey Mouse degree" is a class, college major, or degree where very little effort is necessary in order to attain a good grade (especially an A) or one where the subject matter of such a class is not of any importance in the labor market.[74]
Musicians often refer to a film score that directly follows each action on screen as Mickey Mousing (also mickey-mousing and mickeymousing).[75]
Software company Microsoft has been derogatorily called "Mickeysoft".[76]
In the beginning of the 1980s, then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher once called the European Parliament a "Mickey Mouse parliament", meaning a discussion club without influence.[77]
In the British sitcom Red Dwarf, in the episode "Quarantine", after the team's substandard equipment nearly cost them their lives, Lister pointed out, "We're a real Mickey Mouse operation, aren't we?" The Cat replied, "Mickey Mouse? We ain't even Betty Boop!"
The combined road course at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway used for the F1 U.S. Grand Prix has been described by Jacques Villeneuve and other competitors as "Mickey Mouse"[78] due to its slow uninteresting corners, and lack of challenging corners.

text: Parodies and criticism

text: Mickey Mouse's global fame has made him both a symbol of The Walt Disney Company and of the United States itself. For this reason, Mickey has been used frequently in anti-American satire, such as the infamous underground cartoon "Mickey Mouse in Vietnam" (1969). There have been numerous parodies of Mickey Mouse, such as the 2-page parody "Mickey Rodent" by Will Elder (published in Mad #19, 1955) in which the mouse walks around unshaven and jails Donald Duck out of jealousy over the duck's larger popularity.[79] The grotesque Rat Fink character was created by Ed "Big Daddy" Roth over his hatred of Mickey Mouse. In The Simpsons Movie, Bart Simpson puts a black bra on his head to mimic Mickey Mouse and says: "I'm the mascot of an evil corporation!"[80] On the Comedy Central series South Park, Mickey is depicted as the sadistic, greedy, foul-mouthed boss of The Walt Disney Company, only interested in money. He also appears briefly with Donald Duck in the comic Squeak the Mouse by the Italian cartoonist Massimo Mattioli.

text: In the 1969 parody novel Bored of the Rings, Mickey Mouse is satirized as Dickey Dragon.

text: Legal issues

text: Like all major Disney characters, Mickey Mouse is not only copyrighted but also trademarked, which lasts in perpetuity as long as it continues to be used commercially by its owner. So, whether or not a particular Disney cartoon goes into the public domain, the characters themselves may not be used as trademarks without authorization.

text: Because of the Copyright Term Extension Act of the United States (sometimes called the 'Mickey Mouse Protection Act' because of extensive lobbying by the Disney corporation) and similar legislation within the European Union and other jurisdictions where copyright terms have been extended, works such as the early Mickey Mouse cartoons will remain under copyright until at least 2023. However, some copyright scholars argue that Disney's copyright on the earliest version of the character may be invalid due to ambiguity in the copyright notice for Steamboat Willie.[81]

text: The Walt Disney Company has become well known for protecting its trademark on the Mickey Mouse character—whose likeness is closely associated with the company—with particular zeal. In 1989, Disney threatened legal action against three daycare centers in Florida for having Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters painted on their walls. The characters were removed, and rival Universal Studios replaced them with Universal cartoon characters.[82]

text: Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates

text: In 1971, a group of underground cartoonists calling themselves the Air Pirates, after a group of villains from early Mickey Mouse films, produced a comic called Air Pirates Funnies. In the first issue, cartoonist Dan O'Neill depicted Mickey and Minnie Mouse engaging in explicit sexual behavior and consuming drugs. As O'Neill explained, "The air pirates were…some sort of bizarre concept to steal the air, pirate the air, steal the media….Since we were cartoonists, the logical thing was Disney."[83] Rather than change the appearance or name of the character, which O'Neill felt would dilute the parody, the mouse depicted in Air Pirates Funnies looks like and is named "Mickey Mouse". Disney sued for copyright infringement, and after a series of appeals, O'Neill eventually lost and was ordered to pay Disney $1.9 million. The outcome of the case remains controversial among free-speech advocates. New York Law School professor Edward Samuels said, "[The Air Pirates] set parody back twenty years."[84][better source needed]

text: Censorship

text: In 1930, The German Board of Film Censors prohibited any presentations of the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Barnyard Battle (1929). The animated short, which features the mouse as a kepi-wearing soldier fighting cat enemies in German-style helmets, was viewed by censors as a negative portrayal of Germany.[85] It was claimed by the board that the film would "reawaken the latest anti-German feeling existing abroad since the War".[86] The Barnyard Battle incident did not incite wider anti-Mickey sentiment in Germany in 1930; however, after Adolf Hitler came to power several years later, the Nazi regime unambiguously propagandized against Disney. A mid-1930s German newspaper article read:

text: "Mickey Mouse is the most miserable ideal ever revealed...Healthy emotions tell every independent young man and every honorable youth that the dirty and filth-covered vermin, the greatest bacteria carrier in the animal kingdom, cannot be the ideal type of animal...Away with Jewish brutalization of the people! Down with Mickey Mouse! Wear the Swastika Cross!"[87][88][89]

text: American cartoonist and writer Art Spiegelman would later use this quote on the opening page of the second volume of his graphic novel Maus.

text: In 1935 Romanian authorities also banned Mickey Mouse films from cinemas, purportedly fearing that children would be "scared to see a ten-foot mouse in the movie theatre".[90] In 1938, based on the Ministry of Popular Culture's recommendation that a reform was necessary "to raise children in the firm and imperialist spirit of the Fascist revolution," the Italian Government banned foreign children's literature[91] except Mickey; Disney characters were exempted from the decree for the "acknowledged artistic merit" of Disney's work.[92] Actually, Mussolini's children were fond of Mickey Mouse, so they managed to delay his ban as long as possible.[93] In 1942, after Italy declared war on the United States, fascism immediately forced Italian publishers to stop printing any Disney stories. Mickey's stories were replaced by the adventures of Tuffolino, a new human character created by Federico Pedrocchi (script) and Pier Lorenzo De Vita (art). After the downfall of Italy's fascist government in 1945, the ban was removed.

text: Filmography

text: Mickey has been announced to star in two films. One is a live-action/CGI hybrid film based on the Magic Kingdom theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort,[94] while the other is a film idea pitched by Walt Disney Animation Studios veteran Burny Mattinson centering on Mickey, Donald, and Goofy.[38]

text: Selected short films

text:
Steamboat Willie (1928)
Plane Crazy (1929)
The Karnival Kid (1929)
Mickey's Orphans (1931)
Building a Building (1933)
The Mad Doctor (1933)
The Band Concert (1935)

Thru the Mirror (1936)
Moving Day (1936)
Clock Cleaners (1937)
Lonesome Ghosts (1937)
Brave Little Tailor (1938)
The Pointer (1939)
The Nifty Nineties (1941)
Lend a Paw (1941)

Symphony Hour (1942)
Squatter's Rights (1946)
Mickey and the Seal (1948)
The Simple Things (1953)
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
Runaway Brain (1995)
Get a Horse! (2013)

text: Full-length films

text:
Hollywood Party (cameo, 1934)
Fantasia (1940)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (cameo, 1988)
A Goofy Movie (cameo, 1995)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)

text: Television series

text:
The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959; 1977–1979; 1989–1994)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000)
Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016)
Mickey Mouse (2013–present)
Mickey and the Roadster Racers (2017–present)[95]


document_title: Everything Is Love

question_text: who is on cover of everything is love

question_tokens: who is on cover of everything is love

root

text: Everything Is Love

text: Background and recording[edit]

text: Plans about a joint album by the couple were announced by Jay-Z during an interview with The New York Times in 2017 when he said that they used "art almost like a therapy session" to create new music. However, since they also worked on their respective albums 4:44 and Lemonade, and Beyoncé's music progressed more rapidly, the project was temporarily stopped. Rumors about the collaborative project began emerging in March 2018 when the couple announced their On the Run II Tour.[2]

tag: p

text: The majority of the album was at U Arena in Paris, except "Friends", "Black Effect" and "Salud!" which were recorded at Kingslanding Studios West in Los Angeles, with further recording for "Summer" and "Nice" taking place at The Church Studios in London. Beyoncé and Jay-Z co-produced all of the songs on the album themselves, with further producers including Pharrell, Cool & Dre, Boi-1da, Jahaan Sweet, David Andrew Sitek, D'Mile, El Michels, Fred Ball, Illmind, MeLo-X, Mike Dean and Nav. The album was predominantly recorded by Stuart White and Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton.[citation needed]

text: Music and lyrics[edit]

text: According to Exclaim! journalist Riley Wallace, Everything Is Love is a hip hop album.[3] Mike Wass from Idolator observed a "trap sound and flashy bravado" on the record,[4] while Respect magazine's Jasmine Johnson said it "involves trap with a hint of love".[5] The album contains lyrics about the couple's romantic love, lavish lifestyle, media worship, wealth, black pride and fame; themes that were found to be characteristic of the whole record.[6] Other songs feature the pair singing about their family affairs as well as maintaining their relationship following hardships (i.e. infidelity).[7]

text: Artwork[edit]

text: The artwork for the album is a still frame from the music video for "Apeshit". It features two of Beyoncé's background dancers at the Louvre—the female is seen picking the hair of the male dancer while standing in front of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa.[8]

text: Release and promotion[edit]

text: On June 6, 2018, Beyoncé and Jay-Z embarked on the joint On the Run II Tour, a sequel to their 2014 On the Run Tour. At the end of their second show at London Stadium in London on June 16, 2018, Beyoncé announced to the crowd that the duo had a surprise before leaving the stage. Then, the music video for "Apeshit" played on the LED video screen onstage. Following the conclusion of the video, the words "ALBUM OUT NOW" came across the screen. Everything Is Love was subsequently released exclusively via Jay-Z's streaming service Tidal and all audience members received a free six-month trial subscription in order to be able to stream the album.[9] The album was also made available for purchase on Tidal's online music store. The release was announced worldwide on the Beyoncé and Jay-Z's respective social media accounts with the artist of the album being monikered as the Carters.[6] On the same day, the music video for the album's second track and lead single "Apeshit" was released on Beyoncé's official YouTube channel. It was directed by Ricky Saiz and filmed at the Louvre in Paris.[10][11]

text: On June 18, the album was made available across numerous other platforms, including iTunes Store, Apple Music, Deezer, Amazon Music, Napster, Google Play Music and Spotify.[12] This is the first album by Beyoncé that was made available across all platforms since 4 (2011).

text: Singles[edit]

text: "Apeshit" was released as the album's lead single on June 16, 2018 along with its accompanying music video, which was directed by Ricky Saiz and filmed at the Louvre in Paris in May 2018. Non-album song "Salud!" was released as a promotional single the same day.[13]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.4/10[14]Metacritic80/100[15]Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[16]The A.V. ClubB+[17]The Daily Telegraph[18]Exclaim!9/10[3]The Guardian[19]The Independent[20]NME[21]Pitchfork8.2/10[22]Rolling Stone[23]The Times[24]

tag: table

text: Everything Is Love was met with rave reviews from critics.[25] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[15] According to The New York Times writer Joe Coscarelli, the album "completes the Knowles-Carter conceptual trilogy", referring to the previous releases of Lemonade and 4:44, "in an expert, tactical showing of family brand management".[6] Music critic Nicholas Hautman of Us Weekly wrote: "It's clear from the very first listen that Beyoncé outshines her husband on much of the record, which really should have been marketed as 'Beyoncé featuring Jay-Z' rather than 'Beyoncé and Jay-Z' (or 'the Carters,' in this case). His verses are few and far between in comparison to hers, but it still somehow feels like a balanced body of work from two of the greatest artists of our time."[26] In The Guardian, Alexis Petridis believed the album retreads braggadocio centering around the duo's wealth and excellence, with less musical daring, but still does so with likeable music, genuine wit, and energy.[19] As per The Daily Telegraph music critic Neil McCormick pointed, "Everything Is Love certainly doesn’t have the musical expansiveness of Lemonade. There are neither ballads nor bangers, and not much in the way of melodic song construction at all. Rather, these are snappily repetitive beats on which the stars can put across their message as a form of hip hop conversation."[18] For Variety, Jim Aswad described it as "solid and generally satisfying, but not the best from either."[27]

text: Will Hodgkinson of The Times reviewed track-by-track, stated: "Jay-Z is as dynamic as ever and the new, though Beyoncé demands attention on this surprise album, [...] despite the ups and downs detailed on Beyoncé's Lemonade and Jay-Z's subsequent mea culpa 4:44. Instead they are coming out fighting, with all that fame and money making them defensive, even paranoid, while a mix of classic soul, hard-hitting hip-hop and slinky R&B."[24] Pitchfork contributor Briana Younger wrote that the album "is a compromise between the spoils of Lemonade's war and the fruits of 4:44's labor. Jay and Bey extend an invitation to join their very public vow-renewal victory lap because we now know what it costs to get here and how expensive having it all can be. It may not be collective liberation (and why should it be?), but it is theirs. When Beyoncé declares, 'We came and we saw and we conquered it all' on playful closer 'LOVEHAPPY,' it's her final exhale, her reclamation of her throne of love pulled straight from the tongue of colonizers. Within this complex, messy and beautifully black display, the Carters find absolution."[22] Exclaim!'s Riley Wallace said "Beyoncé holds her own" on the album, regardless of "whether she actually wrote the bars", adding that "the timing of the release was savage, but that's hip-hop. And so is this project. Nothing is off limits, and their chemistry on wax continues to be just as powerful as it is in real life. It's not only a top-to-bottom banger, but it's also relationship goals."[3]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: Everything Is Love debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 behind 5 Seconds of Summer's Youngblood, with 123,000 album-equivalent units, out of which 70,000 were pure album sales.[1]The album debuted on the chart after less than six full days of activity on Tidal, and four days of activity on all other digital retailers and streaming services.[28] It dropped to number four in its second week, moving 59,000 album-equivalent units.[29]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Credits adapted from Beyoncé's official website,[30] Tidal[31] and the album's digital booklet.[32]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Summer"BeyoncéShawn CarterMarcello ValenzanoAndre Christopher LyonLeon MichelsHomer SteinweissThomas BrenneckMike HerardJames Fauntleroy IIBeyoncéJay-ZCool & DreEl Michels[a]4:452."Apeshit"Pharrell WilliamsBeyoncéCarterQuavious Keyate MarshallKiari Kendrell CephusPharrellBeyoncé[a]Jay-Z[a]Stuart White[b]4:243."Boss"BeyoncéCarterTyrone Griffin Jr.Dernest Emile IIBeyoncéJay-ZD'MileMike Dean[b]MeLo-X[b]Derek Dixie[b]White[b]4:044."Nice"WilliamsBeyoncéCarterPharrellBeyoncé[c]Jay-Z[c]3:545."713"BeyoncéCarterValenzanoLyonRayshon Cobbs, Jr.BeyoncéJay-ZCool & Dre808-Ray[b]Fred Ball[a]3:136."Friends"BeyoncéCarterMatthew SamuelsJahaan SweetDenisia AndrewsBrittany ConeyTavor Javon HollinsAmir EsmailianNavraj GorayaRupert Thomas, Jr.BeyoncéJay-ZBoi-1daSweetNav[a]Sevn Thomas[a]Ball[a]5:447."Heard About Us"BeyoncéCarterSamuelsNija CharlesSweetHollinsAnderson HernandezRamon Ibanga, Jr.BeyoncéJay-ZBoi-1daSweetVinylzIllmindBall[b]3:108."Black Effect"BeyoncéCarterAndrewsConeyValenzanoLyonCobbs, Jr.Alexander SmithBeyoncéJay-ZCool & Dre5:139."LoveHappy"BeyoncéCarterDavid Andrew SitekCharlesAndrewsConeyBeyoncéJay-ZSitekNova Wav[b]3:49Total length:38:17

text: Tidal exclusive promotional singleNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Salud!"BeyoncéCarterValenzanoLyonEliot DubokTerius NashBeyoncéJay-ZCool & DreBeat Butcha[a]3:33

text: Notes

text:
^[a]  signifies a co-producer
^[b]  signifies an additional producer
^[c]  signifies a vocal producer
Every track title is stylized in all caps, with "Friends" sometimes stylized as upside-down text.
"Summer" features additional vocals by Rory from Stone Love and Anthony Wilmot
"Apeshit" features additional vocals by Offset and Quavo of Migos
"Boss" features additional vocals by Ty Dolla Sign and Blue Ivy Carter
"Nice" features additional vocals by Pharrell
"Black Effect" features additional vocals by Dr. Lenora Antoinette Stines
"Salud!" features additional vocals by Dre from Cool & Dre

tag: ul

text: Samples

text:
"Apeshit" contains elements of an ASAP Rocky broadcast on Instagram Live.
"713" contains an interpolation of "Still D.R.E.", written by Melvin Charles Breeden, Shawn Carter, Scott Storch and Andre Romelle Young, and performed by Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg; samples from "Sphinx Gate" and "The World It Softly Lulls", written by Paul Bender, Simon Mavin, Perrin Moss and Naomi Saalfield, and performed by Hiatus Kaiyote; and an interpolation of "The Light", written by Robert Caldwell, Norman Harris William, Lonnie Rashid Lynn, Bruce Malament and James Dewitt Yancey, and performed by Common.
"Heard About Us" contains an interpolation of "Juicy", written by Sean Puffy Combs, James Mtume, Jean-Claude Olivier and Christopher Wallace, and performed by The Notorious B.I.G.
"Black Effect" contains a sample of "Broken Strings", written by Jun Kozuki, and performed by Flower Travellin' Band.
"LoveHappy" contains a sample of "You Make My Life a Sunny Day", written by Eddie Campbell, Ernie Johnson and Pete James, and performed by Eddie & Ernie; elements of "Victory Is Certain" from APC Tracks Vol. 1, written by Bill Laswell, Jean Touitou and Thierry Planell; "Love of My Life (An Ode to Hip-Hop)" written by Lonnie Lynn, Robert Ozuma, James Poyser, Raphael Saadiq, Glen Standridge and Erica Wright, and performed by Erykah Badu and Common; and samples from the Graham Central Station recording "The Jam", written by Larry Graham.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Musicians

Derek Dixie – string arrangement (track 1), horn arrangement (track 1), additional keys (track 1), additional horn arrangement (track 3)
Chala Yancy – co-arrangement (track 1), strings (track 1)
Nathalie Barrett-Mas – co-arrangement (track 1), strings (track 1)
Crystal Alforque – co-arrangement (track 1), strings (track 1)
Jessica McJunkins – co-arrangement (track 1), strings (track 1)
Damien “Dammo” Farmer – bass guitar (track 1)
Corbin Jones – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (tracks 1, 3)
Michael Jones – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (track 1)
Christopher Gray – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (tracks 1, 3)
Christopher Johnson – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (tracks 1, 3)
Crystal Torres – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (tracks 1, 3)
Arnetta Johnson – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (tracks 1, 3)
Lessie Vonner – co-arrangement (track 1), horns (tracks 1, 3)
Peter Ortega – horns (track 3)
Randy Ellis – horns (track 3)
Richard Lucchese – horns (track 3)
808-Ray – additional programming (track 10)

Technical

Tyler Scott – strings engineering (track 1), recording (tracks 1, 4), assistant mix engineering (tracks 1, 3, 10)
Tony Maserati – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 8, 9)
Stuart White – mixing (tracks 1, 2–7, 9), recording
Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – mixing (track 1), recording (tracks 1–3, 5–10)
Leslie Brathwaite – mixing (tracks 4, 6)
Chris Godbey – mixing (tracks 5, 10)
DJ Durel – recording (track 2)
Mike Larson – recording (track 4)
Zeph Sowers – recording (track 9)
Dan Ewins – assistant mix engineering (tracks 2, 5, 7)
Henri Davies – assistant mix engineering (track 8)
Andy Maxell – assistant mix engineering (track 10)
Adrien Crapanzano – assistant engineering
Marcus Locock – assistant engineering (track 1)
Lester Mendoza – assistant recording engineering (horns on tracks 1, 3; strings on track 1)
Colin Leonard – mastering

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[33]

6

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[34]

21

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[35]

8

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[36]

28

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[37]

4

Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[38]

30

Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[39]

10

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[40]

4

Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[41]

30

French Albums (SNEP)[42]

33

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[43]

23

Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[44]

33

Irish Albums (OCC)[45]

10

Italian Albums (FIMI)[46]

20

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[47]

11

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[48]

8

Polish Albums (ZPAV)[49]

2

Portuguese Albums (AFP)[50]

10

Scottish Albums (OCC)[51]

7

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[52]

9

Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[53]

7

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[54]

5

UK Albums (OCC)[55]

5

US Billboard 200[1]

2

US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[56]

1

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region

Certification
Certified units/Sales

Russia (NFPF)[57]

Bronze

2,500*

*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
List of release dates, showing region, format(s), label(s) and reference(s)

Region

Date

Format(s)

Label(s)

Ref.

Various

June 16, 2018

Streamingdigital download (Tidal exclusive)

ParkwoodSonyS.CRoc Nation

[58]

June 18, 2018

Streamingdigital download

[59][60]

July 6, 2018

CD

[61]


document_title: List of Atlanta Falcons starting quarterbacks

question_text: who was the atlanta falcons quarterback in 1991

text: Starting quarterbacks[edit]

text: The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)
References

2017
Matt Ryan (10)
[1]

2016
Matt Ryan (16)
[2]

2015
Matt Ryan (16)
[3]

2014
Matt Ryan (16)
[4]

2013
Matt Ryan (16)
[5]

2012
Matt Ryan (16)
[6]

2011
Matt Ryan (16)
[7]

2010
Matt Ryan (16)
[8]

2009
Matt Ryan (14) / Chris Redman (2)
[9]

2008
Matt Ryan (16)
[10]

2007
Joey Harrington (10) / Chris Redman (4) / Byron Leftwich (2)
[11]

2006
Michael Vick (16)
[12]

2005
Michael Vick (15) / Matt Schaub (1)
[13]

2004
Michael Vick (15) / Matt Schaub (1)
[14]

2003
Doug Johnson (8) / Kurt Kittner (4) / Michael Vick (4)
[15]

2002
Michael Vick (15) / Doug Johnson (1)
[16]

2001
Chris Chandler (14) / Michael Vick (2)
[17]

2000
Chris Chandler (13) / Danny Kanell (1) / Doug Johnson (2)
[18]

1999
Chris Chandler (12) / Tony Graziani (3) / Danny Kanell (1)
[19]

1998
Chris Chandler (14) / Steve DeBerg (1) / Tony Graziani (1)
[20]

1997
Chris Chandler (14) / Billy Joe Tolliver (1) / Tony Graziani (1)
[21]

1996
Bobby Hebert (13) / Jeff George (3)
[22]

1995
Jeff George (16)
[23]

1994
Jeff George (16)
[24]

1993
Bobby Hebert (12) / Billy Joe Tolliver (2) / Chris Miller (2)
[25]

1992
Chris Miller (8) / Billy Joe Tolliver (5) / Wade Wilson (3)
[26]

1991
Chris Miller (14) / Billy Joe Tolliver (2)
[27]

1990
Chris Miller (12) / Scott Campbell (2) / Hugh Millen (2)
[28]

1989
Chris Miller (15) / Hugh Millen (1)
[29]

1988
Chris Miller (13) / Steve Dils (3)
[30]

1987
Scott Campbell (9) / Erik Kramer (2) / Chris Miller (2) / Jeff Van Raaphorst (1) / David Archer (1)
[31]

1986
David Archer (11) / Turk Schonert (5)
[32]

1985
David Archer (11) / Steve Bartkowski (5)
[33]

1984
Steve Bartkowski (11) / Mike Moroski (5)
[34]

1983
Steve Bartkowski (14) / Mike Moroski (2)
[35]

1982
Steve Bartkowski (9)
[36]

1981
Steve Bartkowski (16)
[37]

1980
Steve Bartkowski (16)
[38]

1979
Steve Bartkowski (14) / June Jones (2)
[39]

1978
Steve Bartkowski (13) / June Jones (3)
[40]

1977
Scott Hunter (7) / Steve Bartkowski (7)
[41]

1976
Scott Hunter (6) / Steve Bartkowski (5) / Kim McQuilken (3)
[42]

1975
Steve Bartkowski (11) / Kim McQuilken (2) / Pat Sullivan (1)
[43]

1974
Bob Lee (8) / Pat Sullivan (4) / Kim McQuilken (2)
[44]

1973
Bob Lee (10) / Dick Shiner (4)
[45]

1972
Bob Berry (14)
[46]

1971
Bob Berry (11) / Dick Shiner (3)
[47]

1970
Bob Berry (12) / Randy Johnson (2)
[48]

1969
Bob Berry (7) / Randy Johnson (5) / Bruce Lemmerman (2)
[49]

1968
Bob Berry (7) / Randy Johnson (7)
[50]

1967
Randy Johnson (12) / Terry Nofsinger (1) / Steve Sloan (1)
[51]

1966
Randy Johnson (11) / Dennis Claridge (3)
[52]

text: Postseason[edit]

text:
Season
Quarterback(s)
Ref(s)

2016
Ryan, Matt !Matt Ryan (2–1)

2012
Ryan, Matt !Matt Ryan (1–1)
[53]

2011
Ryan, Matt !Matt Ryan (0–1)
[53]

2010
Ryan, Matt !Matt Ryan (0–1)
[53]

2008
Ryan, Matt !Matt Ryan (0–1)
[53]

2004
Vick, Michael !Michael Vick (1–1)
[54]

2002
Vick, Michael !Michael Vick (1–1)
[54]

1998
Chandler, Chris !Chris Chandler (2–1)
[55]

1995
George, Jeff !Jeff George (0–1)
[56]

1991
Miller, Chris !Chris Miller (1–1)
[57]

1982
Bartkowski, Steve !Steve Bartkowski (0–1)
[58]

1980
Bartkowski, Steve !Steve Bartkowski (0–1)
[58]

1978
Bartkowski, Steve !Steve Bartkowski (1–1)
[58]

text: Most games as starting quarterback[edit]

text: These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Falcons in regular season games (as of Week 1 of 2017 season).

text:
Name

GP
Games played

GS
Games started

W
Number of wins as starting quarterback

L
Number of losses as starting quarterback

T
Number of ties as starting quarterback

Pct
Winning Percentage as starting quarterback

text:
Name
Period
GP
GS
W
L
T
 %

Ryan, Matt
2008–present
143
143
86
57
-
.601

Bartkowski, Steve
1975-1985
123
121
55
66
-
.455

Vick, Michael
2001-2006
74
67
38
28
1
.575

Chandler, Chris
1997-2001
68
67
34
33
-
.507

Miller, Chris
1987-1993
69
66
23
43
-
.348

Berry, Bob
1968-1972
54
51
19
29
3
.402

text: Team career passing records[edit]

text: (As of Week 1 of 2017 season)

text:
Name
Comp
Att
 %
Yds
TD
Int

Ryan, Matt
3,309
5,094
65.0%
38,022
241
114

Bartkowski, Steve
1,871
3,330
56.2%
23,470
154
141

Miller, Chris
1,129
2,089
54.0%
14,066
87
72

Chandler, Chris
981
1,672
58.7%
13,268
87
56

Vick, Michael
930
1,730
53.8%
11,505
71
52

George, Jeff
714
1,180
60.5%
8,575
50
32

Hebert, Bobby
637
1,066
59.8%
7,053
50
49

Berry, Bob
598
1,049
57.0%
8,489
57
56


document_title: Term of office

question_text: what's the president's term of office

question_tokens: what 's the president 's term of office

text: Term of office

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Being the origin of the Westminster system, aspects of the United Kingdom's system of government are replicated in many other countries.

text: Monarch[edit]

text: The monarch serves as head of state until his or her death or abdication.

text: House of Commons[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom Members of Parliament (MPs) in the House of Commons are elected for the duration of the parliament. Following dissolution of the Parliament, a general election is held which consists of simultaneous elections for all seats. For most MPs this means that their terms of office are identical to the duration of the Parliament, though an individual's term may be cut short by death or resignation. An MP elected in a by-election mid-way through a Parliament, regardless of how long they have occupied the seat, is not exempt from facing re-election at the next general election.

text: The Septennial Act 1715 provided that a Parliament expired seven years after it had been summoned; this maximum period was reduced to five years by the Parliament Act 1911. Prior to the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 parliaments had no minimum duration. Parliaments could be dissolved early by the monarch at the Prime Minister's request. Early dissolutions occurred when the make-up of Parliament made forming government impossible (as occurred in 1974), or, more commonly, when the incumbent government reasoned an early general election would improve their re-election chances (e.g. 2001). The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 mandated that Parliaments should last their full five years. Early dissolution is still possible, but under much more limited circumstances.

text: Because the government and Prime Minister are effectively indirectly elected through the Commons, the terms of Parliaments and MPs do not directly apply to offices of government, though in practice these are affected by changes in Parliament. While, strictly speaking, a Prime Minister whose incumbency spans multiple Parliaments only serves one, unbroken, term of office, some writers may refer to the different Parliaments as separate terms.[1]

text: House of Lords[edit]

text: Hereditary peers and life peers retain membership of the House of Lords for life, though members can resign or be expelled. Lords Spiritual hold membership of the House of Lords until the end of their time as bishops, though a senior bishop may be made a life peer upon the end of their bishopric (e.g. George Carey, made Baron Carey of Clifton the day after he ceased being Archbishop of Canterbury).

text: Devolved administrations[edit]

text: The devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are variations on the system of government used at Westminster.

text: The office of the leader of the devolved administrations has no numeric term limit imposed upon it. However, in the case of the Scottish Government and the Welsh Assembly Government there are fixed terms for which the legislatures can sit. This is imposed at four years. Elections may be held before this time but only if no administration can be formed, which has not happened yet.

text: Other elected offices[edit]

text: Offices of local government other regional elected officials follow similar rules to the national offices discussed above, with persons elected to fixed terms of a few years.

text: United States[edit]

text: Federal[edit]

text: In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951.

text: U.S. Representatives serve two-year terms. U.S. Senators serve six-years terms.

text: Federal judges have different terms in office. Article I judges; such as those that sit on the United States bankruptcy courts, United States Tax Court, and United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, and certain other federal courts and other forms of adjudicative bodies serve limited terms: The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces for 15 years, bankruptcy courts for 14. However, the majority of the federal judiciary; Article III judges, such as those of the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, and federal district courts; serve for life.

text: State and territories[edit]

text: The terms of office for officials in state governments varies according to the provisions of state constitutions and state law.

text: The term for state governors is four years in all states but Vermont and New Hampshire; the Vermont and New Hampshire governors serve for two years.

text: The National Conference of State Legislatures reported in January 2007 that among state legislatures [1]:

text:
44 states had terms of office for the lower house of the state legislature (often termed the state House of Representatives) at two years. Five (Alabama, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and North Dakota) had terms of office at four years. (The Nebraska Legislature is an exception and has a unicameral legislature with members elected for four years.)
37 states had terms of office for the upper house of the state legislature (often termed the state Senate) at four years. Twelve (Arizona, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont) had terms of office at two years.

text: Among territories of the United States:

text:
In the American Samoa Fono, members of the House serve two-year terms while members of the Senate serve six-year terms.
Members of both chambers of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico have four-year terms.
Members of both chambers of the Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature have two-year terms.
The Legislature of Guam and Legislature of the Virgin Islands are unicameral and Senators have two-year terms.

text: Members of Council of the District of Columbia serve a four-year term.

text: Canada[edit]

text: As a former British territory following the Westminster System, there are many similarities with the United Kingdom, although with some variations based on local customs, the federal system of government and the absentee monarch.

text: Monarch[edit]

text: Being a Commonwealth realm, Canada shares a monarch with the United Kingdom and 14 other countries, who serves as head of state of all 16 realms until their death or abdication.

text: Viceroys[edit]

text: The Governor General is appointed by the monarch as his/her personal representative on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serves for an indefinite term, though the normal convention is 5 years. Similarly, the Lieutenant Governors, who represent the monarch at the provincial level, are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister (usually also with consultation of the relevant provincial premier), and generally also serve 5 year terms by convention. The territories have Commissioners, who are not representatives of the monarch, but are instead appointed by and represent the Governor-in-Council (i.e. the federal cabinet), and conventionally serve for about 5 years.

text: House of Commons[edit]

text: Similar to the United Kingdom, MPs serve for the duration of the Parliament. They may resign before the end of a Parliament or be elected in by-elections during the middle of a Parliament.

text: Under the Constitution Act, 1867, a Parliament may last for a maximum of 5 years from the most recent election before expiring, although all Parliaments to date have been dissolved before they could expire. Bill C-16, introduced in the 39th Parliament, provided for fixed election dates every 4 years on the third Monday in October, beginning in 2009. However, the Prime Minister may still advise the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time.

text: As in the United Kingdom, the cabinet and head of government are indirectly elected based on the composition of the House of Commons, they are not technically affected by the terms of legislators or Parliaments. In practice however, the terms of government office holders are affected by changes in the House of Commons, and those who serve for multiple consecutive Parliaments are generally considered to have served a single term. The term of a government generally ends when it is defeated on a confidence matter or the governing party fails to gain enough seats in a general election.

text: Senate[edit]

text: Senators are appointed to the Canadian Senate to represent a province by the Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serve until the mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators appointed before the passage of the British North America Act, 1965 served for life. Senators may also resign from office or be expelled from the Senate.

text: Provincial and Territorial Legislatures[edit]

text: Provincial legislatures and the legislature of the Yukon function very similarly to the federal House of Commons. MLAs (called MPPs in Ontario, MNAs in Quebec, and MHAs in Newfoundland and Labrador) serve for the duration of the legislature, though they may resign before the legislature is dissolved or be elected in by-elections between general elections. The legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut operate using a consensus model, but are similar otherwise. The premiers and their cabinets are selected in the same way as in the House of Commons, and like at the federal level, the term of a provincial government can be ended by defeat in a general election or the loss of the legislature's confidence.

text: All provincial legislatures except that of Nova Scotia have fixed-term election legislation in place, as does the legislature of the Northwest Territories. Premiers may also advise Lieutenant Governors to dissolve legislatures at any time before the prescribed election date.

text: Terms of office by country[edit]

text:
Heads of state

Upper houses

Lower houses and heads of government

Legend

Not applicable
Varies
Until removed

<3
3
4
5
6
7
>7

text: Numbers in years unless stated otherwise. Note that some countries where fixed-term elections are uncommon, the legislature is almost always dissolved earlier than its expiry date. "Until removed from office" refers to offices that don't have fixed terms; in these cases, the officeholder(s) may serve indefinitely until death, abdication, resignation, retirement, or forcible removal from office (such as impeachment).

text: In cases where the head of government is a different person from the head of state, its term of office is identical to the chamber that elected it (the legislature if it is unicameral, or most usually the lower house if it is bicameral), unless it doesn't survive a vote of no confidence.

text:
Country
Head of state
Members of the upper house*
Members of the lower (or sole) house

 Afghanistan
5
3, 4 and 5
5

 Albania
5
N/A
4

 Algeria
5
N/A
5

 Andorra
Until removed from office (Bishop of Urgel); 5 (President of France)
N/A
4

 Angola
5
N/A
5

 Antigua and Barbuda
Until removed from office
5
5

 Argentina
4
6
4

 Armenia
5
N/A
5

 Australia
Until removed from office
6
3

 Austria
6
4 to 6
5

 Azerbaijan
5
N/A
5

 Bahamas
Until removed from office
5
5

 Bahrain
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Bangladesh
5
N/A
5

 Barbados
Until removed from office
5
5

 Belarus
5
4
4

 Belgium
Until removed from office
5
4

 Benin
5
N/A
5

 Bhutan
Until removed from office
5
5

 Bolivia
5
5
5

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
4
4
4

 Botswana
5
N/A
5

 Brazil
4
8
4

 Bulgaria
5
N/A
4

 Burkina Faso
5
N/A
5

 Burundi
5
5
5

 Brunei
Until removed from office
N/A
Until removed from office

 Cambodia
Until removed from office
6
5

 Cameroon
7
N/A
5

 Canada
Until removed from office
Until removed from office
5

 Cape Verde
5
N/A
5

 Central African Republic
5
N/A
5

 Chad
5
N/A
4

 Chile
4
8
4

 China
5
N/A
5

 Colombia
4
4
4

 Congo
7
6
5

 Comoros
5
N/A
5

 Ivory Coast
5
N/A
5

 Costa Rica
4
N/A
4

 Croatia
5
N/A
4

 Cuba
5
N/A
5

 Cyprus
5
N/A
5

 Czech Republic
5
6
4

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
5
5
4

 Denmark
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Djibouti
6
N/A
5

 Dominica
5
N/A
5

 Dominican Republic
4
4
4

 Ecuador
4
N/A
4

 Egypt
4
N/A
5

 El Salvador
5
N/A
3

 Equatorial Guinea
5
N/A
5

 Estonia
5
N/A
4

 Ethiopia
6
N/A
5

 Fiji
5
5
5

 Finland
6
N/A
4

 France
5
6
5

 Gabon
7
6
5

 Gambia
5
N/A
5

 Georgia
5
N/A
4

 Germany
5
4 to 5
4

 Ghana
4
N/A
4

 Greece
5
N/A
4

 Grenada
Until removed from office
5
5

 Guatemala
4
N/A
4

 Guinea
5
N/A
5

 Guinea-Bissau
5
N/A
5

 Guyana
5
N/A
5

 Haiti
5
6
4

 Honduras
4
N/A
4

 Hungary
5
N/A
4

 Iceland
4
N/A
4

 India
5
6
5

 Indonesia
5
5
5

 Iran
4
N/A
4

 Iraq
4
N/A
4

 Ireland
7
5
5

 Israel
7
N/A
4

 Italy[2]
7
5
5

 Jamaica
Until removed from office
5
5

 Japan
Until removed from office
6
4

 Jordan
Until removed from office
4
4

 Kazakhstan
5
6
5

 Kenya
5
5
5

 Kiribati
4
N/A
4

 Kuwait
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Kyrgyzstan
6
N/A
5

 Laos
5
N/A
5

 Latvia
4
N/A
4

 Lebanon
4
N/A
4

 Lesotho
Until removed from office
5
5

 Liberia
6
9
6

 Liechtenstein
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Lithuania
5
N/A
4

 Luxembourg
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Macedonia
5
N/A
4

 Madagascar
5
4
4

 Malawi
5
N/A
5

 Malaysia
5
3
5

 Maldives
5
N/A
5

 Mali
5
N/A
5

 Malta
5
N/A
5

 Marshall Islands
4
N/A
4

 Mauritania
5
N/A
5

 Mauritius
5
N/A
5

 Mexico
6
6
3

 F.S. Micronesia
4
N/A
2, 4

 Monaco
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Mongolia
4
N/A
4

 Moldova
4
N/A
4

 Montenegro
5
N/A
4

 Morocco
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Mozambique
5
N/A
5

 Myanmar
5
5
5

 Namibia
5
N/A
5

 Nauru
4
N/A
3

   Nepal
5
6
5

 Netherlands
Until removed from office
4
4

 New Zealand
Until removed from office
N/A
3

 Nicaragua
5
N/A
5

 Nigeria
4
4
4

 Niger
4
4
4

 North Korea
5
N/A
5

 Norway
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Oman
Until removed from office
4
4

 Pakistan
5
6
5

 Palau
4
4
4

 Palestine
4
N/A
4

 Panama
5
N/A
5

 Papua New Guinea
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Paraguay
5
5*
5

 Peru
5
N/A
5

 Philippines
6
6
3

 Poland
5
4
4

 Portugal
5
N/A
4

 Qatar
Until removed from office
N/A
N/A

 Romania
5
4
4

 Russia
6
N/A
5

 Rwanda
7
N/A
5

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Saint Lucia
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Samoa
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 San Marino
0.5 (6 months)
N/A
5

 São Tomé and Príncipe
5
N/A
4

 Senegal
5
5
5

 Serbia
5
N/A
4

 Seychelles
5
N/A
5

 Sierra Leone
5
N/A
5

 Singapore
6
N/A
5

 Slovakia
5
N/A
4

 Slovenia
5
5
4

 Solomon Islands
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Somalia
4
N/A
4

 South Africa
5
5
5

 South Korea
5
N/A
4

 South Sudan
5
?
?

 Spain
Until removed from office
4
4

 Sri Lanka
5
N/A
5

 Sudan
5
6
6

 Suriname
5
N/A
5

 Swaziland
Until removed from office
5
5

 Sweden
Until removed from office
N/A
4

  Switzerland
4
4
4

 Syria
7
N/A
4

 Taiwan
4
N/A
4

 Tajikistan
7
5
5

 Tanzania
5
N/A
5

 Thailand
Until removed from office
6
4

 Timor-Leste
5
N/A
5

 Togo
5
N/A
5

 Tonga
Until removed from office
N/A
5

 Trinidad and Tobago
5
5
5

 Tunisia
5
N/A
5

 Turkey
5
N/A
4

 Turkmenistan
5
N/A
5

 Tuvalu
Until removed from office
N/A
4

 Uganda
5
N/A
5

 Ukraine
5
N/A
4

 United Arab Emirates
Until removed from office
Until removed from office
5

 United Kingdom
Until removed from office
Until removed from office
5

 United States
4
6
2

 Uruguay
5
5
5

 Uzbekistan
7
5
5

 Vanuatu
5
N/A
4

  Vatican City
Until removed from office
N/A
Until removed from office

 Venezuela
6
N/A
5

 Vietnam
5
N/A
5

 Yemen
7
N/A
6

 Zambia
5
N/A
5

 Zimbabwe
5
5
5

text: *Excludes senators for life.