document_title: History of the graphical user interface

question_text: who invented the first mouse driven graphical user interface

question_tokens: who invented the first mouse driven graphical user interface

text: History of the graphical user interface

text: Early research and developments[edit]

text: Early dynamic information devices such as radar displays, where input devices were used for direct control of computer-created data, set the basis for later improvements of graphical interfaces.[2] Some early cathode-ray-tube (CRT) screens used a light pen, rather than a mouse, as the pointing device.

text: The concept of a multi-panel windowing system was introduced by the first real-time graphic display systems for computers: the SAGE Project and Ivan Sutherland's Sketchpad.

text: Augmentation of Human Intellect (NLS)[edit]

text: In the 1960s, Douglas Engelbart's Augmentation of Human Intellect project at the Augmentation Research Center at SRI International in Menlo Park, California developed the oN-Line System (NLS). This computer incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows used to work on hypertext. Engelbart had been inspired, in part, by the memex desk-based information machine suggested by Vannevar Bush in 1945.

text: Much of the early research was based on how young children learn. So, the design was based on the childlike primitives of eye-hand coordination, rather than use of command languages, user-defined macro procedures, or automated transformations of data as later used by adult professionals.

text: Xerox PARC[edit]

text: Engelbart's work directly led to the advances at Xerox PARC. Several people went from SRI to Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. In 1973, Xerox PARC developed the Alto personal computer. It had a bitmapped screen, and was the first computer to demonstrate the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI). It was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, as well as other XEROX offices, and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of personal computers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, notably the Three Rivers PERQ, the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, and the first Sun workstations.

text: The GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Larry Tesler, Dan Ingalls, David Smith, Clarence Ellis and a number of other researchers. It used windows, icons, and menus (including the first fixed drop-down menu) to support commands such as opening files, deleting files, moving files, etc. In 1974, work began at PARC on Gypsy, the first bitmap What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get (WYSIWYG) cut & paste editor. In 1975, Xerox engineers demonstrated a Graphical User Interface "including icons and the first use of pop-up menus".[3]

text: In 1981 Xerox introduced a pioneering product, Star, a workstation incorporating many of PARC's innovations. Although not commercially successful, Star greatly influenced future developments, for example at Apple, Microsoft and Sun Microsystems.[4]

text: The Xerox Alto (and later Xerox Star) was an early personal computer developed at Xerox PARC in 1973. It was the first computer to use the desktop metaphor and mouse-driven graphical user interface (GUI).

text: The Alto, unlike Star, was not a commercial product, but several thousand units were built and were heavily used at PARC, other Xerox facilities, at least one government facility and at several universities for many years. The Alto greatly influenced the design of some personal computers in the following decades, notably the Apple Macintosh and the first Sun workstations.

text: Blit[edit]

text: The Blit, a graphics terminal, was developed at Bell Labs in 1982.

text: Apple Lisa and Macintosh (and later, the Apple IIgs)[edit]

text: Beginning in 1979, started by Steve Jobs and led by Jef Raskin, the Apple Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas. The Lisa, released in 1983, featured a high-resolution stationery-based (document-centric) graphical interface atop an advanced hard disk based OS that featured such things as preemptive multitasking and graphically oriented inter-process communication. The comparatively simplified Macintosh, released in 1984 and designed to be lower in cost, was the first commercially successful product to use a multi-panel window interface. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper. File directories looked like file folders. There were a set of desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired; and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a trash-can icon on the screen. The Macintosh, in contrast to the Lisa, used a program-centric rather than document-centric design. Apple revisited the document-centric design, in a limited manner, much later with OpenDoc.

text: There is still some controversy over the amount of influence that Xerox's PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of the Apple Lisa and Macintosh, but it is clear that the influence was extensive, because first versions of Lisa GUIs even lacked icons.[5][6] These prototype GUIs are at least mouse-driven, but completely ignored the WIMP ( "window, icon, menu, pointing device") concept. Screenshots of first GUIs of Apple Lisa prototypes show the early designs. Note also that Apple engineers visited the PARC facilities (Apple secured the rights for the visit by compensating Xerox with a pre-IPO purchase of Apple stock) and a number of PARC employees subsequently moved to Apple to work on the Lisa and Macintosh GUI. However, the Apple work extended PARC's considerably, adding manipulatable icons, and drag and drop manipulation of objects in the file system (see Macintosh Finder) for example. A list of the improvements made by Apple, beyond the PARC interface, can be read at Folklore.org.[7] Jef Raskin warns that many of the reported facts in the history of the PARC and Macintosh development are inaccurate, distorted or even fabricated, due to the lack of usage by historians of direct primary sources.[8]

text: In 1984, Apple released a television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh during the telecast of Super Bowl XVIII by CBS,[9] with allusions to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four. The commercial was aimed at making people think about computers, identifying the user-friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from previous business-oriented systems,[10] and becoming a signature representation of Apple products.[11]

text: In 1986, the Apple IIgs was launched. The IIgs was a very advanced model of the successful Apple II series, based on 16-bit technology (in fact, virtually two machines into one). It came with a new operating system, the Apple GS/OS, which features a Finder-like GUI, very similar to that of the Macintosh series, able to deal with the advanced graphic abilities of its Video Graphics Chip (VGC).

text: Agat[edit]

text: Released in 1983, the Soviet Union Agat PC featured a graphical interface and a mouse device.

text: SGI 1000 series and MEX[edit]

text: Founded 1982, SGI introduced the IRIS 1000 Series[12] in 1983.[13] The first graphical terminals (IRIS 1000) shipped in late 1983, and the corresponding workstation model (IRIS 1400) was released in mid-1984. The machines used an early version of the MEX windowing system on top of the GL2 Release 1 operating environment.[14] Examples of the MEX user interface can be seen in a 1988 article in the journal "Computer Graphics",[15] while earlier screenshots can not be found. The first commercial GUI-based systems, these did not find widespread use as to their (discounted) academic list price of $22,500 and $35,700 for the IRIS 1000 and IRIS 1400, respectively.[13] However, these systems were commercially successful enough to start SGI's business as one of the main graphical workstation vendors. In later revisions of graphical workstations, SGI switched to the X window system, which had been developed starting at MIT since 1984 and which became the standard for UNIX workstations.

text: Graphics Environment Manager (GEM)[edit]

text: Digital Research (DRI) created the Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) as an add-on program for personal computers. GEM was developed to work with existing CP/M and DOS operating systems on business computers such as IBM PC compatibles. It was developed from DRI software, known as GSX, designed by a former PARC employee. The similarity to the Macintosh desktop led to a copyright lawsuit from Apple Computer, and a settlement which involved some changes to GEM. This was to be the first of a series of 'look and feel' lawsuits related to GUI design in the 1980s.

text: GEM received widespread use in the consumer market from 1985, when it was made the default user interface built into the Atari TOS operating system of the Atari ST line of personal computers. It was also bundled by other computer manufacturers and distributors, such as Amstrad. Later, it was distributed with the best-sold Digital Research version of DOS for IBM PC compatibles, the DR-DOS 6.0. The GEM desktop faded from the market with the withdrawal of the Atari ST line in 1992 and with the popularity of the Microsoft Windows 3.0 in the PC front around the same period of time. The Falcon030, released in 1993 was the last computer from Atari to use GEM.

text: DeskMate[edit]

text: Tandy's DeskMate appeared in the early 1980s on its TRS-80 machines and was ported to its Tandy 1000 range in 1984. Like most PC GUIs of the time, it depended on a disk operating system such as TRSDOS or MS-DOS. The application was popular at the time and included a number of programs like Draw, Text and Calendar, as well as attracting outside investment such as Lotus 1-2-3 for DeskMate.

text: MSX-View[edit]

text: MSX-View was developed for MSX computers by ASCII Corporation and HAL Laboratory. MSX-View contains software such as Page Edit, Page View, Page Link, VShell, VTed, VPaint and VDraw. An external version of the built-in MSX View of the Panasonic FS-A1GT was released as an add-on for the Panasonic FS-A1ST on disk instead of 512 kB ROM DISK.

text: Amiga Intuition and the Workbench[edit]

text: The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench. Workbench was based on an internal engine developed mostly by RJ Mical, called Intuition, which drove all the input events. The first versions used a blue/orange/white/black default palette, which was selected for high contrast on televisions and composite monitors. Workbench presented directories as drawers to fit in with the "workbench" theme. Intuition was the widget and graphics library that made the GUI work. It was driven by user events through the mouse, keyboard, and other input devices.

text: Due to a mistake made by the Commodore sales department, the first floppies of AmigaOS (released with the Amiga1000) named the whole OS "Workbench". Since then, users and CBM itself referred to "Workbench" as the nickname for the whole AmigaOS (including Amiga DOS, Extras, etc.). This common consent ended with release of version 2.0 of AmigaOS, which re-introduced proper names to the installation floppies of AmigaDOS, Workbench, Extras, etc.

text: Starting with Workbench 1.0, AmigaOS treated the Workbench as a backdrop, borderless window sitting atop a blank screen. With the introduction of AmigaOS 2.0, however, the user was free to select whether the main Workbench window appeared as a normally layered window, complete with a border and scrollbars, through a menu item.

text: Amiga users were able to boot their computer into a command-line interface (also known as the CLI or Amiga Shell). This was a keyboard-based environment without the Workbench GUI. Later they could invoke it with the CLI/SHELL command "LoadWB" which loaded Workbench GUI.

text: One major difference between other OS's of the time (and for some time after) was the Amiga's fully multi-tasking operating system, a powerful built-in animation system using a hardware blitter and copper and 4 channels of 26 kHz 8-bit sampled sound. This made the Amiga the first multi-media computer years before other OS's.

text: Like most GUIs of the day, Amiga's Intuition followed Xerox's, and sometimes Apple's, lead. But a CLI was included which dramatically extended the functionality of the platform. However, the CLI/Shell of Amiga is not just a simple text-based interface like in MS-DOS, but another graphic process driven by Intuition, and with the same gadgets included in Amiga's graphics.library. The CLI/Shell interface integrates itself with the Workbench, sharing privileges with the GUI.

text: The Amiga Workbench evolved over the 1990s, even after Commodore's 1994 bankruptcy.

text: Acorn BBC Master Compact[edit]

text: Acorn's 8-bit BBC Master Compact shipped with Acorn's first public GUI interface in 1986.[16] Little commercial software, beyond that included on the Welcome disk, was ever made available for the system, despite the claim by Acorn at the time that "the major software houses have worked with Acorn to make over 100 titles available on compilation discs at launch".[17] The most avid supporter of the Master Compact appeared to be Superior Software, who produced and specifically labelled their games as 'Master Compact' compatible.

text: Arthur / RISC OS[edit]

text: RISC OS /rɪskoʊˈɛs/[18] is a series of graphical user interface-based computer operating systems (OSes) designed for ARM architecture systems. It takes its name from the RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architecture supported. The OS was originally developed by Acorn Computers for use with their 1987 range of Archimedes personal computers using the Acorn RISC Machine processors. It comprises a command-line interface and desktop environment with a windowing system.

text: Originally branded as the Arthur 1.20 the subsequent Arthur 2 release was shipped under the name RISC OS 2.

text: Desktop[edit]

text: The WIMP interface incorporates three mouse buttons (named Select, Menu and Adjust), context-sensitive menus, window order control (i.e. send to back) and dynamic window focus (a window can have input focus at any position on the stack). The Icon bar (Dock) holds icons which represent mounted disc drives, RAM discs, running applications, system utilities and docked: Files, Directories or inactive Applications. These icons have context-sensitive menus and support drag-and-drop behaviour. They represent the running application as a whole, irrespective of whether it has open windows.

text: The GUI is centred around the concept of files. The Filer displays the contents of a disc. Applications are run from the Filer view and files can be dragged to the Filer view from applications to perform saves. Application directories are used to store applications. The OS differentiates them from normal directories through the use of a pling (exclamation mark, also called shriek) prefix. Double-clicking on such a directory launches the application rather than opening the directory. The application's executable files and resources are contained within the directory, but normally they remain hidden from the user. Because applications are self-contained, this allows drag-and-drop installation and removal.

text: The RISC OS Style Guide encourages a consistent look and feel across applications. This was introduced in RISC OS 3 and specifies application appearance and behaviour. Acorn's own main bundled applications were not updated to comply with the guide until RISCOS Ltd's Select release in 2001.[19]

text: Font manager[edit]

text: The outline fonts manager provides spatial anti-aliasing of fonts, the OS being the first operating system to include such a feature,[20][21][22][23] having included it since before January 1989.[24] Since 1994, in RISC OS 3.5, it has been possible to use an outline anti-aliased font in the WindowManager for UI elements, rather than the bitmap system font from previous versions.[25]

text: MS-DOS file managers and utility suites[edit]

text: Because most of the very early IBM PC and compatibles lacked any common true graphical capability (they used the 80-column basic text mode compatible with the original MDA display adapter), a series of file managers arose, including Microsoft's DOS Shell, which features typical GUI elements as menus, push buttons, lists with scrollbars and mouse pointer. The name text-based user interface was later invented to name this kind of interface. Many MS-DOS text mode applications, like the default text editor for MS-DOS 5.0 (and related tools, like QBasic), also used the same philosophy. The IBM DOS Shell included with IBM DOS 5.0 (circa 1992) supported both text display modes and actual graphics display modes, making it both a TUI and a GUI, depending on the chosen mode.

text: Advanced file managers for MS-DOS were able to redefine character shapes with EGA and better display adapters, giving some basic low resolution icons and graphical interface elements, including an arrow (instead of a coloured cell block) for the mouse pointer. When the display adapter lacks the ability to change the character's shapes, they default to the CP437 character set found in the adapter's ROM. Some popular utility suites for MS-DOS, as Norton Utilities (pictured) and PC Tools used these techniques as well.

text: DESQview was a text mode multitasking program introduced in July 1985. Running on top of MS-DOS, it allowed users to run multiple DOS programs concurrently in windows. It was the first program to bring multitasking and windowing capabilities to a DOS environment in which existing DOS programs could be used. DESQview was not a true GUI but offered certain components of one, such as resizable, overlapping windows and mouse pointing.

text: Applications under MS-DOS with proprietary GUIs[edit]

text: Before the MS-Windows age, and with the lack of a true common GUI under MS-DOS, most graphical applications which worked with EGA, VGA and better graphic cards had proprietary built-in GUIs. One of the best known such graphical applications was Deluxe Paint, a popular painting software with a typical WIMP interface.

text: The original Adobe Acrobat Reader executable file for MS-DOS was able to run on both the standard Windows 3.x GUI and the standard DOS command prompt. When it was launched from the command prompt, on a machine with a VGA graphics card, it provided its own GUI.

text: Microsoft Windows (16-bit versions)[edit]

text: Windows 1.0, a GUI for the MS-DOS operating system was released in 1985.[26] The market's response was less than stellar.[27] Windows 2.0 followed, but it wasn't until the 1990 launch of Windows 3.0, based on Common User Access that its popularity truly exploded. The GUI has seen minor redesigns since, mainly the networking enabled Windows 3.11 and its Win32s 32-bit patch. The 16-bit line of MS Windows were discontinued with the introduction of Windows 95 and Windows NT 32-bit based architecture in the 1990s. See the next section.

text: The main window of a given application can occupy the full screen in maximized status. The users must then to switch between maximized applications using the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut; no alternative with the mouse except for de-maximize. When none of the running application windows are maximized, switching can be done by clicking on a partially visible window, as is the common way in other GUIs.

text: In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft for copyright infringement of the LISA and Apple Macintosh GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apple's claims were denied on a contractual technicality. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied. Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997.

text: GEOS[edit]

text: GEOS was launched in 1986. Originally written for the 8-bit home computer Commodore 64 and shortly after, the Apple II series. The name was later used by the company as PC/Geos for IBM PC systems, then Geoworks Ensemble. It came with several application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for America Online's DOS client. Compared to the competing Windows 3.0 GUI it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware, but its developer had a restrictive policy towards third-party developers that prevented it from becoming a serious competitor. And it was targeted at 8-bit machines and the 16-bit computer age was dawning.

text: The X Window System[edit]

text: The standard windowing system in the Unix world is the X Window System (commonly X11 or X), first released in the mid-1980s. The W Window System (1983) was the precursor to X; X was developed at MIT as Project Athena. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics workstations without regard to the workstation's operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has become the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on virtually all Unix, Linux and other Unix-like operating systems, with the notable exceptions of macOS and Android.

text: X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The software running on the remote machine is called the client application. X's network transparency protocols allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application and 'served up' to any of a large number of remote users. X is available today as free software.

text: NeWS[edit]

text: The PostScript-based NeWS (Network extensible Window System) was developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s. For several years SunOS included a window system combining NeWS and the X Window System. Although NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Unlike X, NeWS was always proprietary software.

text: The 1990s: Mainstream usage of the desktop[edit]

text: The widespread adoption of the PC platform in homes and small businesses popularized computers among people with no formal training. This created a fast-growing market, opening an opportunity for commercial exploitation and of easy-to-use interfaces and making economically viable the incremental refinement of the existing GUIs for home systems.

text: Also, the spreading of Highcolor and True Color capabilities of display adapters providing thousands and millions of colors, along with faster CPUs and accelerated graphic cards, cheaper RAM, storage devices orders of magnitude larger (from megabytes to gigabytes) and larger bandwidth for telecom networking at lower cost helped to create an environment in which the common user was able to run complicated GUIs which began to favor aesthetics.

text: Windows 95 and "a computer in every home"[edit]

text: After Windows 3.11, Microsoft began to develop a new consumer-oriented version of the operating system. Windows 95 was intended to integrate Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products and included an enhanced version of DOS, often referred to as MS-DOS 7.0. It also featured a significant redesign of the GUI, dubbed "Cairo". While Cairo never really materialized, parts of Cairo found their way into subsequent versions of the operating system starting with Windows 95. Both Win95 and WinNT could run 32-bit applications, and could exploit the abilities of the Intel 80386 CPU, as the preemptive multitasking and up to 4 GiB of linear address memory space. Windows 95 was touted as a 32-bit based operating system but it was actually based on a hybrid kernel (VWIN32.VXD) with the 16-bit user interface (USER.EXE) and graphic device interface (GDI.EXE) of Windows for Workgroups (3.11), which had 16-bit kernel components with a 32-bit subsystem (USER32.DLL and GDI32.DLL) that allowed it to run native 16-bit applications as well as 32-bit applications. In the marketplace, Windows 95 was an unqualified success, promoting a general upgrade to 32-bit technology, and within a year or two of its release had become the most successful operating system ever produced.

text: Accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign,[28] Windows 95 was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system.[29]

text: Windows 95 saw the beginning of the browser wars, when the World Wide Web began receiving a great deal of attention in popular culture and mass media. Microsoft at first did not see potential in the Web, and Windows 95 was shipped with Microsoft's own online service called The Microsoft Network, which was dial-up only and was used primarily for its own content, not internet access. As versions of Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer were released at a rapid pace over the following few years, Microsoft used its desktop dominance to push its browser and shape the ecology of the web mainly as a monoculture.

text: Windows 95 evolved through the years into Windows 98 and Windows ME. Windows ME was the last in the line of the Windows 3.x-based operating systems from Microsoft. Windows underwent a parallel 32-bit evolutionary path, where Windows NT 3.1 was released in 1993. Windows NT (for New Technology)[30] was a native 32-bit operating system with a new driver model, was unicode-based, and provided for true separation between applications. Windows NT also supported 16-bit applications in an NTVDM, but it did not support VxD based drivers. Windows 95 was supposed to be released before 1993 as the predecessor to Windows NT. The idea was to promote the development of 32-bit applications with backward compatibility – leading the way for more successful NT release. After multiple delays, Windows 95 was released without unicode and used the VxD driver model. Windows NT 3.1 evolved to Windows NT 3.5, 3.51 and then 4.0 when it finally shared a similar interface with its Windows 9x desktop counterpart and included a Start button. The evolution continued with Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, then Windows 7. Windows XP and higher were also made available in 64-bit modes. Windows server products branched off with the introduction of Windows Server 2003 (available in 32-bit and 64-bit IA64 or x64), then Windows Server 2008 and then Windows Server 2008 R2. Windows 2000 and XP shared the same basic GUI although XP introduced Visual Styles. With Windows 98, the Active Desktop theme was introduced, allowing an HTML approach for the desktop, but this feature was coldly received by customers, who frequently disabled it. At the end, Windows Vista definitively discontinued it, but put a new SideBar on the desktop.

text: Mac OS[edit]

text: The Macintosh's GUI has been revised multiple times since 1984, with major updates including System 7 and Mac OS 8. It underwent its largest revision to date with the introduction of the "Aqua" interface in 2001's Mac OS X. It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from NeXTStep with UI elements of the original Mac OS grafted on. macOS uses a technology known as Quartz, for graphics rendering and drawing on-screen. Some interface features of macOS are inherited from NeXTStep (such as the Dock, the automatic wait cursor, or double-buffered windows giving a solid appearance and flicker-free window redraws), while others are inherited from the old Mac OS operating system (the single system-wide menu-bar). Mac OS X 10.3 introduced features to improve usability including Exposé, which is designed to make finding open windows easier.

text: With Mac OS X 10.4, new features were added, including Dashboard (a virtual alternate desktop for mini specific-purpose applications) and a search tool called Spotlight, which provides users with an option for searching through files instead of browsing through folders.

text: GUIs built on the X Window System[edit]

text: In the early days of X Window development, Sun Microsystems and AT&T attempted to push for a GUI standard called OPEN LOOK in competition with Motif. OPEN LOOK was[citation needed] developed from scratch in conjunction with Xerox, while Motif was a collective effort that fell into place, with a look and feel patterned after Windows 3.11.[citation needed] Motif prevailed in the UNIX GUI battles and became the basis for the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). CDE was based on Visual User Environment (VUE), a proprietary desktop from Hewlett-Packard that in turn was based on the Motif look and feel.

text: In the late 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, especially among the free software community. New graphical desktop movements grew up around Linux and similar operating systems, based on the X Window System. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the user brought about new desktop environments, such as KDE Plasma 5, GNOME and Xfce which have supplanted CDE in popularity on both Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Xfce, KDE and GNOME look and feel each tend to undergo more rapid change and less codification than the earlier OPEN LOOK and Motif environments.

text: Amiga[edit]

text: Later releases added improvements over the original Workbench, like support for high-color Workbench screens, context menus, and embossed 2D icons with pseudo-3D aspect. Some Amiga users preferred alternative interfaces to standard Workbench, such as Directory Opus Magellan.

text: The use of improved, third-party GUI engines became common amongst users who preferred more attractive interfaces – such as Magic User Interface (MUI), and ReAction. These object-oriented graphic engines driven by user interface classes and methods were then standardized into the Amiga environment and changed Amiga Workbench to a complete and modern guided interface, with new standard gadgets, animated buttons, true 24-bit-color icons, increased use of wallpapers for screens and windows, alpha channel, transparencies and shadows as any modern GUI provides.

text: Modern derivatives of Workbench are Ambient for MorphOS, Scalos, Workbench for AmigaOS 4 and Wanderer for AROS. There is a brief article on Ambient and descriptions of MUI icons, menus and gadgets at aps.fr and images of Zune stay at main AROS site.

text: Use of object oriented graphic engines dramatically changes the look and feel of a GUI to match actual styleguides.

text: Originally collaboratively developed by Microsoft and IBM to replace DOS, OS/2 version 1.0 (released in 1987) had no GUI at all. Version 1.1 (released 1988) included Presentation Manager (PM), an implementation of IBM Common User Access, which looked a lot like the later Windows 3.1 UI. After the split with Microsoft, IBM developed the Workplace Shell (WPS) for version 2.0 (released in 1992), a quite radical, object-oriented approach to GUIs. Microsoft later imitated much of this look in Windows 95[citation needed].

text: NeXTSTEP[edit]

text: The NeXTSTEP user interface was used in the NeXT line of computers. NeXTSTEP's first major version was released in 1989. It used Display PostScript for its graphical underpinning. The NeXTSTEP interface's most significant feature was the Dock, carried with some modification into Mac OS X, and had other minor interface details that some found made it easier and more intuitive to use than previous GUIs. NeXTSTEP's GUI was the first to feature opaque dragging of windows in its user interface, on a comparatively weak machine by today's standards, ideally aided by high performance graphics hardware.

text: BeOS[edit]

text: BeOS was developed on custom AT&T Hobbit-based computers before switching to PowerPC hardware by a team led by former Apple executive Jean-Louis Gassée as an alternative to Mac OS. BeOS was later ported to Intel hardware. It used an object-oriented kernel written by Be, and did not use the X Window System, but a different GUI written from scratch. Much effort was spent by the developers to make it an efficient platform for multimedia applications. Be Inc. was acquired by PalmSource, Inc. (Palm Inc. at the time) in 2001. The BeOS GUI still lives in Haiku, an open source software reimplementation of the BeOS.

text: Current trends[edit]

text: Mobile devices[edit]

text: In 2007 with the iPhone[31] and later in 2010 with the introduction of the iPad,[32] Apple popularized the post-WIMP style of interaction for multi-touch screens, with those devices considered to be milestones in the development of mobile devices.[33][34]

text: Other portable devices such as MP3 players and cell phones have been a burgeoning area of deployment for GUIs in recent years. Since the mid-2000s, a vast majority of portable devices have advanced to having high-screen resolutions and sizes. (The Galaxy Note 4's 2,560 × 1,440 pixel display is an example). Because of this, these devices have their own famed user interfaces and operating systems that have large homebrew communities dedicated to creating their own visual elements, such as icons, menus, wallpapers, and more. Post-WIMP interfaces are often used in these mobile devices, where the traditional pointing devices required by the desktop metaphor are not practical.

text: As high-powered graphics hardware draws considerable power and generates significant heat, many of the 3D effects developed between 2000 and 2010 are not practical on this class of device. This has led to the development of simpler interfaces making a design feature of two dimensionality such as exhibited by the Metro (Modern) UI first used in Windows 8 and the 2012 Gmail redesign.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]

text: 3D user interface[edit]

text: In the first decade of the 21st century, the rapid development of GPUs led to a trend for the inclusion of 3D effects in window management. It is based in experimental research[citation needed] in User Interface Design trying to expand the expressive power of the existing toolkits in order to enhance the physical cues that allow for direct manipulation. New effects common to several projects are scale resizing and zooming, several windows transformations and animations (wobbly windows, smooth minimization to system tray...), composition of images (used for window drop shadows and transparency) and enhancing the global organization of open windows (zooming to virtual desktops, desktop cube, Exposé, etc.) The proof-of-concept BumpTop desktop combines a physical representation of documents with tools for document classification possible only in the simulated environment, like instant reordering and automated grouping of related documents.

text: These effects are popularized thanks to the widespread use of 3D video cards (mainly due to gaming) which allow for complex visual processing with low CPU use, using the 3D acceleration in most modern graphics cards to render the application clients in a 3D scene. The application window is drawn off-screen in a pixel buffer, and the graphics card renders it into the 3D scene.

text: This can have the advantage of moving some of the window rendering to the GPU on the graphics card and thus reducing the load on the main CPU, but the facilities that allow this must be available on the graphics card to be able to take advantage of this.

text: Examples of 3D user-interface software include XGL and Compiz from Novell, and AIGLX bundled with Red Hat Fedora. Quartz Extreme for macOS and Windows 7 and Vista's Aero interface use 3D rendering for shading and transparency effects as well as Exposé and Windows Flip and Flip 3D, respectively. Windows Vista uses Direct3D to accomplish this, whereas the other interfaces use OpenGL.

text: Virtual reality and presence[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)

text: Virtual reality devices such as the Oculus Rift and Sony's PlayStation VR (formerly Project Morpheus)[35] aim to provide users with presence, a perception of full immersion into a virtual environment.


document_title: 2017 NBA Finals

question_text: who won the game 2 nba finals 2017

question_tokens: who won the game 2 nba finals 2017

root

text: 2017 NBA Finals

text: Background[edit]

text: Golden State Warriors[edit]

text: This was the Golden State Warriors' third consecutive trip to the NBA Finals and ninth appearance overall, having come short of back-to-back titles in the 2016 NBA Finals by losing in seven games after having a 3-1 lead. With the acquisition of free agent Kevin Durant in the offseason, the Warriors were hailed as a "Superteam" by the media and fans, forming a new All-Star "Big Four" of Durant, Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson and Draymond Green.[4][5][6]

tag: p

text: The team equaled their 2014–15 regular-season record of 67–15, their second most wins in franchise history. They won the Pacific Division title and Western Conference Championship for the third consecutive season. The club became the fastest team in NBA history to clinch a playoff berth, achieving the feat on February 25, 2017, two days earlier than last season when they clinched on February 27, 2016.[7] They also became the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12–0, sweeping the Portland Trail Blazers in the first round, the Utah Jazz in the Western Conference semifinals, and the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals.[8] Entering the Finals, this twelve game win-streak tied third for the most consecutive wins in the postseason.[9] The Warriors also entered the Finals with the largest playoff points differential in NBA history, with a +16.3 winning margin per game.[10]

text: Cleveland Cavaliers[edit]

text: This was the Cleveland Cavaliers' third consecutive trip to the NBA Finals, and fourth appearance overall, seeking to repeat as NBA champions. This is also the seventh consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James, and the sixth for James Jones (who technically qualified for the 2011 NBA Finals along with James, but did not play).[citation needed]

text: The Cavaliers finished the 2016–17 regular season with a 51–31 record, securing the 2nd seed in the Eastern Conference. In the playoffs, the Cavaliers swept the Indiana Pacers in the first round, swept the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference semifinals, and defeated the Boston Celtics in five games in the Eastern Conference Finals.[11]

text: Road to the Finals[edit]

text:
Cleveland Cavaliers (Eastern Conference Champion)
Golden State Warriors (Western Conference Champion)

Eastern Conference

#
Team
W
L
PCT
GB
GP

1
c – Boston Celtics *
53
29
.646
–
82

2
y – Cleveland Cavaliers *
51
31
.622
2.0
82

3
x – Toronto Raptors
51
31
.622
2.0
82

4
y – Washington Wizards *
49
33
.598
4.0
82

5
x – Atlanta Hawks
43
39
.524
10.0
82

6
x – Milwaukee Bucks
42
40
.512
11.0
82

7
x – Indiana Pacers
42
40
.512
11.0
82

8
x – Chicago Bulls
41
41
.500
12.0
82

9
Miami Heat
41
41
.500
12.0
82

10
Detroit Pistons
37
45
.451
16.0
82

11
Charlotte Hornets
36
46
.439
17.0
82

12
New York Knicks
31
51
.378
22.0
82

13
Orlando Magic
29
53
.354
24.0
82

14
Philadelphia 76ers
28
54
.341
25.0
82

15
Brooklyn Nets
20
62
.244
33.0
82

2nd seed in the East, 5th best league record
Regular season

Western Conference

#
Team
W
L
PCT
GB
GP

1
z – Golden State Warriors *
67
15
.817
–
82

2
y – San Antonio Spurs *
61
21
.744
6.0
82

3
x – Houston Rockets
55
27
.671
12.0
82

4
x – Los Angeles Clippers
51
31
.622
16.0
82

5
y – Utah Jazz *
51
31
.622
16.0
82

6
x – Oklahoma City Thunder
47
35
.573
20.0
82

7
x – Memphis Grizzlies
43
39
.524
24.0
82

8
x – Portland Trail Blazers
41
41
.500
26.0
82

9
Denver Nuggets
40
42
.488
27.0
82

10
New Orleans Pelicans
34
48
.415
33.0
82

11
Dallas Mavericks
33
49
.402
34.0
82

12
Sacramento Kings
32
50
.390
35.0
82

13
Minnesota Timberwolves
31
51
.378
36.0
82

14
Los Angeles Lakers
26
56
.317
41.0
82

15
Phoenix Suns
24
58
.293
43.0
82

1st seed in the West, best league record

Defeated the 7th seeded Indiana Pacers, 4–0
First round
Defeated the 8th seeded Portland Trail Blazers, 4–0

Defeated the 3rd seeded Toronto Raptors, 4–0
Conference Semifinals
Defeated the 5th seeded Utah Jazz, 4–0

Defeated the 1st seeded Boston Celtics, 4–1
Conference Finals
Defeated the 2nd seeded San Antonio Spurs, 4–0

tag: table

text: Regular season series[edit]

text: The Warriors and Cavaliers tied the regular season series 1–1, with each team winning its home game.

text: December 25, 2016

text: Recap

text: Golden State Warriors 108, Cleveland Cavaliers 109

text: Quicken Loans Arena, Cleveland, Ohio

text: January 16, 2017

text: Recap

text: Cleveland Cavaliers 91, Golden State Warriors 126

text: Oracle Arena, Oakland, California

text: Series summary[edit]

text:
Game
Date
Home Team
Result
Road Team

Game 1
Thursday, June 1
Golden State Warriors
113–91 (1–0)
Cleveland Cavaliers

Game 2
Sunday, June 4
Golden State Warriors
132–113 (2–0)
Cleveland Cavaliers

Game 3
Wednesday, June 7
Cleveland Cavaliers
113–118 (0–3)
Golden State Warriors

Game 4
Friday, June 9
Cleveland Cavaliers
137–116 (1–3)
Golden State Warriors

Game 5
Monday, June 12
Golden State Warriors
129–120 (4–1)
Cleveland Cavaliers

text: NBA Finals Series[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text: ABC

text:
June 1
9:00 pm

text: Boxscore

text:
Cleveland Cavaliers 91, Golden State Warriors 113

Scoring by quarter: 30–35, 22–25, 20–33, 19–20

Pts: LeBron James 28
Rebs: Kevin Love 21
Asts: LeBron James 8

Pts: Kevin Durant 38
Rebs: Draymond Green 11
Asts: Stephen Curry 10

Golden State leads series, 1–0

text:
Oracle Arena, Oakland, California
Attendance: 19,596
Referees: Danny Crawford, Derrick Stafford, Zach Zarba

text: The Warriors routed the Cavaliers 113–91 to take a 1–0 series lead. The Warriors led by only 8 points at halftime, but they opened the third quarter on a 13–0 run and never looked back. Kevin Durant had 38 points to lead the Warriors, and Stephen Curry added 28 points. The Cavaliers' LeBron James also had 28 points, becoming the first player to score 6000 career points in the postseason. James also passed Reggie Miller for second all-time in postseason three-pointers made. He grabbed 15 rebounds and dished out 8 assists, but he committed 8 of the Cavaliers' 20 turnovers. Golden State as a team managed only half of James' total with 4 turnovers, equaling the NBA record for fewest turnovers in an NBA Finals game. With this win, the Warriors became the first team ever to start 13–0 in the playoffs and their current 13 game win-streak is tied for the most consecutive postseason wins in NBA history.[12] Former Cavaliers head coach and current Warriors interim head coach Mike Brown took charge of the game, with Steve Kerr still being out due to illness.[citation needed]

text: The Cavaliers became the first team in NBA Finals history to fail to record a steal in a game. With the loss, the Cavaliers' nine game road playoff winning streak (a streak that began when they won Game 5 of the 2016 NBA Finals) came to an end. James dropped to 1–7 in NBA Finals openers in his career.[13]

text: Game 2[edit]

text: ABC

text:
June 4
8:00 pm

text: Boxscore

text:
Cleveland Cavaliers 113, Golden State Warriors 132

Scoring by quarter: 34–40, 30–27, 24–35, 25–30

Pts: LeBron James 29
Rebs: LeBron James 11
Asts: LeBron James 14

Pts: Kevin Durant 33
Rebs: Kevin Durant 13
Asts: Stephen Curry 11

Golden State leads series, 2–0

text:
Oracle Arena, Oakland, California
Attendance: 19,596
Referees: Scott Foster, Tony Brothers, James Capers

text: The Warriors won Game 2 over the Cavaliers, 132–113, to improve their best start in NBA playoff history to 14–0. Their fourteen-game win-streak is the longest postseason win streak in NBA history. Golden State surpassed Cleveland's thirteen game win-streak, which dated back to Game 5 of the 2016 Finals. The Warriors also hit an NBA Finals record 18 three-pointers on 43 attempts, with Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson, and Kevin Durant hitting four threes apiece and Draymond Green connecting on three of his own from behind the arc. Warriors Coach Steve Kerr returned from illness to coach from the sideline for the first time since April 19, 2017. In what was a high scoring affair for both teams, the Warriors held a slim three-point lead (67–64) at halftime and a four-point lead (86–82) past the midway point of the third quarter before outscoring the Cavs 35–17 through the middle of the fourth quarter. LeBron James led the Cavaliers with 29 points while grabbing 11 rebounds and dishing out 14 assists, and Kevin Love and Kyrie Irving added 27 and 19 points, respectively.[14]

text: For the Warriors, Durant scored 33 points with 13 rebounds, while Curry had 32 points to go along with 10 rebounds and 11 assists. With his eighth triple-double of the Finals, James moved into a tie with Magic Johnson for the most Finals triple-doubles in the league. Game 2 was the first postseason game since 1970 where two opposing players each had a triple-double. Golden State took a 2–0 series lead heading into Cleveland for Game 3.[15]

text: Game 3[edit]

text: ABC

text:
June 7
9:00 pm

text: Boxscore

text:
Golden State Warriors 118, Cleveland Cavaliers 113

Scoring by quarter: 39–32, 28–29, 22–33, 29–19

Pts: Kevin Durant 31
Rebs: Stephen Curry 13
Asts: Draymond Green 7

Pts: LeBron James 39
Rebs: Kevin Love 13
Asts: LeBron James 9

Golden State leads series, 3–0

text:
Quicken Loans Arena, Cleveland, Ohio
Attendance: 20,562
Referees: Monty McCutchen, Ed Malloy, Ken Mauer

text: The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 118–113 to extend the longest winning streak in NBA playoff history to 15 games.[2] Golden State became the first team in the four major sports leagues in North America to go 15–0 in the postseason.[16] The Warriors got off to a torrid start, hitting an NBA Finals record 9 three-pointers in the first quarter, resulting in an early 39-32 lead. During the quarter, the Cavaliers got a scare when LeBron James bumped into his teammate Tristan Thompson trying to guard Klay Thompson, but James stayed in the game. The Warriors finished the first half with 12 made three-pointers, another NBA Finals record for most threes in a half, and led 67–61. However, the Cavaliers started to show some life to start the third quarter, going on a 10–2 run to lead 71–69. They led 94–89 after three quarters of play and 113–107 with 2:32 remaining in the fourth quarter, but the Warriors scored 11 unanswered points to steal the road win and take a commanding 3–0 series lead heading into Game 4.[17] During the game-ending run, Kevin Durant drilled the go-ahead three-pointer for Golden State with 45.3 seconds remaining and Iguodala blocked Lebron James' potential game-tying 3.

text: Durant led the Warriors with 31 points, going 4-for-7 from behind the arc that included the winning basket. Klay Thompson added 30 points on 6-of-11 shooting from three-point range, and Stephen Curry scored 26 points on 5-of-9 shooting from downtown to go along with 13 rebounds. For the Cavaliers, James had 39 points, falling one assist shy of a triple-double with 11 rebounds and 9 assists. Kyrie Irving added 38 points but struggled from beyond the arc, going 0-for-7. Despite stellar performances from both James and Irving, Cleveland finished the game a dismal 12-of-44 from three-point range, compared to the Warriors 16-of-33 performance on three point shots.[citation needed]

text: Game 4[edit]

text: ABC

text:
June 9
9:00 pm

text: Boxscore

text:
Golden State Warriors 116, Cleveland Cavaliers 137

Scoring by quarter: 33–49, 35–37, 28–29, 20–22

Pts: Kevin Durant 35
Rebs: Draymond Green 14
Asts: Stephen Curry 10

Pts: Kyrie Irving 40
Rebs: James, Thompson 10 each
Asts: LeBron James 11

Golden State leads series, 3–1

text:
Quicken Loans Arena, Cleveland, Ohio
Attendance: 20,562
Referees: Mike Callahan, Marc Davis, John Goble

text: The Cleveland Cavaliers led wire-to-wire as they avoided a Finals sweep by Golden State to rout the Warriors 137–116, ending Golden State's NBA postseason record winning streak at 15 games to start the 2017 playoffs. The game was notable for shattering a number of NBA Finals records. The Cavs scored 49 points in the first quarter, the most points of any period in a Finals game, en route to scoring 86 points for the first half, which was the most points scored in a half. They also hit 13 three-pointers in the first half, which broke the Finals record for most threes in a half set last game by the Warriors. The Cavaliers finished the game with 24 three-pointers, which easily broke the Finals record for the most threes in a game set by the Warriors in Game 2. Both the Cavaliers and Warriors combined to score a total of 154 points in the first half, which is another Finals record for most points by any two teams in a half.[18]

text: LeBron James tallied his ninth triple-double of the Finals (31 points, 10 rebounds, 11 assists), surpassing Magic Johnson for the most triple-doubles in a championship series. His highlight reel came three minutes into the third quarter when he threw a pass off the backboard to himself, finishing with a powerful dunk. James also passed Michael Jordan for third all-time in points scored in the Finals. Kyrie Irving led all scorers with 40 points, breaking out of a shooting slump from behind the arc by going 7-for-12. Kevin Love added 23 points on 6-of-8 from downtown, and J. R. Smith had 15 points, all on 5-of-9 from three-point range, including a deep shot from 30 feet in the second quarter to beat the shot clock buzzer. Kevin Durant scored 35 points to lead the Warriors, but their other three superstars were held to under 20 points each as Stephen Curry, Klay Thompson, and Draymond Green managed 14, 13, and 16 points respectively. Cleveland trails the Finals, 3–1, as the series shifts back to Oakland.[19]

text: Game 4 was also notable for a number of testy incidents. As the teams prepared for a jump ball with 1:56 left in the first quarter, Green was called for a hard foul for throwing an elbow at Iman Shumpert. Green was trying to plead his case when Warriors head coach Steve Kerr simultaneously argued with the officials, who then called a technical foul on Kerr, although it was mistakenly recorded as a foul on Green. With 7:19 remaining in the second quarter, Dahntay Jones was inexplicably whistled for a technical foul sitting on the Cavaliers bench for trash talking at Durant, who was on the floor. With 7:26 remaining in the third quarter, Love fouled Durant from behind on a layup attempt. Durant claimed he was hit hard in the forehead, and James exchanged words with him, leading to a double-technical on the pair as well as a type 1 flagrant foul on Kevin Love.[20] About a minute later, Green picked up what appeared to be his second technical foul of the game, which would have forced an ejection. However, the officials confirmed that the first technical was on coach Kerr, not Green as originally recorded. Late in the third, Shumpert and Zaza Pachulia got involved in a mini scuffle when battling for the loose ball, with Pachulia hitting in the direction of Shumpert's groin and Shumpert retaliating. At the same time, a Cavaliers fan, named Todd Leebow, charged onto the court to shout at Matt Barnes during the Warriors huddle as the officials were replaying the incident. Shumpert and Pachulia were assessed double technicals, and Leebow was escorted out of the arena by security personnel.[21]

text: Many in the media and on Twitter commented on the refereeing in this game, calling it "a disaster" and "a sideshow".[22][23][24][25]

text: Game 5[edit]

text: ABC

text:
June 12
9:00 pm

text: Boxscore

text:
Cleveland Cavaliers 120, Golden State Warriors 129

Scoring by quarter: 37–33, 23–38, 33–27, 27–31

Pts: LeBron James 41
Rebs: LeBron James 13
Asts: LeBron James 8

Pts: Kevin Durant 39
Rebs: Draymond Green 12
Asts: Stephen Curry 10

Golden State wins series, 4–1

text:
Oracle Arena, Oakland, California
Attendance: 19,596
Referees: Danny Crawford, Ed Malloy, Derrick Stafford

text: The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers with a score of 129–120 to win the series 4–1. With this win, the Warriors 16–1 postseason record is the best winning percentage (.941) in NBA playoffs history.[3][26][27] LeBron James and Kyrie Irving tried their best to combat the Warriors offense but were unable to overcome a bad night from Kevin Love, who only had six points and a game low minus-21 in his 29 minutes, and the Cavaliers bench, which was outscored 7 to 35 by the Warriors' bench.[28] The Cavaliers did come out aggressive early while Golden State dealt with a series of turnovers.[29] Though the Warriors trailed 41-33 with 10:14 left in the second quarter, they chipped away at that deficit and eventually were able to take a 45-43 lead.[29] David West got tangled up with Irving while fighting for the ball with 3:08 left before halftime.[30] After J.R. Smith pushed West from behind, Tristan Thompson entered the tussle and went face-to-face with West while each jawed at one another. West, Thompson and Smith all received technical fouls after the officials reviewed the replay.[31] A 28-4 run pushed Golden State ahead, just after it looked like Durant committed his third foul on a basket by James that was not called.[31][29] The Cavaliers were barely able to hold on, trailing by 11 at the end of the half. Cleveland responded in the third quarter by outscoring the Warriors 33-27 to cut the lead to five and eventually to as little as three, but could not withstand the offensive barrage by the Warriors in the fourth.[29] Kevin Durant hit a 17-foot fadeaway over James early in the fourth quarter, then assisted on a Andre Iguodala 3-pointer the next possession as the Warriors began to pull away for good.[31]

text: Kevin Durant, who was defeated in the 2012 NBA Finals when his Oklahoma City Thunder were finished off 4-1 by LeBron James' Miami Heat, returned the favor by scoring a team high 39 points in the 4-1 series defeat of James' Cavaliers while being honored as the 2017 Finals MVP. Stephen Curry added 34 points, 10 assists and six rebounds alongside Draymond Green's 12 big rebounds. Andre Iguodala, the 2015 Finals MVP, showed up big off the bench with 20 points.[31] LeBron James finished with 41 points, 13 rebounds and eight assists and became the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double in the NBA Finals, in his eighth appearance. Kyrie Irving was the Cavaliers second leading scorer with 26 points on 9 of 22 from the field. J. R. Smith scored his 2017 postseason-best 25 points while going 7 of 8 from beyond the arc.[31]

text: With the win at Oracle, the Warriors became the first Bay Area team to win a championship in their home city since the Oakland A's beat the Los Angeles Dodgers in Game 5 of the 1974 World Series.[31]

text: Rosters[edit]

text: Golden State Warriors[edit]

text:
2016–17 Golden State Warriors roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

4.0 !F
7001220000000000000♠22
Barnes, Matt
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
226 lb (103 kg)
1980-03-09
UCLA

1.5 !G
7001210000000000000♠21
Clark, Ian
7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
175 lb (79 kg)
1991-03-07
Belmont

1.5 !G
7001300000000000000♠30
Curry, Stephen (C)
7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
190 lb (86 kg)
1988-03-14
Davidson

4.0 !F
7001350000000000000♠35
Durant, Kevin (C)
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
240 lb (109 kg)
1988-09-29
Texas

4.0 !F
7001230000000000000♠23
Green, Draymond (C)
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
230 lb (104 kg)
1990-03-04
Michigan State

2.5 !G/F
7000900000000000000♠9
Iguodala, Andre (C)
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
215 lb (98 kg)
1984-01-28
Arizona

6.0 !C
7001150000000000000♠15
Jones, Damian
7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)
245 lb (111 kg)
1995-06-30
Vanderbilt

1.5 !G
7001340000000000000♠34
Livingston, Shaun
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
192 lb (87 kg)
1985-09-11
Peoria Central HS (IL)

4.0 !F
7000500000000000000♠5
Looney, Kevon ()
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
1996-02-06
UCLA

4.0 !F
7001200000000000000♠20
McAdoo, James Michael
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
240 lb (109 kg)
1993-01-04
North Carolina

1.5 !G
5000000000000000000♠0
McCaw, Patrick
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
1995-10-25
UNLV

6.0 !C
7000100000000000000♠1
McGee, JaVale
7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)
270 lb (122 kg)
1988-01-19
Nevada

6.0 !C
7001270000000000000♠27
Pachulia, Zaza
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
275 lb (125 kg)
1984-02-10
Georgia

1.5 !G
7001110000000000000♠11
Thompson, Klay (C)
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
215 lb (98 kg)
1990-02-08
Washington State

4.0 !F
7000300000000000000♠3
West, David
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
1980-08-29
Xavier

Head coach

Steve Kerr

Assistant coach(es)

Ron Adams
Jarron Collins
Mike Brown (associate HC)
Chris DeMarco (player development)
Bruce Fraser (player development)
Willie Green (player development)

Legend

(C) Team captain
(DP) Unsigned draft pick
(FA) Free agent
(S) Suspended
(DL) On assignment to D-League affiliate
 Injured

Roster • Transactions
Last transaction: May 31, 2017

text: Cleveland Cavaliers[edit]

text:
2016–17 Cleveland Cavaliers roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
No.
Name
Height
Weight
DOB (YYYY-MM-DD)
From

1.5 !G
7001200000000000000♠20
Felder, Kay
7000175260000000000♠5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
176 lb (80 kg)
1995–03–29
Oakland

5.5 !F/C
7000800000000000000♠8
Frye, Channing
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
255 lb (116 kg)
1983–05–17
Arizona

1.5 !G
7000200000000000000♠2
Irving, Kyrie (C)
7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
193 lb (88 kg)
1992–03–23
Duke

4.0 !F
7001230000000000000♠23
James, LeBron (C)
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
1984–12–30
St. Vincent-St. Mary HS (OH)

4.0 !F
7001240000000000000♠24
Jefferson, Richard
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
233 lb (106 kg)
1980–06–21
Arizona

4.0 !F
7001300000000000000♠30
Jones, Dahntay
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
225 lb (102 kg)
1980–12–27
Duke

4.0 !F
7000100000000000000♠1
Jones, James
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
218 lb (99 kg)
1980–10–04
Miami (FL)

1.5 !G
7001260000000000000♠26
Korver, Kyle
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
212 lb (96 kg)
1981–03–17
Creighton

4.0 !F
5000000000000000000♠0
Love, Kevin (C)
7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
251 lb (114 kg)
1988–09–07
UCLA

1.5 !G
7000400000000000000♠4
Shumpert, Iman
7000195580000000000♠6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)
220 lb (100 kg)
1990–06–26
Georgia Tech

1.5 !G
7000500000000000000♠5
Smith, J. R.
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
225 lb (102 kg)
1985–09–09
Saint Benedict's Preparatory (NJ)

6.0 !C
7001400000000000000♠40
Tavares, Walter
7000220980000000000♠7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
265 lb (120 kg)
1992–03–22
Cape Verde

6.0 !C
7001130000000000000♠13
Thompson, Tristan
7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
240 lb (109 kg)
1991–03–13
Texas

1.5 !G
7001310000000000000♠31
Williams, Deron
7000190500000000000♠6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
1984–06–26
Illinois

4.0 !F
7000300000000000000♠3
Williams, Derrick
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
240 lb (109 kg)
1991–05–25
Arizona

Head coach

Tyronn Lue

Assistant coach(es)

Jim Boylan
Larry Drew
Damon Jones
Mike Longabardi
James Posey
Phil Handy
Vitaly Potapenko

Legend

(C) Team captain
(DP) Unsigned draft pick
(FA) Free agent
(S) Suspended
(DL) On assignment to D-League affiliate
 Injured

Roster • Transactions
Last transaction: May 8, 2017

text: Player statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field-goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
 FT%
Free-throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game

text:
Player
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3FG%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

Barnes, MattMatt Barnes
5
0
1.8
.333
.500
.000
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.6

Clark, IanIan Clark
4
0
11.1
.438
.273
1.000
1.0
0.8
0.3
0.0
4.8

Curry, StephenStephen Curry
5
5
37.7
.440
.388
.897
8.0
9.4
2.2
0.0
26.8

Durant, KevinKevin Durant
5
5
39.7
.556
.474
.927
8.4
5.4
1.0
1.6
35.2

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
5
5
35.4
.345
.280
.667
10.2
4.8
1.6
0.6
11.0

Iguodala, AndreAndre Iguodala
5
0
28.2
.529
.333
.333
3.2
3.4
1.2
1.0
8.6

Livingston, ShaunShaun Livingston
5
0
15.0
.536
.000
1.000
1.0
1.2
0.2
0.0
6.6

McAdoo, James MichaelJames Michael McAdoo
4
0
2.8
.667
.000
.000
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.0
1.0

McCaw, PatrickPatrick McCaw
5
0
6.8
.273
.200
1.000
2.0
0.4
0.2
0.0
2.2

McGee, JaValeJaVale McGee
4
0
5.6
.667
.000
.750
2.5
0.8
0.0
0.5
2.8

Pachulia, ZazaZaza Pachulia
5
5
13.2
.538
.000
.400
2.8
0.4
0.4
0.0
3.2

Thompson, KlayKlay Thompson
5
5
36.5
.429
.425
.714
4.8
2.2
0.4
0.2
16.4

West, DavidDavid West
5
0
10.0
.588
.000
.500
2.0
0.6
0.0
0.6
4.2

text:
Player
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3FG%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

Frye, ChanningChanning Frye
1
0
11.2
.200
.000
.000
3.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
2.0

Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving
5
5
40.3
.472
.419
.900
4.0
4.4
1.0
0.2
29.4

James, LeBronLeBron James
5
5
42.4
.564
.387
.649
12.0
10.0
1.4
1.0
33.6

Jefferson, RichardRichard Jefferson
5
0
16.6
.444
.111
.667
2.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
5.8

Jones, DahntayDahntay Jones
3
0
3.5
.667
.500
1.000
1.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0

Jones, JamesJames Jones
3
0
2.8
.000
.000
.000
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Korver, KyleKyle Korver
5
0
19.3
.368
.313
1.000
1.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
4.4

Love, KevinKevin Love
5
5
32.2
.388
.387
.800
11.2
1.0
2.2
1.0
16.0

Shumpert, ImanIman Shumpert
5
0
13.3
.235
.222
.800
1.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
3.6

Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith
5
5
29.2
.541
.581
.333
1.3
0.3
0.8
0.0
11.8

Thompson, TristanTristan Thompson
5
5
26.4
.545
.000
.667
5.8
2.6
0.6
0.6
5.6

Williams, DeronDeron Williams
5
0
12.2
.125
.111
.000
1.6
1.2
0.4
0.0
1.0

Williams, DerrickDerrick Williams
3
0
3.4
.333
.500
1.000
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
2.3

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In the United States, the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play-by-play commentator, and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators. ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Marc Kestecher and Hubie Brown as commentators. ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish-language coverage of The Finals, with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales.[citation needed]

text: Television ratings[edit]

text:
Game
Ratings
(households)
American audience
(in millions)

1
10.5[32]
18.7[32]

2
10.7[32]
19.7[32]

3
11.3[33]
20.0[33]

4
10.7[34]
19.0[34]

5
13.5[35]
24.5[35]

Avg
11.3
20.4


document_title: She's a Woman

question_text: who sings she's a woman by the beatles

question_tokens: who sings she 's a woman by the beatles

text: She's a Woman

text: Composition and recording[edit]

text: "She's a Woman" has been described as an example of the rock and roll and rhythm and blues genres.[1][2] The song, penned mainly by Paul McCartney (Lennon helped with the lyric and bridge) was his attempt at imitating the vocal style of Little Richard. This is why the song is in such a high register, even for McCartney's tenor range. Some takes of the song (especially recordings of live concerts) feature an extended outro.

text: The structure of the song is fairly simple, with the melody carried mostly by McCartney's voice. His bass and a backing piano produce a countermelody, with Lennon's guitar playing chords on the backbeat. After the first verse, the piano also plays chords on the upbeats. George Harrison plays a bright guitar solo during the middle eight.

text: Author Ian MacDonald noted in his book Revolution in the Head that the final mix of "She's a Woman" at the time of its original release was unusual of the time, with the bass kick on Starr's drum kit being barely audible due to it being compressed in the mixing process. MacDonald suggested that McCartney's bass part might be responsible for the rearrangement of the mixing as its more prominent volume was in sacrifice of the drums' usual mixing due to limiting problems.[3]

text: Releases[edit]

text: In the United States, the song was released on the Capitol album Beatles '65, and is presented in a duophonic mix featuring a layer of reverb added by executive Dave Dexter, Jr. A true stereo version of the song can be found on the Past Masters, Volume 1 CD. Some people say that this stereo version was first released in Australia without authorization. There is also another stereo version that sounds the same but with McCartney's count-in which appears on the CD EP box set. The song is heard being played on a tape recorder underground during the Salisbury Plain scene in the movie Help!. In the UK, the first album release was on the 1978 compilation LP Rarities in mono in the box set The Beatles Collection and later released separately.

text: The band started including the song in their live shows in 1965. It is characterised by the classic percussive "honk" of Lennon's Rickenbacker 325. One of the versions of the song can also be found on the Beatles' live albums, Live at the Hollywood Bowl and Live at the BBC, while a version from the first of two shows at Nippon Budokan in Tokyo in 1966 appears on Anthology 2.

text: On the US charts, the song was the final of 11 top ten hits in the calendar year 1964. This is an all-time record for most top ten hits in a calendar year on the Billboard Hot 100 charts by one artist/group. It was also the twelfth top 10 hit written by Lennon–McCartney, an all-time record for most top 10 hits in a calendar year on the Billboard Hot 100 by a songwriter.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Paul McCartney – vocal, bass, piano
John Lennon – rhythm guitar
George Harrison – lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, chocalho
George Martin – producer
Norman Smith – engineer

tag: ul

text: MacDonald was not sure whether McCartney or Harrison played the lead guitar solo. He said that "on the basis of sound and style", it was probably McCartney.[4] However, on Take 6 of "I Feel Fine", Harrison can be heard running through this solo shortly before the take begins.

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Cover versions include Jeff Beck's instrumental jazz fusion version featuring a talk box from his 1975 album Blow by Blow, also produced by George Martin, which achieved substantial album oriented rock radio airplay in the US. Also, a latin jazz version was recorded by Joe DeRenzo from his Core Beliefs album, and a version by ESC on their Beatles compilation Step Inside LOVE. Also, a pop-reggae reading by Scritti Politti featuring Shabba Ranks was recorded. José Feliciano also recorded a cover version of this song, and Chet Atkins an instrumental version. Other artists who have covered the song include The Churchills and Jess & James. The song was also covered by Chikezie during Season 7 (2008) of American Idol.

text: McCartney performed the song on Unplugged in 1991.

text: The Warriors used to perform the song live along with I'm Down. Both songs can be found on Bolton Club 65 released in 2003.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Michael R. Frontani (18 September 2009). The Beatles: Image and the Media. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-60473-156-9. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Tim Riley (2002). Tell Me Why: The Beatles: Album by Album, Song by Song, the Sixties and After. Da Capo Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-306-81120-3. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Ian MacDonald "Revolution in the Head"
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald 2005, p. 133.

tag: ol


document_title: The Walking Dead (season 8)

question_text: when does the second part of the walking dead season 8 start

text: The Walking Dead (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall. For this season, Katelyn Nacon, Khary Payton, Steven Ogg, and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status, after previously having recurring roles, while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits.

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist, a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria, who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Rick's right-hand man, the group's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria.
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop.
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick's bold and courageous teenage son.
Danai Gurira as Michonne, Rick's katana-wielding girlfriend, who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends.
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity.
Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring, witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside.
Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing.
Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, an impulsive member of the group, who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham's death.
Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick's group.
Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the leader of the Saviors who serves as the season's primary antagonist.

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Austin Amelio as Dwight, an ex-subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors.
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop.
Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie's prominence.
Khary Payton as Ezekiel, the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors.
Steven Ogg as Simon, a former mortgage broker and Negan's second-in-command, he does not hide his intentions to overthrow Negan.[2]
Katelyn Nacon as Enid, a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie, and has formed a relationship with Carl.[2]
Pollyanna McIntosh as Anne "Jadis", the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick's group, and maintains a neutral stance in the war.[2]

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text: Alexandria Safe-Zone[edit]

text:
Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Jordan Woods-Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner, who is now a member of Rick's militia.
Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick's militia.
Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara, resident of Alexandria.
Ted Huckabee as Bruce, resident and member of Alexandria's construction.

text: The Hilltop[edit]

text:
James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop.
Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson, is the doctor of the Hilltop, who was captured by Simon in the previous season.

text: The Saviors[edit]

text:
Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan's top lieutenants, who leads the weapons base.
Traci Dinwiddie as Regina, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Mike Seal as Gary, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Lindsley Register as Laura, a member of the Saviors.
Juan Pareja as Morales, a survivor from Rick's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors.
Joshua Mikel as Jared, Benjamin's killer, and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan.
Callan McAuliffe as Alden, a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost.
Lindsey Garrett as Mara, a Savior who guards one of many outposts.
Lee Norris as Todd, a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara.
Whitmer Thomas as Gunther, a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel.
Charles Halford as Yago, a Savior who manages Gavin's weapons base.
Ciera L. Payton as Zia, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Adam Cronan as Leo, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan's wives.
Elyse Dufour as Frankie, one of Negan's wives.
Adam Fristoe as Dean, a savior who tried to kill Jesus.

text: The Kingdom[edit]

text:
Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel's loyal and good-natured bodyguard.
Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers and a skilled archer.
Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin.
Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom.
Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident and gardener of the Kingdom.

text: Oceanside[edit]

text:
Deborah May as Natania, the vigilant leader of Oceanside.
Sydney Park as Cyndie, Natania's granddaughter.
Briana Venskus as Beatrice, one of Oceanside's top soldiers.
Nicole Barré as Kathy, one of Oceanside's top soldiers.
Mimi Kirkland as Rachel, an aggressive young member of Oceanside.

text: The Scavengers[edit]

text:
Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a leading member of the Scavengers.
Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a leading member of the Scavengers.

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Avi Nash as Siddiq, a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl.
Jayne Atkinson as Georgie, the leader of a mysterious humanitarian group.

text: Production[edit]

text: The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode eighth season on October 16, 2016.[3] Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[4] On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor.[5] Production resumed on July 17.[6]

text: The season premiere, which also serves as the series' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero.[7]

text: In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the cast of the spin-off series Fear the Walking Dead.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

100
1
"Mercy"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
11.44[9]

Rick, Maggie, and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan. Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan, but they all firmly stand behind Maggie. The group attacks the Sanctuary, taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers. With the Sanctuary defaced, everyone leaves except Gabriel, who reluctantly stays to save Gregory, but is left behind when Gregory abandons him. Surrounded by walkers, Gabriel hides in a trailer, where he is trapped inside with Negan.

101
2
"The Damned"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
8.92[10]

Rick's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors' outposts, during which many members of the group are killed; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron. Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors. While clearing an outpost with Daryl, Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales, a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp, who is now with the Saviors.

102
3
"Monsters"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
8.52[11]

Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost. Gregory returns to Hilltop, and after a heated argument, Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community. Eric dies from his injuries, leaving Aaron distraught. Despite Tara and Morgan's objections, Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop. Ezekiel's group attacks another Savior compound, during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel.

103
4
"Some Guy"
Dan Liu
David Leslie Johnson
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
8.69[12]

Ezekiel's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors, who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry. Carol clears the inside of the compound, killing all but two Saviors, who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl. En route to the Kingdom, Ezekiel, Jerry, and Carol are surrounded by walkers, but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them. The trio returns to the Kingdom, where Ezekiel's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished.

104
5
"The Big Scary U"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
7.85[13]

After confessing their sins to each other, Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer. Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other, knowing that Rick’s forces must have inside information. The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions, and a riot nearly ensues, until Negan returns and restores order. Gabriel is locked in a cell, where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering. Meanwhile, Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors, leading Daryl to abandon Rick.

105
6
"The King, the Widow, and Rick"
John Polson
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
8.28[14]

Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan; Jadis refuses, and locks Rick in a shipping container. Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria. Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick’s plans by destroying the Sanctuary. Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom, where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need. Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop.

106
7
"Time for After"
Larry Teng
Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
7.47[15]

After learning of Dwight's association with Rick's group, Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary. With help from Morgan and Tara, Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary’s walls, flooding its interior with walkers, killing many Saviors. Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him, and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender. However, when they arrive at the Sanctuary, Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd.

107
8
"How It's Gotta Be"
Michael E. Satrazemis
David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
7.89[16]

Eugene's plan allows the Saviors to escape the Sanctuary, and separately, the Saviors waylay the Alexandria, Hilltop, and Kingdom forces. The Scavengers abandon Rick, after which he returns to Alexandria. Aaron and Enid are ambushed by Oceanside soldiers, leading Enid to kill Natania. Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors. Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience. Negan attacks Alexandria, but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers. Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria.

108
9
"Honor"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
8.28[17]

Realizing his time alive is limited, Carl writes several letters to his loved ones. After the Saviors leave Alexandria, the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl, who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors. Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel and successfully retake the Kingdom from the invading Saviors; their lieutenant, Gavin, is killed by Benjamin's vengeful younger brother, Henry.

109
10
"The Lost and the Plunderers"
David Boyd
Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed
March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)
6.82[18]

Aaron and Enid try to convince Oceanside to join the fight against the Saviors, but they refuse; Enid returns to Hilltop while Aaron opts to stay at Oceanside until he can convince them to join. Upon learning of the Scavenger’s siding with Rick, Negan orders Simon to kill only one of Jadis’ people. Rick and Michonne travel to the junkyard to warn Jadis of the Saviors’ impending attack, but they are too late; Simon had ordered the Saviors to slaughter the entire group; Jadis, who managed to escape lures her reanimated comrades into a waste shredder to protect herself.

110
11
"Dead or Alive Or"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Eddie Guzelian
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
6.60[19]

The Saviors hunt the surviving Alexandrians as they make their way to the Hilltop; Dwight affirms his loyalty to Rick's group as he distracts the Saviors and helps lead the group to safety. Eugene leads a crew of Saviors in crafting bullets at a new outpost while Negan plans to taint the Saviors' weapons with walker blood, in order to make the others "turn" instead of killing them. Doctor Carson tries to help a feverish and nearly blind Gabriel to safety, but the Saviors eventually catch up, killing Carson and recapturing Gabriel.

111
12
"The Key"
Greg Nicotero
Corey Reed & Channing Powell
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
6.66[20]

Maggie, Enid, Michonne and Rosita encounter a seemingly benevolent woman named Georgie, who gives them food and documents in exchange for phonograph records; Georgie claims the documents to be "a key to the future". Negan leads the Saviors to the Hilltop to send a warning via their newly tainted weapons; Rick pursues the Saviors and chases Negan into a building. Negan eventually escapes, only to be captured at gunpoint by Jadis. Unable to find Negan, Simon instructs the Saviors to attack the Hilltop and "expunge" the community for good.

112
13
"Do Not Send Us Astray"
Jeffrey F. January
Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
6.77[21]

The Saviors attack the Hilltop with their tainted weapons, leading to a battle in which both sides suffer heavy casualties. Tara is non-fatally shot by Dwight in an effort to prevent Simon from killing her. Overnight, the injured die from their tainted wounds and attack the sleeping survivors after reanimating. Henry tries to take revenge for the murder of his brother, leading to the breakout of the Savior prisoners and the disappearance of Henry. Having seen the Saviors' callous attitude for themselves, Alden and several other Saviors choose to remain at the Hilltop rather than return to the Saviors.

113
14
"Still Gotta Mean Something"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Eddie Guzelian
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
6.30[22]

Carol and Morgan search for Henry while Rick hunts the escaped Savior prisoners; Morgan abandons Carol and joins Rick, and together, they find and kill the prisoners. Jadis tortures Negan until he informs her that he had nothing to do with Simon massacring her people; a helicopter flies nearby, but Jadis fails to catch its attention. Daryl and Rosita plot to stop Eugene from crafting ammunition for the Saviors. Carol finds Henry alive in the woods and they return to Hilltop. Upon Rick and Morgan's return, Michonne encourages Rick to read Carl's letter to him.

114
15
"Worth"
Michael Slovis
David Leslie Johnson & Corey Reed
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
6.67[23]

Negan returns to the Sanctuary and regains control of the Saviors. Dwight secretly prepares notes to Rick about Negan's plans, and later sends Gregory to deliver the notes. Daryl and Rosita capture Eugene from his outpost, but he manages to escape and continues pushing his workers to craft bullets. Dwight lures Simon into a meeting where Negan accosts him for going against his orders with the Scavengers, and kills him in a fist fight. Negan then reveals that Laura informed him of Dwight's siding with Rick, and that his planning was a ruse upon knowing of Dwight's disloyalty. Negan is contacted by Michonne - who reads Carl's letter to him at the request of making peace; Negan remains intent on killing Rick and his allies once and for all.

115
16
"Wrath"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
7.92[24]

Rick's group follows the false plans given to them by Gregory, leading them into a trap. As the Saviors fire, their weapons backfire due to their ammo being sabotaged by Eugene. The surviving Saviors surrender, while Rick chases down Negan; the two brawl and Rick manages to slice Negan's neck, but immediately has Siddiq tend to the wound, knowing that Carl wanted Negan to survive. Meanwhile, an attack at Hilltop is stopped with help from Aaron and the Oceanside soldiers. The survivors regroup and rebuild their communities, but Rick's decision to spare Negan angers Maggie and she vows to take action against Rick in the future.

text: Release[edit]

text: The first trailer for the season was released on July 21, 2017 at the San Diego Comic-Con. The second trailer was released on February 1, 2018 for the second part of the season.[25]

text: On March 15, 2018, it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC, Regal, and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15, the same day as the TV airing, for "Survival Sunday: The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead". The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 71% with an average rating of 6.94 out of 10, based on 13 reviews, and an average episode score 72%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Walking Dead's eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression."[27]

text:
The Walking Dead (season 8): Critical reception by episode

Season 8 (2017–18): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[27]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Mercy"
October 22, 2017
5.0
11.44[9]
2.2
4.28
7.2
15.74[28]

2
"The Damned"
October 29, 2017
4.0
8.92[10]
2.0
4.16
6.0
13.10[29]

3
"Monsters"
November 5, 2017
3.8
8.52[11]
2.2
4.47
6.0
13.01[30]

4
"Some Guy"
November 12, 2017
3.9
8.69[12]
1.8
3.66
5.7
12.36[31]1

5
"The Big Scary U"
November 19, 2017
3.4
7.85[13]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"The King, the Widow, and Rick"
November 26, 2017
3.6
8.28[14]
2.1
4.44
5.7
12.73[32]

7
"Time for After"
December 3, 2017
3.3
7.47[15]
1.9
4.15
5.2
11.63[33]

8
"How It's Gotta Be"
December 10, 2017
3.4
7.89[16]
2.0
4.23
5.4
12.13[34]

9
"Honor"
February 25, 2018
3.6
8.28[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"The Lost and the Plunderers"
March 4, 2018
2.9
6.82[18]
1.7
3.80
4.6
10.63[35]

11
"Dead or Alive Or"
March 11, 2018
2.8
6.60[19]
1.6
3.44
4.4
10.06[36]

12
"The Key"
March 18, 2018
2.8
6.66[20]
1.7
3.76
4.5
10.44[37]

13
"Do Not Send Us Astray"
March 25, 2018
3.0
6.77[21]
1.7
3.82
4.7
10.62[38]

14
"Still Gotta Mean Something"
April 1, 2018
2.6
6.30[22]
1.8
3.68
4.4
9.99[39]

15
"Worth"
April 8, 2018
2.8
6.67[23]
1.7
3.64
4.5
10.32[40]

16
"Wrath"
April 15, 2018
3.4
7.92[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: ^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.