document_title: Spencer Hastings

question_text: who does spencer end up with in the books

text: Spencer Hastings

text: Character in print[edit]

text: Spencer is one of four primary protagonists in all sixteen of the Pretty Little Liars novels, starting with 2006's Pretty Little Liars. She is portrayed as a competitive girl who strives for perfection in everything she does. Spencer is willing to do whatever it takes to win, often to the detriment of herself and others. She is known to have a dark side. She appears to suffer from rage-induced black outs, which leads her to question whether she had anything to do with the death of her friend Alison, and also shows signs of OCD. Spencer also suffers from drug addiction, which she began taking to help her improve her grades at a University of Pennsylvania summer school. She is the half-sister of Alison and Courtney DiLaurentis, as her father had an affair with Jessica DiLaurentis around the time of Spencer's conception. Spencer has a permanent rivalry with her older sister, Melissa, who is also competitive. Throughout the series of books, the two discuss the implications of their individual successes of life, such as becoming the valedictorian of their classes and having winning essays. Throughout the story, the sisters make up, and in the later books they share a strong bond.

text: Relationships[edit]

text:
Ian Thomas: Spencer and Ian kissed prior to the first chapter of the series, and their flirt was condemned by Alison, who threatened to expose it to Melissa, who was Ian's then girlfriend.
Wren Kim: Just like with Ian, Spencer kissed a boyfriend of Melissa. Wren moves in with Melissa to the Hastings' barn, and he and Spencer connect shortly after, culminating in them kissing and having sex — and being caught by Melissa, who ends her relationship with Wren and kicks him away. Spencer and Wren continue a secret date, but break up later. During the final book, Spencer meet with Wren again after months and they restart their relationship, with Melissa's blessing.
Zach Pennythistle: Zachary is Veronica's boyfriend's son, and Spencer kisses him even after she discovered he is gay. Zachary's father caught them kissing and send Zach to military academy.
Colin DeSoto: They meet when Spencer is visiting her grandmother's house in the companion novel Pretty Little Secrets, and Spencer competes with Melissa for him. However, they discover that Colin is actually a 33-years-old married man with a child, and team up to get back at him by spiking his soda water with viagra before a tennis match.
Chase and Curtis: After enlisting a blogger's help in finding "A", Spencer meet with blogger Chase and they share a mutual romantic attraction. However, she later discovers that the guy she thought was Chase was actually his brother, Curtis. She meets the real Chase at the end of the novel; though they do not begin an official relationship, it is implied that they will stay in touch. Throughout the final book, the two become closer during their mission to take down "A" and her accomplice.

text: Character on screen[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Troian Bellisario was cast as Spencer Hastings for the Pretty Little Liars television series adaptation in November 2009.[5]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Spencer is a focused and intelligent girl. Unlike in the books, Spencer is more emotional and sentimental, and has great affection for her family and friends, and is also known to be more humorous than her book counterpart. She's the most academically gifted of her friends, and in the running for valedictorian. Spencer is on the Rosewood Day field hockey team, and plays tennis at her family's country club. She lives with her father, mother, and "perfect" older sister, Melissa. She was the only one who could ever stand up to Alison, although they always made up.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Before the series' chronology, Spencer had a brief affair with Ian Thomas, her sister's groom at the time. Ian and Spencer kissed and Alison saw them together, and later she threatened to tell Melissa.[6] It was later revealed that Alison asked Ian to kiss Spencer. Early in the series, Spencer's sister Melissa was dating Wren Kingston. She was happy and confident, but Spencer and Wren started flirting and secretly dating. However, Melissa saw them together and banned Wren of her home.[7] Their relationship continued till Spencer said goodbye to Wren and told him that she couldn't stay with him anymore.[8] Spencer and Wren seek each other again in the second season.[9][10][11] Spencer and Alex Santiago were dating during early the first season.[12] Alex confided the secret that he was accepted into a tennis clinic to Spencer. Later, they broke up when "A" sent fake messages to Alex, making him believe that Spencer told his secret.[13]

text: Spencer and Toby Cavanaugh had a friendly relationship in the second half of the first season, which was later evolved when they first kissed.[14] Their relationship remained stable, until "A" threatened Toby's life to Spencer and she decided to end up things.[15] They hook up again when Spencer discovers he was working to take "A" down and they reunite at the town's square.[16] However, it was later revealed that Toby was actually working with "A," making Spencer break up with him.[17] Then, Spencer started to believe that there were some reasons why Toby joined the A-Team, and she discovers that he's alive and joined the team in order to protect her and to act as a double-agent.[18] Their relationship stayed calm and on-going. In season 5, Toby becomes a cop, which makes his relationship with Spencer tough, since Spencer wants him to share all the information the police has, but Toby starts to prefer his duty. The love drought leads Spencer to other men — Jonny Raymond and Colin. Spencer and Jonny were friends while Jonny was living in the renovated barn of Spencer's family. He was discovered by the police and, before being arrested, kissed Spencer.[19] Spencer goes to London with Melissa and she meets Colin there. They have happy days together, until Spencer had to leave London, and they kissed.[20] When Spencer returned to Rosewood, she and Toby resumed their relationship. In the mid-season finale, Spencer moved to Georgetown to study and she had a pregnancy scare and she and Toby realized they wanted different things in their lives, leading to a break up.[21]

text: Following the series' five years jump on the mid-sixth season, Spencer and Caleb Rivers discovered their feelings for each other; they had sex and started dating later. They later broke up due to Caleb's feelings for Hanna. Spencer and Toby begin dating again in the series finale.[22][23]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Spencer Hastings is the "preppy girl" of the group who strives to be perfect, because of her parent's high expectations. Her newly engaged and condescending sister, Melissa, moves into the family barn which Spencer had been turning into a loft for herself. Spencer finds herself attracted to her sister's fiancé, Wren, whom "A" warns Spencer not to kiss or "A" will tell. Wren does kiss Spencer and they are caught by Melissa, who insists that Wren move out.

text: Spencer starts dating a boy named Alex who works at her country club. Her mother initially dislikes him, but later reveals that he knew that she had a breast cancer scare. Spencer's field hockey coach is her sister's ex-boyfriend, Ian, whom both Ali and Spencer had a crush on. Spencer and Ali are always competing and she was the only one of Ali's friends who would oppose her from time to time.

text: At the beginning of the series, Spencer was against Emily hanging out with Toby but eventually grew to like him and has been spending more and more time with him. In the episode "Person of Interest", they spend time together in a motel room, as Spencer's parents have a hard time understanding her connection with Ali's murder. Spencer and Toby play scrabble, sleep in the same bed, and eventually kiss near the end of the episode.

text: In the following episodes, Spencer is told to stay away from Toby for her own good by her mother. Her sister Melissa was at the doctor and is asked all about Spencer's case. She then makes an arrangement to see him in private at the town's festival, only to be sent a fake text (presumably from "A") telling her to meet Toby in the clown house. When she enters, she is locked into a small space. She is found by Ian, her mother, and her sister.

text: When leaving, she sees Toby and almost leaves without speaking to him, but then rushes to him, hugs him and kisses him in front of her shocked family. She anonymously tells Ian to meet them in the woods with money as they say that they know his secret. However, Spencer and Melissa get into a car accident and Melissa is stuck in the hospital. Spencer goes to the church to get Melissa's phone and Ian is in the church waiting. She starts running upstairs and Ian tries to attack her but a mysterious figure appears and pushes Ian off the side and he dies. The rest of the girls arrive having been to the forest. They see the dead body and call the police.

text: When the police arrive the body is not there, leaving the rest of the town to think that the girls are liars. Spencer has a huge fight with Alison ending their friendship by telling Alison "You are dead to me" the night she went missing. Melissa now thinks that Spencer has been texting her as Ian after finding his cell phone in her purse which was planted there by "A.".

text: Season 2[edit]

text: In season 2, Spencer and Toby are dating. Toby does some yard work for the Hastings and digs up Spencer's old field hockey stick which she gave to Ali before she died. Spencer's father sees this and suspiciously takes the stick, and later burns it. After doing some further investigating, she reads Alison's autopsy results and finds that she was struck in the head with an object similar to a field hockey stick. While Spencer and Toby are making out in Toby's truck Toby believes he spots something in Jason DiLaurentis's upstairs window but tells Spencer to ignore it. Spencer weary, looks for herself and spots two figures in the window presumably spying on Toby and her, Spencer wants to "show these bitches she isn't scared of them" Toby protests thinking that it won't end up going over well when Spencer's father comes out of the house. When Spencer asks questions her father refuses to answer. After fighting with both Spencer and Toby, Spencer's father tells her to go home, Spencer ignores his wishes and gets into Toby truck and they drive away, while Spencer's father yelling at her to get out of the car.

text: When Spencer later arrives home she wants answers, and gets some, finding out that her father did something illegal for the DiLaurentis's implying that they had something on Spencer's family but not giving away that information. Spencer later discovers that Wren came back to Rosewood for her. In order to keep Aria away from Jason, Spencer informed Ezra that they found pictures of his girlfriend Aria in Jason's shed. When Spencer's Chuckie doll orders her to "keep Toby safe", Spencer resolves that the only way to keep Toby safe is to break up with him. Later, Toby is seen in the police station, professing his love to Spencer, but she unwillingly ignores him. She does seek Toby's forgiveness on several occasions, but he seems to ignore her and stay brooding.

text: In episode 19 she finds out that Jason is her brother. This information causes a divide in her family. During episode 20 Spencer and Wren rekindle their relationship, however Spencer was drinking during the event. It is Spencer that keeps digging into the "A" information, and is the one who eventually finds "A's" lair in the season 2 finale along with discovering A's identity...who turns out to be Mona. She is essentially kidnapped by "A," and during a scuffle accidentally pushes "A" off of a cliff, almost killing them. The rest of the girl's arrive shaken by the ordeal and finding out their tormentor's real identity. As the police arrive, Spencer is reunited with Toby, who says pretending not to love her back was the most difficult thing he's ever done. The two then make up passionately kissing as Spencer smiles happily while kissing him.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Summer has passed since the unveiling of "A", and the girls think they are safe - little do they know they need each other more than ever. The first half of the season focuses on Spencer finding out who the black swan was: her sister. Melissa tells her she received the dress at her door - with a note threatening her to wear it - and she assumed that it was Mona. Spencer decides to believe her, but is still a little suspicious. She grows closer to Toby, even having sex for the first time in the episode "The Lady Killer". In the same episode, however, it is revealed (not to the liars, but to the audience) that Toby is a member of The A-Team. Hanna finds the key to A's new lair and gives it to Spencer. Toby sneaks into her house to retrieve it, not realizing Spencer set it as a trap to confirm her suspicions. She slaps him, after seeing him in the signature 'A jacket'. She doesn't tell her friends, rather keeping it to herself.

text: She gives the key to a private investigator and gives him a picture of Toby and her, before ripping it in half. She tells him in order to find where the key leads to, follow him. He leaves and Spencer disturbingly begins to rip her own half of the picture of herself. She begins to withdraw herself from her friends, and becomes emotionally unstable. She is angry, and starts to unravel and do things she knows she shouldn't (attacking Mona physically, and telling Jason that Alison was pregnant before she died with Darren Wilden, but had no physical proof). In the episode "Hot Water" she tells the girls the truth about Toby. Also in the same episode, she catches a glimpse of the girl in the red coat who is the leader of The 'A' Team, but fails to catch up with her. In the episode "Out of Sight, Out of Mind" she finds Toby's dead body and tells him, "I love you". After failing to track Mona down in the woods she is found by a hiker in the morning with small injuries to her face and arms and is admitted to the Radley hospital in a catatonic state. She is unknown by doctors at the time and is simply known as, 'Jane Doe'. When her identity is revealed to the Radley staff, Mona visits her. They have a long discussion and it is revealed in "I'm Your Puppet" that Mona somehow convinces her to join the A team. Spencer is the third known member of the A team.

text: In the Season 3 finale "A Dangerous GAme", it is revealed that Toby is alive. She meets him at a diner, and he reveals he only joined The 'A' Team in order to protect her. They get back together and have sex for the second time in a motel. Spencer hosts a fake party at a lodge where the girls are supposed to meet "Red Coat", when an unknown figure starts a fire, trapping Aria, Hanna, Emily, and Mona in the burning house. Toby leads Spencer in the woods to see who "Red Coat" is. Red Coat lands in a helicopter, and Spencer catches a glimpse of her face and says "Ali?". The girl in the red coat drags everyone out of the house, and Hanna wakes up, face-to-face with Alison. Although 3 of the girls (Spencer, Hanna, Mona) claim to have seen Ali, it is still not 100% sure that it was her, because it is possible it could have been a hallucination due to the effects of the fire. They drive and see Wilden's car dug up from the lake. They (including Mona) get a text: You're Mine Now. Kisses! -A, which is written in red font. They open the trunk, gasping and horrified at what they see.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Spencer and her friends continue to be tormented by A. After Ashley Marin is suspected to have killed Wilden and is taken into custody, Spencer supports Hanna while her mom defends Ashley's case. She also supports Toby in finding out the truth about his mother even though she does not approve his trusting A for clues.

text: In the midseason finale, Spencer and her friends go to Ravenswood after receiving a puzzling clue from 'A.' There she and her friends discover that there are two red coats, one being CeCe Drake. Spencer chase the other red coat who leads her to A's Lair. Spencer presumes that the 2nd Redcoat is Alison. The second Redcoat leads Spencer and the other girls to an apartment, which when they enter and investigate, realize that it is A's Lair and after finding a wardrobe with blazers and shoes that 'A' is male, we later come to discover that it is Ezra's apartment and he is 'A'. While in the lair they discover that A has not only been following them but also Alison, and 'A' thinks that Alison will be in rosewood that night at a graveyard party. the girls discover what 'A' costume is and decide to also go to the graveyard party and try to find Alison before 'A' does. While looking for Alison, the girls find themselves separated in an old house, Spencer comes across 'A' while looking for Hanna and knocks 'A' out, however as she tries to unmask Ezra, she herself gets knocks out by Ezra. Once the girls are out of the house, they discover that Spencer's tires are slashed and then Ezra turns up out of nowhere and drives them back home. The girls see Redcoat and follow her to Spencer's garden and she turns around and we discover that it's Alison and that she is not dead.

text: Following this, Spencer begins to try even harder to work out who A is, in order to make it safe for Alison to come home. Overwhelmed by both her investigation and school work, she begins abusing amphetamines. It is later revealed that she had abused them before and was addicted to them the summer prior to Ali's disappearance. This leads her to begin to question her own role in the death of the girl in Ali's grave that night. She eventually ends up being sent to rehab by her parents, and upon getting out, and meeting Ali in New York, is reassured that although her and Alison did fight whilst she was on the drugs, she did go back to sleep in the end.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: With Alison's return, Spencer has a hard time getting used with her domination. Spencer struggles with the idea of her father being the killer of Jessica DiLaurentis. Spencer's rivalry with her sister Melissa is put to and end when Melissa reveals that she's the one who buried Bethany Young, in order to protect Spencer. Later, Spencer is arrested for Bethany's murder; however, she was released shortly after when the P.D. gets convinced that Alison is the one who is really responsible. Toby becomes a cop, which makes his relationship with Spencer tough, since Spencer wants him to share all the information the police has, but Toby starts to prefers to keep quiet. The love drought leads Spencer to other men — Jonny and Colin. Spencer and Melissa's relationship gets awkward again when Melissa lies to Spencer. In the season finale, Spencer and the others are arrested as accomplices to Mona's murder; however, on the way to prison, their van is hijacked by "A." and they get taken to A's 'DollHouse'

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the Liars' abduction orchestrated by "A," Spencer's old addiction surfaces again in order to relieve stress. A sleep disorder also recur due to the torture she had faced while being trapped in A'S Dollhouse, and it heavily intensifies the addiction, making Spencer ask for help from Dean, and old counselor, and Sabrina, the new-in-charge at the Brew who gives Spencer brownies with marijuana. Spencer starts to investigate who's behind the Carissimi Group and who Charles is. Meanwhile, her relationship with Toby remains untouchable. In the mid-season finale, it is revealed that CeCe Drake is "A," and the Liars finally gets peace.

text: Afterwards, Spencer moves to Georgetown in order to get involved with a future political career in Washington, D.C., and ends up in a lobbyist career. She returns to Rosewood five years later at Alison's request, and also to depose on Charlotte's release from psychological hospital. It is revealed that during the five last years she and Toby broke up because of the distance and the different future plans, and, following, she started a thrilling flirt with Caleb Rivers. Having to stay in Rosewood after Charlotte was murdered, she starts working on her mother's election campaign for Senate, while the daughter of the other candidate is Yvonne Phillips, Toby's current girlfriend. Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college, leading her to start thinking that the police could blame her for Charlotte's death.[24]

text: A new stalker, now entitled as "A.D.", surfaces, resulting in tension. When a document about Yvonne's mother leaks and Caleb takes the blame, Spencer goes crazy, and Toby fights with him. Spencer, along with the other Liars, Caleb, Mona and Toby, elaborate a plan to take "A.D." down, but everything goes down when the stalker kidnaps Hanna.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: In "The Darkest Knight", Spencer is shot by Uber A during the attack by Jenna and Noel. As Jenna is preparing to shoot her again, out of revenge for her and Charlotte, Mary Drake comes in and knocks Jenna out. Mary then cradles Spencer's body and reveals that she is indeed Spencer's mother, making Spencer the biological sister of CeCe Drake. In season 7b, Spencer and the other liars receive a big board game called "Liar's Lament", and in the episode "These Boots Are Made For Stalking", it is revealed that Spencer is Mary Drake's second child. In the last half of the last episode, we find out that Spencer was locked up inside a "cell". While the "Spencer", who we saw kissing Toby and then having sex with, was actually Alex Drake, her twin sister, also known as A.D. Alex, jealous of Spencer, wanted to have everything she never had, a family, friends, and even Toby, who she had "fallen in love with", so she kidnapped the real Spencer, pretending to be her all the time. And through the flashbacks, we are shown when Alex Drake impersonates her sister. It was Alex, not Spencer, who was with Hanna when Hanna was kidnapped. In the flashbacks, we are shown some examples of when Alex has "played" Spencer. Alex was the one who asked Toby for "one last kiss, just to say goodbye" in "The Darkest Knight". Spencer and Ezra, who had been kidnapped as well, escaped the cell, but soon were trapped with Alex. Spencer and Alex fought until the Liars plus Toby and Caleb found them. Both pleading to be the "real" Spencer, Toby figures out who the real Spencer is by asking what is her favorite poem in the book she gave him in "The Darkest Knight". The real Spencer responds with the correct response and Alex is arrested along with Mary Drake. Spencer and Toby resume their relationship and start dating again at the end of the series.


document_title: Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers

question_text: how many raising canes are there in the united states

root

text: Raising Cane's Chicken Fingers

text: History[edit]

text: Todd Graves first started dreaming of his very own restaurant in the early 1990s. Craig Silvey, an initial partner in Todd's plan, was enrolled in a business plan writing course at LSU at the time. They wrote the business plan and Silvey turned it in, for which Silvey received a "B-".[1] Although the business plan was rejected numerous times by potential investors, Graves set out to earn the money he needed to start the restaurant, first by working in refineries in California, then by fishing for sockeye salmon in Alaska. He and Silvey then obtained an SBA loan, which they used to open the first restaurant in Baton Rouge at the intersection of Highland Road and State Street near the LSU campus. They even drew on the help of friends and family for some of the work on Cane's 1, and many of these names are carved in the restaurant woodwork. Originally, the small restaurant competed against a similarly themed drive-in called Bailey's Chicken Fingers on the opposite end of the campus. By 1999, however, it was able to prove itself the more successful business: it forced Bailey's out of business, becoming the only chicken-finger focused restaurant in the area.

tag: p

text: In mid-1999, Silvey sold his stake to Graves to focus on completing an MBA at Wake Forest University and work in Silicon Valley. Later, Graves asked Silvey to return as vice president of finance and information technology.

text: By 2008, the chain had grown to more than 50 locations. Most of the locations are in Louisiana, particularly in the Baton Rouge area. The first location outside of Baton Rouge was opened in 2001 in Lafayette—since then, new restaurants have been opened in 22 other states, in addition to all eight metropolitan areas of Louisiana. Graves plans to continue expansion of the chain throughout the United States and internationally, one each in Kuwait (opened September 2015) & Bahrain (opened September 2016), plus two in Saudi Arabia (first had opened February 2017), Lebanon (opened December 2017). Today there are over 360 locations in 23 states.[2] Tennessee opened one in Knoxville in September 2014. California has 6 West Coast locations, all but two in Orange County: the first opened in late October 2015 in Costa Mesa; the second in early December in Aliso Viejo; the third in early March 2016 in Orange; and the fourth had opened in mid-June in Laguna Hills. The very first in L.A. County and fifth overall had opened in Downey in late August; the first location in Riverside County and 6th overall had opened in Riverside in late October 2017. 6 more are planned for early 2018: La Habra, Menifee, Ontario, San Bernardino, Santee & Upland. Kansas opened its very first in Lawrence in early May 2016; the second opened in Overland Park in early October; and a 3rd had opened in Shawnee in late August 2017. Iowa opened its very first in Council Bluffs in mid-October 2016. Illinois has 5 Chicago area locations, all but one in Cook County: they opened its very first in North Riverside, a Chicago suburb in late January 2017, to make it the 23rd state overall; the second opened in mid-February in Oak Lawn and the third opened in Naperville in late April; the 4th had opened in Harwood Heights in late September; the 5th had opened in Evergreen Park in late October.

text: In January 2009, the company opened a second restaurant support office in Plano, Texas.[3] In June 2011 it opened its 100th restaurant in Laurel, Mississippi. In February 2013 it opened its 150th location in San Antonio, Texas. The milestone 250th location opened in December 2015 in Lake Jackson, Texas. By November 2016 Houston, Texas hosted the milestone 300th restaurant's opening, on Rice & Westpark Tollway; and in late October 2017 Stillwater, Oklahoma was the site of the milestone 350th store.

text: CEO Graves and the chain have given more than 25 percent of their profits back to the communities where restaurants operate with an emphasis on schools, food banks, active lifestyles, canine assistance and business and entrepreneur organizations.[4]

text: Name[edit]

text: Graves and Silvey, who both worked as salmon fishermen in Alaska to raise money to open the first Raising Cane's restaurant, were going to name the chain Sockeye's Chicken Fingers, after the Sockeye salmon they fished for. They were later convinced to name it after Graves's dog, a yellow Labrador, "Raising Cane," called "Cane" for short. The most recent mascot for the restaurant, Raising Cane II, died September 11, 2016 and there has yet to be confirmation if Graves will get a new dog. "Raising Cane I" died of old age.[5]

text: Logo[edit]

text: The original Raising Cane's was established in Baton Rouge, Louisiana at the North Gates of Louisiana State University, at the intersection of East State Street and Highland Road. When remodeling the building, Graves discovered a hand painted sign featuring the logo from a previous business, Wolf's Bakery, under the cracking plaster on the south interior wall. It is a takeoff on the one for the bakery. The remains are still visible and intact on the wall inside the restaurant.

text: Menu[edit]

text: Raising Cane's offers a limited menu consisting of four main combos: "The Box Combo," "The 3-Finger Combo," "The Caniac Combo" and "The Sandwich Combo." It also includes a Kid's Meal and several sizes of bulk chicken items called Tailgates. [6]

text: Most of its restaurants use Coca-Cola as their primary soft drink supplier, but some, like Richmond, Virginia, use Pepsi. All of the restaurants do serve lemonade as well as iced tea.

text: Sauce[edit]

text: Cane's Sauce is provided with all chicken finger meals and is the signature sauce of the restaurant; customers may opt for Louisiana hot sauce and/or honey mustard sauce for free. Only managers at Cane's have access to the recipe. They are held to a confidentiality agreement regarding any details about the recipe, which features a mix of spices that come packaged to each restaurant.


document_title: Where the Red Fern Grows

question_text: who dies in where the red fern grows

question_tokens: who dies in where the red fern grows

text: Where the Red Fern Grows

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: When leaving work in Idaho's Snake River Valley, Billy Colman sees a pack of dogs attacking a stray coonhound. He takes the stray home to feed it. Once it has rested, Billy sets it free, knowing that it will return home.

text: The experience reminds Billy of his childhood in the Ozark Mountains of Oklahoma. He wants a dog, and his parents offer to get him a mongrel from a neighbor. He wants two coonhounds, but his parents tell him they cannot afford them. Billy finds a magazine ad for a Kentucky kennel which breeds Redbone Coonhounds and sells them for $25 each. He goes to work performing odd jobs and saves the $50 he needs with the help of his grandfather. Since it takes two years to do so, his grandfather writes to see if the kennel will honor the ad. They do, and the price has dropped so the two puppies only cost $40.

text: Billy's dogs are delivered to the freight depot in Tahlequah. His family does not have transportation, so he finds his own way to get to the depot and walks through the hills. He picks up his puppies, which are a male and a female. He buys a gift for each member of his family with his extra $10 before heading back home.

text: On the way back home, he spends the night in Robber's Cave in the Sparrow Hawk Mountains. There he builds a fire and plays with the puppies. While trying to sleep, he hears a noise that he realizes is the cry of a mountain lion. In the morning, he continues on. He comes to a sycamore tree and sees the names Dan and Ann carved inside a heart in the bark and decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann.

text: To train Old Dan and Little Ann, Billy traps a raccoon with the help of his grandfather and uses its pelt to teach them to hunt. During their training, their personalities become apparent: Old Dan is brave and strong, while Little Ann is very intelligent. Both are very loyal to each other and to Billy.

text: On the first night of hunting season, Billy takes Old Dan and Little Ann out for their first hunt. He promises them that if they tree a raccoon, he will do the rest. They tree one in a large sycamore, which Billy had previously nicknamed "The Big Tree". As he tries to call them off, they look at him sadly and he cuts the tree down, which takes him two days and costs him blistered hands. In the end, when he's about to give up his effort, Billy offers a short prayer for strength to continue. A strong wind starts to blow and the tree falls. Old Dan and Little Ann take the raccoon down.

text: Billy, Old Dan, and Little Ann go hunting almost every night and become well-known in the Ozarks. Billy and his grandfather make a bet with Rubin and Rainie Pritchard that Old Dan and Little Ann can tree the "ghost coon". It leads them on a long, complicated hunt, and Rubin and Rainie want to give up. When they finally have it treed, Billy refuses to kill it. Rubin then orders his dog, Old Blue, to attack Old Dan, who is smaller; and Rubin starts to beat Billy. Little Ann helps Old Dan, and together they injure Old Blue; Rubin runs to attack them with an axe, but he trips, falls on it and kills himself.

text: Billy's grandfather enters him into a championship coon hunt, putting him against experienced hunters and the finest dogs in the country. Before it starts, he enters Little Ann into a conformation contest, where she wins the silver cup. On the fourth night of the hunt, Old Dan and Little Ann tree three raccoons, making it to the final round. The sixth night, they tree one before a blizzard hits. Billy, his father, grandfather, and the judge lose sight of the dogs. When they finally find them, Billy's grandfather sprains his ankle. They build a fire, and when Billy's father chops down a tree, three raccoons jump out. Old Dan and Little Ann take two of them down, and chase the third to another tree. In the morning, the hunters find them covered with ice circling the tree. That raccoon wins them the championship, gold cup, and $300 of jackpot money.

text: One night Old Dan and Little Ann tree a mountain lion, and it attacks. Billy enters the fight with his axe, hoping to save his dogs, but they end up having to save him. Eventually, they kill the mountain lion, but Old Dan is badly wounded, and Billy finds his intestines in a bush. He dies late that night. Billy is heartbroken, and Little Ann loses the will to live, stops eating, and dies of grief a few days later on Old Dan's grave. Billy's father tries to tell him that it is all for the best, because with the money they received from winning the championship hunt, they can move to town. He goes to visit Old Dan and Little Ann's graves and finds a giant red fern between them. According to Native American legend, only an angel can plant one. He feels ready to move on knowing that his dogs are always going to be remembered.

text: Films[edit]

text: The novel was made into a 1974 film starring Stewart Petersen, James Whitmore, Beverly Garland, and Jack Ging.[2] It was followed by a sequel in 1992, which starred Wilford Brimley, Chad McQueen, Lisa Whelchel, and Karen Carlson.[3] The film was remade in 2003 and starred Joseph Ashton, Dabney Coleman, Ned Beatty and Dave Matthews.[2]

text: Background[edit]

text: In a talk given to a group of schoolteachers, Wilson Rawls related how he wrote the first version of the novel (along with five full novels, and hundreds of short stories and novelettes) during the years that he worked on construction in Mexico and Idaho. He rolled the manuscripts up and saved them in a trunk at his parents' home. When he met his fiancée, Sophie, he did not want her to know about his failed dreams of becoming a writer, so about a week before he got married he visited his parents and burned all his manuscripts. He then returned to Idaho and married Sophie. About three months later, he confessed to his wife that he had burned all his manuscripts and had always dreamed of being a writer. She encouraged him to rewrite one of his stories. He quit his job and wrote the novel in just three weeks. He said, "I had it memorized." [4] He would not let her read it until it was finished. He said, "I finished it on a Friday. I gave it to her Saturday morning and I went to town. I stayed in town all day. I knew she had time to read it. I called her on the phone. I just knew she was going to laugh at that writing...but when I called on the phone, she said, 'You get back out here to the house, I want to talk to you...this is the most wonderful dog and boy story I've ever heard in my life.'" [4] She encouraged him to lengthen the story, because she felt it was too short to be a novel but too long to be a short story. He went to work on lengthening the manuscript. He wrote it longhand with no punctuation. She then typed it up and submitted it to the Saturday Evening Post.[4][5]

text: The Saturday Evening Post rejected the manuscript in three weeks. Sophie then sent the manuscript to the Ladies' Home Journal. She believed that a woman editor at the Ladies' Home Journal would like the story. About four months later, Rawls received a letter from the Ladies' Home Journal saying that it was the wrong kind of story for their magazine, but they wanted to send it to the Saturday Evening Post. Upon the second submission to the Saturday Evening Post, it was accepted. It was first published in serialization in the Saturday Evening Post in 1961 under the title The Hounds of Youth.[4][5]

text: Doubleday then accepted the book for publication. Rawls said Doubleday then "broke my heart." They changed the title to Where the Red Fern Grows, and attempted to market it to adult readers. For about six years, it languished on shelves and failed to sell. Doubleday was going to put it out of print, but one agent named Mr. Breinholt from Salt Lake City fought for it and asked for just a few more months to market it. He got Rawls a speaking engagement at the University of Utah to a conference of over 5,000 reading teachers and librarians. Copies of it were made available to them. When they took it back to their schools, the children loved it, and orders began pouring in. Jim Trelease states, "Each year since then, it has sold more copies than the previous year."[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Although sales of the novel began slowly, by 1974 over 90,000 copies had been sold.[6] In 2001, Publishers Weekly estimated that it had sold 6,754,308 copies.[7] Today Where the Red Fern Grows is required reading in many American schools.[8] One critic said it will please adults as well as children.[9]

text: I remember crying so much through this book, and even today I tear up thinking of Old Dan and Little Ann. I also loaned this to my [then] children’s librarian, because the library copy was always out. I even marked the pages, “Get out tissue here.”

text: I love, love, love this book with all my heart and soul. My fourth grade teacher read it to me eons ago, and I’ve read it to two of my three boys. There’s something about weeping together uncontrollably that builds a community of readers…

text: There is a statue of Billy and his dogs at the Idaho Falls Public Library.[11]

text: Every year in Tahlequah Oklahoma there is a Red Fern festival. It is listed below in the links.


document_title: Sweat gland

question_text: where are the sweat glands located on the head

text: Sweat gland

text: Structure[edit]

text: Generally, sweat glands consist of a secretory unit consisting of a base rolled into a glomerulum, and a duct that carries the sweat away.[13] The secretory coil or base, is set deep in the lower dermis and hypodermis, and the entire gland is surrounded by adipose tissue.[2][14][8]  In both sweat gland types, the secretory coils are surrounded by contractile myoepithelial cells that function to facilitate excretion of secretory product.[15][16]  The secretory activities of the gland cells and the contractions of myoepithelial cells are controlled by both the autonomic nervous system and by the circulating hormones. The distal or apical part of the duct that opens to the skin's surface is known as the acrosyringium.[17]

text: Each sweat gland receives several nerve fibers that branch out into bands of one or more axons and encircle the individual tubules of the secretory coil. Capillaries are also interwoven among sweat tubules.[18]

text:
Differences Between Eccrine & Apocrine Sweat Glands

Eccrine Glands
Apocrine Glands

Overall diameter of secretory coil

500-700 µm

800 µm

Diameter of individual secretory tubule

30-40 µm

80-100 µm[19]

Composition of secretory unit

single layer, mixed clear cells & dark cells

single layer columnar cells[17]

Composition of ductal epithelium

two or more layers of cuboidal cells

double layer of cuboidal cells [20]

Duct opens to

skin surface

hair follicle, sometimes nearby skin surface

tag: table

text: Distribution[edit]

text: The number of active sweat glands varies greatly among different people, though comparisons between different areas (ex. axillae vs. groin) show the same directional changes (certain areas always have more active sweat glands while others always have fewer).[21] According to Henry Gray's estimates, the palm has around 370 sweat glands per cm2; the back of the hand has 200 per cm2; the forehead has 175 per cm2; the breast, abdomen, and forearm have 155 per cm2; and the back and legs have 60–80 per cm2.[2]

text: In the finger pads, sweat glands are somewhat irregularly spaced on the epidermal ridges. There are no pores between the ridges, though sweat tends to spill into them.[21] The thick epidermis of the palms and soles causes the sweat glands to become spirally coiled.[2]

text: Animals[edit]

text: Non-primate mammals have eccrine sweat glands only on the palms and soles. Apocrine glands cover the rest of the body, though they are not as effective as humans' in temperature regulation (with the exception of horses').[8] Prosimians have a 1:20 ratio of follicles with apocrine glands versus follicles without.[22] They have eccrine glands between hairs over most of their body (while humans have them between the hairs on their scalp).[9]

text: The overall distribution of sweat glands varies among primates: the rhesus and patas monkeys have them on the chest; the squirrel monkey has them only on the palms and soles; and the stump-tailed macaque, Japanese monkey, and baboon have them over the entire body.[23]

text: Domestic animals[which?] have apocrine glands at the base of each hair follicle, but eccrine glands only in foot pads and snout. Their apocrine glands, like those in humans, produce an odorless oily milky secretion evolved not to evaporate and cool but rather coat and stick to hair so odor-causing bacteria can grow on it.[24] Eccrine glands on their foot pads, like those on palms and soles of humans, did not evolve to cool either but rather increase friction and enhance grip.

text: Dogs and cats have apocrine glands that are specialized in both structure and function located at the eyelids (Moll's glands), ears (ceruminous glands), anal sac, prepuce vulva, and circumanal area.[25]

text: Types[edit]

text: Eccrine[edit]

text: Eccrine sweat glands are everywhere except the lips, ear canal, prepuce, glans penis, labia minora, and clitoris. They are ten times smaller than apocrine sweat glands, do not extend as deeply into the dermis, and excrete directly onto the surface of the skin.[8][5][26][4] The proportion of eccrine glands decreases with age.[27]

text: The clear secretion produced by eccrine sweat glands is termed sweat or sensible perspiration. Sweat is mostly water, but it does contain some electrolytes, since it is derived from blood plasma. The presence of sodium chloride gives sweat a salty taste.

text: The total volume of sweat produced depends on the number of functional glands and the size of the surface opening. The degree of secretory activity is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms (men sweat more than women). When all of the eccrine sweat glands are working at maximum capacity, the rate of perspiration for a human being may exceed three liters per hour,[28] and dangerous losses of fluids and electrolytes can occur.

text: Eccrine glands have three primary functions:

text:
Thermoregulation: sweat cools the surface of the skin and reduces body temperature.[29]
Excretion: eccrine sweat gland secretion can also provide a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes.[30]
Protection: eccrine sweat gland secretion aids in preserving the skin's acid mantle, which helps protect the skin from colonization from bacteria and other pathogenic organisms.[31]

tag: ul

text: Apocrine[edit]

text: Apocrine sweat glands are found in the armpit, areola (around the nipples), perineum (between the anus and genitals), in the ear, and in the eyelids. The secretory portion is larger than that of eccrine glands (making them larger overall). Rather than opening directly onto the surface of the skin, apocrine glands secrete sweat into the pilary canal of the hair follicle.[8]

text: Before puberty, the apocrine sweat glands are inactive;[32] hormonal changes in puberty cause the glands to increase in size and begin functioning.[33] The substance secreted is thicker than eccrine sweat and provides nutrients for bacteria on the skin: the bacteria's decomposition of sweat is what creates the acrid odor.[34] Apocrine sweat glands are most active in times of stress and sexual excitement.[35]

text: In mammals (including humans), apocrine sweat contains pheromone-like compounds to attract other organisms within their species. Study of human sweat has revealed differences between men and women in apocrine secretions and bacteria.[36]

text: Apoeccrine[edit]

text: Some human sweat glands cannot be classified as either apocrine or eccrine, having characteristics of both; such glands are termed apoeccrine.[37] They are larger than eccrine glands, but smaller than apocrine glands.[38] Their secretory portion has a narrow portion similar to secretory coils in eccrine glands as well as a wide section reminiscent of apocrine glands.[39]

text: Apoeccrine, found in the armpits and perianal region, have ducts opening onto the skin surface.[40] They are presumed to have developed in puberty from the eccrine glands,[41] and can comprise up to 50% of all axillary glands. Apoeccrine glands secrete more sweat than both eccrine and apocrine glands, thus playing a large role in axillary sweating.[42] Apoeccrine glands are sensitive to cholinergic activity, though they can also be activated via adrenergic stimulation.[37] Like eccrine glands, they continuously secrete a thin, watery sweat.[42]

text: Others[edit]

text: Specialized sweat glands, including the ceruminous glands, mammary glands, ciliary glands of the eyelids, and sweat glands of the nasal vestibulum, are modified apocrine glands.[43][5] Ceruminous glands are near the ear canals, and produce cerumen (earwax) that mixes with the oil secreted from sebaceous glands.[44][43] Mammary glands use apocrine secretion to produce milk.[45]

text: Sweat[edit]

text: Sweat glands are used to regulate temperature and remove waste by secreting water, sodium salts, and nitrogenous waste (such as urea) onto the skin surface.[30][46] The main electrolytes of sweat are sodium and chloride,[47] though the amount is small enough to make sweat hypotonic at the skin surface.[48] Eccrine sweat is clear, odorless, and is composed of 98–99% water; it also contains NaCl, fatty acids, lactic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, urea, and uric acid. Its pH ranges from 4 to 6.8.[49] On the other hand, the apocrine sweat has a pH of 6 to 7.5; it contains water, proteins, carbohydrate waste material, lipids, and steroids. The sweat is oily, cloudy, viscous, and originally odorless;[49] it gains odor upon decomposition by bacteria. Because both apocrine glands and sebaceous glands open into the hair follicle, apocrine sweat is mixed with sebum.[41]

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: It was originally thought that both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands used merocrine secretion, where vesicles in the gland released sweat via exocytosis, leaving the entire cell intact.[37][7] More recent studies have revealed that apocrine glands release sweat in the hair follicle via apocrine secretion, where portions of the cell are actually pinched off, and disintegrate later to excrete sweat.[50][7]

text: In both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, the sweat is originally produced in the gland's coil, where it is isotonic with the blood plasma there.[51] When the rate of sweating is low, salt is conserved and reabsorbed by the gland's duct; high sweat rates, on the other hand, lead to less salt reabsorption and allow more water to evaporate on the skin (via osmosis) to increase evaporative cooling.[52]

text: Secretion of sweat occurs when the myoepithelial cell cells surrounding the secretory glands contract.[20] Eccrine sweat increases the rate of bacterial growth and volatilizes the odor compounds of apocrine sweat, strengthening the latter's acrid smell.[53]

text: Normally, only a certain number of sweat glands are actively producing sweat. When stimuli call for more sweating, more sweat glands are activated, with each then producing more sweat.[54][13]

text: Stimuli[edit]

text: Thermal[edit]

text: Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands participate in thermal (thermoregulatory) sweating,[55] which is directly controlled by the hypothalamus. Thermal sweating is stimulated by a combination of internal body temperature and mean skin temperature.[29] In eccrine sweat glands, stimulation occurs via activation by acetylcholine, which binds to the gland's muscarinic receptors.[56]

text: Emotional[edit]

text: Emotional sweating is stimulated by stress, anxiety, fear, and pain; it is independent of ambient temperature. Acetylcholine acts on the eccrine glands and adrenaline acts on both eccrine and apocrine glands to produce sweat.[37] Emotional sweating can occur anywhere, though it is most evident on the palms, soles of the feet, and axillary regions.[29] Sweating on the palms and soles is thought to have evolved as a fleeing reaction in mammals: it increases friction and prevents slipping when running or climbing in stressful situations.[55]

text: Gustatory[edit]

text: Gustatory sweating refers to thermal sweating induced by the ingestion of food. The increase in metabolism caused by ingestion raises body temperature, leading to thermal sweating. Hot and spicy foods also leads to mild gustatory sweating in the face, scalp and neck: capsaicin (the compound that makes spicy food taste "hot"), binds to receptors in the mouth that detect warmth. The increased stimulation of such receptors induces a thermoregulatory response.[37]

text: Antiperspirant[edit]

text: Unlike deodorant, which simply reduces axillary odor without affecting body functions, antiperspirant reduces both eccrine and apocrine sweating.[57][49] Antiperspirants, which are classified as drugs, cause proteins to precipitate and mechanically block eccrine (and sometimes apocrine) sweat ducts.[58] The metal salts found in antiperspirants alters the keratin fibrils in the ducts; the ducts then close and form a "horny plug". The main active ingredients in modern antiperspirants are aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum zirconium chlorohydrate, and buffered aluminum sulfate.[49]

text: On apocrine glands, antiperspirants also contain antibacterial agents such as trichlorocarbanilide, hexamethylene tetramine, and zinc ricinoleate.[59][60] The salts are dissolved in ethanol and mixed with essential oils high in eugenol and thymol (such as thyme and clove oils). Antiperspirants may also contain levomethamphetamine[60]

text: Pathology[edit]

text: Diseases of the sweat glands include:

text: Tumors[edit]

text: Sweat gland tumors include:[67]

text:
Acrospiroma
Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma
Apocrine gland carcinoma
Ceruminoma
Cutaneous myoepithelioma
Cylindroma
Eccrine carcinoma
Hidradenoma papilliferum
Hidrocystoma
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma
Mucinous carcinoma
Papillary eccrine adenoma
Syringadenoma papilliferum
Syringofibroadenoma
Syringoma

text: Adenolipomas are lipomas associated with eccrine sweat glands.[68]

text: As signs in other illnesses[edit]

text: Many diseases cause sweat gland dysfunction:

text:
Acromegaly, a result of excess growth hormone, causes the size of sweat glands increase, which leads to thicker skin.[69]
Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms, in which white papules develop on the palms after exposure to water, can sometimes come with abnormal aquaporin 5 in the sweat glands.[70]
Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed by a sweat test, as  the disease causes the sweat glands ducts to reabsorb less chloride, leading to higher concentrations of chloride in the secreted sweat.[71]
Ectodermal dysplasia can present a lack of sweat glands.[72]
Fabry disease, characterized by excess globotriaosylceramide (GL3), causes a decrease in sweat gland function due to GL3 deposits in the eccrine glands.[73]
GM1 gangliosidoses, characterized by abnormal lipid storage, leads to vacuolization in eccrine sweat gland cells.[74]
Hunter syndrome can include metachromin granules and mucin in the cytoplasm of the eccrine sweat gland cells.[75]
Hypothyroidism's low levels of thyroid hormone lead to decreased secretions from sweat glands; the result is dry, coarse skin.[76]
Kearns–Sayre syndrome, a disease of the mitochondria, involves abnormal mitochondria in eccrine sweat glands.[77]
Lafora disease is a rare genetic disorder marked by the presence of abnormal polyglucosan deposits. These "Lafora bodies" appear in the ducts of sweat glands, as well as the myoepithelial cells of apocrine glands.[78]
Lichen striatus, a self-limited eruption of small, slightly scaly papules, includes a lymphoid infiltrate around eccrine sweat glands.[79]
Metachromatic leukodystrophy, a lysosomal storage disease, leads to the accumulation of lipopigments and lysosomal residual bodies in the epithelial cells of sweat glands.[80]
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis causes abnormal deposits of lipopigment in sweat gland epithelial cells (among other places).[81]
Neutral lipid storage disease includes abnormal lipid deposits in cells, including those of the sweat gland.[82]
Niemann-Pick disease type C, another lipid storage disease, includes abnormal lipid storage in sweat glands.[83]
Schindler disease causes cytoplasmic vacuoles that appear to be empty or contain filamentous material to manifest in eccrine sweat gland cells.[84]
Small fiber peripheral neuropathy can damage the nerves that control the sweat glands. The sweat gland nerve fiber density test can diagnose this condition.[85]


document_title: List of countries by public debt

question_text: sweden national debt as a percentage of gdp

text: List of countries by public debt

text: Concept[edit]

text: Gross government debt is the most relevant data for discussions of government default and debt ceilings. It is different from external debt, which includes the foreign currency liabilities of non-government entities.

text: The figures here are represented as a percentage of annual gross domestic product. The public debt relative information provided by national sources (CIA) is not always objective and true, given the fact that there is no independent research in these matters. Note that net debt figures are included where gross debt figures are unavailable in the CIA set.

text: List[edit]

text:
Sortable table (not available on mobile)

Country
Net public debt
as % of GDP
(CIA)[1]
Date
Total (gross) government
debt as % of GDP
(IMF)
Net government
debt as % of GDP
(IMF)[2]
Date
Region

 Albania
71.0
2016
72.564
72.564
2014
Europe

 Algeria
16.8
2016
8.764
-16.485
2014
Africa

 Andorra
41.1
2012

Europe

 Angola
57.4
2016
38.043

2014
Africa

 Antigua and Barbuda
89.0
2012
98.692
98.692
2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Argentina
41.6
2012
44.88

2012
South America

 Armenia
53.4
2016
44.222

2014
Europe

 Aruba
67.0
2013

Central America/Caribbean

 Australia
46.1
2016
34.258
16.967
2014
Oceania

 Austria
85.8
2016
86.824
51.114
2014
Europe

 Azerbaijan
31.4
2016
16.353

2014
Europe

 Bahamas
64.4
2016
60.408
60.408
2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Bahrain
72.0
2016
43.763
43.763
2014
Middle East

 Bangladesh
25.9
2016
33.860

Asia

 Barbados
108.9
2016
100.351

2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Belarus
60.7
2016
37.887
0
2012
Europe

 Belgium
106.7
2016
105.600
65.363
2014
Europe

 Belize
86.3
2016
76.314
76.314
2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Benin
40.2
2016
30.867

2014
Africa

 Bhutan
30.0
2016
107.511

2014
Asia

 Bolivia
47.0
2016
32.409
11.970
2014
South America

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
46.5
2016
44.906
38.169
2012
Europe

 Botswana
21.0
2016
14.450

2014
Africa

 Brazil
72.4
2016
71.218
60.107
2016
South America

 Brunei

2.615

2012
Southeast Asia

 Bulgaria
24.0
2016
26.900
-2.538
2014
Europe

 Burkina Faso

28.321

2014
Africa

 Burma

47.524

2012
Southeast Asia

 Burundi
43.4
2016
30.541

2014
Africa

 Cambodia
33.9
2014
29.543

2014
Southeast Asia

 Cameroon
31.1
2016
23.932

2014
Africa

 Canada
98.8
2016
86.515
37.338
2014
North America

 Cape Verde
116.8
2016
112.199
107.691
2014
Africa

 Central African Republic

41.830

2014
Africa

 Chad
35.4
2016
24.983

2014
Africa

 Chile
18.5
2016
13.891
-5.154
2014
South America

 People's Republic of China
20.1
2016
65.68

2016
Asia

 Colombia
50.5
2016
38.015
27.888
2014
South America

 Comoros

19.953
19.953
2014
Africa

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
18.2
2016
19.691

2014
Africa

 Congo, Republic of the
49.3
2016
42.295

2014
Africa

 Costa Rica
62.3
2016
39.758
39.758
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Cote d'Ivoire
50.9
2016
36.414

2014
Africa

 Croatia
88.3
2016
80.926

2014
Europe

 Cuba
32.7
2016

Central America/Caribbean

 Cyprus
98.4
2017
107.106

2014
Europe

 Czech Republic
35.2
2016
41.595

2014
Europe

 Denmark
39.6
2016
50.102
7.626
2012
Europe

 Djibouti
38.6
2012
38.618

2012
Africa

 Dominica
70.0
2012
72.164
72.164
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Dominican Republic
44.0
2016
33.486
33.486
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Ecuador
33.0
2016
18.613

2012
South America

 Egypt
92.6
2016
80.155
68.807
2012
Africa

 El Salvador
64.9
2016
52.193

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Equatorial Guinea
24.3
2016
8.177
8.177
2012
Africa

 Eritrea
119.8
2016
125.785

2012
Africa

 Estonia
9.7
2016
8.498
2.511
2012
Europe

 Ethiopia
54.2
2016
21.551
18.172
2012
Africa

 Fiji
50.2
2016
51.642
46.906
2012
Oceania

 Finland
64.9
2016
53.335
-50.933
2012
Europe

 France
96.5
2016
90.291
84.065
2012
Europe

 Gabon
43.5
2016
21.999

2012
Africa

 Gambia, The

77.179
77.179
2012
Africa

 Georgia
42.4
2016
32.738

2012
Europe

 Germany
69.0
2016
81.964
57.224
2012
Europe

 Ghana
73.7
2016
56.526
53.125
2012
Africa

 Gibraltar
7.5
2008

Europe

 Greece
181.6
2016
158.546
155.378
2012
Europe

 Grenada
110.0
2012
112.567
112.567
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Guatemala
27.4
2013
25.112

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Guinea

42.993
42.993
2012
Africa

 Guinea-Bissau

59.751

2012
Africa

 Guyana
53.1
2016
60.333
57.689
2012
South America

 Haiti
26.5
2015
15.446

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Honduras
47.3
2016
34.676

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Hong Kong
38.4
2016
32.393

2012
East Asia

 Hungary
75.1
2016
79.003
72.772
2012
Europe

 Iceland
56.5
2016
99.083
68.23
2012
Europe

 India
52.3
2016
41.11

2016
Asia

 Indonesia
29.4
2016
24.004

2012
Southeast Asia

 Iran
11.9
2016
10.726
1.214
2012
Middle East

 Iraq

34.191

2012
Middle East

 Ireland
77.9
2016
117.122
102.324
2012
Europe

 Israel
62.2
2016
69.637
69.574
2016
Middle East

 Italy
132.5
2016
126.978
103.208
2012
Europe

 Jamaica
130.1
2016
146.591

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Japan
234.7
2016
237.918
134.325
2012
Asia

 Jordan
90.6
2016
79.586
74.936
2012
Middle East

 Kazakhstan
24.1
2016
12.318
-17.097
2012
Asia

 Kenya
50.4
2016
48.185
43.167
2012
Africa

 Kiribati
8.6
2013

 Korea, North

Asia

 Korea, South
46.1
2016
33.668
32.241
2012
Asia

 Kuwait
23.1
2016
7.290

2012
Middle East

 Kyrgyzstan
69.5
2016
48.935

2012
Asia

 Laos
61.6
2016
53.082

2012
Southeast Asia

 Latvia
38.4
2016
36.417
26.569
2012
Europe

 Lebanon
132.5
2016
139.527
134.18
2012
Middle East

 Lesotho
53.4
2015
41.903
-2.141
2012
Africa

 Liberia
11.8
2016
29.076
-8.254
2012
Africa

 Libya
10.0
2016
0
-95.035
2012
Africa

 Lithuania
41.8
2016
39.586
35.39
2012
Europe

 Luxembourg
21.4
2016
21.138

2012
Europe

 Macedonia
50.5
2016
33.271
29.006
2012
Europe

 Madagascar

38.309

2012
Africa

 Malawi
61.2
2016
54.903
51.15
2012
Africa

 Malaysia
55.1
2016
55.474

2012
Southeast Asia

 Maldives
72.8
2014
77.486

2012
Asia

 Mali
27.3
2016
32.003
26.881
2012
Africa

 Malta
62.6
2016
72.538

2012
Europe

 Marshall Islands
51.3
2013
60.043

2012
Oceania

 Mauritania

79.703

2012
Africa

 Mauritius
66.0
2016
50.29
50.29
2012
Africa

 Mexico
49.7
2016
43.519
37.998
2012
North America

 Moldova
44.8
2016
23.845
23.845
2012
Europe

 Mongolia
72.0
2015

 Montenegro
59.5
2014
51.068
48.778
2012
Europe

 Morocco
77.0
2016
59.587
59.057
2012
Africa

 Mozambique
100.3
2016
46.628

2012
Africa

 Namibia
35.6
2016
26.642
24.411
2012
Africa

   Nepal
30.0
2012
33.129
33.129
2012
Asia

 Netherlands
57.0
2017
71.736
32.502
2012
Europe

 New Zealand
34.0
2016
38.154
26.416
2012
Oceania

 Nicaragua
46.2
2016
52.086

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Niger

31.051
4.25
2012
Africa

 Nigeria
13.2
2016
17.762
13.283
2012
Africa

 Norway
32.2
2016
34.118
-165.508
2012
Europe

 Oman
18.5
2016
6.122

2012
Middle East

 Pakistan
58.5
2016
62.079
58.771
2012
Asia

 Panama
39.3
2016
38.796
38.796
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Papua New Guinea
39.4
2016

Oceania

 Paraguay
22.4
2016
11.358

2012
South America

 Peru
26.3
2016
19.759
4.456
2012
South America

 Philippines
42.9
2016
41.919

2012
Southeast Asia

 Poland
44.7
2016
55.166
26.742
2012
Europe

 Portugal
126.2
2016
122.985
111.556
2012
Europe

 Qatar
55.6
2016
37.812
31.915
2012
Middle East

 Romania
39.3
2016
37.038

2012
Europe

 Russia
13.7
2016
10.877

2012
Europe

 Rwanda
36.6
2016
28.040

2012
Africa

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
83.0
2013
82.962

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Saint Lucia
77.0
2012
84.761

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
67.0
2013
67.084

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 San Marino
25.8
2013

Europe

 Sao Tome and Principe
89.5
2016
75.503

2012
Africa

 Saudi Arabia
31.0
2016
3.622
-52.725
2012
Middle East

 Senegal
55.6
2016
45.002

2012
Africa

 Serbia
65.7
2017
63.650
56.888
2012
Europe

 Seychelles
59.1
2016
82.528
69.482
2012
Africa

 Sierra Leone
43.3
2016
44.471
0
2012
Africa

 Singapore
110.5
2016
111.017

2012
Southeast Asia

 Slovakia
52.4
2016
52.333

2012
Europe

 Slovenia
78.5
2017
52.610

2012
Europe

 Solomon Islands

18.228
6.737
2012
Oceania

 South Africa
43.3
2016
42.282
35.561
2012
Africa

 Spain
99.6
2015
97.2
71.931
2015
Europe

 Sri Lanka
77.1
2016

Asia

 Sudan
68.8
2016
97.642

2012
Africa

 Suriname

20.464

2012
South America

 Swaziland

19.041
7.607
2012
Africa

 Sweden
41.4
2016
38.020
-17.632
2012
Europe

  Switzerland
34.1
2016
15.70
28.265
2016
Europe

 Syria
57.5
2016

Middle East

 Taiwan
32.7
2016
40.938

2012
East Asia

 Tajikistan
6.5
2013
32.466

2012
Asia

 Tanzania
36.6
2016
41.391

2012
Africa

 Thailand
50.4
2016
36.54

2016
Southeast Asia

 Togo
63.3
2016
46.706

2012
Africa

 Tonga
45.1
2013

 Trinidad and Tobago
61
2016
39.723
29.141
2012
Central America/Caribbean[3]

 Tunisia
57.3
2016
44.466

2012
Africa

 Turkey
32.7
2016
35.01
27.801
2016
Europe

 Turkmenistan

15.821

2012
Asia

 Tuvalu
41.1
2013
43.727

2012
Oceania

 Uganda
35.4
2016
34.532

2012
Africa

 Ukraine
72
2017
37.422
35.22
2012
Europe

 United Arab Emirates
60.3
2016
17.617
-93.486
2012
Middle East

 United Kingdom
92.2
2016
84.86
82.785
2016
Europe

 United States
73.8
2016
106.71
87.859
2016
North America

 Uruguay
62.8
2016
53.686
36.335
2012
South America

 Uzbekistan
8.3
2015
8.636

2012
Asia

 Vanuatu

20.011

2012
Oceania

 Venezuela
36.7
2016
57.287

2012
South America

 Vietnam
54.9
2016
52.099
49.058
2012
Southeast Asia

 Wallis and Futuna
5.6
2004

Oceania

 Yemen
92.2
2016
46.743
44.781
2012
Middle East

 Zambia
57.2
2016
26.875
23.517
2012
Africa

 Zimbabwe
45.4
2016
60.451

2012
Africa

World
64
2012

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