document_title: Elbow

question_text: what's the inside part of your elbow called

question_tokens: what 's the inside part of your elbow called

text: Elbow

text: Structure[edit]

text: Joint[edit]

text: The elbow joint has three different portions surrounded by a common joint capsule. These are joints between the three bones of the elbow, the humerus of the upper arm, and the radius and the ulna of the forearm.

text:
Joint
From
To
Description

Humeroulnar joint
trochlear notch of the ulna
trochlea of humerus
Is a simple hinge-joint, and allows for movements of flexion and extension only.

Humeroradial joint
head of the radius
capitulum of the humerus
Is a ball-and-socket joint.

Proximal radioulnar joint
head of the radius
radial notch of the ulna
In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes pronation and supination.

text: When in anatomical position there are four main bony landmarks of the elbow. At the lower part of the humerus are the medial and lateral epicondyles, on the side closest to the body (medial) and on the side away from the body (lateral) surfaces. The third landmark is the olecranon found at the head of the ulna. These lie on a horizontal line called the Hueter line. When the elbow is flexed, they form an equilateral triangle called the Hueter triangle.[5]

text: At the surface of the humerus where it faces the joint is the trochlea. The groove running across the trochlea is, in most people, vertical on the anterior side but spirals off on the posterior side.  This results in the forearm being aligned to the upper arm during flexion, but forming an angle to the upper arm during extension — an angle known as the carrying angle.[6]

text: The superior radioulnar joint shares the joint capsule with the elbow joint but plays no functional role at the elbow.[7]

text: Joint capsule[edit]

text: The elbow joint and the superior radioulnar joint are enclosed by a single fibrous capsule.  The capsule is strengthened by ligaments at the sides but relatively weak in front and behind.[8]

text: On the anterior side the capsule consists mainly of longitudinal fibres.  However, some bundles among these fibers run obliquely, thicken and strengthen the capsule, and are referred to as the capsular ligament.  Deep fibres of the brachialis muscle insert anteriorly into the capsule and act to pull it and the underlying membrane during flexion in order to prevent them from being pinched.[8]

text: On the posterior side the capsule is thin and mainly composed of transverse fibres.  A few of these fibres stretch across the olecranon fossa without attaching to it and form a transverse band with a free upper border.  On the ulnar side, the capsule reaches down to the posterior part of the annular ligament.  The posterior capsule is attached to the triceps tendon which prevents the capsule from being pinched during extension.[8]

text: Synovial membrane[edit]

text: The synovial membrane of the elbow joint is very extensive.  On the humerus, it extends up from the articular margins and covers the coronoid and radial fossae anteriorly and the olecranon fossa posteriorly.  Distally, it is prolonged down to the neck of the radius and the superior radioulnar joint.  It is supported by the quadrate ligament below the annular ligament where it also forms a fold which gives the head of the radius freedom of movement.[8]

text:
Several synovial folds project into the recesses of the joint.[8]
These folds or plicae are remnants of normal embryonic development and can be categorized as either anterior (anterior humeral recess) or posterior (olecranon recess).[9]
A crescent-shaped fold is commonly present between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus.[8]

text: On the humerus there are extrasynovial fat pads adjacent to the three articular fossae.  These pads fill the radial and coronoid fossa anteriorly during extension, and the olecranon fossa posteriorly during flexion.  They are displaced when the fossae are occupied by the bony projections of the ulna and radius.[8]

text: Ligaments[edit]

text: The elbow, like other joints, has ligaments on either side. These are triangular bands which blend with the joint capsule.  They are positioned so that they always lie across the transverse joint axis and are, therefore, always relatively tense and impose strict limitations on abduction, adduction, and axial rotation at the elbow.[8]

text: The ulnar collateral ligament has its apex on the medial epicondyle.  Its anterior band stretches from the anterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial edge of the coronoid process, while the posterior band stretches from posterior side of the medial epicondyle to the medial side of the olecranon.  These two bands are separated by a thinner intermediate part and their distal attachments are united by a transverse band below which the synovial membrane protrudes during joint movements.  The anterior band is closely associated with the tendon of the superficial flexor muscles of the forearm, even being the origin of flexor digitorum superficialis.  The ulnar nerve crosses the intermediate part as it enters the forearm.[8]

text: The radial collateral ligament is attached to the lateral epicondyle below the common extensor tendon.  Less distinct than the ulnar collateral ligament, this ligament blends with the annular ligament of the radius and its margins are attached near the radial notch of the ulna.[8]

text: Muscles[edit]

text: Flexion[edit]

text: There are three main flexor muscles at the elbow:[10]

text:
Brachialis acts exclusively as an elbow flexor and is one of the few muscles in the human body with a single function.  It originates low on the anterior side of the humerus and is inserted into the tuberosity of the ulna.
Brachioradialis acts essentially as an elbow flexor but also supinates during extreme pronation and pronates during extreme supination.  It originates at the lateral supracondylar ridge distally on the humerus and is inserted distally on the radius at the styloid process.
Biceps brachii is the main elbow flexor but, as a biarticular muscle, also plays important secondary roles as a stabiliser at the shoulder and as a supinator.  It originates on the scapula with two tendons: That of the long head on the supraglenoid tubercle just above the shoulder joint and that of the short head on the coracoid process at the top of the scapula.  Its main insertion is at the radial tuberosity on the radius.

tag: ul

text:
Brachialis is the main muscle used when the elbow is flexed slowly.  During rapid and forceful flexion all three muscles are brought into action assisted by the superficial forearm flexors originating at the medial side of the elbow.[11]
The efficiency of the flexor muscles increases dramatically as the elbow is brought into midflexion (flexed 90°) — biceps reaches its angle of maximum efficiency at 80–90° and brachialis at 100–110°.[10]

text: Active flexion is limited to 145° by the contact between the anterior muscles of the upper arm and forearm, more so because they are hardened by contraction during flexion.  Passive flexion (forearm is pushed against the upper arm with flexors relaxed) is limited to 160° by the bony projections on the radius and ulna as they reach to shallow depressions on the humerus; i.e. the head of radius being pressed against the radial fossa and the coronoid process being pressed against the coronoid fossa.  Passive flexion is further limited by tension in the posterior capsular ligament and in triceps brachii.[12]

text: Extension[edit]

text: Elbow extension is simply bringing the forearm back to anatomical position.[11]  This action is performed by triceps brachii with a negligible assistance from anconeus.  Triceps originates with two heads posteriorly on the humerus and with its long head on the scapula just below the shoulder joint.  It is inserted posteriorly on the olecranon.[10]

text: Triceps is maximally efficient with the elbow flexed 20–30°.  As the angle of flexion increases, the position of the olecranon approaches the main axis of the humerus which decreases muscle efficiency.  In full flexion, however, the triceps tendon is "rolled up" on the olecranon as on a pulley which compensates for the loss of efficiency.  Because triceps' long head is biarticular (acts on two joints), its efficiency is also dependent on the position of the shoulder.[10]

text: Extension is limited by the olecranon reaching the olecranon fossa, tension in the anterior ligament, and resistance in flexor muscles.  Forced extension results in a rupture in one of the limiting structures: olecranon fracture, torn capsule and ligaments, and, though the muscles are normally left unaffected, a bruised brachial artery.[12]

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The arteries supplying the joint are derived from an extensive circulatory anastomosis between the brachial artery and its terminal branches.  The superior and inferior ulnar collateral branches of the brachial artery and the radial and middle collateral branches of the profunda brachii artery descend from above to reconnect on the joint capsule, where they also connect with the anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent branches of the ulnar artery; the radial recurrent branch of the radial artery; and the interosseous recurrent branch of the common interosseous artery.[13]

text:
The blood is brought back by vessels from the radial, ulnar, and brachial veins.
There are two sets of lymphatic nodes at the elbow, normally located above the medial epicondyle — the deep and superficial cubital nodes (also called epitrochlear nodes).  The lymphatic drainage at the elbow is through the deep nodes at the bifurcation of the brachial artery, the superficial nodes drain the forearm and the ulnar side of the hand.  The efferent lymph vessels from the elbow proceed to the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes.[13][14]

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The elbow is innervated anteriorly by branches from the musculocutaneous, median, and radial nerve, and posteriorly from the ulnar nerve and the branch of the radial nerve to anconeus.[13]

text: Development[edit]

text: The elbow undergoes dynamic development of ossification centers through infancy and adolescence, with the order of both the appearance and fusion of the apophyseal growth centers being crucial in assessment of the pediatric elbow on radiograph, in order to distinguish a traumatic fracture or apophyseal separation from normal development. The order of appearance can be understood by the mnemonic CRITOE, referring to the capitellum, radial head, internal epicondyle, trochlea, olecranon, and external epicondyle at ages 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 years. These apophyseal centers then fuse during adolescence, with the internal epicondyle and olecranon fusing last. The ages of fusion are more variable than ossification, but normally occur at 13, 15, 17, 13, 16 and 13 years, respectively.[15] In addition, the presence of a joint effusion can be inferenced by the presence of the fat pad sign, a structure that is normally physiologically present, but pathologic when elevated by fluid, and always pathologic when posterior.[16]

text: Function[edit]

text: The function of the elbow joint is to extend and flex the arm grasp and reach for objects.[17] The range of movement in the elbow is from 0 degrees of elbow extension to 150 of elbow flexion.[18] Muscles contributing to function are all flexion (biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis) and extension muscles (triceps and anconeus).

text: In humans, the main task of the elbow is to properly place the hand in space by shortening and lengthening the upper limb.  While the superior radioulnar joint shares joint capsule with the elbow joint, it plays no functional role at the elbow.[7]

text: With the elbow extended, the long axis of the humerus and that of the ulna coincide.  At the same time, the articular surfaces on both bones are located in front of those axes and deviate from them at an angle of 45°.  Additionally, the forearm muscles that originate at the elbow are grouped at the sides of the joint in order not to interfere with its movement.  The wide angle of flexion at the elbow made possible by this arrangement — almost 180° — allows the bones to be brought almost in parallel to each other.[7]

text: Carrying angle[edit]

text: When the arm is extended, with the palm facing forward or up, the bones of the upper arm (humerus) and forearm (radius and ulna) are not perfectly aligned. The deviation from a straight line occurs in the direction of the thumb, and is referred to as the "carrying angle" (visible in the right half of the picture, right).

text: The carrying angle permits the arm to be swung without contacting the hips.  Women on average have smaller shoulders and wider hips than men, which tends to produce a larger carrying angle (i.e., larger deviation from a straight line than that in men).  There is, however, extensive overlap in the carrying angle between individual men and women, and a sex-bias has not been consistently observed in scientific studies.[19] This could however be attributed to the very small sample sizes in those cited earlier studies. A more recent study based on a sample size of 333 individuals from both sexes concluded that carrying angle is a suitable secondary sexual characteristic.[20]

text: The angle is greater in the dominant limb than the non-dominant limb of both sexes,[21] suggesting that natural forces acting on the elbow modify the carrying angle.  Developmental,[22] aging and possibly racial influences add further to the variability of this parameter.

text: Pathology[edit]

text: The types of disease most commonly seen at the elbow are due to injury.

text: Tendonitis[edit]

text: Two of the most common injuries at the elbow are overuse injuries: tennis elbow and golfer's elbow.  Golfer's elbow involves the tendon of the common flexor origin which originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus (the "inside" of the elbow).  Tennis elbow is the equivalent injury, but at the common extensor origin (the lateral epicondyle of the humerus).

text: Fractures[edit]

text: There are three bones at the elbow joint, and any combination of these bones may be involved in a fracture of the elbow.  Patients who are able to fully extend their arm at the elbow are unlikely to have a fracture (98% certainty) and an X-ray is not required as long as an olecranon fracture is ruled out.[23] Acute fractures may not be easily visible on X-ray.[citation needed]

text: Dislocation[edit]

text:
Elbow dislocations constitute 10% to 25% of all injuries to the elbow. The elbow is one of the most commonly dislocated joints in the body, with an average annual incidence of acute dislocation of 6 per 100,000 persons.[24] Among injuries to the upper extremity, dislocation of the elbow is second only to a dislocated shoulder.
A full dislocation of the elbow will require expert medical attention to re-align, and recovery can take approximately 8–14 weeks. A small amount of people (10% or less) report near full recovery and minimal permanent restriction, but a permanent restriction of 5–15% movement is common.[citation needed]

text: Infection[edit]

text: Infection of the elbow joint (septic arthritis) is uncommon.  It may occur spontaneously, but may also occur in relation to surgery or infection elsewhere in the body (for example, endocarditis).[citation needed]

text: Arthritis[edit]

text: Elbow arthritis is usually seen in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or after fractures that involve the joint itself. When the damage to the joint is severe, fascial arthroplasty or elbow joint replacement may be considered.[25]

text: Bursitis[edit]

text: Olecranon bursitis, pain in posterior part of elbow, tenderness, warmth, swelling, pain in both flexion and extension, in chronic case extreme flexion is painful

text: Pain management for common problems in the radioulnar and elbow joints[edit]

text: Elbow pain can occur for a multitude of reasons, including injury, disease, and other conditions. Common conditions include tennis elbow, golfer’s elbow, distal radioulnar joint rheumatoid arthritis, and cubital tunnel syndrome.

text: Tennis elbow[edit]

text:
Tennis elbow is a very common type of overuse injury. It can occur both from chronic repetitive motions of the hand and forearm, and from trauma to the same areas. These repetitions can injure the tendons that connect the extensor supinator muscles (which rotate and extend the forearm) to the olecranon process (also known as “the elbow”). Pain occurs, often radiating from the lateral forearm. Weakness, numbness, and stiffness are also very common, along with tenderness upon touch.[26]
A non-invasive treatment for pain management is rest. If achieving rest is an issue, a wrist brace can also be worn. This keeps the wrist in flexion, thereby relieving the extensor muscles and allowing rest. Ice, heat, ultrasound, steroid injections, and compression can also help alleviate pain. After the pain has been reduced, exercise therapy is important to prevent injury in the future. Exercises should be low velocity, and weight should increase progressively.[27] Stretching the flexors and extensors is helpful, as are strengthening exercises. Massage can also be useful, focusing on the extensor trigger points.[28]

text: Golfer’s elbow[edit]

text:
Golfer's elbow is very similar to tennis elbow, but less common. It is caused by overuse and repetitive motions like a golf swing. It can also be caused by trauma. Wrist flexion and pronation (rotating of the forearm) causes irritation to the tendons near the medial epicondyle of the elbow.[29] It can cause pain, stiffness, loss of sensation, and weakness radiating from the inside of the elbow to the fingers.
Rest is the primary intervention for this injury. Ice, pain medication, steroid injections, strengthening exercises, and avoiding any aggravating activities can also help. Surgery is a last resort, and rarely used. Exercises should focus on strengthening and stretching the forearm, and utilizing proper form when performing movements.[30]

text: Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) rheumatoid arthritis[edit]

text:
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease that affects joints. It is very common in the wrist, and is most common at the radioulnar joint. It results in pain, stiffness, and deformities.
There are many different treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, and there is no one consensus for which methods are best. Most common treatments include wrist splints, surgery, physical and occupational therapy, and antirheumatic medication.[31]

text: Cubital tunnel syndrome[edit]

text:
Cubital tunnel syndrome, more commonly known as ulnar neuropathy, occurs when the ulnar nerve is irritated and becomes inflamed. This can often happen where the ulnar nerve is most superficial, at the elbow. The ulnar nerve passes over the elbow, at the area known as the “funny bone”. Irritation can occur due to constant, repeated stress and pressure at this area, or from a trauma. It can also occur due to bone deformities, and oftentimes from sports.[32] Symptoms include tingling, numbness, and weakness, along with pain.
First line pain management techniques include the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory oral medicines. These help to reduce inflammation, pressure, and irritation of the nerve and around the nerve. Other simple fixes include learning more ergonomically friendly habits that can help prevent nerve impingement and irritation in the future. Protective equipment can also be very helpful. Examples of this include a protective elbow pad, and an arm splint. More serious cases often involve surgery, in which the nerve or the surrounding tissue is moved to relieve the pressure. Recovery from surgery can take awhile, but the prognosis is often a good one. Recovery often includes movement restrictions, and range of motion activities, and can last a few months (cubital and radial tunnel syndrome, 2).

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: The now obsolete length unit ell relates closely to the elbow. This becomes especially visible when considering the Germanic origins of both words, Elle (ell, defined as the length of a male forearm from elbow to fingertips) and Ellbogen (elbow). It is unknown when or why the second "l" was dropped from English usage of the word.[citation needed] The ell as in the English measure could also be taken to come from the letter L, being bent at right angles, as an elbow.[33] The ell as a measure was taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder.[34] Another measure was the cubit (from cubital). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger.[35]

text: Other primates[edit]

text: Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all apes, there are some minor differences.  In arboreal apes such as orangutans, the large forearm muscles originating on the epicondyles of the humerus generate significant transverse forces on the elbow joint.  The structure to resist these forces is a pronounced keel on the trochlear notch on the ulna, which is more flattened in, for example, humans and gorillas.  In knuckle-walkers, on the other hand, the elbow has to deal with large vertical loads passing through extended forearms and the joint is therefore more expanded to provide larger articular surfaces perpendicular to those forces.[36]

text: Derived traits in catarrhini (apes and Old World monkeys) elbows include the loss of the entepicondylar foramen (a hole in the distal humerus), a non-translatory (rotation-only) humeroulnar joint, and a more robust ulna with a shortened trochlear notch.[37]

text: The proximal radioulnar joint is similarly derived in higher primates in the location and shape of the radial notch on the ulna; the primitive form being represented by New World monkeys, such as the howler monkey, and by fossil catarrhines, such as Aegyptopithecus.  In these taxa, the oval head of the radius lies in front of the ulnar shaft so that the former overlaps the latter by half its width.  With this forearm configuration, the ulna supports the radius and maximum stability is achieved when the forearm is fully pronated.[37]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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Jump up ^ "Cubital nodes". Inner Body. Retrieved June 2012.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

Jump up ^ Soma, DB (March 2016). "Opening the Black Box: Evaluating the Pediatric Athlete With Elbow Pain". PM&R. 8 (3 Suppl): S101–12. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.002. PMID 26972259.

Jump up ^ Lee, YJ; Han, D; Koh, YH; Zo, JH; Kim, SH; Kim, DK; Lee, JS; Moon, HJ; Kim, JS; Chun, EJ; Youn, BJ; Lee, CH; Kim, SS (February 2008). "Adult sail sign: radiographic and computed tomographic features". Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 49 (1): 37–40. doi:10.1080/02841850701675677. PMID 18210313.

Jump up ^ Dimon, T. (2011). The Body of Motion: its Evolution and Design (pp. 39-42). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.

Jump up ^ Thomas, B. P.; Sreekanth, R. (2012). "Distal radioulnar joint injuries". Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 46 (5): 493–504. doi:10.4103/0019-5413.101031.

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Jump up ^ Thomson, B. (2015, January 1). (5) Tennis Elbow Treatment By Trigger Point Massage. Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://www.easyvigour.net.nz/fitness/hOBP5_TriggerPoint_Tennis_Elbow.htm

Jump up ^ Dhami, S., & Sheikh, A. (2002). At A Glance - Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow). Factiva.

Jump up ^ Golfer's elbow. (2012, October 9). Retrieved March 14, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/golfers-elbow/basics/prevention/con-20027964

Jump up ^ Lee, S., & Hausman, M. (2005). Management of the Distal Radioulnar Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Hand Clinics, (21), 577-589.

Jump up ^ Cubital and Radial Tunnel Syndrome: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment. (2014, September 29). Retrieved February 17, 2015, from http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/cubital-radial-tunnel-syndrome

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document_title: Military Assistance Advisory Group

question_text: when did the us send advisors to vietnam

root

text: Military Assistance Advisory Group

text: MAAG Indochina; MAAG Vietnam[edit]

text: In September 1950, US President Harry Truman sent the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) to Vietnam to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The President claimed they were not sent as combat troops, but to supervise the use of $10 million worth of US military equipment to support the French in their effort to fight the Viet Minh forces. By 1953, aid increased dramatically to $350 million to replace old military equipment owned by the French.[2]

tag: p

text: The French Army however, was reluctant to take U.S. advice, and would not allow the Vietnamese army to be trained to use the new equipment, because it went against French policy. They were supposed to not only defeat enemy forces but to solidify themselves as a colonial power, and they could not do this with a Vietnamese Army. French commanders were so reluctant to accept advice that would weaken their time-honored colonial role that they got in the way of the various attempts by the MAAG to observe where the equipment was being sent and how it was being used. Eventually the French decided to cooperate, but at that point it was too late.[2]

text: In 1954 the commanding general of French forces in Indochina, General Henri Navarre, allowed the United States to send liaison officers to Vietnamese forces. But it was too late, because of the siege and fall of Dien Bien Phu in the spring. As stated by the Geneva Accords, France was forced to surrender the northern half of Vietnam and to withdraw from South Vietnam by April 1956.[3]

text: At a conference in Washington, D.C. on February 12, 1955, between officials of the U.S. State Department and the French Minister of Overseas Affairs, it was agreed that all U.S. aid would be funneled directly to South Vietnam and that all major military responsibilities would be transferred from the French to the MAAG under the command of Lieutenant General John O'Daniel. A problem arose however, because the French Expeditionary Force had to depart from South Vietnam in April 1956 pursuant to the Accords. After the French defeat, it was renamed the MAAG Vietnam in 1955, as the United States became more deeply involved in what would come to be known as the Vietnam War.

text: The next few years saw the rise of a Communist insurgency in South Vietnam, and President Diem looked increasingly to US military assistance to strengthen his position, albeit with certain reservations. Attacks on US military advisers in Vietnam became more frequent. On October 22, 1957, MAAG Vietnam and USIS installations in Saigon were bombed, injuring US military advisers.[4] In the summer of 1959, Communist guerrillas staged an attack on a Vietnamese military base in Bien Hoa, killing and wounding several MAAG personnel.[5] During this time, American advisers were not put in high-ranking positions, and President Diem was reluctant to allow American advisers into Vietnamese tactical units. He was afraid that the United States would gain control or influence over his forces if Americans got into the ranks of the army. The first signs that his position was beginning to shift came in 1960, when the number of official US military advisers in the country was increased from 327 to 685 at the request of the South Vietnamese government.[5] By 1961, communist guerrillas were becoming stronger and more active. This increased enemy contacts in size and intensity throughout South Vietnam. At this point, Diem was under pressure from US authorities to liberalize his regime and implement reforms. Although key elements in the US administration were resisting his requests for increased military funding and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) troop ceilings, MAAG Vietnam played a significant role in advocating for a greater US presence in the country.[6] Throughout this period relations between the MAAG Vietnam and Diem were described as "excellent", even though the advisers were doubtful of his ability to hold off the insurgency.[7]

text: Newly elected President John F. Kennedy agreed with MAAG Vietnam's calls for increases in ARVN troop levels and the U.S. military commitment in both equipment and men. In response, Kennedy provided $28.4 million in funding for ARVN, and overall military aid increased from $50 million per year to $144 million in 1961. In the first year of the Kennedy administration, MAAG Vietnam worked closely with administration officials, USOM, and the US Information Service to develop a counterinsurgency plan (CIP). The CIP's main initiatives included the strengthening of ARVN to combat the Communist insurgency, which had the corollary effect of strengthening Diem's political position.[8] At the same time President Diem agreed to the assignment of advisers to battalion level, significantly increasing the number of advisers; from 746 in 1961 to over 3,400 before MAAG Vietnam was placed under U.S. Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) and renamed the Field Advisory Element, Vietnam. At the peak of the war in 1968, 9,430 Army personnel acted as advisors down to the district and battalion level to train, advise and mentor the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps, Republic of Vietnam Navy and the Republic of Vietnam Air Force.

text: MAAG Indochina had three commanders: BG Francis G. Brink, October 1950 – August 1952; MG Thomas J. H. Trapnell, August 1952 – April 1954; and LTG John W. O'Daniel, April 1954 – November 1955. MAAG Vietnam was commanded by LTG Samuel T. Williams, November 1955 – September 1960; LTG Lionel C. McGarr, September 1960 – January 1962; and GEN Paul D. Harkins, January 1962 – June 1964.

text: MAAG Thailand[edit]

text: As part of the military outreach of the USA to friendly countries in Southeast Asia, a MAAG was established in Bangkok, Thailand in September 1950.

text: It was replaced by the Joint US Military Advisory Group Thailand (JUSMAGTHAI) in September 1953, which operates until today.[9][10]

text: MAAG Laos[edit]

text: MAAG Laos was preceded by the Programs Evaluation Office, established on 15 December 1955. Due to the limitations emplaced by international treaty, the PEO was set up with civilian personnel instead of a MAAG with a military staff. When political changes superseded the treaty, MAAG Laos was established in 1961 to replace the Programs Evaluation Office in its support of the Royal Lao Army's fight against the communist Pathet Lao. On July 23, 1962, several interested countries agreed in Geneva to guarantee the neutrality and independence of Laos. As such, the US removed the MAAG, replacing it with a Requirements Office, which served as a convenient cover for the CIA activities.[11]

text: One of MAAG Laos' commanders was Reuben Tucker.

text: MAAG Cambodia[edit]

text: MAAG Cambodia was established on June 4, 1955, pursuant to the United States-Royal Government of Cambodia agreement of May 16, 1955. This agreement included the introduction of high-ranking US military personnel to advise the Cambodian armed forces as non-combatants.[12] The advisory group was staffed mainly by army personnel, with smaller contingents of navy and air force personnel.

text: As Cambodia's leadership took an official policy of neutrality in the Cold War, MAAG Cambodia's involvement in the country was terminated on November 20, 1963, by General Order 6, MAAG Cambodia, following the Cambodian government's cancellation of all U.S. aid.[13]

text: MAAG Republic of China[edit]

text: In Taiwan, U.S. Military Advisory Group generally refers to the United States Armed Forces in the Republic of China (Taiwan) from April 1951 to December 1978. The commander of these forces was U.S. Major General William C. Chase until his retirement in 1955 at which time he was succeeded by U.S. Brigadier General Lester Bork[14] American military advisers were tasked with providing arms and military advice, assisting with Taiwanese military training, implementation of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty, maintaining military contacts, and monitoring Republic of China forces. In 1957 there were 10,000 Americans in Taiwan, the great majority being CIA and military personnel and their families.[15]

text: Since 1979, the site of MAAG headquarters in Taipei has been occupied by American Institute in Taiwan/Taipei branch, which is scheduled to move to a new office complex in 2015.


document_title: The Vampire Diaries (season 6)

question_text: when does damon come back in vampire diaries

text: The Vampire Diaries (season 6)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert
Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore
Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore
Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert
Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett
Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes
Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan
Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman
Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Josette "Jo" Laughlin (born Parker)
Chris Wood as Malachai "Kai" Parker
Penelope Mitchell as Olivia "Liv" Parker
Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth "Liz" Forbes
Chris Brochu as Lucas "Luke" Parker
Annie Wersching as Lily Salvatore
Emily Chang as Ivy
Gabrielle Walsh as Monique
Tristin Mays as Sarah Nelson (born Salvatore)
Marco James as Liam Davis

text: Special guest[edit]

text: Colin Ferguson as Thomas Vincent "Tripp" Cooke (born Fell)

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Drew Stephenson as Colin Phelps
Jayson Warner Smith as Dean
Christopher Cousins as Joshua Parker
Chris William Martin as Zach Salvatore (flashback)
Jason MacDonald as Grayson Gilbert (flashback)
Erin Beute as Miranda Sommers-Gilbert (voice only)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1121"I'll Remember"Jeffrey HuntCaroline DriesOctober 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)2J78511.81[3]
Four months later, Elena is having a horrible time coping with Damon's death as she returns to Whitmore College for her sophomore year. She is taking drugs that Luke has given her in order to see Damon, but she soon develops side effects that make her violent. Caroline has dropped out of college to find a way to reverse the spell that the Travellers had put on the Mystic Falls border. Tyler adjusts to being human as he begins attending Whitmore while his feelings for Liv grow. Matt gets really worried after Jeremy continues to cope with Bonnie's death by having sex with random girls and drinking. Alaric, after returning, is adjusting to his life as a vampire and works as a professor at Whitmore. Stefan has decided to live a normal life and started working as a mechanic after giving up on finding a way to get Bonnie and Damon back. Elena asks Alaric how he copes with being a vampire and asks him to compel her into forgetting about Damon.
1132"Yellow Ledbetter"Pascal VerschoorisJulie PlecOctober 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)2J78521.67[4]
Knowing she needs to come to terms with the loss of Damon, Elena turns to Alaric to help her move on with her life. So that Alaric can compel her to forget she ever loved Damon, Elena has to admit the moment she first realized she loved him. Caroline and Enzo try to convince Stefan not to give up on Damon, but Stefan is determined to start a new life away from everything that reminds him of Damon. Meanwhile, Matt worries about Jeremy who is spending time with Sarah, a mysterious girl supposedly from new York, who has recently arrived in Mystic Falls. Elsewhere,Tripp (leader of the community protection program) makes an interesting confession to Matt about his connection to the town. Lastly, with the Other Side destroyed and gone for good, Damon and Bonnie reluctantly band together to uncover the mystery of where they are and how they are going to get back home. Bonnie and Damon discover they are trapped in a time loop, and discover some one is in the house with them.
1143"Welcome to Paradise"Michael AllowitzBrian YoungOctober 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)2J78531.83[5]
Still reeling from Enzo murdering his girlfriend Ivy, Stefan compels his boss at the auto repair shop to give him a few days off so that he can hunt him down. Meanwhile, Elena seems over the top ecstatic since Alaric compelled her to forget all of her Damon memories. Stefan appears at Whitmore College, surprising Elena, who has just invited Liam to the party at the swimming hole. In the parallel dimension, while Bonnie and Damon are discussing the mysterious crossword puzzle incident during grocery shopping, more strange things happen--food items missing from shelves; the merry-go-round is activated; Damon's car appears in the parking lot, all which lead Damon to discover someone named Kai. In the other world, Stefan attempts to confront Enzo, but Enzo thwarts him and kills a vampire hunter who had followed them into the woods. Kai reveals that he has been following Damon and Bonnie, right before he announces that he wants to kill Damon just as Damon takes a drink of bourbon laced with vervain. Bonnie saves Damon by regaining her magic, and she and Damon capture Kai, who later admits that he faked the attempted killing of Damon to motivate Bonnie to regain her magic. Jeremy's latest fling Sarah disappears. In a diner, Tripp Fell stabs Enzo with a syringe filled with vervain, which Enzo shakes off, right before Stefan stakes him.
1154"Black Hole Sun"Kellie CyrusMelinda Hsu Taylor & Neil ReynoldsOctober 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)2J78541.66[6]
When Damon and Bonnie realize that uncovering a time from Damon's past may provide clues to finding their way back home, Damon is forced to relive one of the worst days of his life. After an awkward run-in with Jo at the hospital, Alaric steps in to help Jeremy get his life together and cope with the loss of Bonnie. Meanwhile, in Savannah, Stefan attempts to show Elena what it is like to start over and create a new identity, while unsuspecting Matt finds himself in a disturbing situation when Tripp lets him in on a dark secret. Lastly Stefan, who is desperate to regain some normalcy in his life, is stunned when Ivy shows up as a vampire.
1165"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"Leslie LibmanBrett MatthewsOctober 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)2J78551.58[7]
Kai tells Bonnie and Damon to prepare for the eclipse that can bring them back home. Bonnie soon discovers that Kai knew nothing about the spell and kills him. He never was dead, but he needed a Bennett to help him go back home, so he tries to kill Bonnie and Damon once they were close to coming back home. While Bonnie is bleeding on the ground, Damon fights Kai, but Bonnie uses her magic to make sure Damon goes back home. Meanwhile, Elena and Liam go to Whitmore College Corn Maze. While there, Tyler accidentally runs over the entire corn maze with a truck due to someone running out in the middle of the street, so Elena and Tyler have to make sure no one dies because then Tyler would unlock his werewolf curse. Stefan tells Caroline to teach Ivy the vampire ropes. Ivy breaks Caroline's neck and Ivy decides to go feed, but did not know how to compel. Ivy gets captured at the end by Tripp. Stefan and Damon reunite.
1176"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"Garreth StoverChad Fiveash & James StoterauxNovember 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)2J78561.59[8]
Damon believes if he sees Elena, all her memories of him will be restored, but Elena does not want to meet him. Alaric asks Elena to see if Jo knows about vampires, and she discovers that Jo is a witch and knows Elena and Alaric are vampires. Tripp captures Damon and try to drive him and Enzo over the Mystic Falls borders. Alaric tries to stop Tripp from crossing the Mystic Falls borders but gets dragged across it himself. While looking for Damon, Enzo, and Alaric, Elena decides she wants her memories back. When they cross the border, Enzo, Damon, and Alaric slowly start to die and get magic stripped off of them. Jo was following Alaric and rescues him, but he comes back alive as human. Stefan rescues Damon and Enzo and later on meets Caroline, who tells him she does not want to be friends anymore. The episode ends with Elena and Damon meeting in her dorm.
1187"Do You Remember the First Time?"Darren GenetRebecca SonnenshineNovember 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)2J78571.54[9]
Damon and Elena try to get back her memories with no luck, Elena gives up and crosses the border but Damon grabs her in time that she does not die. Elena only remembers bits and pieces but not enough to love Damon again. Damon decides to let Elena go while dropping her off at her dorm. Meanwhile, Stefan and Caroline need to get Tripp back from Enzo before the people who want Tripp back kill Caroline's mom. Enzo secretly turns Tripp into a vampire without Caroline or Stefan knowing. Tripp crosses the Mystic Falls border and dies, while Caroline gets her mom back. Caroline sees that they hurt her mom and along with Stefan, they take Sheriff Forbes to the hospital and while waiting for her, Stefan and Caroline talk about what Enzo said earlier (that Caroline loved Stefan and how he did not notice). They talk and Stefan apologizes for not knowing, which gets Caroline mad. Liam tells Elena that he is close to knowing how the girl who was in the maze recovered so quickly, which makes Elena alarmed since it was her blood that made the girl healed.
1198"Fade Into You"Joshua ButlerNina Fiore & John HerreraNovember 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)2J78581.68[10]
As Caroline and Elena host Thanksgiving at their dorm, Elena seeks ways to confess her vampirism to Liam. Stefan, Damon and Alaric go to Portland to contact the Gemini coven concerning the ascendant whilst trying not to give Elena hope. Kai takes Bonnie to the same location and tells her his parents called him an abomination and tried all they could to keep their home hidden. Damon and Alaric tease Stefan about Caroline's feelings for him prompting Stefan to kick Bonnie's Teddy bear into the air and uncloaking a house. Liam apologizes to Elena for false accusations after Jo had altered Lady Whitmore's medical track. Kai agrees to let Bonnie leave unharmed with his car if she has one last dinner with him. In a surprising turn of events it is revealed that Kai is Jo's twin brother, Luke and Liv are both siblings to them and stem from the same family. Kai killed his four siblings targeting Luke and Liv to be the Covens leader. While searching for answers, Damon meets Kai's father, Joshua, who casts another cloaking spell on him. As Damon wakes Joshua demands to know how he got out the trap of repeated hell and if Kai also knows the how to escape. The twins explain that there can not be two leaders in the coven and on their 22nd birthday one of them has to die. Joshua explains that he can not help Damon bring out Bonnie because if Kai escapes, he will be a problem to the world. He starts a spell to kill Jo and then tries to kill Damon but Stefan arrives in time to fend him off with a magic knife Jo spelled in 1994 while at the same time, Elena saves Jo with her blood much to Liam's shock whom she compels afterwards. Kai explains the logic of his exile to Bonnie, reveals the same spelled knife and sucks out its magic. He then tells Bonnie he does not need her anymore but needs her blood and stabs her. Tyler vows to protect Liv and Stefan tries to make peace with Caroline who hands him a gift. Elena and Damon discuss their relationship. Finally Bonnie recovers from the stab and discovers Kai took the car and left her there.
1209"I Alone"Kellie CyrusBrian Young & Holly BrixDecember 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)2J78591.49[11]
Damon compels Alaric to do whatever he has to do to get the ascendant from Jo. After obtaining it, Liv sends Damon and Elena back to 1994 while Elena wonders why Jo agreed to give them the ascendant which is the only thing that is protecting her from her brother. Arriving in 1994, Damon and Elena page Bonnie and are able to speak to her and tell her that they are bringing her home. In their conversation Bonnie tells them that Kai stabbed her to get her blood and fears that Kai might be free. Back in the Mystic Falls, Stefan meets a girl claiming to be Sarah, the daughter of their uncle, but it is revealed that she is actually an impostor who goes by the name Monique. Stefan knows about the real Sarah and where she is all these years since he has been watching over her whole life. He compels Monique to forget she ever knew Sarah and to leave Mystic Falls, because he does not want Damon, or anyone else, to know about Sarah. Enzo suspects that Stefan hides something and kills Monique because Stefan refuses to tell him. Meanwhile, Kai kills a cab driver and once he arrives in Mystic Falls he finds Liv. He steals some of her magic and tries to kill her but Tyler comes in time and saves her. In the process, Liv is forced to bring Damon and Elena back to the present without Bonnie. Jo finds out that the ascendant is gone and confronts Alaric, being the only other person who knew where she kept it, but Alaric swears he did not take it. Jo tells him that it might be possible that he took it but he does not remember because he was compelled to forget. Kai finds Damon and Elena in the cemetery and destroys the ascendant and afterwards he goes to Tyler and asks him to help him merge with Jo to keep Liv alive.
12110"Christmas Through Your Eyes"Michael AllowitzCaroline DriesDecember 11, 2014 (2014-12-11)2J78601.82[12]
Seen in flashbacks ranging from 2007 to 2009, high school students Elena, Bonnie and Caroline are decorating the school Christmas tree and enjoying a simpler time. In the present day, Kai kidnaps Jo and with Liv and Luke's help, he locates the knife where Jo had hidden her magic and forces Jo to take it back by stabbing her, but she tells him that for that to work she has to be willing to do it because she put it there also willingly. Luke leaves saying that he does not want to be a part of Jo's murder. Jo tells Kai that she may bleed out if he does not do anything and that all his efforts will be vain, so he leaves to go fetch some bandages and leaves Liv with the mission to find a way to give Jo her magic back. Meanwhile the sheriff is brought to the hospital where it is revealed that she has a tumor on her brain, and Stefan says to Caroline that she will die because vampire's blood cannot heal her. Jeremy and Matt trap Enzo with the intent of killing him but Matt wants to kill him slowly, which Jeremy finds a little harsh but Matt is determined. Liv tries to convince Jo to take her magic telling her that she may be able to beat Kai in the merge because of how well she has done without magic for 18 years. Kai comes back and tries to kill Liv which forces Jo to take back her magic. Damon and Alaric came to the rescue to find out that Jo has her magic back. They trick Kai and send him out of border where Alaric puts a gun on his temple but Jo comes out and asks him not to kill him because she might be able to beat him in the merge, and that she needs a little time to get strong. They chained him in Mystic Falls where he cannot use any magic but after a while, Kai drains the magic from the travelers' spell, something that also breaks the spell surrounding Mystic Falls. Matt brings Enzo past the border of Mystic Falls but Enzo cannot die due to Kai absorbing all the magic. Enzo turns on Matt telling him that he will let him live if he helps him take away all things that makes Stefan happy. Damon and Stefan come back to their home in Mystic Falls, and when Elena arrives, Damon cannot see her because of Kai's cloaking spell. Kai kidnaps Elena.
12211"Woke Up with a Monster"Paul WesleyMelinda Hsu TaylorJanuary 22, 2015 (2015-01-22)2J78611.63[13]
Kai has captured Elena and holds her as hostage in the Mystic Grill after killing the owner. He plans to practice his new found abilities on Elena to master his new magic. Meanwhile Caroline and Stefan start to look for a doctor who could cure Liz, and get to Duke. On the way Stefan goes to the art exhibition held by his niece, the true Sarah Nelson, but he is followed by Enzo. Kai brings Elena to high school and melts her daylight ring. Elena manages to escape Kai and phones Damon who comes with Liv to save her. However, Liv is abducted by her brother, Luke who comes to take her home. Needing a witch to perform a cloaking spell, Jo steps in to help Damon and they both enter the building. They manage to save Elena but Jo is becoming weaker and Kai spots them all. Meanwhile, after learning from a doctor that her mom has no treatment, Caroline decides to inject her blood to another cancer patient. The aftermath is a well-looking person who seems to have defeated the tumor. The patient is feeling alright again so Caroline and Stefan rush back to Mystic Falls. In the school, Kai tricks Damon to stab Elena and goes after Jo. Alaric and Jeremy come in to save Jo just in time and they decide to keep Kai under sedative. Once back home, Caroline reveals to her mother that only vampire blood can heal her and puts some in her tea. The episode ends with the patient slowly dying in a brutal way, just while Liz is drinking Caroline's blood, with whom she now believes can be saved.
12312"Prayer for the Dying"Jeffrey HuntBrett Matthews & Rebecca SonnenshineJanuary 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)2J78621.47[14]
Caroline is woken up by Colin, the patient she gave her blood to. Stefan and Caroline learn that he has become a vampire. Liv and Luke's father arrives to celebrate their birthday. They propose him to avoid the merge because none of them wants the other to die. In the hospital, Caroline and Stefan realize that Colin is a vampire but is not cured of his cancer. The tumor expanded and while he is a vampire, he can still feel the pain of the tumor growing. Caroline's mom realises that she will go through the same as Caroline fed her her blood. Jo suggests a full blood transfusion but it fails. Tyler, who now knows the twins are ready for the merge (as they are 22 years old), tries to wake Kai up, but is stopped by Damon. Kai helps Liz taking all the magic from her body but with the condition that the merge is set for that night. Meanwhile, Liz is having a heart attack and Elena is helping her. Mr Parker deceives the twins and begins to merge them, but Tyler comes just in time and hits him. Luke promises Liv he will come back and go and look for Kai. Kai and Jo begin the merge, although she is not ready yet. Luke stops the merge and convinces Kai to do it with him. Damon compels a doctor to save Liz's life, but she dies. Caroline arrives in that moment and cries on her mother's body. Before dying, Liz has a vision in which she sees her daughter with a bloody face, and then mysteriously wakes up. After the merge, Jo witnesses Luke and Kai fainting. While Jo is crying and holding her brother in her arms, he dies and she realizes that Kai has won the merge.
12413"The Day I Tried to Live"Pascal VerschoorisChad Fiveash & James StoterauxFebruary 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)2J78631.61[15]
It is Bonnie's birthday, and Jeremy doesn't want to celebrate but is convinced by Damon and Elena to do so. The three of them attempt to piece the broken ascendant back together in attempt to send Bonnie a message, but they have a disturbing realization. Bonnie can't take the solitude anymore and is planning to commit suicide. With Kai's help, Jeremy enters the world to try to stop Bonnie, who is in the garage and starting to poison herself with gas from the car. While saying goodbye to her friends via video, Bonnie realizes that she can't give up yet but is too weak to open the garage door and save herself. Jeremy manages to open the door, and Bonnie survives. Meanwhile, Stefan uncovers a secret about his great-niece Sarah Salvatore while Enzo wants to interfere with help from Matt for an alternate motive. Caroline is trying to cope with the hardships in her life, especially her mother's illness, so Stefan keeps a close eye on her. Lastly, Jeremy contemplates leaving Mystic Falls for good and realizes it might be time to move on with his life.
12514"Stay"Chris GrismerBrian Young & Caroline DriesFebruary 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)2J78641.52[16]
With help from Elena and Damon, Jeremy graduates high school months earlier and is leaving town to go to art school. Caroline, on the other hand has Stefan help her surprise her mother with a vacation while the sheriff is with Damon attempting to solve an old unsolved case: the Gilberts' accident. Elena and Jeremy get stoned together while bonding and talking about their old memories. Matt is still being blackmailed by Enzo, but he is starting to develop feelings for Sarah. Enzo calls Matt and threatens to kill Jeremy, who he has pinned down, unless Matt takes Sarah to a certain tunnel. Matt reluctantly goes on a walk with Sarah to the tunnel, and Enzo purposely hits Matt with a car. While Sarah panics, Enzo tells her to stay calm and gives Matt some of his blood. As Jeremy leaves, it is revealed that he lied and instead of going to art school, he is going to go hunt vampires and Alaric is the only one who knows about it. Meanwhile, Liz realizes that the events surrounding the Gilberts' accident were natural and that she had been hoping for a supernatural reason so she could have someone to blame. Stefan and Caroline are setting up Liz's room together and the two of them kiss on the porch. Liz's condition rapidly deteriorates and she has to go back to the hospital, where she lies unconscious. Caroline rushes to the hospital and is upset because she didn't get to say goodbye, but Stefan helps her by suggesting that she goes inside her mom's mind, which is what she does and with that the Sheriff dies.
12615"Let Her Go"Julie PlecJulie PlecFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)2J78651.41[17]
Bonnie has her magic back thanks to Damon's message and is planning to return home that night. Kai is dying because he merged with Luke instead of Jo. He tells Jo that unless she gives him her magic, they and the rest of the coven will die and the prison worlds will collapse. Meanwhile, Damon is struggling to write Liz a eulogy and is having flashbacks to his mother's funeral. He also tells Caroline that it will only get harder for her later after everyone expects her to move on. Before Liz's funeral, Caroline tries to ask Stefan how he feels about her, but he responds by saying that he'll talk to her about it later. The funeral takes place: Damon gives the eulogy, Caroline sings, and the police honor Liz one last time. The moving display prompts Matt to get an application to join the police for both himself and Tyler, who has been drinking heavily since his breakup with Liv. Jo decides to give Kai her magic, and as this is taking place, Bonnie's prison world shifts in and out of the Salvatore home in 1903, when the aurora borealis was taking place. Right before she is about to return home, she sees a woman who asks her who she is, but before she can learn more, she returns to the normal world. Kai feels healthy after receiving Jo's magic, but before he leaves, he tells her that she is pregnant. Alaric proposes to her, telling her that he had already been planning to propose before the news, and she accepts. After Liz's funeral, Caroline returns home, but Elena follows her and confronts her after realizing that Caroline plans to turn off her humanity to stop her pain and prevent what Damon warned her about. Caroline decides to go through with it anyway and breaks Elena's neck. Stefan realizes that what he feels for Caroline could turn into something deeper and goes to her house, but he sees Elena lying on the ground. Damon reunites with Bonnie, and when Bonnie shows him the video she accidentally took while she was escaping, Damon realizes that the woman Bonnie saw was his mother.
12716"The Downward Spiral"Ian SomerhalderBrian Young & Caroline DriesMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)2J78661.30[18]
After switching off her humanity, Caroline makes out with Liam outside of a bar and feeds off of him. She tells Bonnie and Elena that she will avoid killing anyone if they give her a year to live freely without her pain, and they initially agree. Kai refuses to give Damon information about his mother unless he helps Kai apologize to Bonnie in order to alleviate Kai's guilt. Caroline invites Liam and Enzo to a rave, and Elena, Bonnie, and Stefan come to confront Caroline. Damon calls Bonnie, but after she refuses to talk to Kai, Damon and Kai show up and Kai attempts to apologize to her. Bonnie is coping with traumatic memories from her time in the prison world and is furious with Damon for forcing her to see Kai, who she believes is lying. After using her magic to punish Damon by forcing him to endure the wounds that Kai inflicted on her, she realizes that her experiences have changed her and finally calls Jeremy, telling him that she needs time to work things out. Stefan admits his feelings to Caroline and begs her to switch on her humanity; for a moment Caroline wavers and he knows that there is a chance to bring back the old Caroline. Kai reveals that Damon's mother is a vampire and was imprisoned by the Gemini coven after she faked her own death and went on a worldwide killing spree. In retaliation for Stefan's attempt to break through to her, Caroline kidnaps Sarah Salvatore and compels Liam to perform 'surgery' on her in the form of removing her organs. She tells Stefan that she will spare Sarah's life if Stefan turns off his humanity. Elena manages to stop Liam from cutting out Sarah's heart just as Stefan agrees to Caroline's demands and shuts off his humanity.
12817"A Bird in a Gilded Cage"Joshua ButlerNeil ReynoldsMarch 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)2J78671.59[19]
After the previous night, Sarah is being kept in the hospital. Alaric and Jo contemplate baby names. Jo tells Alaric to be a father for 18 years and then he can run around killing vampires. Meanwhile, Kai and Bonnie take Damon and Elena to the 1903 prison world to get the Salvatore's mother. Bonnie says she will find the ascendant but ends up hurting Kai so he can feel the pain she felt. When they are about to go back to real time, Kai gets left behind because Bonnie wants him to feel loneliness. With both of their humanities off, Caroline and Stefan feed on a girl and afterwards have sex. After Bonnie interrupts Damon and Elena's make out session, she forgives him and gives him the Cure to Vampirism.
12918"I Never Could Love Like That"Leslie LibmanStory by: Matthew D'AmbrosioTeleplay by: Chad Fiveash & James StoreauxApril 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)2J78681.35[20]
Caroline and Stefan have still switched off their humanity. They are terrorizing and killing the people at Whitmore's. Matt and Tyler are being tortured by them, Matt ends up in the hospital. Meanwhile, Elena and Damon are having a pleasant morning. They're enjoying breakfast made by Lily. Damon has come up with a plan to bring Stefan and Caroline back which involves Lily (the Salvatore's mother) convincing Stefan to turn his humanity back on and then Stefan can convince Caroline to switch it back on too. Enzo has taken Sarah from the hospital and tries to bring her to the Salvatore house, but when he sees Lily, he runs away in shock. Turns out that when Enzo was living in South Hampton, he was suffering from consumption until he met Lily, who fed him with vampire blood so then after he died (of consumption) he became a vampire. In the present day, Lily tells Damon that she will help him to bring back Stefan but in return he has to give her the ascendant so she can bring her "other family" back. When Lily and Damon go to the school bar, she says just the right words to get Stefan to flip his switch (even though Damon told her exactly what to say). Now Stefan has to track down Caroline and get her to flip the switch, too. Back at the hospital, Matt refuses Elena's blood. Once he's stitched up by conventional medicine, he talks to Elena about how much he hates vampires and doesn't want to rely on them. Finally, Damon and Elena talk about life and how Elena misses being human and she's sad because of the fact that she is a vampire and she will never be able to create a family. Finally, Jo explains how bad it is that Damon gave Lily the ascendant because Lily's "family members" and she are all witches that absorb magic from others, just like Kai, but were turned into vampires making a type of hybrid. It is explained that they were locked inside the prison world because they were perceived as too dangerous and worthless.
13019"Because"Geoffrey Wing ShotzMelinda Hsu TaylorApril 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)2J78691.37[21]
Stefan switches his humanity back on and with Damon and Elena's help, tries and switches Caroline's on. Caroline still believes Stefan has no humanity while they're locked inside a room and being tortured. Elena is convinced that Caroline will turn her feelings on by reading a letter her mom had written before she had died, but she doesn't care and oblige Stefan to burn it down. Elena is upset because she didn't expect Caroline to do that and finds help in Damon, with whom she shares her ideal future. Meanwhile, Bonnie is set to have a meeting with Lily at the Mystic Grill. Matt tries and help her friend by taking time with Lily, but soon Enzo arrives and has a chat with her. Lily explains to him that she didn't abandon him, but she left him because she was locked in the prison world the night she had turned him into a vampire. Before Bonnie arrives, the two leave. Bonnie takes the Ascendant right before Lily can take it. Meanwhile Stefan provokes visions of Liz in Caroline's mind and then she wakes up realizing the whole torture was a vision. Stefan enters in her mind again sharing a real memory of Liz giving him the letter that now is burned down, and Caroline turns her feelings on again when she understands she made an irreparable mistake. Lily wants the Ascendant and forces Damon to find it or she will burn the cure. Bonnie doesn't want to give him the Ascendant and convinces Damon that the cure is not the right solution for Elena. While Damon thinks the cure is being burned down, Elena shows up with the cure that wasn't really ever taken by Lily. The episode ends with Damon telling Elena he will take the cure with her, if she wants to take it.
13120"I'd Leave My Happy Home for You"Jesse WarnBrett Matthews & Rebecca SonnenshineApril 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)2J78701.21[22]
Jo and Alaric celebrate their last night before the marriage. He and Damon discuss Damon's proposal to Elena of becoming human with her. Matt fights with Tyler, asking why he isn't enthusiastic about becoming a cop. Tyler says that he is too afraid to become a werewolf again. Enzo finds Stefan on the phone to Caroline's voice-mail, begging her to come home. He tells Stefan that his mother is potentially turning into a ripper again and that he needs to intervene. Alaric finds Matt alone and Matt confronts him, urging him to take Jo and leave for their own good. Stefan finds his mother and stops her from feeding on someone. They talk and Stefan realizes that she can't be helped the easy way and prepares to vervain her, however, Lily notices that he is lying and vervains him instead, feeding on a waitress and terrifying all the customers at the bar. Enzo arrives at the bar and tells Stefan Damon's plan. Lily finds Bonnie and Jo and threatens Bonnie as she is the reason she can't get her people back. After stabbing Bonnie, Lily finds out Jo is pregnant with twins, so her coven will try to take the babies and make them merge, rendering Kai useless. Meanwhile Damon is with Elena and she takes the cure on the porch, telling him she loves him. As human, Alaric's compulsion is gone and she gains her memories back. Stefan then calls Damon to let him know that Lily is free and now would be a bad time to take the cure. As he's telling Damon this, Lily snaps his neck, leaving Elena shocked. Elena stabs her in the eye with a brooch and runs into The Grill. She hides in the tunnels and Lily leaves, angry. Alaric goes to the hospital to check on Jo and Bonnie and tells her to go somewhere the coven can't find them. Stefan and Damon find Lily and lock her up in the cell in the Salvatore house. Damon finds Elena in front of the fireplace and she confronts him, telling him that she had asked him before to take the cure with him and he had refused, saying that to be human would be to have the most miserable life in existence. Elena says that she isn't going to let him take the cure until everyone has tried to talk him out of it, to ensure that to be human is what he wants and that he isn't doing it just to keep Elena. The episode ends with Kai making dinner for the six vampire/witch hybrids, saying that today is the day that they're getting out of the prison world.
13221"I'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime"Michael AllowitzBrian YoungMay 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)2J78711.32[23]
Bonnie has nightmares about Kai and Lily. Bonnie, Elena and Jo prepare for the wedding. Jo freaks out over her lost slippers and her wedding coordinator who was unavailable at the last minute. Caroline offers to help Jo as wedding coordinator. Meanwhile, Stefan takes Damon to his home where he stayed while Damon was trapped in prison world, to know whether he really wants to become human or not. Enzo brought an MP3 player for Lily to listen and while Bonnie came to Lily's locked cell, Lily squeezed Bonnie's throat, leaving bruises. Lily broke out of the locked room at the  mansion and an unseen force gripped Bonnie and Matt's throat, making them faint. Stefan came back alone & talked with Caroline about their complicated status. In the barn which is prepared for the wedding, Elena is approached by Damon who said he had thought this through and he chose to be human not for her, but for them and he would grasp any chance to be with her and they kissed. The wedding begins and while Alaric and Jo are exchanging vows, Kai appears and attacks. Jo is killed, Elena is knocked unconscious, the wedding guests are attacked by debris, and chaos ensues.
13322"I'm Thinking of You All the While"Chris GrismerJulie Plec & Caroline DriesMay 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)2J78721.44[24]
In the aftermath of the wedding massacre, Jo is dead but Alaric survives. Kai casts a spell linking Elena and Bonnie's lives, rendering Elena unconscious while Bonnie is alive and tries to force Damon to choose Bonnie or Elena. Damon chooses to rip off Kai's head, killing him for good but leaving Elena unconscious and semi-dead for the duration of Bonnie's life. In a series of visions or dreams, Elena and her friends and family say their goodbyes. Liv, dying, urges Tyler to end her life and turn back into a werewolf so that he might live. Stefan pledges to Caroline that he will wait for her. Enzo and Lily discover that Kai had indeed brought Lily's "family" of vampire witches out of the 1903 prison world with him and to modern-day Mystic Falls. At the end, time flashes an unknown amount forward. Matt, a police officer, is seen cruising through a destroyed Mystic Falls at night while a Dark Damon stands on the clock tower, watching the town.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Season 6 was officially announced on February 13, 2014.[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The regular lineup returning from Season 5 include Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert,[25] Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore,[26] Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore,[26] Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert,[27] Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett[25] Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes,[28] Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan,[29] and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood.[25]

text: It was announced, right after the finale of Season 5, that Matthew Davis's character, Alaric Saltzman, who left the show at the end of Season 3 after being killed, will return as a regular for Season 6.[30] On May 16, 2014, it was revealed that Michael Malarkey portrays Enzo would become a series regular in season 6.[31]

text: On July 12, 2014, Gabrielle Walsh was confirmed to have been cast in the guest role of Sarah;[32] two days later on July 14, Colin Ferguson was cast in the guest role of Tripp;[33] and on July 16, Emily Chang was revealed to have been cast in the role of Ivy.[34]

text: On April 6, 2015, Nina Dobrev announced her departure from the series at season's end on her Instagram page. There was immediate speculation as to whether the series would continue without Dobrev, but the continuation was confirmed.[35] It was also announced that Michael Trevino would also vacate the role of Tyler Lockwood after season 6.[36]


document_title: Man Booker International Prize

question_text: who has won the man booker international prize 2016

text: Man Booker International Prize

text: Prizes[edit]

text: Whereas the Man Booker Prize was open only to writers from the Commonwealth, Ireland and Zimbabwe, the International Prize was open to all nationalities.[5] The award was worth £60,000 and an author could win only once.[3] The Man Booker International prize also allowed for a separate award for translation. The winning author could choose a translator of his or her work into English to receive a prize sum of £15,000.[6]

text: On 7 July 2015, the Booker Prize Foundation announced that from 2016 onwards the Man Booker International Prize was to be a prize for fiction in translation. Its aim is to encourage publishing and reading of quality works in translation and to highlight the work of translators. The award is now given annually to a book in English translation, with a £50,000 prize for the winning title, to be shared equally between author and translator. Each shortlisted author and translator receives £1,000. This brings the total prize fund to £62,000 per year, compared to the previous £37,500 for the Man Booker International Prize. Judges select a longlist of 12 or 13 books in March, followed by a shortlist of six in April, with the winner announced in May.[7]

text: History[edit]

text: The inaugural winner was Albanian writer Ismail Kadare. He was followed by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe in 2007, and two years later the Canadian writer Alice Munro won the award. In 2011 the prize was awarded to American Philip Roth. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize was "fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".[8]

text: In 2015 it was announced that the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize would be disbanded.[4] The prize money from that award would be folded into the Man Booker International Prize, and the latter would become what the Independent prize used to be: a yearly book award for English translations, with the prize split between author and translator.[9]

text: Award winners[edit]

text:
Year
Name
Work
Translator
Country
Language(s)
Literary tradition

2005
Ismail Kadare

 Albania
Albanian
Albanian literature

2007
Chinua Achebe

n/a
 Nigeria
English
Nigerian literature

2009
Alice Munro

n/a
 Canada
English
Canadian literature

2011
Philip Roth

n/a
 United States
English
American literature

2013
Lydia Davis

n/a
 United States
English
American literature

2015
László Krasznahorkai

George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet
 Hungary
Hungarian
Hungarian literature

2016
Han Kang
The Vegetarian
Deborah Smith
 South Korea
Korean
Korean literature, South Korean literature

2017
David Grossman
A Horse Walks Into a Bar
Jessica Cohen
 Israel
Hebrew
Israeli literature

text: Nominations[edit]

text: Ismail Kadare

text: Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare was named the inaugural International Prize winner in 2005.[10] Head judge, Professor John Carey said Kadare is "a universal writer in the tradition of storytelling that goes back to Homer."[10] Kadare said he was "deeply honoured" at being awarded the prize.[10] Kadare was also able to select a translator to receive an additional prize of £15,000.[10] The writer received his award in Edinburgh on 27 June.[10]

text:
John Carey (Chair)[10]
Alberto Manguel[1]
Azar Nafisi[1]

text:
Margaret Atwood (Canada)
Saul Bellow (US)
Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
Günter Grass (Germany)
Ismail Kadare (Albania)
Milan Kundera (Czech Republic)

Stanisław Lem (Poland)
Doris Lessing (UK)
Ian McEwan (UK)
Naguib Mahfouz (Egypt)
Tomas Eloy Martinez (Argentina)
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan)

Cynthia Ozick (US)
Philip Roth (US)
Muriel Spark (UK)
Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
John Updike (US)
A.B. Yehoshua (Israel)

text: The nominees for the inaugural Man Booker International Prize were announced on 2 June 2005 at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[3]

text: Chinua Achebe

text: Nigerian author Chinua Achebe was awarded the International Prize for his literary career in 2007.[11] Judge Nadine Gordimer said Achebe was "the father of modern African literature" and that he was "integral" to world literature.[11] Achebe received his award on 28 June in Oxford.[11]

text:
Elaine Showalter[5]
Nadine Gordimer[5]
Colm Tóibin[5]

text:
Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)
Margaret Atwood (Canada)
John Banville (Ireland)
Peter Carey (Australia)
Don DeLillo (US)

Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
Doris Lessing (UK)
Ian McEwan (UK)
Harry Mulisch (Netherlands)
Alice Munro (Canada)

Michael Ondaatje (Sri Lanka/Canada)
Amos Oz (Israel)
Philip Roth (US)
Salman Rushdie (India/UK)
Michel Tournier (France)

text: The nominees for the second Man Booker International Prize were announced on 12 April 2007 at Massey College in Toronto.[5]

text: Alice Munro

text: Canadian short story writer Munro was named the winner of the prize in 2009 for her lifetime body of work.[12] Judge Jane Smiley said picking a winner had been "a challenge", but Munro had won the panel over.[12] On Munro's work, Smiley said "Her work is practically perfect. Any writer has to gawk when reading her because her work is very subtle and precise. Her thoughtfulness about every subject is so concentrated."[12] Munro, who said she was "totally amazed and delighted" at her win, received the award at Trinity College, Dublin on 25 June.[2][12]

text:
Jane Smiley (Chair)[12]
Amit Chaudhuri[12]
Andrey Kurkov[2]

text:
Peter Carey (Australia)
Evan S. Connell (US)
Mahasweta Devi (India)
E. L. Doctorow (US)
James Kelman (UK)[13]

Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
Arnošt Lustig (Czech Republic)
Alice Munro (Canada)
V. S. Naipaul (Trinidad/UK)
Joyce Carol Oates (US)

Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (Kenya)[14]
Dubravka Ugrešić (Croatia)
Lyudmila Ulitskaya (Russia)

text: The nominees for the third Man Booker International Prize were announced on 18 March 2009 at The New York Public Library.[15]

text: Philip Roth

text: American novelist Roth was announced as the winner on 18 May 2011 at the Sydney Writers' Festival.[16] Of his win, Roth said "This is a great honour and I'm delighted to receive it."[16] The writer said he hoped the prize would bring him to the attention of readers around the world who are not currently familiar with his body of work.[16] Roth received his award in London on 28 June; however, he was unable to attend in person due to ill health, so he sent a short video instead.[16][17]

text:
Rick Gekoski (Chair)[18]
Carmen Callil (withdrew in protest over choice of winner)[18]
Justin Cartwright[18]

text: After Roth was announced as the winner, Carmen Callil withdrew from the judging panel, saying "I don't rate him as a writer at all... in 20 years' time will anyone read him?" Callil later wrote an editorial in The Guardian explaining her position and why she chose to leave the panel.[6][19]

text:
Wang Anyi (China)
Juan Goytisolo (Spain)
James Kelman (UK)
John le Carré (UK)
Amin Maalouf (Lebanon)

David Malouf (Australia)
Dacia Maraini (Italy)
Rohinton Mistry (India/Canada)
Philip Pullman (UK)
Marilynne Robinson (US)

Philip Roth (US)
Su Tong (China)
Anne Tyler (US)

text: The nominees for the fourth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 30 March 2011 at a ceremony in Sydney, Australia.[20] John le Carré asked to be removed from consideration, saying he was "flattered", but that he does not compete for literary prizes.[21] However, judge Dr Rick Gekoski said although he was disappointed that le Carré wanted to withdraw, his name would remain on the list.[21]

text: Lydia Davis[22]

text: Lydia Davis, best known as a short story writer, was announced as the winner of the 2013 prize on 22 May at a ceremony at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[22] The official announcement of Davis' award on the Man Booker Prize website described her work as having "the brevity and precision of poetry." Judging panel chair Christopher Ricks commented that "There is vigilance to her stories, and great imaginative attention. Vigilance as how to realise things down to the very word or syllable; vigilance as to everybody's impure motives and illusions of feeling."[23]

text:
Christopher Ricks (Chair)[24]
Elif Batuman[24]
Aminatta Forna[24]
Yiyun Li[24]
Tim Parks[24]

text:
U R Ananthamurthy (India)
Aharon Appelfeld (Israel)
Lydia Davis (US)
Intizar Hussain (Pakistan)
Yan Lianke (China)

Marie NDiaye (France)
Josip Novakovich (Canada)
Marilynne Robinson (US)
Vladimir Sorokin (Russia)
Peter Stamm (Switzerland)

text: The nominees for the fifth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 January 2013.[25] Marilynne Robinson was the only writer out of the ten nominees who had been nominated for the prize before.[25]

text: László Krasznahorkai[26]

text: László Krasznahorkai became the first author from Hungary to receive the Man Booker award in 2015. The prize was given to recognise his "achievement in fiction on the world stage". British author Marina Warner, who chaired the panel of judges that selected Krasznahorkai for the award, compared his writing to Kafka and Beckett. Krasznahorkai's translators, George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet, shared the £15,000 translators' prize.[27]

text:
Marina Warner (Chair)[28]
Nadeem Aslam
Elleke Boehmer
Edwin Frank
Wen-chin Ouyang

text:
César Aira (Argentina)
Hoda Barakat (Lebanon)
Maryse Condé (Guadeloupe)
Mia Couto (Mozambique)
Amitav Ghosh (India)

Fanny Howe (U.S.A.)
Ibrahim al-Koni (Libya)
László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
Alain Mabanckou (Republic of the Congo)
Marlene van Niekerk (South Africa)

text: The nominees for the sixth Man Booker International Prize were announced on 24 March 2015.[28]

text: Han Kang (South Korea), Deborah Smith (translator), for The Vegetarian

text: Han became the first Korean author to win the prize and, under the new format for 2016, Smith became the first translator to share the prize. British journalist Boyd Tonkin, who chaired the judging panel, said that the decision was unanimous. He also said of the book "in a style both lyrical and lacerating, it reveals the impact of this great refusal both on the heroine herself and on those around her. This compact, exquisite and disturbing book will linger long in the minds, and maybe the dreams, of its readers."[29]

text:
Boyd Tonkin (Chair)
Tahmima Anam
David Bellos
Daniel Medin
Ruth Padel

text:
José Eduardo Agualusa (Angola), Daniel Hahn (translator), for A General Theory of Oblivion
Elena Ferrante (Italy), Ann Goldstein (translator), for The Story of the Lost Child
Yan Lianke (China), Carlos Rojas (translator), for The Four Books
Orhan Pamuk (Turkey), Ekin Oklap (translator), for A Strangeness in My Mind
Robert Seethaler (Austria), Charlotte Collins (translator), for A Whole Life

text:
Maylis de Kerangal (France), Jessica Moore (translator), for Mend the Living
Eka Kurniawan (Indonesia), Labodalih Sembiring (translator), for Man Tiger
Fiston Mwanza Mujila (Democratic Republic of Congo), Roland Glasser (translator), for Tram 83
Raduan Nassar (Brazil), Stefan Tobler (translator), for A Cup of Rage
Marie NDiaye (France), Jordan Stump (translator), for Ladivine
Kenzaburō Ōe (Japan), Deborah Boliver Boehm (translator), for Death by Water
Aki Ollikainen (Finland), Emily Jeremiah & Fleur Jeremiah (translator), for White Hunger

text: The nominees for the seventh Man Booker International Prize were announced on 14 April 2016.[31] The six nominees were chosen from a longlist of thirteen.[30][32]

text: David Grossman (Israel), Jessica Cohen (translator), for A Horse Walks Into a Bar[33]

text: Grossman became the first Israeli author to win the prize, sharing the £50,000 award with Cohen. The chair of the judging panel, Nick Barley, who is the director of the Edinburgh International Book Festival, described the book as "an ambitious high-wire act of a novel [that] shines a spotlight on the effects of grief, without any hint of sentimentality. The central character is challenging and flawed, but completely compelling." The novel won over 126 other contenders.[34]

text:
Nick Barley (Chair)
Daniel Hahn
Helen Mort
Elif Shafak
Chika Unigwe

text:
Mathias Énard (France), Charlotte Mandell (translator), for Compass
David Grossman (Israel), Jessica Cohen (translator), for A Horse Walks Into a Bar
Roy Jacobsen (Norway), Don Bartlett and Don Shaw (translators), for The Unseen
Dorthe Nors (Denmark), Misha Hoekstra (translator), for Mirror, Shoulder, Signal
Amos Oz (Israel), Nicholas de Lange (translator), for Judas
Samanta Schweblin (Argentina), Megan McDowell (translator), for Fever Dream

text:
Wioletta Greg (Poland), Eliza Marciniak (translator), for Swallowing Mercury
Stefan Hertmans (Belgium), David McKay (translator), for War and Turpentine
Ismail Kadare (Albania), John Hodgson (translator), for The Traitor's Niche
Jón Kalman Stefánsson (Iceland), Phil Roughton (translator), for Fish Have No Feet
Yan Lianke (China), Carlos Rojas (translator), for The Explosion Chronicles
Alain Mabanckou (France), Helen Stevenson (translator), for Black Moses
Clemens Meyer (Germany), Katy Derbyshire (translator), for Bricks and Mortar

text: The longlist for the eighth Man Booker International Prize was announced on 14 March 2017, and the shortlist on 20 April 2017. The winner was announced on 14 June 2017.[35][36]


document_title: Landfall

question_text: when is a hurricane considered to make landfall

text: Landfall

text: Tropical cyclone[edit]

text: A tropical cyclone is classified as making landfall when the center of the storm moves across the coast; in strong tropical cyclones this is when the eye moves over land.[1]  This is where most of the damage occurs within a mature tropical cyclone, such as a typhoon or hurricane, as most of the damaging aspects of these systems are concentrated near the eyewall.  Such effects include the peaking of the storm surge, the core of strong winds coming ashore, and heavy flooding rains.  These coupled with high surf can cause major beach erosion.  In low-lying areas, the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess.[citation needed]  When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye closes in upon itself due to the weakening process, which causes surf to decrease.  Maximum sustained winds will naturally decrease as the cyclone moves inland due to frictional differences between water and land with the free atmosphere.[2]

text: Landfall is distinct from a direct hit. A direct hit is where the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes onshore but the center of the storm may stay offshore.  The effects of this are quite similar to a landfall, as this term is used when the radius of maximum wind within a tropical cyclone moves ashore.[3]  These effects are high surf, heavy rains that may cause flooding, water buildup along the coast with minor storm surge, coastal beach erosion, high winds, and possibly severe thunderstorms with tornadoes around the periphery.

text: Tornado or waterspout[edit]

text: When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it is reclassified as a tornado,[4] which can subsequently cause damage to areas inland of the coast.  When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it usually dissipates quickly due to friction and a reduction in the amount of warm air supplied to the funnel.[5]