document_title: List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders

question_text: who had the longest career in the nba

question_tokens: who had the longest career in the nba

text: Seasons played leaders[edit]

text: Following is a list of players who have played the most seasons in the NBA.

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†

Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [22]

§

1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018 [23]

tag: table

text:
Rank

Player

Position

Team(s)

Seasons

1
Robert Parish*

C

Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)

21

Kevin Willis [a]

PF / C

Atlanta Hawks (1984–1995, 2004–2005)
Miami Heat (1994–1996)
Golden State Warriors (1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–1998, 2001–2002)
Toronto Raptors (1998–2001)
Denver Nuggets (2001)
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2007)

Kevin Garnett†

PF / C

Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)

4
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*

C

Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)

20

Kobe Bryant†

SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)

Vince Carter^

SG/SF

Toronto Raptors (1998–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)
Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)

Dirk Nowitzki^

PF

Dallas Mavericks (1998–present)

8
Moses Malone*

C

Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)

19

James Edwards

C

Los Angeles Lakers (1977, 1992–1994)
Indiana Pacers (1977–1981)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1981–1983)
Phoenix Suns (1983–1988)
Detroit Pistons (1988–1991)
Los Angeles Clippers (1991–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1994–1995)
Chicago Bulls (1995–1996)

John Stockton*

PG

Utah Jazz (1984–2003)

Karl Malone*

PF

Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)

Charles Oakley

PF / C

Chicago Bulls (1985–1988, 2001–2002)
New York Knicks (1988–1998)
Toronto Raptors (1998–2001)
Washington Wizards (2002–2003)
Houston Rockets (2004)

Shaquille O'Neal*

C

Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)

Juwan Howard

PF / C

Washington Bullets / Wizards (1994–2001)
Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002, 2007–2008)
Denver Nuggets (2002–2003, 2008)
Orlando Magic (2003–2004)
Houston Rockets (2004–2007)
Charlotte Bobcats (2008–2009)
Portland Trail Blazers (2009–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2013)

Jason Kidd*

PG

Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)
Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)
New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)

Tim Duncan†

PF / C

San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)

Paul Pierce†

SG/SF

Boston Celtics (1998–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)

Jason Terry^

G

Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)
Boston Celtics (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2016)
Milwaukee Bucks (2016–present)


document_title: Codeshare agreement

question_text: who is the operating carrier for a flight

root

text: Codeshare agreement

text: History[edit]

text: In 1967, Richard A. Henson joined with US Airways predecessor Allegheny Airlines in the nation's first codeshare relationship.[1] The term "code sharing" or "codeshare" was coined in 1989 by Qantas and American Airlines,[2] and in 1990 the two firms provided their first codeshare flights between an array of Australian cities and U.S. domestic cities. Code sharing has become widespread in the airline industry since that time, particularly in the wake of the formation of large airline "alliances." These alliances have extensive codesharing and networked frequent flyer programs.

tag: p

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Under a code sharing agreement, the airline that administrates the flight (the one holding the operational permissions, airport slots and planning/controlling the flight and responsible for the ground handling services) is commonly called the operating carrier, often abbreviated OPE CXR, even though the IATA SSIM term "Administrating carrier" is more precise. The reason for this is that a third carrier is involved, typically in the case that the airline originally planning to operate the flight needs to hire a subcontractor to operate the flight on their behalf (typically a wet lease, meaning an aircraft is leased with crew and all facilities to fly, commonly due to capacity limitations, technical problems etc.) In this case, the airline carrying the passenger should be designated the operating carrier, since it is the one carrying the passengers/cargo.

text: When a flight is sold under several designators and flight numbers as described above, the one published by the "Administrating carrier" is commonly called a "prime flight" (as opposed to a codeshare marketing flight).

text: Reasons and advantages[edit]

text: Under a code sharing agreement, participating airlines can present a common flight number for several reasons, including:

text: For passengers[edit]

text: Connecting flights: This provides clearer routing for the customer, allowing a customer to book travel from point A to C through point B under one carrier's code, instead of a customer booking from point A to B under one code, and from point B to C under another code. This is not only a superficial addition as cooperating airlines also strive to synchronize their schedules.

tag: ul

text: For airlines[edit]

text:
Flights from both airlines that fly the same route: this provides an apparent increase in the frequency of service on the route by one airline
Perceived service to unserviced markets: this provides a method for carriers who do not operate their own aircraft on a given route to gain exposure in the market through display of their flight numbers.
When an airline sacrifices its capacity to other airlines as a code share partner, its operational cost will generally be reduced to zero.[3]

text: Types of Codeshares[edit]

text: Several types of codeshare exist, commonly three types:

text:
Block space codeshare: A commercial (marketing) airline purchases a fixed number of seats from the administrating (operating/prime) carrier. A fixed price is typically paid, and the seats are kept away from the Administrating carrier's own inventory. The marketing airline decides on their own which booking classes the seats are sold in (the block of seats are optimised just like another aircraft cabin).
Free flow codeshare: The airlines' inventory and reservation systems communicate in real-time by messaging, commonly IATA AIRIMP/PADIS messaging (TTY and EDIFACT). A booking class mapping is defined between the airlines. No seats are locked to any of the airlines, and any airline can sell any number of seats.
Capped free flow: Basically the same as above, but a capping (max number of seats) are defined for each of the marketing airlines participating in the codeshare with the Administrating (operating/prime) carrier.

text: Competitive concerns[edit]

text: Much competition in the airline industry revolves around ticket sales (also known as "seat booking") strategies (revenue management, variable pricing, and geo-marketing). Criticism has been leveled against code sharing by consumer organizations and national departments of trade since it is claimed it is confusing and not transparent to passengers.[4]

text: Air-rail alliances[edit]

text: There are also code sharing agreements between airlines and rail lines. These are more formally known as an air-rail alliance, but more commonly known as "Rail & Fly" due to the popularity of the Deutsche Bahn codeshare with many airlines.[5] They involve some integration of both types of transport, e.g., in finding out the fastest connection, allowing exchange between an air ticket and a train ticket, or a step further, the air ticket being valid on the train, etc. In Europe these air-rail alliances are used to divide markets by selling these combination tickets abroad for a lower price to attract more customers. The systems also prevent local customers from buying these much cheaper tickets as the customer is only allowed to board the plane with a valid train stamp from a station outside the country.


document_title: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

question_text: when's the last time cleveland browns won a game

question_tokens: when 's the last time cleveland browns won a game

text: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

text: The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, the Browns won each of the league's four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team's championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950. The Browns went on to win three NFL championships, nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl, however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL.

text: In 1996, then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team's history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell's new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.
The finish, wins, losses and ties columns list regular season results and exclude any post-season results. They are combined only at the bottom of this list.

text:
AAFC champions[1] (1946–1949)
NFL champions (1950–1969)
Super Bowl champions[2] (1970–present)
Conference champions
Division champions
Wild Card berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season results
Post-season results
Awards

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

All-America Football Conference

1946
1946
AAFC

Western
1st
12
2
0
Won AAFC championship (1) (Yankees) 14–9

1947
1947
AAFC

Western
1st
12
1
1
Won AAFC championship (2) (at Yankees) 14–3

1948
1948
AAFC

Western
1st
14
0
0
Won AAFC championship (3) (Bills) 49–7

1949
1949
AAFC

1st
9
1
2
Won AAFC playoff game (Bills) 31–21
Won AAFC championship (4) (49ers) 21–7
Paul Brown (COY)

National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)

1950
1950
NFL
American

T-1st[3]
10
2
0
Won Conference Playoffs (Giants) 8–3
Won NFL Championship (5) (Rams) 30–28

1951
1951
NFL
American

1st
11
1
0
Lost NFL Championship (at Rams) 17–24
Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1952
1952
NFL
American

1st
8
4
0
Lost NFL Championship (Lions) 7–17

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

1st
11
1
0
Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 16–17
Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
3
0
Won NFL Championship (6) (Lions) 56–10

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
2
1
Won NFL Championship (7) (at Rams) 38–14
Otto Graham (MVP)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

T-4th[4]
5
7
0

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
2
1
Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 14–59
Paul Brown (COY)
Jim Brown (MVP, ROY)

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

T-1st[5]
9
3
0
Lost Conference Playoffs (at Giants) 0–10
Jim Brown (MVP)

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd[6]
7
5
0

1960
1960
NFL
Eastern

2nd
8
3
1

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

3rd
8
5
1

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

3rd
7
6
1

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

2nd
10
4
0

Jim Brown (BBA, MVP)

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
3
1
Won NFL Championship (8)[7] (Colts) 27–0

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

1st
11
3
0
Lost NFL Championship (at Packers) 12–23
Jim Brown (MVP, MVP)

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd[8]
9
5
0

1967
1967
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
9
5
0
Lost Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 14–52

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
10
4
0
Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–20
Lost NFL Championship (Colts) 0–34
Leroy Kelly (MVP)

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
10
3
1
Won Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 38–14
Lost NFL Championship (at Vikings) 7–27

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
7
7
0

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
9
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 3–20

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 14–20

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
5
2

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
4
10
0

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
11
0

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
5
0

Forrest Gregg (COY)

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
6
8
0

1978[9]
1978
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
8
8
0

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
9
7
0

Sam Rutigliano (COY)

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 12–14[10]
Sam Rutigliano (COY)
Brian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

1982[11]
1982
NFL
AFC

8th
4
5
0
Lost First Round Playoffs (at Raiders) 10–27
Chip Banks (Def. ROY)

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
7
0

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
5
11
0

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
8
8
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 21–24
Kevin Mack (ROY)

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)
Lost AFC Championship[12] (Broncos) 20–23 (OT)
Marty Schottenheimer (COY)

1987[13]
1987
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
10
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 38–21
Lost AFC Championship[14] (at Broncos) 33–38

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd[15]
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 23–24

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
9
6
1
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bills) 34–30
Lost AFC Championship[16] (at Broncos) 21–37
Michael Dean Perry (Def. POY)

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
13
0

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
6
10
0

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots) 20–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 9–29

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

1996
Inactive from 1996–1998

1997

1998

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
Central
6th
2
14
0

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
Central
6th
3
13
0

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd[17]
7
9
0

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
North
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 33–36

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
North
4th[18]
6
10
0

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
North
2nd[19]
10
6
0

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
North
3rd
5
11
0

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
North
4th
7
9
0

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
North
4th
3
13
0

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
North
4th
1
15
0

2017
2017
NFL
AFC
North
4th
0
16
0

Totals
4 AAFC Championships
4 NFL Championships
12 Conference Titles
9 NFL Division Titles

47
4
3
All-America Football Conference regular season results[20]

5
0
0
AAFC post-season results

462
482
10
National Football League regular season results[20]

11
20
0
NFL post-season results[20]

525
506
13
AAFC and NFL regular and post-season results

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals.
Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The other three teams are the Detroit Lions, the Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Browns won, 8–3.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season, the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area. The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive, in which quarterback John Elway, over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season, the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season, the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season, the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season, the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: A Shine of Rainbows

question_text: where was the movie a shine of rainbows filmed

text: A Shine of Rainbows

text: Plot[edit]

text: Young orphan Tomás (John Bell) is harassed and ridiculed for his small size, timidity and stuttering by the other children in his orphanage. Just after freeing a pigeon from his classroom, he is called to the headmasters' office to be greeted by Maire (Connie Nielsen), who has adopted him, and takes him back to her island home, where Tomás is greeted somewhat coldly by her husband, Alec (Aidan Quinn), a fisherman, who had expected someone older and perhaps more confident, and Tomás is intimidated by Alec.

text: Tomás makes friends with Nancy (Tara Alice Scully) and is greeted tepidly by Seamus (Jack Gleeson). They take him to their 'secret' cave, inhabited by bats. There, Tomás runs away, scared, after which his two friends chase after him and console him. Tomás is introduced to his new school and, unlike at his previous school, here he is generally accepted by the pupils. As Maire's influence on him begins to shine through, he starts to gain in confidence and become drawn to wildlife.

text: Soon thereafter, Alec and Tomás get a little closer, and when Maire has to go to the mainland for some shopping, Alec and Tomás go fishing. Together they find a young seal, apparently abandoned, on the beach. Christened 'Smudge' by Tomás, he wants to care for it and feeds it regularly for the next many days.

text: For Tomás' birthday, the couple give him a new fishing rod & reel. Maire suggests that the two guys go fishing, Alec to teach Tomás how to use the tackle, and the plan is set. The next morning, they head out, but Alec, distracted with helping some friends move a stuck boat, tells Tomás, "I won't be long, wait down there." Tomás waits around nearly all day for him to show up, but Alec, after helping, then instead goes to the pub with the friends.

text: Maire finds Tomás and takes him out in the boat herself. Maire discloses she was an orphan too, never adopted out, and that is why she picked Tomás, loving and 'knowing' him, due to her own experiences.  Maire teaches Tomás to picture his grandmother in his mind and he does, remembering her for the first time in a long while. He learns he can recall memories by 'painting' them in his mind. They then see a rainbow and she promises to take him into one someday. That night, Maire has an argument with Alec, telling him that he shouldn't have left Tomás waiting.

text: The next day after school, Tomás comes home to find that Maire, has taken sick, a doctor at her side. He goes to stay at Katie's home, with her children, Seamus and Nancy. He buys Maire a very colourful tablecloth, as she likes colours, and later goes visiting her in hospital. Tomás learns that Maire is going to die, and distraught he rushes to her bedside, crying at the thought of her passing. Alec asks Tomás to leave, and later at the house Alec tells him that she has died.

text: At Maire's funeral, Alec and Tomás are both distraught, but Alec still won't bond with Tomás. Tomás says that Alec needs him but Alec continues to be brusque with Tomás. Tomás also learns from his friends that the orphanage will soon reclaim him, as Alec never signed the adoption papers.

text:
Alec starts to drink to soothe his sorrows, and burns all of Maire's possessions because "she's gone". When Tomás finds out, he tries to stop Alec, blaming him for Maire's death, and runs away to Katie's. She explains how sad Alec is about losing Maire. The next day, Tomás goes to feed Smudge, asking it to pass on a message to Maire, asking her 'what he should to do'.
A rainbow appears, the 'end' of it bathing Tomás and Smudge in colours, and Tomás has 'received' the guidance he was looking for.

text: When Tomás returns home he finds Alec drunk, slumped in a chair. Tomás wakes Alec, giving him a red scarf Maire had 'smiled' into for him earlier, as a memento to remember Maire by. Alec goes to bed, snuggling with the scarf, as he hears Maire's laughter.

text: In the morning, after packing up his possessions, Tomás goes out in the boat to deliver Smudge to his 'Mum'. When Alec realises that Tomás isn't at home, he attempts to rescue Tomás, but doesn't reach him in time. Tomás' boat has capsized, but, with help from Smudge and a pod of seals, he washes up on shore. Alec, frantic, checks to see if Tomás is still alive, which he is.

text: For breakfast the next day, Alec produces the colourful tablecloth to cover the drab table. Alec asks if Tomás wants to go back to the orphanage. Tomás proclaims "No!", and says he wants to remain with Alec. Alec finally signs the papers, and Tomas calls him "Dad".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Connie Nielsen - Maire
Aidan Quinn - Alec
John Bell - Tomás
Jack Gleeson - Seamus
Tara Alice Scully - Nancy
Niamh Shaw - Katie
Laura Doherty - Nurse
Ian McElhinney - Father Doyle
Shaun McCreanor - Extra from School
Megan McCreanor- Extra from school
Shaun McLaughlin (Scon)- Extra from school

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was primarily shot in County Donegal, Ireland.  Some of the orphanage scenes were shot in an abandoned hospital 'touched-up' by the design crew. Over 500 locals/extras were seen for casting, over three days, including many children. 'Smudge' was an animatronic, and its scenes were shot first, due to concerns about bad weather on the beach, which never occurred. In fact, for the 'rain scene' (jumping in puddles), they had to produce it, as it failed to rain during production.[2]

text: Music by The Henry Girls was featured in the film.

text: Nielsen and Quinn had previously co-starred together in Return to Sender (2004).

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Result

Chicago International Children's Film Festival - Children's Jury Award

Live-Action Feature Film or Video - English Language - Vic Sarin

Won

Genie Award

Adapted Screenplay - Vic Sarin, Catherine Spear and Dennis Foon

Nominated

Heartland Film Festival - Audience Award

Best Dramatic Feature - Vic Sarin

Won

Irish Film and Television Awards

Best Original Score - The Henry Girls[3]

Nominated


document_title: Structure of the Earth

question_text: innermost part of the earth is called as

text: Structure of the Earth

text: Mass[edit]

text: The force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass. Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites. Earth’s average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments, which have historically involved pendulums.

text: The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000♠6×1024 kg.[1]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways: by mechanical properties such as rheology, or chemically. Mechanically, it can be divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, and the inner core. Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. The geologic component layers of Earth[3][not in citation given] are at the following depths below the surface:

text:
Depth

Layer

Kilometres

Miles

0–60

0–37

Lithosphere (locally varies between 5 and 200 km)

0–35

0–22

… Crust (locally varies between 5 and 70 km)

35–60

22–37

… Uppermost part of mantle

35–2,890

22–1,790

Mantle

210-270

130-168

… Upper mesosphere (upper mantle)

660–2,890

410–1,790

… Lower mesosphere (lower mantle)

2,890–5,150

1,790–3,160

Outer core

5,150–6,360

3,160–3,954

Inner core

text: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes.  The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers.  The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism.  Likewise, reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror.

text: Crust[edit]

text: The crust ranges from 5–70 kilometres (3.1–43.5 mi) in depth and is the outermost layer. The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlie the ocean basins (5–10 km) and are composed of dense  (mafic) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks, like basalt. The thicker crust is continental crust, which is less dense and composed of (felsic) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks, like granite. The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories –  sial and sima (Suess,1831–1914). It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity (a second order discontinuity). The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere. The crust-mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events. First, there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity, which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho. The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar (above) to rocks that contain no feldspars (below). Second, in oceanic crust, there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites, which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences.

text: Many rocks now making up Earth's crust formed less than 100 million (1×108) years ago; however, the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion (4.4×109) years old, indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years.[4]

text: Mantle[edit]

text: Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km, making it the thickest layer of Earth. The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle. The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is known as the D″ (pronounced dee-double-prime[5]) layer. The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈140 GPa (1.4 Matm). The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust. Although solid,  the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales. Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates. As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle, the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle (chemical changes within the mantle may also be important). The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 1021 and 1024 Pa·s, depending on depth.[6] In comparison, the viscosity of water is approximately 10−3 Pa·s and that of pitch is 107 Pa·s. The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet’s formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium in Earth’s crust and mantle.[7]

text: Core[edit]

text:
The average density of Earth is
7000551499999999999♠5.515 g/cm3.[8] Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000♠3.0 g/cm3, we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth's core.
This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment, performed in the 1770s.
Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about

9
5

{\displaystyle {\tfrac {9}{5}}}

 that of surface rock, concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic. Hutton estimated  this metallic portion to occupy some 65% of the diameter of the Earth.[9]
Hutton's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20% too low, at 7000450000000000000♠4.5 g/cm3
Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000♠5.45 g/cm3, within 1% of the modern value.[10]
Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts, a "solid" inner core with a radius of ≈1,220 km[11] and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core.[12]

text: The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it must be solid.  Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core.[13]  Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure: diamond anvil (static) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser (dynamic) studies.[14][15]  The laser studies create plasma,[16] and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid.  This is an area of active research.

text: In early stages of Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago, melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation (see also the iron catastrophe), while less-dense materials would have migrated to the crust. The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron (80%), along with nickel and one or more light elements, whereas other dense elements, such as lead and uranium, either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust (see felsic materials). Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal.[17][18]

text: Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron–nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips (diamond anvil cell), and then heating to approximately 4000 K. The sample was observed with x-rays, and strongly supported the theory that Earth's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south.[19][20]

text: The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements.

text: Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold, platinum and other siderophile elements.[21]

text: The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites, and to matter of outer portion of the Sun.[22][23] There is good reason to believe that Earth is, in the main, like a chondrite meteorite. Beginning as early as 1940, scientists, including Francis Birch, built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites, the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth, while totally ignoring another, albeit less abundant type, called enstatite chondrites. The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen, leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth.

text: Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field (see Curie temperature) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. The average magnetic field strength in Earth's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss (2.5 mT), 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.[24][25]

text: Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet;[26] however, more recent studies in 2011[which?] found this hypothesis to be inconclusive. Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system.[citation needed] In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that, according to their estimates, Earth's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface.[27][28]

text: The current scientific explanation for Earth's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet's initial formation, decay of radioactive elements, and freezing of the inner core.


document_title: Eccrine sweat gland

question_text: where are eccrine glands concentrated on the body

text: Eccrine sweat gland

text:
Eccrine sweat gland

A sectional view of the skin (magnified), with eccrine glands highlighted.

Details

Precursor
Ectoderm[1]

System
Integumentary[1]

Nerve
Cholinergic sympathetic nerves[2]

Identifiers

Latin
Glandula sudorifera merocrina;
Glandula sudorifera eccrina

MeSH
A10.336.899.480

TH
H3.12.00.3.03009

FMA
59154

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: Eccrine glands (/ˈɛkrən/, /ˈɛˌkraɪn/, or /ˈɛˌkrin/; from ekkrinein "secrete";[3] sometimes called merocrine glands) are the major sweat glands of the human body,[4] found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. In lower mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200–400/cm² of skin surface.[5][6] They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water.

text: Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the "acrosyringium"; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis.[7] The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells.[8] The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells.[9]

text: Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotional induced sweating (anxiety, fear, stress, and pain).[6][7] The white sediment in otherwise colorless eccrine secretions is caused by evaporation that increases the concentration of salts.

text: The odour from sweat is due to bacterial activity on the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands, a distinctly different type of sweat gland found in human skin.

text: Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature (core temperature), but by adrenergic fibers as well.[10] The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress.

text: Secretion[edit]

text: The secretion of eccrine glands is a sterile, dilute electrolyte solution with primary components of bicarbonate, potassium, and sodium chloride (NaCl),[6] and other minor components such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate, cytokines, immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides (e.g., dermcidin), and many others.[6]

text: Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na+ ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within the eccrine glands, sweat has a high concentration of Na+ ions. The Na+ ions are re-absorbed into the tissue via the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of the cells that form the eccrine gland ducts (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 of the reference).[9] This re-uptake of Na+ ions reduces the loss of Na+ during the process of perspiration. Patients with the systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism syndrome who carry mutations in the ENaC subunit genes have salty sweat as they cannot reabsorb the salt in sweat.[11] [12] In these patients, Na+ ion concentrations can greatly increase (up to 180 mmol/L).[11] [13]

text: In people who have hyperhidrosis, the sweat glands (eccrine glands in particular) overreact to stimuli and are just generally overactive, producing more sweat than normal. Similarly, cystic fibrosis patients also produce salty sweat. But in these cases, the problem is in the CFTR chloride transporter that is also located on the apical membrane of eccrine gland ducts.[9]

text: Dermcidin is a newly isolated antimicrobial peptide produced by the eccrine sweat glands.[14]