document_title: X Ambassadors

question_text: when is x ambassadors new album coming out

text: X Ambassadors

text: History[edit]

text: 2009–12: Ambassadors EP and Litost[edit]

text: X Ambassadors began as a band titled simply Ambassadors, touring with artists such as LIGHTS. During this time, they self-released their debut EP, Ambassadors EP, creating a music video for its lead single, "Tropisms".  Shortly after, the band self-released its debut LP, Litost, which included the song "Litost", which would later be used on the soundtrack for The Host.  The band signed a music publishing deal in 2012 with SONGS Music Publishing.[1] The band started a Kickstarter account to shoot a video for the lead single, "Unconsolable," which would be re-recorded later.[2] The group was noticed by Imagine Dragons while frontman Dan Reynolds was sick in the hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. Reynolds heard an acoustic version of "Unconsolable" on 96X WROX-FM and asked Interscope to sign the band as soon as possible.[3][4]

text: 2013–14: Love Songs Drug Songs EP and The Reason EP[edit]

text: X Ambassadors released their debut major label EP, Love Songs Drug Songs in 2013. The EP included the track "Stranger" co-written by Dan Reynolds.[5]  In promotion of the EP they toured supporting Imagine Dragons, Jimmy Eat World and The Mowglis.  In 2014, the band released a second major label EP, The Reason. In promotion of the new EP, X Ambassadors supported Panic! at the Disco and Imagine Dragons on their respective tours. They also featured in The Knocks' single "Comfortable" from their second EP with the same name.

text: 2015–16: VHS and The Knocks collaboration[edit]

text: VHS is X Ambassadors' debut LP. The album was released June 30 via digital download, vinyl record and CD. The album features 20 tracks, including 7 interludes and 3 previously released songs for a total of 10 new songs. The album features collaborations with Jamie N Commons and Imagine Dragons.

text: X Ambassadors appeared as a collaboration on their earlier title "Comfortable" with The Knocks', which was originally released back in 2013, as part of the duo's debut album, entitled 55, which was released in March 2016. However, later on in the year, X Ambassadors lead singer Sam Harris was reunited with the duo in their new collaboration, entitled "Heat", which was released in October 2016.

text: On June 20, 2016, the band announced that Feldshuh would be taking an indefinite hiatus from the band to deal with personal issues.[6]

text: 2017–present: Joyful[edit]

text: X Ambassadors released four singles in 2017: "Hoping" in March, "Torches" in April, "The Devil You Know" in June, and "Ahead of Myself" in July.[7] They also performed at the 2017 National Scout Jamboree. X Ambassadors were featured in a song by Eminem, titled "Bad Husband", which was exclusively for his album Revival. The band was featured on a song titled "Home" on the soundtrack for the Netflix film Bright. The song also features pop singer Bebe Rexha and rapper Machine Gun Kelly. They released their second single entitled "Joyful" on January 26, 2018.[8] Later that day they announced their second album Joyful through their Instagram accounts and pre-orders became available through their website.[9]

text: Musical style and influences[edit]

text: In an interview with Caitlin White, X Ambassadors declared themselves distinctly rock with few characteristics commonly associated with indie bands.[3] They referenced Incubus and the Red Hot Chili Peppers as heroes.[3] These bands can be heard as influences on X Ambassadors' sound.

text: Philanthropy[edit]

text: In January 2017, Sam Harris participated in the official Women’s March on Washington after-party[10][11]. Harris was joined by The National, Ani DiFranco, Samantha Ronson, Sleater-Kinney, and many others.

text: In March 2017, X Ambassadors performed a special show to benefit Planned Parenthood on International Women’s Day.[12]

text: Following the benefit show, X Ambassadors released the song “Hoping” on March 10[13][14]. All proceeds from the song for the six months following its release were donated to the ACLU[14].

text: In June 2017, X Ambassadors announced that they would donate all the proceeds from their Mississippi Coast Coliseum Show to Unity Mississippi - an LGBT charitable organization,[15] following the announcement that the State of Mississippi signed HB 1523 - the “Protecting Freedom of Conscience from Government Discrimination Act” into law[16].

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Sam Harris – lead vocals, guitar, saxophone, bass guitar, drums, percussion (2009–present)
Casey Harris – piano, keyboards, backing vocals (2009–present)
Adam Levin – drums, percussion (2009-present)

text: Former member

text: Noah Feldshuh – lead guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals (2009–2015) on a hiatus

text: Sam Harris and Casey Harris are brothers, and have been friends with Feldshuh since kindergarten in Ithaca. Sam met Levin while attending the New School in New York City in 2006.[17][18]

text: Casey Harris has been blind since birth.[19]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Title

Details

Peak chart positions

Certifications

US[20]

CAN[21]

FRA[22]

GER[23]

UK[24]

Litost

Released: February 7, 2012[25]
Label: Ambassadors
Format: CD, digital download, LP

—
—
—
—
—

VHS

Released: June 30, 2015[26]
Label: KIDinaKORNER, Geffen, Interscope
Format: CD, digital download, LP

7
2
85
56
41

RIAA: Platinum[27]
MC: Gold[28]

Joyful[29]

Release date: TBA
Label: KIDinaKORNER, Interscope
Format: CD, digital download, LP

TBA

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.

text: Extended plays[edit]

text:
Title

Details

Peak chart positions

US Heat[20]

Ambassadors1

Released: 2009
Label: Ambassadors
Format: Digital download, CD

—

Love Songs Drug Songs

Released: 7 May 2013
Label: KIDinaKORNER, Geffen, Interscope
Format: Digital download, CD

11

The Reason

Released: 22 April 2014 (re-released 9 June 2014)
Label: KIDinaKORNER, Geffen, Interscope
Format: Digital download, CD

7

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released.

text: Notes

text: Note 1: As Ambassadors.

text: Singles[edit]

text: As lead artist[edit]

text:
Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Album

US[30]

AUS[31]

AUT[32]

CAN[33]

FRA[22]

GER[23]

IRE[34]

ITA[35]

NL[36]

UK[24]

"Tropisms"[37]1

2009

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album singles

"Unconsolable"[38]1

2012

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Unconsolable" (New version)[39]

2013

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Love Songs Drug Songs

"Jungle"(with Jamie N Commons)[40]

87
—
—
63
55
44
62
—
85
18

RIAA: Gold[27]

VHS

"Renegades"

2015

17
43
25
6
10
10
65
4
32
38

RIAA: Platinum[27]
ARIA: Gold[41]
BPI: Silver[42]
BVMI: Platinum[43]
FIMI: 3× Platinum[44]
MC: 4× Platinum[45]
SNEP: Gold[46]

"American Oxygen"[47]

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Non-album single

"Fear" (featuring Imagine Dragons)

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

VHS

"Unsteady"

20
94
—
61
—
—
—
—
—
—

RIAA: 2× Platinum[27]
BPI: Silver[42]
FIMI: Gold[44]
MC: Platinum[48]

"Collider"(with Tom Morello)

2016

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

VHS 2.0[49]

"Hoping"[50]

2017

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Joyful[29]

"Torches"[51]

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"The Devil You Know"[52]

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Ahead of Myself"[53]

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"Home"(with Machine Gun Kelly and Bebe Rexha)

90
74
32
43
130
27
74
—
98
64

RIAA: Gold[27]

Bright: The Album

"Joyful"[54]

2018

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Joyful[29]

"Don't Stay"[55]

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: As featured artist[edit]

text:
Title

Year

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Album

US[30]

AUS[31]

AUT[32]

CAN[33]

FRA[22]

GER[23]

IRE[34]

ITA[35]

NL[36]

UK[24]

"Comfortable"(The Knocks featuring X Ambassadors)

2013

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

55

"Sucker for Pain"(Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa & Imagine Dragons with Logic and Ty Dolla $ign featuring X Ambassadors)

2016

15
7
6
19
18
8
18
19
18
11

RIAA: 3× Platinum[27]
ARIA: Platinum[56]
BPI: Gold[42]
BVMI: Platinum[43]
FIMI: 2× Platinum[57]
SNEP: Platinum[46]

Suicide Squad: The Album

"Heat"(The Knocks featuring Sam Nelson Harris)

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

Testify EP

"Not Easy"(Alex Da Kid featuring X Ambassadors, Elle King and Wiz Khalifa)

—
73
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

non-album single

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Album

2013

"Love of a Life"(Keljet featuring X Ambassadors)

Non-album single

"Wicked Ways"(Eminem featuring X Ambassadors)

The Marshall Mathers LP 2

2014

"Comfortable"(The Knocks featuring X Ambassadors)

So Classic

2015

"Transmission"(Zedd featuring Logic and X Ambassadors)

True Colors

"Cannonball"(Skylar Grey featuring X Ambassadors)

Non-album single

2017

"Bad Husband"(Eminem featuring X Ambassadors)

Revival

text: Music Videos[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Unconsolable"
"Jungle"
"Lowlife"
"Renegade"
"Unsteady"
"Collider"
"American Oxygen"
"Sucker for Pain"
"Hoping"
"Ahead of Myself"
"Home"
"Joyful"
"Don't Stay"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.

2015
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Music: Rock Song
"Renegades"
Nominated
[58]

2016
Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Best Song – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film
"Sucker for Pain"
Nominated
[59]

iHeartRadio Music Awards
Alternative Rock Artist of the Year
X Ambassadors
Nominated
[60]

Alternative Rock Song of the Year
"Renegades"
Nominated

Billboard Music Awards
Top Rock Artist
X Ambassadors
Nominated
[61]

Top Rock Song
"Renegades"
Nominated

American Music Awards
Favorite Artist - Alternative Rock
X Ambassadors
Nominated
[62]

2017
Billboard Music Awards
Top Rock Artist
X Ambassadors
Nominated
[63]

Top Rock Song
"Sucker for Pain"
Nominated

"Unsteady"
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Rock Artist
X Ambassadors
Nominated
[64]


document_title: Virginia Conventions

question_text: where was west virginia's first constitutional convention held

question_tokens: where was west virginia 's first constitutional convention held

root

text: Virginia Conventions

text: First through fourth Revolutionary conventions[edit]

text: The First Convention was organized after Lord Dunmore, the colony's royal governor, dissolved the House of Burgesses when that body called for a day of prayer as a show of solidarity with Boston, Massachusetts, when the British government closed the harbor under the Boston Port Act. The Burgesses, who had been elected by propertied freeholders throughout the colony, moved to Raleigh Tavern to continue meeting. The Burgesses declared support for Massachusetts and called for a congress of all the colonies, the Continental Congress. The Burgesses, convened as the First Convention, met on August 1, 1774, and elected officers, banned commerce and payment of debts with Britain, and pledged supplies. They elected Peyton Randolph, the Speaker of the House of Burgesses, as the President of the Convention (a position he held for subsequent conventions until his death in October 1775).[2]

tag: p

text: The Second Convention met in Richmond at St. John's Episcopal Church on March 20, 1775. Delegates again chose a presiding officer and they elected delegates to the Continental Congress. At the convention, Patrick Henry proposed arming the Virginia militia and delivered his "give me liberty or give me death" speech to rally support for the measure. It was resolved that the colony be "put into a posture of defence: and that Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Robert Carter Nicholas, Benjamin Harrison, Lemuel Riddick, George Washington, Adam Stephen, Andrew Lewis, William Christian, Edmund Pendleton, Thomas Jefferson and Isaac Zane, Esquires, be a committee to prepare a plan for the embodying arming and disciplining such a number of men as may be sufficient for that purpose."[3]

text: Between conventions in April 1775, Randolph, who was both the Speaker of the House of Burgesses and President of the Virginia Conventions, negotiated with Lord Dunmore for gunpowder removed from the Williamsburg arsenal to a British warship during the Gunpowder Incident, which was a confrontation between the Governor's forces and Virginia militia, led by Patrick Henry. The House of Burgesses was called back by Lord Dunmore one last time in June 1775 to address British Prime Minister Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution. Randolph, who was a delegate to the Continental Congress, returned to Williamsburg to take his place as Speaker. Randolph indicated that the resolution had not been sent to the Congress (it had instead been sent to each colony individually in an attempt to divide them and bypass the Continental Congress). The House of Burgesses rejected the proposal, which was also later rejected by the Continental Congress.[4]

text: The Third Convention met on July 17, 1775, also at St. John's Church, after Lord Dunmore had fled the capital (following the rejection of North's resolution) and taken refuge on a British warship. Peyton Randolph continued to serve as the President of the Convention.[5] The convention created a Committee of Safety to govern as an executive body in the absence of the royal governor (Dunmore). Members of the committee were Edmund Pendleton, George Mason, John Page, Richard Bland, Thomas Ludwell Lee, Paul Carrington, Dudley Digges, William Cabell, Carter Braxton, James Mercer, and John Tabb.[6] The convention also divided Virginia into 16 military districts and resolved to raise regular regiments. The convention ended August 26, 1775, while the Committee of Safety would continue to meet and govern between Convention sessions.[7]

text: The Fourth Convention in Williamsburg met in December 1775 following November's declaration that the colony was in revolt by Lord Dunmore and fighting between his royal forces and militia forces in the Hampton Roads area.[8] Edmund Pendleton served as President of the Convention, succeeding Peyton Randolph who had died in October 1775. The Convention declared that Virginians were ready to defend themselves "against every species of despotism." The convention passed another ordinance to raise additional troops.[9]

text: Back in Britain, in December 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion had declared the colonies outside his protection,[10] but throughout the first four Virginia Conventions, there was no adopted expression in favor of independence from the British Empire.[11]

text: Leaders of Virginia conventions[edit]

text:
Peyton Randolph
1774, 1775

Edmund Pendleton
1776, 1788

Philip P. Barbour
1830

John Y. Mason
1850

John Janney
1861 Richmond

Arthur I. Boreman
1861 Wheeling

Francis Pierpont, Loyalist Governor called 1864 Convention

John C. Underwood
1868

John Goode, Jr.
1902

Harry F. Byrd, Sr.
Governor called 1927 Commission

Thomas B. Stanley Governor called 1956 Limited Convention

Mills E. Godwin, Jr.
Governor called 1969 Commission

tag: ul

text: Fifth Revolutionary convention (1776)[edit]

text: By the new year of 1776, George Washington, a delegate in the Virginia Convention and in the Continental Congress, had been appointed in Philadelphia from the First Continental Congress as commander of Continental troops surrounding Boston. Virginia patriots had defeated an advancing British expeditionary force at the Battle of Great Bridge southeast of Norfolk in December.[12]

text: The newly elected Fifth Convention met in Williamsburg from May 6 to July 5, 1776. It elected Edmund Pendleton its presiding officer after his return as president of the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There were three parties in the Fifth Convention. The first was mainly made up of wealthy planters, including Robert Carter Nicholas Sr.[13] The second party was made up of the more intellectual types. These included the older generation of George Mason, George Wythe, Edmund Pendleton, and the younger Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.[14] The third party was a minority of young men mainly from western Virginia. This party was led by Patrick Henry and included "radicals" who had supported independence earlier than 1775.[15]

text: On May 15, the Convention declared that the government of Virginia as "formerly exercised" by King George in Parliament was "totally dissolved".[16] The Convention adopted a set of three resolutions: one calling for a declaration of rights for Virginia, one calling for the establishment of a republican constitution, and a third calling for federal relations with whichever other colonies would have them and alliances with whichever foreign countries would have them. It also instructed its delegates to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia to declare independence.[17]

text: On June 7, Richard Henry Lee, one of Virginia's delegates to Congress, carried out the instructions to propose independence in the language the convention had commanded him to use: that "these colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." The resolution was followed in Congress by the adoption of the American Declaration of Independence, which reflected its ideas.[18]

text: The convention amended, and on June 12 adopted, George Mason's Declaration of Rights, a precursor to the United States Bill of Rights. On June 29, the convention approved the first Constitution of Virginia. The convention chose Patrick Henry as the first governor of the new Commonwealth of Virginia, and he was inaugurated on June 29, 1776. Thus, Virginia had a functioning republican constitution before July 4, 1776.[19]

text: Ratifying (Federal) Convention of 1788[edit]

text: The Constitutional Convention convened by the Articles of Confederation Congress in 1787 provided for a ratification process in the states that was duly transmitted by Congress to each state. As Virginians went to the polls to elect delegates to its state convention, six states had ratified including the two other largest states of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. But Virginia bisected the new nation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River; its admission into the prospective union was critical if the United States as a nation-state were to have contiguous continental territory.[20]

text: The Convention met from June 2–27, 1788, in the wooden "Old Capitol" building at Richmond VA, and elected Edmund Pendleton its presiding officer.[21] The Virginia Ratifying Convention narrowly approved joining the proposed United States under a constitution of supreme national law as authorized by "We, the people" of the United States. James Madison led those in favor, Patrick Henry, delegate to the First Continental Convention and Revolutionary wartime governor, led those opposed. Governor Edmund Randolph, who had refused to sign the U.S. Constitution, now chose to support adoption for the sake of national unity. George Mason who had refused to sign the U.S. Constitution due to the lack of a Bill of Rights continued in his opposition.[22] The Virginia ratification included a recommendation for a Bill of Rights, and Madison subsequently led the First Congress to send the Bill of Rights to the states for ratification.[23]

text: Patrick Henry questioned the authority of the Philadelphia Convention to presume to speak for "We, the people" instead of "We, the states". In his view, delegates should have only recommended amendments to the Articles of Confederation. Edmund Randolph had changed from his opposition in the Philadelphia Convention to now supporting adoption for the sake of preserving the Union. He noted that the Confederation was "totally inadequate".[25] George Mason countered that a national, consolidated government would overburden Virginians with direct taxes in addition to state taxes, and that government of an extensive territory must necessarily destroy liberty.[26] Madison pointed out that the history of Confederations like that provided in the Articles of Confederation government were inadequate in the long run, both with the ancients and with the modern (1700s) Germans, Dutch and Swiss. They brought "anarchy and confusion", disharmony and foreign invasion. Efficient government can only come from direct operation on individuals, it can never flow from negotiations among a confederation's constituent states.[27]

text: The Virginia Ratification (Federal) Convention narrowly ratified the U.S. Constitution 89 to 79. Virginians reserved the right to withdraw from the new government as "the People of the United States", "whenever the powers granted unto it should be perverted to their injury or oppression," but it also held that failings in the constitution should be remedied by amendment.[28] Unlike the Pennsylvania Convention where the Federalists railroaded the Anti-federalists in an all or nothing choice, in the Virginia Convention the Federalists made efforts to reconcile with the Anti-federalists by recommending amendments to the Federal Constitution like that of Virginia's Bill of Rights preamble to its 1776 Constitution.[29]

text: Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830[edit]

text: Almost immediately, the Constitution of 1776 was recognized as flawed both for its restriction of the suffrage by property requirements, and for its malapportionment favoring the smaller eastern counties. Between 1801 and 1813, petitioners called on the Assembly to initiate a constitutional convention ten times.[30] Malapportionment in the Assembly was seen by reformers as "an usurpation of the minority over the majority" by the slave-owning eastern aristocracy. Partisans argued for apportionment by white population, versus "federal numbers" combining white population with three-fifths slaves, versus the existing system counting whites and slaves equally to favor the slave-holding eastern counties.[31]

text: The Convention met from October 5, 1829 – January 15, 1830, and elected Philip Pendleton Barbour its presiding officer. The last "gathering of giants"[32] from the Revolutionary generation included former presidents James Madison and James Monroe, and sitting Chief Justice John Marshall. But three generations were represented among those who would serve in public office including three presidents, seven U.S. senators, fifteen U.S. representatives and four governors. The other delegates to the convention were sitting judges or members of the Virginia General Assembly.[33]

text: Conservatives among the Old Republicans such as John Randolph of Roanoke feared any change from the Founders' 1776 Constitution would lead to an ideological anarchy of "wild abstractions" imposed by egalitarian "French Jacobins" through "this maggot of innovation". In answer, John Marshall advanced his view with a petition from the freeholders of Richmond which observed that, "Virtue, intelligence, are not among the products of the soil. Attachment to [slave] property, often a sordid sentiment, is not to be confounded with the sacred flame of patriots." Any white male who had served in the War of 1812 or who would serve in the militia in their future defense of the country deserved the right to vote.[34]

text: Reformers' efforts to adopt direct popular election of the governor were defeated in favor of continuing election by the General Assembly.[35] Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Thomas Jefferson's grandson, proposed gradual emancipation, a suggestion which never made it out of committee onto the convention floor.[36] The reformers lost on almost every issue. Nevertheless, even with the exaggerated Virginia Senate representation apportioning the delegates, the three most important roll calls were close. The "white" population basis of apportioning the General Assembly failed by two votes. The extension of the vote to all free white males failed by two votes. When the popular election of governor passed on its first vote, it failed on reconsideration. The divisions which would lead to West Virginia's split were evident. Regardless of the various ideologies represented or delegate political affiliation, the final vote 55 for the proposed constitution to 40 against was along an east-west divide. Only one delegate voted yes from west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.[37]

text: Constitutional Convention of 1850[edit]

text: Following the 1830 Constitution, Virginia began to change politically under the pressure of party competition. Though the planter elite and their representatives in the ruling Democratic "Richmond Junto" continued to resist any change, western Democrats and Whigs were more inclined to a white population basis for apportionment in their determination to expand suffrage and to find a more equitable representation between east and west.[38]

text: The Convention delegates were a younger generation raised in the Second American Party System of Democrat Jefferson Davis and Whig Henry Clay. Unlike the three generation Convention of 1829–30, the delegates were primarily in their twenties and thirties at the beginning of their careers in the professions and industry, without large land holdings, and without gentry family ties.[39]

text: The Convention met from October 14, 1850 – August 1, 1851, and elected John Y. Mason its presiding officer. The Convention featured fierce debates; the arguments raged throughout Virginia in the press and they were widely reported nationally. Direct popular election of the governor was supported by Whig Congressman John Minor Botts. He was opposed by Richmond Junto Democrat Richard L.T. Beale who argued against the natural equality of all men, and the "plundering propensities" of the multitude seeking a "majority of mere numbers".[40] Although he was for direct election of the Governor, Henry A. Wise was more fearful of the eastern slave-holders' loss of control in the General Assembly. He believed that "protection of slavery, not the liberalizing of Virginia's Constitution, was the most significant business before the convention."[41]

text: After almost six months of wrangling, the question of apportionment was brought up for a vote. The compromise was to apportion the House of Delegates on the white population basis, giving the western counties a majority, but for the Senate to be apportioned on a modified mixed basis of population and property including slaves, giving the eastern counties a majority. In the remaining two months of the Convention, it was agreed to allow direct popular election of the governor, but each office holder would be limited to one term. Constitutional provision for public education was voted down.[42] Voting by secret ballot was rejected, perpetuating viva voce voting.[43]

text: Secession Convention of 1861[edit]

text: Abraham Lincoln's constitutional election reflected the nation’s sectional divide, though 82 percent of the electorate had split among the Unionists, Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and John Bell. Even before Lincoln’s inauguration, the Deep South states that had cast Electoral College votes for John C. Breckinridge resolved to secede from the United States and form the Confederate States of America. The Virginia Assembly called a special convention for the sole purpose of considering secession from the United States. Virginia was deeply divided, returning a convention of delegates amounting to about one-third for secession and two thirds Unionist. But the Unionists would prove to be further divided between those who would be labelled Conditional Unionists who would favor Virginia in the Union only if Lincoln made no move at “coercion”, and those who would later be called Unconditional Unionists who would be unwavering in their loyalty to the constitutional government of the United States.[44]

text: The Convention met from February 3 – December 6, 1861, and elected John Janney its presiding officer. The majority at first voted to remain in the Union, but stayed in session awaiting events. At first, the speeches were mixed between Secessionists advocating leaving the Union, Conditional Unionists holding onto the patriotism of earlier times, and Unconditional Unionists insisting that secession was bad policy and unlawful.[45] On March 4, Abraham Lincoln’s inauguration day, Jefferson Davis called up 100,000 militia to serve a year and sent besieging troops to surround Fort Sumter in South Carolina and Fort Pickens in Florida. That same day Waitman T. Willey from trans-Alleghany Monongalia County answered secessionists with a Unionist speech. He defended Virginia's institutions from Northern attacks against slavery, but “there is no constitutional right of secession ...” He warned that secession would bring about war, taxes and the abolition of slavery in Virginia.[46]

text: John S. Barbour Jr. of the Piedmont’s Culpeper County was the first Unionist to break away into the secessionist camp. While “resolutely protecting slave labor” he was for encouraging manufacturing and commercial interests in Virginia against those of the North. He asked what would do more to promote Virginia's growth, participation “in a hostile confederacy in which your [legislative] power will be but 11 out of 150 [with he North], or in a friendly confederacy where it will be 21 out of 89 [with the South]?” In the South was a government to join "in full working order, strong, powerful and efficient ..." Henry A. Wise tried to move the Convention into a "Spontaneous Southern Rights Convention" to immediately install a secessionist government in Virginia, but on April 4, almost two-thirds of the Convention voted against secession, and a three-man delegation was sent to consult with Lincoln who had resolved to protect Federal property in the South.[47]

text: With the fall of Fort Sumter, Lincoln matched Jefferson Davis’ call up of 100,000 men for a year with a call for 75,000 for three months, including 3,500 Virginians to restore Federal property taken in the South by force.[48] But the Unionist bloc lost its Conditional Unionist faction with Lincoln's requisition of troops.[49] The next day, former Governor Henry Wise announced that he had set the "wheels of revolution" against the U.S. Government in motion with loyal Virginians seizing both the federal Harper's Ferry Armory and the Gosport Navy Yard at Norfolk. His exhortation resulted in a resolution to secede with a vote 88 for, 55 against.[50]

text: The Virginia Secession Ordinance was to “repeal the ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America, by the State of Virginia.”[51] Two days after the secession resolution and a month before the referendum, the Confederate flag was raised over Virginia's capitol building, a delegation was sent to vote in the Confederate Congress, state militias were activated and a Confederate army was invited to occupy Richmond. Though the ballots from Unionist counties were lost, the total referendum votes counted numbered more than that of the 1860 presidential election by including men voting viva voce aloud in Confederate army camps, approving secession by 128,884 to 32,134.[52]

text: Wheeling (Virginia) Convention of 1861[edit]

text: Virginia's second Convention of 1861 was a Unionist response to the secessionist movement in Virginia. The First Wheeling Convention meeting at Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), sat on May 13–15. It called for elections to another meeting if Virginia's Ordinance of Secession were to pass referendum. After the vote was taken on May 23, the First Session of the Second Wheeling Convention met from June 11 June 25 to establish the Restored Government of Virginia, electing Arthur I. Boreman its presiding officer.[53] The Second Session of the Second Wheeling Convention met from August 6 to August 21 to call for a new state from the territory of Virginia to be named Kanawha.[54]

text: The Second Wheeling Convention included 32 western counties, Alexandria and Fairfax County.[55] Twenty-nine of the convention delegates were members of the Virginia General Assembly as state Delegates or state Senators, such as John J.Davis of Harrison County and Lewis Ruffner of Kanawha County.[56]

text: John S. Carlile who had represented transmontane Harrison County as an Unconditional Unionist at the Richmond Secession Convention, was the floor leader at the Second Wheeling Convention who shepherded in the creation of the Restored Virginia Government. On June 14 he expanded on his view of state and federal relations, " the people of Virginia in establishing government for themselves deemed it best to create two agents. The Federal Government is one, and the State Government is the other ..." Referencing Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, Carlile observed, "Any act done or performed by the State agent in conflict with the powers conferred upon the Federal agent is to be null and void ... [the Constitution] provides for its own alteration, amendment or change ... But [the right of secession] was never intended ..."[57]

text: On June 17, Carlile attacked the rebellion as treason, he then accounted events at the Richmond Secession Convention in which he had been an Unconditional Unionist. "For several days before the Convention passed the Ordinance of Secession, it was absolutely besieged; members were threatened with being hung to the lamp posts; their lives were jeopardized; the mob was marching up and down the streets, and surrounding the Capitol, and everything was terror and dismay."[58] Carlile continued to impeach the legitimacy of Virginia's referendum on secession.[59]

text: Republican Francis H. Pierpont of Marion County was elected by the Convention as Governor of the Restored Government of Virginia which was recognized by the Lincoln Administration. Unlike in Kentucky and Missouri, the Union armies were unable to reclaim most of the eastern Virginia counties for incorporation into the Restored Government by 1863, and West Virginia was made into its own state.[60]

text: Constitutional Convention of 1864[edit]

text: Following the creation of West Virginia, the remnant of Restored Virginian government held a Convention of delegates from a few periphery counties occupied by Union forces. The Convention met in Alexandria's U.S. District Court Room from February 13 – April 11, 1864, and elected LeRoy G. Edwards, a slaveholder with three sons in the Confederacy as its presiding officer. The Convention sought direction from President Lincoln whether the General Government would sustain the civil authority, or "whether the civil is to become, as it is now, subordinate to the military", so that the convened delegates could support the Administration's war effort in the midst of Grant's Wilderness Campaign. Debate ensued over whether to seek to disenfranchise all supporters of the rebellion, but with an eye to governing after cessation of hostilities, it limited disenfranchisement only to those who had held office in rebel state or Confederate governments.[61]

text: After debating whether abolition of slavery would best proceed gradually or at once, with compensation to loyal Union men or without, the Convention resolved to abolish slavery immediately without compensation on April 10, 1864. It abolished the viva voce voting and called for secret balloting for electing state officials. Immediately on its proclamation, the Constitution of 1864 was enforceable only in areas under Union control, but it would serve as Virginia's fundamental law until the Constitution of 1870 went into force.[62]

text: A fifty-two-page journal of convention proceedings was published, but the debates were not formally recorded. W. J. Cowing, secretary of the convention and editor of the pro-Union Alexandria, Virginia State Journal, featured accounts of some debate, but only one edition of the Journal survives covering the convention.[63]

text: Constitutional Convention of 1868[edit]

text: During Congressional Reconstruction, U.S. General John Schofield administered Virginia as Military District One. After 1866, according to the Radical Reconstruction Acts, a rebelling state which had vacated its delegation in the U.S. Congress was required to incorporate the 14th Amendment into its state constitution before it was allowed to participate again.[64] By the time Schofield called a new state constitutional convention for 1868, three distinct parties had coalesced in Virginia. Radical Republicans, including most ex-slave freedmen, organized to advocate full political and social equality for blacks, but they wanted to exclude ex-Confederates from political participation either in government or at the ballot box. Moderate Unionists including many pre-war Whigs, sought political equality for blacks, but believed that ex-Confederates had to be included in the political community because of their majority in the white population. Conservatives wanted to ensure white control of the state without Radical influence on issues such as public education.[65]

text: The convention met from December 3, 1867 to April 17, 1868, at Richmond in the Capitol Building, and elected John C. Underwood its presiding officer. A convention of enfranchised Unionists, freedmen and ex-Confederates was dominated by Radical Republicans. The convention proposed two "obnoxious clauses" that provoked widespread opposition, meant to restrict suffrage among ex-Confederates. Negotiations with President Grant resulted in separating the two more controversial proposals, and the remaining constitution was ratified by referendum. It provided for the vote for African-Americans and public education.[66]

text: The convention concerned itself with federal-state relations, with the convention's Committee on the Preamble and Bill of Rights initially stating that, ""the General Government of the United States is paramount to that of an individual state, except as to rights guaranteed to each State by the Constitution of the United States." But Jacob N. Liggett of Rockingham County voiced the ex-Confederate doctrine that "the Federal Government is the creature of the acts of the States." Christopher Y. Thomas of Henry County proposed a compromise, to simply assert Article VI of the U.S. Constitution for Virginia's Bill of Rights, Section 2, that "the Constitution of the United States, and the laws of Congress passed in pursuance thereof, constitute the supreme law of the land, to which paramount allegiance and obedience are due from every citizen ..." That was not enough for the Radical majority. Linus M. Nickerson of Fairfax County who had served in a New York infantry regiment successfully added "this State shall ever remain a member of the United States of America ... and that all attempts from whatever source, or upon whatever pretext, to dissolve said Union ... are unauthorized, and ought to be resisted with the whole power of the State."[67]

text: Radicals in the convention, against the protests of General Schofield, were able to martial an uncompromised majority in their desire to disenfranchise the white ex-Confederate majority in the state. Instead of the moderate Republican position limiting voter restrictions to former U.S. officeholders who had supported rebellion, they sought to guarantee a future government of Union men only. The convention wrote two "obnoxious clauses" as they were widely known, that went beyond federal requirements to deny the vote to any office holder in rebel government and an "iron-clad oath" testifying that a prospective voter had never "voluntarily borne arms against the United States."[68] Following the convention, General Schofield successfully negotiated with President Ulysses S. Grant to propose the referendum on the Radical "Underwood" Constitution, but separating its two disenfranchisement "obnoxious clauses", allowing voters to decide on them apart from the Constitution.[69] While the referendum on the main body of the Constitution was overwhelmingly approved, the two "obnoxious clauses" were defeated by a narrower margin.[70]

text: Constitutional Convention of 1902[edit]

text: After the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s, Virginia and other states of the former Confederacy restricted the suffrage by segregationist Jim Crow laws. By 1890 Southern states began to hold conventions that constitutionally removed large numbers of whites and most blacks from voter registration. Reformers among the Progressive Democrats seeking to expand the influence of the "better sort" of voters gained a majority by appealing to the electorate to overthrow the 1868 Underwood Constitution, which the Richmond Dispatch characterized as "that miserable apology to organic law which was forced upon Virginians by carpetbaggers, scalawags and Negroes supported by Federal bayonets".[71]

text: In May 1900, the increasing public dismay over the electoral fraud and corruption of the Democratic political machine under the control of U.S. Senator Thomas S. Martin manipulating poor white and black voters led to a narrow victory over his entrenched "court house crowd" in a referendum to call a constitutional convention.[72]

text: The convention met from June 12, 1901 to June 26, 1902, at Richmond in the Capitol Building and elected John Goode, Jr. its presiding officer, a former delegate to the 1861 Secessionist Convention. Progressives sought to reform corrupt political practices of the ruling Martin machine and to regulate railroads and big corporations. Martin delegates agreed to restrict suffrage of African-Americans and illiterate whites, and a State Corporation Commission was established.[73] When the railroads challenged the State Corporation Commission's constitutionality on the grounds it violated separation of powers, the commission was upheld in the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals.[74]

text: The convention imposed a system of poll taxes along with literacy and understanding requirements to vote that had the effect of restricting the electorate. The outcome was almost immediate disenfranchising of blacks and half the previous number of whites voting.[75]

text: Twentieth century milestones[edit]

text: Following the unlimited Convention of 1901–02, twentieth century constitutional activity turned to a mixture of Governor-appointed constitutional commissions in 1927 and 1968, and limited constitutional conventions called by the General Assembly for very specific purpose. After the century's earliest convention disenfranchising voters in a constitution that was proclaimed, each modification of the Virginia Constitution has been sent to the voters for referendum approval. Virginia's women suffrage movement was unsuccessful until the national ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, and the General Assembly did not ratify until 1952, but women could vote beginning in 1920.[76]

text: Constitutional Commission of 1927[edit]

text: The Commission met from July 7, 1926 – February 16, 1927, and Virginia Chief Justice Robert R. Prentis was appointed its chair. Governor Harry F. Byrd, Sr., the successor boss of the Democratic Organization in Virginia, sought and gained governmental reform streamlining local government and increasing the power of the governor over the executive, as well as implementing constitutional restrictions on the General Assembly's ability to incur debt.[77]

text: Limited Constitutional Convention of 1933[edit]

text: The convention met on October 25, 1933, and adjourned that day. It elected C. O’Connor Goolrick as its presiding officer. To answer Congressional legislation, it ratified the 21st Amendment repealing the 18th Amendment so as to allow the sale of alcoholic beverages. The 21st Amendment is the only amendment that required state convention ratification as of that time. The Amendment was ratified nationally by three-fourths of the states on December 5, 1933.[78]

text: Limited Constitutional Convention of 1945[edit]

text: The convention met from April 30 – May 1, 2, 22, 1945, and elected John J. Wicker, Jr., its presiding officer. During World War II, Virginia held a constitutional convention called for the limited purpose of expanding the franchise to members of the armed forces during wartime. Efforts by some delegates to expand the scope of the convention to reduce the voting age below 21 failed.[79]

text: Limited Constitutional Convention of 1956[edit]

text: The convention met from March 5–7, 1956, and elected John C. Parker its presiding officer. When the Supreme Court ruled segregated public schools unconstitutional, proponents of "massive resistance" to racial integration in schools secured a limited constitutional convention for the purpose of state financing of non-sectarian private schools, resulting in segregation academies supported by public funds.[80]

text: Constitutional Commission of 1969[edit]

text: The Commission met from April 1968 – January 1, 1969, and former Governor Albertis S. Harrison, Jr. was appointed its chair. After seven decades since the previous unlimited convention, a constitutional commission was called by Governor Mills E. Godwin, Jr. to consolidate piecemeal amendments and to conform with U.S. statutory and constitutional law, especially in the areas of education, voter rights and representation in Congressional and General Assembly districts.[81]

text: Subsequent amendments[edit]

text: After the Convention of 1901–02, the General Assembly did not call another general convention in the twentieth century. Two proposals for constitutional amendment since the 1960s that might have been passed by the General Assembly and sent to the voters for ratification referendum have failed to be enacted, but both remain current topics of periodic political discussion. Virginia remains the only state to ban governors serving consecutive terms, and it is only one of two states still selecting both trial and appellate judges by the state legislature.[82]

text: Since 1971, additional piecemeal amendments have been added in response to federal developments. Amendments ratified by the voters reduced the voting age to eighteen to conform with the Twenty-sixth Amendment, removed residency requirements for voting, and conformed voter registration to the Motor Voter Act. A legislative session now may be called after a Governor's veto. Virginia joined thirty-two other states in 1996 by amending its Constitution to provide for rights of victims of crime. Since 1996 Virginia and other states have adopted a provision protecting the right of the people to hunt, fish and harvest game.[83]

text: In 2006, Virginians aligned with twenty-nine other states seeking to ban homosexual marriage by constitutional amendment. The amendment limited marriage to "unions between one man and one woman".[84] This Virginian constitutional provision ran afoul of the U.S. Supreme Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment in both its due process and equal protections clauses in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).

text: Chart of Virginia Conventions[edit]

text:
Convention/Commission
Dates
Place
Presiding officer
Occasion
Result

First Revolutionary convention
August 1, 1774
Williamsburg
Peyton Randolph
Governor dissolves House of Burgesses
Call for Continental Congress

Second Revolutionary convention
March 20, 1775
Richmond
Peyton Randolph
Withdrawal for physical safety
Militia called up

Third Revolutionary convention
July 17, 1775
Richmond
Peyton Randolph
Governor (Dunmore) fled Williamsburg
Create Committee of Safety

Fourth Revolutionary Convention
December 1775
Williamsburg
Edmund Pendleton
Safety at Williamsburg
Raise additional troops

Constitutional Conventions

Fifth Revolutionary Convention
May 6 - July 5, 1776
Williamsburg
Edmund Pendleton
Move towards independence
Republican constitution

Ratifying (Federal) Convention
June 2–27, 1788
Richmond
Edmund Pendleton
Ratify the U.S. Constitution
Ratification

Constitutional Convention of 1829–30
October 5 1829 - January 1830
Richmond
Philip P. Barbour
Regional malapportionment
Triumph of traditionalism

Constitutional Convention of 1850
October 14 1850 - August 1, 1851
Richmond
John Y. Mason
Regional malapportionment
Popularly elected governor

Secession Convention of 1861
February 3 - December 16, 1861
Richmond
John Janney
Question of secession
Resolution for secession with referendum

Wheeling (Virginia) Convention of 1861
May 13–15, 1861
Wheeling
Arthur I. Boreman
Secession movement
Restored Government loyal to U.S. Constitution

Loyalist Convention of 1864
February 13 - April 11, 1864
Alexandria
LeRoy G. Edwards
Separation of West Virginia
Abolition of slavery

Constitutional Convention of 1868
December 3 1867 - April 17, 1868
Richmond
John C. Underwood
Ratifying 14th Amendment
Freedmen enfranchised

Constitutional Convention of 1902
June 12, 1901 - June 26, 1902
Richmond
John Goode, Jr.
Progressive movement
50% white and 90% black disenfranchisement

20th century activity

Constitutional Commission of 1927
July 7, 1926 - February 16, 1927
Richmond
Robert R. Prentis
Progressive movement
Byrd Organization entrenchment

Limited Constitutional Convention of 1933
October 25, 1933
Richmond
C. O’Connor Goolrick
Prohibition era
end of Prohibition in Virginia

Limited Constitutional Convention of 1945
April 30 - May 1,2,22, 1945
Richmond
John J. Wicker, Jr.
Disenfranchised servicemen
Enfranchising servicemen

Limited Constitutional Convention of 1956
March 5–7, 1956
Richmond
John C. Parker
Massive Resistance
Segregated academies

Constitutional Commission of 1969
April 1968 - January 1, 1969
Richmond
Albertis S. Harrison, Jr.
Misalignment with U.S. courts and laws
Alignment to U.S. courts and laws

tag: table


document_title: This Is Us (TV series)

question_text: what is the families last name on this is us

text: This Is Us (TV series)

text: Series overview[edit]

text: The series follows siblings Kate, Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine. Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy, conceived in the bathroom of Froggy's, a bar, during Super Bowl XIV.[4] Their due date was October 12, 1980, but they were born six weeks early on August 31; their biological brother was stillborn.[5] Their parents, Jack and Rebecca, having expected to bring home three babies, decide to adopt another newborn: Randall, a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station.[6]

text: Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters, with most scenes taking place in 1980, 1989–1995, and the present day (2016–2017). Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh, while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles, New Jersey, and New York City.

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewership
(in millions)

1
18
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
6
14.70[7]

2
18[3]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's father.
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson (née Malone): Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, & Randall's mother.
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (age 15) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8–10).
Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin & Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (age 15) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8–10).
Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack & Rebecca's son, and Kate & Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (age 15) and Parker Bates (ages 8–10).
Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie.
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's fiancé.
Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill (aka Shakespeare): Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth.
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[8]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (age 15) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)[8]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2–present)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka Dr. K): An elderly widower, who delivers Kate and Kevin.
Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine: Kevin's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend.
Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg: Kevin's stage partner and ex-girlfriend.
Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette: A family friend of the Pearsons.
Denis O'Hare as Jesse: William's friend and former romantic partner.
Adam Bartley as Duke: The stable worker at the weight-loss camp Kate attends.
Jill Johnson as Laurie: A member of Toby and Kate's weight-loss support group.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
1AZC01
10.07[9]

2
2
"The Big Three"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
1AZC02
8.75[10]

3
3
"Kyle"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
1AZC03
9.87[11]

4
4
"The Pool"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
1AZC04
9.71[12]

5
5
"The Game Plan"
George Tillman
Joe Lawson
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
1AZC05
8.68[13]

6
6
"Career Days"
Craig Zisk
Bekah Brunstetter
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
1AZC06
8.48[14]

7
7
"The Best Washing Machine in the World"
Silas Howard
K.J. Steinberg
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
1AZC07
9.50[15]

8
8
"Pilgrim Rick"
Sarah Pia Anderson
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
1AZC08
9.00[16]

9
9
"The Trip"
Uta Briesewitz
Vera Herbert
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
1AZC09
10.53[17]

10
10
"Last Christmas"
Helen Hunt
Donald Todd
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
1AZC10
10.95[18]

11
11
"The Right Thing to Do"
Timothy Busfield
Aurin Squire
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
1AZC11
10.48[19]

12
12
"The Big Day"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
1AZC12
9.59[20]

13
13
"Three Sentences"
Chris Koch
Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
1AZC13
9.63[21]

14
14
"I Call Marriage"
George Tillman Jr.
Kay Oyegun
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
1AZC14
9.57[22]

15
15
"Jack Pearson's Son"
Ken Olin
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
1AZC15
9.03[23]

16
16
"Memphis"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1AZC16
9.35[24]

17
17
"What Now?"
Wendey Stanzler
K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
1AZC17
11.15[25]

18
18
"Moonshadow"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
1AZC18
12.84[26]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"A Father's Advice"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZC01
12.94[27]

20
2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
John Fortenberry
Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZC02
11.06[28]

21
3
"Déjà Vu"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZC03
11.02[29]

22
4
"Still There"
Ken Olin
Vera Herbert
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZC04
10.65[30]

23
5
"Brothers"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Tyler Bensinger
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2AZC05
10.60[31]

24
6
"The 20's"
Regina King
Don Roos
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2AZC06
8.43[32]

25
7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
Chris Koch
Kay Oyegun
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZC07
9.89[33]

26
8
"Number One"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZC08
TBD

27
9
"Number Two"[34]
TBA
TBA
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZC09
TBD

28
10
"Number Three"[35]
TBA
TBA
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZC10
TBD

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app.[36]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 10/10 based on 56 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air."[37] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[38] Season 2 received a 92% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews.[39]

text: Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it "a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness". Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown, for being able to navigate "his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma".[40]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Tuesday 10:00 pm (1–2, 11)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (3–10, 12–18)
18
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
10.07[9]
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
12.84[26]
2016–17
6
14.70
4.6/16[7]

2
Tuesday 9:00 pm
18[3]
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
12.94[27]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2016
African-American Critics Association Awards
Top Ten TV Show
This Is Us
Won

American Film Institute Awards
TV Program of the Year
This Is Us
Won
[41]

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[42]

Most Exciting New Series
This Is Us
Won
[42]

2017
ACE Eddie Awards
Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television
David L. Bertman (for "Pilot")
Won
[43]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Chrissy Metz
Nominated
[44]

Mandy Moore
Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Actor in a Show
Mandy Moore
Nominated
[45]

Show of the Year
This Is Us
Nominated

Tearjerker
Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis (Jack and Randall at Karate)
Won

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Won
[46]

Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth
Lonnie Chavis
Nominated

Peabody Awards
Entertainment and Children's programs
This Is Us
Nominated
[47]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Actor in a New TV Series
Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated
[48]

Favorite Actress in a New TV Series
Mandy Moore
Nominated

Favorite New TV Drama
This Is Us
Won

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated
[49]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Breakout Star
Chrissy Metz
Nominated

Choice TV Actor: Drama
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated

Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated

Choice TV Show: Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

Television Critics Association Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated
[50]

Outstanding Achievement in Drama
This Is Us
Nominated

Outstanding New Program
This Is Us
Won

Program of the Year
This Is Us
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards
Episodic Drama
Vera Herbert (for "The Trip")
Won
[51]
[52]

New Series
This Is Us
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[53]

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Milo Ventimiglia
Nominated

Sterling K. Brown
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Ron Cephas Jones
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Chrissy Metz
Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards[a]
Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series
Brian Tyree Henry
Nominated

Gerald McRaney
Won

Denis O'Hare
Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series
Bernard Telsey, Tiffany Little Canfield
Nominated

Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic)
Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, Judith Lynn Staats, John Damiani
Nominated

Seoul International Drama Awards
Grand Prize
This Is Us
Won
[55]

Best Director
Dan Fogelman
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ In 2017, Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie. The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode "Moonshadow" was primarily set in the 1970s, violating the TV Academy's rule that "more than 50 percent" of the episode must be contemporary (within 25 years of the air date).[54]

tag: ol


document_title: Ray Donovan

question_text: where does the show ray donovan take place

text: Ray Donovan

text: Premise[edit]

text: The drama is set in Los Angeles, California, where Irish-American Ray Donovan (Liev Schreiber), originally from South Boston, works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous. Donovan is a "fixer": a person who arranges bribes, payoffs, threats, and other shady activities, to ensure the outcome desired by the client. Good at his job, and no common hood, Ray is normally a devoted family man as well. He experiences his own problems when his menacing father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison, and the FBI attempts to bring down Ray and his associates.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)

2
12
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)

3
12
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)

4
12
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)

5
12
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Liev Schreiber as Raymond "Ray" Donovan.
Paula Malcomson as Abby Donovan, Ray's wife.
Eddie Marsan as Terrence "Terry" Donovan, Ray's older brother. A former boxer, suffers from Parkinson's disease.
Dash Mihok as Brendan "Bunchy" Donovan, Ray's younger brother. Identifies himself as an alcoholic and a sexual anorexic.
Pooch Hall as Daryll Donovan, Ray's younger half-brother (via Mickey and Claudette). A professional boxer, trained by Terry, he also drives limos.
Steven Bauer as Avi Rudin, Ray's right-hand man. Former IDF soldier and ex-Mossad agent.
Katherine Moennig as Lena Barnum, Ray's investigative assistant.
Kerris Dorsey as Bridget Donovan, Ray's daughter.
Devon Bagby as Conor Donovan, Ray's son.
Jon Voight as Mickey Donovan, Ray's father.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Elliott Gould as Ezra Goldman, Ray's mentor and boss (seasons 1-3)
Peter Jacobson as Lee Drexler, Ezra's business partner
Denise Crosby as Deb Goldman
William Stanford Davis as Potato Pie
Ambyr Childers as Ashley Rucker
Josh Pais as Stu Feldman
Sheryl Lee Ralph as Claudette
Austin Nichols as Tommy Wheeler
Brooke Smith as Frances Simpson
Michael McGrady as Frank Barnes
Craig Ricci Shaynak as Kenneth "Tiny" Benson, Sully's nephew (seasons 1–2)
Octavius J. Johnson as Marvin Gaye Washington (seasons 1–2)
Frank Whaley as FBI Agent Van Miller (season 1)
Johnathon Schaech as Sean Walker (season 1)
James Woods as Patrick "Sully" Sullivan (season 1)
Rosanna Arquette as Linda (season 1)
Hank Azaria as Ed Cochran (season 2-4)
Sherilyn Fenn as Donna Cochran (season 2)
Ann-Margret as June Wilson (season 2)
Kip Pardue as FBI Agent Thomas Volcheck (season 2)
Wendell Pierce as Ronald Keith (seasons 2-3)
Crispin Alapag as Pablo Ramirez (season 2)
Vinessa Shaw as Kate McPherson (season 2)
Jeryl Prescott as Cherry (season 2)
Omar Dorsey as Cookie Brown (season 2)
Jamie Donnelly as Peggy Shaugnessy (season 2)
Eion Bailey as Steve Knight (season 2)
Brian Geraghty as Detective Jim Halloran (season 2)
Steph DuVall as Shorty (season 2)
Ian McShane as Andrew Finney (season 3)[9]
Katie Holmes as Paige Finney (season 3)[10]
Guy Burnet as Casey Finney (season 3)
Jason Butler Harner as Varick Strauss (season 3)
Leland Orser as Father Romero (season 3–4)
Michael Hyatt as Detective Sheila Muncie (season 3–4)
Christy Williams as Michelle (season 3)
Aaron Staton as Greg Donellen (season 3-4)
Alyssa Diaz as Teresa (season 3–5)
Fairuza Balk as Ginger (season 3)
Bronson Pinchot as Flip Brightman (season 3)
Embeth Davidtz as Sonia Kovitzky (season 4)
Richard Brake as Vlad (season 4)
Lisa Bonet as Marisol (season 4)
Ted Levine as Little Bill Primm (season 4)[11]
Gabriel Mann as Jacob Waller (Season 4)[12]
Paula Jai Parker as Sylvie Starr (season 4)
Susan Sarandon as Samantha Winslow (season 5)
C. Thomas Howell as Dr. Brogan (season 5)
Graham Rogers as Smitty (season 5)
Rhys Coiro as Rob Heard (season 5)
Lili Simmons as Natalie James (season 5)

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Rotten Tomatoes ratings per season

Season 1
Season 2
Season 3

Rating
76[13]
80[14]
77[15]

text: Ray Donovan has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season a rating of 76% based on reviews from 38 critics, with the sites consensus stating: "Ray Donovan moves quickly between genres and tones, with Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight's performances making the whiplash worth it".[16] Metacritic gives the first season a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".[17]

text: Tim Goodman, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, said that "Showtime has another gem on their hands" and the casting of Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight was "gold".[18]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

2013
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Most Exciting New Series
Ray Donovan
Won
[19]

2014
Satellite Awards
Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film
Jon Voight
Nominated
[20]

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Nominated
[21]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama
Liev Schreiber
Nominated
[22]

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film
Jon Voight
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Nominated
[23]

Writers Guild of America Awards
Best New Series
Ray Donovan
Nominated
[24]

2015
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama
Liev Schreiber
Nominated
[22]

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film
Jon Voight
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Liev Schreiber
Nominated
[23]

2016
Satellite Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Nominated
[25]

Best Television Series – Drama
Ray Donovan
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor in a Television Series – Drama
Liev Schreiber
Nominated
[22]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Nominated
[23]

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Jon Voight
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series
David Hollander
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (One-Hour)
Harrison Marsh, Robert Edmondson, R. Russell Smith
Nominated

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series
Hank Azaria
Won

2017
Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards
TV Series Cinematography
Robert McLachlan
Nominated
[26]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series
Liev Schreiber
Nominated
[23]

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series
Hank Azaria
Nominated

text: Home media release[edit]

text: The first season was released on DVD and Blu-ray on June 10, 2014.[27] The second season was released on both media on May 26, 2015. The third season was released on DVD on December 29, 2015. The fourth season was released on DVD on December 27, 2016


document_title: Medical license

question_text: who regulates the licensure and practice of medicine

text: Medical license

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canada requires that the applicants' school is listed in the international medical schools be registered in the World Directory of Medical Schools, and then must apply to sit the "Medical Council of Canada Evaluating Examination" [1]

text: China[edit]

text: China issued the <<Law on Licensed Physician>> in 1995.[2] The law required all newly graduated medical students to sit the National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) regulated by the National Medical Examination Center (NMEC) in order to be able to register with the local regulatory body. The law also requires that to be eligible to sit the exam, one student should have completed one years internship after obtaining his/her primary medical qualification (i.e. Bachelor of Medicine). The exam is a two part exam which includes a Clinical Skill (CS) test and a General Written (GW) test. The CS test consists of many stations, candidates must pass the CS test in order to sit for the GW test. The GW test consists of 4 papers candidates have 2.5 hours for each paper, running for 2 days. The CS is held in July, followed by GW in September each year.[3]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: The Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES) and the Ministry of Education regulate the medical schools that are licensed to offer medical degrees. After completing all the schools' requirements to obtain a medical degree, physicians must serve the "obligatory social service" (in rural areas, research, public health or special populations e.g. orphan children) which usually lasts one year. After completing the social service, the "medical registration" may be obtained at the governor's office (Gobernación) of the Department (province/state) in which the obligatory term was served. This registration is homologous to a license in other countries and authorizes the physician to practice medicine in all the national territory. However, in order to practice in other departments, an inscription in that department must be performed. Unlike the US, there is no official licensing exam for medical graduates in Colombia, since this responsibility is delegated in medical schools upon receiving permission to confer medical degrees.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In Germany, licensing of doctors ("Approbation") is the responsibility of the state governments. Licensed doctors are compulsory members of "Ärztekammern" (literally: "Physician chambers"), which are medical associations organized on state level. Criteria for licensing of doctors are regulated in the "Approbationsordnung für Ärzte", which is a piece of federal law. [4]

text: India[edit]

text: In India one has to pass the final MBBS examination and has to undergo training for one year as an intern in a recognised hospital by the Medical Council of India in order to obtain a certification.Foreign medical graduates need to take the licensing examination known as Foreign Medical Graduates Examination (FMGE) conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) They can practise medicine throughout the country after certifying themselves as per Indian Medical Council Act, 1956, a Doctor registered with any one state medical council gets his name automatically included in the Indian Medical Register and he is thereby entitled to practise medicine anywhere in India. The MCI Ethics Committee observed in a meeting held on September 2, 2004 that " there is no necessity of registration in more than one state medical council because any doctor, who has registered with any state medical council is automatically registered in the Indian Medical Register and also by virtue of Section 27 of the IMC Act, 1956, a person, whose name is included in the IMR, can practise anywhere in india. The Registered Doctors with various State Medical Councils across India upto the year 2015 can be checked in the official website of INDIAN MEDICAL REGISTRY search www.mciindia.org by just typing the name of the doctor.

text: UK[edit]

text: The term "Medical License" is US-centric terminology. In the UK and in other commonwealth countries the analogous instrument is called registration; i.e. being on the register or being/getting struck off (the register). The General Medical Council is the regulatory body for doctor's licensing in the UK. Currently, there are two types of basic registration: "Provisional Registration" and "Full Registration", and two types of specialty registration: "Specialist Registration" and "GP registration".[5] In November 2009, the GMC introduced the "licence to practise", and it is required by law that to practise medicine in the UK, all doctors need to be registered and hold a licence to practise.[6] The registration information for all doctors holding or that have previously held a license in the UK is available online at the GMC website.[7]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, medical licenses are usually granted by individual states. Only those with medical degrees from schools listed in the AVICENNA Directory for medicine or the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory are permitted to apply for medical licensure.[8]

text: The federal government does not grant licenses. A physician practicing in a federal facility, federal prison, US Military, and/or an Indian Reservation may have a license from any state, not just the one they are residing in. The practice of "tele-medicine" has made it common for physicians to consult or interpret images and information from a distant location. Some states have special licensure for this.

text: The licensure process for most physicians takes between 3 and 6 months due to the extensive background checks, educational, training, and historical primary source verifications which are required.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: An article from 2013 describes the road to licensing in Canada as "the path through immigration, residency training, licensure and employment promises to remain a difficult road to navigate", while emphasizing that there is currently and will be an increase in demand for healthcare.[9] This emphasizes that there are a number of barriers that doctors face when it comes to practicing, yet there is a very high demand for doctors.

text: Beyond the more general criticisms of occupational licensing that licensing increases costs and fails to improve quality, licensing in the medical profession specifically has been criticized as failing to enforce the standard practices they are charged with enforcing. In 1986, Inspector General at the US Health Department said that medical boards took "strikingly few disciplinary actions" for physician misconduct.[10] There have been a number of cases involving patient deaths where physicians only had their licenses removed years after multiple wrongful patient deaths had happened.[10] [11]

text: Also, it has been said that because hospitals have had more legal burden placed on them in recent decades, they have more of an incentive to require their physicians to be competent.[12] State medical boards have increased the number of disciplinary actions against physicians since the 1980s.[13]


document_title: Air Bud

question_text: where does the movie air bud take place

question_tokens: where does the movie air bud take place

text: Air Bud

text: Plot[edit]

text: Norm Snively, an alcoholic clown, and his Golden Retriever, Old Blue, are doing a show at a child's birthday party. After Old Blue causes havoc at the party, Snively angrily takes him in a kennel to a dog pound, until the kennel falls out of his truck. Old Blue is homeless until he meets 12-year-old Josh Framm. After the death of his father, a pilot who died in a plane crash during a test flight due to fuel shortage, Josh has relocated with his mother Jackie and two-year-old sister Andrea from Virginia to Fernfield, Washington. Due to heartbreak over his father's death, he is too shy to try out for his middle school's basketball team and to make any friends. He instead becomes the basketball team's manager, an awkward offer by Coach Joe Barker which he accepts. He practices basketball by himself in a makeshift court that he sets up in an abandoned allotment, where he meets Old Blue and renames him Buddy. Josh soon discovers that Buddy has the uncanny ability to play basketball, and decides to let Buddy come home with him.

text: Jackie agrees to let him keep Buddy until Christmas and she plans to send him to the pound if his rightful owner is not located; however, she sees how loyal Buddy is and how much Josh loves him. On Christmas, Jackie lets Josh keep Buddy as a present.

text: Following Christmas, Josh finds a tryout invitation in his locker and further realizes Buddy's talent when he discovers that he can actually shoot a hoop. These facts together prompt Josh to try out, and he gets a place on the team. At his first game, he befriends teammate Tom Stewart, but earns the disdain of star player and team bully Larry Willingham. Meanwhile, Buddy leaves the backyard, goes to the school and shows up while the game is underway. He runs into the court, disrupts the game, and causes mayhem, but the audience loves him after he scores a basket.

text: Buddy is later caught by Josh after the game. Soon after, the dog witnesses Coach Barker abusing Tom by violently pelting him with basketballs in an attempt to make him catch better. He leads Josh, Jackie, and the school principal Ms. Pepper to the scene. As a result, Barker is fired and replaced by the school's kind-hearted engineer, former NBA player Arthur Chaney, at Josh's suggestion. As the new basketball coach, Chaney starts implementing changes in the team, including benching Larry during a game for constant ball-hogging. Angry by Chaney's decision, Buck Willingham, Larry's overbearing father, forces Larry to leave the team. Buddy becomes the mascot of the school's basketball team and begins appearing in their halftime shows. After the Timberwolves lose one game, the team has subsequent success and qualifies for the State Final.

text: Just before the championship game, Snively appears after seeing Buddy on television. Hoping to abuse Buddy's newfound fame, he forces Jackie to hand over Buddy, using papers proving that he is Buddy's legal owner. Knowing they do not have a choice, Jackie forces Josh to give Buddy back to Snively. After noticing that he's feeling withdrawn and depressed, Jackie regrets making Josh give up Buddy. Josh decides to rescue Buddy, suspecting he's being abused by Snively. He sneaks into Snively's backyard and finds Buddy chained up and abused again. Snively catches Josh escaping with Buddy, and pursues them in his dilapidated clown truck before crashing into a lake. Josh then decides to set Buddy free in the forest to find a new home. Initially, his team is losing at the next championship to the opposing team, which Larry turns out to have joined. Then Buddy shows up for a joyful reunion for Josh and the team. When it is discovered that there is no rule that a dog could not play basketball, Buddy joins the roster. At the end, there was 20 seconds left and the Warriors had the ball. Buddy rams the ball into Larry, injuring him. It isn’t a foul since only the ball touched Larry and not the dog. Buddy leads the team to a come from behind championship victory scoring 83-82.

text: Snively goes on the scene and attempts to sue the Framm family for custody of Buddy, despite that his ownership papers were ruined when he crashed into the lake. Upon seeing Buddy, Judge Cranfield is disgusted and initially reluctant to judge a case over a dog, but agrees only under a strict condition that the case be executed seriously. During the trial, Josh protests against letting Snively have Buddy and mentions he had been abused. When Cranfield asks him why, Josh mentions that he caught Snively chaining Buddy to the fence and even admitting he has seen how much Buddy hates the man for it. Jackie also protests, mentioning that Buddy was much happier with their family and that she too has seen how abusive he is when he threatened to sue them earlier. After hearing a number of protest against Snively, Cranfield doesn't believe that neither one has any real evidence in claiming ownership to Buddy. Soon Chaney arrives and suggests that Buddy chooses his owner. As a fan of Chaney, Cranfield accepts his proposal and moves the court outside to the front lawn for Buddy to choose. Buddy attacks Snively and chooses Josh. When Snively angrily attempts to get Buddy back by force, police officers quickly stop him. Being convinced of what he's seen, Cranfield orders for Snively to be arrested for animal cruelty, while Josh and the rest of the citizens rejoice and gather around Buddy to welcome him to his new home. At the end of the credits when Josh and Buddy can still be seen playing, the same bird from the start can be seen in the tree.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Air Buddy as Old Blue/Buddy
Kevin Zegers as Joshua "Josh" Framm
Wendy Makkena as Jacqueline "Jackie" Framm
Bill Cobbs as Coach Arthur Chaney
Michael Jeter as Norman F. "Norm" Snively
Eric Christmas as Judge Cranfield
Nicola Cavendish as Ms. Pepper
Brendan Fletcher as Lawrence "Larry" Willingham
Norman Browning as Buck Willingham
Stephen E. Miller as Coach Joseph "Joe" Barker
Shayn Solberg as Thomas "Tom" Stewart
Jessibelle Mather and Kati Mather as Andrea Framm

text: Much of the on-set dog motivation (not training) were performed by Justin Sherbert (formally Justin Sherman) of Free Willy fame. The animals were pet and treated with respect by Sherbert who noted, "motivating these dogs is significantly easier than teaching a whale to flip." Sherbert remains the canine motivator at large for the Air Bud franchise.

text: Home video release[edit]

text: Air Bud was released to VHS on December 23, 1997, and to DVD on February 3, 1998 (with an open matte aspect ratio).[3] It was released again on March 3, 2009, in a special edition DVD set, featuring commentary from B-Dawg, Budderball, Rosebud, Buddha, Mudbud, Molly, and Buddy himself and presents the film in its Original Theatrical Aspect Ratio.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews. It holds a Rotten Tomatoes score of 45% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10.[3]

text: Sequels and spin-offs[edit]

text: The film generated one theater-released sequel and many direct-to-video sequels and a spin-off film series. In each film, Buddy learns to play a different sport while the spin offs focus on the offspring of Buddy, the Buddies.


document_title: Michael McIntyre's Big Show

question_text: when does michael mcintyre's big show start

question_tokens: when does michael mcintyre 's big show start

text: Michael McIntyre's Big Show

text: Items and game segments[edit]

text: Each episode of Michael McIntyre's Big Show includes a game segment or an item involving a celebrity or an unexpecting member of the public.

text:
Regular Segments (as of Saturday 18 November 2017)

Segment
Information

Celebrity Send to All
Celebrity Send to All is a game in the show, which involves McIntyre taking a celebrity's phone and sending a usually awkward text message to all of his or her contacts; at the end of the show, Michael checks the celebrity's phone and see what replies have come through from the contacts. The celebrities to appear in this segment include comedian, host and singer Alexander Armstrong, pop star Olly Murs, Welsh former footballer Robbie Savage, Italian dancer and Strictly Come Dancing judge Bruno Tonioli and Welsh The One Show presenter Alex Jones.

Unexpected Star of the Show
A member of the public who has no idea they are to appear on the show are told to come to the theatre and are asked to do various jobs that turn out to be fake. In fact, it's all fake, and they are led into a fake room that leads onto the theatre stage, after which either the walls of the fake room fall down or the person opens a door to see the audience. The unexpected star will then go backstage to prepare for their big performance at the end of the show. In series two episode 5 there were two unexpected stars of the show and in series two episode 6 there were 21 unexpected stars of the show; a choir.

Celebrity Comedian
In most shows, there is a celebrity comedian who does a 5-minute item in the show while McIntyre goes offstage for a break. Standup comedians such as Russell Howard, Sarah Millican, Catherine Tate, Harry Enfield, Romesh Ranganathan, Colin Cloud, Josh Widdicombe and Jack Whitehall have appeared in or are scheduled to appear in this segment.

Midnight Gameshow
From the third series a new segment was introduced called Midnight Gameshow this see Michael go into one of the audiences homes at midnight without them knowing and sneaking in to play a gameshow at midnight in the house of the surprised audience member. Michael asks three questions and celebrity guests also make an appearance

 Big Audience Surprise
Only found in some of the episodes, Audience Surprise is a part of the show where Michael goes into the audience and will ask people questions until he found the member of the audience he's looking for to surprise them with something about their lives in some way. In the second episode of the second series, McIntyre got a member of the audience up on the stage to play a game titled "Soap or Nope", where an audience member is shown a conveyor belt with actors and lookalikes travelling along it, for the audience viewer to guess whether they were from a soap or not. At the end of the segment, McIntyre introduced the audience member with her long- term pen pal and best friend from Australia, who she had never seen before: hence the fact that the audience member thought that her pen pal was a soap star, stating that she was "definitely soap".

 Music Performance
In each episode, a guest performer or group will appear on stage with their latest song. In some episodes, the cast of new  musicals appear with a number from their show. All Saints, Ellie Goulding, the cast of the musical  School of Rock, Years & Years, Tom Odell, Shane Filan,  Michael Ball and Jess Glynne are some of the performers to appear on the show.

Christmas Games
In Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show there was a new feature of the show where 4 people some celebrities some non-celebrities are playing against each other in festive games. The first game was Tree Decorating and the second was putting food into a fridge.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series

Episodes

Originally aired

Ave. UK viewers(millions)

First aired

Last aired

Pilot

25 December 2015

Under 5.39

1

6

16 April 2016

28 May 2016

5.06

2

6

19 November 2016

24 December 2016

6.63

3

6

18 November 2017

24 December 2017

6.97

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Christmas Special (2015)[edit]

text: Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show aired on 25 December 2015 on BBC One. This episode also served as a  pilot for the upcoming series.

text:
Total

No.

Title

Guest(s)

Original air date

UK viewers(millions)

Christmas Special

Pilot Episode1Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas ShowEllie GouldingPaul Zerdin25 December 2015 (2015-12-25)under 5.39
In this Christmas Day special, Michael presents leading comedians including Dara O Briain, the fabulous Dame Edna Everage, and ventriloquist and winner of America's Got Talent Paul Zerdin. Featuring music superstars Ellie Goulding and Tom Jones plus Michael's own inimitable style of comedy, the show promises a night packed with festive treats and surprises.

text: Series 1 (2016)[edit]

text: The BBC announced they had ordered a full series which aired from 16 April until 28 May 2016.

text:
Total

No.

Title

Guest(s)

Original air date

UK viewers(millions)

Main series

21Episode 1Michael BallTinie TempahGeri Horner16 April 2016 (2016-04-16)5.56
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring music from multi award-winning rap superstar Tinie Tempah and an acrobatic performance from the Peres Brothers Group. Plus one unsuspecting member of the public gets the surprise of their life when they become the unexpected star of the show.
32Episode 2Jess GlynneJamie AllanBryan AdamsJosh WiddicombeRonan Keating23 April 2016 (2016-04-23)5.78
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring music from rock legend Bryan Adams and superstar Jess Glynne, comedy from Josh Widdicombe and a jaw-dropping British television debut from Canadianacrobatic duo Chilly and Fly. Plus one unsuspecting member of the public gets the surprise of their life when they become the unexpected star of the show, and Irish pop star Ronan Keating hands over his phone for another celebrity edition of Send to All.
43Episode 3James MorrisonRod StewartRomesh RanganathanPeter Jones30 April 2016 (2016-04-30)5.14
The comedian hosts another evening of entertainment at London's Theatre Royal on Drury Lane. This time he invites music industry veteran Rod Stewart and pop-rock singer James Morrison to perform, along with Extreme Flamenco fusion dancers, Los Vivancos, and comedian Romesh Ranganathan. The host also hijacks Dragons' Den star Peter Jones' mobile phone in Celebrity Send To All, which sees him fire off an embarrassing message to all the contacts in Jones' directory, and makes dreams come true for an unsuspecting electrician in Unexpected Star.
54Episode 4Years & YearsRob BeckettCirque du SoleilBruno Tonioli7 May 2016 (2016-05-07)4.45
There is music from Years and Years, comedy from Rob Beckett and an astonishing acrobatic performance from one of Cirque du Soleil. Strictly Come Dancing judge Bruno Tonioli plays Michael's favourite game 'Send To All', which sees Michael sending a text to Bruno's phone book. This week's Unexpected Star is a handyman, who gets the shock of his life when his ambition is realised on the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane stage.
65Episode 5Katherine JenkinsColin CloudRobbie Savage21 May 2016 (2016-05-21)4.37
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring music from Katherine Jenkins and a performance from mind magician Colin Cloud. A florist gets the surprise of her life when she becomes the unexpected star of the show, and former Welsh international footballer Robbie Savage hands over his phone for another celebrity edition of Send to All.
76Episode 6All SaintsAlex Jones28 May 2016 (2016-05-28)under 3.36
All Saints provide the music and sing us out for the series with a classic track. An audience member is also in for a huge surprise when one of his most prized possessions goes on the trip of a lifetime! The series finale wouldn't be complete without Send To All, which sees Michael going through Alex Jones phone and sending a text to her contacts. The final Unexpected Star is not to be missed as Michael makes a plasterer's dreams comes true.

text: Series 2 (2016)[edit]

text: On 7 May 2016, the BBC announced that a second series of Michael McIntyre's Big Show had been commissioned.[4][5]

text: This series aired for six episodes and was recorded in August, September and October 2016. The series began airing on BBC One on 19 November 2016. There was also a Christmas special entitled Michael Mcintyre's Big Christmas Show that aired on Christmas Eve.

text:
Total

No.

Title

Guest(s)

Original air date

UK viewers(millions)

Main series

81Episode 1Ellie GouldingThe cast of School of RockOlly Murs19 November 2016 (2016-11-19)7.03
This week there is an exquisite musical performance from Ellie Goulding, an exclusive look at the brand new musical School of Rock, and a grandfather surprises his grandson with hilarious results. Plus it's a family affair when Olly Murs plays celebrity Send To All. Michael has fun looking through Olly's phone before sending a text to his contacts. Unexpected Star also returns, but this series it's been taken up a notch. Tonight Michael makes a firefighter's dream of performing on the West End stage come true.
92Episode 2Russell HowardOneRepublicAlexander Armstrong26 November 2016 (2016-11-26)6.55
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring music from OneRepublic and comedy from Russell Howard. One unsuspecting member of the public gets the surprise of their life when they become the unexpected star of the show, there is new comedy material from Michael himself, and Pointless presenter Alexander Armstrong hands over his phone in Celebrity Send to All.
103Episode 3Sarah MillicanTom OdellShane FilanCarol Vorderman3 December 2016 (2016-12-03)6.72
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring performances from singer-songwriter Tom Odell and queen of comedy Sarah Millican. One unsuspecting member of the public gets the surprise of their life when they become the unexpected star of the show, there is new comedy material from Michael himself, and Carol Vorderman hands over her phone in Celebrity Send to All.
114Episode 4Rick AstleyOlly MursRebecca Adlington10 December 2016 (2016-12-10)6.16
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring performances from Olly Murs and Rick Astley and stand-up comedy from Irish rising star Al Porter. One unsuspecting member of the public gets the surprise of their life when they become the unexpected star of the show, there is new comedy material from Michael himself, and double Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer Rebecca Adlington hands over her phone in Celebrity Send to All.
125Episode 5StingJack WhitehallDavid Brent (Ricky Gervais)Jamie Oliver17 December 2016 (2016-12-17)7.58
Family entertainment with Michael McIntyre, featuring performances from Sting and Ricky Gervais as his famous alter ego David Brent. There's also stand-up comedy from the hilarious Jack Whitehall. Two members of the public are given the shock of their life in a special double surprise edition of Unexpected Star of the Show. There is also unmissable new comedy material from Michael himself, and celebrity chef Jamie Oliver hands over his phone in celebrity Send to All.

Christmas Special

136Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas ShowMichael BallAlfie BoeLouis SmithNan (Catherine Tate)Kevin the Teenager (Harry Enfield)Aled Jones24 December 2016 (2016-12-24)6.44
Michael McIntyre has a treat for you this Christmas when his Big Show, filmed in front of a live audience at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, gets festive. There is a merry performance from Michael Ball and Alfie Boe; Aled Jones is joined by a very special guest as he plays Celebrity Send To All; Unexpected Star reaches epic proportions when Michael surprised an entire choir and there are lots of yuletide games and celebrity guest appearances form Nan (Catherine Tate), Kevin the teenager (Harry Enfield) and more.

text: Series 3 (2017)[edit]

text: On 23 November 2016, it was announced that the BBC had commissioned a third series of Michael McIntyre's Big Show. Six episodes were recorded in September and October 2017 and the series began airing from 18 November and ending with a Christmas Special entitled Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show on Christmas Eve.

text:
Total

No.

Title

Guest(s)

Original air date

UK viewers(millions)

Main series

141Episode 1Emeli Sande  Ed Balls  Joe Lycett18 November 2017 (2017-11-18)6.86
Ed Balls plays Celebrity Send to All, and there is music from chart sensation Emeli Sande and stand-up comedy from rising star Joe Lycett. Michael plays the Midnight Game Show and performs some of his own unmissable new comedy material, and one unsuspecting member of the public gets the surprise of their life when they become the Unexpected Star of the Show.
152Episode 2Danny Dyer  Gary Barlow  Clean Bandit  Russell Kane25 November 2017 (2017-11-25)7.21
Albert Square favourite Danny Dyer hands over his phone in celebrity Send To All, and there's a very special appearance from Gary Barlow. Plus there's music from Grammy Award winners Clean Bandit and stand-up comedy from Russell Kane. There will also be unmissable new comedy material from Michael himself and one unsuspecting member of the public will get the surprise of their life when they become the Unexpected Star of the Show.
163Episode 3Alan Shearer  Stereophonics  Jessie J2 December 2017 (2017-12-02)6.55
Featuring music performances from the incredible Jessie J and Welsh rock heroes Stereophonics. Football legend Alan Shearer hands over his phone in celebrity Send To All and Michael sneaks into another house in the jaw-dropping Midnight Gameshow. There will be unmissable new comedy material from Michael himself and an extra in an advert finds himself centre stage as the Unexpected Star Of The Show.
174Episode 4Marvin Humes  Rochelle Humes  The Vamps  Maggie Lindemann  Jason Manford9 December 2017 (2017-12-09)6.56
TV presenters Marvin and Rochelle Humes both hand over their phones in the first ever double Send To All and there's music from pop rockers The Vamps and stand-up comedy from the hilarious Jason Manford. Plus new comedy material from Michael himself and an extra finds himself centre stage as the Unexpected Star of The Show.
185Episode 5Miranda Hart  Niall Horan16 December 2017 (2017-12-16)7.56
National treasure Miranda Hart bravely gives Michael her phone in Celebrity Send To All. There's music from global pop megastar Niall Horan and Michael sneaks into another house in the hilarious Midnight Gameshow Plus an A&E doctor is fooled into thinking the theatre is actually a grand hotel, in the most ambitious Unexpected Star surprise ever.

Christmas Special

196Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas ShowAlesha DixonBill BaileySeal24 December 2017 (2017-12-24)7.09
The comedy star brings the latest series of his entertainment showcase to a conclusion with another festive special, recorded at Theatre Royal Drury Lane in London's West End. Joining Michael to entertain the masses this evening are soul singer Seal, and comedian Bill Bailey. Alesha Dixon risks social catastrophe by handing over her phone in Celebrity Send-to-All, and Father Christmas himself receives the surprise of his life in Unexpected Star of the Show.

text: Future[edit]

text: It was announced in December 2017 that the series had be renewed for a fourth series to air in 2018.[3]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Result

Award

Category

2017

Won

BAFTA

Best Entertainment Performance

2017

Nominated

BAFTA

Best Entertainment Programme