document_title: Flexible spending account

question_text: who sets the eligibility requirements for a flexible spending arrangement (fsa)

question_tokens: who sets the eligibility requirements for a flexible spending arrangement ( fsa )

text: Flexible spending account

text: Types[edit]

text: Most cafeteria plans offer two major different flexible spending accounts focused on medical and dependent care expenses. A few cafeteria plans offer other types of FSAs, especially if the employer also offers an HSA. Participation in one type of FSA does not affect participation in another type of FSA, but funds cannot be transferred from one FSA to another.

text: Health FSA[edit]

text: The most common type of FSA is used to pay for medical and dental expenses not paid for by insurance, usually deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance for the employee's health plan. As of January 1, 2011, over-the-counter medications are allowed only when purchased with a doctor's prescription, except for insulin.[3] Over-the-counter medical devices, such as bandages, crutches, and eyeglass repair kits, are allowable. Generally, allowable items are the same as those allowable for the medical tax deduction, as outlined in IRS publication 502.

text: Prior to the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Internal Revenue Service permitted employers to enact any maximum annual election for their employees. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act amended Section 125 such that FSAs may not allow employees to choose an annual election in excess of a limit determined by the Internal Revenue Service.[4] The annual limit was $2,500 for the first plan year beginning after December 31, 2012.[5] The Internal Revenue Service will index subsequent plan years' limits for cost-of-living adjustments.[5] For 2015, this adjustment increases the contribution limit to $2550.[6] Employers have the option to limit their employees' annual elections further. This change starts in plan years that begin after December 31, 2012.[5] The limit is applied to each employee, without regard to whether the employee has a spouse or children.[5] Non-elective contributions made by the employer that are not deducted from the employee's wages are not counted against the limit.[5] An employee employed by multiple unrelated employers may elect an amount up to the limit under each employer's plan.[5] The limit does not apply to health savings accounts, health reimbursement arrangements, or the employee's share of the cost of employer-sponsored health insurance coverage.[5]

text: Some employers choose to issue a debit card to their employees who participate in the FSA. Participants may use the debit card to pay for their FSA-eligible expenses at the point of sale. Pharmacies and grocery stores who choose to accept the debit card as payment must disallow transactions at point of sale if the participant attempts to pay for items that are not eligible under an FSA. In addition, employers still must require employees to provide itemized receipts for all expenses charged to the debit card. The IRS allows employers to waive this requirement when an individual uses the debit card at a pharmacy or grocery store that complies with the above procedure. The IRS also allows employers to waive this requirement when the amount charged to the debit card is a multiple of a co-pay of the employee's group health insurance plan. In most cases, the FSA administering firm will prefer actual insurance Explanations of Benefits (EOBs) clearly representing the patient portion of any medical expense, over other, more vague documentation. This requirement is becoming less cumbersome as more insurances allow patients to search for past EOBs on their websites.[7]

text: Dependent care FSA[edit]

text: FSAs can also be established to pay for certain expenses to care for dependents while the legal guardian is at work. While this most commonly means child care, for children under the age of 13, it can also be used for children of any age who are physically or mentally incapable of self-care, as well as adult day care for senior citizen dependents who live with the person, such as parents or grandparents. Additionally, the person or persons on whom the dependent care funds are spent must be able to be claimed as a dependent on the employee's federal tax return. The funds cannot be used for summer camps (other than "day camps") or for long-term care for parents who live elsewhere (such as in a nursing home).

text: The dependent care FSA is federally capped at $5,000 per year, per household. Married spouses can each elect an FSA, but their total combined elections cannot exceed $5,000. At tax time, all withdrawals in excess of $5,000 are taxed.

text: Unlike medical FSAs,[8] dependent care FSAs are not "pre-funded"; employees cannot receive reimbursement for the full amount of the annual contribution on day one. Employees can only be reimbursed up to the amount they have had deducted during that plan year.

text: If married, both spouses must earn income for the Dependent Care FSA to work. The only exceptions are if the non-earning spouse is disabled or a full-time student. If one spouse earns less than $5,000 then the benefit is limited to whatever that spouse earned. See IRS Form 2441 Part III for details.

text: Other FSAs[edit]

text: There are FSA plans for non-employer sponsored premium reimbursement and parking and transit expense reimbursement. The individual premium account allows an employee to pay for his or her spouse’s insurance with pre-tax dollars as long as the other coverage is a non-employer-sponsored, is considered an individual plan, and is directly billed to the member or the member’s spouse. A parking and transit account allows employees to pay parking or public transit expenses with pre-tax dollars up to certain limits. Though not as common as the FSAs listed above, some employers have offered adoption assistance through an FSA. Also, one cannot have a health care FSA if he or she has a High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP) with a Health Savings Account (HSA). In cases where an employee has a HDHP with a HSA, they are eligible for a Limited Expense FSA (LEX) (also called Limited Purpose FSA). These FSAs may be used to reimburse dental and vision expenses, regardless of any plan deductible; at the employer's discretion, eligible medical expenses incurred after the deductible is met may also be reimbursable.

text: Coverage period[edit]

text: An FSA's coverage period ends either at the time the plan year ends for one's plan or at the time when one's coverage under that plan ends. An example of such an event is the loss of coverage due to a separation from the employer.[9]

text: This means that if, for example, a person is employed by a company from January through June and covered on their cafeteria benefits plan (including FSA) during that time, but does not elect and pay for continued coverage under that plan (i.e., COBRA), the person's coverage period is defined only as January through June, not January through December as one might think.[10] In this example, all covered expenses must be incurred between January and June of that year.

text: Plan year grace period[edit]

text: In 2005, the Internal Revenue Service authorized an optional grace period of up to 2½ months that employers can use in their plans, allowing use of the funds for up to 2½ months after the end of the plan year.

text: Methods of withdrawal[edit]

text: The FSA debit card was developed to eliminate "double-dipping", by allowing employees to access the FSA directly. It also simplified the substantiation requirement, which required labor-intensive claims processing. The debit card also enhances the effect of "pre-funding" medical FSAs. However, the substantiation requirement itself did not go away, and has even been expanded on by the IRS for the debit-card environment; therefore, withdrawal issues still remain for FSAs. These withdrawal issues have led to creative solutions by ecommerce companies who created an entire website dedicated to FSA-eligible items and accepting all FSA debit cards, and other websites which created a small portion of their website dedicated to FSAs.

text: According to Celent[citation needed], as of May 2006, there were approximately 6 million debit cards in the market tied to FSA accounts, representing 25% of the FSA participating community. Celent projects that FSA cards will increase FSA adoption rates. The average card participation rate was around 20% as of May 2006. By 2010, it is projected this rate will increase to 85%[citation needed].

text: Advantages and disadvantages[edit]

text: Pre-funding and risks incurred by the employee and employer[edit]

text: One consideration regarding medical FSAs is that the participating employee's entire annual contribution is available at the start of the plan year, commonly January 1, or after the first contribution to the FSA is received by the FSA vendor, depending on the plan. Therefore, if the employee experiences a qualifying event during the first period, the entire amount of the annual contribution can be claimed against the FSA benefits. If the employee is terminated, quits, or is unable to return to work, he or she does not have to repay the money to the employer.[11]

text: The employee contributes to the FSA in small increments throughout the year (for example, 1/26 of the annual amount if one is paid every two weeks), but taken together, all employees of a company contribute the full average amount during any given period, and no real risk is incurred by the employer. In addition, instead of paying payroll taxes to the government, the employer typically pays only a small administrative fee to the plan of $4–10 per month per participating employee. This is much less than the employer would have paid for its share of payroll taxes. In addition, any money that is not used by the end of the plan year (or grace period) is returned to the employer. This is estimated to be up to 14% of the total employee contributions, which can be a substantial boon to the employer's bottom line.[12]

text: If a company plans to lay off some employees, and announces such plans, then if multiple employees use their entire flexible benefit before they are terminated, that may cause the company to have to reimburse the plan. Typically, however, employers do not announce layoffs for specific employees with enough notice for employees to use the available benefits, and employees may actually lose their contributions in addition to being laid off.

text: An employee does not continue to contribute to the plan upon termination of employment. Thus, one could use the entire amount on day one of the plan year, terminate employment on day two of the plan year, and contributions would have been none or negligible (e.g., perhaps 1/26 in the case of biweekly contributions). The "free" money is not taxable because the IRS views these plans as health insurance plans for tax purposes.[13] According to IRS section 125, benefits received from a health insurance plan are not considered taxable income.

text: The same reasons that make pre-funding a possible benefit to an employee participating in a plan make them a potential risk to employers setting up a plan. The employer has to make up the difference that the employee has spent from the flexible spending account but not yet contributed if other employees' contributions do not account for the money spent. The amount the employer loses due to pre-funding may eventually be partially, totally, or more than made up by employees that do not spend all of the money in their FSA account by the end of the plan year and grace period (see above).

text: Over-the-counter drugs and medical items[edit]

text: Another FSA feature that was introduced in 2003 is the ability to pay for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and medical items.[14] In addition to substantially expanding the range of "FSA-eligible" purchases, adding OTC items made it easier to "spend down" medical FSAs at year-end to avoid the "use it or lose it" rule.

text: However, substantiation has again become an issue; generally, OTC purchases require either manual claims or, for FSA debit cards, submission of receipts after the fact. Most FSA providers require that receipts show the complete name of the item; the abbreviations on many store receipts are incomprehensible to many claims offices. Also, some of the IRS rules on what is and isn't eligible have proven rather arcane in practice. The recently developed inventory information approval system (IIAS), separates eligible and ineligible items at the point-of-sale and provides for automatic debit-card substantiation.

text: Eligible Medical Item List[edit]

text: The IIAS system references a master eligibility list of FSA eligible products at the point of sale. The Special Interest Group for IIAS Standards (SIG-IS) maintains this eligibility list and updates it on a monthly basis.

text: The FSA Eligibility List includes items within eligible healthcare product categories determined by the IRS. Health Savings Accounts share the same medical item eligibility list as FSAs.[15] The full list of eligible items is only available to members of SIG-IS, but specific product eligibility can be identified by the public on websites such as FSAstore.com and drugstore.com's FSA section.

text: According to section 9003(c) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as of January 1, 2011, drugs must be prescribed to be reimbursable.[4][16]

text: Use it or lose it[edit]

text: A potential drawback is that the money must be spent "within the coverage period" as defined by the benefits cafeteria plan coverage definition. This coverage period is usually defined as the "period that you are covered" under the cafeteria plan during the "plan year." The "plan year" is commonly defined as the calendar year, but could also include the grace period of Jan 1 – March 15 of the following year. For example, the "plan year" (or "benefit year") of 2016 would run from Jan 1, 2016, until March 15, 2017, if the employer offered the grace period.

text: Any money left unspent at the end of the coverage period is forfeited and can be applied to future plan administrative costs or can be equally allocated as taxable income among all plan participants; this is commonly known as the "use it or lose it" rule.[17][18][19] Under most plans, the "coverage period" generally ceases upon termination of employment whether initiated by the employee or the employer, unless the employee continues coverage with the company under COBRA or other arrangement. A possibility, especially in the case of unexpected, immediate layoff, is that should an employee have unused contributions in an FSA and no additional qualifying claims during the coverage period the employee will have the added insult of "losing" these funds. On the other hand, if the payroll taxes saved on the employee's contributions exceeds the amount the employee forfeited, then the employee has still saved money overall.

text: A second requirement is that all applications for refunds must be made by a date defined by the plan. If funds are forfeited, this does not eliminate the requirement to pay taxes on these funds if such taxes are required. For example, if a single person elects to withhold $5,000 for child care expenses and gets married to a non-working spouse, the $5,000 would become taxable. If this person did not submit claims by the required date, the $5,000 would be forfeited but taxes would still be owed on the amount.

text: Also, the annual contribution amount must remain the same throughout the year unless certain qualifying events occur, such as the birth of a child or death of a spouse.

text: Effective 2013 plan years, employers may amend their plan documents to allow participants to carry over up to $500 of unused amounts to the following plan year.[20] Doing so allows participants to spend the carryover amounts on qualifying medical expenses incurred during the following plan year.[20] A carryover of unused amounts does not affect the indexed $2,500 annual limit.[20] A plan year may allow either a rollover or a grace period for unused amounts for the same plan year but not both.[20] Carryovers only apply for qualifying medical expenses; plans may not allow participants to carry over unused amounts for dependent care or other expenses.[20] The carryover amount does not reduce the participant's maximum FSA contribution for the next plan year. Accordingly, a person who carries over $500 to the next plan year and who also contributes $2,500 to their FSA for that plan year may be able to receive reimbursements from his or her FSA for up to $3,000 of eligible medical expense during that plan year. In order for an individual to be able to carry over unused amounts, the plan must be amended to permit this type of a carryover.[21]


document_title: List of Test cricket records

question_text: who is the most run in cricket history

question_tokens: who is the most run in cricket history

root

text: List of Test cricket records

text: Listing criteria

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

tag: p

text: Listing notation

text:
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
(300–3 d) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets, and declared its innings closed
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out

tag: ul

text:
(100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out

text: (5–100) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs

text: indicates a current Test cricketer

text: Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[23] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

text: Team records

text: Team wins, losses and draws

text:
Team

First Test match

Matches

Won

Lost

Tied

Drawn

% Won

 Afghanistan
14 June 2018
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

 Australia
15 March 1877
812
383
219
2
208
47.16

 Bangladesh
10 November 2000
108
10
82
0
16
9.25

 England
15 March 1877
1004
361
298
0
345
35.95

 India
25 June 1932
527
146
164
1
216
27.70

 Ireland
11 May 2018
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

 New Zealand
10 January 1930
426
92
170
0
164
21.59

 Pakistan
16 October 1952
415
134
123
0
158
32.28

 South Africa
12 March 1889
427
161
142
0
124
37.70

 Sri Lanka
17 February 1982
274
88
101
0
84
32.11

 West Indies
23 June 1928
535
171
188
1
174
31.96

 Zimbabwe
18 October 1992
105
11
67
0
27
10.47

ICC World XI
14 October 2005
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

Last updated: 11 September 2018[24]

tag: table

text: Result records

text: Greatest win margins (by innings)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

Innings and 579 runs

 England (903–7 d) beat  Australia (201 & 123)
The Oval, London
1938

Innings and 360 runs

 Australia (652–7 d) beat  South Africa (159 & 133)
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2001–02

Innings and 336 runs

 West Indies (614–5 d) beat  India (124 & 154)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
1958–59

Innings and 332 runs

 Australia (645) beat  England (141 & 172)
Brisbane Cricket Ground
1946–47

Innings and 324 runs

 Pakistan (643) beat  New Zealand (73 & 246)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2002

Last updated: 12 December 2016[25]

text: Greatest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

675 runs

 England (521 & 342–8 d) beat  Australia (122 & 66)
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
1928–29

562 runs

 Australia (701 & 327) beat  England (321 & 145)
The Oval, London
1934

530 runs

 Australia (328 & 578) beat  South Africa (205 & 171)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1910–11

492 runs

 South Africa (488 & 344-6 d) beat  Australia (221 & 119)
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2018

491 runs

 Australia (381 & 361–5 d) beat  Pakistan (179 & 72)
WACA Ground, Perth
2004–05

Last updated: 3 April 2018[26]

text: Matches that finished with scores level

text:
Result

Teams

Venue

Season

Tie

 Australia (505 & 232) vs  West Indies (453 & 284)
The Gabba
1960–61

Tie

 India (397 & 347) vs  Australia (574–7 d & 170–5 d)
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Madras
1986–87

Draw

 Zimbabwe (376 & 234) vs  England (406 & 204–5)
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1996–97

Draw

 India (482 & 242–9) vs  West Indies (590 & 134)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
2011–12

Last updated: 15 June 2016[27][28][29]

text: Narrowest win margin (by wickets)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

1 wicket

 England (183 & 263–9) beat  Australia (324 & 121)
The Oval, London
1902

 South Africa (91 & 287–9) beat  England (184 & 190)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1905–06

 England (382 & 282–9) beat  Australia (266 & 397)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1907–08

 England (183 & 173–9) beat  South Africa (113 & 242)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1922–23

 Australia (216 & 260–9) beat  West Indies (272 & 203)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1951–52

 New Zealand (249 & 104–9) beat  West Indies (140 & 212)
Carisbrook, Dunedin
1979–80

 Pakistan (256 & 315–9) beat  Australia (337 & 232)
National Stadium, Karachi
1994–95

 West Indies (329 & 311–9) beat  Australia (490 & 146)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1998–99

 West Indies (273 & 216–9) beat  Pakistan (269 & 219)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1999–00

 Pakistan (175 & 262–9) beat  Bangladesh (281 & 154)
Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, Multan
2003

 Sri Lanka (321 & 352–9) beat  South Africa (361 & 311)
Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo
2006

 India (405 & 216–9) beat  Australia (428 & 192)
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
2010–11

Last updated: 15 June 2016[30]

text: Narrowest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

1 run

 West Indies (252 & 146) beat  Australia (213 & 184)
Adelaide Oval
1992–93

2 runs

 England (407 & 182) beat  Australia (308 & 279)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
2005

3 runs

 Australia (299 & 86) beat  England (262 & 120)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1902

 England (284 & 294) beat  Australia (287 & 288)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1982–83

5 runs

 South Africa (169 & 239) beat  Australia (292 & 111)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1993–94

Last updated: 15 June 2016[31]

text: Victory after following-on

text:
Margin

Teams

Venue

Season

10 runs

 England (325 & 437) beat  Australia (586 & 166)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1894–95

18 runs

 England (174 & 356) beat  Australia (401–9 d & 111)
Headingley, Leeds
1981

171 runs

 India (171 & 657–7 d) beat  Australia (445 & 212)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
2000–01

Last updated: 15 June 2016[32]

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Wins

Team

First win

Last win

16

 Australia
 Zimbabwe at Harare, 14 October 1999
 India at Mumbai, 27 February 2001

16

 Australia
 South Africa at Melbourne, 26 December 2005
 India at Sydney, 2 January 2008

11

 West Indies
 Australia at Bridgetown, 30 March 1984
 Australia at Adelaide, 7 December 1984

9

 Sri Lanka
 India at Colombo, 29 August 2001
 Pakistan at Lahore, 6 March 2002

9

 South Africa
 Australia at Durban, 15 March 2002
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 1 May 2003

Last updated: 15 June 2016[33]

text: Team scoring records

text:
Most runs in an innings

Score

Teams

Venue

Season

952-6 d

 Sri Lanka (v  India)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997

903-7 d

 England (v  Australia)
The Oval, London
1938

849

 England (v  West Indies)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30

790–3 d

 West Indies (v  Pakistan)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

765–6 d

 Pakistan (v  Sri Lanka)
National Stadium, Karachi
2008–09

Last updated: 14 September 2017[34]

text:
Fewest runs in a completed innings

Runs

Teams

Venue

Date

26

 New Zealand (v  England)
Eden Park, Auckland
25 March 1955

30

 South Africa (v  England)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
13 February 1896

 South Africa (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
14 June 1924

35

 South Africa (v  England)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1 April 1899

36

 Australia (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
29 May 1902

 South Africa (v  Australia)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
12 February 1932

Last updated: 14 September 2017[35]

text:
Highest fourth-innings totals to win

Score

Teams

Venue

Season

418–7

 West Indies (v  Australia)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2002–03

414–4

 South Africa (v  Australia)
WACA Ground, Perth
2008–09

406–4

 India (v  West Indies)
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
1975–76

404–3

 Australia (v  England)
Headingley, Leeds
1948

391–6

 Sri Lanka (v  Zimbabwe)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2017

Last updated: 14 September 2017[36]

text: Individual records

text: Individual records (batting)

text: Career runs

text:
Most career runs

Runs

Player

Period

15,921 (329 innings)

 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

13,378 (287 innings)

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

13,289 (280 innings)

 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

13,288 (286 innings)

 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

12,472 (291 innings)

 Alastair Cook
2006–2018

Last updated: 11 September 2018[37]

text:
Most career runs – progression of record

Runs

Player

Record held until

Duration of record

239

 Charles Bannerman
4 January 1882
4 years, 295 days

676

 George Ulyett[a]
13 August 1884
2 years, 222 days

860

 Billy Murdoch[b]
14 August 1886
2 years, 1 day

1,277

 Arthur Shrewsbury
23 January 1902
15 years, 162 days

1,293

 Joe Darling[c]
18 February 1902
26 days

1,366

 Syd Gregory[d]
14 June 1902
116 days

1,531

 Archie MacLaren[e]
13 August 1902
60 days

3,412

 Clem Hill
27 December 1924
22 years, 136 days

5,410

 Jack Hobbs
29 June 1937
12 years, 184 days

7,249

 Wally Hammond
27 November 1970
33 years, 151 days

7,459

 Colin Cowdrey[f]
23 March 1972
1 year, 117 days

8,032

 Garfield Sobers
23 December 1981
9 years, 275 days

8,114

 Geoffrey Boycott
12 November 1983
1 year, 324 days

10,122

 Sunil Gavaskar
25 February 1993
9 years, 105 days

11,174

 Allan Border
25 November 2005
12 years, 273 days

11,953

 Brian Lara
17 October 2008
2 years, 327 days

15,921

 Sachin Tendulkar
current
10 years, 11 days

Last updated: 15 June 2016[38]

Notes:

^[a]  Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs
^[b]  Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs
^[c]  Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs
^[d]  Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs
^[e]  MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs
^[f]  Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs

text: Most runs in each batting position

text:
Batting position

Player

Runs

Average

Opener
 Alastair Cook
11845
44.87

Number 3
 Kumar Sangakkara
11679
60.83

Number 4
 Sachin Tendulkar
13492
54.40

Number 5
 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
6883
56.42

Number 6
 Steve Waugh
3165
51.05

Number 7
 Adam Gilchrist
3948
46.45

Number 8
 Daniel Vettori
2227
39.77

Number 9
 Stuart Broad
1292
20.51

Number 10
 Stuart Broad
547
13.34

Number 11
 Muttiah Muralitharan
623
11.33

Last updated: 11 September 2018[39]

text: Highest career batting average

text:
Average

Player

Period

99.94 (80 innings)

 Donald Bradman
1928–1948

61.87 (31 innings)

 Adam Voges
2015–2016

61.37 (117 innings)

 Steve Smith
2010–

60.97 (41 innings)

 Graeme Pollock
1963–1970

60.83 (40 innings)

 George Headley
1930–1954

60.73 (84 innings)

 Herbert Sutcliffe
1924–1935

Qualification: 20 innings.

Note: If the qualification is removed, the record Test batting average is  Andy Ganteaume's 112.00; Ganteaume was dismissed for 112 runs in his only Test innings.[40] A very few one-Test wonders have never been dismissed, leaving them without a defined Test batting average. Notable players who played only a single Test innings without a dismissal are  Stuart Law (54*, innings declared) and  Andy Lloyd (10*, retired hurt).[41][42]

Last updated: 5 September 2018[43]

text: Innings or series

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of Test cricket triple centuries)

Score

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

380

 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04

375

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94

374

 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

365*

 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

Last updated: 15 June 2015[44]

text:
Highest individual score – progression of record

Score

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

Test match Number

165*

 Charles Bannerman
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77
Test No. 1

211

 Billy Murdoch
 England
The Oval, London
1884
Test No. 16

287

 R. E. Foster
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1903–04
Test No. 78

325

 Andy Sandham
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30
Test No. 193

334

 Don Bradman
 England
Headingley, Leeds
1930
Test No. 196

336*

 Wally Hammond
 New Zealand
Eden Park, Auckland
1932–33
Test No. 226

364

 Len Hutton
 Australia

The Oval, London
1938
Test No. 266

365*

 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58
Test No. 452

375

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94
Test No. 1259

380

 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04
Test No. 1661

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04
Test No. 1696

Last updated: 15 June 2016[45]

text:
Most runs in a match

Runs

Scores

Player

Match

456

333 and 123

 Graham Gooch
v  India at Lord's, 1990

426

334* and 92

 Mark Taylor
v  Pakistan at Peshawar, 1998–99

424

319 and 105

 Kumar Sangakkara
v  Bangladesh at Chittagong, 2013–14

400

400*

 Brian Lara
v  England at St John's, Antigua, 2003–04

380

247* and 133

 Greg Chappell
v  New Zealand at Wellington, 1973–74

380

 Matthew Hayden
v  Zimbabwe at Perth, 2003–04

Last updated: 15 June 2016[46]

text:
Most runs in a series

Runs

Player

Series

974 (7 innings)

 Donald Bradman
v  England, 1930

905 (9 innings)

 Wally Hammond
v  Australia, 1928–29

839 (11 innings)

 Mark Taylor
v  England, 1989

834 (9 innings)

 Neil Harvey
v  South Africa, 1952–53

829 (7 innings)

 Viv Richards
v  England, 1976

Last updated: 15 June 2016[47]

text: Calendar year and between dismissals

text:
Most runs in a calendar year

Runs

Player

Average

Year

1788

 Mohammad Yousuf
99.33
2006

1710

 Vivian Richards
90.00
1976

1656

 Graeme Smith
72.00
2008

1595

 Michael Clarke
106.33
2012

1562

 Sachin Tendulkar
78.10
2010

Last updated: 15 June 2015[48]

text:
Most runs between consecutive dismissals

Runs

Player

Innings

Scores

Season

614

 Adam Voges
3
269*, 106*, 239
2015-16

497

 Sachin Tendulkar
4
241*, 60*, 194*, 2
2003-04

490

 Garfield Sobers
2
365*, 125
1957-58

489

 Michael Clarke
2
259*, 230
2012-13

473

 Rahul Dravid
4
41*, 200*, 70*, 162
2000-01

Last updated: 21 December 2017[49][50]

text: Highest scores at each batting position

text:
Batting position

Player

Score

Opponent

Venue

Date

Opener
 Matthew Hayden
380
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground
9 October 2003

Number 3
 Brian Lara
400*
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground
10 April 2004

Number 4
 Mahela Jayawardene
374
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground
27 July 2006

Number 5
 Michael Clarke
329*
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground
3 January 2012

Number 6
 Ben Stokes
258
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground
2 January 2016

Number 7
 Donald Bradman
270
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1 January 1937

Number 8
 Wasim Akram
257*
 Zimbabwe
Sheikhupura Stadium
17 October 1996

Number 9
 Ian Smith
173
 India
Eden Park
22 February 1990

Number 10
 Walter Read
117
 Australia
Kennington Oval
11 August 1884

Number 11
 Ashton Agar
98
 England
Trent Bridge
10 July 2013

Last updated: 18 November 2017[51]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Highest individual score as captain

Score

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

400*

 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

374

 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

334*

 Mark Taylor
 Pakistan
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
1998

333

 Graham Gooch
 India
Lord's, London
1990

329*

 Michael Clarke
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2012

Last updated: 15 June 2015[52]

text: Innings carrying the bat

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket)

Score

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

244*

 Alastair Cook
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
2017–18

223*

 Glenn Turner
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1972

216*

 Marvan Atapattu
 Zimbabwe
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1999–00

206*

 Bill Brown
 England
Lord's, London
1931

202*

 Len Hutton
 West Indies
The Oval, London
1950

Last updated: 29 December 2017[53]

text: Most runs in an over

text:
Runs

Sequence

Batsman

Bowler

Venue

Season

28

4–6–6–4–4–4
 Brian Lara
 Robin Peterson
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2003–04

4–6–2–4–6–6
 George Bailey
 James Anderson
WACA, Perth
2013–14

27

6–6–6–6–2–1
 Shahid Afridi
 Harbhajan Singh
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2005–06

26

4–4–6–0–6–6
 Mitchell Johnson
 Paul Harris
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2008–09

4–0–6–6–6–4
 Brian Lara
 Danish Kaneria
Multan Cricket Stadium
2006–07

4–4–4–4–6–4
 Craig McMillan
 Younis Khan
Seddon Park, Hamilton
2000–01

4–6–6–0–4–6
 Brendon McCullum
 Suranga Lakmal
Hagley Oval, Christchurch, New Zealand
2014–15

4–4–6–6–6–0
 Hardik Pandya
 Malinda Pushpakumara
Pallekele International Cricket Stadium,Sri Lanka
2017

Last updated: 14 August 2017[54]

text: Centuries

text:
Most Test centuries

Centuries

Player

Matches

Innings

Inns/Century

51

 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329
6.4

45

 Jacques Kallis
166
280
6.2

41

 Ricky Ponting
168
287
7.0

38

 Kumar Sangakkara
134
233
6.1

36

 Rahul Dravid
164
286
7.9

Last updated: 15 June 2016[55]

text:
Fastest Test centuries

No. of balls

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

54

 Brendon McCullum
 Australia
Hagley Oval, Christchurch
2015–16

56

 Viv Richards
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1985–86

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014

57

 Adam Gilchrist
 England
WACA Ground, Perth
2006–07

67

 Jack Gregory
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1921–22

Last updated: 15 June 2016[56]

text:
Most Test double centuries

Double centuries

Player

Matches

12

 Donald Bradman
52

11

 Kumar Sangakkara
130

9

 Brian Lara
131

7

 Wally Hammond
85

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

Last updated: 15 June 2016[57]

text:
Most Test triple centuries

Triple centuries

Player

Matches

2

 Donald Bradman
52

 Virender Sehwag
104

 Chris Gayle
103

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 11 December 2016[58]

Note:
21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test: see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details[59]

text:
Most Test quadruple centuries

Quadruple centuries

Player

Matches

1

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 15 June 2016[60]

text: Half Centuries

text:
Most Test 50+

50+

Player

Matches

Innings

119

 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329

103

 Jacques Kallis
166
280

103

 Ricky Ponting
168
287

99

 Rahul Dravid
164
286

96

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
164
280

Last updated: 15 June 2016[61]

text:
Fastest Test half-centuries

No. of balls

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

21

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014/15

23

 David Warner
 Pakistan
Sydney Cricket Ground
2016/17

24

 Jacques Kallis
 Zimbabwe
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2004/05

25

 Shane Shillingford
 New Zealand
Sabina Park, Kingston
2014

26

 Shahid Afridi
 India
M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2004/05

 Mohammad Ashraful
 India
Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium, Mirpur
2007

 Dale Steyn
 West Indies
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
2014/15

Last updated: 5 September 2018[62]

text: Most fours in career

text:
Fours

Player

Innings

2058+
 Sachin Tendulkar
329

1654
 Rahul Dravid
286

1559
 Brian Lara
232

1509
 Ricky Ponting
287

1491
 Kumar Sangakkara
233

Key: + means the complete career records aren't known
Last updated: 15 February 2016[63]

text: Individual records (bowling)

text: Career

text:
Most wickets in a career

Wickets

Player

Matches

Average

800

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72

708

 Shane Warne
145
25.41

619

 Anil Kumble
132
29.65

564

 James Anderson
143
26.84

563

 Glenn McGrath
124
21.64

Last updated: 11 September 2018[64]

text:
Most wickets in a career – Progression of record

Wickets

Player

Matches

Average

Record held until

Duration of record

8[a]

 Alfred Shaw
1
10.75
31 March 1877
16 days

14

 Tom Kendall
2
15.35
4 January 1879
1 year, 279 days

94[b]

 Fred Spofforth
18
18.41
12 January 1895
16 years, 8 days

100

 Johnny Briggs
25
13.51
4 February 1895
33 days

101

 Charles Turner
17
16.53
2 March 1895
26 days

103

 Johnny Briggs
26
13.92
21 March 1896
1 year, 19 days

112[c]

 George Lohmann
18
10.75
14 January 1898
1 year, 299 days

118

 Johnny Briggs
33
17.75
2 January 1904
5 years, 353 days

141

 Hugh Trumble
32
21.78
13 December 1913
9 years, 345 days

189

 Sydney Barnes
27
16.43
4 January 1936
22 years, 22 days

216

 Clarrie Grimmett
37
24.21
24 July 1953
17 years, 201 days

236

 Alec Bedser
51
24.89
26 January 1963
9 years, 186 days

242[d]

 Brian Statham
67
24.27
15 March 1963
48 days

307

 Fred Trueman
67
21.57
1 February 1976
12 years, 323 days

309

 Lance Gibbs
79
29.09
27 December 1981
5 years, 329 days

355

 Dennis Lillee
70
23.92
21 August 1986
4 years, 237 days

373[e]

 Ian Botham
94
27.86
12 November 1988
2 years, 83 days

431

 Richard Hadlee
86
22.29
8 February 1994
5 years, 88 days

434

 Kapil Dev
131
29.64
27 March 2000
6 years, 48 days

519

 Courtney Walsh
132
24.44
8 May 2004
4 years, 42 days

532[f]

 Muttiah Muralitharan
91
22.87
15 October 2004
160 days

708

 Shane Warne
145
25.41
3 December 2007
3 years, 49 days

800

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72
Current
10 years, 329 days

Notes
^[a] Allen Hill took the first Test wicket, but only two in the First Test match. Alfred Shaw (3/51 & 5/35) and Tom Kendall (1/54 & 7/55) both took eight wickets, but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets. Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets (15.35) in seven Tests[65]

^[b] Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne, as did Charles Turner two days later. Briggs overtook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide, which Turner missed, and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney. Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets (16.53) in 17 Tests[66][67]

^[c]  Johnny Briggs equalled George Lohmann's record of 112 Test wickets on 3 January 1898 in the Second Test at Melbourne and overtook him in the next match at Adelaide.

^[d] Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets (24.84) in 70 Tests

^[e] Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets (28.40) in 102 Tests

^[f] Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets (22.72) in 133 Tests[68]

text:
Best career average

Average

Player

Balls

Wickets

10.75

 George Lohmann
3,830
112

12.70

/ John Ferris[a]
2,302
61

15.54

 Billy Barnes
2,289
51

16.42

 Billy Bates
2,364
50

16.43

 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowledLast updated: 15 June 2016[69]

Note: If the qualification is removed, the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket (i.e. no runs were conceded). This record is shared by Englishmen A N Hornby, Wilf Barber and New Zealander, Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run[70]

^[a]  John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country. He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886–87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891–92.[71]

text:
Best career strike rate

Strike rate

Player

Balls

Wickets

34.1

 George Lohmann
3,830
112

37.7

 /  J. J. Ferris
2,302
61

38.7

 Shane Bond
3,372
87

41.4

 Dale Steyn
17,286
417

41.6

 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowledLast updated: 2 September 2017[72]

text:
Most 5 wickets in an innings

5 wickets in an innings

Player

Matches

67

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

37

 Shane Warne
145

36

 Richard Hadlee
86

35

 Anil Kumble
132

34

 Rangana Herath
92

Last updated: 25 July 2018[73]

text:
Most 10 wickets in a match

10 wickets in a match

Player

Matches

22

 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

10

 Shane Warne
145

9

 Richard Hadlee
86

 Rangana Herath
92

8

 Anil Kumble
132

Last updated: 25 July 2018[74]

text: Series

text:
Most wickets in a series

Wickets

Player

Series

49 (4 Tests)

 Sydney Barnes
v  South Africa 1913–14

46 (5 Tests)

 Jim Laker
v  Australia, 1956

44 (5 Tests)

 Clarrie Grimmett
v  South Africa 1935–36

42 (6 Tests)

 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1981

41 (6 Tests)

 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1989

 Rodney Hogg
v  England, 1978–79

Last updated: 15 June 2016[75]

text: Innings

text:
Best figures in an innings

Bowling figures

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

10–53

 Jim Laker
 Australia (2nd innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

10–74

 Anil Kumble
 Pakistan
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
1998–99

9–28

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

9–37

 Jim Laker
 Australia (1st innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

9–51

 Muttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
2001–02

Last updated: 15 June 2016[76]

text:
Best figures in an innings – progression of record

Bowling figures

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

7–55

 Tom Kendall (in the inaugural Test match)
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77

7–44

 Fred Spofforth
 England
The Oval, London
1882

7–28

 Billy Bates
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1882–83

8–35

 George Lohmann
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1886–87

8–11

 Johnny Briggs
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1888–89

8–7

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
1895–96

9–28

 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

10–53

 Jim Laker
 Australia
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

Calculated at the conclusion of each Test
 Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Match records

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

19–90

 Jim Laker
 Australia
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

17–159

 Sydney Barnes
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1913–14

16–136

 Narendra Hirwani
 West Indies
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
1987–88

16–137

 Bob Massie
 England
Lord's, London
1972

16–220

 Muttiah Muralitharan
 England
The Oval, London
1998

Last updated: 15 June 2016[77]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Best figures in an innings as captain

Bowling figures

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

9–83

 Kapil Dev
 West Indies
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
1983

8–60

 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Karachi
1982

8–63

 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
2016

8–106

 Kapil Dev
 Australia
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
1985

7–37

 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1995

Last updated: 16 March 2017[78]

text: Match records as captain

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling

Player

Opponent

Venue

Season

13–55

 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1995

13–135

 Waqar Younis
 Zimbabwe
Southend Club Cricket Stadium, Karachi
1993

13–152

 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
2016

12–100

 Fazal Mahmood
 West Indies
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
1959

11–79

 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi
1982

Last updated: 15 June 2016[79]

text: Individual records (fielding)

text: Most catches in Test career

text:
Catches

Player

Matches

210

 Rahul Dravid
164

205

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

200

 Jacques Kallis
166

196

 Ricky Ponting
168

181

 Mark Waugh
128

Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper[80] Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)

text:
Most dismissals

Dismissals

Player

Matches

555 (532 catches + 23 stumpings)

 Mark Boucher
147

416 (379 catches + 37 stumpings)

 Adam Gilchrist
96

395 (366 catches + 29 stumpings)

 Ian Healy
119

355 (343 catches + 12 stumpings)

 Rod Marsh
96

294 (256 catches + 38 stumpings)

 MS Dhoni
90

Last updated: 15 June 2016[81]

text:
Most catches

Catches

Player

Matches

532

 Mark Boucher
147

379

 Adam Gilchrist
96

366

 Ian Healy
119

343

 Rod Marsh
96

265

 Jeff Dujon
81

Last updated: 15 June 2016[82]

text:
Most stumpings

Stumpings

Player

Matches

52

 Bert Oldfield
54

46

 Godfrey Evans
91

38

 Syed Kirmani
88

 MS Dhoni
90

37

 Adam Gilchrist
96

Last updated: 15 June 2016[83]

text: Individual records (as an all-rounder)

text:
10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match

Player

Runs

Wickets

Date

Opponent

Venue

 Ian Botham[84]

114

13/109

15 February 1980

 India

Mumbai, India

 Imran Khan[84]

117

11/180

3 January 1983

 India

Faisalabad, Pakistan

 Shakib Al Hasan[84]

137

10/124

3 November 2014

 Zimbabwe

Khulna, Bangladesh

Last updated: 15 June 2016[85]

text: Individual records (other)

text:
Most matches played

Matches

Player

Period

200

 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

168

 Steve Waugh
1985–2004

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

166

 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

164

 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
1994–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[86]

text:
Most matches played as captain

Matches

Player

Won

Lost

Drawn

Tied

109

 Graeme Smith
53
29
27
0

93

 Allan Border
32
22
38
1

80

 Stephen Fleming
28
27
25
0

77

 Ricky Ponting
48
16
13
0

74

 Clive Lloyd
36
12
26
0

Last updated: 15 June 2016[87]

text:
Most matches won as captain

Won

Player

Lost

Drawn

Ties

Matches

53

 Graeme Smith
26
26
0
109

48

 Ricky Ponting
16
13
0
77

41

 Steve Waugh
9
7
0
57

36

 Clive Lloyd
12
26
0
74

32

 Allan Border
22
38
1
93

Last updated: 15 June 2016[88]

text: Partnership records

text: Highest partnership for each wicket

text:
Partnership

Runs

Team

Players

Opposition

Venue

Season

1st wicket

415
 South Africa
Graeme Smith (232)
Neil McKenzie (226)
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Divisional Stadium
2008

2nd wicket

576
 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

3rd wicket

624
 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

4th wicket

449
 Australia
Adam Voges (269*)
Shaun Marsh  (182)
 West Indies
Bellerive Oval, Hobart
2015–16

5th wicket

405
 Australia
Sid Barnes (234)
Donald Bradman (234)
 England
Sydney Cricket Ground
1946–47

6th wicket

399
 England
Ben Stokes  (258)
Jonny Bairstow  (150*)
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2015–16

7th wicket

347
 West Indies
Denis Atkinson (219)
Clairmonte Depeiaza (122)
 Australia
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1954–55

8th wicket

332
 England
Jonathan Trott (184)
Stuart Broad  (169)
 Pakistan
Lord's, London
2010

9th wicket

195
 South Africa
Mark Boucher (78)
Pat Symcox (108)
 Pakistan
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
1997–98

10th wicket

198
 England
Joe Root  (154*)
James Anderson  (81)
 India
Trent Bridge, Nottingham
2014

Last updated: 15 June 2016[89]

text: Highest partnerships

text:
Runs

Team

Players

Opposition

Venue

Season

624 (3rd wicket)

 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

576 (2nd wicket)

 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

467 (3rd wicket)

 New Zealand
Andrew Jones (186)
Martin Crowe (299)
 Sri Lanka
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1990–91

451 (2nd wicket)

 Australia
Bill Ponsford (266)
Donald Bradman (244)
 England
The Oval, London
1934

451 (3rd wicket)

 Pakistan
Mudassar Nazar (231)
Javed Miandad (280*)
 India
Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad
1982–83

Last updated: 15 June 2016[90]


document_title: Indian passport

question_text: what is passport type p in indian passport

text: Indian passport

text: Types of passports[edit]

text:
Ordinary passport (dark blue cover) is issued to ordinary citizens for ordinary travel, such as for vacation, study and business trips (36 or 60 pages). It is a "Type P" passport, where P stands for personal.
Official passport (white cover) is issued to individuals representing the Indian government on official business. It is a "Type S" passport, S standing for service.
Diplomatic passport (maroon cover) is issued to Indian diplomats, top ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers. It is a "Type D" passport with D standing for diplomatic.

text: In addition, selected passport offices in India as well as overseas missions are authorized to issue regular Indo-Bangladesh passports and Indo-Sri Lankan passports to Indian nationals resident in West Bengal, the North-Eastern States, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. These two passports respectively permit travel to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka only and are not valid for travel to other foreign countries.

text: Tatkaal and SVP[edit]

text: Tatkaal passports (for urgent needs),[5] and Short validity passports (SVP)[6] are also available, and these are generally considered Ordinary passports once issued.

text: Physical appearance[edit]

text: Contemporary ordinary Indian passports have a black or deep bluish-black cover with golden coloured printing. The Emblem of India is emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words "पासपोर्ट" in Hindi and "Passport" in English are inscribed above the Emblem whereas "भारत गणराज्य" in Hindi and "Republic of India" in English are inscribed below the emblem. The standard passport contains 36 pages, but frequent travellers can opt for a passport containing 60 pages.

text: Identity Information Page[edit]

text:
The Bio data page contains the following information:

Type: "P"- Stands for "Personal", "D"- Stands for "Diplomatic", "S"- Stands for "Service"
Country code: IND
Passport number
Surname
Given name(s)
Nationality
Sex
Date of birth
Place of birth
Place of issue
Date of issue
Date of expiry
Photo of passport holder
Ghost picture of the passport holder (only passports issued since 2015)
Signature of the passport holder
The information page ends with the Machine Readable Passport Zone (MRZ).

text:
The Demographics page at the end of the passport book contains the following information:

Name of father or legal guardian
Name of mother
Name of spouse
Address
Old passport number
File number

text: Passport note[edit]

text: The passports contain a note from the President of India addressing the authorities of all territories:

text:
“
These are to request and require in the Name of the President of the Republic of India all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance, and to afford him or her, every assistance and protection of which he or she may stand in need.

By order of the President of the Republic of India

”

text:
“
इसके द्वारा, भारत गणराज्य के राष्ट्रपति के नाम पर, उन सब से जिनका इस बात से सरोकार हो, यह प्रार्थना एवं अपेक्षा की जाती है कि वे वाहक को बिना रोक-टोक, आज़ादी से आने-जाने दें, और उसे हर तरह की ऐसी सहायता और सुरक्षा प्रदान करें जिसकी उसे आवश्यकता हो ।

भारत गणराज्य के राष्ट्रपति के आदेश से दिया गया

”

text: The note bearing page is typically stamped and signed by the issuing authority in the name of the President of the Republic of India.

text: Languages[edit]

text: The text of Indian passports is printed in both Hindi and English, two official languages of the Union.

text: Emigration check[edit]

text: Holders of Emigration Check Required (ECR) type passports need a clearance called an Emigration Check from the Government of India's Protector of Emigrants when going to selected countries on a work visa. This is to prevent the exploitation of Indian workers (especially the unskilled and less-educated) when going abroad, particularly to Middle Eastern countries. ECR type passport holders travelling on a tourist visa do not need a clearance; this is known as an Emigration Check Suspension.

text: Emigration Check Not Required (ECNR) status passports are granted to:

text:
Indian nationals born abroad;
Indian nationals holding at least a matriculation certificate;
all holders of diplomatic or official passports.
all gazetted government servants;
all income-tax payers (including agricultural income-tax payers) in their individual capacity;
all graduate and professional degree holders (such as doctors, engineers, chartered accountants, scientists, lawyers, etc.);
spouses and dependent children of category of certain holders of ECNR passports;
seamen in possession of a CDC;
Sea Cadets and Deck Cadets who have:

passed their final examination on a three-year B.Sc. Nautical Sciences Course at T.S. Chanakya, Mumbai; and
undergone three months' pre-sea training at any of the government-approved training institutes such as T.S. Chanakya, T.S. Rehman, T.S. Jawahar, MTI (SCI), or NIPM, Chennai, after production of identity cards issued by the Shipping Master at Mumbai, Kolkata, or Chennai;

persons holding a Permanent Immigration Visa, such as visas issued by the UK, USA, or Australia;
persons possessing a two years' diploma from any institute recognized by the National Council for Vocational Training (NCVT) or the State Council of Vocational Training (SCVT), or persons holding a three years’ diploma or equivalent degree from an institution such as a polytechnic recognized by the central or a state government;
nurses possessing qualifications recognised under the Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947;
all persons above the age of 50 years;
all persons who have been staying abroad for more than three years (whether in one continuous period or in aggregate), as well as their spouses;
all children up to the age of 18 years.

text: In accordance with a ruling by the Ministry of External Affairs, passports issued from 2007 onwards do not have the ECNR stamp affixed; instead, a blank page 2 of the passport is deemed to have been ECNR endorsed. As a result, only ECR stamps are now affixed to Indian passports. For passports issued before January 2007, no notation in the passport means ECR. For passports issued in or after January 2007, no notation in the passport means ECNR. If Emigration Check is Required, there will be an endorsement in the passport regarding ECR.

text: Features[edit]

text: Since 25 November 2015, Indian passports that are handwritten or with an original date of expiry extending to 20 years have not been valid under ICAO travel regulations.[7] With more recent Indian passports the personal particulars of the passport holder, that were hitherto printed on the inner cover page, are printed on the second page of the document. Another added security feature in the newer non-handwritten passports is a ghost picture of the holder found on the right side of the second page. Apart from stymieing criminals from printing fake passports, recent changes also help prevent smudging of the document because of inkjet printers.[8][9]

text: Fees[edit]

text: The price of a standard passport in India:[10]

text:
₹1500 - Fresh issuance or renewal of passport (36 pages, standard size) with 10 year validity.
₹2000 - Fresh issuance or renewal of passport (60 pages, 'jumbo' size) with 10 year validity.
₹3500 - First time applicant or renewal with expedited ('tatkaal') service (36 pages) with 10 year validity.
₹4000 - First time applicant or renewal with expedited ('tatkaal') service (60 pages) with 10 year validity.
₹1000 - Fresh passport issuancefor minors (below 18 years of Age) with 5 year validity or till the minor attains the age of 18, whichever is earlier.
₹3000 - Duplicate passport (36 pages) in lieu of lost, damaged or stolen passport.
₹3500 - Duplicate passport (60 pages) in lieu of lost, damaged or stolen passport.

text: Indian passports can also be issued outside India, for which fees varies by country.

text: Issuance[edit]

text: Passport Seva Kendra[edit]

text: In September 2007, the Indian Union cabinet approved a new passport issuance system under the Passport Seva Project. As per the project, front-end activities of passport issuance, dispatch of passports, online linking with police, and Central Printing Unit for centralised printing of passports will be put in place. The new system is trying to be 'timely, transparent, more accessible and reliable manner' for passport issuance. The applicant has to apply for fresh/reissue of passport through the Passport Seva system at one of the 77 Passport offices known as "Passport Seva Kendra"s operating throughout the country.

text: Biometric passport[edit]

text: India has recently initiated the first phase of biometric e-passport for Diplomatic passport holders in India and abroad. The new passports have been designed locally by the Central Passport Organisation, the India Security Press and IIT Kanpur. It contains a security chip with all personal data and digital images. In the first phase new passports will have a 64KB chip carrying a photograph of the passport holder and in subsequent phases it will have a fingerprint. The new passport has already been tested with passport readers in the United States and has 4-second response time, while the US Passport has 10-second response time. It need not be carried in a metal jacket for security reasons. It will first need to be skimmed through a readers, after which it would generate an access code which then unlocks the chip for reader access.[11]

text: In India the e-passport is under its first phase of deployment and is restricted to Diplomatic passport holders. On 25 June 2008 the Indian Passport Authority issued the e-passport to the then President of India, Pratibha Patil.[12] As of 2016, the Government has plans to issue e-passports to all of its citizens. Also the Government has authorized Indian Security Press to float a global three-stage tender for procurement of ICAO-compliant electronic contactless inlays along with its operating system, which is required for the manufacture of Bio metric Passports.[13] The necessary procurement have been initiated by India Security Press, Nasik by calling for Global tender for the supply of electronic contactless inlays.[14] The actual transition to the new age passport is expected to commence on the successful completion of the tendering and procurement process.[15]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text: Visa requirements for Indian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of India. As of 1 January 2017, Indian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 49 countries and territories, ranking the Indian passport 87th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Guinea-Bissauan and Turkmen passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index, which is based on data supplied by IATA.[16]

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: According to the statistics these are the numbers of Indian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

text:
[show]Foreign travel statistics

Destination
Number of visitors

 American Samoa[17]
50

 Angola[18]
9,170

 Antarctica[note 1][19]
207

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 1][20]
368

 Australia[note 1][21]
259,900

 Austria[note 2][note 1][22]
147,300

 Azerbaijan[note 1][23]
6,012

 Belgium[note 1][24]
44,898

 Bhutan[note 1][25]
114,301

 Bolivia[note 1][26]
1,338

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 1][27]
2,000

 Botswana[28]
17,413

 Brazil[note 1][29]
23,246

 Cambodia[note 1][30]
46,131

 Canada[note 1][31]
225,121

 Cayman Islands[note 1][note 3][32]
256

 Chile[note 1][33]
3,774

 China[34]
730,500

 Colombia[35]
5,402

 Congo[note 4][36]
2,373

 Costa Rica[note 1][37]
7,085

 Croatia[note 1][38]
35,057

 Dominica[39]
97

 Dominican Republic[note 1][40]
2,139

 France[41]
524,055

 French Polynesia[note 1][42]
637

 Georgia[note 1][43]
36,204

 Germany[note 1][44]
231,244

 Hong Kong[note 1][45]
480,906

 Hungary[note 2][note 1][46]
33,134

 Indonesia[note 1][47]
422,045

 Israel[note 1][48]
44,800

 Italy[note 1][49]
225,000

 Jamaica[note 1][50]
1,721

 Japan[51]
103,084

 Jordan[note 1][52]
57,720

 Kazakhstan[note 1][53]
13,975

 Kyrgyzstan[note 1][54]
11,400

 Laos[note 1][55]
8,249

 Latvia[note 2][note 1][56]
3,585

 Lebanon[note 1][57]
15,610

 Macao[note 1][58]
165,278

 Madagascar[59]
2,234

 Malaysia[note 1][60]
638,758

 Maldives[note 1][61]
66,955

 Mali[note 5][62]
1,500

 Mauritius[note 1][63]
82,670

 Mexico[note 1][64]
59,020

 Mongolia[note 1][65]
1,713

 Montenegro[note 5][note 2][66]
1,131

 Myanmar[67]
34,628

   Nepal[note 6][68]
75,124

 Netherlands[note 1][69]
127,000

 New Zealand[note 1][70]
52,016

 Oman[note 7][71]
244,786

 Panama[72]
6,748

 Papua New Guinea[note 1][73]
4,293

 Peru[74]
5,684

 Philippines[75]
74,824

 Qatar[note 1][76]
340,104

 Romania[note 1][77]
16,753

 Russia[note 1][78]
108,498

 Seychelles[note 1][79]
10,916

 Singapore[note 1][80]
1,097,186

 Slovakia[note 1][note 2][81]
6,805

 South Africa[82]
85,639

 South Korea[note 1][83]
195,911

 Spain[note 1][84]
97,033

 Sri Lanka[note 1][85]
356,729

 Suriname[86]
552

 Swaziland[note 1][87]
6,867

 Taiwan[note 5][88]
33,550

 Tanzania[note 1][89]
27,327

 Thailand[note 1][90]
1,193,822

 Timor-Leste[note 5][note 6][91]
799

 Turkey[note 1][92]
79,316

 Ukraine[note 1][93]
14,047

 United Arab Emirates[note 1][94][95][96]
2,123,388

 United Kingdom[note 1][97]
387,000

 United States[note 8][98]
1,898,327

 Zambia[99]
25,517

 Zimbabwe[100]
5,421

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Data for 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
Jump up ^ Data for arrivals by air only.
Jump up ^ Data for 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c d Data for 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Data for arrivals by air only.
Jump up ^ Data for 2013
Jump up ^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

tag: ol

text: Gallery of historic images[edit]

text:
Indian Empire passport issued during the colonial days

Passport issued by the Dominion of India (1947-1950)

Cover of a passport (1986)

Indian Diplomatic passport and Indian Official passport


document_title: Cavalier

question_text: what did the cavaliers wear in the english civil war

text: Cavalier

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Cavalier derives from the same Latin root as the French word chevalier (as well as the Spanish word caballero), the Vulgar Latin word caballarius, meaning "horseman". Shakespeare used the word cavaleros to describe an overbearing swashbuckler or swaggering gallant in Henry IV, Part 2, in which Shallow says "I'll drink to Master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleros about London".[2]

text: English Civil War[edit]

text: "Cavalier" is chiefly associated with the Royalist supporters of King Charles I in his struggle with Parliament in the English Civil War. It first appears as a term of reproach and contempt, applied to the followers of King Charles I in June 1642:

text: 1642 (June 10) Propositions of Parlt. in Clarendon v. (1702) I. 504 Several sorts of malignant Men, who were about the King; some whereof, under the name of Cavaliers, without having respect to the Laws of the Land, or any fear either of God or Man, were ready to commit all manner of Outrage and Violence. 1642 Petition Lords & Com. 17 June in Rushw. Coll. III. (1721) I. 631 That your Majesty..would please to dismiss your extraordinary Guards, and the Cavaliers and others of that Quality, who seem to have little Interest or Affection to the publick Good, their Language and Behaviour speaking nothing but Division and War.[2]

text: Charles, in the Answer to the Petition 13 June 1642 speaks of Cavaliers as a "word by what mistake soever it seemes much in disfavour".[3] It was soon reappropriated (as a title of honour) by the king's party, who in return applied Roundhead to their opponents, and at the Restoration the court party preserved the name, which survived until the rise of the term Tory.[3]

text: Social perceptions[edit]

text: Cavalier was not understood at the time as primarily a term describing a style of dress, but a whole political and social attitude. However, in modern times the word has become more particularly associated with the court fashions of the period, which included long flowing hair in ringlets, brightly coloured clothing with elaborate trimmings and lace collars and cuffs, and plumed hats.[4] This contrasted with the dress of at least the most extreme Roundhead supporters of Parliament, with their preference for shorter hair and plainer dress, although neither side conformed to the stereotypical images entirely.

text: Most Parliamentarian generals wore their hair at much the same length as their Royalist counterparts,[citation needed] though Cromwell was something of an exception. The best patrons in the nobility of Charles I's court painter Sir Anthony van Dyck, the archetypal recorder of the Cavalier image, all took the Parliamentary side in the Civil War. Probably the most famous image identified as of a "cavalier", Frans Hals' Laughing Cavalier, shows a gentleman from the strongly Calvinist Dutch town of Haarlem, and is dated 1624. These derogatory terms (for at the time they were so intended) also showed what the typical Parliamentarian thought of the Royalist side – capricious men who cared more for vanity than the nation at large.

text: The chaplain to King Charles I, Edward Simmons described a Cavalier as "a Child of Honour, a Gentleman well borne and bred, that loves his king for conscience sake, of a clearer countenance, and bolder look than other men, because of a more loyal Heart".[5] There were many men in the Royalist armies who fit this description since most of the Royalist field officers were typically in their early thirties, married with rural estates which had to be managed.

text: Although they did not share the same outlook on how to worship God as the English Independents of the New Model Army, God was often central to their lives.[6] This type of Cavalier was personified by Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading, whose prayer at the start of the Battle of Edgehill has become famous "O Lord, Thou knowest how busy I must be this day. If I forget Thee, do not forget me".[7] At the end of the First Civil War Astley gave his word that he would not take up arms again against Parliament and having given his word he felt duty bound to refuse to help the Royalist cause in the Second Civil War.

text: However, the word was coined by the Roundheads as a pejorative propaganda image of a licentious, hard drinking and frivolous man, who rarely, if ever, thought of God. It is this image which has survived and many Royalists, for example Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, fitted this description to a tee.[8] Of another Cavalier, George Goring, Lord Goring, a general in the Royalist army,[9] the principal advisor to Charles II, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, said:

text: [He] would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in the highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before. Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him".[10][11]

text: This sense has developed into the modern English use of "cavalier" to describe a recklessly nonchalant attitude, although still with a suggestion of stylishness.

text: Cavalier remained in use as a description for members of the party that supported the monarchy up until the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681 when the term was superseded by "Tory" which was another term initially with pejorative connotations. Likewise during Exclusion Bill crisis the term Roundhead was replaced with "Whig", a term introduced by the opponents of the Whigs and also was initially a pejorative term.[12]

text: Cavaliers in the arts[edit]

text: An example of the Cavalier style can be seen in the painting "Charles I, King of England, from Three Angles" by Anthony van Dyck.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Manganiello 2004, p. 476.
^ Jump up to: a b OED 1989, "Cavalier".
^ Jump up to: a b Chisholm 1911, p. 562.
Jump up ^ OED 1989, "Cavalier", Meaning 4. attrib., First quotation "1666 EVELYN Dairy 13 Sept., The Queene was now in her cavalier riding habite, hat and feather, and horseman's coate".
Jump up ^ Carlton 2002, p. 52.
Jump up ^ Woolrych 2002, p. 249.
Jump up ^ Hume 1841, p. 216 See footnote r. cites Warwick 229.
Jump up ^ Barratt 2005, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Memegalos 2007.
Jump up ^ Clarendon 1839, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911a, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Worden 2009, p. 4.