document_title: List of national legal systems

question_text: is the usa common law or civil law

question_tokens: is the usa common law or civil law

text: List of national legal systems

text: Civil law[edit]

text: The central source of law that is recognized as authoritative is codifications in a constitution or statute passed by legislature, to amend a code. While the concept of codification dates back to the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon ca. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the Roman Empire and, more particularly, the Corpus Juris Civilis issued by the Emperor Justinian ca. AD 529. This was an extensive reform of the law in the Byzantine Empire, bringing it together into codified documents. Civil law was also partly influenced by religious laws such as Canon law and Islamic law.[5][6] Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only legislative enactments (rather than legal precedents, as in common law) are considered legally binding.

text: Scholars of comparative law and economists promoting the legal origins theory usually subdivide civil law into four distinct groups:

text:
French civil law: in France, the Benelux countries, Italy, Romania, Spain and former colonies of those countries;
German civil law: in Germany, Austria, Russia, Switzerland, Estonia, Latvia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo*, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovenia, Serbia, Greece, Portugal and its former colonies, Turkey, and Japan;
Scandinavian civil law: in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. As historically integrated in the Scandinavian cultural sphere, Finland and Iceland also inherited the system.
Chinese law: a mixture of civil law and socialist law in use in the People's Republic of China.

text: However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature:

text: Napoleonic to Germanistic influence (Italian civil law)

text: The Italian civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865, introducing germanistic elements due to the geopolitical alliances of the time.[7] The Italian approach has been imitated by other countries including the Netherlands (1992), Argentina (2014), Brazil (2002) and Portugal (1966). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the civil and commercial codes.[8]

text: Germanistic to Napoleonic influence (Swiss civil law)

text: The Swiss civil code is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the Republic of Turkey is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization.

text: A comprehensive list of countries that base their legal system on a codified civil law follows:

text:
Country
Description

 Albania
Based on Napoleonic Civil law. The Civil Code of the Republic of Albania, 1991 [1]

 Angola
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Argentina
The Spanish legal tradition had a great influence on the Civil Code of Argentina, basically a work of the Argentine jurist Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, who dedicated five years of his life on this task. The Civil Code came into effect on 1 January 1871. Beyond the influence of the Spanish legal tradition, the Argentinian Civil Code was also inspired by the Draft of the Brazilian Civil Code, the Draft of the Spanish Civil Code of 1851, the Napoleonic code and the Chilean Civil Code. The sources of this Civil Code also include various theoretical legal works, mainly of the great French jurists of the 19th century. It was the first Civil Law that consciously adopted as its cornerstone the distinction between i. rights from obligations and ii. real property rights, thus distancing itself from the French model.
The Argentinian Civil Code was also in effect in Paraguay, as per a Paraguayan law of 1880, until the new Civil Code went in force in 1987.
In Argentina, this 1871 Civil Code remained in force until August 2015, when it was replaced by the new Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación.[9][10]
During the second half of the 20th century, the German legal theory became increasingly influential in Argentina.

 Andorra
Courts apply the customary laws of Andorra, supplemented with Roman law and customary Catalan law.[11]

 Armenia
Based on Napoleonic Civil law. The Legal System of Armenia

 Aruba
Based on Dutch civil law

 Austria
Based on Germanic Civil law. The Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) of 1811

 Azerbaijan
Based on German, French, Russian and traditional Azerbaijani Law

 Belarus
Based on Germanic Civil law

 Belgium
The Napoleonic Code is still in use, although it is heavily modified (especially concerning family law)

 Benin
Based on Napoleonic Civil law.

 Bolivia
Influenced by the Napoleonic Code

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Influenced by Austrian law. The Swiss civil law (Zivilgesetzbuch) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.

 Brazil
Based on the German, Italian, French and Portuguese doctrine and codes.

 Bulgaria
Civil Law system influenced by Germanic and Roman law systems

 Burkina Faso

 Burundi

 Chad

 People's Republic of China
Based on Germanic Civil law with influences from the Soviet Socialist from Soviet Union

 Republic of the Congo
Based on the Napoleonic Civil law.

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Based on Belgian civil law

 Cote d'Ivoire

 Cambodia

 Cape Verde
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Central African Republic

 Chile
Based on the Chilean Civil Law inspired by the Napoleonic Civil Law. The Spanish legal tradition exercised an especially great influence on the civil code of Chile. On its turn, the Chilean civil code influenced to a large degree the drafting of the civil codes of other Latin-American states. For instance, the codes of Ecuador (1861) and Colombia (1873) constituted faithful reproductions of the Chilean code, but for very few exceptions. The compiler of the Civil Code of Chile, Venezuelan Andrés Bello, worked for its completion for almost 30 years, using elements, of the Spanish law on the one hand, and of other Western laws, especially of the French one, on the other. Indeed, it is noted that he consulted and used all of the codes that had been issued till then, starting from the era of Justinian.
The Civil Code came into effect on 1 January 1857. The influence of the Napoleonic code and the Law of Castile of the Spanish colonial period (especially the Siete Partidas), is great; it is observed however that e.g. in many provisions of property or contract law, the solutions of the French code civil were put aside in favor of pure Roman law or Castilian law.

 Colombia
Based on the Chilean Civil Law. Civil code introduced in 1873. Nearly faithful reproduction of the Chilean civil code

 Costa Rica
Based on the Napoleonic Civil Law. First Civil Code (a part of the General Code or Carrillo Code) came into effect in 1841; its text was inspired by the South Peruvian Civil Code of Marshal Andres de Santa Cruz. The present Civil Code went into effect 1 January 1888, and was influenced by the Napoleonic Code and the Spanish Civil Code of 1889 (from its 1851 draft version).

 Croatia
Based on the Germanic Civil Law. Croatian Law system is largely influenced by German and Austrian law systems. It is significantly influenced by the Civil Code of the Austrian Empire from 1811, known in Croatia as "General Civil Law" ("Opći građanski zakon"). OGZ was in force from 1853[12] to 1946. The Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi-controlled puppet state that was established in 1941 during World War II, used the OGZ as a basis for the 1943 "Base of the Civil Code for the Independent State of Croatia" ("Osnova građanskoga zakona za Nezavisnu Državu Hrvatsku"). After the War, Croatia become a member of the Yugoslav Federation which enacted in 1946 the "Law on immediate voiding of regulations passed before April 6, 1941 and during the enemy occupation" ("Zakon o nevaženju pravnih propisa donesenih prije 6. travnja 1941. i za vrijeme neprijateljske okupacije"). By this law OGZ was declared invalid as a whole, but implementation of some of its legal rules was approved. During the post-War era, the Croatian legal system become influenced by elements of the socialist law. Croatian civil law was pushed aside, and it took norms of public law and legal regulation of the social ownership. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991, the previous legal system was used as a base for writing new laws. "The Law on Obligations" ("Zakon o obveznim odnosima") was enacted in 2005.[13] Today, Croatia as a European union member state implements elements of the EU acquis into its legal system.

 Cuba
Influenced by Spanish and American law with large elements of Communist legal theory.

 Curaçao
Based on Dutch Civil Law.

 Czech Republic
Based on Germanic civil law. Descended from the Civil Code of the Austrian Empire (1811), influenced by German (1939–45) and Soviet (1947/68–89) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed to remove Soviet influence and elements of socialist law after the Velvet Revolution (1989). The new Civil Code of the Czech Republic was introduced in 2014.

 Denmark
Based on Nordic law. Scandinavian-German civil law

 Dominican Republic
Based by the Napoleonic Code

 Ecuador
Based on the Chilean civil law. Civil code introduced in 1861.

 El Salvador

 Estonia
Based on German civil law.

 Finland
Based on Nordic law.[14]

 France
Based on Napoleonic code (code civil of 1804)

 Egypt
Based on Napoleonic civil law and Islamic law.

 Equatorial Guinea

 Ethiopia

 Gabon

 Guinea
Based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree[14]

 Guinea-Bissau
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Georgia

 Germany
Based on Germanic civil law. The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of 1900 ("BGB"). The BGB is influenced both by Roman and German law traditions.

 Greece
Based on Germanic civil law. The Greek civil code of 1946, highly influenced by traditional Roman law and the German civil code of 1900 (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch); the Greek civil code replaced the Byzantine–Roman civil law in effect in Greece since its independence (Νομική Διάταξη της Ανατολικής Χέρσου Ελλάδος, Legal Provision of Eastern Mainland Greece, November 1821: 'Οι Κοινωνικοί Νόμοι των Αειμνήστων Χριστιανών Αυτοκρατόρων της Ελλάδος μόνοι ισχύουσι κατά το παρόν εις την Ανατολικήν Χέρσον Ελλάδα', 'The Social [i.e. Civil] Laws of the Dear Departed Christian Emperors of Greece [referring to the Byzantine Emperors] alone are in effect at present in Eastern Mainland Greece')

 Guatemala
Based on Napoleonic civil law. Guatemala has had three Civil Codes: the first one from 1877, a new one introduced in 1933, and the one currently in force, which was passed in 1963. This Civil Code has suffered some reforms throughout the years, as well as a few derogations relating to areas which have subsequently been regulated by newer laws, such as the Code of Commerce and the Law of the National Registry of Persons. In general, it follows the tradition of the Roman-French system of civil codification.
Regarding the theory of 'sources of law' in the Guatemalan legal system, the 'Ley del Organismo Judicial' recognizes 'the law' as the main legal source (in the sense of legislative texts), although it also establishes 'jurisprudence' as a complementary source. Although jurisprudence technically refers to judicial decisions in general, in practice it tends to be confused and identified with the concept of 'legal doctrine', which is a qualified series of identical resolutions in similar cases pronounced by higher courts (the Constitutional Court acting as a 'Tribunal de Amparo', and the Supreme Court acting as a 'Tribunal de Casación') whose theses become binding for lower courts.

 Haiti
Based on Napoleonic civil law.

 Honduras

 Hungary
Based on Germanic, codified Roman law with elements from Napoleonic civil law.

 Iceland
Based on Nordic law. Germanic traditional laws and influenced by Medieval Norwegian and Danish laws.

 India (only Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli)
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Italy
Based on Germanic civil law, with elements of the Napoleonic civil code; civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865

 Japan
Based on Germanic civil law. Japanese civil code of 1895.

 Latvia
Based on Napoleonic and German civil law, as it was historically before the Soviet occupation. While general principles of law are prerequisites in making and interpreting the law, case law is also regularly applied to present legal arguments in courts and explain application of law in similar cases. Civil law largely modeled after Napoleonic code mixed with strong elements of German civil law. Criminal law retains Russian and German legal traditions, while criminal procedure law has been fully modeled after practice accepted in Western Europe. Civil law of Latvia enacted on 1937.

 Lebanon
Based on Napoleonic civil law.

 Lithuania
Modeled after Dutch civil law

 Luxembourg
Based on Napoleonic civil law.

 Libya
Based on Napoleonic civil law, with Ottoman, Italian, and Egyptian sources

 Macau
Based on the Portuguese civil law; also influenced by the law of the PRC

 Mauritius

 Mexico
Based on Napoleonic civil law."The origins of Mexico's legal system are both ancient and classical, based on the Roman and French legal systems, and the Mexican system shares more in common with other legal systems throughout the world (especially those in Latin America and most of continental Europe) ..."[15]

 Mongolia
Based on Germanic civil law.

 Montenegro
Based on Napoleonic and German civil law. First: the General Property Code for the Principality of Montenegro of 1888, written by Valtazar Bogišić. Present: the Law on Obligations of 2008.

 Mozambique
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Netherlands
Based on Napoleonic code with German law influence

 Nepal
Based on Civil Code

 Norway
Scandinavian-German civil law. King Magnus VI the Lawmender unified the regional laws into a single code of law for the whole kingdom in 1274. This was replaced by Christian V's Norwegian Code of 1687.

 Panama

 Paraguay
The Paraguayan Civil Code in force since 1987 is largely influenced by the Napoleonic Code and the Argentinian Code

 Peru
Based on civil law system; accepts compulsory International Court of Justice ICJ jurisdiction with despotic and corrupting reservations;

 Poland
The Polish Civil Code in force since 1965

 Portugal
Influenced by the Napoleonic Code and later by the German Civil Law

 Republic of China (Taiwan)
Codification derived from German BGB.

 Romania
Civil Code came into force in 2011. Based on the Civil Code of Quebec, but also influenced by the Napoleonic Code and other French-inspired codes (such as those of Italy, Spain and Switzerland)[16]

 Russia
Civil Law system descendant from Roman Law through Byzantine tradition. Heavily influenced by German and Dutch norms in 1700–1800s. Socialist-style modification in 1900s, and Continental European Law influences since 1990s.

 Rwanda
Mixture of Belgian civil law and English common law

 São Tomé e Príncipe
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Serbia
First: the Civil Code of Principality of Serbia of 1844, written by Jovan Hadžić, was influenced by the Austrian Civil Code (Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch). Present: The Swiss civil law (Zivilgesetzbuch) was a model for the Law on Obligations of 1978.

 Slovakia
Descended from the Civil Code of the Austrian Empire (1811), influenced by German (1939–45) and Soviet (1947/68–89) legal codes during occupation periods, substantially reformed to remove Soviet influence and elements of socialist law after the Velvet Revolution (1989).

 Slovenia
A Civil Law system influenced mostly by Germanic and Austro-Hungarian law systems

 Spain
Influenced by the Napoleonic Code, it also has some elements of Spain's legal tradition, starting with the Siete Partidas, a major legislative achievement from the Middle Ages. That body of law remained more or less unchanged until the 19th century, when the first civil codes were drafted, merging both the Napoleonic style with the Castilian traditions.

 Sweden
Scandinavian-German civil law. Like all Scandinavian legal systems, it is distinguished by its traditional character and for the fact that it did not adopt elements of Roman law. It is indeed worth mentioning that it assimilated very few elements of foreign laws whatsoever. It is also interesting that the Napoleonic Code had no influence in codification of law in Scandinavia. The historical basis of the law of Sweden, just as for all Nordic countries, is Old German law. Codification of the law started in Sweden during the 18th century, preceding the codifications of most other European countries. However, neither Sweden, nor any other Nordic state created a civil code of the kind of the Code Civil or the BGB.

 Switzerland
The Swiss Civil Code of 1908 and 1912 (obligations; fifth book)

 Timor-Leste
Based on Portuguese civil law

 Turkey
Modeled after the Swiss civil law (Zivilgesetzbuch) of 1907.

 Ukraine
Civil Code of Ukraine of 2004

 Uruguay

 Uzbekistan
Represents an evolution of Soviet civil law. Overwhelmingly strong impact of the Communist legal theory is traceable.

 Vietnam
Communist legal theory and French civil law

 Venezuela
Civil law

text: Common law[edit]

text: Common law and equity (legal concept) are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. Alongside, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes. The relationships between statutes and judicial decisions can be complex. In some jurisdictions, such statutes may overrule judicial decisions or codify the topic covered by several contradictory or ambiguous decisions. In some jurisdictions, judicial decisions may decide whether the jurisdiction's constitution allowed a particular statute or statutory provision to be made or what meaning is contained within the statutory provisions. Statutes were allowed to be made by the government. Common law developed in England, influenced by Anglo-Saxon law and to a much lesser extent by the Norman conquest of England, which introduced legal concepts from Norman law, which, in turn, had its origins in Salic law. Common law was later inherited by the Commonwealth of Nations, and almost every former colony of the British Empire has adopted it (Malta being an exception). The doctrine of stare decisis, also known as case law or precedent by courts, is the major difference to codified civil law systems.

text: Common law is currently in practice in Ireland, most of the United Kingdom (England and Wales and Northern Ireland), Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh, India (excluding Goa),[citation needed] Pakistan, South Africa, Canada (excluding Quebec), Hong Kong, the United States (on a state level excluding Louisiana), and many other places. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system, but incorporates religious law.

text: In the European Union, the Court of Justice takes an approach mixing civil law (based on the treaties) with an attachment to the importance of case law. One of the most fundamental documents to shape common law is the English Magna Carta,[17] which placed limits on the power of the English Kings. It served as a kind of medieval bill of rights for the aristocracy and the judiciary who developed the law.

text:
Country
Description

 American Samoa
Based on law of the United States

 Antigua and Barbuda
Based on English common law

 Australia
Based on English common law. Some Indigenous Aboriginal laws are partially recognised in the system.

 Bahamas
Based on English common law

 Bangladesh
Based on English common law, with family law heavily based on Shar'iah law.

 Barbados
Based on English common law

 Belize
Based on English common law

 Bhutan
Based on English common law, with Indian influence. Religious law influences personal law.

 British Virgin Islands
Based on English common law

 Canada
Based on English common law, except in  Quebec, where a civil law system based on French law prevails in most matters of a civil nature, such as obligations (contract and delict), property law, family law and private matters. Federal statutes take into account the bijuridical nature of Canada and use both common law and civil law terms where appropriate.

 Cayman Islands
Based on English common law

 Cyprus
Based on English common law as inherited from British colonisation, with civil law influences, particularly in criminal law.

 Dominica
Based on English common law

  England and Wales
 (UK)
Primarily common law, with early Roman and some modern continental European influences

 Fiji
Based on English common law

 Gibraltar
Based on English common law

 Ghana

 Grenada
Based on English common law

 Hong Kong
Principally based on English common law

 India
Based on English common law, except in Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli which follow a Civil law system based on the Portuguese Civil Law [18]

 Ireland
Based on Irish law before 1922, which was itself based on English common law

 Israel
Based on English common law from the period of the British Mandate (that includes laws from Ottoman Empire time),[19] also incorporating civil law and fragments of Halakha and Sharia for family law cases

 Jamaica
Based on English common law

 Kiribati
Based on English common law

 Liberia
Based on Anglo-American and customary law

 Marshall Islands
Based on law of the United States

 Myanmar
Based on English common law

 Nauru
Based on English common law

 Nepal
Based on English common law

 New Zealand
Based on English common law

Northern Ireland
 (UK)
Based on Irish law before 1921, in turn based on English common law

 Palau
Based on law of the United States

 Pakistan[20]
Based on English common law with some provisions of Islamic law

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Based on English common law

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Based on English common law

 Singapore
Based on English common law, but Muslims are subject to the Administration of Muslim Law Act, which gives the Sharia Court jurisdiction over Muslim personal law, e.g., marriage, inheritance and divorce.

 Tonga
Based on English common law

 Trinidad and Tobago
Based on English common law

 Tuvalu
Based on English common law

 Uganda
Based on English common law

 United States
Federal courts and 49 states use the legal system based on English common law, which has diverged somewhat since the mid-nineteenth century in that they look to each other's cases for guidance on issues of first impression and rarely, if ever, look at contemporary cases on the same issue in the UK or the Commonwealth.
Law in the state of Louisiana is based on French and Spanish civil law (see above)

text: Religious law[edit]

text: Religious law refers to the notion of a religious system or document being used as a legal source, though the methodology used varies. For example, the use of Jewish and Halakha for public law has a static and unalterable quality, precluding amendment through legislative acts of government or development through judicial precedent; Christian Canon law is more similar to civil law in its use of codes; and Islamic Sharia law (and Fiqh jurisprudence) is based on legal precedent and reasoning by analogy (Qiyas), and is thus considered similar to common law.[21]

text: The main kinds of religious law are Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian groups. In some cases these are intended purely as individual moral guidance, whereas in other cases they are intended and may be used as the basis for a country's legal system. The latter was particularly common during the Middle Ages.

text: The Halakha is followed by orthodox and conservative Jews in both ecclesiastical and civil relations. No country is fully governed by Halakha, but two Jewish people may decide, because of personal belief, to have a dispute heard by a Jewish court, and be bound by its rulings.

text: The Islamic legal system of Sharia (Islamic law) and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is the most widely used religious law, and one of the three most common legal systems in the world alongside common law and civil law.[22] It is based on both divine law, derived from the Qur'an and Sunnah, and the rulings of Ulema (jurists), who used the methods of Ijma (consensus), Qiyas (analogical deduction), Ijtihad (research) and Urf (common practice) to derive Fatwā (legal opinions). An Ulema was required to qualify for an Ijazah (legal doctorate) at a Madrasa (law school/college) before they could issue Fatwā.[23] During the Islamic Golden Age, classical Islamic law may have had an influence on the development of common law[6] and several civil law institutions.[24] Sharia law governs a number of Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia and Iran, though most countries use Sharia law only as a supplement to national law. It can relate to all aspects of civil law, including property rights, contracts or public law.

text:
Country
Description

 Afghanistan
Islamic law & American/British law after invasion

 Egypt
Islamic law is ensured in Article 2 of the Egyptian constitution.

 The Gambia
English common law, Islamic law and customary law

 Iran
Shia Islamic law

 Libya
Islamic law

 Mauritania
mix of Islamic law and French Civil Codes, Islamic law largely applicable to family law.

 Morocco
mix of Islamic law and French Civil Codes, Islamic law largely applicable to family law. Halakha recognized to family law cases for Jewish citizens.

 Nigeria
Sharia in the northern states, common law in the south and at the federal level.

 Oman
Sharia and tribal custom laws

 Saudi Arabia
Islamic law

 Sudan
Based on Islamic law

 Yemen
Islamic law

text: Pluralistic systems[edit]

text: Civil law and canon law[edit]

text: Canon law is not divine law, properly speaking, because it is not found in revelation. Instead, it is seen as human law inspired by the word of God and applying the demands of that revelation to the actual situation of the church. Canon law regulates the internal ordering of the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion. Canon law is amended and adapted by the legislative authority of the church, such as councils of bishops, individual bishops for their respective sees, the Pope for the entire Catholic Church, and the British Parliament for the Church of England.

text:
Country
Description

 Vatican City/Holy See
Based on Roman, Italian, and Catholic canon law

text: Civil law and common law[edit]

text:
Country
Description

 Botswana
Based on South African law. An 1891 proclamation by the High Commissioner for Southern Africa applied the law of the Cape Colony (now part of South Africa) to the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana).[25]

 Cameroon

 Cyprus
Based on English common law (Cyprus was a British colony 1878–1960), with admixtures of French and Greek civil and public law, Italian civil law, Indian contract law, Greek Orthodox canon law, Muslim religious law, and Ottoman civil law.

 Guyana

Jersey
The Bailiwick of Jersey's legal system draws on local legislation enacted by the States of Jersey, Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law

 Lesotho
Based on South African law. An 1884 proclamation by the High Commissioner for Southern Africa applied the law of the Cape Colony (now part of South Africa) to Basutoland (now Lesotho).[25]

 Louisiana
 (U.S.)
Based on French and Spanish civil law, but federal laws (based on common law) are also in effect in Louisiana because of federal Supremacy Clause.

 Malta
Initially based on Roman Law and eventually progressed to the Code de Rohan, the Napoleonic Code with influences from Italian Civil Law. English common law however is also a source of Maltese Law, most notably in Public Law

 Mauritius
Laws governing the Mauritian penal system are derived partly from French civil law and British common law.[26]

 Namibia
Based on South African law. South Africa conquered South-West Africa (now Namibia) in 1915, and a 1919 proclamation by the Governor-General applied the law of the Cape Province of South Africa to the territory.[27]

 Philippines
Based on Spanish law; influenced by U.S. common law after 1898 Spanish– and Philippine–American Wars, personal law based on sharia law applies to Muslims

 Puerto Rico
 (U.S.)
Based on Spanish law; influenced by U.S. common law after 1898 (victory of the U.S. over Spain in the Spanish–American War of 1898 and cession of Puerto Rico to the U.S.); federal laws (based on common law) are in effect because of federal Supremacy Clause.

 Quebec
 (Canada)
After the 1763 Treaty of Paris awarded French Canada to Great Britain, the British initially attempted to impose English Common Law, but in response to the deteriorating political situation in the nearby Thirteen Colonies, the Quebec Act was passed in 1774, which allowed a mix of English Common Law and customary civil law, based on the Coutume de Paris. Codification occurred in 1866 with the enactment of the Civil Code of Lower Canada, which continued in force when the modern Province of Quebec was created at Confederation in 1867. Canadian federal law in force in Quebec is based on common law, but federal statutes also take into account the bijuridical nature of Canada and use both common law and civil law terms where appropriate.

 Saint Lucia

 Scotland
 (UK)
Based on Roman and continental law, with common law elements dating back to the High Middle Ages.[28]

 Seychelles
The substantive civil law is based on the French Civil Code. Otherwise the criminal law and court procedure are based on the English common law. See Seychelles Legal Environment.

 South Africa
An amalgam of Roman-Dutch civil law and English common law, as well as Customary Law.

 Sri Lanka
An amalgam of English common law, Roman-Dutch civil law and Customary Law

 Swaziland
Based on South African law. A 1907 proclamation by the High Commissioner for Southern Africa applied the Roman-Dutch common law of the Transvaal Colony (now part of South Africa) to Swaziland.[25]

 Thailand
The Thai legal system became an amalgam of German, Swiss, French, English, Japanese, Italian, and Indian laws and practices. Even today, Islamic laws and practices exist in four southern provinces. Over the years, Thai law has naturally taken on its own Thai identity.

 Vanuatu
Consists of a mixed system combining the legacy of English common law, French civil law and indigenous customary law.

 Zimbabwe
Based on South African law. An 1891 proclamation by the High Commissioner for Southern Africa applied the law of the Cape Colony (now part of South Africa) to Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe).

text: Civil law and sharia law[edit]

text:
Country
Description

 Afghanistan

 Algeria

 Bahrain

 Comoros

 Djibouti

 Egypt
Family Law (personal Statute) for Muslims based on Islamic Jurisprudence, Separate Personal Statute for non Muslims, and all other branches of Law are based on French civil law system

 Eritrea

 Indonesia
Based on civil law of Holland and adat (cultural law of Indonesia)[citation needed]

 Jordan
Mainly based on French Civil Code and Ottoman Majalla, Islamic law applicable to family law

 Morocco
Based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system

 Oman

 Qatar
Based on Islamic law and Egyptian civil law system (after the French civil law system)

 Syria
Based on Islamic law and French civil law system

 United Arab Emirates
Based on Islamic law and Egyptian civil law system (after the French civil law system)

text: Common law and sharia law[edit]

text:
Country
Description

 Bangladesh
Common law, personal law based on sharia law applies to Muslims

 Brunei

 Gambia

 Malaysia
Based on English common law, personal law based on sharia law applies to Muslims

 Nigeria
Sharia is applied in some northern states

 Pakistan
Based on English Common Law, some Islamic law applications in inheritance. Tribal Law in FATA

 United Arab Emirates
Based on Common law system in the Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC Courts) and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) Courts (after the English Common law system)[29]

text: Hybrid law[edit]

text:
Country
Description

 India
The most prominent example of a hybrid legal system is the Indian legal system. India follows a mixture of civil, common law and customary or religious law. Separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus. Decisions by the Supreme Court of India and High Courts are binding on the lower courts. Further, most of the laws are statutory and it also has a constitution which signifies the Civil nature of law in India. Ethiopia also follows this system.

text: Perceptions[edit]

text: Despite the usefulness of different classifications, every legal system has its own individual identity. Below are groups of legal systems, categorised by their geography. Click the "show" buttons on the right for the lists of countries. Some studies show that ethnic minorities are more likely to feel that the legal system within their particular jurisdiction is unfair and unjust.[30] People with mental health issues, particularly young ones are also likely to have a low opinion of the justice system.[31]

text: By geography[edit]

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Law of Africa

Sovereign states

Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

States with limited
recognition

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland

Dependencies and
other territories

Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Law of North America

Sovereign states

Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States

Dependencies and
other territories

Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Law of South America

Sovereign states

Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela

Dependencies and
other territories

Falkland Islands
French Guiana
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Law of Asia

Sovereign states

Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen

States with
limited recognition

Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories

British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Law in Europe

Sovereign states

Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland

Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City

States with limited
recognition

Abkhazia
Artsakh
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities

Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard

Other entities

European Union

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Law of Oceania

Sovereign states

Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu

Associated states
of New Zealand

Cook Islands
Niue

Dependencies
and other territories

American Samoa
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau
Wallis and Futuna


document_title: Hacksaw

question_text: the commonly used standard length of hacksaw blade is

root

text: Hacksaw

text: Design[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: While saws for cutting metal had been in use for many years, significant improvements in longevity and efficiency were made in the 1880s by George N. Clemson, a founder of Clemson Bros., Inc of Middletown, New York, United States,. Clemson conducted tests which involved changing the dimensions, shapes of teeth, styles of set, and variable heat treatments of blades. Clemson claimed enormous improvements to the cutting ability of blades and built a major industrial operation manufacturing hacksaw blades sold under the trade name Star Hack Saw.[1] In 1898, Clemson was granted US Patent 601947, which details various improvements in the hacksaw.[2]

tag: p

text: Blades[edit]

text: Blades are available in standardized lengths, 10 or 12 inches (254 or 305 mm) for a standard hand hacksaw. "Junior" hacksaws are 6 inches (152 mm) long. Powered hacksaws may use large blades in a range of sizes, or small machines may use the same hand blades.

text: The pitch of the teeth can be anywhere from fourteen to thirty-two teeth per inch (tpi) for a hand blade, with as few as three tpi for a large power hacksaw blade. The blade chosen is based on the thickness of the material being cut, with a minimum of three teeth in the material. As hacksaw teeth are so small, they are set in a "wave" set. As for other saws they are set from side to side to provide a kerf or clearance when sawing, but the set of a hacksaw changes gradually from tooth to tooth in a smooth curve, rather than alternate teeth set left and right.

text: Hacksaw blades are normally quite brittle, so care needs to be taken to prevent brittle fracture of the blade. Early blades were of carbon steel, now termed 'low alloy' blades, and were relatively soft and flexible. They avoided breakage, but also wore out rapidly. Except where cost is a particular concern, this type is now obsolete. 'Low alloy' blades are still the only type available for the Junior hacksaw, which limits the usefulness of this otherwise popular saw.

text: For several decades now, hacksaw blades have used high speed steel for their teeth, giving greatly improved cutting and tooth life. These blades were first available in the 'All-hard' form which cut accurately but were extremely brittle. This limited their practical use to benchwork on a workpiece that was firmly clamped in a vice. A softer form of high speed steel blade was also available, which wore well and resisted breakage, but was less stiff and so less accurate for precise sawing. Since the 1980s, bi-metal blades have been used to give the advantages of both forms, without risk of breakage. A strip of high speed steel along the tooth edge is electron beam welded to a softer spine. As the price of these has dropped to be comparable with the older blades, their use is now almost universal.

text: The most common blade is the 12 inch or 300 mm length. Hacksaw blades have two holes near the ends for mounting them in the saw frame and the 12 inch / 300 mm dimension refers to the center to center distance between these mounting holes.[3]

text: The kerf produced by the blades is somewhat wider than the blade thickness due to the set of the teeth. It commonly varies between 0.030 and 0.063 inches / 0.75 and 1.6 mm depending on the pitch and set of the teeth.

text: Uses[edit]

text: Hacksaws were originally and principally made for cutting metal, but can also cut various other materials, such as plastic and wood; for example, plumbers and electricians often cut plastic pipe and plastic conduit with them.

text: Variants[edit]

text: A panel hacksaw has a frame made of a deep, thin sheet aligned behind the blade's kerf, so that the saw could cut into panels of sheet metal without the length of cut being restricted by the frame. The frame follows the blade down the kerf into the panel.

text: Junior hacksaws are a small version with a half-size blade. Like coping saws, the blade has pins that are held by notches in the frame. Although potentially a useful tool for a toolbox or in confined spaces, the quality of blades in the Junior size is restricted and they are only made in the simple low alloy steels, not HSS. This restricts their usefulness.

text: A power hacksaw (or electric hacksaw) is a type of hacksaw that is powered either by its own electric motor or connected to a stationary engine. Most power hacksaws are stationary machines but some portable models do exist; the latter (with frames) have been displaced to some extent by reciprocating saws such as the Sawzall, which accept blades with hacksaw teeth. Stationary models usually have a mechanism to lift up the saw blade on the return stroke and some have a coolant pump to prevent the saw blade from overheating.

text: Power hacksaws are not as commonly used in the metalworking industries as they once were. Bandsaws and cold saws have mostly displaced them. While stationary electric hacksaws are not very common, they are still produced. Power hacksaws of the type powered by stationary engines and line shafts, like other line-shaft-powered machines, are now rare; museums and antique-tool hobbyists still preserve a few of them.


document_title: Corn nut

question_text: what kind of corn is used to make corn nuts

text: Corn nut

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Corn nuts are prepared by soaking whole corn kernels in water for three days, then deep-frying them in oil until they are hard and brittle. The kernels are soaked because they shrink during the harvesting and cleaning process, and rehydration returns them to their original size.

text: History[edit]

text: Albert Holloway of Oakland, California introduced corn nuts to the United States in 1936. He originally sold them to tavern owners to be given away free to their patrons as a snack that would be great with beer,[2] calling them Olin's Brown Jug Toasted Corn.[1]

text: Varieties and brands[edit]

text: CornNuts[edit]

text: Holloway later renamed his product CornNuts. After Holloway and his sons Maurice and Rich learned of a breed of corn grown in Cusco, Peru (often referred to as Cuzco corn) that grew large kernels (some said to have been bigger than a U.S. quarter coin), the company researched developing a hybrid of the Cusco corn that could be grown effectively in California. After a decade of research, the company introduced CornNuts made with the hybrid variety in 1964.[2] CornNuts sold on the market today are no longer of the large Cusco corn size.

text: The most popular brand, CornNuts was owned by Holloway's original family company until the company was purchased by Nabisco[3] in 1998.[4] Cornnuts is a registered trademark of Kraft Foods.[5] It is available in five flavors: Original, BBQ (barbecue-flavored), Chile Picante con Limon, Ranch, and Jalapeño Cheddar.[6]

text: Cornick[edit]

text: A Filipino variant of corn nuts is cornick. Compared to the American variety, cornick pieces are typically smaller and crispier. Garlic is the most common flavor of cornick, with other common flavors including: chili cheese, adobo, barbecue, lechón manok (also known as roasted chicken), and sweet. Major brands include Boy Bawang (literally "Garlic Boy" in Tagalog, commonly sold in small packets), Corn Bits, and Safari.

text: A popular variety of cornick is the lighter, chicharrón-like chichacorn,[7] a semi-popped style of cornick using glutinous corn from the Ilocos Region[8] which is treated with lime before frying.[9]

text: Diana[edit]

text: Diana, a snack company in El Salvador, makes a variety of corn-nut-like snacks. These are called elotitos in Spanish, or Crunchy Cornbits.[10] These come in a variety of seasonings, such as Lemon, Cheese and Chili, and Barbecue. These are sold throughout Central America.


document_title: Upper East Side

question_text: where does the rich live in new york

question_tokens: where does the rich live in new york

text: Upper East Side

text: History[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Before the arrival of Europeans, the mouths of streams[5] that eroded gullies in the East River bluffs are conjectured to have been the sites of fishing camps used by the Lenape, whose controlled burns once a generation or so kept the dense canopy of oak–hickory forest open at ground level.[6]

text: In the 19th century[7] the farmland and market garden district of what was to be the Upper East Side was still traversed by the Boston Post Road and, from 1837, the New York and Harlem Railroad, which brought straggling commercial development around its one station in the neighborhood, at 86th Street, which became the heart of German Yorkville. The area was defined by the attractions of the bluff overlooking the East River, which ran without interruption from James William Beekman's "Mount Pleasant", north of the marshy squalor of Turtle Bay, to Gracie Mansion, north of which the land sloped steeply to the wetlands that separated this area from the suburban village of Harlem.[8] Among the series of villas a Schermerhorn country house overlooked the river at the foot of present-day 73rd Street and another, Peter Schermerhorn's at 66th Street,[9] and the Riker homestead was similarly sited at the foot of 75th Street.[10] By the mid-19th century the farmland had largely been subdivided, with the exception of the 150 acres (61 ha) of Jones's Wood, stretching from 66th to 76th Streets and from the Old Post Road (Third Avenue) to the river[11] and the farmland inherited by James Lenox, who divided it into blocks of houselots in the 1870s,[12] built his Lenox Library on a Fifth Avenue lot at the farm's south-west corner,[13] and donated a full square block for the Presbyterian Hospital, between 70th and 71st Streets, and Madison and Park Avenues.[14] At that time, along the Boston Post Road taverns stood at the mile-markers, Five-Mile House at 72nd Street and Six-Mile House at 97th, a New Yorker recalled in 1893.[10]

text: The fashionable future of the narrow strip between Central Park and the railroad cut was established at the outset by the nature of its entrance, in the southwest corner, north of the Vanderbilt family's favored stretch of Fifth Avenue from 50th to 59th Streets.[15] A row of handsome townhouses was built on speculation by Mary Mason Jones, who owned the entire block bounded by 57th and 58th Streets and Fifth and Madison. In 1870 she occupied the prominent corner house at 57th and Fifth, though not in the isolation described by her niece, Edith Wharton, whose picture has been uncritically accepted as history, as Christopher Gray has pointed out.[16]

text: It was her habit to sit in a window of her sitting room on the ground floor, as if watching calmly for life and fashion to flow northward to her solitary door... She was sure that presently the quarries, the wooden greenhouses in ragged gardens, the rocks from which goats surveyed the scene, would vanish before the advance of residences as stately as her own.[17]

text: Famous residents move in[edit]

text: Before the Park Avenue Tunnel was covered (finished in 1910), fashionable New Yorkers shunned the smoky railroad trench up Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue), to build stylish mansions and townhouses on the large lots along Fifth Avenue, facing Central Park, and on the adjacent side streets. The latest arrivals were the rich Pittsburghers Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick. The classic phase of Gilded Age Fifth Avenue as a stretch of private mansions was not long-lasting: the first apartment house to replace a private mansion on upper Fifth Avenue was 907 Fifth Avenue (1916), at 72nd Street, the neighborhood's grand carriage entrance to Central Park.[18]

text: Most members of New York's upper-class families have made residences on the Upper East Side, including the oil-rich Rockefellers,[19] political Roosevelts,[20] political dynastic Kennedys,[21] thoroughbred racing moneyed Whitneys,[22][23] and tobacco and electric power fortuned Dukes.[24]

text: Transportation constructed[edit]

text: Construction of the Third Avenue El, opened from 1878 in sections, followed by the Second Avenue El, opened in 1879, linked the Upper East Side's middle class and skilled artisans closely to the heart of the city, and confirmed the modest nature of the area to their east. The ghostly "Hamilton Square", which had appeared as one of the few genteel interruptions of the grid plan on city maps since the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, was intended to straddle what had now become the Harlem Railroad right-of-way between 66th and 69th Streets; it never materialized, though during the Panic of 1857 its unleveled ground was the scene of an open-air mass meeting called in July to agitate for the secession of the city and its neighboring counties from New York State, and the city divided its acreage into house lots and sold them.[25] From the 1880s the neighborhood of Yorkville became a suburb of middle-class Germans.[26]

text: Gracie Mansion, the last remaining suburban villa overlooking the East River at Carl Schurz Park, became the home of New York's mayor in 1942.[27] The East River Drive, designed by Robert Moses, was extended south from the first section, from 125th Street to 92nd Street, which was completed in 1934 as a boulevard, an arterial highway running at street level; reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted FDR Drive, as it was renamed after Franklin Delano Roosevelt, into the full limited-access parkway that is in use today.[28]

text: Demolishing the elevated railways on Third and Second Avenues opened these tenement-lined streets to the construction of high-rise apartment blocks starting in the 1950s. However, it had an adverse effect on transportation, because the IRT Lexington Avenue Line was now the only subway line in the area.[29] The construction of the Second Avenue Subway has brought up the price of houses in the Upper East Side somewhat.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Neighborhood boundaries in New York City are not officially set, but according to the Encyclopedia of New York City, the Upper East Side is bounded by 59th Street in the south, 96th Street on the north, Fifth Avenue to the west and the East River to the east.[30] The AIA Guide to New York City extends the northern boundary to 106th Street near Fifth Avenue.[31]

text: The area's north-south avenues are Fifth, Madison, Park, Lexington, Third, Second, First, York, and East End Avenues, with the latter running only from East 79th Street to East 90th Street. The major east-west streets are 59th Street, 72nd Street, 79th Street, 86th Street and 96th Street.

text: Some real estate agents use the term "Upper East Side" instead of "East Harlem" to describe areas that are slightly north of 96th Street and near Fifth Avenue, in order to avoid associating these areas with the negative connotations of the latter, a neighborhood which is generally perceived as less prestigious.[32]

text: Historic district[edit]

text: The Upper East Side Historic District is one of New York City’s largest districts, as is the neighborhood. This district runs from 59th to 78th Streets along Fifth Avenue, and up to 3rd Avenue at some points. In the decades after the Civil War, the once decrepit district transitioned into a thriving middle-class residential neighborhood. At the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood transformed again, but this time into a neighborhood of mansions and townhouses. As the century continued, and living environments altered, a lot of these single-family homes were replaced by lavish apartment buildings.[33]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the 2000 census, there were 207,543 people residing in the Upper East Side. The population density was 118,184 people per square mile (45,649/km²), making Manhattan Community Board 8, coterminous with the Upper East Side, the densest Community Board in the city.[34] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 89.25% White, 6.14% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.34% African American, 0.09% Native American, 1.39% from other races, and 1.74% from two or more races. 5.62% of the population were Hispanic of any race. Twenty-one percent of the population was foreign born; of this, 45.6% came from Europe, 29.5% from Asia, 16.2% from Latin America and 8.7% from other. The female-male ratio was very high with 125 females for 100 males.[35] The Upper East Side contains a large and affluent Jewish population estimated at 56,000.[36] Traditionally, the Upper East Side has been dominated by wealthy White Anglo-Saxon Protestant families.[37][38][39]

text: Given its very high population density and per capita income ($85,081 in 2000), the neighborhood contains the greatest concentration of individual wealth in Manhattan.[40] As of 2011, the median household income for the Upper East Side was $117,903.[41] As of 2011, 60.6% of adults (25+) had earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[41]

text: The Upper East Side maintains the highest pricing per square foot in the United States. A 2002 report cited the average cost per square meter as $8,856; however, that price has noticed a substantial jump, increasing to almost as much as $11,200 per square meter as of 2006. There are some buildings which cost about $125 per square foot (~$1345/㎡).[42][43] The only public housing projects for those of low to moderate incomes on the Upper East Side are located just south of the neighborhood's northern limit at 96th Street, the Holmes Towers and Isaacs Houses. It borders East Harlem, which has the highest concentration of public housing in the United States.[44]

text: Politics[edit]

text: The Upper East Side is one of few areas of Manhattan where Republicans constitute more than 20% of the electorate. In the southwestern part of the neighborhood, Republican voters equal Democratic voters (the only such area in Manhattan), whereas in the rest of the neighborhood Republicans make up between 20 and 40% of registered voters.[45]

text: The Upper East Side is notable as a significant location of political fundraising in the United States. Four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top ZIP Code, 10021, is on the Upper East Side and generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of both George W. Bush and John Kerry.[46]

text: Landmarks and cultural institutions[edit]

text: Museums[edit]

text: The area is host to some of the most famous museums in the world. The string of museums along Fifth Avenue fronting Central Park has been dubbed "Museum Mile", running between 82nd and 105th Streets. It was once named "Millionaire's Row". The following are among the cultural institutions on the Upper East Side:

text:
92nd Street Y[47]
Asia Society
Colony Club
Andrew Carnegie Mansion, which houses the Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum
Henry Clay Frick House, which houses the Frick Collection
Goethe-Institut, New York
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Irish Georgian Society
Jewish Museum of New York

Manhattan House, the Skidmore, Owings & Merrill-designed mid-century modernist white brick building at 200 E 66th Street, once home to Grace Kelly and Benny Goodman. Landmarked in 2007[48]
Metropolitan Museum of Art
El Museo del Barrio
Museum of the City of New York
Morgan Library & Museum
National Academy of Design
Neue Galerie
Society of Illustrators
Whitney Museum of American Art

tag: table

text: Art galleries[edit]

text:
Acquavella Galleries
Kraushaar Galleries
Katharina Rich Perlow Gallery
Salon 94
Anita Shapolsky Gallery

tag: ul

text: Hotels[edit]

text:
Carlyle Hotel
Courtyard by Marriott
Affinia Gardens NYC

The Mark
The Pierre
Renaissance New York Hotel 57

text: Houses of worship[edit]

text:
Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Greek Orthodox Church
Brick Presbyterian Church (New York City)
Church of the Epiphany, Episcopal church
Church of the Heavenly Rest, Episcopal church
Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun, Modern Orthodox synagogue
Congregation Or Zarua, Conservative synagogue
Edmond J. Safra Synagogue, Orthodox Sephardic synagogue
Fifth Avenue Synagogue, Orthodox synagogue
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church
St. Ignatius Loyola, Catholic Church
Jan Hus Presbyterian Church
Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses (1499 1st Avenue at East 78th Street)
Park Avenue Christian Church, Disciples of Christ church
Park Avenue Synagogue, Conservative Jewish synagogue
Park East Synagogue, Orthodox synagogue
Redeemer Presbyterian Church
St. Ann's Church (East Harlem), Catholic Church
St. John the Martyr's Church, Catholic Church
Temple Emanu-El of New York, Reform synagogue
Temple Israel, Reform synagogue
Temple Shaaray Tefila, Reform synagogue
Third Church of Christ, Scientist
Islamic Cultural Center of New York, mosque
Cross Church, Southern Baptist

text: Diplomatic missions[edit]

text: Many diplomatic missions are located in former mansions on the Upper East Side:

text:
The Consulate General of Austria in New York is located at East 69th Street, between Park Avenue and Madison Avenue.
The Consulate-General of France in New York is located at 934 Fifth Avenue between 74th Street and 75th Street.[49]
The Consulate-General of Greece in New York is located at 69 East 79th Street, occupying the former George L. Rives residence.
The Consulate-General of Italy in New York is located at 690 Park Avenue.[50]
The Consulate-General of India in New York is located at 3 East 64th Street between Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue.[51]
The Consulate-General of Pakistan in New York is located at 12 East 65th Street.[52]

text: Other missions to the United Nations in the Upper East Side include:[53]

text:
Albania
Belarus
Bulgaria
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Czech Republic
Iraq

Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
Mali
Mongolia
Myanmar (Burma)
Poland
Serbia

text: Post offices[edit]

text: The United States Postal Service operates post offices at Lenox Hill Station (ZIP code 10021), 221 East 70th Street; Cherokee Station (10075), 1483 York Avenue;[54] Gracie Station (10028), 229 East 85th Street;[55] and Yorkville Station (10128), 1617 Third Avenue.[3][56] New ZIP codes now include 10065, 10029 and 10075.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: The Upper East Side is served by two subway lines, the four-track IRT Lexington Avenue Line (4 5 6 <6>  trains) under Lexington Avenue and the two-track Second Avenue Subway (N Q trains) under Second Avenue.[57] There are also local and limited MTA Regional Bus Operations routes M1, M2, M3, M4, M15, M15 SBS, M31, M98, M101, M102, M103 going uptown and downtown, as well as the crosstown M66, M72, M79 SBS, M86 SBS, and M96.[58]

text: The Second Avenue Line serves to relieve congestion on the Lexington Avenue Line. The first phase of the line opened on January 1, 2017, consisting of three new stations and a renovated fourth station. The line terminates at 96th Street and connects to the BMT 63rd Street Line at Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station before continuing to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue on the BMT Broadway Line.[59][60] The planned Second Avenue Line includes three additional phases to be built at a later date, which will extend the line north to 125th Street/Park Avenue in Harlem and south to Hanover Square in the Financial District, and a new T train will run its entire length.[61]

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary schools[edit]

text: Public schools[edit]

text: The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in the city.

text: Public lower and middle schools

text:
PS 183 (Robert Louis Stevenson School)
PS 77 The Lower Lab school
PS 290 The New School of Manhattan
East Side Middle School
PS 6 (Lillie Devereux Blake School)
PS 158 (Bayard Taylor)
Senator Robert F. Wagner Middle School (JHS 167)

text: Public high schools

text:
Talent Unlimited High School
Eleanor Roosevelt High School
Urban Academy Laboratory High School

text: Other schools

text: Hunter College High School

text: Private schools[edit]

text: Coeducational schools

text:
Birch Wathen Lenox School
Caedmon School
Dalton School
Loyola School
Lycée Français de New York
La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi
Park East School
Rudolph Steiner School (see Waldorf education)
The Town School
Trevor Day School
Ramaz School
Islamic Cultural Center School

text: Girls' schools

text:
Brearley School
Cathedral High School
Chapin School
Convent of the Sacred Heart
Dominican Academy
Hewitt School
Manhattan High School for Girls
Marymount School
St. Vincent Ferrer High School
Nightingale-Bamford School
Spence School
St. Jean Baptiste High School

text: Boys' schools

text:
Allen-Stevenson School
The Browning School
The Buckley School
Regis High School
St. Bernard's School
St. David's School

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text:
Hunter College[62]
Marymount Manhattan College[63]
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai[64]
New York Medical College
New York School of Interior Design[65]
New York University Institute for the Study of the Ancient World[66]
New York University Institute of Fine Arts[67]
Rockefeller University
Weill Cornell Medical College

text: Public libraries[edit]

text: The New York Public Library operates the 67th Street Branch Library at 328 East 67th Street, near First Avenue,[68] the Yorkville Branch Library, 222 East 79th Street[69] and the 96th Street Branch Library at 112 East 96th Street, near Lexington Avenue.[70]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The Upper East Side has been a setting for many films, television shows, and other media.

text: Films[edit]

text:
Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
The Boys in the Band (1970)
Live and Let Die (1973)
The Great Gatsby (1974)
The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Manhattan (1979)
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
Family Business (1989)
The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990)
Metropolitan (1990)
Juice (1992)
Six Degrees of Separation (1993)
Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993)
Harriet the Spy (1996)
Ransom (1996)
One Fine Day (1996)
The Devil's Advocate (1997)
A Perfect Murder (1998)
Cruel Intentions (1999)
The Thomas Crown Affair (1999)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Autumn in New York (2000)
American Psycho (2000)
Cruel Intentions 2 (2001)
Tart (2001)
25th Hour (2002)
Uptown Girls (2003)
Igby Goes Down (2002)
Two Weeks Notice (2002)
Eloise at the Plaza (2003)
The Nanny Diaries (2007)
The Devil Wears Prada (2007)
Sex and the City (2008)
Ghost Town (2008)
Made of Honor (2008)
The Wackness (2008)
The Women (2008)
Bride Wars (2009)
Confessions of a Shopaholic (2009)
The International (2009)
The Back-up Plan (2010)
Sex and the City 2 (2010)
Twelve (2010)
Remember Me (2010)
Arbitrage (2012)

text: Television shows[edit]

text:
Kourtney and Kim Take New York (2011–)
The City (2008–2010)
Gossip Girl (2007–2012)
Ringer (2011-2012)
The Jeffersons (1975–1985)
Diff'rent Strokes (1978–1986)
That Girl (TV series) (1966–1971)
Family Affair (TV series) (1966–1971)
The Nanny (1993–1999)
Sex and the City (1998–2004)
Will & Grace (1998–2006)
Lipstick Jungle (2008–2009)
Dirty Sexy Money (2007–2008)
Gallery Girls (2012)
Ugly Betty (2006–2010)
The Real Housewives of New York City (2008–)
NYC Prep (2009–2010)
High Society (1995–1996)
Yes! PreCure 5 (2007–2008)
Yes! Precure 5 GoGo! (2008–2009)
I Love Lucy (1951–1957)
White Collar (2009–2014)
The Odd Couple (1970–1975)[71]
Odd Mom Out (2015–), based on Jill Kargman's novel Momzillas

text: Books[edit]

text:
Breakfast at Tiffany's by Truman Capote
The Princess Diaries by Meg Cabot
The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger
Franny and Zooey by J. D. Salinger
Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters by J. D. Salinger
The Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe
Gossip Girl (novel series) by Cecily von Ziegesar
The Nanny Diaries by Nicola Kraus and Emma McLaughlin
The A-List (novel series) by Zoey Dean
Blue Bloods (novel series) by Melissa de la Cruz
Harriet the Spy by Louise Fitzhugh
The Luxe by Anna Godbersen
Shopaholic Takes Manhattan by Sophie Kinsella
Twelve by Nick McDonell
Sex and the City by Candace Bushnell
The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger
Death Wish by Brian Garfield
Heartburn by Nora Ephron
American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis
The 25th Hour by David Benioff
Lipstick Jungle by Candace Bushnell

text: Fictional places and characters[edit]

text:
Constance Billard School for Girls and St. Jude's School for Boys in Gossip Girl[72]
The Duchesne School in the vampire novels Blue Bloods by Melissa de la Cruz[73]
Percy Jackson, title character of Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson & the Olympians pentalogy[74]

text: Notable people[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The neighborhood has a long tradition of being home to some of the world's most wealthy, powerful and influential families and individuals. Some of the notable people who have lived here include:

text:
Woody Allen –  film director, writer, and actor[75]
Brooke Astor –  philanthropist and widow of Vincent Astor[76]
Michael Bloomberg –  billionaire philanthropist and former mayor of New York City[77]
Mariah Carey –  singer
Phoebe Cates – actress
Aimée Crocker (1864–1941) –  heiress, princess, author, world traveler
Alexandra Daddario –  actress[78]
Joan Didion –  author[79]
Jamie Dimon –  banker[80]
Mia Farrow –  actress
Barbara Feldon –  actress
Jay S. Fishman –  insurance executive
Jonathan Franzen –  National Book Award-winning novelist
Gerald Garson –  former NY Supreme Court Justice convicted of accepting bribes
Sarah Michelle Gellar –  actress
Ricky Gervais –  comedian, actor
Ariel Helwani –  mixed martial arts writer
Vladimir Horowitz –  pianist and composer
Star Jones –  lawyer, television personality
Caroline Kennedy –  author, United States Ambassador (2013–2017) to Japan, and daughter of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
Kevin Kline – actor
David H. Koch –  businessman, philanthropist, conservative political activist
Jeff Koons –  artist
Lady Gaga –  singer
Soong Mei-ling –  Former First Lady of the Republic of China, known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek or Madame Chiang
Spike Lee –  film director and producer
Robert I. Lipp –  businessman
Madonna –  entertainer; purchased $40 million mansion on East 81st Street at Lexington Avenue in 2009
Barbara Margolis –  prisoners' rights advocate, official greeter of New York City[81]
Malachi Martin –  author
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis –  former First Lady of the United States
Generoso Pope –  Italian-American businessman and newspaper publisher, lived at 1040 Fifth Avenue
Lee Radziwill –  princess, sister of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Lynn Pressman Raymond –  toy and game innovator, president of the Pressman Toy Corporation[82]
Joan Rivers –  comedian[83]
Martin Scorsese –  film director and producer[84]
Eliot Spitzer –  former Governor of New York[85]
Chloe Temtchine –  singer-songwriter[86]
Leila and Massimo Vignelli –  designers[87]
Elie Wiesel –  Holocaust survivor and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986[88]