document_title: Supernatural (season 13)

question_text: when does supernatural season 13 come back on 2018

text: Supernatural (season 13)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Jared Padalecki as Sam Winchester
Jensen Ackles as Dean Winchester
Mark Pellegrino as Lucifer
Alexander Calvert as Jack
Misha Collins as Castiel

text: Special guest star[edit]

text:
Loretta Devine as Missouri Moseley
Jim Beaver as Bobby Singer[6]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Samantha Smith as Mary Winchester
Ruth Connell as Rowena[7]
Osric Chau as Kevin Tran
Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills
Briana Buckmaster as Sheriff Donna Hanscum
Kathryn Newton as Claire Novak
Katherine Ramdeen as Alex Jones
Clark Backo as Patience Turner
Yadira Guevara-Prip as Kaia Nieves
Christian Keyes as Michael
Keith Szarabajka as Donatello Redfield
Courtney Ford as Kelly Kline
Jeffrey Vincent Parise as Asmodeus
Lisa Berry as Billie
David Haydn-Jones as Arthur Ketch
Danneel Ackles as Sister Jo / Anael[8]
Brendan Taylor as Doug Stover
Richard Speight Jr. as Gabriel
Chad Rook as Zachariah
Felicia Day as Charlie Bradbury
Erica Cerra as Dumah

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

265
1
"Lost and Found"
Phil Sgriccia
Andrew Dabb
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
T13.20551
2.10[9]

Lucifer's son Jack seems unsure of himself and the world. Dean tries to shoot him and he knocks out both Winchesters with a sonic scream, leaving to search for his father. He ends up at a local police station and seems mostly innocent but is unsure of, and unable to control, his power. Sam and Dean follow; Dean insists on killing him but Sam sees Jack as just a child. While Dean explains what Jack is to a local officer, Jack explains he learned English from his mother and grew up quickly because she told him the world was dangerous; she also said that Castiel was the father who would protect him. Three angels show up wanting to use Jack's almost limitless power for themselves. The Winchesters banish two of them and kill the third; Jack is stabbed in the heart in the process but is unharmed by the blade. Dean agrees to take him to the bunker, but only until they can find a way to kill him. They are on their own with Chuck not answering prayers. They give Castiel and Kelly a hunter's funeral, also saying goodbye to Crowley and Mary whom they assume Lucifer killed. In the alternate world, Lucifer keeps Mary alive because he needs her for something.

266
2
"The Rising Son"
Thomas J. Wright
Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
T13.20552
1.90[10]

On the way back to the bunker, the Winchesters and Jack stop at a hotel and are met by Donatello the prophet. Amara ate his soul, but he has been mentally making the moral choice ever since, and he was drawn to Jack's power. Jack reads the Bible to learn more about himself and his family. Realizing he'll need more protection, the Winchesters try to get him warding tattoos, but he reflexively attacks the tattoo artist for hurting him and his body heals the ink away. Dean takes this as proof that Jack will turn evil, while Sam thinks it's because he lacks control. Meanwhile, the final Prince of Hell, Asmodeus, takes charge of Hell until Lucifer returns, disguising himself as Donatello to trick Jack into freeing the Shedim — Hell's darkest creatures — to be a hero. The brothers and the real Donatello appear, and when Asmodeus hurts them, a flicker of Jack's power makes him flee. At the bunker, Dean admits to Jack that he will kill him if he turns bad. In the alternate world, Lucifer protects Mary, intending to trade her for Jack when they get home. They meet an alternate version of Michael, who killed his world's Lucifer. Michael is the stronger of the two, and keeps this Lucifer alive because he needs him for something.

267
3
"Patience"
Robert Singer
Robert Berens
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
T13.20553
1.93[11]

Missouri Mosley (from Season 1's "Home") calls the Winchesters because a wraith with a taste for psychics is about to go after her family. Dean and Jody go to protect her son James and granddaughter Patience, who is unaware she has inherited Missouri's gift. The wraith reappears and kills Missouri, as she knew it would. James reveals he cut his mother out of his life many years ago, as he grew up fearing she would get killed and also because he couldn't forgive her after his wife Tess died after becoming sick despite Missouri saying she would be fine. The wraith attacks Patience at school and later kidnaps her from home intending to feed on her slowly. In a vision, Patience sees the wraith kill her father, Jody and Dean. She warns them and Dean kills the wraith. James and Dean think Patience should live a normal life, but Jody says it is Patience's choice and that her door is open if she needs help. Meanwhile, Sam tries to train Jack because he reminds him of his own days addicted to demon blood. Jack makes no progress, which he takes as a sign he will be evil, since his powers only work negatively. While the brothers argue over him, Jack says Castiel's name; Castiel hears this and wakes up in a void of nothingness.

268
4
"The Big Empty"
John Badham
Meredith Glynn
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
T13.20554
1.82[12]

A man is killed by his dead wife. Taking the case, Sam convinces Dean to let Jack join them; also having convinced Jack to help save Mary if he can master his powers. There are no signs of a ghost or revenant. A woman is then killed by her dead son. Both victims shared a grief therapist Mia, whom the guys question pretending to be three brothers that lost their mother. Sam and Dean get into an argument about Mary; and Sam discovers Mia is a shapeshifter. Mia says she only helps people by pretending to be their loved ones to give closure, and the killer must be her ex boyfriend and fellow shapeshifter, Buddy. While Sam goes to Buddy's address, Buddy actually sneaks into Mia's office and knocks out Dean and Jack. When Mia refuses to kill them, Buddy prepares to shoot Sam when he walks into the room. Jack is able to use his powers to deflect the bullet away from Sam and throw Buddy into the wall, allowing Sam to kill him. Mia in Kelly's form tells Jack that even monsters can do good. At the bunker Dean gives Jack some approval; and wants Sam to keep believing Mary is alive, admitting that he no longer seems to believe in anything anymore. Meanwhile, Castiel is in The Empty, a place predating even God and Amara, where all angels and demons sleep forever after they die. Castiel is the first in eternity to wake up. The entity there takes Castiel's form and taunts him to go back to sleep as the entity hates being awake itself. Castiel refuses, forcing the entity to send him back to Earth.

269
5
"Advanced Thanatology"
John Showalter
Steve Yockey
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
T13.20555
1.71[13]

Two teenagers explore an abandoned asylum and one of them is killed. The survivor, Shawn, is left unable to speak from trauma and taking a medical mask with him. The brothers take the case and Dean insists he will be fine but clearly isn't. Dean is unable to get Shawn to talk. Sam discovers the asylum's doctor used to lobotomize his patients and the next day Shawn disappears. At the asylum Dean burns the masks destroying the doctor but the place is still haunted; Dean kills himself to find out where the patients bodies are. Shawn was possessed to go back there through the mask and the doctor made him kill himself. A Reaper reports that Dean is in The Veil and the new Death comes to see him: Billie. As the first Reaper to die after Dean killed the old Death she took the job, wanting information on how the hole to the other universe ripped open. She sees the Winchesters as important to the universe with work to do; letting the ghosts move on and sending Dean back, stating his choices decide how he dies. Dean admits to Sam he needs a victory, and they are reunited with Castiel.

270
6
"Tombstone"
Nina Lopez-Corrado
Davy Perez
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
T13.20556
1.89[14]

After meeting Castiel, Jack finds a case in Dodge City, Kansas. Dean loves all Western scene material. A local deputy is killed and his Uncle Joe, another officer, swears revenge. Questioning the local undertaker, Athena, Sam realizes they are dealing with a ghoul, whom Dean recognizes as wearing the face of the famous outlaw Dave Mather. Dave robs a bank so Athena can afford to go to school in California, she has no idea what Dave really is. The brothers, Castiel and Jack get into a shootout with Dave; Jack blasts him with power but accidentally kills a bank security guard, while Dave escapes. Castiel cannot heal the guard. As the others take Jack back, Dean and Joe investigate the local graveyard where Dave has captured Athena. Dean distracts him so Joe can shoot his head off. Dean has Joe blame the guard's death on Dave. At the bunker, despite the other three saying it was a mistake, a withdrawn Jack believes he is a monster and will end up hurting the others so he must leave; knocking them back and teleporting away.

271
7
"War of the Worlds"
Richard Speight, Jr.
Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner
November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)
T13.20557
1.24[15]

Castiel informs Sam and Dean that he has a meeting with an angel about Jack but says he needs to go alone. Asmodeus is unable to sense Jack, and is told that the Winchesters no longer have him. In the alternate world, Michael takes most of Lucifer's grace, using his Kevin Tran to create a portal for Lucifer's earth. Instead, Lucifer escapes and the portal closes. Lucifer arrives back in the correct time, but is greatly weakened. Meanwhile the brothers notice witches being killed. Talking to a survivor, they discover the killer is searching for Rowena and looks like Arthur Ketch. Capturing him, he claims to be Arthur's twin brother, Alexander, who turned his back on the British Men of Letters. Sam finds records of Alexander but Dean is skeptical. Castiel meets with the angel Dumah and is told the angels' population is very low and they intend to force Jack to create more angels when they find him. The angels try to capture Castiel, but Lucifer is able to scare them off. He tries to convince Castiel about the urgent threat of the other Michael, saying they need Jack's power, and he decides not to tell the Winchesters. Asmodeus then appears, deciding he is the ruler of hell, capturing them both. Tracking Castiel, the brothers are attacked by demons but are helped by Alexander; who finally admits he is Arthur. He tells them Rowena gave him a spell to cheat death in exchange for allowing her to escape after being captured by the British Men of Letters some years back, but it needs a recharge so he must find her, insinuating she survived. Dean attacks but Arthur escapes. Asmodeus locks up Lucifer and Castiel and tricks the Winchesters into thinking everything is fine; having worked with Arthur all along.

272
8
"The Scorpion and the Frog"
Robert Singer
Meredith Glynn
November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)
T13.20558
1.73[16]

After stealing a Nephilim tracking spell from a British museum, the Crossroad Demon Barthamus offers to trade it to the Winchesters to find Jack. In exchange, Barthamus requests the Winchesters aid his minions Smash and Grab in stealing a trunk from a man named Luther Shrike. Luther has Barthamus' trunk in a vault that only Dean can open due to his previous time in Hell. The Winchesters reluctantly agree to the deal and perform a raid on Luther's property. During the raid, Luther realizes the truth and kills Grab, a demon, before being captured by the Winchesters. With the help of Smash, who is a girl named Alice who once made a deal with Barthamus and is now forced to work for him, the Winchesters are able to retrieve the trunk. To their shock, the Winchesters learn that Luther is a man who once made a deal with Barthamus to save his son only to be double-crossed. The trunk contains Barthamus' human bones, leverage with which Luther can force Barthamus to leave him alone. Barthamus kills Luther, but the Winchesters reject his deal due to Barthamus' actions. Alice kills Barthamus by burning his bones, but the spell is destroyed with him. Despite this, the Winchesters are content with how things turned out as they managed to free Alice from her deal to live a normal life and stopped Barthamus.

273
9
"The Bad Place"
Phil Sgriccia
Robert Berens
December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)
T13.20559
1.74[17]

Jack approaches a dreamwalker named Derek Swan in order to look into the alternate reality where Mary Winchester and Lucifer were trapped. Shortly afterwards, the Winchesters learn from Sheriff Jody Mills that Derek is dead and Jack is apparently responsible. The Winchesters track down Jack shortly after he helps dreamwalker Kaia Nieves escape from a drug rehabilitation facility. Jack is revealed to be innocent in Derek's death. He reveals that he has been attempting to rescue Mary from the alternate reality, but he needs a dreamwalker in order to see the world so that he can open a portal. The Winchesters and Jack rescue Kaia from angels looking for Jack to help them repopulate their species and Dean holds Kaia at gunpoint, forcing her to help them rescue Mary. Under attack by angels, Kaia and Jack combine their powers to open a portal, disintegrating the angels at the same time. Due to Kaia's visions of another reality populated by monsters that she calls the Bad Place, the Winchesters end up in the Bad Place instead while Kaia is deposited on the side of the road and Jack finds Mary. At the same time, Patience Turner has visions of the Winchesters and Jody Mills in great danger. Against her father's wishes, Patience leaves to help and warns Jody that something terrible is coming.

274
10
"Wayward Sisters"
Phil Sgriccia
Robert Berens & Andrew Dabb
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
T13.20560
1.85[18]

After completing a werewolf hunt, Claire Novak gets a call from Jody Mills that the Winchesters are missing and returns to Sioux Falls. At the same time, the Winchesters remain trapped in the Bad Place where they are ambushed by a hooded figure that apparently intends to feed them to a giant monster. Working together, Jody, Alex and Claire attempt to locate and rescue the Winchesters. They are joined by Patience Turner who warns of a vision where Claire dies. The group locates dreamwalker Kaia Nieves, but come under attack by monsters from the Bad Place, making them realize that the rift to the Bad Place is still open. With the help of Kaia and Sheriff Donna Hanscum, Jody's family locates the rift. As Claire and Kaia travel to the Bad Place to rescue the Winchesters, Jody, Alex, Patience and Donna work together to kill several attacking monsters. Claire and Kaia succeed in rescuing the Winchesters before the rift closes, but Kaia is killed by the hooded figure, the true unexpected outcome of Patience's vision. In the aftermath, Sam warns Jody that more monsters may have made it through the rift in the time that it was open and Claire mourns Kaia's death. As Claire sits down to eat dinner with her family and swears revenge on Kaia's killer, another rift opens and the hooded figure emerges. The hooded figure is revealed to be an alternate reality version of Kaia.

275
11
"Breakdown"
Amyn Kaderali
Davy Perez
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
T13.20561
1.93[19]

In Oshkosh, Nebraska, Donna Hanscum's niece Wendy is kidnapped. Desperate, Donna contacts the Winchesters for help despite the fact that it appears that they are dealing with a human villain rather than a monster. The Winchesters agree to help Donna and team up with Donna, her boyfriend Officer Doug Stover and Agent Clegg of the FBI. Clegg identifies the villain as the Butterfly, a serial abductor operating in the area for the past twelve years. With the help of a trucker, Dean identifies a gas station clerk Marlon as a participant in the abduction. Marlon reveals that the kidnapped victims are butchered and their parts sold online to monsters by the Butterfly. Clegg is revealed to be the Butterfly and kidnaps Sam in order to sell off his parts to monsters. Marlon is revealed to be a vampire and turns Doug into one as well. Dean and Donna are able to use Marlon's blood to cure Doug and force Marlon to give up Clegg's location before killing him. Donna rescues Wendy and kills Clegg's accomplice while Dean kills Clegg in time to save Sam's life. In the aftermath, Doug is terrified by the discovery of the world of monsters and breaks up with Donna. Sam displays a bleak outlook on life, believing that the Winchesters and anyone they get close to will suffer a terrible end.

276
12
"Various & Sundry Villains"
Amanda Tapping
Steve Yockey
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
T13.20562
1.68[20]

Dean falls under a love spell cast by Jaime Plum, a witch working with her sister Jennie to steal the Black Grimoire, the spell book the Winchesters took from the Loughlin Family. Though the Plums succeed in stealing the book, Rowena unexpectedly shows up to help despite having been believed dead for months. Rowena reveals that she was resurrected again by the precautionary spell she put in place, but took a very long time to recover from her death. Rowena is seeking the Black Grimoire as it contains a ritual that will allow her to remove the magical binding placed upon her by the Grand Coven and regain her full powers. Privately, Rowena admits to Sam that she saw Lucifer's true face and she is terrified of his inevitable return. After stealing the Black Grimorie, the Plums attempt to use it to resurrect their deceased mother, but only succeed in bringing her back as a zombie. Together the Winchesters and Rowena defeat the Plums and recover the Black Grimoire. Though the Winchesters keep the book, a sympathetic Sam allows Rowena to take the page with the ritual she needs and Rowena is able to restore her full powers. At the same time, Castiel and Lucifer form an alliance to escape Asmodeus' custody. Though they succeed, Castiel refuses to trust Lucifer or give up some of his grace to him. Castiel attacks Lucifer with an angel blade, causing him harm in his weakened state.

277
13
"Devil's Bargain"
Eduardo Sánchez
Eugenie Ross-Leming & Brad Buckner
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
T13.20563
1.81[21]

Following his confrontation with Lucifer, a wounded Castiel makes his way back to the Winchesters and informs them of everything that has happened including Lucifer's return. The Winchesters realize that the demon tablet could potentially contain the spell the alternate Kevin Tran used to reopen the rift and set Prophet Donatello Redfield to work on translating it. Learning of Donatello's work, Asmodeus places Donatello under his control with an order to let him know once the spell is translated. With Lucifer becoming more human, he begins draining other angels' graces in an effort to restore his own. Along the way, Lucifer meets the angel Anael, disguised as a faith healer named Sister Jo. Lucifer and Anael form a connection while the Winchesters and Arthur Ketch, working for Asmodeus, hunt for Lucifer. Lucifer and Anael are able to avoid an attempt to kill them by Arthur. Lucifer, with a promise to help make new angels and to restore the living angels wings, becomes the ruler of Heaven again with Anael at his side. Following Lucifer's escape, Arthur proposes an alliance between himself and the Winchesters to defeat Lucifer and Michael's upcoming invasion, revealing his work for Asmodeus in the process. The Winchesters reluctantly concede that they need Arthur for now and are unaware of Donatello being under the control of Asmodeus as he translates the spell. When Arthur reports his failure to Asmodeus, Asmodeus reveals that he has acquired an Archangel Blade, the one weapon that can kill Lucifer. As well, Asmodeus has prisoner the Archangel Gabriel who has been believed dead for nearly eight years.

278
14
"Good Intentions"
P. J. Pesce
Meredith Glynn
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
T13.20564
1.61[22]

While reading the demon tablet, Prophet Donatello Redfield, due to his soulless state, becomes corrupted by its power. As a result, he gives the Winchesters and Castiel what he claims is the ingredients before attacking Sam who manages to subdue him. Donatello sends Dean and Castiel after Gog and Magog in an attempt to kill them, but the attempt fails. With Donatello refusing to help, Castiel forcefully strips the information from his mind, leaving Donatello brain dead. Castiel justifies that they are fighting a war for their very survival and reveals that they need the grace of an archangel, a fruit from the Tree of Life, the seal of Solomon and the blood of a most holy man. In the Apocalypse World, Zachariah (Chad Rook) tries and fails to trick Jack into helping the angels. Working together, Jack and Mary escape Michael's fortress and are taken by Bobby Singer (Jim Beaver) to one of the few human colonies left. Bobby reveals to Mary the history of Apocalypse World and the war of extermination the angels are waging, causing Mary to realize that her own alternate self created this world by not making the deal with Azazel and having Sam and Dean. Jack is ordered exiled once his true nature is discovered, but Zachariah leads an attack on the colony before he can leave. Jack kills Zachariah and helps repel the attack on the colony, earning him acceptance. Having grown to care for the humans of Apocalypse World, Jack decides to kill Michael in order to end his war of extermination and save what's left of the human race.

279
15
"A Most Holy Man"
Amanda Tapping
Andrew Dabb & Robert Singer
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
T13.20565
1.66[23]

The Winchesters realize that the blood of a most holy man likely refers to a saint and set out to find someone who has saint blood. Through a black market dealer named Margaret Astor, the Winchesters are directed to a man named Richard Greenstreet who claims to have saint's blood. Greenstreet offers to give the Winchesters the blood of Saint Ignatius if they get him the skull of Saint Peter which has recently been stolen from a monastery in Malta by a man working for Seattle mob boss Santino Scarpatti. After discovering the thief murdered, the Winchesters are apprehended by Scarpatti's henchmen and Scarpatti offers a deal where he will pay them a handsome finder's fee that they can buy the blood with if they get him the skull. Complicating matters, the Winchesters meet Father Luca Camilleri, a priest from Malta seeking the skull for altruistic reasons. The Winchesters choose to help Luca and discover that Margaret Astor had murdered the thief to auction the skull off to everyone interested. Sam joins the auction, but Greenstreet instigates a gunfight that kills Margaret, Scarpatti and their henchmen. During the fight, Luca saves Dean's life and the Winchesters learn that Greenstreet lied about having the saint's blood. Greenstreet is arrested while Luca returns home with the skull. Before Luca leaves, Sam learns that he is an apostolic protonotary supernumery, a title given by the Pope for doing good works. As a result, Luca was declared "a most holy man" by the Pope and at the Winchesters' request, gives them his blood. Afterwards, Dean displays faith for the first time that they will succeed.

280
16
"Scoobynatural"
Robert Singer
Jim Krieg & Jeremy Adams
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
T13.20566
2.03[24]

After stopping a plushie that comes to life in a pawn shop and attacks, the grateful owner gives Dean a new TV for free. While testing out the TV, the Winchesters are sucked into Dean's favorite episode of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! followed soon after by Castiel. To the group's shock, they discover an actual ghost that begins killing people and the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang are forced to team up together to stop it. Working together, the Winchesters and the Scooby Gang trap the ghost who reveals himself to be a young boy who a greedy real estate developer in the real world is using to scare away reluctant shop owners. The ghost helps the Winchesters and Castiel fool the Scooby Gang into thinking that it was a human villain before returning the Winchesters and Castiel to the real world. There, the three put the ghost to rest and get the criminal arrested for tax evasion. Before getting sucked into Scooby-Doo, Castiel is shown to have gotten the fruit from the Tree of Life, bringing the Winchesters one step closer to their goal of opening a portal to Apocalypse World.

This episode is a crossover with Scooby-Doo.

281
17
"The Thing"
John Showalter
Davy Perez
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
T13.20567
1.41[25]

Having gotten two of the needed ingredients to open a portal to Apocalypse World, the Winchesters search through the Men of Letters archive for clues on the Seal of Solomon. Finally, Dean discovers records showing that the Men of Letters found King Solomon's treasure in Israel in 1917, including the Seal, and stored it in their Portsmouth, Rhode Island chapter house. The Winchesters are able to locate the chapter house and find a young woman inside named Sandy Porter that has been trapped since 1925 and hasn't aged at all. Following an attack by a mysterious group, Sam learns that in 1925, a rouge Man of Letters named Diego Avila opened a rift into another dimension and brought forth the god Yokoth to cleanse the Earth. Sandy is in fact Yokoth who intends to bring her mate to Earth in Dean's body while the group that attacked are Men of Letters legacies who have been keeping Yokoth trapped. With the help of Diego's great-grandchildren, the Winchesters banish Yokoth back to her dimension and get the Seal of Solomon. At the same time, Arthur Ketch discovers Asmodeus using Gabriel's grace to power up. Asmodeus recognizes that Arthur seeks redemption and brutally beats him. In retaliation, Arthur rescues Gabriel and steals the archangel blade, bringing both to the Winchesters. Now having all the ingredients they need, the Winchesters open a door to Apocalypse World that will last twenty-four hours and Dean and Arthur pass through to finally rescue Jack and Mary.

282
18
"Bring 'em Back Alive"
Amyn Kaderali
Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross-Leming
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
T13.20568
1.53[26]

In Apocalypse World, Dean reluctantly works with Arthur Ketch to find Mary and Jack. To Dean's shock, he witnesses a group of angels holding the alternate reality version of his old friend Charlie Bradbury (Felicia Day) captive. Against Arthur's wishes, Dean launches a rescue mission for Charlie. Dean reveals that he still holds guilt over his Charlie's murder and Arthur agrees to help him. Together, the two men liberate Charlie who reveals that Mary and Jack are leading a resistance against Michael. Out of time before the rift closes, Dean returns to his Earth while Arthur remains behind in Apocalypse World to aid the resistance and coordinate for Dean's inevitable return with reinforcements. At the same time, Sam and Castiel attempt to help Gabriel, learning that he faked his death when Lucifer "killed" him in order to escape all responsibility again. Asmodeus eventually locates Gabriel and leads an attack on the bunker to recapture him. However, Gabriel recovers and kills Asmodeus. Gabriel chooses to abscond from his responsibility once again and departs, leaving the Winchesters without Gabriel's power to fight Michael or his grace to reopen the door to Apocalypse World. At the same time, Lucifer struggles in his new role as the ruler of Heaven, ultimately alienating Anael with his behavior.

283
19
"Funeralia"[27]
Nina Lopez-Corrado
Steve Yockey
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
TBA
TBD

284
20
"Unfinished Business"[28]
Richard Speight, Jr.
Meredith Glynn
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)
TBA
TBD

285
21
"Beat the Devil"[29]
Phil Sgriccia
Robert Berens
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)
TBA
TBD

text: The twenty-third and final episode of the season will be written by Andrew Dabb, and directed by Robert Singer.[30]

text: Production[edit]

text: Supernatural was renewed for a thirteenth season by The CW on January 8, 2017.[31] This season is the first season not to feature Mark Sheppard as Crowley since his introduction in season 5, as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning after his character was killed off for the last time.[32] Alexander Calvert, who was introduced as Jack in the twelfth season finale, was promoted to series regular for this season.[33]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating for Supernatural's thirteenth season, with an average rating of 7.87/10 based on 6 reviews.[34]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Lost and Found"
October 12, 2017
0.7/3
2.10[9]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"The Rising Son"
October 19, 2017
0.7/3
1.90[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Patience"
October 26, 2017
0.6/2
1.93[11]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"The Big Empty"
November 2, 2017
0.6/2
1.82[12]
0.5
N/A
1.1[35]
N/A

5
"Advanced Thanatology"
November 9, 2017
0.6/2
1.71[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"Tombstone"
November 16, 2017
0.7/3
1.89[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"War of the Worlds"
November 23, 2017
0.3/1
1.24[15]
0.5
1.21
0.8
2.45[36]

8
"The Scorpion and the Frog"
November 30, 2017
0.6/2
1.73[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"The Bad Place"
December 7, 2017
0.6/2
1.74[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Wayward Sisters"
January 18, 2018
0.6/2
1.85[18]
0.4
N/A
1.0[37]
N/A

11
"Breakdown"
January 25, 2018
0.6/2
1.93[19]
0.5
1.10
1.1
3.03[38]

12
"Various & Sundry Villains"
February 1, 2018
0.6/2
1.68[20]
0.4
0.94
1.0
2.62[39]

13
"Devil's Bargain"
February 8, 2018
0.6/2
1.81[21]
0.4
1.08
1.0
2.89[40]

14
"Good Intentions"
March 1, 2018
0.6/2
1.61[22]
N/A
0.97
N/A
2.59[41]

15
"A Most Holy Man"
March 8, 2018
0.5/2
1.66[23]
0.4
1.05
0.9
2.73[42]

16
"Scoobynatural"
March 29, 2018
0.7/3
2.03[24]
0.6
1.32
1.3
3.36[43]

17
"The Thing"
April 5, 2018
0.4/2
1.41[25]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

18
"Bring 'em Back Alive"
April 12, 2018
0.5/2
1.53[26]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

19
"Funeralia"
April 19, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

20
"Unfinished Business"
April 26, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

21
"Beat the Devil"
May 3, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)

question_text: where did the pilgrims migrate to before they came to north america

root

text: Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)

text: History[edit]

text: Separatists in Scrooby[edit]

text: The core of the group that came to be known as the Pilgrims were brought together between 1586 and 1605 by shared theological beliefs, as expressed by Richard Clyfton, a Brownist parson at All Saints' Parish Church in Babworth, near East Retford, Nottinghamshire. This congregation held Puritan beliefs comparable to other non-conforming movements (i.e., groups not in communion with the Church of England) led by Robert Browne, John Greenwood, and Henry Barrowe. As Separatists, they also held that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be independent of the trappings, traditions, and organization of a central church—unlike those Puritans who maintained their membership in and allegiance to the Church of England.[2]

tag: p

text: William Brewster was a former diplomatic assistant to the Netherlands. He was living in the Scrooby manor house while serving as postmaster for the village and bailiff to the Archbishop of York. He had been impressed by Clyfton's services and had begun participating in services led by John Smyth in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire.[3]

text: The Puritan Separatists had long been controversial. Under the 1559 Act of Uniformity, it was illegal not to attend official Church of England services unless the church had signed the allegiance to the Church of England, with a fine of one shilling (£0.05; about £17 today[4]) for each missed Sunday and holy day. The penalties for conducting unofficial services included imprisonment and larger fines. Under the policy of this time, Barrowe and Greenwood were executed for sedition in 1593.

text: During much of Brewster's tenure (1595–1606), the Archbishop was Matthew Hutton. He displayed some sympathy to the Puritan cause, writing to Robert Cecil, Secretary of State to James I in 1604:

text: The Puritans though they differ in Ceremonies and accidentes, yet they agree with us in substance of religion, and I thinke all or the moste parte of them love his Majestie, and the presente state, and I hope will yield to conformitie. But the Papistes are opposite and contrarie in very many substantiall pointes of religion, and cannot but wishe the Popes authoritie and popish religion to be established.[5]

text: Many Puritans had hoped that a reconciliation would be possible when James came to power which would allow them independence, but the Hampton Court Conference of 1604 denied substantially all the concessions which they had requested—except for an English translation of the Bible. Following the Conference in 1605, Clyfton was declared a non-conformist and stripped of his position at Babworth. Brewster invited him to live at his home.

text: Archbishop Hutton died in 1606 and Tobias Matthew was appointed as his replacement. He was one of James' chief supporters at the 1604 conference,[6] and he promptly began a campaign to purge the archdiocese of non-conforming influences, both Puritans and those wishing to return to the Catholic faith. Disobedient clergy were replaced, and prominent Separatists were confronted, fined, and imprisoned. He is credited with driving recusants out of the country, those who refused to attend Anglican services.[7][8]

text: At about the same time, Brewster arranged for a congregation to meet privately at the Scrooby manor house. Services were held beginning in 1606 with Clyfton as pastor, John Robinson as teacher, and Brewster as the presiding elder. Shortly after, Smyth and members of the Gainsborough group moved on to Amsterdam.[9] Brewster is known to have been fined £20 (about £3.96 thousand today[4]) in absentia for his non-compliance with the church.[10] This followed his September 1607 resignation from the postmaster position,[11] about the time that the congregation had decided to follow the Smyth party to Amsterdam.[2][12]

text: Scrooby member William Bradford of Austerfield kept a journal of the congregation's events that later was published as Of Plymouth Plantation. Of this time, he wrote:

text: But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted & persecuted on every side, so as their former afflictions were but as flea-bitings in comparison of these which now came upon them. For some were taken & clapt up in prison, others had their houses besett & watcht night and day, & hardly escaped their hands; and ye most were faine to flie & leave their howses & habitations, and the means of their livelehood.[2]

text: Leiden[edit]

text: The pilgrims moved to the Netherlands in about 1607. They lived in Leiden, Holland, a city of 100,000 inhabitants,[13] residing in small houses behind the "Kloksteeg" opposite the Pieterskerk. The success of the congregation in Leiden was mixed. Leiden was a thriving industrial center,[14] and many members were well able to support themselves working at Leiden University or in the textile, printing, and brewing trades. Others were less able to bring in sufficient income, hampered by their rural backgrounds and the language barrier; for those, accommodations were made on an estate bought by Robinson and three partners.[15]

text: Bradford wrote of their years in Leiden:

text: For these & other reasons they removed to Leyden, a fair & bewtifull citie, and of a sweete situation, but made more famous by ye universitie wherwith it is adorned, in which of late had been so many learned man. But wanting that traffike by sea which Amerstdam injoyes, it was not so beneficiall for their outward means of living & estats. But being now hear pitchet they fell to such trads & imployments as they best could; valewing peace & their spirituall comforte above any other riches whatsoever. And at length they came to raise a competente & comforteable living, but with hard and continuall labor.[16]

text: William Brewster had been teaching English at the university, and Robinson enrolled in 1615 to pursue his doctorate. There he participated in a series of debates, particularly regarding the contentious issue of Calvinism versus Arminianism (siding with the Calvinists against the Remonstrants).[17] Brewster acquired typesetting equipment about 1616 in a venture financed by Thomas Brewer, and began publishing the debates through a local press.[18]

text: The Netherlands, however, was a land whose culture and language were strange and difficult for the English congregation to understand or learn. They found the Dutch morals much too libertine, and their children were becoming more and more Dutch as the years passed. The congregation came to believe that they faced eventual extinction if they remained there.[19]

text: Decision to leave Holland[edit]

text: By 1617, the congregation was stable and relatively secure, but there were ongoing issues that needed to be resolved. Bradford noted that many members of the congregation were showing signs of early aging, compounding the difficulties which some had in supporting themselves. A few had spent their savings and so gave up and returned to England. It was feared that more would follow and that the congregation would become unsustainable. The employment issues made it unattractive for others to come to Leiden, and younger members had begun leaving to find employment and adventure elsewhere. Also compelling was the possibility of missionary work, an opportunity that rarely arose in a Protestant stronghold.[20]

text: Reasons for departure are suggested by Bradford when he notes the "discouragements" of the hard life which they had in the Netherlands, and the hope of attracting others by finding "a better, and easier place of living"; the children of the group being "drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses"; the "great hope, for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world."[20]

text: Edward Winslow's list was similar. In addition to the economic worries and missionary possibilities, he stressed that it was important for the people to retain their English identity, culture, and language. They also believed that the English Church in Leiden could do little to benefit the larger community there.[21]

text: At the same time, there were many uncertainties about moving to such a place as America. Stories had come back from there about failed colonies. There were fears that the native people would be violent, that there would be no source of food or water, that exposure to unknown diseases was possible, and that travel by sea was always hazardous. Balancing all this was a local political situation that was in danger of becoming unstable. The truce was faltering in what came to be known as the Eighty Years' War, and there was fear over what the attitudes of Spain might be toward them.[20]

text: Candidate destinations included Guiana, where the Dutch had already established Essequibo, or somewhere near the existing Virginia settlements. Virginia was an attractive destination because the presence of the older colony might offer better security and trade opportunities. It was thought, however, that they should not settle too near, since that might too closely duplicate the political environment back in England. The London Company administered a territory of considerable size in the region. The intended settlement location was at the mouth of the Hudson River. This made it possible to settle at a distance which allayed concerns of social, political, and religious conflicts, but still provided the military and economic benefits of relative closeness to an established colony.[22]

text: Negotiations[edit]

text: Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to England to solicit a land patent. Their negotiations were delayed because of conflicts internal to the London Company, but ultimately a patent was secured in the name of John Wincob on June 9 (Old Style)/June 19 (New Style), 1619.[23] The charter was granted with the king's condition that the Leiden group's religion would not receive official recognition.[24]

text: Preparations stalled because of the continued problems within the London Company. Competing Dutch companies approached the congregation and discussed with them the possibility of settling in the Hudson River area.[24]

text: David Baeckelandt suggests that the Leiden group was approached by Englishman Matthew Slade, son-in-law of Petrus Placius, a cartographer for the Dutch East India Company. Slade was also a spy for the English Ambassador. The Puritans' plans were therefore known both at court and among influential investors in the Virginia Company's colony at Jamestown.[25] Negotiations were broken off with the Dutch at the encouragement of English merchant Thomas Weston, who assured them that he could resolve the London Company delays.[26] The London Company intended to claim the area explored by Hudson[25] before the Dutch could become fully established. The first Dutch settlers did not arrive in the area until 1624.

text: Weston did come with a substantial change, telling the Leiden group that parties in England had obtained a land grant north of the existing Virginia territory to be called New England. This was only partially true; the new grant did come to pass, but not until late in 1620 when the Plymouth Council for New England received its charter. It was expected that this area could be fished profitably, and it was not under the control of the existing Virginia government.[26][27]

text: A second change was known only to parties in England who chose not to inform the larger group. New investors had been brought into the venture who wanted the terms altered so that, at the end of the seven-year contract, half of the settled land and property would revert to the investors. Also, there had been a provision which allowed each settler to have two days per week to work on personal business, but this provision had been dropped from the agreement without the knowledge of the Puritans.[26]

text: Brewster's diversion[edit]

text: Amid these negotiations, William Brewster found himself involved with religious unrest emerging in Scotland. In 1618, King James had promulgated the Five Articles of Perth which were seen in Scotland as an attempt to encroach on their Presbyterian tradition. Pamphlets critical of this law were published by Brewster and smuggled into Scotland by April 1619. These pamphlets were traced back to Leiden, and a failed attempt to apprehend Brewster was made in July when his presence in England became known.

text: Also in July in Leiden, English ambassador Dudley Carleton became aware of the situation and began leaning on the Dutch government to extradite Brewster. An arrest was made in September, but only Thomas Brewer the financier was in custody. Brewster's whereabouts remain unknown between then and the colonists' departure. Brewster's type was seized. After several months of delay, Brewer was sent to England for questioning, where he stonewalled government officials until well into 1620. One resulting concession that England did obtain from the Netherlands was a restriction on the press, making such publications illegal to produce.

text: Thomas Brewer was ultimately convicted in England for his continued religious publication activities and sentenced in 1626 to a fourteen-year prison term.[28]

text: Preparations[edit]

text: Not all of the congregation were able to depart on the first trip. Many members were not able to settle their affairs within the time constraints, and the budget was limited for travel and supplies. It was decided that the initial settlement should be undertaken primarily by younger and stronger members. The remainder agreed to follow if and when they could.

text: Robinson would remain in Leiden with the larger portion of the congregation, and Brewster was to lead the American congregation. The church in America would be run independently, but it was agreed that membership would automatically be granted in either congregation to members who moved between the continents.

text: With personal and business matters agreed upon, supplies and a small ship were procured. Speedwell was to bring some passengers from the Netherlands to England, then on to America where it would be kept for the fishing business, with a crew hired for support services during the first year. The larger ship Mayflower was leased for transport and exploration services.[26][29]

text: Voyage[edit]

text: The Speedwell was originally named Swiftsure. It was built in 1577 at sixty tons, and was part of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada. It departed Delfshaven in July 1620 with the Leiden colonists, after a canal ride from Leyden of about seven hours.[30] It reached Southampton, Hampshire and met with the Mayflower and the additional colonists hired by the investors. With final arrangements made, the two vessels set out on August 5 (Old Style)/August 15 (New Style).[29]

text: Soon thereafter, the Speedwell crew reported that their ship was taking in water, so both were diverted to Dartmouth, Devon. There it was inspected for leaks and sealed, but a second attempt to depart also failed, bringing them only as far as Plymouth, Devon. It was decided that Speedwell was untrustworthy, and it was sold; the ship's master and some of the crew transferred to the Mayflower for the trip. William Bradford observed that the Speedwell seemed "overmasted", thus putting a strain on the hull; and he attributed her leaking to crew members who had deliberately caused it, allowing them to abandon their year-long commitments. Passenger Robert Cushman wrote that the leaking was caused by a loose board.[31]

text: Atlantic crossing[edit]

text: Of the 120 combined passengers, 102 were chosen to travel on the Mayflower with the supplies consolidated. Of these, about half had come by way of Leiden, and about 28 of the adults were members of the congregation.[32] The reduced party finally sailed successfully on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), 1620.

text: Initially the trip went smoothly, but under way they were met with strong winds and storms. One of these caused a main beam to crack, and the possibility was considered of turning back, even though they were more than halfway to their destination. However, they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue using a "great iron screw" brought along by the colonists (probably a jack to be used for either house construction or a cider press).[33] Passenger John Howland was washed overboard in the storm but caught a top-sail halyard trailing in the water and was pulled back on board.

text: One crew member and one passenger died before they reached land. A child was born at sea and named Oceanus.[34][35]

text: Arrival in America[edit]

text: Land was sighted on November 9, 1620. The passengers had endured miserable conditions for about 65 days, and they were led by William Brewster in Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving. It was confirmed that the area was Cape Cod within the New England territory recommended by Weston. An attempt was made to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River, also within the New England grant area, but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Cape Malabar (the old French name for Monomoy Island). They decided to turn around, and the ship was anchored in Provincetown Harbor by November 11/12.[34][36]

text: The Mayflower Compact[edit]

text: The charter was incomplete for the Plymouth Council for New England when the colonists departed England (it was granted while they were in transit on November 3/13).[27] They arrived without a patent; the older Wincob patent was from their abandoned dealings with the London Company. Some of the passengers, aware of the situation, suggested that they were free to do as they chose upon landing, without a patent in place, and to ignore the contract with the investors.[37][38]

text: A brief contract was drafted to address this issue, later known as the Mayflower Compact, promising cooperation among the settlers "for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience." It organized them into what was called a "civill body politick," in which issues would be decided by voting, the key ingredient of democracy. It was ratified by majority rule, with 41 adult male Pilgrims signing[39] for the 102 passengers (73 males and 29 females). Included in the company were 19 male servants and three female servants, along with some sailors and craftsmen hired for short-term service to the colony.[40] At this time, John Carver was chosen as the colony's first governor. It was Carver who had chartered the Mayflower and his is the first signature on the Mayflower Compact, being the most respected and affluent member of the group. The Mayflower Compact was the seed of American democracy and has been called the world's first written constitution.[41][42]

text: First landings[edit]

text: Thorough exploration of the area was delayed for more than two weeks because the shallop or pinnace (a smaller sailing vessel) which they brought had been partially dismantled to fit aboard the Mayflower and was further damaged in transit. Small parties, however, waded to the beach to fetch firewood and attend to long-deferred personal hygiene.

text: Exploratory parties were undertaken while awaiting the shallop, led by Myles Standish (an English soldier whom the colonists had met while in Leiden) and Christopher Jones. They encountered an old European-built house and iron kettle, left behind by some ship's crew, and a few recently cultivated fields, showing corn stubble.[43]

text: They came upon an artificial mound near the dunes which they partially uncovered and found to be an Indian grave. Farther along, a similar mound was found, more recently made, and they discovered that some of the burial mounds also contained corn. The colonists took some of the corn, intending to use it as seed for planting, while they reburied the rest. William Bradford later recorded in his book Of Plymouth Plantation that, after the shallop had been repaired,

text: They also found two of the Indian's houses covered with mats, and some of their implements in them; but the people had run away and could not be seen. Without permission they took more corn, and beans of various colours. These they brought away, intending to give them full satisfaction (payment) when they should meet with any of them, – as about six months afterwards they did.

text: And it is to be noted as a special providence of God, and a great mercy to this poor people, that they thus got seed to plant corn the next year, or they might have starved; for they had none, nor any likelihood of getting any, till too late for the planting season.

text: By December, most of the passengers and crew had become ill, coughing violently. Many were also suffering from the effects of scurvy. There had already been ice and snowfall, hampering exploration efforts; half of them died during the first winter.[44]

text: First contact[edit]

text: Explorations resumed on December 6/16. The shallop party headed south along the cape, consisting of seven colonists from Leiden, three from London, and seven crew; they chose to land at the area inhabited by the Nauset people (the area around Brewster, Chatham, Eastham, Harwich, and Orleans) where they saw some people on the shore who fled when they approached. Inland they found more mounds, one containing acorns, which they exhumed and left, and more graves, which they decided not to dig.

text: They remained ashore overnight and heard cries near the encampment. The following morning, they were attacked by Indians who shot at them with arrows. The colonists retrieved their firearms and shot back, then chased them into the woods but did not find them. There was no more contact with Indians for several months.[45]

text: The local Indians were already familiar with the English, who had intermittently visited the area for fishing and trade before Mayflower arrived. In the Cape Cod area, relations were poor following a visit several years earlier by Thomas Hunt. Hunt kidnapped 20 people from Patuxet (the site of Plymouth Colony) and another seven from Nausett, and he attempted to sell them as slaves in Europe. One of the Patuxet abductees was Squanto, who became an ally of the Plymouth Colony.

text: The Pokanokets also lived nearby and had developed a particular dislike for the English after one group came in, captured numerous people, and shot them aboard their ship. By this time, there had already been reciprocal killings at Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod. But during one of the captures by the English, Squanto escaped to England and there became a Christian. When he came back, he found that most of his tribe had died from plague.[38][46]

text: Settlement[edit]

text: Continuing westward, the shallop's mast and rudder were broken by storms and the sail was lost. They rowed for safety, encountering the harbor formed by Duxbury and Plymouth barrier beaches and stumbling on land in the darkness. They remained at this spot for two days to recuperate and repair equipment. They named it Clark's Island for a Mayflower mate who first set foot on it.[47]

text: They resumed exploration on Monday, December 11/21 when the party crossed over to the mainland and surveyed the area that ultimately became the settlement. The anniversary of this survey is observed in Massachusetts as Forefathers' Day and is traditionally associated with the Plymouth Rock landing tradition. This land was especially suited to winter building because it had already been cleared, and the tall hills provided a good defensive position.

text: The cleared village was known as Patuxet to the Wampanoag people and was abandoned about three years earlier following a plague that killed all of its residents. The "Indian fever" involved hemorrhaging[48] and is assumed to have been fulminating smallpox. The outbreak had been severe enough that the colonists discovered unburied skeletons in the dwellings.[49]

text: The exploratory party returned to the Mayflower, anchored twenty-five miles (40 km) away,[50] having been brought to the harbor on December 16/26. Only nearby sites were evaluated, with a hill in Plymouth (so named on earlier charts)[51] chosen on December 19/29.

text: Construction commenced immediately, with the first common house nearly completed by January 9/19, 20 feet square and built for general use.[52] At this point, each single man was ordered to join himself to one of the 19 families in order to eliminate the need to build any more houses than absolutely necessary.[52] Each extended family was assigned a plot one-half rod wide and three rods long for each household member,[52] then each family built its own dwelling. Supplies were brought ashore, and the settlement was mostly complete by early February.[45][53]

text: When the first house was finished, it immediately became a hospital for the ill Pilgrims. Thirty-one of the company were dead by the end of February, with deaths still rising. Coles Hill became the first cemetery, on a prominence above the beach, and the graves were allowed to overgrow with grass for fear that the Indians would discover how weakened the settlement had actually become.[54]

text: Between the landing and March, only 47 colonists had survived the diseases that they contracted on the ship.[54] During the worst of the sickness, only six or seven of the group were able to feed and care for the rest. In this time, half the Mayflower crew also died.[38]

text: William Bradford became governor in 1621 upon the death of John Carver. On March 22, 1621, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony signed a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags. The patent of Plymouth Colony was surrendered by Bradford to the freemen in 1640, minus a small reserve of three tracts of land. Bradford served for 11 consecutive years, and was elected to various other terms until his death in 1657.

text: The colony contained Bristol County, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691, and Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Bradford's history[edit]

text: The first use of the word "pilgrims" for the Mayflower passengers appeared in William Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation. As he finished recounting his group's July 1620 departure from Leiden, he used the imagery of Hebrews 11:13–16 about Old Testament "strangers and pilgrims" who had the opportunity to return to their old country but instead longed for a better, heavenly country.

text: So they lefte [that] goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place, nere 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on these things; but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits.[29]

text: There is no record of the term Pilgrims being used to describe Plymouth's founders for 150 years after Bradford wrote this passage, except when quoting him. The Mayflower's story was retold by historians Nathaniel Morton (in 1669) and Cotton Mather (in 1702), and both paraphrased Bradford's passage and used his word pilgrims. At Plymouth's Forefathers' Day observance in 1793, Rev. Chandler Robbins recited this passage.[55]

text: Popular use[edit]

text: The name Pilgrims was probably not in popular use before about 1798, even though Plymouth celebrated Forefathers' Day several times between 1769 and 1798 and used a variety of terms to honor Plymouth's founders. Pilgrims was not mentioned, other than in Robbins' 1793 recitation.[56] The first documented use that was not simply quoting Bradford was at a December 22, 1798 celebration of Forefathers' Day in Boston. A song composed for the occasion used the word Pilgrims, and the participants drank a toast to "The Pilgrims of Leyden".[57][58] The term was used prominently during Plymouth's next Forefather's Day celebration in 1800, and was used in Forefathers' Day observances thereafter.[59]

text: By the 1820s, the term Pilgrims was becoming more common. Daniel Webster repeatedly referred to "the Pilgrims" in his December 22, 1820 address for Plymouth's bicentennial, which was widely read.[60] Harriet Vaughan Cheney used it in her 1824 novel A Peep at the Pilgrims in Sixteen Thirty-Six, and the term also gained popularity with the 1825 publication of Felicia Hemans's classic poem "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers".[61]


document_title: Bloodworth (surname)

question_text: where did the last name bloodworth come from

text: Bloodworth (surname)

text: Bloodworth is an English surname derived possibly from Blidworth in Nottinghamshire or from a similar toponym.[1] Notable people with the surname include:

text:
James Bloodworth Jr. (1925–2006), American physician and pathologist
Jimmy Bloodworth (1917–2002), American baseball player
Margaret Bloodworth, former Canadian National Security Advisor
Rhoda Alice Bloodworth (1889–1980), New Zealand labour activist, community worker and feminist
Sandra Bloodworth, Australian labour historian and socialist activist
Sir Thomas Bloodworth (1620–1682), English merchant and politician; Lord Mayor of London during the Great Fire of London (1666)
Thomas Bloodworth (New Zealand politician) (1882–1974), New Zealand politician
Timothy Bloodworth (1736–1814), American teacher and statesman from North Carolina
Linda Bloodworth-Thomason (born 1947), American writer and television producer

tag: ul


document_title: Zero-based budgeting

question_text: who has given the view of development of zero based budgeting

text: Zero-based budgeting

text: Creator and Definition[edit]

text: As an accounting manager for Texas Instruments, Pete Pyhrr created zero-based budgeting. In an interview by People magazine, he stated that many line items were historically and traditionally budgeted regardless of the need for the item. Mr. Pyhrr was subsequently asked by Georgia governor Jimmy Carter to manage the Georgia budget process. Pyhrr authored "Zero Based Budgeting: A Practical Management Tool for Evaluating Expenses".[1]

text: According to Peter Sarant, former director of management analysis training for the United States Civil Service Commission, ZBB is "a technique which complements and links to existing planning, budgeting and review processes. It identifies alternative and efficient methods of utilizing limited resources. It is a flexible management approach which provides a credible rationale for reallocating resources by focusing on a systematic review and justification of the funding and performance levels of current programs."

text: Zero-based budgeting is a method of budgeting in which all expenses must be justified for each new period. Zero-based budgeting starts from a "zero base" and every function within an organization is analyzed for its needs and costs. Budgets are then built around what is needed for the upcoming period regardless of whether the budget is higher or lower than the previous one.

text: ZBB allows top-level strategic goals to be implemented into the budgeting process by tying them to specific functional areas of the organization. Costs can be first grouped, then measured against previous results and current expectations.

text: Misconceptions[edit]

text: There are five misconceptions about Zero-Based Budgeting that can make financial advisers shy away from using this type of budgeting.

text: 1. The idea that zero-based budgeting is just starting your budget from a zero sum.

text: The reality is that zero-based budgeting uses an approach that can facilitate cost viability, cost governance, and cost accountability. Using zero based budgeting correctly can lead to better cost management.

text: 2. Using zero-based budgeting is cutting a budget to ribbons.

text: The reality is that the amount of budget cutting depends on what the company/government body wants to do. This type of budget cutting also depends on the bodies top-down savings target.

text: 3. Zero-based budgeting can bog down a business and stop it from doing anything else.

text: The reality is that yes, introducing a new cost management culture within a new business/government body can take some time, it does not always have to create stops. Having a team to implement this type of change can help make the transition easier.

text: 4. Zero-based budgeting only focuses on Selling, General, and Administrative Costs (SG&A)

text: The reality is that this type of budgeting tool can be used in any type of cost. The main purposes of zero based budgeting is accountability, viability, aligned incentives, and a rigorous process and all of these can be important to any type of costs.

text: 5. Zero-based budgeting was not created for growth oriented companies.

text: The reality is that zero-based budgeting can be used at any company/government body whether it is being used for cost saving or growth. Zero-based budgeting is not a full slash and burn budgeting technique it can be used in situations to provide strong visibility within a body to create more success.[2]

text: Advantages[edit]

text:
Accuracy: This type of budgeting help companies to look over every department to make sure they are getting the correct amount of money.
Efficiency: It helps judge actual need by focusing on current numbers instead of past budgets.
Reduction in wasteful spending: It can remove redundant spending by reexamining potentially unnecessary expenditures.
Coordination and Communication: It allows for better communication within departments by involving employees in decision-making and budget prioritization.

tag: ol

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Bureaucracy: Creating ZBB within a company can take enormous amounts of time, effort, and analysis that would require extra staff. This could cause the process to be counter productive in cutting costs.
Corruption: In using ZBB, managers could attempt to skew numbers to make expenditures into vital activities, thus creating a "need" for them. This would cause companies to continue wasting money on things they don't need.
Intangible Justifications: This type of budgeting requires departments to justify their budget, which can be difficult on many levels. Departments such as advertising and marketing have to justify expenses they may or may not use in the next year due to the fluctuation of the market. This could cost them profits in the future due to not being able to justify a certain amount.
Managerial Time: ZBB comes at the cost of time and extra training for managers. This means extra time every year to do the budget, make adjustments, and receive the proper training to understand how to do ZBB.
Slower Response Time: Due to the amount of time and training is required to do ZBB, managerial staff could be less likely to revise the budget in response to a changing market. This means that it will take longer for a company to move money into departments that need it the most at the time. ZBB could potentially leave gaps in a company because the budget might not react to departments' sudden needs.

text: Use in Public and Private Sectors[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Zero-based budgeting (ZBB) in the public sector versus the private sector is a different process. "The use of ZBB in the private sector has been limited primarily to administrative overhead activities (i.e. administrative expenses needed to maintain the organization.:51 In the United States Zero-based budgeting was developed in 1969 at Texas Instrument Inc. Jimmy Carter, Governor of Georgia, was the first to adopt the process of zero-base into the government for the preparation of the fiscal of 1973 budget. Three years later, sponsored by the President and Congress the federal government for the first time implemented zero-base budgeting in The Government Economy and Spending Reform act of 1976.[5]

text: President Carter later required the adoption of ZBB by the federal government during the late 1970s. "Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB) was an executive branch budget formulation process introduced into the federal government in 1977. Its main focus was on optimizing accomplishments available at alternative budgetary levels. Under ZBB agencies were expected to set priorities based on the program results that could be achieved at alternative spending levels, one of which was to be below current funding."[6]

text: For the most part in government, the main users of ZBB are the legislative, executive, and the agency. The legislative includes the congress, state legislature, and city council, and they require more summarization and focusing on public priorities and objectives. Agencies include the agency director and department managers and they require more detailed information and focus on program implementation and efficiency. Lastly, the executive includes the President, governors, mayor/city manager and they focus on the needs of the legislature and agency.[5] Although the legislative, the agency, and the executive have different focuses they all have to address two standard questions:

text:
Are the current activities efficient and effective?
Should current activities be eliminated or reduced to fund higher-priority new programs? Or to reduce the current budget?[5]

text:
According to Peter Sarant, the former director of management analysis training for the US Civil Service Commission during the Carter ZBB implementation effort,  "ZBB means 'different things to different people'." Some definitions imply that zero-based budgeting is the act of starting budgets from scratch or requiring each program or activity to be justified from the ground up. This is not true; the acronym ZBB is a misnomer. ZBB is a misnomer because in many large agencies a complete zero-base review of all program elements during one budget period is not feasible; it would result in excessive paperwork and be an almost impossible task if implemented."[7]:3
In many respects the "common misunderstanding" of ZBB noted above resembles a "sunset review" process more than a traditional public sector ZBB process.

text: Components of a public sector ZBB analysis[edit]

text: In an overview of zero-based budgeting, there are a total of three elements that make up the concept:

text:
Decision Unit Determination
This is the building process of the formulation of a budget structure.
Decision Package Formulation
When compiling and packaging a budget request, this mechanism is utilized.
Ranking
This process requires the most attention as it requires a company's manager(s) to prioritize out of a group of decision packages that are laid out to them.

text: In general there are three components that make up public sector ZBB:

text:
Identify three alternate funding levels for each decision unit (Traditionally, this has been a zero-base level, a current funding level and an enhanced service level.);
Determine the impact of these funding levels on program (decision unit) operations using program performance metrics; and
Rank the program "decision packages" for the three funding levels.

text: In many cases, program staffers were asked to look for alternative service delivery models that could deliver services more efficiently at lower funding level.

text: The US General Accounting Office (GAO) reviewed past performance budgeting initiatives in 1997 and found that ZBBs "main focus was on optimizing accomplishments available at alternative budgetary levels:

text: Set priorities based on the program results that could be achieved at alternative spending levels, one of which was to be below current funding.

text:
In developing budget forms, these  were to be ranked against each other sequentially from the lowest level organizations up through the department and without reference to a past  base.
In concept, ZBB sought a precise link between budgetary resources and program results."[6]:6

text: Further, "ZBB illustrated the usefulness of:

text:
Defining and presenting alternative funding levels; and
Expanded participation of program managers in the budget process."

text: The federal ZBB budgeting system had the following components: "Budget requests for each decision unit were to be prepared by their managers, who would (1) identify alternative approaches to achieving the unit's objectives, (2) identify several alternative funding levels, including a "minimum" level normally below current funding, (3) prepare "decision packages" according to a prescribed format for each unit, including budget and performance information, and (4) rank the decision packages against each other."[6]:6

text: ZBB was officially eliminated in federal budgeting on August 7, 1981. "Some participants in the budget process as well as other observers attributed certain program efficiencies, arising from the consideration of alternatives, to ZBB. ZBB established within federal budgeting a requirement to:

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Present alternative levels of funding; and
Link (them) to alternative results."[6]:6

text: This element of the ZBB budgeting process remained in effect through the Reagan, Bush and early Clinton administrations before being eliminated in 1994.

text: →Defining the government program zero-base:

text: As noted earlier, there is often considerable confusion over the meaning of zero-base budgeting. There is no evidence that public sector ZBB has ever included "building budgets from the bottom up" and "reviewing every invoice" as part of the analysis. In discussions of ZBB, there is often confusion between a ZBB process and a sunset review process. In a sunset review the entire function is eliminated unless evidence is provided of program effectiveness. This confusion ultimately leads to the question: what is a zero-base?

text: Sarant's definition of the zero-base based on the federal training experience is: "A minimum level is actually the grass roots funding level necessary to keep a program alive. Therefore, the minimal level is the "program or funding level below which it is not feasible to continue a program... because no constructive contribution can be made toward fulfilling its objective."[7]:73 Identifying this level of program funding has been subjective and problematic.

text: Consequently, "some states have selected arbitrary percentages to ensure that an amount smaller than last year's request in considered. They do this by stipulating that one alternative must be 50, 80, or 90 percent of last year's request."[8]:52 This equates to analyzing the impact on program operations of a 10, 20 or 50 percent reduction in funding as the "zero base" funding level.

text: Importance of performance measures[edit]

text: Performance measures are a key component of the ZBB process. At the core, ZBB requires quality measures that can be used to analyze the impact of alternative funding scenarios on program operations and outcomes. Without quality measures ZBB simply will not work because decision packages cannot be ranked. To perform a ZBB analysis "alternative decision packages are prepared and ranked, thus allowing marginal utility and comparative analysis."[8]:52

text: Traditionally, a ZBB analysis focused on three types of measures. "They (federal agency program staff) were to identify the key indicators to be used in measuring performance and results. These should be "measures of:

text:
effectiveness,
efficiency, and
workload for each decision unit.

text: Indirect or proxy indicators could be used if these systems did not exist or were under development."[6]:6

text: Impact on government operations[edit]

text: According to the GAO:

text: "Agencies believed that inadequate time had been allowed to implement the new initiative. The requirement to compress planning and budgeting functions within the time frames of the budget cycle had proven especially difficult, affecting program managers' ability to identify alternative approaches to accomplishing agency objectives. Some agency officials also believed that the performance information needed for ZBB analysis was lacking."[6]:50–51

text: According to the National Conference of State Legislatures:[9]

text: "In its original sense, ZBB meant that no past decisions are taken for granted. Every previous budget decision is up for review. Existing and proposed programs are on an equal footing, and the traditional state practice of altering almost all existing budget lines by small amounts every year or two would be swept away. No state government has ever found this feasible. Even Georgia, where Governor Jimmy Carter introduced ZBB to state budgeting in 1971, employed a much modified form.

text: State programs are not, in practice, amenable to such a radical annual re-examination. Statutes, obligations to local governments, requirements of the federal government, and other past decisions have many times created state funding commitments that are almost impossible to change very much in the short run. Education funding levels are determined in many states partly by state and federal judicial decisions and state constitutional provisions, as well as by statutes. Federal mandates require that state Medicaid funding meet a specific minimum level if Medicaid is to exist at all in a state. Federal law affects environmental program spending, and both state and federal courts help determine state spending on prisons. Much state spending, therefore, cannot usefully be subjected to the kind of fundamental re-examination that ZBB in its original form envisions.

text: To the extent that ZBB has encouraged governors and legislators to take a hard look at the impact of incremental changes in state spending, it produced a significant improvement in state budgeting. But in its classic form – begin all budget evaluations from zero – ZBB is as unworkable as it ever was."

text: Use in the Chinese Public Sector[edit]

text: The concept of ZBB was first introduced to China in the beginning of the 1990s and was primarily focused in the Hubei Province area of China. Just as the United States encountered many problems and failures with ZBB, China too ran into them as well. But even with the numerous problems and failures along the way, they have gradually adjusted appropriately since then to become more effective on using ZBB as a budget reform. Western influence on budgeting was non-existent in China before 1993. It was during the 1990s that China began looking out for a new and modern form of budgeting for their country’s nationwide budget reform.  They ended up settling on ZBB.  A new policy was set in place to put ZBB into action, known as the DBR, or the Departmental Budgeting Reform. The DBR and ZBB were first implemented in the Hubei province of China. According to Jun Ma, a professor at the university of Nebraska, the beginning years of ZBB in Hubei were a bit rocky as the DBR had not yet been implemented into all the state departments in Hubei. Only a few departments implemented the budgeting system and the results of multiple departments using multiple budgeting systems were not good. It slowly became clear that using ZBB in a traditional sense would not work out. Officials in the Hubei province and the DBR began looking for ways to incorporate the best parts of ZBB and form a new budgeting system that would work for their needs. The result of this change was a Chinese-styled Target-Based Budgeting system. This form of budgeting required bureaucracies and agencies to submit a simple budget within a pre-set time limit. TBB, as a modified form of ZBB, has worked out moderately okay for the Chinese government in Hubei over the years, but many problems still face the budgeting system.

text: Some number of issues ranging from the absence of a unified budget and certain expenditures that are somehow exempt from the ZBB process, to the influence or effects of political factors have been widely noted.

text:
Absence of a Budget Unification- Though the Hubei Province has developed a thorough budget by combining expenditures and off-budget revenues into the budget, there yet remains certain types of expenses that are still under the control of certain individuals other than the government Finance Department. Because of this, the difficulty of prioritizing all the possible government programs becomes confusing.
Political Factor Influences- No matter what the term or whose term it is, political officials have always had a certain plan or change that they would like to implement that would greatly influence the prioritizing process of ZBB. Certain political officials could say they greatly support a certain program and would like the Finance Department to focus more money into that particular program whilst other political officials would think otherwise. Therefore, any real changes or improvements made will always face opposition unless you have a unified political support.
Expenditure exemptions- Ranging from operating and personnel expenses to central government policies that are unfunded that start after the budget year, these are just to name a few things that are excluded from the ZBB process. By not including a large portion of spending into the ZBB process, the effectiveness potential of these reforms becomes greatly reduced.

text: Two notable reforms to the ZBB process include having departments submit budget requests and the use of sunset legislation.

text:
Budget requests- These requests are to reflect (1) a cut of a certain percentage, (2) current level of spending, and (3) an increase of a certain percentage. This allows the opportunity of trading between departments of the  funding of a lower priority of one department to a higher priority of another.
Sunset legislation- This process places a sense of urgency on certain programs implemented or that are currently being funded as that program shall be placed under review to determine efficiency & effectiveness ,and see whether the public or government really need this program. (Bunch) [10]

text: Use in Private Sector[edit]

text: 3G Capital has become successful using ZBB within their company. Their merger with Kraft Foods in 2015 no doubt helped in making its use successful. This use of ZBB might have continued the subjective notion that this budgeting style is a fix-all for businesses trying to lighten the load of a new company.[11] However, this merger did trigger the use of ZBB within the company and made Kraft Foods review and shave down things like cutting hundreds of management jobs, jettisoning corporate jets, to requiring employees to ask to make photocopies.[12]

text: Impact of ZBB on stockholders[edit]

text: The use of ZBB within 3G Capital has been profitable for stockholders. When 3G Capital quickly cut costs within Kraft, their stock prices increased 36% as a direct result. This type of budgeting enabled companies like Kraft to compete again on price with some of the leaner competition, that had previously undercut Kraft's prices. Zero-based budgeting helps more money to flow to stockholders than into unused departments, over-funded programs, and wasteful spending habits.[12]