document_title: List of multiple Olympic medalists

question_text: who is the second most decorated olympian of all time

text: List of multiple Olympic medalists

text: List of Olympic medals over career[edit]

text: This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists, listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.

text: In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals, the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals, then the number of silver medals. Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals, the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3
Bjorgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

4
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3

5
Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

6
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2

7
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2

8
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4

9
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

10
Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer
 East Germany
 Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0

12
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1

Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1

14
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3

15
Torres, DaraDara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4

16
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6

17
Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
3
4
5

18
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

19
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1

20
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0

21
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1

22
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1

23
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2

24
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

25
Gerevich, AladarAladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2

26
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0

27
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2

28
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4

29
Keleti, AgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2

Hall Jr., GaryGary Hall Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2

31
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3

32
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1

33
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
3
6
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
5

35
Almsick, FranziskaFranziska van Almsick
 Germany
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
0
4
6

36
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0

Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0

39
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2

40
Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1

42
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2

43
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3

44
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0

45
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2

Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2

47
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3

48
Charlotte Kalla
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
6
0

49
Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1992–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

Jones, LeiselLeisel Jones
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

51
Gaudini, GiulioGiulio Gaudini
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
4
2

52
Swahn, AlfredAlfred Swahn
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
3
3

53
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
6
1

54
Disl, UschiUschi Disl
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
F
2
4
3

55
Savolainen, HeikkiHeikki Savolainen
 Finland
Gymnastics
1928–1952
Summer
M
2
1
6

56
Titov, YuriYuri Titov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
1
5
3

57
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
3
6

58
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0

60
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1

61
Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2

Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2

63
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0

64
Lipa, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
F
5
2
1

65
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

67
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0

Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0

69
Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1

Gross, RicoRicco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1

Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1

73
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2

Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2

Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndreKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Fischer, SvenSven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2

Lezak, JasonJason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2

80
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3

81
Kovacs, KatalinKatalin Kovács
 Hungary
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
0

82
Ducret, RogerRoger Ducret
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
3
4
1

Cattiau, PhilippePhilippe Cattiau
 France
Fencing
1920–1936
Summer
M
3
4
1

Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

Thomas, PetriaPetria Thomas
 Australia
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
3
4
1

87
Campbell-Brown, VeronicaVeronica Campbell-Brown
 Jamaica
Athletics
2000–2016
Summer
F
3
3
2

88
Babashoff, ShirleyShirley Babashoff
 United States
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
2
6
0

89
Oneill, SusieSusie O'Neill
 Australia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
F
2
4
2

90
Korondi, MargitMargit Korondi
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
2
2
4

Muratova, SofiaSofia Muratova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1960
Summer
F
2
2
4

Sautin, DmitriDmitri Sautin
 Unified Team
 Russia
Diving
1992–2008
Summer
M
2
2
4

Ohno, ApoloApolo Ohno
 United States
Short track speed skating
2002–2010
Winter
M
2
2
4

94
Fontana, AriannaArianna Fontana
 Italy
Short track speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
1
2
5

95
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0

97
Kovacs, PalPál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1

98
Endo, YukioYukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0

Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0

101
Lee, Willis AugustusWillis Augustus Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1

Winkler, Hans GunterHans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1

Jager, TomTom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1

Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
5
1
1

Wu, MinxiaMinxia Wu
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1

109
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0

110
Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1

Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

112
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2

Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2

Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2

116
Carlberg, VilhelmVilhelm Carlberg
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
4
0

Uchimura, KōheiKōhei Uchimura
 Japan
Gymnastics
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
4
0

118
Hakulinen, VeikkoVeikko Hakulinen
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1952–1960
Winter
M
3
3
1

119
Mantyranta, EeroEero Mäntyranta
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1960–1968
Winter
M
3
2
2

Szewinska, IrenaIrena Szewińska
 Poland
Athletics
1964–1976
Summer
F
3
2
2

Andersson, AgnetaAgneta Andersson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
2
2

Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
2
2

123
Strickland, ShirleyShirley Strickland
 Australia
Athletics
1948–1956
Summer
F
3
1
3

Amanar, SimonaSimona Amânar
 Romania
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
1
3

Gottwald, FelixFelix Gottwald
 Austria
Nordic combined
2002–2010
Winter
M
3
1
3

126
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
4

Valbe, YelenaYelena Välbe
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
4

128
Marzi, GustavoGustavo Marzi
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
2
5
0

Gorokhovskaya, MariaMaria Gorokhovskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
2
5
0

130
Beard, AmandaAmanda Beard
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Khorkina, SvetlanaSvetlana Khorkina
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

133
Ujlaki-Rejto, IldikoIldikó Újlaky-Rejtő
 Hungary
Fencing
1960–1976
Summer
F
2
3
2

Janz, KarinKarin Janz
 East Germany
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
F
2
3
2

135
Miller, ShannonShannon Miller
 United States
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
F
2
2
3

Di Centa, ManuelaManuela Di Centa
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
2
2
3

137
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

138
Smirnov, VladimirVladimir Smirnov
 Kazakhstan
Cross-country skiing
1988–1998
Winter
M
1
4
2

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Medal count
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record medal event
Earlier medal events

1
6 April 1896[1]
James Connolly
 United States
Athletics
Triple jump G
–

Alexandre Tuffère
 France
Triple jump S

Ioannis Persakis
 Greece
Triple jump B

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Discus G

Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
 Greece
Discus S

Sotirios Versis
 Greece
Discus B

2
7 April 1896[1]
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Long jump S
See above

James Connolly
 United States
Long jump B

3
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Shot put G
1896 – 1 G, 2 S

9 April 1896[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics
Vault G
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Vault B
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

4
Gymnastics
Pommel horse S

5
Rings S

6
Horizontal bar G

16 July 1900
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump B
1896 – 1 G, 2 S, 3 G, 4 S
1900 – 5 B

3 September 1904
Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump G
1900 – 1 G, 2 G, 3 G
1904 – 4 G, 5 G

7
20 July 1908
Athletics
Standing long jump G

8
23 July 1908
Standing high jump G

29 July 1920
Carl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle, prone G
1912 – 1 B, 2 S, 3 S, 4 G
1920 – 5 B, 6 S, 7 G

9
30 July 1920
300 m military rifle, standing G

10
31 July 1920
Team free rifle G

11
27 June 1924
Shooting
600 m free rifle S

3 August 1928
Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
5000 m S
1920 – 1 S, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G
1924 – 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G, 9 G
1928 – 10 G

12
4 August 1928
3000 m steeplechase S

2 September 1960
Edoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
Team foil S
1936 – 1 G
1948 – 2 S, 3 S, 4 B
1952 – 5 S, 6 S, 7 G, 8 G
1956 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 B

13
9 September 1960
Team épée G

21 October 1964
Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
Team G
1956 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 S
1960 – 7 G, 8 G, 9 S, 10 S, 11 B, 12 G

14
All-around S

15
22 October 1964
Vault S

16
Uneven bars B

17
23 October 1964
Balance beam B

18
Floor exercise G

31 July 2012
Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
200 m butterfly S
2004 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 B, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G
2008 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 G, 12 G, 13 G, 14 G, 15 G, 16 G
2012 – 17 S

19
4 × 200 m freestyle G

20
2 August 2012
200 m individual medley G

21
3 August 2012
100 m butterfly G

22
4 August 2012
4 × 100 m medley relay G

23
7 August 2016
4 × 100 m freestyle relay G

24
9 August 2016
200 m butterfly G

25
4 × 200 m freestyle relay G

26
11 August 2016
200 m individual medley G

27
12 August 2016
100 m butterfly S

28
13 August 2016
4 × 100 m medley relay G

text: Legend: G = Gold, S = Silver, B = Bronze.

text: List of most career medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list contains only medals won in individual events, no relays or team events count for this section.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Sex
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

3
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

4
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

5
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2

6
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
3
3
4

7
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5

8
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0

10
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1

Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1

Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1

13
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4

14
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1

15
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

16
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0

Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0

18
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

21
Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

23
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
2
5
1

24
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1

Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

28
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0

29
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

30
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1

31
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
4
1

Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
2

35
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
2
2
3

36
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

37
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
2
5

text: Athletes with medals in different disciplines[edit]

text: In the Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text:
Athlete (Nation)
Summer Games
Winter Games
Ref

Year
Medal
Event
Year
Medal
Event

 Eddie Eagan (USA)
1920 Antwerp
01 ! Gold
Boxing (light heavyweight)
1932 Lake Placid
01 ! Gold
Bobsleigh (four-man)
[2]

 Jacob Tullin Thams (NOR)
1936 Berlin
02 ! Silver
Sailing (8-metre)
1924 Chamonix
01 ! Gold
Ski jumping (individual large hill)
[3]

 Christa Luding-Rothenburger (GDR)
1988 Seoul
02 ! Silver
Cycling (sprint)
1984 Sarajevo
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (500 m)
[4]

1988 Calgary
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (1000 m)

02 ! Silver
Speed skating (500 m)

1992 Albertville
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (500 m)

 Clara Hughes (CAN)
1996 Atlanta
03 ! Bronze
Cycling (road race)
2002 Salt Lake City
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)
[5]

2006 Turin
02 ! Silver
Speed skating (team pursuit)

03 ! Bronze
Cycling (time trial)
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (5000 m)

2010 Vancouver
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)

 Lauryn Williams (USA)
2004 Athens
02 ! Silver
Athletics (100 m)
2014 Sochi
02 ! Silver
Bobsleigh (two-woman)
[6]

2012 London
01 ! Gold
Athletics (4 × 100 m relay)

text:
Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics, winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.
Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events. He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events.
Christa Luding-Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. (This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years). She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa.
Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games.

text: In the Summer Games[edit]

text: Swimming and water polo[edit]

text:
Paul Radmilovic (GBR)
 Johnny Weissmuller (USA)
 Gérard Blitz (BEL)
 Tim Shaw (USA)

text: Others in Summer Games[edit]

text:
Morris Kirksey (USA) (athletics and rugby)
 Edwin Flack (AUS) (athletics and tennis)
 Karch Kiraly (USA) (indoor volleyball and beach volleyball)
 Otto Herschmann (AUT) (swimming and fencing)
 Carl Schuhmann (GER) (gymnastics and wrestling)
 Rebecca Romero (GBR) (cycling and rowing)
 Roswitha Krause (GER) (swimming and handball)
 Walter W. Winans (USA) (shooting and sculpture)
 Alfréd Hajós (HUN) (swimming and architecture)
 Conn Findlay (USA) (rowing and sailing)
 Magnus Wegelius (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Veli Nieminen (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Daniel Norling (SWE) (gymnastics and equestrian)
 Fritz Hofmann (GER) (gymnastics and athletics)
 Oswald Holmberg (SWE) (gymnastics and tug of war)
 Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) (modern pentathlon and fencing)

text: In the Winter Games[edit]

text: Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined[edit]

text:
Thorleif Haug (NOR)
 Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
 Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
 Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
 Heikki Hasu (FIN)

text: Others in Winter Games[edit]

text:
Anfisa Reztsova (URS) (biathlon and cross-country skiing)
 Susi Erdmann (GER) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Eric Flaim (USA) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Jorien ter Mors (NED) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Ester Ledecká (CZE) (alpine skiing and snowboarding)


document_title: Active transport

question_text: when is active transport used in the body

root

text: Active transport

text: Cellular transportation mechanisms[edit]

text: Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—against the concentration gradient or other obstructing factor.

tag: p

text: Unlike passive transport, which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient, active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance. Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: In 1848, the German physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes.[2]

text: Rosenberg (1948) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations,[3] but later it would be redefined.

text: In 1997, Jens Christian Skou, a Danish physician [4] received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research regarding the sodium-potassium pump [4]

text: One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding diabetes treatment [5] is sodium glucose cotransporters. These transporters were discovered by scientists at that National Health Institute.[6] These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat. The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems. The first of these membrane transport proteins was named SGLT1 followed by the discovery of SGLT2.[6] Robert Krane also played a prominent role in this field.

text: Background[edit]

text: Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not, either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient.[7] There are two forms of active transport, primary active transport and secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP. Secondary active transport, however, makes use of potential energy, which is usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient. The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient.[8] This involves pore-forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane. The difference between passive transport and active transport is that the active transport requires energy, and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient, whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient.[9]

text: In an antiporter, one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is cotransported in the opposite direction.  In a symporter, two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane. Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport, meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient, utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion (mostly Na+, K+ or H+ ions) down its concentration gradient.

text: If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration[10] (i.e., in the opposite direction as, or against the concentration gradient), specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required. These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules (e.g., glucose) and transport them across the cell membrane. Because energy is required in this process, it is known as 'active' transport. Examples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine.

text: Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts exist in very dilute solution. Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient. For example, the molecules chlorine (Cl^-) and nitrate NO3- exist in the cytosol of plant cells, and need to be transported into the vacuole. While the vacuole has channels for these ions, transportation of them is against the concentration gradient, and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps, or proton pumps[11]

text: Primary active transport[edit]

text: Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane.[12] Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body.

text: Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases. A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium-potassium pump, which helps to maintain the cell potential. The sodium-potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+  ions out of the cell for every two [13] K+ ions moved into the cell. Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy (light).  An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient.  An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH.

text: Model of active transport[edit]

text: ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation.[14]

text: Types of  primary active transporters[edit]

text:
P-type ATPase: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, proton pump
F-ATPase: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase
V-ATPase: vacuolar ATPase
ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter: MDR, CFTR, etc.

tag: ol

text: Adenosine Triphosphate-binding cassette transporters (ABC transporters) comprise a large and diverse protein family, often functioning as ATP-driven pumps.  Usually, there are several domains involved in the overall transporter protein's structure, including two nucleotide-binding domains that constitute the ATP-binding motif and two hydrophobic transmembrane domains that create the "pore" component.  In broad terms, ABC transporters are involved in the import or export of molecules across a cell membrane; yet within the protein family there is an extensive range of function.[15]

text: In plants, ABC transporters are often found within cell and organelle membranes, such as the mitochondria, chloroplast, and plasma membrane.  There is evidence to support that plant ABC transporters play a direct role in pathogen response, phytohormone transport, and detoxification.[15]  Furthermore, certain plant ABC transporters may function in actively exporting volatile compounds[16] and antimicrobial metabolites.[17]

text: In petunia flowers (Petunia hybrida), the ABC transporter PhABCG1 is involved in the active transport of volatile organic compounds.  PhABCG1 is expressed in the petals of open flowers.  In general, volatile compounds may promote the attraction of seed-dispersal organisms and pollinators, as well as aid in defense, signaling, allelopathy, and protection.  To study the protein PhABCG1, transgenic petunia RNA interference lines were created with decreased PhABCG1 expression levels.  In these transgenic lines, a decrease in emission of volatile compounds was observed.  Thus, PhABCG1 is likely involved in the export of volatile compounds.  Subsequent experiments involved incubating control and transgenic lines that expressed PhABCG1 to test for transport activity involving different substrates.    Ultimately, PhABCG1 is responsible for the protein-mediated transport of volatile organic compounds, such as benezyl alcohol and methylbenzoate, across the plasma membrane.[16]

text: Additionally in plants, ABC transporters may be involved in the transport of cellular metabolites.  Pleiotropic Drug Resistance ABC transporters are hypothesized to be involved in stress response and export antimicrobial metabolites.  One example of this type of ABC transporter is the protein NtPDR1.  This unique ABC transporter is found in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells and is expressed in the presence of microbial elicitors.  NtPDR1 is localized in the root epidermis and aerial trichomes of the plant.  Experiments using antibodies specifically targeting NtPDR1 followed by Western blotting allowed for this determination of localization.  Furthermore, it is likely that the protein NtPDR1 actively transports out antimicrobial diterpene molecules, which are toxic to the cell at high levels.[17]

text: Secondary active transport[edit]

text: In secondary active transport, also known as coupled transport or cotransport, energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane; however, in contrast to primary active transport, there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in/out of the cell.[18] Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase). The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na+) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient.[19] In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen.[19] Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain, an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell.[20]

text: In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.[21] Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.[22][23]

text: Cotransporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions.

text: Antiporter[edit]

text: In an antiporter two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane. One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one.

text: An example is the sodium-calcium exchanger or antiporter, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out.[24] This antiporter mechanism is important within the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in order to keep the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm low.[8] Many cells also possess calcium ATPases, which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important second messenger.[25] But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly: only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger. The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or "spikes" and enables rapid recovery.[26] This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes, which need not be active all the time (constitutively), but may exist to meet specific, intermittent needs.

text: Symporter[edit]

text: A symporter uses the downhill movement of one solute species from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration (against its concentration gradient). Both molecules are transported in the same direction.

text: An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1, which co-transports one glucose (or galactose) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell.[27] This symporter is located in the small intestines,[28] heart,[29] and brain.[30] It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys.[31]  Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy[32] This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it.[33] Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose, causing familial renal glucosuria.[34]

text: Bulk transport[edit]

text: Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells, respectively, via vesicles.[35] In the case of endocytosis, the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell.[36] The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch, known as a vesicle, inside the cytoplasm. Often enzymes from lysosomes are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process. Substances that enter the cell via signal mediated endocytosis include proteins, hormones and growth factors.[37] Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the membrane of the cell. This forces the viral DNA into the host cell.[38]

text: Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis: pinocytosis and phagocytosis.[39]

text:
In pinocytosis, cells engulf liquid particles (in humans this process occurs in the small intestine, where cells engulf fat droplets).[40]
In phagocytosis, cells engulf solid particles.[41]

tag: ul

text: Exocytosis involves the removal of substances through the fusion of the outer cell membrane and a vesicle membrane[38] An example of exocytosis would be the transmission of neurotransmitters across a synapse between brain cells.


document_title: List of Bewitched characters

question_text: who played larry tate's wife on bewitched

question_tokens: who played larry tate 's wife on bewitched

text: List of Bewitched characters

text: Samantha Stephens[edit]

text: Samantha Stephens (Elizabeth Montgomery) is a witch and the show's protagonist. She's married to a mortal named Darrin Stephens and has two magical children by him. Samantha often has difficulty adjusting to mortal life, even though she is trying to give up using her powers. She is perhaps the most sensible character in the show; she enjoys her mother's company and is able to take her jabs at mortal life with ease. She is optimistic and treats everyone with respect be they magical creatures, powerful witches and wizards, or ordinary people.

text: Darrin Stephens[edit]

text: Darrin Stephens (originally Dick York, seasons 1-5; later Dick Sargent, seasons 6-8) is a mortal married to Samantha. He did not know she was a witch until she told him after their marriage. He works as a Vice President/Account Executive at the McMann & Tate Advertising agency. Dick York was unable to continue his role as Darrin because of a severe back condition, the result of an accident during the filming of They Came To Cordura in 1959. Starting during the third season, York's disability caused ongoing shooting delays and script rewrites. After collapsing while filming the episode "Daddy Does His Thing" and being rushed to the hospital in January 1969, York left the show. Dick Sargent, who would go on to play Darrin in the sixth through eighth seasons, was cast for the role that same month.[1]

text: Endora[edit]

text: Endora (Agnes Moorehead), is Samantha's mother and Darrin's chief antagonist in the series. Like all witches, she never reveals her surname, indicating to Darrin that he would be unable to pronounce it. Endora finds mortals dull and disapproves of Darrin, as do many of Samantha's relatives. Endora refuses to even use Darrin's name, alternatively calling him "Derwood", "What's-his-name", "Darwin", "Dum-Dum", etc., all much to his annoyance. She refers to him as "Darrin" only eight times during the entire series.[2] Endora's ploys to provoke a breakup always fail as Samantha and Darrin's love overcomes every obstacle. Even though Endora casts countless farcical spells on Darrin, she never attempts to destroy him outright. During the first season, Endora threatens her warlock husband Maurice, after he destroys Darrin, saying that she will not have a human being on her conscience. It was one of the few times when Endora went out of her way to protect Darrin from Maurice (See episode 1-10). Endora, once, let Maurice kiss her. But, when she realizes that, after he has kissed her and disappeared, that she has contracted an illness which leaves her unable to use her powers, she is furious. until Maurice returns to gives her an antidote, and take her to, "the place we used to go to on the Milky Way", to have dinner. She doesn't get along with Darrin's mother, Phyllis Stephens, because she gets along too well with Phyllis' husband, Frank. But, they are civil to one another in, what Samantha calls, "killing one another with kindness". Endora does dote on her grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam; They call her "Grandmama".

text: Larry Tate[edit]

text: Larry Tate (David White) is Darrin's profit-obsessed boss. Tate is a regular character. Tate's opinions turn on a dime to appease a client in an attempt to land a deal. However, there are two episodes that show evidence that Larry has deep feelings as well as having a sense of integrity. In the first season installment, "And Something Makes Three", Larry realizes he is to become a father for the first time and is almost overcome with joyful emotion. In the seventh season Christmas episode "Sisters at Heart", notwithstanding his obsession with the bottom line, Larry threatens to cancel an important client's account with McMann & Tate when he realizes the client is a racist.

text: Louise Tate[edit]

text: Louise Tate (Irene Vernon, and, after Vernon's departure from the show, Kasey Rogers) is Larry's wife and Samantha's closest mortal friend. Louise Tate was played by Irene Vernon during the first two seasons and then replaced by Kasey Rogers, who wore a short black wig to appear similar to Vernon. According to Rogers,[3]

text: Bill Asher noticed her tugging at the wig and asked why she was wearing it. She laughed and said, "because you told me to." He replied, "Why don't you take it off!" and she played Louise with red hair for the show's final three seasons.

text: Gladys Kravitz[edit]

text: Gladys Kravitz, whose maiden name was Gruber, (played originally by Alice Pearce, and, after Pearce's death during the run of the show, Sandra Gould) is Samantha and Darrin's nosy neighbor who lives across the street. She often witnesses incidents of witchcraft but, by the time her husband Abner gets to the window, there is nothing to see, thus, he never believes her.

text: Abner Kravitz[edit]

text: Abner Kravitz (George Tobias) is Gladys's retired husband. He doesn't believe the stories his wife tells about Samantha being a witch. By the time she gets him to come to the window to see some magic she has just witnessed, it is all over. His sister, Harriet (Mary Grace Canfield), stayed with her brother once while Gladys was out of town (around the time Alice Pearce died). Harriet also witnessed some behavior that caused her to share her sister-in-law's opinion of their neighbors. Abner again disagreed just as he always did with his wife.

text: Aunt Clara[edit]

text: Aunt Clara (Marion Lorne) is the only one of Samantha's relatives for whom Darrin regularly shows tolerance (and the only relative who regularly tolerates him). She is Samantha's bumbling, elderly, absent-minded-but-lovable aunt. The well-meaning Aunt Clara's spells usually backfire, and her entrances and exits are often a grand fumble, such as entering via a chimney or colliding with a wall. She has a collection of over a thousand doorknobs (inspired by Lorne's real-life collection).

text: Tabitha Stephens[edit]

text: Tabitha Stephens (Erin Murphy) (spelled Tabatha in production credits until season 5) is the daughter of Samantha and Darrin. She is born in season 2. She has supernatural powers. Tabitha Stephens' birth in the season 2 episode "And Then There Were Three" featured infant Cynthia Black in the role. For the remainder of the season, Tabitha was played by twins Heidi and Laura Gentry, followed by twins Tamar and Julie Young. Fraternal twin toddlers Diane Murphy and Erin Murphy were cast for the role at the beginning of season 3. In time, they began to look less alike, so Diane was dropped during season 4. Diane made several guest appearances in other roles, and filled in as Tabitha one last time in season 5's "Samantha Fights City Hall", because Erin had the mumps. Tabitha was played by Liberty Williams in the 1976 pilot and by Lisa Hartman in the 1977 series of the same name.

text: Adam Stephens[edit]

text: Adam Stephens (David Lawrence) is the son of Samantha and Darrin. Like his sister and his mother, he has supernatural powers. In the Tabitha TV show pilot, he is played by Bruce Kimmel and he also possessed warlock powers and a mischievous nature, but in the series itself, he was played by David Ankrum, and was often the disapproving mortal figure of the family, much like their father, Darrin was. Despite his entreaties to his sister to not use her powers, and his dismay when their Aunt Minerva (Karen Morrow) encouraged her to use them, he really does love his sister very much. A continuity error switched the birth order of Tabitha and Adam (in Bewitched, Tabitha is older and Adam is younger; in Tabitha, Adam is older and Tabitha is younger).

text: Serena[edit]

text: Serena (Elizabeth Montgomery) is Samantha's cousin on Maurice's side.[4] Serena is egocentric and looks like Samantha (except for a tattoo under her left eye). Also played by Montgomery, Serena is credited as "Pandora Spocks" (a spin on the phrase "Pandora's box") in many of her appearances from 1969 to 1971. Serena is first seen in episode, #54, "And Then There Were Three".[5] Serena is the antithesis of Samantha, in most episodes sporting a beauty mark on her cheek, raven-black cropped hair and mod mini-skirts. Ever mischievous, bawdy and irresponsible, Serena often flirts with Larry Tate (calling the white-haired Tate "Cotton-Top"), just for sport. She occasionally dates mortals, and has been known to flirt with Darrin, while pretending to be Samantha. Despite her conduct and frequent co-plotting with Endora, Serena has been known to assist Samantha and Darrin, although she finds them "both a bit square".

text: Uncle Arthur[edit]

text: Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora's prank-loving brother, makes several appearances. Despite many practical jokes at Darrin's expense, Uncle Arthur has a less antagonistic relationship with him than Endora. In one episode, both Serena and Uncle Arthur go head-to-head with the Witches Council to support the Stephens' union, only to have their own powers suspended. Samantha is clearly very fond of her uncle, and vice versa.

text: Dr. Bombay[edit]

text: Dr. Hubert Bombay (Bernard Fox) is a witch doctor and womanizer, almost always accompanied by a buxom assistant in a nurse's outfit. He constantly cracks stale jokes. A strange occurrence or condition caused by a supernatural illness is occasionally used as a plot device, and his assistance is often sought. He could be summoned by the phrase: "Calling Dr. Bombay, calling Dr. Bombay. Emergency, come right away." His first name, Hubert, was revealed in the final episode of the spinoff "Tabitha" where he marries his mortal nurse.

text: Esmeralda[edit]

text: Esmeralda (Alice Ghostley) is the Stephens' anxiety-ridden and magically inept "Yoo-Hoo" maid. She is prone to uncontrolled bursts of magic (especially when she sneezes) and becomes invisible when she's nervous. Like Clara, her magic is unpredictable but, because her powers are weak the manifestations usually fade away in time. Esmeralda was introduced in 1969 after Lorne's death. Ghostley stated that she did not consider her character as a replacement for Clara.

text: Phyllis Stephens[edit]

text: Phyllis Stephens (Mabel Albertson) is Darrin's strait-laced mother who visits occasionally but never learns of Samantha's supernatural powers. Phyllis makes inopportune surprise visits (which often cause Samantha to use magic to clean up the house quickly). Phyllis often becomes discombobulated and complains of "a sick headache" after accidentally witnessing something inexplicable. She and Endora do not get along, as Endora often displays contempt for her mortal counterpart. Phyllis also once thought her husband was having an affair with Endora, which did not help relations between the two. They are civil to one another in what Samantha refers to as "killing each other with kindness".

text: Frank Stephens[edit]

text: Frank Stephens (Robert F. Simon, Roy Roberts) is Darrin's laid-back father. He loves musicals and operas and once, during the first season he and Endora go together to a musical, from which he doesn't come back that night. He and his wife, Phyllis, get near to a divorce, until Samantha and Endora use their magic to bring them back together.

text: Maurice[edit]

text: Maurice (Maurice Evans) is Samantha's father, an urbane thespian, and the only warlock in the House of Lords. He often embellishes his entrances and exits with strained Shakespearean verse. Bewitched is unique for pre-1970s sitcoms in that it portrays Endora and Maurice in, as Maurice describes to his private secretary, "an informal marriage". Maurice once introduces Endora as "her (Samantha's) mother", and Endora twice threatens, if she doesn't get what she wants, to "move back in" with Maurice, a prospect that terrifies him. In the episode "Samantha's Good News", Endora threatens to file for an "ectoplasmic interlocutory" (i.e. "divorce"), only to wrangle Maurice's affection. He is also a member of the Warlock's Club in London. Maurice refers to Darrin with incorrect names (like Endora), including "Duncan" and "Dustbin", with Endora going so far as to "correct" him, saying "that's Durwood". Once in the series he kisses Endora, and after takes her to "the little place, we used to go to on the Milky Way" (episode: "A Plague on Maurice and Samantha"). Like Endora, he dotes on his grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam, who are allowed to call him "Grandpa".

text: Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha[edit]

text: Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha are two of Samantha's other aunts. They occasionally ride in an antique car called "Macbeth" (sometimes driven by chauffeur Rasputin, other times operating sans driver), which enters the Stephens' home through the wall. Enchantra was played by three different actresses, including Estelle Winwood, while Hagatha was played by five, including Jane Connell, Reta Shaw, and Ysabel MacCloskey.

text: Apothecary[edit]

text: An unnamed witches' apothecary (Bernie Kopell) is an amorous old warlock from whom help for supernatural illnesses is occasionally sought. He appears in four episodes.

text: Betty[edit]

text: Betty, the secretary at McMann and Tate, was played by various actresses, including Jill Foster (ten appearances) and Marcia Wallace.[6]

text: Sheila Summers[edit]

text: Sheila Summers (Nancy Kovack) is Darrin's wealthy former fiancée and Samantha's nemesis. She appeared three times in the series (in the pilot episode ("I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha", and in "Snob in the Grass", where she tries to seduce Darrin, only to be publicly humiliated by Samantha's witchcraft). She also appeared in the 1968 episode "If They Never Met".

text: Howard McMann[edit]

text: Howard McMann (Roland Winters, Leon Ames) is Larry Tate's business partner, and appears only twice during the series in "Man of the Year" and "What Makes Darrin Run".

text: Charlie Leach[edit]

text: Charlie Leach (Robert Strauss) is a conniving private investigator who attempts to blackmail Samantha, with disastrous results, in "Follow that Witch" and "Catnapped". In the first episode, he was working for a client of Darrin's who was considering hiring the advertising firm. In the second episode, he caught Samantha using her powers. The Leaches were the reverse of the Kravitzes with Charlie convinced that Samantha was a witch, while his wife, Charmaine (Virginia Martin) was convinced that her husband was crazy. However, unlike the Kravitzes, Charlie used blackmail to get Samantha to give him what he wants, but it always backfired when Samantha used her powers to defeat him. After "Catnapped", Charlie and Charmaine were never seen or spoken of again.

text: Characters from history and other fiction[edit]

text: Thanks to witchcraft, a number of interesting characters were seen, including Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Pierce, George and Martha Washington, Paul Revere, Sigmund Freud, Julius Caesar, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon, King Henry VIII, Cleopatra, Bonanno Pisano, Santa Claus, Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, The Artful Dodger, Hansel and Gretel, The Tooth Fairy, the Loch Ness Monster, a leprechaun, Prince Charming, Sleeping Beauty, Willie Mays (playing himself), and Boyce and Hart (playing themselves).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cast of Characters

Character
Actor(s)
No. of episodes

Main Characters

Samantha Stephens
Elizabeth Montgomery
254

Darrin Stephens
Dick York (1964–1969)
Dick Sargent (1969–1972)
156 (York)
84 (Sargent)

Endora
Agnes Moorehead
147

Larry Tate
David White
166

Recurring Characters

Tabitha Stephens
Cynthia Black (1966)
Heidi and Laura Gentry (1966)
Tamar and Julie Young (1966)
Diane Murphy (1966–1968)
Erin Murphy (1966–1972)
116

Gladys Kravitz
Alice Pearce (1964–1966)
Sandra Gould (1966–1971)
27 (Pearce)
29 (Gould)

Abner Kravitz
George Tobias (1964–1971)
55

Louise Tate
Irene Vernon (1964–1966)
Kasey Rogers (1966–1972)
13 (Vernon)
33 (Rogers)

Aunt Clara
Marion Lorne (1964–1968)
28

Serena
Elizabeth Montgomery (1966–1972)
(credited as "Pandora Spocks")
24

Adam Stephens
unknown (1969–1970)
Greg and David Lawrence (1970–1972)
24

Phyllis Stephens
Mabel Albertson (1964–1971)
19

Dr. Bombay
Bernard Fox (1967–1972)
18

Esmeralda
Alice Ghostley (1969–1972)
15

Frank Stephens
Robert F. Simon (1964–67, 1971)
Roy Roberts (1967–1970)
13

Maurice
Maurice Evans
12

Uncle Arthur
Paul Lynde (1965–1971)
10

tag: table


document_title: Hot dog variations

question_text: what do they call hot dogs in australia

question_tokens: what do they call hot dogs in australia

text: Hot dog variations

text: United States[edit]

text: Hot dogs are very popular throughout the United States. Many regional variations exist.[1]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: Hot dogs made with caribou meat added are sold as "reindeer dogs" throughout Alaska.[2]

text: Arizona[edit]

text: The Sonoran hot dog is popular in Tucson, Phoenix, and elsewhere in southern Arizona, as well as in the neighboring Mexican state of Sonora. It is a hot dog wrapped in mesquite-smoked bacon, cooked on a grill or on a griddle or comal,[3] then topped with pinto beans, onions, tomatoes, mayonnaise, mustard and jalapeño salsa or sauce, and served on a bolillo roll, often with a side of fresh-roasted chili pepper. It originated in Hermosillo, the capital of Sonora.[4][5]

text: California[edit]

text: In Los Angeles, Pink's Hot Dogs promotes its celebrity customers and its chili dogs, the latter of which come in a wide number of varieties.[6] A local chain, Tommy's,[7] also has chili dogs featuring a premium natural casing hot dog alongside its much better-known chili hamburgers, and another local chain The Hat, which specializes in pastrami, has them also.

text: Other notable Los Angeles chains that specialize in hot dogs include Hot Dog On A Stick, which serves a preparation similar to a corn dog, and Wienerschnitzel, a chain that bills itself as "The World's Largest Hot Dog Chain."[8] The Farmer John Dodger Dog is sold at Dodger Stadium. Street vendors in Los Angeles also serve the "Downtown Dog" or "Danger Dog" a Mexican-style bacon-wrapped hot dog with grilled onions, jalapeños, bell peppers, mustard, ketchup and salsa as condiments.

text: Oki Dog, in West Hollywood, or Oki's Dog, on Pico[9] serves the Original Oki Dog—two hot dogs on a flour tortilla, covered with chili and pastrami and wrapped up like a burrito. This is a variation on a hot dog served on the Japanese island of Okinawa, which is where it takes its name.

text: Also common in Los Angeles and San Francisco are bacon-wrapped hot dogs, often served with toppings such as fried peppers and onions, mayonnaise, etc. These are typically sold by street vendors who grill the hot dogs on small push-carts. The legality of such operations may be questionable in some instances. Locals sometimes refer to these treats as "danger dogs" or "heart attack dogs".[10]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: Connecticut hot dog restaurants often serve Hummel Bros, Martin Rosol or Grote and Weigel dogs, which are family operations, with national brands being relatively less common. Hot dogs are typically served on New England rolls. There is otherwise no particular Connecticut style. It is customary for hot dogs to be served plain so the customer can put their own condiments on the hot dog. Options can range wildly from establishment to establishment, with Blackie's of Cheshire offering hot pepper relish, brown mustard or ketchup only[11] while the Windmilll of Stratford is known for dogs loaded with sauerkraut, onions, and pickly chili on soft buns.[12] Capitol Lunch of New Britain sells chili dogs made from Martin Rosol hotdogs, produced across the street from the restaurant,[13] with mustard, chopped onions, and a meat sauce[14] that has been praised by culinary and travel writers throughout the nation.[15][16] Other noted establishments include Rawley's of Fairfield and Super Duper Weenie.[17]

text: District of Columbia[edit]

text: A half-smoke is a "local sausage delicacy" found in Washington, D.C. and the surrounding region. Similar to a hot dog, but usually larger, spicier, and with more coarsely-ground meat, the sausage is often half-pork and half-beef, smoked, and served with herbs, onion, and chili sauce.

text: Georgia[edit]

text: In Columbus, Georgia, a local favorite is the "scrambled dog," the exemplar of which was first served at the Dinglewood Pharmacy by "The Lieutenant" Charles Stevens over 50 years ago. The scrambled dog is a chopped hot dog covered by chili, onions and pickles with an accompanying portion of oyster crackers.[18]

text: In Fitzgerald, Georgia, Johnnie's Drive In served the "scrambled dog" beginning in the early 1940s. Johnnie's scrambled dog is two sliced hot dogs over a hot dog bun with mustard and catsup and covered with oyster crackers, chili, cole slaw, and sliced dill pickles.[19]

text: Illinois[edit]

text: The Chicago-style hot dog is a steamed kosher-style all-beef, natural-casing hot dog on a steamed poppy seed bun, topped with yellow mustard, chopped white onions, a dill pickle spear, tomato slices, Chicago-style relish, hot sport peppers, and a dash of celery salt.[20] Chicago-style hot dogs generally do not include ketchup.

text: This "dragged through the garden" style (more commonly called, "with the works"), is heavily promoted by Vienna Beef and Red Hot Chicago, the two most prominent Chicago hot dog manufacturers,[21] but exceptions are common, with vendors adding cucumbers or lettuce, omitting poppy seeds or celery salt, or using plain relish or a skinless hot dog.[22] Several popular hot dog stands serve a simpler version: a steamed natural-casing dog with only mustard, onions, plain relish and sport peppers, wrapped up with hand-cut fries, while the historic Superdawg drive-ins notably substitute a pickled tomato.

text: Kansas and Missouri[edit]

text: A Kansas City-style hot dog is a pork sausage in a sesame seed bun topped with brown mustard, sauerkraut and melted Swiss cheese.[23]

text: Maine[edit]

text: The most popular variety of hot dog in Maine is made with natural casing. The casing is colored red, and one company refers to their red variety as red snappers.[24]

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text: In Boston, hot dogs are often served steamed as opposed to grilled. The Fenway Frank, served at Fenway Park, is a fixture for Red Sox fans, and there are several other local brands such as Pearl that are used. Hot dogs in the Boston area are associated with Boston baked beans, though this is not unique to the region. Ketchup, mustard, relish, picalilli, and chopped onions are the most common toppings.[25]

text: Michigan[edit]

text: In southeastern Michigan, restaurants serve what's known as a Coney dog, developed early in the 20th century by Greek immigrants. "Coney joints" are very specific as to the ingredients: a natural-casing beef or beef and pork European-style Vienna sausage of German origin having a natural lamb or sheep casing, topped with a beef heart-based sauce, one or two stripes of yellow mustard and diced or chopped white onions. There are three variations on the Coney dog: Jackson style, which started in 1914 with a ground beef sauce prior to switching to ground beef heart in the early 1940s,[26] Detroit style, first served in 1917 and made with a more soupy beef heart-based sauce, and Flint style, with Flint Coney Island opening in 1924 serving a specially-developed Koegel's coney topped with thicker, meatier sauce based on a Macedonian goulash, made almost entirely of a finely ground beef heart blend from Abbott's Meat.[27] With over 350 chain and independent purveyors of these dogs in the metro-Detroit area alone, an entire restaurant industry has developed from the hot dog and are called Coney Islands.[28] A coney dog is not to be confused with a chili dog, a more generic ground beef-based chili-topped hot dog.

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: New Jersey's Italian hot dog.[29] includes diced fried potatoes combined with brown mustard served on a spicy hot dog. The most common brands of spicy hot dogs used are Sabrett's or Best's, both of which are NJ companies. A traditional Italian Hot Dog is made by cutting a round "pizza bread" in half (for a double) or into quarters (for a single), cutting a pocket into it and spreading the inside with mustard. A deep-fried dog (or two if it is a double) is put in the pocket, topped with fried (or sautéed) onions and peppers, and then topped off with crisp-fried potato chunks. A variation of this, often found at express takeout restaurants (such as "chicken shacks," Chinese restaurants, pizzerias, etc., and can also be requested at some lunch trucks and luncheonettes across the state) substitutes French fries for the traditional potato round, and in some spots a Portuguese or sub roll replaces the traditional round bread used.[30]

text: Rutt's Hut in Clifton, NJ is famed for its rippers, hot dogs deep-fried to the point where the sausages burst open, resulting in a dense, caramelized outer casing. The rippers are served with Rutt's homemade relish, a blend of mustard, onions, carrots and cabbage.

text: The Texas wiener was created in Paterson, New Jersey sometime before 1920.[31][32] The "Texas" reference is to the chili sauce used on the dogs, which actually has a stronger Greek influence due to the ethnicity of the cooks who invented it. The wiener, also referred to as an all-the-way dog, consists of a hot dog covered in Düsseldorf mustard (as opposed to the Coney, which uses yellow mustard), diced onions, and chili sauce.

text: New York[edit]

text: In New York City, the natural-casing all-beef hot dogs served at Katz's Delicatessen, Gray's Papaya, Papaya King, Papaya Dog and any Sabrett cart are all made by Sabrett's parent company, Marathon Enterprises, Inc.. (Levine 2005). Nathan's hot dogs, which are all-beef and come in both natural-casing and skinless, were also made by Marathon until several years ago (Levine 2005). Local kosher brands—which are not permitted natural casings—include Hebrew National, Empire National (Levine 2005). The usual condiments are mustard and sauerkraut, with optional sweet onions in a tomato based sauce invented by Alan Geisler, usually made by Sabrett. Hot dogs are available on street corners as well as at delicatessens. New York street vendors generally store their unsold dogs in warm-water baths, giving rise to the semi-affectionate moniker "dirty water dog." Bagel dogs are also sold in Manhattan.[30]

text: The white hot or "porker" is a variation on the hot dog found in the upstate area.[33] It is composed of some combination of uncured and unsmoked pork, beef, and veal; it is believed that the lack of smoking or curing allows the meat to retain a naturally white color.[34] White hots are almost exclusively eaten with mustard, specifically spicy brown, and other spices, and often include a dairy component such as nonfat dry milk.

text: Zweigle's of Rochester, NY makes 'White Hots' or 'Porker' which is slang Rochester natives refer to the natural casing sausage. A flavor profile which is based off a German Weisswurst Sausage made of pork, beef and veal and is produced similarly to a Texas Hot Dog or 'Red Hots' but doesn't receive any nitrates for color, therefore retaining its natural coloring of 'white' after its cooked in the smokehouse.

text: In the Capital District surrounding Albany, smaller-than-usual wieners are served with a spicy meat sauce; the Capital District style is quite similar to the New York System or Hot Wieners of Rhode Island. In the mid-twentieth century, hot dog purveyors reportedly would carry the dogs to the table lined up on their bare forearms, giving rise to the term "the Hairy Arm";[35] today, health codes prohibit this practice. Further north, in three locations in and around Glens Falls, New Way Lunch has served similar hot dogs with meat sauce, mustard, and raw onions for nearly 100 years.[36]

text: Buffalo, Rochester and Western New York state are known for charcoal-broiled hot dogs, cooked over real hardwood charcoal. Prominent purveyors include Ted's and Louie's.

text: Texas hots have a niche following in western New York, where the Rigas family (later of Adelphia Communications infamy) introduced the dish. A 2017 article in the Olean Times Herald made note of the dish's disappearance from the city of Olean.[37]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: In North Carolina, hot dogs have a distinct red color and are prepared Carolina style which includes chili, cole slaw and onions; locally, mustard sometimes replaces slaw, or is added as a fourth item. Merritt's Burger House has been serving Carolina hot dogs since 1958.[38]

text: Ohio[edit]

text: In Cincinnati, a hot dog topped with Cincinnati chili is called a "coney," and when grated cheddar cheese is added, a "cheese coney." The default coney also includes mustard and diced onion.[39]

text: In Cleveland, a kielbasa or hot dog served on a bun covered with a layer of french fries, a layer of sweet southern style barbecue sauce or hot sauce, and a layer of coleslaw is called a Polish Boy. Variations exist for the preparation of the sausage or hot dog, whether it is grilled or fried. Another Cleveland favorite found at any north-eastern Ohio sporting or entertainment venues, is a hot dog with "Stadium Mustard". Stadium Mustard is a type of Brown mustard with similar flavor to a spicy Dijon mustard.

text: Toledo is known for Tony Packo's Cafe. Their "Hungarian hot dog" is technically a Hungarian sausage called Kolbász, not unlike the Polish kielbasa, is about twice the diameter of a conventional hot dog, and is sliced in half before being grilled and topped with the restaurant's spicy chili sauce.

text:
Cheese coneys (Cincinnati)

Polish boy (Cleveland)

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: There are several variety of local dog recipes in Pennsylvania. In Philadelphia, street vendors sell hot dogs that can be topped with one or more of several traditional Philadelphia toppings: ketchup, mustard (yellow and/or spicy brown), chopped onion (cooked/soft or raw), relish, and (without exception) sauerkraut. In Allentown, Pennsylvania there is regional Yocco's Hot Dogs. Various shops and butchers in Pennsylvania make traditional German natural casing franks. Altoona, Pennsylvania has two remaining Texas Hot Dog stands that claim a legacy going back to 1918.[40] The Texas Tommy was invented in Pottstown, Pennsylvania, and is prepared with bacon and cheese.[41]

text: Rhode Island[edit]

text: The hot wiener or New York System wiener[42] is a staple of the food culture of Rhode Island.[43][44] It is typically made from a small, thin hot dog made of veal and pork, thus giving it a different taste from a traditional hot dog made of beef. Once placed in a steamed bun, the wiener is topped with a meat sauce seasoned with a myriad of spices like cumin, paprika, chili powder, and allspice, which is itself covered in finely chopped onions, celery salt, and yellow mustard.

text: Washington[edit]

text: In Seattle, hot dogs are served with cream cheese and grilled onions on a toasted bun. The sausages are split in half and grilled before being put in the bun. Stands offer a variety of condiments, such as Sriracha sauce and jalapeños.[45]

text: West Virginia[edit]

text: A hot dog with a chili sauce made with finely ground meat, chopped fresh onions, coleslaw and yellow mustard.[46][47][48][49]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Whistle Dog is served by some[50] A&W restaurants[51] in Canada. A whistle dog is a hot dog that has been split and served with processed cheese, bacon, and relish.

text: Montréal[edit]

text: A Montréal-style hot dog, as popularised by numerous shops such as the famous Montreal Pool Room,[52] is either steamed or griddle fried (nicknamed steamies or toasties, respectively). It is generally topped with coleslaw, onion, mustard, relish, and occasionally paprika or chili powder. Due to the bilingual nature of Montréal street culture, these are usually ordered, and condiments named, in Franglais.[53] Montreal hot dogs can be found throughout Eastern Canada and the United States.[54]

text: Latin America[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In São Paulo state, some hot dogs consist of a non-heated bun cut in two (across its short section, forming two semi-circular halves) and each half is filled with a weiner-type sausage, tomato vinaigrette, canned sweet corn, canned peas, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, fried shoestring potatoes, and topped with mashed potatoes; served in a plastic bag, which it fills completely, and shaped so that the top layer of mashed potatoes (or optionally grated Parmesan cheese) forms a flat oblong surface.

text: In the State of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil, the hot dog is made from a long and soft bread cut in half. Its flavorings vary in the cafeterias of the region, the most found are: sausage topped with spicy sauce, meat, corn green Lint and slices of melted cheese.[55]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In Chile, there is a popular variation called completo (Spanish for "complete", "full") which, besides bread and sausages, can be made up of mashed avocado, chopped tomatoes, mayonnaise, sauerkraut, a variation of the sauce américaine, Chilean chili, green sauce and cheese. Its size can be twice of an American hot dog.[56]

text: The multiple combinations of the ingredients of the completo leads to have specific names for the most typical ones, for example:

text:
Completo (Complete): Traditional version with chopped tomatoes, mayonnaise (a large amount) and sauerkraut. In some regions, this variation also has avocado sauce. Also, "completo" is also used as the generic name for any hot dog with avocado, so, for example, this combination is called "completo completo".
Dinámico (Dynamic): A mix of the aforementioned ingredients; tomatoes, avocados, mayonnaise and sauerkraut or sauce américaine. Also called "américana" (American).
Italiano (Italian): Consists of chopped tomatoes, mashed avocados and mayonnaise. The name comes from its resemblance with the colors of the Italian flag.
Tomate mayo (Tomato-mayo): As its name suggests, it's a version with only chopped tomatoes and mayonnaise. Also called "completo sin palta" (completo without avocado).
As (Ace): A version which consists of cuts of "churrasco" (grilled meat) instead of sausages, mashed avocado, tomato and mayonnaise. It's a variant version of the "italiano".

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In Colombia perros calientes are sold in street stands with ketchup, mustard, salsa rosada, mayonnaise, pineapple sauce, cheese and crumbled potato chips. Some add a cooked quail's egg on top. In the coast, it's common to also add some finely shredded lettuce to the bun, giving it a refreshing touch for the coast's hot weather. There is also a version called "perra", it usually has the same other toppings but it's made of chopped bacon and barbecue onions instead of a sausage.

text: Guatemala[edit]

text: In Guatemala shucos are sold across the country, especially in the country's capital, Guatemala City. Shucos are usually served with guacamole, boiled cabbage, mayonnaise, mustard, and an assorted choice of meats. Chopped onions are added by a decent amount of shuqueros (hot dog vendors) across Guatemala City and Antigua. The most popular choices of meats are sausage, chorizo (red sausage), salami, longaniza (white sausage), and bacon. They are cooked in a charcoal grill and hot sauce is offered at customer's request.[57]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, often called "dogos" or "jochos", is common to top hot dogs with "Pico de Gallo", ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise and wrapping the sausage with bacon. Other parts of the country may include chips, mushrooms, beef or other ingredients besides the bun and sausage.[58]

text: The Sonoran-style or Estilo Sonora hot dog, found in Sonora, is a hot dog wrapped in mesquite-smoked bacon then cooked on a grill or on a griddle or comal, then topped with beans, grilled onions, fresh onions, tomatoes, mayonnaise, cream sauce, mustard and jalapeño salsa or sauce and served on bread and often with a side fresh-roasted chili. It originated in Hermosillo, the capital of Sonora.

text: Africa[edit]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa, a variation of the hot dog is found called a "boerie roll" (Afrikaans slang for farmer's roll) or "boerewors roll" (Afrikaans slang for farmer's sausage roll). In this variation, a piece of boerewors, often braaid, is placed in a sliced bread roll. The boerie roll can be covered in tomato sauce (ketchup) or a home made tomato and onion relish.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Japan[edit]

text: In Japan, hot dogs are used in bento boxes and are often sliced to resemble an octopus. More conventional hot dogs are also available, either on a stick (with or without a coating) or on a bun. Japanese Fusion Dogs are not actually from Japan but are a Pacific Northwest invention that pairs hot dogs with Japanese and Asian condiments like wasabi, kimchi and teriyaki.[59][60]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: In October 2016 the Malaysian Islamic Development Department ruled that hot dog vendors must rename their product or risk not getting halal certification, because in Islam dogs are considered unclean. The Malaysian Tourism and Culture Minister criticized the ruling and said, "Even in Malay it's called hot dog — it's been around for so many years. I'm a Muslim and I'm not offended."[61]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: In the Philippines, hotdogs are eaten as is, in a bun with an optional selection of condiments, or with rice and condiments. Hotdogs are also typically served during breakfast. They are also skewered and grilled over coals, and sold as street food. Skewered waffle hotdogs are also available in the country (a local variant having the hotdogs coated in hotcake batter and then deep-fried). Chopped hotdogs are an ingredient in Philippine-style spaghetti (Bolognese). They are also used in various other dishes (e.g. as a filling in an embutido, as sliced pieces of meat in tomato-based savories such as caldereta or menudo, etc.).[62][63][64][65][66][67]

text: South Korea[edit]

text: A popular South Korean form of the hot dog, sold at street stalls, fairs, and some fast-food restaurants, involves the placing of the sausage on a stick, followed by a batter of some kind, and sometimes including french fries in the batter. They more resemble a corn dog than a hot dog. Ketchup is a common condiment, and occasionally mustard. Hot dogs in a bun or wrapped in bread are also widely available, or on a stick without a bun.[68]

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: Taiwanese style hot dogs are put on a bun or without a bun on a stick.[69] In night markets, meat sausages are sometimes wrapped with an outer sticky rice sausage in a snack called Small sausage in large sausage.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Hot dogs (Thai: ฮอตดอก, IPA: [hɔ́t dɔ̀ːk]) are very popular in Thailand and are also used in various ways in Thai cuisine. It can be sold inside a bun similar to a standard American hot dog[70] but instead of tomato ketchup, they are also often eaten with a sweet tomato-chili sauce. Very popular are street vendors selling hot dogs which have been deep-fried or charcoal grilled. They are served with either a sweet, slightly spicy sauce (nam chim wan) or a very spicy sauce (nam chim phet). Hot dogs can also be used as a filling for a croissant which are served with mayonnaise. Hot dogs are even used as a filling for raisin bread together with shredded dried pork.[71][72][73][74][75] The Thai dish called khao phat Amerikan or American fried rice, rice fried with tomato ketchup and containing raisins, is always served with hot dogs and a fried egg.[76] Donut sai krok is the Thai name for a sausage filled savoury donut in the shape of a log.[75] Hot dog sausages also feature as an ingredient, together with onion, celery or coriander (cilantro) leaves, lime juice, fish sauce and chili peppers, for a Thai salad called yam hot dok. Another dish that uses hot dogs is called khanom Tokiao (lit. "Tokyo cake"). This is a Thai style crêpe which is wrapped around a filling of hot dog and sweet chili sauce. The chili sauce can also be served on the side.[77][78][79][80]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, the term "hot dog" refers to the combination of frankfurter and bun, generally with condiments such as ketchup and mustard, but sometimes served with additional toppings such as fried onion or shredded cheese. Artificial cased frankfurters are the most widely available while skinless types are sometimes sold as "American style". Smaller cocktail sized frankfurters are also common.[81] One variation is the Dagwood Dog which consists of a frankfurt on a stick covered in either wheat-based or corn-based batters, deep fried and dipped in ketchup. It is also known as a Pluto Pup or Dippy Dog, depending on the region. A battered sav is a saveloy deep fried in the same wheat flour based batter that is used for fish and chips.[82][83][84] The use of hot dog can interchangeably refer to the sausage sandwich,[85] replacing the traditional hot dog bun normally with plain, white bread, and commonly using an all-beef sausage instead of a frankfurter. These are commonly available as a community fundraiser at popular hardware stores,[86] election polling stations[87] (colloquially known as Democracy snags), and school fetes.[88]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: Hot dogs in the Czech Republic are known as párek v rohlíku which can be literally translated as sausage in roll with the label hot dog also applied in marketing to both locals and tourists. Czech-style hot dogs are differentiated by the fact that rather than slicing the bun in half and placing the sausage into the resultant cleavage, the top of the bun (rohlík) is cut off, with a hole punched into the softer inside of the bun where condiments and then the sausage is placed, similar to the Ketwurst. Specially designed appliances (stroj na párek v rohlíku[89] - literally appliance for sausage in bun) which consist of a hot-water cooker for the sausages and heated metal spikes to punch the holes and pre-warm the buns also exist to assist vendors with preparation of this dish.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: One of the most popular Nordic variation is the Danish hot dog. It usually includes a red sausage (Røde Pølser), ketchup, Danish mustard, fried onion, raw onion and sometimes remoulade, a mayonnaise-based sauce with sweet relish and topped with sliced dill cucumbers. This variety also comes with a frankfurter sausage.

text: A popular variety of hot dogs in Denmark is the "french hot dog", a cut baguette impaled on a spike with a sausage inside and commonly served with a "french hot dog dressing", a sauce containing Dijon Mustard. These are very easy to eat and popular among commuters and families with kids.

text: The Danish style hot dog has spread to the other Scandinavian countries as well as Germany. Steff Houlberg/Tulip corporation operates 4300 hotdog stands in Denmark alone, and has also opened a chain in Korea, Japan, and China.[90]

text:
A pølsevogn (Danish hot dog stand) in the city center of Kolding (Jutland)

Red sausages (røde pølser)

text: Iceland[edit]

text: The Iceland Monitor writes that "locals, expatriates and holiday-makers alike must all be familiar with Iceland’s national dish – hot-dogs will all the trimmings (‘pylsa með öllu’ in Icelandic). The hot-dog sausage is served in bread and liberally accompanied with fried onion, raw onion, mustard, ketchup and remoulade (a cold sauce made with mayonnaise and various condiments and herbs). This delicious snack is traditionally washed down with copious amounts of Coca-Cola."[91]

text: In August 2006, the British newspaper The Guardian selected Iceland's Bæjarins beztu as the best hot dog stand in Europe.[92] Bæjarins beztu pylsur (English: The best hot dog in town) often shortened to simply "Bæjarins beztu," is a popular hot dog stand in central Reykjavík, Iceland. Hot dogs from this stand are derived from the Danish hot dog. They are often ordered with "the works," i.e., all condiments, or in Icelandic "eina með öllu". Icelandic hot dogs are made from native Icelandic lamb, and served with a mix of raw white and fried onion, ketchup, sweet brown mustard, and a mayonnaise and herb sauce called remoulade.[93][94]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden hot dogs are served in a bread and topped with mustard and ketchup, additional toppings include roasted onion, shrimp salad, bostongurka or mashed potatoes, the latter goes by the name of "Halv Special" (half special). "Varmkorv med bröd" (hotdog with bread) is widely sold all over Sweden at most street corners from stands and in kiosks and fast food restaurants.[95]

text: The "French Hot Dog" variation as in Denmark and the Czech Republic, is also very popular in Sweden, typically served with ketchup, mustard and a garlic mayonnaise sauce.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Genuine 'hot dogs' in the American style are very popular in US-themed restaurants, amusement parks and in particular, at cinemas, and one can even find specialist 'gourmet' hot dog and champagne establishments in cities such as London.[96] Frankfurters and hot dog rolls (buns) are widely available in supermarkets for home preparation.


document_title: Younger (season 4)

question_text: who is the actor who plays diego on younger

text: Younger (season 4)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Sutton Foster as Liza Miller
Hilary Duff as Kelsey Peters
Debi Mazar as Maggie Amato
Miriam Shor as Diana Trout
Nico Tortorella as Josh
Peter Hermann as Charles Brooks
Molly Bernard as Lauren Heller

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Mather Zickel as Dr. Richard Caldwell
Meredith Hagner as Montana Goldberg / Amy
Ben Rappaport as Max Horowitz
Aasif Mandvi as Jay Malick
Charles Michael Davis as Zane Anders
Burke Moses as Lachlan Flynn
Jennifer Westfeldt as Pauline Turner-Brooks
Phoebe Dynevor as Clare

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Kristin Chenoweth as Marylynne Keller
Jay Wilkison as Colin McNichol
Michael Urie as Redmond
Lois Smith as Belinda Lacroix
Victor Webster as Diego
Michelle Hurd as Donna

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

37
1
"Post Truth"
Steven Tsuchida
Darren Star
June 28, 2017 (2017-06-28)
0.80[4]

Kelsey says she needs time alone to think after Liza's confession. At work, Kelsey insists that Liza keep up the ruse for the sake of their imprint, and they find a way to deal with Emily's blackmail. Meanwhile, Kelsey is looking for a new place to stay. After striking out on several options, she accepts an invitation to move in with Josh.

38
2
"Gettin’ Hygge With It"
Steven Tsuchida
Dottie Dartland Zicklin & Eric Zicklin
July 5, 2017 (2017-07-05)
0.66[5]

Kelsey continues to give Liza the cold shoulder, while she and Josh bond over their mutual betrayal by Liza. Colin comes back into Kelsey's life after Random House messed up his first book release and rejects his second book. At a party thrown by Diana for a new Danish author, Colin is Kelsey's date but he goes straight to Charles with his book idea. Liza pulls Kelsey aside and tells her that Colin will only let her down again, but Kelsey says that Liza has no business talking about breaking her heart. Elsewhere, Maggie meets a cute barista who is a big fan of her art, but she misinterprets the young woman's signals.

39
3
"Forged in Fire"
Todd Biermann
Alison Brown
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12)
0.71[6]

Charles informs the ladies that Millenial has been invited to a super-VIP publishing retreat called Bonfire. Afterwards, he calls Diana and Kelsey privately into his office to discuss giving Liza a promotion. Kelsey, still giving Liza the cold shoulder, says she'd rather have someone with more experience than Liza. While out at lunch with Liza, Diana spots Richard's ex-wife, to whom she informs that she is dating Richard only to have the woman laugh at her. At the retreat, which is in the woods of Maine, Kelsey harshly tells Liza to look like a 27-year-old by associating with the other publishers and drinking and partying with them all night. After a couple rounds of drinking, Liza takes a stand and leaves against Kelsey's wishes. Fed up, Liza gives her business card to the editor from another publishing company who's been trying to recruit her for their new Society of the Serpent imprint. The next day, Liza and Kelsey head home only to have Liza receive phone calls from Caitlin that she's in the emergency room due to her appendix bursting. Kelsey realizes why Liza had to lie about her age in the beginning, and tells Charles that Liza deserves the promotion. Also, Maggie meets up with Josh and gives him back his belongings that he left at her apartment. At this time, Josh is introduced to and soon hooks up with Montana, the barista friend of Maggie's.

40
4
"In the Pink"
Todd Biermann
Grant Sloss
July 19, 2017 (2017-07-19)
0.67[7]

Charles announces Liza's promotion to associate editor for Millenial, but says they can't afford a new assistant for Diana, so Liza must continue to fill that role also. One of Emprical's most successful romance novelists, Belinda Lacroix, dies suddenly. The staff attends her funeral, all dressed in pink per Lacroix's wishes, where a number of other authors and publishers are present. Kelsey introduces herself to spy novelist Lachlan Flynn and attempts to poach him, only to be approached by Zane, an editor from Flynn's publisher, who asks Kelsey out on a date. Liza learns about Josh sleeping with Montana, but she soon meets Diego, an Argentinian architect on assignment in New York, and later sleeps with him. It turns out to be a one night stand after Liza learns that Diego is married. Elsewhere, Lauren claims her relationship with Max has become traditional and boring, leading to their breakup, while Montana decides to resign as Maggie's assistant, saying she has just scheduled a show of her own.

41
5
"The Gift of the Maggie"
Brennan Shroff
Ashley Skidmore & Lyle Friedman
July 26, 2017 (2017-07-26)
0.67[8]

Montana asks Josh to help transport some canvases to her parents' home in Croton-on-Hudson, where he meets Montana's mother and sees the studio Montana uses. In the studio are a number of paintings by other artists that Montana has painted over with her "mark" (an outline of the state of Montana), including the painting Maggie just gave to Montana as a gift. Montana (whose real name is Amy, as Josh learns) plans to sell all the works at her show, claiming what she does is no different than rap artists sampling other people's songs. Josh still feels compelled to tell Maggie, who goes to Montana's show and makes her anger known to all. At Empirical, Liza and Charles try to find an author who will complete the remaining books in Belinda Lacroix's contract under her name. Meanwhile, Kelsey successfully brings Lachlan Flynn on board, and is surprised when Zane still wants to date her.

42
6
"A Close Shave"
Brennan Shroff
Don Roos
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
0.74[9]

Emily's poodle book, which Liza was blackmailed into publishing, becomes a surprisingly big seller for Millennial. This gives Charles the funds he needs to make an offer to keep Edward L.L. Moore at Empirical, but Kelsey's seemingly fun Twitter feud with Zane leads to the latter making a better offer to steal Moore. Diana starts to realize she is finally losing romantic interest in Charles, making her believe she is falling in love with Richard. After Liza's daughter outs her age in front of Jay, he vows to keep her secret and they later have dinner together. Charles shows up at the restaurant and tries to act unfazed, but he clearly isn't. Meanwhile, Maggie meets a woman named Donna in a bar. While Maggie thinks Donna is beautiful in almost every way, she can't get past one physical feature.

43
7
"Fever Pitch"
Peter Lauer
Joe Murphy
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
0.70[10]

Liza meets an author named Pauline at a pitch event and finds her work promising. Even though Pauline is in her 40s, Liza finds that the theme of a housewife losing her identity might serve as a good cautionary tale for millennials. In the wake of the Edward L.L. Moore crisis, Kelsey heads upstate to de-stress with Lauren and Josh. Kelsey and Josh share a drunken kiss, but Kelsey stops it before it goes any further. After hours at the office, Liza and Charles have a conversation about his reaction to seeing her with Jay, which leads to embracing and heavy kissing, but they are soon interrupted by the janitor. Liza then tells Charles about the promising author she met, only to learn that Pauline is Charles' ex-wife, and the book is a thinly-veiled tell-all about their marriage and breakup.

44
8
"The Gelato and the Pube"
Peter Lauer
Dottie Dartland Zicklin & Eric Zicklin
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)
0.70[11]

Despite the embarrassing details contained in Pauline's book, Charles thinks Millennial should publish it, and asks Liza to be the editor. In a meeting with Pauline, Liza learns that despite bailing on Charles and their daughters to find herself, Pauline is clearly still in love and looking to get back together with her ex. Charles himself then has a meeting with Pauline to discuss details in the book while Liza babysits their girls. Charles stays out way later than planned, which concerns Liza. Josh and Kelsey joke about each other's romantic partners, each saying they can find someone better for the other. They go to a bar to test their theory, but it is Liza who shows up later and successfully sets up Josh with Clare, a sexy Irish bartender. Elsewhere, Diana has to deal with Richard's son living in their apartment, as he takes a "pause" in his college studies.

45
9
"The Incident at Pound Ridge"
Dottie Dartland Zicklin
Dottie Dartland Zicklin & Eric Zicklin & Alison Brown
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)
0.76[12]

Josh takes Clare on a "proper date". When the date is over, Kelsey arrives at the apartment and offers Josh $10,000 to develop an adult coloring book for Millennial featuring his tattoo designs. Liza has an editing meeting with Pauline, but Pauline can't concentrate on the work because she's convinced that Charles is seeing someone. Liza's worlds soon collide at the Empirical annual picnic, held at Charles' home. Josh arrives with Clare, and later has a mishap with Charles in a sack race and punches him. Charles deduces that Josh caught him and Liza in The Hamptons. Pauline asks Liza to help her find out whom Charles is seeing. Kelsey meets Lachlan Flynn's wife, who is not happy that Kelsey and her husband will be spending a lot of time together. Charles has a moment alone with Liza and asks her to stay the night after the picnic is done. Flustered over Pauline's suspicions, Liza declines. Kelsey later tells Liza she should stay away from Charles, for the sake of everyone in their circle.

46
10
"A Novel Marriage"
Andrew Fleming
Alison Brown
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)
0.83[13]

Through Pauline, Liza learns that Charles is considering removing her as editor of Pauline's book. Lauren invites Kelsey, Liza and Pauline to an exclusive women-only club. Kelsey later learns that Lauren has been secretly sleeping at the club because she lost her job. While at the club, Pauline runs into an old friend named Louise (Alysia Reiner) who invites her and Liza to a highbrow party. Pauline confesses to Liza that Louise inspired the unflattering character "Lois" in the book. At the party, Liza is almost outed by her old friends from New Jersey, but is rescued by Jay, who is also there. Jay takes Liza home, and before saying goodnight, she kisses him on the lips. Elsewhere, Diana gives Richard one week to get his son out of their apartment, and Josh learns that Clare's work visa expires in a week.

47
11
"It's Love, Actually"
Andrew Fleming
Grant Sloss
September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)
0.76[14]

Diana and Charles propose that Pauline's A Novel Marriage be released under the Emprical brand, rather than Millennial, which upsets Kelsey. Kelsey later entertains an offer from Zane to join him in a new, independent publishing company after he claims that Edward L.L. Moore will move with him. After Liza cautions her, Kelsey learns that Zane does not have a contract with Moore. In a later twist, Charles announces that Moore has returned to Empircial, and that Zane has been hired as a senior editor. Liza deals with Pauline and Charles getting close again, and admits to Jay that she's in love with Charles. Elsewhere, a crestfallen Josh holds a good-bye party for Clare, while Diana learns that Richard has been keeping secrets from her.

48
12
"Irish Goodbye"
Todd Biermann
Darren Star & Don Roos & Joe Murphy
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
0.83[15]

Josh travels to Ireland to marry Clare so she can get an American green card and he wants Liza to be there, too. After meeting Clare's mum in Ireland, Liza realizes that they haven't told her that it's just a marriage of convenience. Clare uses a shopping spree with Liza to convince her to speak favourably about her relationship with Josh, in case the immigration department asks her but insists that Liza owes this to Josh. Josh told Clare about Liza having lied about her age to get her job. Liza tells Josh she is uncomfortable lying to Homeland security but Josh gets offended and tells her to just go home if she can't do it to help him. Clare's friend later exposes the real reason for the marriage at a pub in front of everyone but Liza steps in and saves the day. Later that night, Josh shows up drunk in Liza's room and kisses her telling her 'it's always been you.' She tells him she can't give him the life he wants but Josh says he wants a life, any life as long as it's with her. He wants to call off the wedding. Then he passes out on her bed. The next morning, before the wedding ceremony, Josh tells Liza he needs to marry Clare or he'll keep coming back to her when he should be moving on. Liza cries at the wedding ceremony. At Empirical, Zane is trying to promote Pauline's book with TV appearances by Charles and Pauline talking about their reconciliation but Charles says no. Later, Zane cons Charles into appearing live on air. We see Charles ringing Liza just as the bride and groom seal their marriage with a kiss.