document_title: Contour line

question_text: what physical feature is the highest point on the cross section chart

text: Contour line

text: Types[edit]

text: Contour lines are often given specific names beginning "iso-" (Ancient Greek: ἴσος, translit. isos, lit. 'equal') according to the nature of the variable being mapped, although in many usages the phrase "contour line" is most commonly used. Specific names are most common in meteorology, where multiple maps with different variables may be viewed simultaneously. The prefix "iso-" can be replaced with "isallo-" to specify a contour line connecting points where a variable changes at the same rate during a given time period.

text: The words isoline and isarithm (ἀριθμός arithmos "number") are general terms covering all types of contour line. The word isogram (γράμμα gramma "writing or drawing") was proposed by Francis Galton in 1889 as a convenient generic designation for lines indicating equality of some physical condition or quantity;[7] but it commonly refers to a word without a repeated letter.

text: An isogon (from γωνία or gonia, meaning 'angle') is a contour line for a variable which measures direction. In meteorology and in geomagnetics, the term isogon has specific meanings which are described below. An isocline (from κλίνειν or klinein, meaning 'to lean or slope') is a line joining points with equal slope. In population dynamics and in geomagnetics, the terms isocline and isoclinic line have specific meanings which are described below.

text: Equidistant points[edit]

text: A curve of equidistant points is a set of points all at the same distance from a given point, line, or polyline. In this case the function whose value is being held constant along a contour line is a distance function.

text: Isopleths[edit]

text: In geography, the word isopleth (from πλῆθος or plethos, meaning 'quantity') is used for contour lines that depict a variable which cannot be measured at a point, but which instead must be calculated from data collected over an area. An example is population density, which can be calculated by dividing the population of a census district by the surface area of that district. Each calculated value is presumed to be the value of the variable at the centre of the area, and isopleths can then be drawn by a process of interpolation. The idea of an isopleth map can be compared with that of a choropleth map.[8][9][10]

text: In meteorology, the word isopleth is used for any type of contour line.[11]

text: Meteorology[edit]

text: Meteorological contour lines are based on interpolation of the point data received from weather stations and weather satellites. Weather stations are seldom exactly positioned at a contour line (when they are, this indicates a measurement precisely equal to the value of the contour). Instead, lines are drawn to best approximate the locations of exact values, based on the scattered information points available.

text: Meteorological contour maps may present collected data such as actual air pressure at a given time, or generalized data such as average pressure over a period of time, or forecast data such as predicted air pressure at some point in the future

text: Thermodynamic diagrams use multiple overlapping contour sets (including isobars and isotherms) to present a picture of the major thermodynamic factors in a weather system.

text: Barometric pressure[edit]

text: An isobar (from βάρος or baros, meaning 'weight') is a line of equal or constant pressure on a graph, plot, or map; an isopleth or contour line of pressure. More accurately, isobars are lines drawn on a map joining places of equal average atmospheric pressure reduced to sea level for a specified period of time. In meteorology, the barometric pressures shown are reduced to sea level, not the surface pressures at the map locations.[12] The distribution of isobars is closely related to the magnitude and direction of the wind field, and can be used to predict future weather patterns. Isobars are commonly used in television weather reporting.

text: Isallobars are lines joining points of equal pressure change during a specific time interval.[13] These can be divided into anallobars, lines joining points of equal pressure increase during a specific time interval,[14] and katallobars, lines joining points of equal pressure decrease.[15] In general, weather systems move along an axis joining high and low isallobaric centers.[16] Isallobaric gradients are important components of the wind as they increase or decrease the geostrophic wind.

text: An isopycnal is a line of constant density. An isoheight or isohypse is a line of constant geopotential height on a constant pressure surface chart. Isohypse and isoheight are simply known as lines showing equal pressure on a map.

text: Temperature and related subjects[edit]

text: An isotherm (from θέρμη or thermē, meaning 'heat') is a line that connects points on a map that have the same temperature. Therefore, all points through which an isotherm passes have the same or equal temperatures at the time indicated.[17][2] An isotherm at 0 °C is called the freezing level. The term was coined by the Prussian geographer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, who as part of his research into the geographical distribution of plants published the first map of isotherms in Paris, in 1817.[18]

text: An isogeotherm is a line of equal mean annual temperature. An isocheim is a line of equal mean winter temperature, and an isothere is a line of equal mean summer temperature.

text: An isohel (from ἥλιος or helios, meaning 'Sun') is a line of equal or constant solar radiation.

text: Rainfall and air moisture[edit]

text: An isohyet or isohyetal line (from ὕετος or huetos, meaning 'rain') is a line joining points of equal rainfall on a map in a given period . A map with isohyets is called an isohyetal map.

text: An isohume is a line of constant relative humidity, while a isodrosotherm (from δρόσος or drosos, meaning 'dew', and θέρμη or therme, meaning 'heat') is a line of equal or constant dew point.

text: An isoneph is a line indicating equal cloud cover.

text: An isochalaz is a line of constant frequency of hail storms, and an isobront is a line drawn through geographical points at which a given phase of thunderstorm activity occurred simultaneously.

text: Snow cover is frequently shown as a contour-line map.

text: Wind[edit]

text: An isotach (from ταχύς or tachus, meaning 'fast') is a line joining points with constant wind speed. In meteorology, the term isogon refers to a line of constant wind direction.

text: Freeze and thaw[edit]

text: An isopectic line denotes equal dates of ice formation each winter, and an isotac denotes equal dates of thawing.

text: Physical geography and oceanography[edit]

text: Elevation and depth[edit]

text: Contours are one of several common methods used to denote elevation or altitude and depth on maps. From these contours, a sense of the general terrain can be determined. They are used at a variety of scales, from large-scale engineering drawings and architectural plans, through topographic maps and bathymetric charts, up to continental-scale maps.

text: "Contour line" is the most common usage in cartography, but isobath for underwater depths on bathymetric maps and isohypse for elevations are also used.

text: In cartography, the contour interval is the elevation difference between adjacent contour lines. The contour interval should be the same over a single map. When calculated as a ratio against the map scale, a sense of the hilliness of the terrain can be derived.

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: There are several rules to note when interpreting terrain contour lines:

text:
The rule of Vs: sharp-pointed vees usually are in stream valleys, with the drainage channel passing through the point of the vee, with the vee pointing upstream. This is a consequence of erosion.
The rule of Os: closed loops are normally uphill on the inside and downhill on the outside, and the innermost loop is the highest area. If a loop instead represents a depression, some maps note this by short lines radiating from the inside of the loop, called "hachures".
Spacing of contours: close contours indicate a steep slope; distant contours a shallow slope. Two or more contour lines merging indicates a cliff. By counting the number of contours that cross a segment of a stream, the stream gradient can be approximated.

text: Of course, to determine differences in elevation between two points, the contour interval, or distance in altitude between two adjacent contour lines, must be known, and this is normally stated in the map key. Usually contour intervals are consistent throughout a map, but there are exceptions. Sometimes intermediate contours are present in flatter areas; these can be dashed or dotted lines at half the noted contour interval. When contours are used with hypsometric tints on a small-scale map that includes mountains and flatter low-lying areas, it is common to have smaller intervals at lower elevations so that detail is shown in all areas. Conversely, for an island which consists of a plateau surrounded by steep cliffs, it is possible to use smaller intervals as the height increases.[19]

text: Electrostatics[edit]

text: An isopotential map is a measure of electrostatic potential in space, often depicted in two dimensions with the electostatic charges inducing that electric potential. The term equipotential line or isopotential line refers to a curve of constant electric potential. Whether crossing an equipotential line represents ascending or descending the potential is inferred from the labels on the charges. In three dimensions, equipotential surfaces may be depicted with a two dimensional cross-section, showing equipotential lines at the intersection of the surfaces and the cross-section.

text: The general mathematical term level set is often used to describe the full collection of points having a particular potential, especially in higher dimensional space.

text: Magnetism[edit]

text: In the study of the Earth's magnetic field, the term isogon or isogonic line refers to a line of constant magnetic declination, the variation of magnetic north from geographic north. An agonic line is drawn through points of zero magnetic declination. An isoporic line refers to a line of constant annual variation of magnetic declination .[20]

text: An isoclinic line connects points of equal magnetic dip, and an aclinic line is the isoclinic line of magnetic dip zero.

text: An isodynamic line (from δύναμις or dynamis meaning 'power') connects points with the same intensity of magnetic force.

text: Oceanography[edit]

text: Besides ocean depth, oceanographers use contour to describe diffuse variable phenomena much as meteorologists do with atmospheric phenomena. In particular, isobathytherms are lines showing depths of water with equal temperature, isohalines show lines of equal ocean salinity, and Isopycnals are surfaces of equal water density.

text: Geology[edit]

text: Various geological data are rendered as contour maps in structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and economic geology. Contour maps are used to show the below ground surface of geologic strata, fault surfaces (especially low angle thrust faults) and unconformities. Isopach maps use isopachs (lines of equal thickness) to illustrate variations in thickness of geologic units.

text: Environmental science[edit]

text: In discussing pollution, density maps can be very useful in indicating sources and areas of greatest contamination. Contour maps are especially useful for diffuse forms or scales of pollution. Acid precipitation is indicated on maps with isoplats. Some of the most widespread applications of environmental science contour maps involve mapping of environmental noise (where lines of equal sound pressure level are denoted isobels[21]), air pollution, soil contamination, thermal pollution and groundwater contamination. By contour planting and contour ploughing, the rate of water runoff and thus soil erosion can be substantially reduced; this is especially important in riparian zones.

text: Ecology[edit]

text: An isoflor is an isopleth contour connecting areas of comparable biological diversity. Usually, the variable is the number of species of a given genus or family that occurs in a region. Isoflor maps are thus used to show distribution patterns and trends such as centres of diversity.[22]

text: Social sciences[edit]

text: In economics, contour lines can be used to describe features which vary quantitatively over space. An isochrone shows lines of equivalent drive time or travel time to a given location and is used in the generation of isochrone maps. An isotim shows equivalent transport costs from the source of a raw material, and an isodapane shows equivalent cost of travel time.

text: Contour lines are also used to display non-geographic information in economics. Indifference curves (as shown at left) are used to show bundles of goods to which a person would assign equal utility. An isoquant (in the image at right) is a curve of equal production quantity for alternative combinations of input usages, and an isocost curve (also in the image at right) shows alternative usages having equal production costs.

text: In political science an analogous method is used in understanding coalitions (for example the diagram in Laver and Shepsle's work[23]).

text: In population dynamics, an isocline shows the set of population sizes at which the rate of change, or partial derivative, for one population in a pair of interacting populations is zero.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: In statistics, isodensity lines [24] or isodensanes are lines that join points with the same value of a probability density. Isodensanes are used to display bivariate distributions. For example, for a bivariate elliptical distribution the isodensity lines are ellipses.

text: Thermodynamics, engineering, and other sciences[edit]

text: Various types of graphs in thermodynamics, engineering, and other sciences use isobars (constant pressure), isotherms (constant temperature), isochors (constant specific volume), or other types of isolines, even though these graphs are usually not related to maps. Such isolines are useful for representing more than two dimensions (or quantities) on two-dimensional graphs. Common examples in thermodynamics are some types of phase diagrams.

text: Isoclines are used to solve ordinary differential equations.

text: In interpreting radar images, an isodop is a line of equal Doppler velocity, and an isoecho is a line of equal radar reflectivity.

text: Other phenomena[edit]

text:
isochasm: aurora equal occurrence
isochor: volume
isodose: Absorbed dose of radiation
isophene: biological events occurring with coincidence such as plants flowering
isophote: illuminance
mobile telephony: mobile received power and cell coverage area

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of lines that join points of equal value was rediscovered several times. The oldest known isobath (contour line of constant depth) is found on a map dated 1584 of the river Spaarne, near Haarlem, by Dutchman Pieter Bruinsz.[25] In 1701, Edmond Halley used such lines (isogons) on a chart of magnetic variation.[26] The Dutch engineer Nicholas Cruquius drew the bed of the river Merwede with lines of equal depth (isobaths) at intervals of 1 fathom in 1727, and Philippe Buache used them at 10-fathom intervals on a chart of the English Channel that was prepared in 1737 and published in 1752. Such lines were used to describe a land surface (contour lines) in a map of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio by Domenico Vandelli in 1746, and they were studied theoretically by Ducarla in 1771, and Charles Hutton used them in the Schiehallion experiment. In 1791, a map of France by J. L. Dupain-Triel used contour lines at 20-metre intervals, hachures, spot-heights and a vertical section. In 1801, the chief of the Corps of Engineers, Haxo, used contour lines at the larger scale of 1:500 on a plan of his projects for Rocca d'Aufo.[27][28][29]

text: By around 1843, when the Ordnance Survey started to regularly record contour lines in Great Britain and Ireland, they were already in general use in European countries. Isobaths were not routinely used on nautical charts until those of Russia from 1834, and those of Britain from 1838.[27][30][31]

text: When maps with contour lines became common, the idea spread to other applications. Perhaps the latest to develop are air quality and noise pollution contour maps, which first appeared in the United States in approximately 1970, largely as a result of national legislation requiring spatial delineation of these parameters. In 2007, Pictometry International was the first to allow users to dynamically generate elevation contour lines to be laid over oblique images.

text: Graphical design[edit]

text: To maximize readability of contour maps, there are several design choices available to the map creator, principally line weight, line color, line type and method of numerical marking.

text: Line weight is simply the darkness or thickness of the line used. This choice is made based upon the least intrusive form of contours that enable the reader to decipher the background information in the map itself. If there is little or no content on the base map, the contour lines may be drawn with relatively heavy thickness. Also, for many forms of contours such as topographic maps, it is common to vary the line weight and/or color, so that a different line characteristic occurs for certain numerical values. For example, in the topographic map above, the even hundred foot elevations are shown in a different weight from the twenty foot intervals.

text: Line color is the choice of any number of pigments that suit the display. Sometimes a sheen or gloss is used as well as color to set the contour lines apart from the base map. Line colour can be varied to show other information.

text: Line type refers to whether the basic contour line is solid, dashed, dotted or broken in some other pattern to create the desired effect. Dotted or dashed lines are often used when the underlying base map conveys very important (or difficult to read) information. Broken line types are used when the location of the contour line is inferred.

text: Numerical marking is the manner of denoting the arithmetical values of contour lines. This can be done by placing numbers along some of the contour lines, typically using interpolation for intervening lines. Alternatively a map key can be produced associating the contours with their values.

text: If the contour lines are not numerically labeled and adjacent lines have the same style (with the same weight, color and type), then the direction of the gradient cannot be determined from the contour lines alone. However, if the contour lines cycle through three or more styles, then the direction of the gradient can be determined from the lines. The orientation of the numerical text labels is often used to indicate the direction of the slope.

text: Plan view versus profile view[edit]

text: Most commonly contour lines are drawn in plan view, or as an observer in space would view the Earth's surface: ordinary map form. However, some parameters can often be displayed in profile view showing a vertical profile of the parameter mapped. Some of the most common parameters mapped in profile are air pollutant concentrations and sound levels. In each of those cases it may be important to analyze (air pollutant concentrations or sound levels) at varying heights so as to determine the air quality or noise health effects on people at different elevations, for example, living on different floor levels of an urban apartment. In actuality, both plan and profile view contour maps are used in air pollution and noise pollution studies.

text: Labeling contour maps[edit]

text: Labels are a critical component of elevation maps. A properly labeled contour map helps the reader to quickly interpret the shape of the terrain. If numbers are placed close to each other, it means that the terrain is steep. Labels should be placed along a slightly curved line "pointing" to the summit or nadir, from several directions if possible, making the visual identification of the summit or nadir easy.[32][33] Contour labels can be oriented so a reader is facing uphill when reading the label.

text: Manual labeling of contour maps is a time-consuming process, however, there are a few software systems that can do the job automatically and in accordance with cartographic conventions, called automatic label placement.


document_title: List of European countries by area

question_text: what's the biggest country in europe excluding russia

question_tokens: what 's the biggest country in europe excluding russia

root

text: List of European countries by area

text: It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2017.

tag: table

text: This article duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (December 2017)

text: Below is a list of all countries in Europe, in order of geographical area. Europe's total geographical area is 10,288,305 km².[citation needed]

tag: p

text: * — Note: some countries are transcontinental, meaning, they are only partially located in Europe. Those are ranked according to the size of their parts within Europe only.

text: The list includes only sovereign states. Therefore, for example the United Kingdom is included in place of the four individual home nations.

text:
Rank
Country
Area (km²)
Notes

1
 Russia*
3,972,400
17,098,242 including North Asia

2
 Ukraine
603,628
This includes Crimea

3
 France*
551,394
643,801 when the overseas departments are included

4
 Spain*
498,468
505,992 when the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are included

5
 Sweden
449,964

6
 Norway
385,178
This includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen[1]

7
 Germany
357,168

8
 Finland
338,145

9
 Poland
312,685

10
 Italy
301,338

11
 United Kingdom
248,532
1,976,102 when the British Overseas Territories are included.

12
 Romania
238,392

13
 Belarus
207,600

14
 Kazakhstan*
180,000 (est.)
2,724,902 including Asian part

15
 Greece
131,940

16
 Bulgaria
110,994

17
 Iceland
102,775

18
 Hungary
93,030

19
 Portugal
91,568

20
 Austria
83,858

21
 Czech Republic
78,866

22
 Serbia
77,453
This excludes Kosovo

23
 Ireland
70,273

24
 Lithuania
65,300

25
 Latvia
64,589

26
 Croatia
56,594

27
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
51,129

28
 Slovakia
49,036

29
 Estonia
45,339

30
 Denmark
44,493
This includes Faroe Islands; 2,210,579 including Greenland

31
 Switzerland
41,290

32
 Netherlands
41,198
Excluding Caribbean Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten.

33
 Moldova
33,846

34
 Belgium
30,510

35
 Albania
28,748

36
 Macedonia (Former Yugoslavian Republic)
25,713

37
 Turkey*
23,507
783,562 including Asian part

38
 Slovenia
20,273

39
 Montenegro
13,812

40
 Kosovo
10,908
Partially recognized state

41
 Cyprus
9,251

42
 Azerbaijan*
6,960
86,600 including Asian part

43
 Luxembourg
2,586

44
 Georgia*
2,428
69,700 including Asian part

45
 Andorra
468

46
 Malta
316

47
 Liechtenstein
160

48
 San Marino
61

49
 Monaco
1.95

50
 Vatican City
0.44

Total
10,141,183
±5,000

text:
Purple = Russia,
Green = countries with European area bigger than 10,000 km²,
Red = countries with European area smaller than 10,000 km²

tag: ul

text: Definition[edit]

text: Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other and thus the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined, and often follows historical, political, and cultural definitions rather than geographical.

text:
Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[2]
Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia; green: countries not geographically in Europe, but closely associated with the continent


document_title: Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)

question_text: who thought of the conscious mind as a flowing stream

text: Definition[edit]

text: Stream of consciousness is a narrative device that attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions.  Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in thought and lack of some or all punctuation.[4] Stream of consciousness and interior monologue are distinguished from dramatic monologue and soliloquy, where the speaker is addressing an audience or a third person, which are chiefly used in poetry or drama. In stream of consciousness the speaker's thought processes are more often depicted as overheard in the mind (or addressed to oneself); it is primarily a fictional device.

text: The term "stream of consciousness" was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James in  The Principles of Psychology (1890):

text: consciousness, then, does not appear to itself as chopped up in bits ... it is nothing joined; it flows. A 'river' or a 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described. In talking of it hereafter, let's call it the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life.[5]

text: In the following example of stream of consciousness from James Joyce's Ulysses, Molly seeks sleep:

text: a quarter after what an unearthly hour I suppose theyre just getting up in China now combing out their pigtails for the day well soon have the nuns ringing the angelus theyve nobody coming in to spoil their sleep except an odd priest or two for his night office the alarmlock next door at cockshout clattering the brains out of itself let me see if I can doze off 1 2 3 4 5 what kind of flowers are those they invented like the stars the wallpaper in Lombard street was much nicer the apron he gave me was like that something only I only wore it twice better lower this lamp and try again so that I can get up early [6]

text: Interior monologue[edit]

text: While many sources use the terms stream of consciousness and interior monologue as synonyms, the Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms suggests, that "they can also be distinguished psychologically and literarily. In a psychological sense, stream of consciousness is the subject‐matter, while interior monologue is the technique for presenting it". And for literature, "while an interior monologue always presents a character's thoughts 'directly', without the apparent intervention of a summarizing and selecting narrator, it does not necessarily mingle them with impressions and perceptions, nor does it necessarily violate the norms of grammar, or logic- but the stream‐of‐consciousness technique also does one or both of these things."[7] Similarly the Encyclopædia Britannica Online, while agreeing that these terms are "often used interchangeably", suggests, that "while an interior monologue may mirror all the half thoughts, impressions, and associations that impinge upon the character's consciousness, it may also be restricted to an organized presentation of that character's rational thoughts".[8]

text: Development[edit]

text: Beginnings to 1900[edit]

text:
While the use of the narrative technique of stream of consciousness is usually associated with modernist novelists in the first part of the twentieth-century, a number of precursors have been suggested, including Laurence Sterne's psychological novel Tristram Shandy (1757).[9]  It has been suggested that Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843) foreshadows this literary technique in the nineteenth-century.[10] Poe's story is a first person narrative, told by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of his sanity, while describing a murder he committed. and it is often read as a dramatic monologue.[11] George R. Clay notes that Leo Tolstoy "when the occasion requires it ... applies Modernist stream of consciousness technique" in both War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878).[12]
The short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" (1890) by another American author, Ambrose Bierce, also  abandons strict linear time to record the internal consciousness of the protagonist.[13] Because of his renunciation of chronology in favor of free association, Édouard Dujardin's Les Lauriers sont coupés (1887) is also an important precursor.  Indeed, the possibility of a direct influence is evoqued by James Joyce and Virginia Woolf and having "picked up a copy of Dujardin's novel ... in Paris in 1903".[14]

text: There are also those who point to Anton Chekhov's short stories and plays (1881-1904)[15] and Knut Hamsun's Hunger (1890), and Mysteries (1892) as offering glimpses of the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative technique at the end of the nineteenth-century.[16] While Hunger is widely seen as a classic of world literature and a groundbreaking modernist novel, Mysteries is also considered a pioneer work. It has been claimed that Hamsun was way ahead of his time with the use of stream of consciousness in two chapters in particular of this novel.[17][18] British author Robert Ferguson said: “There’s a lot of dreamlike aspects of Mysteries. In that book ... it is ... two chapters, where he actually invents stream of consciousness writing, in the early 1890s. This was long before Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf and James Joyce.” [18] Henry James has also been suggested as a significant precursor, in a work as early as Portrait of a Lady (1881).[19] It has been suggested that he influenced later stream of consciousness writers, including Virginia Woolf, who not only read some of his novels but also wrote essays about them.[20]

text: However, it has also been argued that Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931), in his short story '"Leutnant Gustl" ("None but the Brave", 1900), was in fact the first to make full use of the stream of consciousness technique.[21]

text: Early Twentieth century[edit]

text: But it is only in the twentieth-century that this technique is fully developed by modernists. Marcel Proust is often presented as an early example of a writer using the stream of consciousness technique in his novel sequence À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–1927) (In Search of Lost Time), but Robert Humphrey comments, that Proust "is concerned only with the reminiscent aspect of consciousness" and, that he "was deliberately recapturing the past for the purpose of communicating; hence he did not write a stream-of consciousness novel".[22] Novelist John Cowper Powys also argues that Proust did not use stream of consciousness: "while we are told what the hero thinks or what Swann thinks we are told this rather by the author than either by the 'I' of the story or by Charles Swann."[23]

text:
Let us go then, you and I,
 When the evening is spread out against the sky
 Like a patient etherized upon a table;
 Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
 The muttering retreats
 Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
 And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
 Streets that follow like a tedious argument
 Of insidious intent
 To lead you to an overwhelming question ...
 Oh, do not ask, "What is it?"
 Let us go and make our visit.

 In the room the women come and go
 Talking of Michelangelo.

T. S. Eliot, "The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock"1915

tag: div

text: The term was first applied in a literary context in The Egoist, April 1918, by May Sinclair, in relation to the early volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage. Richardson, however,  describes the term as an 'lamentably ill-chosen metaphor".[24]

text: James Joyce was a major pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness. Some hints of this technique, are already present in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), along with interior monologue, and references to a character's psychic reality rather than to his external surroundings.[25] Joyce began writing A Portrait in  1907 and it was first serialised in the English literary magazine The Egoist in 1914 and 1915. Earlier in 1906 Joyce, when working on Dubliners, considered adding another story featuring a Jewish advertising canvasser called Leopold Bloom under the title Ulysses. Although he did not pursue the idea further at the time, he eventually commenced work on a novel using both the title and basic premise in 1914. The writing was completed in October 1921. Serial publication of Ulysses in the magazine The Little Review began in March 1918. Ulysses was finally published in 1922. While Ulysses represents a major example of the use of stream of consciousness Joyce also uses "authorial description" and Free Indirect Style to register Bloom's inner thoughts. Furthermore the novel does not focus solely on  interior experiences: "Bloom  is constantly shown from all round; from inside as well as out; from a variety of points of view which range from the objective to the subjective".[26] In his final work Finnegans Wake (1939) Joyce's method of stream of consciousness, literary allusions and free dream associations was pushed to the limit in, which abandoned all conventions of plot and character construction and is written in a peculiar and obscure English, based mainly on complex multi-level puns.

text: Another early example is the use of interior monologue by T. S. Eliot in his poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915), a dramatic monologue of an urban man, stricken with feelings of isolation and an incapability for decisive action,"[27] a work probably influenced by the narrative poetry of Robert Browning, including "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister".[28]

text: 1923 to 2000[edit]

text: Prominent uses in the years that followed the publication of James Joyce's Ulysses, include Italo Svevo, La coscienza di Zeno (1923),[29] Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and William Faulkner in The Sound and the Fury (1929).[30] Though Randell Stevenson suggests, that "interior monologue, rather than stream of consciousness, is the appropriate term for the style in which [subjective experience] is recorded, both in The Waves and in Woolf's writing generally.[31] Throughout Mrs Dalloway Woolf blurs the distinction between direct and indirect speech, freely alternating her mode of narration between omniscient description, indirect interior monologue, and soliloquy.[32] Malcolm Lowry's novel Under the Volcano (1947) resembles Ulysses, "both in its concentration almost entirely within a single day of [Its protagonist] Firmin's life ... and in the range of interior monologues and stream of consciousness employed to represent the minds of [the] characters".[33] Samuel Beckett, a friend of James Joyce, uses interior monologue in novels like Molloy (1951), Malone meurt (1951; Malone Dies) and L'innommable (1953: The Unnamable). and the short story "From an Abandoned Work" (1957).[34]

text: The technique continued to be used into the 1970s in a novel such as Robert Anton Wilson/Robert Shea collaborative Illuminatus! (1975),  with regard to which The Fortean Times warns readers, to "[b]e prepared for streams of consciousness in which not only identity but time and space no longer confine the narrative".[35]

text: Scottish writer James Kelman's novels are known for mixing stream of consciousness narrative with Glaswegian vernacular. Examples include The Busconductor Hines, A Disaffection and How Late It Was, How Late.[36] With regard to Salman Rushdie one critic comments, that "[a]ll Rushdie's novels follow an Indian/Islamic storytelling style, a stream-of-consciousness narrative told by a loquacious young Indian man".[37] Other writers who use this narrative device include Sylvia Plath in The Bell Jar (1963)[38] and Irvine Welsh in Trainspotting (1993).[39]

text: Stream of consciousness continues to appear in contemporary literature. Dave Eggers, author of A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (2000), according to one reviewer, "talks much as he writes – a forceful stream of consciousness, thoughts sprouting in all directions".[40] Novelist John Banville describes Roberto Bolaño's novel Amulet (1999), as written in "a fevered stream of consciousness".[41]

text: Twenty-first century[edit]

text: The twenty-first century brought further exploration, including Jonathan Safran Foer's Everything is Illuminated (2002) and many of the short stories of American author Brendan Connell.[42][43]


question_text: who sang the song let the bird of paradise fly up your nose

text:
"May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose"

Single by Little Jimmy Dickens

from the album May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose

B-side
"My Eyes Are Jealous"

Released
September 7, 1965

Format
7" single

Genre
Country

Length
2:28

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Neal Merritt

Producer(s)
Don Law
Frank Jones

Little Jimmy Dickens singles chronology

"He Stands Real Tall"
(1965)
"May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose"
(1965)
"When the Ship Hit the Sand"
(1966)

"He Stands Real Tall"
(1965)
"May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose"
(1965)
"When the Ship Hit the Sand"
(1966)

text: "May the Bird of Paradise Fly Up Your Nose" is a 1965 novelty song performed by Little Jimmy Dickens. It was Dickens' most successful single on the U.S. country music chart. It spent two weeks at No. 1 that November, and stayed on the chart for a total of 18 weeks.[1] On the overall Billboard Hot 100 the song peaked at No. 15.[2]

text: The song, written by Neal Merritt, was inspired by one of the many comic putdowns uttered by host Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show.[3]

text: Content[edit]

text: The song features three verses, each of which mentions an incident where Dickens (the narrator) performs an action which is perceived to be insulting:

text:
In the first verse, Dickens sees a beggar and proceeds to give him only a penny.
In the second verse, Dickens gets a call from his laundryman, who returns $100 that Dickens left in his clothes. Dickens gives him 10 cents, to compensate him for the phone call.
In the final verse, Dickens asks a cabdriver to rush so he can catch a train; the driver is ticketed for speeding, while Dickens stands by, waiting for the change from his fare.

text: The chorus is an insult, said back to Dickens, for his insulting action.

text: The distinctive guitar work was done by Grady Martin, using the brand new Echoplex unit which had just been released.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1965)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
1

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
15

U.S. Billboard Easy Listening[4]
8

Canadian RPM Top Singles
4


document_title: Hunter King (Home and Away)

question_text: who plays hunters grandmother on home and away

text: Hunter King (Home and Away)

text: Casting[edit]

text: Scott Lee's casting was revealed when he appeared alongside the Home and Away cast at the Logie Awards in May 2015.[1] He had been filming with the show for around three months prior to his appearance.[2] Two months later, Lee's casting as Hunter was officially announced.[3] Lee told his agent that he did not think he would win the role, as he believed that he had performed badly in his audition. He later received a callback and started filming the following week.[4] Actor Reece Milne also auditioned for the role of Hunter, before he was cast as Tank Snelgrove a month later.[5] The role marks Lee's television acting debut.[6] Lee commented that joining the cast was "very exciting",[3] and he told Kaylee Martin of The West Australian: "It's Home and Away, you grow up watching it and I just thought 'if I'd ever get on that show, it would be so out of this world'. It was really bizarre and strange walking past Ray Meagher and all the people who have been on there that you grow up watching, I'm over the moon."[6] Lee made his first appearance as Hunter during the episode broadcast on 27 July 2015.[6]

text: Development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text: Ahead of his first appearance, Lee described Hunter as being "angsty, brooding and moody".[3] Lee told Stephen Downie of TV Week that Hunter's actions stem from his desire to have a family and be loved by them.[2] His grandfather's death left him without a "solid" male role model in his life, and Lee thought Hunter was "searching for support."[2] Lee also thought Hunter was misunderstood, saying "he may seem very disrespectful, but at the end of the day he is a hurt soul..."[7] The actor also said Hunter had "a bit of a temper" and that his issue stem from his tough upbringing.[8] Lee found Hunter's "bad guy" persona fun to play, as he was nothing like that in real life. He explained, "Hunter is very misunderstood and treads on people's toes in a big way, when you get the chance to do something different that's away from yourself it's really cool."[6]

text: Lee also enjoyed exploring the similarities between himself and his character, especially with Hunter's background being quite different to his own.[8] As he settled into the Bay, Hunter's attitude started to change. Lee explained that Hunter realised that he cannot continue to act in the same manner, as he was pushing those around him away.[9] Since Hunter just wanted to be loved and have a good life, he knew that he had to change what he was doing to make that happen.[9] Lee told Kerry Harvey of Stuff.co.nz that Hunter's emotions often took over and he forgot to stop and look at what he had. He also advised his character to stop being "so aggressive" and relax.[8]

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Lee told Peter Way of the Macarthur Chronicle Wollondilly that Hunter's arrival would cause trouble between some of the established couples within the show.[3] After following his mother, Charlotte King (Erika Heynatz), to Summer Bay,[7] Hunter burns down Leah Patterson-Baker's (Ada Nicodemou) house and assaults Josh Barrett (Jackson Gallagher) after breaking into Summer Bay House.[8] Hunter then asks to meet his father Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen), who resides in the town. Hunter later shows up to a community fundraising banquet for Zac and his fiancée Leah, and he reveals that he is Zac's son.[7] Lee explained that Hunter had begun to feel invisible and was no longer able to stand by and watch Zac with his "other family". He also said Hunter was often impulsive and did not think about the consequences of his actions.[7] Zac is shocked by Hunter's revelation and demands answers from Charlotte, who confirms that Hunter is telling the truth. As Zac struggles to understand why Charlotte kept Hunter a secret from him, he ends up rejecting his son.[7] Lee called Zac's bad reaction "a massive slap in the face" for Hunter, and added, "he's waited his whole life to meet his father – he just wants to be a normal kid with a loving family."[7]

text: Hunter's presence causes strain in Zac and Leah's relationship, as he makes it clear to Leah that he wants his father all to himself.[10] Nicodemou explained that Leah does not trust Hunter and although she feels that she should be more accepting, she is uncomfortable around him. Leah also believes that Hunter is trying to get between her and Zac.[10] After voicing her concerns to Zac, he refuses to believe his son is deliberately causing trouble for them. However, Hunter soon "makes a spectacle" by pretending to drown in the sea, leading Zac to miss a meeting with Leah.[10] Nicodemou commented, "After Leah hears that Hunter didn't want to go to hospital, she thinks it was just a plot to get his mum and dad back together. Of course Zac is very upset when she suggests this – she's accused Hunter of things before, and Zac feels she should trust him by now."[10] Leah comes to realise that Zac may be forced to choose between her and Hunter in the future, so she decides to end their engagement, believing that it the best thing for her family.[10] Hunter eventually starts to see Zac and Leah as his second family instead of something that he has to break up.[9]

text: Kidnap and Charlotte's murder[edit]

text: In November 2015, Hunter was involved in his mother's blackmail storyline. Charlotte was being threatened by Trystan Powell (Ben Mingay), who wanted her to find evidence that Darryl Braxton (Steve Peacocke) was still alive. When Charlotte fails to find out any information, Trystan has Hunter kidnapped.[11] Lee told Stephen Downie of TV Week that Hunter goes out to clear his head when he is grabbed by two men. He knows something weird is going on with his mother, and thinks that this has something to do with it.[11] Hunter is dragged into a waiting car and drugged. His stepbrother VJ Patterson (Matt Little) witnesses everything and tries to chase the car, but it pulls away. VJ then alerts Zac and Leah to Hunter's kidnapping and they contact the police.[11] Meanwhile, Hunter wakes up alone in the bush and suffering with the effects of the chloroform used to knock him out. Lee explained, "He is disorientated, confused, and he doesn't know where he is. Waking up in the middle of the bush is a terrifying thing to happen to someone."[11] Hunter manages to stumble through the bush until he is within sight of the road, and when he thinks he hears a car approaching he tries to walk towards the sound. But still suffering from being drugged, Hunter collapses.[11] Downie noted that things did not look good for Hunter, as he needed medical attention and was at risk of exposure after spending a night in the bush.[11] Constable Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) eventually finds Hunter.[12]

text: After Charlotte dies from being shot by a mystery assailant, a whodunnit storyline began and Hunter was named as one of ten suspects.[13] When Kat comes to Summer Bay House with news of Charlotte's death, Hunter is not there as he has briefly left town. When he returns home, he learns of his mother's death and "shuts down and goes numb".[13] Lee continued, "In time these feelings that he's suppressed will comes out, but I think his first stage of grieving is to not deal with it – it's too much to handle."[13] The actor pointed out that Hunter did love Charlotte, explaining that she was his only parent for a large part of his life and while they had some "challenging times" before her death, she was still his mother.[13] Producers introduced Detective Dylan Carter (Jeremy Lindsay Taylor) for the plot, and he immediately begins questioning anyone who had a reason to want Charlotte dead. Hunter is at the top of his list, and Carter thinks that Hunter is capable of killing his mother.[13] Lee thought that there were plenty of things linking Hunter to Charlotte's murder, as they had "a close but turbulent relationship".[13] Zac and Leah also suspect that Hunter could be responsible, having witnessed him losing his temper with Charlotte at their wedding. When asked by Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap if his character was a killer, Lee replied that Hunter easily loses control and was capable of doing some "extreme stuff without thinking of the consequences".[13] He added that many viewers thought that Hunter was guilty and joked that his feelings were hurt by the speculation.[13]

text: After Hunter learns Andy Barrett (Tai Hara) has confessed to murdering Charlotte, he plans to get revenge. Lee quipped, "Nothing is going to stop him."[14] Hunter goes to the police station and demands to speak with Andy, but his request is refused. Downie (TV Week) observed that Hunter was a "ticking time bomb", while Lee said that his character suppressed his emotions in the wake of his mother's death. He also feels guilty that many of the bad things she did – such as killing his cousin Denny Miller (Jessica Grace Smith) – were done to protect him.[14] Struggling to control his emotions, Hunter waits outside the station. When he sees Andy being led from his cell, Hunter grabs a pair of scissors and stabs him.[14]

text: Relationship with Olivia Fraser Richards[edit]

text:
"Hunter and Olivia have both been through a lot and they comfort each other. They're both quite lonely. I think you'd naturally gravitate towards someone like that if you've been through what they have."[15]

—Lee on Hunter and Olivia's relationship.

text: Lee hoped Hunter would get a love interest at some point during his tenure, commenting "everyone wants a girlfriend!"[2] In August 2015, Daniel Van Boom of the Daily Mail Australia published photos showing Lee filming a romantic moment between his character and Olivia Fraser Richards played by Raechelle Banno.[16] Hunter befriends Olivia following her return to the Bay two months later.[17] While they are spending time together at the beach pool, Olivia asks Hunter not to look at her when she gets out of the water. However, Hunter "can't resist a peek" and is shocked when he notices Olivia's thighs are covered in scars.[17] Hunter realises that Olivia is hiding something, and he later tells VJ about the scars, as he feels that he cannot talk to Olivia about it.[17] VJ, who is competing with Hunter for Olivia's affections, takes the opportunity to tell Olivia that Hunter saw her scars and says he will be there for her.[17] Olivia helps Hunter to deal with his mother's death and bond with his new family.[8] Their relationship is tested by Hunter's failure to plan for the future,[8] and the arrival of Lindsay Ford (Georgia Flood), who wants Hunter for herself.[18]

text: Hunter surprises her with a romantic "high tea" picnic in the bush. Lee called the gesture "a bit cute".[19] He also said that Hunter spends the day "feeling odd", but he does not get it checked out as he is stubborn. During the picnic, Hunter suddenly doubles over in pain and collapses.[19] Unable to get a phone signal, Olivia leaves Hunter to run to the road and flags down the first car she sees, which happens to be Zac's. As Hunter's condition deteriorates, Zac manages to contact Doctor Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor), who diagnoses Hunter with a tension pneumothorax.[19] Lee told an Inside Soap writer that he was nervous about the scenes. He wanted them to look as accurate as possible, and was offered advice by a nurse on the set.[19] Nate talks Zac through the procedure to ease Hunter's condition, but as Zac makes the incision with a knife, he is momentarily reminded of the attack he suffered in prison. Zac manages to get Hunter breathing again and he is later given the all-clear at the hospital.[20]

text: The "traumatic" experience brings Hunter and Olivia closer together.[20] Banno said Olivia wants a fresh start, and the fact that their relationship is back on track means a lot to her.[18] When Hunter tries to initiate sex, Olivia appears to be thinking about something else. Olivia organises another picnic for them both, but she is unable to tell Hunter what is bothering her and leaves the date early. Olivia then takes a pregnancy test and learns she is pregnant.[20] When Hunter hears the news, his instinct is to flee, but he realises that he needs to face the situation with Olivia. Banno explained, "They're two 16-year-olds dealing with an adult issue. He was there for her and ready to make the decisions they needed to make together."[21] Hunter and Olivia make the decision to have an abortion. Olivia struggles after the procedure and begins self-harming again.[21]

text: Hunter punches Jordan Walsh (Benny Turland) in the face when he gets drunk at a party. The following day, Jordan tells Olivia that she deserves better, and she considers his advice, as Hunter's actions have really affected their relationship.[22] Olivia attempts to reconcile with Hunter, but when she tells him what Jordan said, Hunter breaks up with her in a "jealous rage". Olivia then accepts that their relationship is over.[22] The couple later reconciled, before breaking up again. Olivia was then paired with newcomer Mason Morgan (Orpheus Pledger).[23] Banno said that Hunter and Olivia hope that they will reunite, but they both have this fear that they might not. The actress stated, "They broke up, not because they don't love each other anymore, but because they seemed a bit toxic around each other."[23] When Hunter receives a job at the Bait Shop, he immediately tells Olivia and asks her to help him celebrate. When he notices a text message on her phone from Mason, they argue and Olivia says that she might be better off with Mason.[23] During an interview with Kerry Harvey of Stuff.co.nz Lee thought Hunter's relationship with Olivia had calmed his character down. He said the couple were "soulmates", who would always love each other, but their relationship had become "a little bit co-dependent".[8]

text: Departure[edit]

text: In the 24 December 2016 – 6 January 2017 edition of TV Week, Lee confirmed that he would be leaving the show at the end of 2017 to pursue his acting career in the United States.[24] Lee stated, "I'm excited. The times I've had has gone so quickly and I've learnt a lot as an actor."[24]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: After spending days following Zac MacGuire and Leah Patterson-Baker around Summer Bay, Hunter breaks into Summer Bay House and rummages through their drawers. Josh Barrett catches him and Hunter knocks him down the stairs. VJ Patterson gives chase and manages to pull Hunter's backpack off of him. Hunter then visits his mother, Charlotte, at her motel room and tells her he is done waiting and wants to meet Zac, his father, now. She realises that he set fire to Zac and Leah's house and sends him away. Upon his return, Hunter finds Zac and reveals that he is his son. VJ confronts Hunter about pushing Josh down the stairs and they fight. Zac and Hunter bond over a shared interest in basketball. Hunter has trouble accepting Leah and VJ as part of his life. He manipulates Zac into spending more time with him, causing a strain on Zac and Leah's relationship. After arguing with them about his behaviour, Hunter breaks into Leah's diner and steals the safe. He accidentally exposes some electrical wiring and knocks over a bucket of water, causing Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons) to suffer a serious electric shock. Hunter feels guilty, but Charlotte refuses to let him go to the police and instead sends him to stay with his grandmother for a few days.

text: Hunter promises Zac that he will try to be a better son. He soon learns Charlotte has been having sex with Matt Page (Alec Snow), a high school student, and that she has stolen money from his trust fund. He moves out of their apartment and stays with Zac and Leah. Hunter is abducted by Trystan Powell, who wants revenge on Charlotte. He is drugged and left in the bush. Hunter is eventually rescued by Kat Chapman. Hunter begins a relationship with Olivia Fraser Richards. When he learns that Charlotte plans to reveal he was behind the fire at Leah's house and that she killed his cousin, Denny Miller, Hunter leaves the Bay after flagging down passing motorist, Lindsay Ford. On his return, Hunter finds out his mother has died. He finally admits that he caused the fire at Leah's house during Billie Ashford's (Tessa de Josselin) arson trial. He is later accused of his mother's murder. Lindsay tries to break up his relationship when she tells Olivia that she and Hunter kissed. Lindsay takes Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) ute and knocks Hunter over when he tries to stop her. He later suffers a collapsed lung during a picnic with Olivia, and Zac performs an emergency procedure to get him breathing properly again.

text: Olivia falls pregnant and she and Hunter decide to have an abortion, as they are not ready to be parents. Hunter and Olivia's relationship is strained and she starts self-harming again. Hunter stabs Andy Barrett after learning he was responsible for Charlotte's death. Hunter is arrested and given community service work. He later learns Andy's brother Josh shot his mother. Hunter befriends Jordan Walsh during his community service and invites him to a party at The Farmhouse. Hunter gets drunk and fights with Jordan, leading to the break up of relationship with Olivia. Olivia's new friend Tabitha Ford (Eliza Scanlen) warns Hunter to stay away from her, before she begins manipulating Olivia. Tabitha frames Hunter when she accesses school records and changes his exam score, resulting in his suspension. Olivia eventually ends her friendship with Tabitha, who seeks revenge. She dresses in a similar style to Olivia, enters Hunter's caravan at night and kisses him in the hope of breaking up his friendship with Olivia. Hunter rescues Olivia when Tabitha poses as Olivia's abuser on social media. Olivia and Hunter reconcile. Hunter becomes stressed about his final exams and his lack of plans for university. He is also tempted to cheat when he is offered the English exam paper.

text: Olivia asks that they take a break from their relationship. Hunter clashes with John Palmer (Shane Withington), when John fails him during his Bronze Medallion exam. Hunter smashes John's walkie talkie after he bumps into him. When a fire breaks out at the caravan park, Hunter is blamed, but John soon realises that he caused the fire and apologises. Hunter later finds John collapsed outside the surf club and he and Olivia call an ambulance. Hunter becomes jealous when Olivia begins dating Mason Morgan. When a bush fire breaks out and heads towards the Summer Grooves music festival, Hunter risks his life to find Olivia and Mason. After escaping the fire, Hunter is injured when he returns to find Olivia, who later turns up safe. The police bring Hunter in for questioning about the recent cases of arson around the town. Hunter fights with Mason, and later suggests to Olivia that they should stay away from each other. After Olivia breaks up with Mason, Hunter helps her out with her university nerves by asking Evelyn to give her a tour of the campus. Hunter and Olivia get back together. After they struggle to find time to see each other, Hunter suggests he and Olivia move in together and she agrees. They eventually find a place, but they are forced to clean it up. After they are burgled, Irene invites them to move in with her. Hunter and Olivia take out VJ to cheer him up, but when he gets drunk and tries to kiss Olivia, Hunter fights with him.

text: Zac falls from the roof of Summer Bay House and Hunter initially blames Leah, as Zac was trying to get her attention. When Zac makes a remark about when his break up with Charlotte occurred, Hunter starts to question his paternity. After learning Zac is planning to leave the Bay, he conducts a DNA test. When Zac says he wants Hunter to come with him, Hunter tries to stop VJ from posting the test, but he is too late. The results arrive and Hunter throws them away, before retrieving them and learning that Zac is not his father. After he tells Zac, he encourages him to leave the Bay. Hunter struggles with the revelation about his paternity and Olivia encourages him to stay in contact with Zac. Alf asks Hunter to help out with an event at the beach, and he clashes with Mason. After he tries to start a fight, Hunter breaks down and tells Mason about Zac. They apologise to each other. Hunter decides to look for his biological father and contacts his grandmother, Peggy King (Caroline Gillmer), who comes to the Bay. He tells her about Zac, but Peggy reacts badly and accuses Hunter of ruining Charlotte's life. Olivia makes things worse when she talks with Peggy, who tells the police about the Diner robbery, leading to Hunter's arrest. He and Olivia have a big argument. Hunter apologises to Irene, Marilyn and Leah, before learning that he will not be charged. Hunter and Peggy reconcile and she suggests that a former neighbour, Wally Burns (Julian Garner), could be his father. Hunter writes to Wally, but the letter is returned to him. However, Wally comes to the Bay and meets with Hunter. He tells him that he cannot be his father, as he is infertile. Hunter asks Wally to take a DNA test, before Wally leaves. He returns a few days later and reveals that a DNA test confirmed that he is Hunter's father. Hunter tries to bond with Wally, but finds that they do not have much in common.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Following Hunter's early appearances, an Inside Soap writer commented, "From what we've seen of Hunter so far, it seems he could be big trouble!"[7] Another writer for the publication called him a "creepy teenager".[10] While Sarah Ellis branded him "volatile".[13] Michael Cregan included the reveal of Hunter's identity in his feature on the top five moments for Tuesday 22 September 2015. Cregan wrote, "At last! The identity of the mysterious stranger lurking around Summer Bay is revealed tonight, and it's worth waiting for. Yes, the hooded stranger is none other than Charlotte's son, Hunter."[25] Lee revealed that when fans met him in real life they appeared to be scared of him due to Hunter's actions.[9] Kerry Harvey of Stuff.com.nz said Hunter "upset locals and fans with his wicked ways."[8] Both Kaylee Martin of The West Australian and Stephen Downie of TV Week branded Hunter a "bad boy".[6][9] Martin also wrote "brooding teenager Hunter will be creating drama and shaking things up".[6] Following Charlotte's death, a reporter for the South Wales Echo noted, "Hunter's world is turned upside down when he finds out about Andy's confession."[26] In November 2015, 58% of TV Week readers voted that they liked Hunter and Olivia as a couple.[27]


document_title: Northeastern United States

question_text: what states are in the northeast of the united states

text: Northeastern United States

text: Composition[edit]

text: Geographically there has always been some debate as to where the Northeastern United States begins and ends. The vast area from northern Virginia (outside Washington DC) to northern Maine, and from western Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) to the Atlantic Ocean, have all been loosely grouped into the Northeast at one time or another. Much of the debate has been what the cultural, economic, and urban aspects of the Northeast are, and where they begin or end as one reaches the borders of the region.

text: Using the Census Bureaus definition of the northeast, the region includes nine states: they are Maine, New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania.[1][a] The region is often subdivided into New England (the six states east of New York) and the Mid-Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania). This definition has been essentially unchanged since 1880 and is widely used as a standard for data tabulation.[7][8][9][10] However, the Census Bureau has acknowledged the obvious limitations of this definition[11] and the potential merits of a proposal created after the 1950 census that would include changing regional boundaries to include Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. with the Mid-Atlantic states, but ultimately decided that "the new system did not win enough overall acceptance among data users to warrant adoption as an official new set of general-purpose State groupings. The previous development of many series of statistics, arranged and issued over long periods of time on the basis of the existing State groupings, favored the retention of the summary units of the current regions and divisions."[12] The Census Bureau confirmed in 1994 that it would continue to "review the components of the regions and divisions to ensure that they continue to represent the most useful combinations of States and State equivalents."[12]

text: Many organizations and reference works follow the Census Bureau's definition for the region;[13][14][15] however, other entities define the Northeastern United States in significantly different ways for various purposes. The Association of American Geographers divides the Northeast into two divisions- "New England", which consists of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and the "Middle States", which consists of New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.[16] Similarly, the Geological Society of America defines the Northeast as these same states but with the addition of Maryland and the District of Columbia.[17] The narrowest definitions include only the states of New England.[18] Other more restrictive definitions include New England and New York as part of the Northeast United States, but exclude Pennsylvania and New Jersey.[19][20] States beyond the Census Bureau definition that other entities include in the Northeast United States are:

text:
Delaware, Maryland, and Washington, D.C.[4][21][22][23][24][25]
Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D.C., and West Virginia[26][27][28]
Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, and Virginia[29]
Delaware, and parts of Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia (but excluding Washington, D.C. and surrounding area)[30]
West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan[31]

text: History[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples[edit]

text: Anthropologists recognize the "Northeastern Woodlands" as one of the cultural regions that existed in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European colonists in the 15th and later centuries. Most did not settle in North America until the 17th century. The cultural area, known as the "Northeastern Woodlands", in addition to covering the entire Northeast U.S., also covered much of what is now Canada and others regions of what is now the eastern United States.[32] Among the many tribes that inhabited this area were those that made up the Iroquois nations and the numerous Algonquian peoples.[33] In the United States of the 21st century, 18 federally recognized tribes reside in the Northeast.[34] For the most part, the people of the Northeastern Woodlands, on whose lands European fishermen began camping to dry their codfish in the early 1600s, lived in villages, especially after being influenced by the agricultural traditions of the Ohio and Mississippi valley societies.[35]

text: Colonial history[edit]

text: All of the states making up the Northeastern region were among the original Thirteen Colonies, though Maine, Vermont, and Delaware were part of other colonies before the United States became independent in the American Revolution. The two cultural and geographic regions that form parts of the Northeastern region have distinct histories.

text: New England[edit]

text: The first Europeans to settle New England were Pilgrims from England, who landed in present-day Massachusetts in 1620.[36] The Pilgrims arrived by the Mayflower ship and founded Plymouth Colony so they could practice religion freely.[36] Ten years later, a larger group of Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston to form Massachusetts Bay Colony.[37] In 1636, colonists established Connecticut Colony and Providence Plantations.[38][39] Providence was founded by Roger Williams, who was banished by Massachusetts for his beliefs in freedom of religion, and it was the first colony to guarantee all citizens freedom of worship.[39] Anne Hutchinson, who was also banished by Massachusetts, formed the town of Portsmouth.[39] Providence, Portsmouth, and two other towns (Newport and Warwick) consolidated to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.[39]

text: Although the first settlers of New England were motivated by religion, in more recent history, New England has become one of the least religious parts of the United States. In a 2009 Gallup survey, less than half of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported religion as an important part of their daily life.[40] In a 2010 Gallup survey, less than 30% of residents in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts reported attending church weekly, giving them the lowest church attendance among U.S. states.[41]

text: New England played a prominent role in early American education. Starting in the 17th century, the larger towns in New England opened grammar schools, the forerunner of the modern high school.[citation needed] The first public school in the English colonies was the Boston Latin School, founded in 1635.[42] In 1636, the colonial legislature of Massachusetts founded Harvard College, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.[43]

text: Mid-Atlantic[edit]

text: The first European explorer known to have explored the Atlantic shoreline of the Northeast since the Norse was Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. His ship La Dauphine explored the coast from what is now known as Florida to New Brunswick. Henry Hudson explored the area of present-day New York in 1609 and claimed it for the Netherlands. His journey stimulated Dutch interest, and the area became known as New Netherland. In 1625, the city of New Amsterdam (the location of present-day New York City) was designated the capital of the province.[44] The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River and, for a time, the New Sweden settlement along the Delaware River divided the English settlements in the north and the south. In 1664, Charles II of England formally annexed New Netherland and incorporated it into the English colonial empire.[45] The territory became the colonies of New York and New Jersey.[45] New Jersey was originally split into East Jersey and West Jersey until the two were united as a royal colony in 1702.[45]

text: In 1681, William Penn, who wanted to give Quakers a land of religious freedom, founded Pennsylvania and extended freedom of religion to all citizens.[46]

text: Penn strongly desired access to the sea for his Pennsylvania Province and leased what then came to be known as the "Lower Counties on the Delaware"[47] from the Duke.

text: Penn established representative government and briefly combined his two possessions under one General Assembly in 1682. However, by 1704 the Province of Pennsylvania had grown so large that their representatives wanted to make decisions without the assent of the Lower Counties and the two groups of representatives began meeting on their own, one at Philadelphia, and the other at New Castle. Penn and his heirs remained proprietors of both and always appointed the same person Governor for their Province of Pennsylvania and their territory of the Lower Counties. The fact that Delaware and Pennsylvania shared the same governor was not unique. From 1703 to 1738, New York and New Jersey shared a governor.[48] Massachusetts and New Hampshire also shared a governor for some time.[49]

text: Environment[edit]

text: Topography[edit]

text: While most of the Northeastern United States lie in the Appalachian Highlands physiographic region, some are also part of the Atlantic coastal plain which extends south to the southern tip of Florida. The coastal plain areas (including Cape Cod in Massachusetts, Long Island in New York, most of New Jersey, Delaware, and the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland) are generally low and flat, with sandy soil and marshy land.[4] The highlands, including the Piedmont and the Appalachian Mountains, are generally heavily forested, ranging from rolling hills to summits greater than 5,000 feet (1,500 m), and pocked with many lakes.[4] The highest peak in the Northeast is Mount Washington (New Hampshire), at 6,288 feet (1,917 m).[50]

text: Land use[edit]

text: As of 2007[update], forest-use covered approximately 60% of the Northeastern states (including Delaware, Maryland, and the District of Columbia), about twice the national average. About 12% was cropland and another 4% grassland pasture or range. There is also more urbanized land in the Northeast (11%) than any other region in the U.S.[25]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the Northeastern United States varies from northernmost Maine to southernmost Maryland. The climate of the region is created by the position of the general west to east flow of weather in the middle latitudes that much of the USA is controlled by and the position and movement of the subtropical highs. Summers are normally warm in northern areas to hot in southern areas. In summer, the building Bermuda High pumps warm and sultry air toward the Northeast, and frequent (but brief) thundershowers are common on hot summer days. In winter the subtropical high retreats southeastward, and the polar jet stream moves south bringing colder air masses from up in Canada and more frequent storm systems to the region. Winter often brings both rain and snow as well as surges of both warm and cold air. [51]

text: The basic climate of the Northeast can be divided into a colder and snowier interior (Pennsylvania and New York State, and New England), and a milder coast and coastal plain from southern Rhode Island southward, including, New Haven, CT, New York City, Philadelphia, Trenton, Wilmington, Baltimore...etc.). Annual mean temperatures range from the low 50s F from Maryland to southern Connecticut, to the 40s F in most of New York State, New England, and northern Pennsylvania.[51][52][53]

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The Northeast has 72 National Wildlife Refuges, encompassing more than 500,000 acres (780 sq mi; 2,000 km2) of habitat, and designed to protect some of the 92 different threatened and endangered species living in the region.[34]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the July 2013 U.S. Census Bureau estimate, the population of the region totaled 55,943,073.[54] With an average of 345.5 people per square mile, the Northeast is 2.5 times as densely populated as the second-most dense region, the South. Since the last century, the U.S. population has been shifting away from the Northeast (and Midwest) toward the South and West.[55]

text: The two U.S. Census Bureau divisions in the Northeast (New England and Mid-Atlantic) rank #1 and #2 among the 9 divisions in population density according to the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region (233.1) was very close behind New England (233.2). Due to the faster growth of the South Atlantic region, it will take over the #2 division rank in population density in the next estimate, dropping New England to 3rd position. New England is projected to retain the number 3 rank for many, many years, as the only other lower-ranked division with even half the population density of New England is the East North Central division (192.1) and this region's population is projected to grow slowly. [b][56]

text:
State
2017 Estimate
2010 Census
Change
Area
Density

Connecticut
3,588,184
3,574,097
6999394141513226990♠+0.39%
4,842.35 sq mi (12,541.6 km2)
741/sq mi (286/km2)

Maine
1,335,907
1,328,361
6999568068469339280♠+0.57%
30,842.90 sq mi (79,882.7 km2)
43/sq mi (17/km2)

Massachusetts
6,859,819
6,547,629
7000476798547993480♠+4.77%
7,800.05 sq mi (20,202.0 km2)
879/sq mi (340/km2)

New Hampshire
1,342,795
1,316,470
7000199966577286230♠+2.00%
8,952.64 sq mi (23,187.2 km2)
150/sq mi (58/km2)

Rhode Island
1,059,639
1,052,567
6999671881219912840♠+0.67%
1,033.81 sq mi (2,677.6 km2)
1,025/sq mi (396/km2)

Vermont
623,657
625,741
3000666954858319980♠−0.33%
9,216.65 sq mi (23,871.0 km2)
68/sq mi (26/km2)

New England
14,810,001
14,444,865
7000252779101777690♠+2.53%
62,688.4 sq mi (162,362 km2)
236/sq mi (91/km2)

New Jersey
9,005,644
8,791,894
7000243121675488810♠+2.43%
7,354.21 sq mi (19,047.3 km2)
1,225/sq mi (473/km2)

New York
19,849,399
19,378,102
7000243211125630360♠+2.43%
47,126.36 sq mi (122,056.7 km2)
421/sq mi (163/km2)

Pennsylvania
12,805,537
12,702,379
6999812115588741280♠+0.81%
44,742.67 sq mi (115,883.0 km2)
286/sq mi (111/km2)

Middle Atlantic
48,674,696
47,543,861
7000237850897300920♠+2.38%
110,879.01 sq mi (287,175.3 km2)
376/sq mi (145/km2)

Total
63,484,697
61,988,726
7000241329528211310♠+2.41%
173,567.41 sq mi (449,537.5 km2)
366/sq mi (141/km2)

text: Economy[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)

text: As of 2012[update], the Northeast accounts for approximately 23% of U.S. gross domestic product.[57]

text: The Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversees 34 nuclear reactors, eight for research or testing and 26 for power production in the Northeastern United States.[24]

text: New York City, considered a global financial center, is in the Northeast.

text: The Federal Bureau of Prisons maintains 17 federal prisons and two affiliated private facilities in the region.[citation needed]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The following table includes all eight airports categorized by the FAA as large hubs[58] located in the Northeastern states[59] (New England and Eastern regions[60]):

text:
Rank
Metro area served
Airport
code
Airport name
Largest airline[61]

1
New York
JFK
John F Kennedy International
JetBlue (37%)

2
New York
EWR
Newark Liberty International
United (49%)

3
Philadelphia
PHL
Philadelphia International
American (80%)

4
Boston
BOS
General Edward Lawrence Logan International
JetBlue (29%)

5
New York
LGA
La Guardia
Delta (21%)

6
Baltimore/Washington
BWI
Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall
Southwest (65%)

7
Washington
IAD
Washington Dulles International
United (41%)

8
Washington
DCA
Ronald Reagan Washington National
American (50%)

text: Culture[edit]

text: Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky asserts that the Northeast region lacks a unified cultural identity,[3] but has served as a "culture hearth" for the rest of the nation.[62] Several much smaller geographical regions within the Northeast do have distinct cultural identities.[3]

text: Landmarks[edit]

text: Almost half of the National Historic Landmarks maintained by the National Park Service are located in the Northeastern United States.[63]

text: Religion[edit]

text: According to a 2009 Gallup poll, the Northeastern states differ from most of the rest of the U.S. in religious affiliation, generally reflecting the descendants of immigration patterns of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with many Catholics arriving from Ireland, Italy, Canada, and eastern Europe. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey are the only states in the nation where Catholics outnumber Protestants and other Christian denominations. More than 20% of respondents in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont declared no religious identity.[64] Compared to other U.S. regions, the Northeast, along with the Pacific Northwest, has the lowest regular religious service attendance and the fewest number of people for whom religion is an important part of their daily lives.[65]

text: Sports[edit]

text: The Northeast region is home to several professional sports franchises in the "Big Four" leagues (NFL, NBA, NHL and MLB),[66] with more than 100 championships collectively among them.[67]

text:
New York metropolitan area: Giants, Jets (NFL), Yankees, Mets (MLB), Knicks, Nets (NBA), Rangers, Islanders, Devils (NHL)
Philadelphia: Eagles (NFL), Phillies (MLB), 76ers (NBA), Flyers (NHL)
Washington, D.C.: Redskins (NFL), Nationals (MLB), Wizards (NBA), Capitals (NHL)
Boston: Patriots (NFL), Red Sox (MLB), Celtics (NBA), Bruins (NHL)
Baltimore: Ravens (NFL), Orioles (MLB)
Pittsburgh: Steelers (NFL), Pirates (MLB), Penguins (NHL)
Buffalo: Bills (NFL), Sabres (NHL)

text: Major League Soccer features five Northeastern teams: D.C. United, New England Revolution, New York City FC, New York Red Bulls, and Philadelphia Union. The region also has three WNBA teams: Connecticut Sun, New York Liberty and Washington Mystics.

text: Notable golf tournaments in the Northeastern United States include the Deutsche Bank Championship, The Barclays, Quicken Loans National and Atlantic City LPGA Classic. The US Open, held at New York City, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, whereas Washington Open is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series.

text: Notable Northeastern motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Dover International Speedway, Pocono Raceway, New Hampshire Motor Speedway and Lime Rock Park, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR and International Motor Sports Association races. Also, drag strips such as Englishtown, Epping, and Reading have hosted NHRA national events. Pimlico Race Course at Baltimore and Belmont Park at New York host the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes horse races, which are part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

text: The region has also been noted for the relative prevalence of the traditionally Northeastern sports of ice hockey and lacrosse.[68]

text: Health[edit]

text: The rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations in the Northeastern United States fell from 2005 to 2011 for overall conditions, acute conditions, and chronic conditions.[69]

text: Politics[edit]

text: The Northeastern United States tended to vote Republican in federal elections through the first half of the 20th century, but the region has since the 1990s shifted to become the most Democratic in the nation.[23] Results from a 2008 Gallup poll indicated that eight of the top ten Democratic states were located in the region, with every Northeastern state having a Democratic party affiliation advantage of at least ten points.[70] The following table demonstrates Democratic support in the Northeast as compared to the remainder of the nation.[71]

text:
Year
% President vote
% Senate seats
% House seats

Northeast
Remainder
Northeast
Remainder
Northeast
Remainder

2000
57.6
47.5
60.0
46.3
59.6
45.7

2002

60.0
45.0
58.3
44.7

2004
57.1
47.3
60.0
40.0
59.5
43.0

2006

75.0
45.0
73.8
48.3

2008
60.7
52.0
80.0
52.5
81.0
52.9

2010

75.0
47.5
67.9
38.5

text: The following table of United States presidential election results since 1900 illustrates that over the past six presidential elections, only three Northeastern states supported a Republican candidate (New Hampshire voted for George W. Bush in 2000; Pennsylvania and Maine's 2nd congressional district voted for Donald Trump in 2016).[72] Bolded entries indicate that party's candidate also won the general election.

text:
State
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920

1924
1928
1932
1936
1940
1944
1948
1952
1956
1960

1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000

2004
2008
2012
2016

CT
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

DE
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

DC

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

ME
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D (R ME-02)

MD
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

MA
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

NH
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
D

NJ
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

NY
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

PA
R
R
R
P
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R

RI
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
D
D
D
R
D
D
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

VT
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

text: The following table shows the breakdown of party affiliation of governors, state legislative houses, and U.S. congressional delegation for the Northeastern states, as of 2017[update]. (Demographics reflect registration-by-party figures from that state's registered voter statistics.)

text:
State
Governor
Upper House Majority
Lower House Majority
Senior U.S. Senator
Junior U.S. Senator
U.S. House Delegation
Demographics

CT
Democratic
Tied
18-18
Democratic
80-71
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
5-0
Democratic
36-21

DE
Democratic
Democratic
11-10
Democratic
25-16
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
1-0
Democratic
48-28

ME
Republican
Republican
18-17
Democratic
76-72-2
Republican
Independent
Tied
1-1
Democratic
32-27

MD
Republican
Democratic
33-14
Democratic
91-50
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
7-1
Democratic
55-26

MA
Republican
Democratic
34-6
Democratic
125-35
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
9-0
Democratic
35-11

NH
Republican
Republican
14-10
Republican
226-174
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
2-0
Republican
30-27

NJ
Democratic
Democratic
24-16
Democratic
52-28
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
7-5
Democratic
33-20

NY
Democratic
Rep. Led Coalition
40-22
Democratic
107-43
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
18-9
Democratic
49-24

PA
Democratic
Republican
34-16
Republican
121-82
Democratic
Republican
Republican
13-5
Democratic
50-37

RI
Democratic
Democratic
33-5
Democratic
64-10-1
Democratic
Democratic
Democratic
2-0
Democratic
42-11

VT
Republican
Democratic
21-7-2
Democratic
83-53-7-7
Democratic
Independent
Democratic
1-0
Democratic
47-31