document_title: On the Town (film)

question_text: who played in the movie on the town

question_tokens: who played in the movie on the town

text: On the Town (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Three sailors – Gabey, Chip, and Ozzie – begin their shore leave, excited for their 24 hours in New York ("New York, New York"). Riding the subway, Gabey falls in love with the picture of "Miss Turnstiles", who is actually called Ivy Smith, and fantasizes about what she's like in real life ("Miss Turnstiles"). The sailors race around New York attempting to find her in the brief period they have.

text: They are assisted by, and become romantically involved with, two women, and pair up: Ozzie with Claire, an anthropologist; and Chip with Hildy Esterhazy, an aggressively amorous taxi driver. Claire claims that she's found her passionate "Prehistoric Man" in Ozzie at the Museum of Anthropological History. Hildy invites Chip to "Come Up to My Place". Finally finding Ivy, Gabey takes her on an imaginary date down his home town "Main Street" in a studio in Symphonic Hall - not realising that she is also from the same town. Later, Chip sincerely falls for Hildy telling her "You're Awful" – that is, awful nice to be with. That evening, all the couples meet at the top of the Empire State Building to celebrate a night "On the Town".

text: But when an ashamed Ivy walks out on Gabey to get to her late night work as a cooch dancer, the friends tell a despondent Gabey, "You Can Count on Me", joined by Hildy's annoying, but well-meaning roommate, Lucy Schmeeler. They have a number of adventures before reuniting with Ivy at Coney Island just as their 24-hour leave ends and they must return to their ship to head off to sea. Although their future is uncertain, the boys and girls share one last kiss on the pier as a new crew of sailors heads out into the city for their leave ("New York, New York" reprise).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gene Kelly as Gabey
Frank Sinatra as Chip
Jules Munshin as Ozzie
Ann Miller as Claire Huddesen
Betty Garrett as Brunhilde "Hildy" Esterhazy
Vera-Ellen as Ivy Smith
Florence Bates as Madame Dilyovska
Alice Pearce as Lucy Schmeeler
George Meader as Professor
Hans Conried as François (head waiter) (uncredited)

text: Cast notes

text:
Carol Haney, Gene Kelly's assistant, performed with Kelly in the Day in New York ballet sequence, but was not credited. This was Haney's screen debut[2]
Bea Benaderet has an uncredited cameo as a girl from Brooklyn on the subway, her film debut in a speaking role.
Bern Hoffman has an uncredited role as the shipyard worker who sings the opening song, and reprises it at the end.
Alice Pearce was the only original member of the Broadway cast to reprise her role.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"I Feel Like I'm Not Out of Bed Yet" – Shipyard worker
"New York, New York" – Gabey, Chip, and Ozzie (from Leonard Bernstein's score)
"Miss Turnstiles Ballet" (instrumental) – Ivy and ensemble (from Bernstein's score)
"Prehistoric Man" – Claire, Ozzie, Gabey, Chip, and Hildy
"Come Up to My Place" – Hildy and Chip (from Bernstein's score)
"Main Street" – Gabey and Ivy
"You're Awful" – Chip and Hildy
"On the Town" – Gabey, Ivy, Chip, Hildy, Ozzie, and Claire
"Count on Me" – Gabey, Chip, Ozzie, Hildy, Claire, and Lucy
"A Day in New York" (instrumental) – Gabey, Ivy, and dream cast (from Bernstein's score)
"New York, New York" (reprise) – Shipyard workers, three sailors, and chorus

tag: ol

text: Source: [3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: According to MGM records the film earned $2,934,000 in the US and Canada and $1,494,000 overseas, resulting in a profit to the studio of $474,000.[1]

text: The film was also a critical success, receiving good reviews in various publications, including Variety and The New York Times.[4][5]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Academy Awards, Best Musical Score for Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton, 22nd Academy Awards (won)
BAFTA Awards, Best Film, 1951 (nominated)
Golden Globes, Best Cinematography – Color, 1950 (nominated)
Writers Guild of America, Best Written American Musical, 1950 (won)

text:
American Film Institute
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"New York, New York" – #41[6]

2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – #19[7]

text: Production[edit]

text: The musical numbers staged on location in New York were the first time a major studio had accomplished this. The location shots in New York took nine days.[2] Shooting in New York City was Kelly and Donen's idea, which studio head Louis B. Mayer refused to allow, pointing out the studio's excellent New York sets in its backlot. Kelly and Donen held their ground, and finally Mayer relented and allowed a limited number of days shooting in New York. The primary problem experienced by the production was dealing with crowds of Frank Sinatra's fans, so some shots were made with the camera located in a station wagon to reduce the public visibility of the shooting.[8]

text: The Breen Office of the MPAA refused to allow the use of the word "helluva" in the song "New York, New York", and so it was changed to "wonderful".[2]


document_title: Primary and secondary antibodies

question_text: where does secondary antibody bind to primary antibody

root

text: Primary and secondary antibodies

text: Primary[edit]

text: A primary antibody can be very useful for the detection of biomarkers for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease and they are used for the study of ADME and multi-drug resistance (MDR) of therapeutic agents.

tag: p

text: Secondary[edit]

text: Secondary antibody is especially efficient in immunolabeling. Secondary antibodies bind to primary antibodies, which are directly bound to the target antigen(s). In immunolabeling, the primary antibody's Fab domain binds to an antigen and exposes its Fc domain to secondary antibody. Then, the secondary antibody's Fab domain binds to the primary antibody's Fc domain. Since the Fc domain is constant within the same animal class, only one type of secondary antibody is required to bind to many types of primary antibodies. This reduces the cost by labeling only one type of secondary antibody, rather than labeling various types of primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies help increase sensitivity and signal amplification due to multiple secondary antibodies binding to a primary antibody[1].

text: Applications[edit]

text: Secondary antibodies can be conjugated to enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (AP); or fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine derivatives, Alexa Fluor dyes; or other molecules to be used in various applications. Secondary antibodies are used in many biochemical assays [2] including:

text:
ELISA, including many HIV tests
Western blot
Immunostaining
Immunohistochemistry
Immunocytochemistry

tag: ul


document_title: Arrested Development (TV series)

question_text: when does the second half of arrested development season 5 air

text: Arrested Development (TV series)

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: Discussion that led to the creation of the series began in the summer of 2002. Ron Howard had the original idea to create a comedy series in the style of handheld cameras and reality television, but with an elaborate, highly comical script resulting from repeated rewritings and rehearsals. Howard met with David Nevins, the president of Imagine Television, Katie O'Connell, a senior vice president, and two writers, including Mitchell Hurwitz. In light of recent corporate accounting scandals, such as Enron and Adelphia, Hurwitz suggested a story about a "riches to rags" family. Howard and Imagine were immediately interested in using this idea, and signed Hurwitz to write the show. The idea was pitched and sold in the fall of 2002. There was a bidding war for the show between Fox and NBC, with the show ultimately selling to Fox as a put pilot with a six-figure penalty.[12]

text: Over the next few months, Hurwitz developed the characters and plot for the series. The script of the pilot episode was submitted in January 2003 and filmed in March 2003. It was submitted in late April to Fox and was added to the network's fall schedule that May.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Alia Shawkat was the first cast in the series.[13] Michael Cera, Tony Hale, and Jessica Walter were cast from video tapes and flown in to audition for Fox.[13] Jason Bateman and Portia de Rossi both read and auditioned for the network and were immediately chosen.[13] The character of Gob was apparently the most challenging to cast.[14] When Will Arnett auditioned, he played the character "like a guy who thought of himself as the chosen son, even though it was obvious to everyone else that he was the least favorite"; he was chosen immediately for his unique portrayal.[14] The characters of Tobias and George Sr. were originally going to have minor roles, but David Cross and Jeffrey Tambor's portrayals mixed well with the rest of the characters, and they were given more significant parts.[13] Howard provided the narration for the initial pilot, and his narrating meshed so well with the tone of the program that the decision was made to keep his voice.[15] Howard also aided in the casting of "Lucille 2"; the producers told him that their dream actress for the role was Liza Minnelli but assumed no one of her stature would take the part.[16] She agreed when Ron Howard asked her himself, because they were old friends; she had been his babysitter when he was a teenager.[17]

text: Production design[edit]

text: Arrested Development uses several elements which were rare at the time for American live-action sitcoms. It was shot on location and in HD video (at 24 frames per second) with multiple cameras, parodying tactics often employed in documentary film and reality television, straying from the "fixed-set, studio audience, laugh track" style long dominant in comedy production.[18] The show also makes heavy use of cutaway gags, supplementing the narrative with visual punchlines like security camera footage, Bluth family photos, website screenshots, archive films, and flashbacks.[18] An omniscient third-person narrator (producer Ron Howard) ties together the multiple plot threads running through each episode, while humorously undercutting and commenting on the characters.[19] Arrested Development also developed a unique self-referentiality through use of in-jokes that evolved over multiple episodes, which rewarded longtime viewership (and in turn may have discouraged new viewers and contributed to the show's ratings difficulties).[18]

text: Cancellation and revival[edit]

text: During the series' third season in 2006, despite months-long rumors of Arrested Development having been picked up by the cable television network Showtime,[20] creator Hurwitz declined to move the show to another network.[21] As Hurwitz explained, "I had taken it as far as I felt I could as a series. I told the story I wanted to tell, and we were getting to a point where I think a lot of the actors were ready to move on."[22] He said that he was "more worried about letting down the fans in terms of the quality of the show dropping" than he was about disappointing fans by not giving them more episodes. He also said, "If there's a way to continue this in a form that's not weekly episodic series television, I'd be up for it".

text: On October 2, 2011, the entire cast of Arrested Development reunited for a panel at The New Yorker Festival in New York.[23][24] At the panel, Hurwitz declared his intention of producing a truncated fourth season as a lead-in to a film adaptation.[25]

text: Six years after the series had been canceled by Fox, filming for a revived fourth season began on August 7, 2012.[26] Fifteen episodes of the show's revival season were released simultaneously on Netflix on May 26, 2013.[8] The first eight episodes of the fifth season were released on Netflix on May 29, 2018, with the remaining eight episodes to be released later in 2018.[27]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text: The plot of Arrested Development revolves around the members of the Bluth family, a formerly-wealthy family who continue to lead extravagant lifestyles despite their changed circumstances[28] and who often find themselves drawn into interactions with incestuous undertones.[29] At the center of the show is Michael Bluth (Jason Bateman), the show's straight man, who strives to do the right thing and keep his family together, despite their materialism, selfishness, and manipulative natures.[28] Michael is a widowed single father.[30] His teenage son, George Michael (Michael Cera), has the same qualities of decency but feels a constant pressure to live up to his father's expectations and is often reluctant to follow his father's plans.[28] He battles with a crush he has on cousin Maeby, which developed from a kiss she gave him as part of a prank.[citation needed]

text: Michael's father, George Bluth Sr. (Jeffrey Tambor), is the patriarch of the family, a corrupt real estate developer arrested in the first episode, hence the name of the series. George goes to considerable lengths to manipulate and control his family in spite of imprisonment, and makes numerous efforts to evade justice.[31] His wife, and Michael's mother, Lucille (Jessica Walter), is ruthlessly manipulative, materialistic, and hypercritical of every member of her family, as well as perpetually drinking alcohol.[28] Her grip is tightest on her youngest son, Byron "Buster" Bluth (Tony Hale), an over-educated (yet still under-educated) mother's boy who has dependency issues and is prone to panic attacks.[28]

text: Michael's older brother is George Oscar Bluth II (Will Arnett), going entirely by the acronym "GOB" (/dʒoʊb/).[28] An unsuccessful professional magician whose business and personal schemes usually fail or become tiresome and are quickly abandoned, GOB is competitive with Michael over women and bullies Buster.[28] Michael's twin sister Lindsay (Portia de Rossi) is spoiled and materialistic, continually seeking the center of attention and leaping on various social causes for the sake of vanity.[32] She is married to Tobias Fünke (David Cross), a discredited psychiatrist-turned-aspiring actor.[28] Tobias is a self-diagnosed "never-nude" (a disorder comparable to gymnophobia), whose language and behavior have heavily homosexual overtones to which he seems completely oblivious and which are the center of much tongue-in-cheek comedy throughout the series.[32][33] Their daughter is Mae "Maeby" Fünke (Alia Shawkat), a rebellious teen with an opportunistic streak, who seeks to defy her parents for the sake of attention, and otherwise pursues boys and power, and furthers her complicated relationship with George Michael.[28]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Several other characters regularly appear in recurring roles.[34] George Sr.'s identical twin brother, Oscar (also played by Jeffrey Tambor), is a lethargic ex-hippie seeking the affection of George's wife, Lucille.[35] The family's lawyer, Barry Zuckerkorn (Henry Winkler), is an incompetent sexual deviant who often hinders the family's legal battles rather than helping them.[33] He is eventually replaced by Bob Loblaw (Scott Baio).[34] Lucille Austero, or "Lucille 2", played by Liza Minnelli, is Lucille's "best friend and chief social rival" as well as a sometimes-love interest of Buster and, later, Gob.[36] Steve Holt (Justin Grant Wade) is a high school senior and football star at the high school George Michael and Maeby attend, and is later discovered to be Gob's son.[37] Carl Weathers plays a parodied version of himself as Tobias' acting coach.[38] John Beard likewise portrays a fictional version of himself as a news anchor reporting on the characters' antics.[39]

text: Beginning in the second season, Mae Whitman plays Ann Veal, George Michael's sternly Christian girlfriend, often forgotten or disparaged by Michael.[36] Ann was first played by Alessandra Torresani, and first appeared in the season 1 episode "Let 'Em Eat Cake". Gob's girlfriend Marta Estrella, who eventually reciprocates Michael's infatuation with her and ends up causing conflict between the two brothers, was originally played by Leonor Varela and later by Patricia Velasquez.[40] J. Walter Weatherman (Steve Ryan), a one-armed amputee, is an old employee of George Sr.; Weatherman appears in flashbacks in several episodes where, as hired by George Sr., he would teach the Bluth children lessons by participating in staged accidents where he would "lose" his (prosthetic) arm.[36]

text: An intellectually disabled British woman named Rita Leeds (Charlize Theron) appears in five episodes in the third season as Michael's female companion.[41] Judy Greer plays George Bluth Senior's assistant and lover (and partner-in-crime), Kitty Sanchez, for 10 episodes of the series.[42] Ed Begley, Jr. plays Stan Sitwell, the owner of Sitwell Enterprises, a rival company to the Bluth Company.[43] Christine Taylor plays Sally Sitwell, Stan Sitwell's daughter and a consistent love interest for Michael.[44] Justin Lee plays Annyong, the adopted Korean son of Lucille and George Sr.[45] Julia Louis-Dreyfus plays Maggie Lizer, an attorney and compulsive liar who has a recurring relationship with Michael.[46] Rob Corddry plays Moses Taylor, the star of the fictional TV show "Frank Wrench" and a noted gun rights activist.[47] Ben Stiller plays magician and Gob's chief rival Tony Wonder, well known for baking himself into a loaf of bread to feed the troops.[48] Amy Poehler plays Gob's unnamed and frequently forgotten wife who married Gob as the final in a long line of escalating dares.[49] Jane Lynch plays Cindi Lightballoon, a government mole who tries to gather incriminating information from an incarcerated George Sr. but ends up falling in love with him instead.[50]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork122November 2, 2003 (2003-11-02)June 6, 2004 (2004-06-06)Fox218November 7, 2004 (2004-11-07)April 17, 2005 (2005-04-17)313September 19, 2005 (2005-09-19)February 10, 2006 (2006-02-10)415 (original)  22 (recut)May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26) (original)  May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03) (recut)Netflix516[51]8May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)82018 (2018)[51]

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2003–04)[edit]

text: George Bluth Sr., patriarch of the wealthy Bluth family, is the founder and former CEO of the successful Bluth Company which markets and builds mini-mansions among many other activities. His son Michael serves as manager of the company, and, after being passed over for a promotion, decides to leave both the company and his family. Just as he makes this decision, however, George Sr. is arrested by the Securities and Exchange Commission for defrauding investors and gross spending of the company's money for "personal expenses". His wife Lucille becomes CEO, and immediately names as the new president her extremely sheltered youngest son Buster, who proves ill-equipped, as his only experience with business is a class he took concerning 18th century agrarian business. Furious at being passed over again, Michael secures another job with a rival company and plans on leaving his family behind for good. Realizing that they need Michael, the family asks him to come back and run the company, which Michael scoffs at until he sees how much the family means to his teenaged son George Michael. To keep the family together, Michael asks his self-centered twin sister Lindsay, her husband Tobias and their daughter Maeby to live together in the Bluth model home with him and George Michael.[52]

text: Throughout the first season, different characters struggle to change their identities. Buster works to escape from his mother's control by bonding with brothers Michael and Gob as well as with love interest Lucille Austero, Lucille Bluth's neighbor and chief social rival.[53] George Michael nurses a forbidden crush on his cousin Maeby, while continually trying to meet his father's expectations. Lindsay's husband Tobias searches for work as an actor, with the aid of Carl Weathers.[54] Michael falls in love with his screw-up older brother Gob's neglected girlfriend Marta, and is torn between being with her and putting "family first".[54] After seeing Michael physically fight with Gob, Marta realizes that they do not share the same family values and she leaves them both.[55] To spite Buster, Lucille adopts a Korean son whom she calls "Annyong" after she mistakes the Korean word for "hello" as his name.[55] Through an escalating series of dares, Gob gets married to a woman he just met, played by Will Arnett's real-life then-wife Amy Poehler, but cannot get an annulment because he refuses to admit that he did not consummate the marriage.[56] Kitty, George Sr.'s former assistant and mistress, tries to blackmail the company. She is caught in the Bluth family yacht's explosion, as used in one of Gob's magic acts, but survives with a cooler full of damning evidence labeled "H Maddas".[57] After previous failed attempts, and a brief religious stint in Judaism, George Sr. finally escapes from prison by faking a heart attack. It is also revealed that George Sr. committed "light treason" by using the company to build mini-palaces for Saddam Hussein in Iraq.[58]

text: Season 2 (2004–05)[edit]

text: Because of his father's latest prison break deception (a faked heart attack), Michael decides to leave his family and move to Phoenix, Arizona with George Michael, but discovers that he cannot leave the state, due to the Bluth Company being under investigation and him having to go to jail as a replacement for his father. Lucille appoints Gob the new Bluth Company president, but since Gob proves utterly incompetent, the position's real duties revert to Michael. During the rest of the season Gob serves as figurehead president; Michael is still under scrutiny for George Sr.'s illegal activity.[59]

text: George Sr. is not, in fact, gone. After faking his death in Mexico by paying off the cops, George Sr. returns to the family model home, where George Michael discovers him and hides him in the attic.[60] To protect his son from legal implications, Michael hides George Sr. in Gob's prop Aztec Tomb, orchestrates a diversion, and tells the family that George Sr. has escaped once more. Throughout the rest of the season, Michael sneaks George Sr. provisions, and George Sr. keeps tabs on the Bluth family through the ventilation system. George Sr. also faces an onslaught from the outside world; the press begins looking for him in Iraq, fumigators surround the house while he's still in the attic, and Kitty returns to steal a sample of his semen to make her own Bluth baby.

text: Buster meanwhile joins the army, but escapes serving in Iraq when his hand is bitten off by a loose seal (a play on "Lucille") Gob had mistakenly trained to develop a taste for mammal flesh. Buster is refitted with a sharp hook, which he copes with poorly and often brandishes dangerously in social situations.[61] During Buster's long psychological recovery, he bonds with George Sr.'s stoner twin brother Oscar, who moves in with Lucille in an attempt to rekindle a past love affair. Uncle Oscar slowly reveals himself as Buster's presumptive biological father. Eventually, George Sr. takes revenge on the adulterous Oscar and Lucille by kidnapping Oscar, knocking him unconscious, exchanging appearances with him, and sending him to prison in his place.[62]

text: Lindsay and Tobias continue their disastrous open relationship. Lindsay tries—but fails—to secure a lover, while Tobias paints himself blue each night in a futile attempt to join the Blue Man Group.[63] When Lindsay kicks him out of the house, Tobias disguises himself as a singing British nanny named "Mrs. Featherbottom" (an idea he gets from the film Mrs. Doubtfire) so he can watch over his daughter Maeby. The family sees right through this incompetent disguise, but they humor Tobias since—in the guise of Mrs. Featherbottom—he does their chores.[64]

text: George Michael begins dating a deeply religious girl, Ann Veal, who encourages him to smash pop music CDs and to run for student body president against perennial favorite Steve Holt. Michael dislikes her and tries to disrupt the kids' relationship, most notably by breaking up Ann and George Michael's pre-engagement.[65] Meanwhile, Maeby cons her way into an after school job as a film studio executive. When Maeby's studio remakes "Les Cousins Dangereux", George Michael abandons Ann to pursue his crush on Maeby. Maeby herself realises she has feelings for George Michael in light of his relationship, and the two kiss while the living room of the model home collapses.[62]

text: Season 3 (2005–06)[edit]

text: Michael again searches for his runaway father, George Sr. Gob receives an invitation to a father/son reunion outing, and believes it to be George Sr. trying to contact him. In reality, the invitation was meant to reunite Gob with Steve Holt, son of Eve Holt, a girl Gob slept with in high school. Meanwhile, George Michael and Maeby deal with their previous kiss by avoiding each other.[66]

text: In an attempt to remain in disguise, George Sr. joins the Blue Man Group. Michael discovers this and arranges to have his father placed under house arrest.[67] George Sr. claims that he was set up by an underground British group. Michael goes to Wee Britain, a fictional British-themed city district, to investigate, and in the process meets a new love interest, Rita Leeds (Charlize Theron). Michael and the audience are led to believe that Rita is a mole for the underground British group, working for a man named "Mr. F".[68] However, love-struck Michael proposes to her, and the couple run off to wed. Finally, it is revealed that Rita is actually an "MRF", or "mentally retarded female". Despite Rita's "condition", the family pushes him to go forward with the marriage because Rita is wealthy and they want her money. Michael is not persuaded and gently ends the relationship just as he and Rita are about to walk down the aisle.[69] Meanwhile, Tobias and Lindsay seek legal help from Bob Loblaw (Scott Baio) concerning their troubled marriage.

text: With the family's retainer used up because of Lindsay's and Tobias's advances, Bob Loblaw chooses to no longer represent the Bluth family. Attorney Jan Eagleman offers to represent the family, on the condition that they participate in a mock trial in a new reality courtroom show called "Mock Trial with J. Reinhold". Musical accompaniment for the show's theme song and perceived jokes from testifying witnesses is provided by "William Hung And His Hung Jury". Michael uses an illegal threat from prosecutor Wayne Jarvis to have the mock case "dismissed". Gob and Franklin briefly appear in another courtroom show presided over by Bud Cort. Meanwhile, Maeby and George Michael perform a mock wedding for Alzheimer's patients that is accidentally conducted by a real priest; the two become legally married.[70]

text: The family members are afraid to testify at the mock trial and at the real deposition; Buster fakes a coma, Lindsay and Lucille fake entering rehab, and Gob flees the country to perform in a USO Tour in Iraq. The deceptions are all uncovered by the prosecution, and in Iraq Gob is arrested for inadvertently inciting an anti-US riot. Buster and Michael travel to Iraq to rescue Gob, and while there, uncover evidence that the mini-palaces George Sr. built in Iraq were actually ordered and paid for by the CIA for wiretapping purposes. After this discovery, the US government drops all of the charges against George Sr. In the general confusion, everyone except George Michael forgets Maeby's sixteenth birthday.[71]

text: To celebrate their victory in Iraq, the Bluths throw a shareholders' party on the RMS Queen Mary. During preparation for the party, it is revealed that Lindsay was adopted, meaning that George Michael and Maeby are not blood relatives. At the party, the Bluth's other adopted child, Annyong, reappears. He reveals that he is there to avenge the Bluth family's theft of his grandfather's frozen banana idea and the cause of his subsequent deportation, an event orchestrated many years earlier by Lucille Bluth. Annyong has turned over evidence implicating Lucille in the Bluth Company's accounting scandals. Before the police arrive, Michael and George Michael flee on Gob's yacht, the C-Word, and depart to Cabo with half a million dollars in cashier's checks, finally leaving the family to fend for themselves. However, it is revealed in the epilogue that George Sr. is also on the yacht, having lured his brother Oscar into taking his place once again. Also in the epilogue, Maeby tries to sell the television rights to the story of the Bluth family to Ron Howard, who tells her that he sees it as a movie rather than a series.[72]

text: Season 4 (2013)[edit]

text: Filming for a fourth season, on Netflix, began on August 7, 2012, more than six years after the series had been canceled by Fox.[26] The season consists of 15 new episodes,[8] all debuting at the same time on Netflix on May 26, 2013 in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Latin America, and the Nordic countries.[73] Several actors who had recurring roles in the original series returned to reprise their roles, including Carl Weathers as himself, Henry Winkler as Barry Zuckerkorn, Ben Stiller as Tony Wonder, Mae Whitman as Ann Veal, Scott Baio as Bob Loblaw, Judy Greer as Kitty Sanchez, and Liza Minnelli as Lucille Austero; while new characters are played by Debra Mooney, John Slattery, Tommy Tune, Terry Crews, Isla Fisher and John Krasinski.[74][75][76][77][78][79] Kristen Wiig and Seth Rogen appear as Lucille and George Sr., respectively, in flashbacks.

text: Each episode of the season occurs over approximately the same stretch of time, but focuses on a different character. Information on events depicted in a given episode is often partial and filled in during a later episode.[80]

text: Creator Mitch Hurwitz created a recut of season four called Arrested Development Season 4 Remix: Fateful Consequences, in which the season's story is presented in chronological order. The recut consists of 22 episodes and was released May 3, 2018 on Netflix.[81]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text: Netflix confirmed on May 17, 2017, that a fifth season featuring the full cast had been ordered.[82] The fifth season will include 16 episodes; the first eight were released on May 29, 2018, and the remaining 8 episodes will be released later in 2018.[27][83]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Television ratings[edit]

text: The show, while critically acclaimed, did not gain a sizable audience.[2] According to the Nielsen ratings system, the show's first season was the 120th most popular show among households and the 88th among viewers aged 18 to 49, averaging 6.2 million viewers.[84]

text: U.S. ratings in the second season averaged about six million viewers, while the third season averaged about four million viewers.[85] Fox announced that it would halt the production of the second season at eighteen episodes—four episodes short of the planned season.[86]

text: For the third season, Fox positioned the show on Mondays at 8:00 p.m. ET.[87] Ratings dropped further than previous seasons.[88] On November 9, 2005, Fox announced that the show would not be airing in November sweeps, and that they had cut the episode order for the third season from 22 to 13.[88] Fox ended up showing the last four episodes in a two-hour timeslot—directly opposite the opening ceremonies of the 2006 Winter Olympics.[89] The series finale episode received 3.43 million viewers.[90]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Throughout its original run, Arrested Development received critical acclaim.[2] It is widely regarded as one of the defining comedies of the 2000s and has been praised by many critics as one of the greatest comedies of all time.[91][92] In 2007, the show was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME".[3]

text: Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly praised the series, saying "Is it beating a dead horse to once again state that this underappreciated gem is the best sitcom on TV? Too bad. Arrested Development is the best sitcom on TV!"[93]

text: David Bianculli from the New York Daily News stated "If you're not watching this series on Fox, the least you can do is buy it on DVD. You'll love it, and it's such a dense show (in the best sense of the word) that it rewards repeated viewing. Like Scrubs and the British version of The Office, it is the sort of show that truly deserves to be seen uninterrupted, several episodes at a time, for maximum enjoyment. The laughs-per-minute quotient here is insanely high, making it great value as a home library purchase."[94]

text: Alison Powell of The Guardian said "As Hollywood agents worry about the demise of the town's lowing cash cow, the multi-camera, staged sitcom, here to save the day is Arrested Development, a farce of such blazing wit and originality, that it must surely usher in a new era in comedy."[95]

text: Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly named Arrested Development the best television show of 2005 and said in her review that "As oddball as Arrested is, it's also humane. A flawless cast—from Will Arnett's breathy, bombastic Gob to Jessica Walter's boozy Lucille—grounds it, aided by Ron Howard's affable narration. The center of sensibility is good son Michael (Jason Bateman) and his even better son, George Michael (Michael Cera). Bateman and Cera give the best reacts around—the former all weary exasperation, the latter adorably bunny-stunned. Together, they're the sweetest, awkwardest straight men on the smartest, most shockingly funny series on TV...which is likely canceled, despite six Emmy wins. It's a perversion not even the Bluths deserve."[96] In 2012, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at No. 2 in the "25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years", praising its "fast, delirious, interlocking jokes that don't pander to the masses; winky gags (e.g. fake preview scenes for the following week's episode); and a cast of absurd characters".[97]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2004, the first season received seven Emmy Award nominations with five wins. It won for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series, Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, for the pilot episode written by Mitchell Hurwitz and directed by brothers Anthony and Joe Russo. Jeffrey Tambor was nominated that year for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series.[98]

text: In 2005, the second season received eleven Emmy nominations in seven categories with one win. Notable nominations included Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (Jason Bateman), Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Jeffrey Tambor), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (Jessica Walter) as well as three nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, in which it won for "Righteous Brothers", written by Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely.[98]

text: In 2006, the third season received four Emmy nominations, for Outstanding Comedy Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series (Will Arnett), Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series and Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the series finale "Development Arrested".[98]

text: In 2013, the fourth season received three Emmy nominations, for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series (Jason Bateman), Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score) and Outstanding Single-camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series.[98]

text: Other awards include:

text:
The 2004 TV Land Award for "Future Classic", the first recognition the series received. The award presentation is included on the season one DVD release.[99]
The 2004 Television Critics Association Awards for Outstanding Comedy and Outstanding New Program, and the 2005 award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.[100][101]
The 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy for Jason Bateman.[102]
The 2004 Writers Guild of America Award for Episodic Comedy, for the episode "Pier Pressure", written by Mitchell Hurwitz and Jim Vallely.[103]
The 2004 Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Comedy or Musical, along with Jeffrey Tambor and Jessica Walter for Best Performance by an Actor and Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series – Comedy or Musical.[104] In 2005, Jason Bateman and Portia de Rossi won for Best Actor and Actress in a Series – Comedy or Musical.[105] Jason Bateman also won the same award the following ceremony.[106]
The 2005 Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress for Alia Shawkat.[107]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: In November 2003, the producers of the show were sued by the hip hop group Arrested Development over the alleged use of their name.[108] Rapper Speech from the group said "The use of our name by Fox is not only confusing to the public, but also has the potential to significantly dilute what the 'Arrested Development' name means to our fans".[108] The lawsuit was quietly settled for an undisclosed sum.[108]

text: This incident was alluded to in the episode "Motherboy XXX." The narrator claims the show is "legally required to make a distinction" between the "Motherboy" event happening in the episode and a band called "Motherboy."[108]

text: Conflicts over misconduct allegations[edit]

text: In November 2017, prior to the public announcement of the fifth season, Jeffrey Tambor was accused of sexual misconduct by a number of female cast and crew of his previous works. This ultimately led to Tambor being removed from the show Transparent.[109] When the fifth season of Arrested Development was formally announced, it was affirmed that Tambor would still be part of the show; all of the season had been filmed prior to the misconduct charges, and the show's cast and crew had been supportive of him during that time.[9]

text: In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter in early May 2018, Tambor apologized for some of his past actions that led to the accusations, and mentioned one "blowup" he had with Jessica Walter during production of the series.[110] With the press buildup towards the premiere of the fifth season, Walter was asked about the incident during a cast interview with The New York Times. She became emotional, stating that in "almost 60 years of working, I’ve never had anybody yell at me like that on a set and it's hard to deal with, but I’m over it now."[111] She went on to say that "He never crossed the line on our show, with any, you know, sexual whatever. Verbally, yes, he harassed me, but he did apologize. I have to let it go."[111]

text: With regards to Tambor's behavior, Jason Bateman stated that in "the entertainment industry it is incredibly common to have people who are, in quotes, 'difficult.'" He added that acting is "a weird thing, and it is a breeding ground for atypical behavior and certain people have certain processes." Tony Hale said that "We all have bad moments", while David Cross suggested that Tambor's outbursts were a "cumulative effect", which The Daily Beast criticized as appearing to suggest that Walter had "asked for it."[112] Alia Shawkat came to Walters' defense, stating that being difficult "doesn't mean it's acceptable" to treat someone badly.[111] After outlets criticized the men's statements for 'normalizing' the harassment, Hale, Bateman, and Cross issued apologies to Walter.[113][114][115]

text: In addition to The New York Times' interview controversy, Netflix cancelled the show's press tour in the UK, which most of the cast was scheduled to participate in. Michael Cera stated in an interview with Newsbeat that he was aware of the incident between Tambor and Walter, but wasn't present when it happened. He additionally stated: "Obviously I have to give a lot of consideration to whether I take jobs with anyone and think about how it affects people."[116]


document_title: Engagement ring

question_text: when did the tradition of diamond engagement rings start

text: Engagement ring

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: Although the ancient Egyptians are sometimes credited with having invented the engagement ring,[2] and the ancient Greeks with having adopted the tradition,[3] the history of the engagement ring can only be reliably traced as far back as ancient Rome.[4][5][6]

text: In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals, or Matrimonial Contracts (1686).[7] The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion's Aegyptiacorum, where the alleged vein was originally a nervus (a word that can be translated either as "nerve" or "sinew").[8]

text: The popular belief that an engagement ring was originally part of the bride price which represented purchase and ownership of the bride,[9] has been called into question by contemporary scholarship.[5]:42 note 105

text: In the second century BC, the Roman bride-to-be was given two rings, a gold one which she wore in public, and one made of iron which she wore at home while attending to household duties. At one time Roman citizens wore rings made of iron. In later years senators who served as ambassadors were given gold seal rings for official use when abroad. Later the privilege of wearing gold rings was extended to other public officials, then to the knights, later to all freeborn, and finally under Justinian, to freedmen. For several centuries it was the custom for Romans to wear iron rings at home, gold rings in public. During this period a girl or woman might receive two engagement rings, one of iron and one of gold.[10][11]

text: Middle ages[edit]

text: The mid-7th century Visigothic Code required "that when the ceremony of betrothal has been performed, ..., and the ring shall have been given or accepted as a pledge, although nothing may have been committed to writing, the promise shall, under no circumstances, be broken."[12][13]

text: In 860 AD, Pope Nicholas I wrote a letter to Boris I of Bulgaria in reply to questions regarding differences between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox practices. Pope Nicholas describes how in the Western church the man gives his betrothed an engagement ring.[14][15][16] At the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, convoked by Pope Innocent III, the banns of marriage was instituted, prohibiting clandestine marriages and requiring that marriages be made public in advance.[17] Some[who?] legal scholars have seen in this a parallel with the engagement-ring tradition described by Pope Nicholas I.[citation needed]

text: Renaissance[edit]

text: The first well-documented use of a diamond ring to signify engagement was by the Archduke Maximilian of Austria in imperial court of Vienna in 1477, upon his betrothal to Mary of Burgundy.[18] This then influenced those of higher social class and of significant wealth to give diamond rings to their loved ones.[citation needed]

text: Reformation[edit]

text: During the Protestant Reformation the wedding ring replaced the betrothal ring as the primary ring associated with marriage.[19] In Catholic countries the transition took place somewhat later.[20]

text: There is a modern belief that in early colonial New England, where Puritans shunned ornaments and jewels, a thimble substituted for both engagement ring and wedding ring; and some women would remove the tops of the thimble in order to create a ring.[21][unreliable source?] Some researchers strongly believe this to be just a myth without basis in reality.[22]

text: Enlightenment[edit]

text: During the Age of Enlightenment both the gimmal rings and posie rings were popular, although the latter was more often used as an expression of sentiment than to indicate a formal engagement.[23]

text: Victorian era[edit]

text: In South Africa, diamonds were first found in 1866,[24] although they were not identified as such until 1867.[25] By 1872, the output of the diamond mines exceeded one million carats per year.[26] As production increased, those of lesser means were able to join in on this movement. However, diamond engagement rings were for a long time seen as the domain of the nobility and aristocracy, and tradition often favoured simpler engagement bands.[citation needed]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: In the United States, the popularity of diamond engagement rings declined after World War I, even more so after the onset of the Great Depression.[27]

text: In 1938, the diamond cartel De Beers began a marketing campaign that would have a major impact on engagement rings. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the price of diamonds collapsed.[28] At the same time, market research indicated that engagement rings were going out of style with the younger generation. While the first phase of the marketing campaign consisted of market research, the advertising phase began in 1939. One of the first elements of this campaign was to educate the public about the 4 Cs (cut, carats, color, and clarity). In 1947 the slogan "a diamond is forever" was introduced.[29] Ultimately, the De Beers campaign sought to persuade the consumer that an engagement ring is indispensable, and that a diamond is the only acceptable stone for an engagement ring.

text: Purchase[edit]

text: In the 20th century, if he could afford it, the typical Western groom privately selected and purchased an engagement ring, which he then presented to his desired bride when he proposed marriage. In countries where both partners wear engagement rings, matching rings may be selected and purchased together.[30] In the United States and Canada, where only women traditionally wear engagement rings, women also occasionally present their partners with an engagement gift.[31]

text: Like all jewelry, the price for an engagement ring varies considerably depending on the materials used: the design of the ring, whether it includes a gemstone, the value of any gemstone, and the seller. The price of the gemstones, if any, in the ring depends on the type and quality of the gem. Diamonds have a standardized description that values them according to their carat weight, color, clarity and cut. Other gemstones, such as sapphires, rubies, emeralds, have different systems. These may be chosen to honor a family tradition, to use family heirlooms, to be unique, to be socially responsible (they are not associated with blood diamonds[dubious – discuss] or the pollution caused by gold mining and cyanide process)[dubious – discuss], to fit the individual's stylistic preferences, or to manage cost. Synthetic stones and diamond substitutes such as cubic zirconias and moissanites are also popular choices that are socially responsible and reduce cost while maintaining the desired appearance.[citation needed]

text: The idea that a man should spend a significant fraction of his annual income for an engagement ring originated from De Beers marketing materials in the mid-20th century in an effort to increase the sale of diamonds. In the 1930s, they suggested that a man should spend the equivalent of one month's income in the engagement ring; later they suggested that he should spend two months' income on it.[32] In 2012, the average cost of an engagement ring in USA as reported by the industry was US$4,000.[33] In the UK, estimates of the average cost of an engagement ring range from £1200 to £2000.[34]

text: One reason for the increased popularity of expensive engagement rings is its relationship to human sexuality and the woman's marriage prospects.[35] In the United States, until the Great Depression, a man who broke off a marriage engagement could be sued for breach of promise. Monetary damages included actual expenses incurred in preparing for the wedding, plus damages for emotional distress and loss of other marriage prospects. Damages were greatly increased if the woman had engaged in sexual intercourse with her fiancé.[35] Beginning in 1935, these laws were repealed or limited. However, the social and financial cost of a broken engagement was no less: marriage was the only financially sound option for most women, and if she was no longer a virgin, her prospects for a suitable future marriage were greatly decreased. The diamond engagement ring thus became a source of financial security for the woman.[35]

text: The online purchase of engagement rings is growing, disrupting the market for the diamonds by bringing greater transparency to an industry that has traditionally relied on opacity. Online diamond retailers and e-commerce platforms include Rare Carat, Blue Nile, Brilliant Earth, and Costco.[36]

text: Legal ownership[edit]

text: Tradition generally holds that if the betrothal fails because the man himself breaks off the engagement, the woman is not obliged to return the ring. This reflects the ring's role as a form of compensation for the woman's damaged reputation.[35] Legally, this condition can be subject to either a modified or a strict fault rule. Under the former, the fiancé can demand the return of the ring unless he breaks the engagement. Under the latter, the fiancé is entitled to the return unless his actions caused the breakup of the relationship, the same as the traditional approach. However, a no-fault rule is being advanced in some jurisdictions, under which the fiancé is always entitled to the return of the ring. The ring only becomes the property of the woman when marriage occurs. An unconditional gift approach is another possibility, wherein the ring is always treated as a gift, to be kept by the fiancée whether or not the relationship progresses to marriage. Recent court rulings have determined that the date in which the ring was offered can determine the condition of the gift. E.g. Valentine's Day and Christmas are widely recognized as gift giving holidays in the United States and some other countries. A ring offered in the form of a Christmas present is likely to remain the personal property of the recipient in the event of a breakup.[37]

text: In most states of the United States, engagement rings are considered "conditional gifts" under the legal rules of property. This is an exception to the general rule that gifts cannot be revoked once properly given. See, for example, the case of Meyer v. Mitnick, 625 N.W.2d 136 (Michigan, 2001), whose ruling found the following reasoning persuasive: "the so-called 'modern trend' holds that because an engagement ring is an inherently conditional gift, once the engagement has been broken, the ring should be returned to the donor. Thus, the question of who broke the engagement and why, or who was 'at fault,' is irrelevant. This is the no-fault line of cases." Though in certain states, whether a judicial action can be maintained at all to require return of an engagement ring is blocked by statute, as many states have statutes which state that no civil action shall be maintained for breach of promise to marry.[38]

text: One case in New South Wales, Australia ended in the man suing his former fiancée because she threw the ring away, after he told her she could keep it even though the marriage plans had fallen through. The Supreme Court of New South Wales held that, despite what the man said, the ring remained a conditional gift (partly because his saying that she could keep it reflected his desire to salvage the relationship) and she was ordered to pay him its A$15,250 cost.[39]

text: In England and Wales, the gift of an engagement ring is presumed to be an absolute gift to the fiancée. This presumption may be rebutted however by proving that the ring was given on condition (express or implied) that it must be returned if the marriage did not take place, for whatever reason. This was decided in the case Jacobs v Davis (1917).[40]

text: Styles[edit]

text: Engagement rings, like any other kind of jewelry, come in many different styles.

text: Gold (Available in Yellow Gold, White Gold and Rose Gold) and platinum are preferred for engagement rings, but common metal types such as titanium, silver, and stainless steel are also used for engagement rings. This allows for the bride-to-be to exert her own individual style into the ring in a simple manner.

text: In the United States, where engagement rings are worn by women, diamonds have been widely featured in engagement rings since the middle of the 20th century.[41] Solitaire rings have one single diamond. The most common setting for engagement rings is the solitaire prong setting, which was popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1886 and its six-claw prong setting design sold under the "Tiffany setting" trademark.[42] The modern favorite cut for an engagement ring is the brilliant cut, which provides the maximum amount of sparkle to the gemstone.[43] The traditional engagement rings may have different prong settings and bands. Another major category is engagement rings with side stones. Rings with a larger diamond set in the middle and smaller diamonds on the side fit under this category. Three-stone diamond engagement rings, sometimes called trinity rings or trilogy rings, are rings with three matching diamonds set horizontally in a row with the bigger stone placed in the center. The three diamonds on the ring are typically said to represent the couple's past, present, and future, but other people give religious significance to the arrangement.

text: A wedding set, or bridal set, includes an engagement ring and a wedding band that matches and can be bought as a set. In some cases, the wedding ring looks "incomplete"; it is only when the two halves, engagement and wedding, are assembled that the ring looks whole. In other cases, a wedding set consists of two rings that match stylistically and are worn stacked, although either piece would look appropriate as a separate ring. Although the wedding band is not to be worn until the wedding day, the two rings are usually sold together as a wedding set. After the wedding, the bride may choose to have the two pieces welded together, to increase convenience and reduce the likelihood of losing one of the rings. A trio ring set includes a ladies engagement ring, ladies wedding band and a men's wedding band. These sets often have matching rings and are lower in price.

text: In Nordic countries, engagement rings are worn by both men and women. Traditionally they are plain gold bands, although more ornate designs and other materials are gaining popularity. The engagement rings resemble the wedding bands sold in the United States, whereas women's wedding rings may resemble US engagement rings.

text: In North America and the United Kingdom, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger. Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times, dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or "vein of love". This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart, or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body. In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged, but moved to the right hand when married. In Poland and Turkey, the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably.

text: For men[edit]

text: In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings. The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal. Sometimes, the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man. In Brazil, for example, the groom and bride-to-be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement.[44] After the wedding, the band is moved to the left hand. In Argentina, it is also known for the groom and bride-to-be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged. Then, after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand.[citation needed]

text: Traditionally, women in the British Isles may propose marriage to men during a leap year. Women proposing has become more common in recent years, to the point that some jewelry companies have started manufacturing men's engagement rings. They resemble typical men's rings, often with a diamond centrepiece. In the countries where both sexes have traditionally worn engagement rings, the rings tend to be plainer bands, and there is no real difference between men's and women's engagement ring designs.


document_title: Lisa Robin Kelly

question_text: when did laurie get replaced 70's show

question_tokens: when did laurie get replaced 70 's show

text: Lisa Robin Kelly

text: Early life[edit]

text: Kelly was born and raised in Southington, Connecticut.[2][3] Her parents were Thomas Carl Kelly and Linda Diane (née Grimm) Kelly.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Kelly made her debut in the 1992 Married... with Children episode "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore". She appeared again in 1997 in episodes of Silk Stalkings and on Charmed in 1999, as well as in direct-to-video and television films such as Amityville Dollhouse, Late Last Night and Jawbreaker.

text: Kelly played Laurie Forman, the older sister of Eric Forman, on That '70s Show. She abruptly left the show midway through the third season, and her character was written out of the show to "attend beauty school". She returned to the show in the fifth season for four episodes but was replaced with Christina Moore in the sixth season. In an interview with ABC News, she admitted that "with That '70s Show I was guilty of a drinking problem, and I ran", blaming her alcoholism on the loss of a baby.[4]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: In August 2010, Kelly was arrested in North Carolina on a charge of driving under the influence.[5] In November 2010, she pleaded guilty and was fined and sentenced to 12 months of unsupervised probation.[6]

text: On March 31, 2012, Kelly was arrested on a felony charge of corporal injury upon a spouse and was released on $50,000 bail. The charge was based on a complaint filed by her ex-boyfriend, John Michas.[7][8] She later made public statements saying that she was the one who had been assaulted and denied Michas' claim that she assaulted him.[8][9] The Los Angeles County District Attorney declined to file charges.[10]

text: In November 2012, police in Mooresville, North Carolina, arrested the 42-year-old Kelly and her 61-year-old husband, Robert Joseph Gilliam, after responding to a disturbance at their home. Both were charged with assault and released on bond.[11][12] She later filed for divorce and a restraining order against Gilliam.[13]

text: On June 23, 2013, Kelly was arrested for a suspected DUI when law enforcement responded to a call about a parked car blocking a lane of traffic on the I-5 freeway. She subsequently failed a field-sobriety test.[14]

text: Death[edit]

text: Days after checking into Pax Rehab House in Altadena, California, Kelly died in her sleep at the facility on August 15, 2013, aged 43.[1] On January 3, 2014, the Los Angeles Department of Coroner concluded that her death was due to an accidental unspecified oral "multiple drug intoxication".[15][16][17][18] In June 2014, Kelly's estranged husband filed a lawsuit against the rehabilitation center where she was being treated and subsequently died, claiming negligence.[13][19] The lawsuit was eventually settled for unspecified terms.[20]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1994

Relentless IV: Ashes to Ashes

Sherrie

N/A

1995

Payback

Teenage Girl

N/A

1996

Amityville Dollhouse

Dana

N/A

1997

Performance Anxiety[21]

N/A

N/A

1998

The Survivor[21]

N/A

N/A

1999

Kill the Man

Nan

N/A

Jawbreaker

Cheerleader #2

N/A

Clubland

Carla

N/A

2005

The Food Chain: A Hollywood Scarytale[21]

N/A

N/A

2012

SUX2BME[22]

N/A

Short film

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

1992

Married... with Children

Carol

Episode: "Kelly Doesn't Live Here Anymore"

1994

Silk Stalkings

Gina Nelson

Episode: "Killer Cop"

Renegade

Debbie

Episode: "Sheriff Reno"

Cries Unheard: The Donna Yaklich Story

Charlie Greenwell's Girlfriend

Television film

1995

Platypus Man

Brandi

Episode: "NYPD Nude"

ABC Afterschool Special

Ashley

Episode: "Fast Forward"

Sisters

Kristy

Episode: "Deceit"

Murphy Brown

Student

Episode: "The Feminine Critique"

Spring Fling![21]

N/A

Television film

Terror in the Shadows[21]

N/A

Television film

1996

The X-Files

Terri Roberts

Episode: "Syzygy"

Hope and Gloria

Debbee

Episode: "Sit Down, You're Rockin' the Funicular"

Days of Our Lives

Jill Stevens

N/A

Suddenly[21]

N/A

Television film

1997

Married... with Children

Heather Talrico

Episode: "Breaking Up is Easy to Do: Part 1"

Jenny

Real World Actress

Episode: "A Girl's Gotta Live in the Real World"

Alone[21]

N/A

Television film

1998

Poltergeist: The Legacy

Janine Kinsey

Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury"

Fantasy Island

Regina

Episode: "Pilot"

Buddy Faro

Rita Nardo

Episode: "Ain't That a Kick in the Head"

The Net

Lucy

Episode: "Lucy's Life"

Young Hearts Unlimited[21]

N/A

Television film

1998–2003

That '70s Show

Laurie Forman

Recurring role, 44 episodes

1999

Charmed

Daisy

Episode: "Love Hurts"

Late Last Night

Tristan

Television film

2002

Alikes[21]

N/A

Television film


document_title: List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation

question_text: what is the most popular newspaper in the uk

text: Daily newspapers[edit]

text: 2010 to present[edit]

text: Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.

text:
Title
2017[8]
2016[9]
2015[10]
2014[11]
2013[12]
2012[13]
2011[14]
2010[15][16]

The Sun
1666715 !1,666,715
1787096 !1,787,096
1978702 !1,978,702
2213659 !2,213,659
2409811 !2,409,811
2582301 !2,582,301
3001822 !3,001,822
3006565 !3,006,565

Daily Mail
1511357 !1,511,357
1589471 !1,589,471
1688727 !1,688,727
1780565 !1,780,565
1863151 !1,863,151
1945496 !1,945,496
2136568 !2,136,568
2120347 !2,120,347

Metro
1476956 !1,476,956
1348033 !1,348,033
0 !?
1362893 !1,362,893[17]
0 !?
0 !?
0 !?
0 !?

Evening Standard
0887253 !887,253
0898407 !898,407
0877532 !877,532[18]
0805309 !805,309[19]
0695645 !695,645[20]
0699368 !699,368[21]
0704008 !704,008[22]
0601960 !601,960[23]

Daily Mirror
0724888 !724,888
0809147 !809,147
0922235 !922,235
0992256 !992,256
1058488 !1,058,488
1102810 !1,102,810
1194097 !1,194,097
1218425 !1,218,425

Daily Telegraph
0472258 !472,258
0472033 !472,033
0494675 !494,675
0544546 !544,546
0555817 !555,817
0578774 !578,774
0651184 !651,184
0691128 !691,128

The Times
0451261 !451,261
0404155 !404,155
0396621 !396,621
0384304 !384,304
0399339 !399,339
0397549 !397,549
0457250 !457,250
0508250 !508,250

Daily Star
0443452 !443,452
0470369 !470,369
0425246 !425,246
0489067 !489,067
0535957 !535,957
0617082 !617,082
0734311 !734,311
0779376 !779,376

Daily Express
0392526 !392,526
0408700 !408,700
0457914 !457,914
0500473 !500,473
0529648 !529,648
0577543 !577,543
0639875 !639,875
0674640 !674,640

i
0266768 !266,768
0271859 !271,859
0280351 !280,351
0298266 !298,266
0293946 !293,946
0264432 !264,432
0133472 !133,472
0 !N/A

Financial Times
0188924 !188,924
0198237 !198,237
0219444 !219,444
0234193 !234,193
0275375 !275,375
0316493 !316,493
0383067 !383,067
0390315 !390,315

The Guardian
0156756 !156,756
0164163 !164,163
0185429 !185,429
0207958 !207,958
0204440 !204,440
0215988 !215,988
0279308 !279,308
0302285 !302,285

Daily Record
0155772 !155,772
0176892 !176,892
0203725 !203,725
0227639 !227,639
0251535 !251,535
0291825 !291,825
0306872 !306,872
0323831 !323,831

City A.M.
0090319 !90,319
0097259 !97,259
0 !?
0 !?
0 !?
0 !?
0 !?
0 !?

The Independent
0 !N/A
0055193 !55,193
0061338 !61,338
0066576 !66,576
0076802 !76,802
0105160 !105,160
0185035 !185,035
0185815 !185,815

The New Day
0 !N/A
0040000 !40,000[24]
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

The New European
0020000 !20,000[25]
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

text: Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies per day in January 2009 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.

text:
Title
2009[26][27]
2008[28]
2007[29]
2006[30]
2005[30]
2004[31]
2003[32]
2002[33]
2001
2000

The Sun
3146006 !3,146,006
3209766 !3,209,766
3217844 !3,217,844
3319337 !3,319,337
3382509 !3,382,509
3410701 !3,410,701
3578506 !3,578,506
3502923 !3,502,923
3636561 !3,636,561[34]
3557336 !3,557,336[34]

Daily Mail
2200398 !2,200,398
2313908 !2,313,908
2354028 !2,354,028
2389011 !2,389,011
2409121 !2,409,121
2485210 !2,485,210
2518544 !2,518,544
2489264 !2,489,264
2479768 !2,479,768[35]
2353915 !2,353,915[35]

Daily Mirror
1366891 !1,366,891
1512599 !1,512,599
1621000 !1,621,000
1727672 !1,727,672
1748327 !1,748,327
1919125 !1,919,125
2071059 !2,071,059
2164576 !2,164,576
2149422 !2,149,422[36]
2270543 !2,270,543[36]

Daily Telegraph
0783210 !783,210
0890086 !890,086
0911454 !911,454
0917943 !917,943
0920745 !920,745
0914981 !914,981
0946697 !946,697
1013653 !1,013,653
1022263 !1,022,263[37]
1039749 !1,039,749[37]

Daily Star
0768534 !768,534
0722969 !722,969
0773637 !773,637
0820070 !820,070
0861825 !861,825
0901879 !901,879
0835343 !835,343
0706554 !706,554
0543807 !543,807[38]
0502647 !502,647[38]

Daily Express
0736340 !736,340
0752699 !752,699
0771325 !771,325
0849001 !849,001
0949238 !949,238
0956649 !956,649
0983391 !983,391
0991560 !991,560
0979042 !979,042[39]
1050846 !1,050,846[39]

The Times
0617483 !617,483
0633718 !633,718
0670054 !670,054
0685081 !685,081
0686327 !686,327
0660713 !660,713
0671340 !671,340
0711295 !711,295
0734220 !734,220[40]
0726349 !726,349[40]

Financial Times
0426676 !426,676
0452448 !452,448
0439104 !439,104
0441840 !441,840
0422519 !422,519
0422543 !422,543
0431875 !431,875
0475475 !475,475
0478161 !478,161[41]
0435478 !435,478[41]

The Guardian
0358844 !358,844
0378394 !378,394
0384070 !384,070
0394913 !394,913
0376816 !376,816
0383157 !383,157
0409568 !409,568
0411386 !411,386
0410152 !410,152[42]
0401560 !401,560[42]

Daily Record
0354302 !354,302[43]
0393788 !393,788[43]
0418628 !418,628
0451932 !451,932
0471708 !471,708
0503077 !503,077
0520540 !520,540
0584290 !584,290
0603914 !603,914[44]
0626646 !626,646[44]

Evening Standard
0237403 !237,403[45]
0294823 !294,823
0276562 !276,562
0337080 !337,080
0350671 !350,671
0395090 !395,090[46]
0424177 !424,177[46]
0410104 !410,104[46]
0432661 !432,661[46]
0440287 !440,287[46]

The Independent
0215504 !215,504
0250641 !250,641
0263503 !263,503
0258387 !258,387
0257100 !257,100
0248876 !248,876
0221926 !221,926
0224655 !224,655
0223645 !223,645[47]
0222106 !222,106[47]

text: Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.

text:
Title
1997[48]
1992[49]
1987[50]
1980[51]
1976[50]
1966[51]
1961[50]
1956[52]

The Sun
3877097 !3,877,097
3570562 !3,570,562
3993000 !3,993,000
3741000 !3,741,000
3708000 !3,708,000
1238000 !1,238,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Mirror
2442078 !2,442,078
2900000 !2,900,000[53]
3123000 !3,123,000
3625000 !3,625,000
3851000 !3,851,000
5123000 !5,123,000
4561000 !4,561,000
4649696 !4,649,696

Daily Mail
2344183 !2,344,183
1675453 !1,675,453
1759000 !1,759,000
1948000 !1,948,000
1755000 !1,755,000
2318000 !2,318,000
2610000 !2,610,000
2071708 !2,071,708

Daily Express
1241336 !1,241,336
1524786 !1,524,786
1697000 !1,697,000
2194000 !2,194,000
2594000 !2,594,000
3978000 !3,978,000
4328000 !4,328,000
4042334 !4,042,334

Daily Telegraph
1129777 !1,129,777
1038138 !1,038,138
1147000 !1,147,000
1439000 !1,439,000
1308000 !1,308,000
1353000 !1,353,000
1248000 !1,248,000
1075460 !1,075,460

The Times
0821000 !821,000
0386258 !386,258
0442000 !442,000
0297000 !297,000
0310000 !310,000
0282000 !282,000
0253000 !253,000
0220716 !220,716

Daily Star
0729991 !729,991
0805793 !805,793
1289000 !1,289,000
1034000 !1,034,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Record
0703090 !703,090
0755026 !755,026[54]

0732000 !732,000

The Guardian
0428010 !428,010
0429062 !429,062
0494000 !494,000
0377000 !377,000
0306000 !306,000
0281000 !281,000
0245000 !245,000
0163585 !163,585

Financial Times
0326516 !326,516
0290204 !290,204
0280000 !280,000
0197000 !197,000
0174000 !174,000
0152000 !152,000
0132000 !132,000
0080518 !80,518

The Independent
0288182 !288,182
0389523 !389,523
0293000 !293,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Today
0 !N/A
0533177 !533,177
0350000 !350,000[55]
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Herald
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
1394000 !1,394,000
1693997 !1,693,997

Daily Sketch
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0857000 !857,000
0981000 !981,000
1123855 !1,123,855

Daily Worker
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0060000 !60,000

News Chronicle
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
1442438 !1,442,438

text: Before 1950[edit]

text: Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures from after 1931 originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations;those from 1852 and 1838 originate from stamp duty returns. Those from 1910, 1921 and 1930 are the most uncertain and rely on information originating from T. B. Browne's Advertiser's ABC.

text:
Title
1947[50]
1939[56]
1930[56]
1921[56]
1910[57]
1863[58]
1852[59]
1838[60]

Daily Express
3855000 !3,855,000
2546000 !2,546,000
1693000 !1,693,000
0579000 !579,000
0400000 !400,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Mirror
3702000 !3,702,000
1571000 !1,571,000
1071000 !1,071,000
1003000 !1,003,000
0630000 !630,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Herald
2134000 !2,134,000
1850000 !1,850,000
1082000 !1,082,000
0211000 !211,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Mail
2076000 !2,076,000
1533000 !1,533,000
1845000 !1,845,000
1533000 !1,533,000
0900000 !900,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

News Chronicle
1623000 !1,623,000
1571000 !1,571,000
1400000 !1,400,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Telegraph
1015000 !1,015,000
0737000 !737,000
0090000 !90,000
0180000 !180,000
0230000 !230,000
0120000 !120,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily Sketch
0772000 !772,000
0750000 !750,000
1013000 !1,013,000
0835000 !835,000
0750000 !750,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

The Times
0268000 !268,000
0204000 !204,000
0187000 !187,000
0113000 !113,000
0045000 !45,000
0040000 !40,000
0042384 !42,384
0011660 !11,660

Manchester Guardian
0126000 !126,000
051000 !51,000[57]
047000 !47,000[57]

040000 !40,000

003173 !3,173

Daily Worker
0118000 !118,000

0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Financial Times
0071000 !71,000

0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Morning Advertiser
0030000 !30,000[61]

0020000 !20,000
007124 !7,124
005000 !5,000

Daily Chronicle
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0661000 !661,000
0800000 !800,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Daily News
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0300000 !300,000

005000 !5,000
003938 !3,938
0 !N/A

Morning Post
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0119000 !119,000[57]

0050000 !50,000

002673 !2,673
002800 !2,800

Morning Star
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0020000 !20,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Morning Herald
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
002000 !2,000
004112 !4,112
006150 !6,150

North British Daily Advertiser
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

002458 !2,458

Morning Chronicle
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
002283 !2,283
006630 !6,630

text: Sunday newspapers[edit]

text: 2010 to present[edit]

text: Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies in January 2010 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.

text:
Title
2017[8]
2016[9]
2015[10]
2014[62]
2013[12]
2012[63]
2011[14]
2010[15][16]

The Sun on Sunday
1375539 !1,375,539
1487301 !1,487,301
1582359 !1,582,359
1800830 !1,800,830
2010826 !2,010,826
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

The Mail on Sunday
1257984 !1,257,984
1388059 !1,388,059
1461571 !1,461,571
1586979 !1,586,979
1715707 !1,715,707
1882469 !1,882,469
1958083 !1,958,083
2048008 !2,048,008

The Sunday Times
0792324 !792,324
0770370 !770,370
0801623 !801,623
0817642 !817,642
0885612 !885,612
0939395 !939,395
1039371 !1,039,371
1144929 !1,144,929

Sunday Mirror'
0629277 !629,277'
0749061 !749,061
0877910 !877,910
0948754 !948,754
1039150 !1,039,150
1594293 !1,594,293
1092816 !1,092,816
1124620 !1,124,620

The Sunday Telegraph
0359400 !359,400
0355044 !355,044
0381347 !381,347
0429285 !429,285
0435036 !435,036
0461280 !461,280
0527742 !527,742
0602306 !602,306

Sunday Express
0335772 !335,772
0369666 !369,666
0397601 !397,601
0430601 !430,601
0471625 !471,625
0567800 !567,800
0550269 !550,269
0585023 !585,023

Daily Star Sunday
0256801 !256,801
0299146 !299,146
0265382 !265,382
0310063 !310,063
0345885 !345,885
0599078 !599,078
0316712 !316,712
0358814 !358,814

The People
0240846 !240,846
0279837 !279,837
0335093 !335,093
0374820 !374,820
0429167 !429,167
0701246 !701,246
0500866 !500,866
0532975 !532,975

Sunday Mail
0168164 !168,164
0195167 !195,167
0222879 !222,879
0256052 !256,052
0283861 !283,861
0376898 !376,898
0366325 !366,325
0395126 !395,126

The Observer
0185752 !185,752
0183210 !183,210
0198368 !198,368
0225474 !225,474
0225194 !225,194
0253022 !253,022
0314164 !314,164
0354565 !354,565

Sunday Post
0143169 !143,169
0163037 !163,037
0187260 !187,260
TBA
0242555 !242,555
0291623 !291,623
0317896 !317,896
0337398 !337,398

Independent on Sunday
0 !N/A
0091644 !91,644
0097646 !97,646
0101284 !101,284
0114308 !114,308
0124428 !124,428
0152561 !152,561
0153975 !153,975

News of the World
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
2789560 !2,789,560
2984469 !2,984,469

text: Figures shown are average circulations for January of each year. Only newspapers with circulations of more than 100,000 copies in January 2009 are listed. Regardless of immediate source, all figures originate from the Audit Bureau of Circulations.

text:
Title
2009[27][64]
2008[29]
2007[29]
2006[30]
2005[30]
2004[65]
2003[66]
2002[67]
2001
2000

News of the World
3031025 !3,031,025
3264676 !3,264,676
3426719 !3,426,719
3789176 !3,789,176
3823317 !3,823,317
3845373 !3,845,373
3971998 !3,971,998
4086621 !4,086,621
4026288 !4,026,288[68]
4139793 !4,139,793[68]

The Mail on Sunday
2134809 !2,134,809
2330366 !2,330,366
2303472 !2,303,472
2404511 !2,404,511
2446465 !2,446,465
2364156 !2,364,156
2388416 !2,388,416
2342860 !2,342,860
2373007 !2,373,007[69]
2323720 !2,323,720[69]

Sunday Mirror
1244007 !1,244,007
1366922 !1,366,922
1460928 !1,460,928
1574054 !1,574,054
1652375 !1,652,375
1674454 !1,674,454
1724940 !1,724,940
1845860 !1,845,860
1831572 !1,831,572[70]
2008961 !2,008,961[70]

The Sunday Times
1198984 !1,198,984
1231374 !1,231,374
1288421 !1,288,421
1375153 !1,375,153
1375982 !1,375,982
1370051 !1,370,051
1410539 !1,410,539
1405430 !1,405,430
1416080 !1,416,080[71]
1373900 !1,373,900[71]

Sunday Express
0646971 !646,971
0704436 !704,436
0790068 !790,068
0877101 !877,101
0976055 !976,055
0930001 !930,001
0976346 !976,346
0834999 !834,999
0879622 !879,622[72]
0974310 !974,310[72]

The Sunday Telegraph
0633639 !633,639
0659841 !659,841
0682739 !682,739
0692107 !692,107
0695522 !695,522
0751038 !751,038
0784069 !784,069
0796840 !796,840[73]
0822931 !822,931[73]

The People
0594552 !594,552
0669362 !669,362
0761595 !761,595
0895275 !895,275
1001389 !1,001,389
1055810 !1,055,810
1189812 !1,189,812
1389778 !1,389,778
1489260 !1,489,260[74]
1613113 !1,613,113[74]

Daily Star Sunday
0359533 !359,533
0382288 !382,288
0378224 !378,224
0439067 !439,067
0459933 !459,933
0556743 !556,743
0510995 !510,995
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Sunday Mail
0442103 !442,103[43]
0487975 !487,975
0514287 !514,287
0547405 !547,405
0585657 !585,657
0605743 !605,743
0628742 !628,742
0692366 !692,366
0708484 !708,484[75]
0751084 !751,084[75]

The Observer
0427867 !427,867
0444951 !444,951
0444186 !444,186
0542075 !542,075
0446818 !446,818
0459804 !459,804
0465984 !465,984
0449806 !449,806
0440090 !440,090[76]
0416460 !416,460[76]

Sunday Post
0366275 !366,275[43]
0412037 !412,037
0437224 !437,224
0451530 !451,530[77]
0481767 !481,767[77]
0514181 !514,181[77]
0547256 !547,256[77]
0581218 !581,218[77]
0612562 !612,562[77]
0655634 !655,634[77]

Independent on Sunday
0178798 !178,798
0236500 !236,500
0247829 !247,829
0241414 !241,414
0206527 !206,527
0206087 !206,087
0220028 !220,028
0231869 !231,869
0250462 !250,462[78]
0248630 !248,630[78]

Sunday Business
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0204910 !204,910[79]
0306683 !306,683
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
Title
1997[48]
1987[50]
1980[51]
1976[50]
1966[51]
1961[50]
1956[52]
1947[50]
1935[80]

News of the World
4620415 !4,620,415
5360000 !5,360,000
4335000 !4,335,000
5138000 !5,138,000
6152000 !6,152,000
6643000 !6,643,000
7493463 !7,493,463
7890000 !7,890,000
3350000 !3,350,000

Sunday Mirror
2424000 !2,424,000
2953000 !2,953,000
3831000 !3,831,000
4101000 !4,101,000
5219000 !5,219,000
5306000 !5,306,000
5624010 !5,624,010
4006000 !4,006,000
2250000 !2,250,000

The Mail on Sunday
2322423 !2,322,423
1919000 !1,919,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

The People
2001978 !2,001,978
2743000 !2,743,000
3847000 !3,847,000
4094000 !4,094,000
5560000 !5,560,000
5450000 !5,450,000
4948215 !4,948,215
4670000 !4,670,000
3000000 !3,000,000

The Sunday Times
1449113 !1,449,113
1314000 !1,314,000
1424000 !1,424,000
1382000 !1,382,000
1363000 !1,363,000
0967000 !967,000
0618540 !618,540
0568000 !568,000
0215000 !215,000

Sunday Express
1261690 !1,261,690
2033000 !2,033,000
3045000 !3,045,000
3451000 !3,451,000
4181000 !4,181,000
4457000 !4,457,000
3331127 !3,331,127
2577000 !2,577,000
1096000 !1,096,000

The Sunday Telegraph
0983253 !983,253
0693000 !693,000
1017000 !1,017,000
0759000 !759,000
0650000 !650,000
0688000 !688,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Sunday Mail
0818081 !818,081[81]

0734617 !734,617[82]

0567728 !567,728[61]
0250000 !250,000

Sunday Post
0791100 !791,100[81]

1000000 !1,000,000[83]

0312000 !312,000

The Observer
0498086 !498,086
0722000 !722,000
0973000 !973,000
0670000 !670,000
0881000 !881,000
0715000 !715,000
0601042 !601,042
0384000 !384,000
0215000 !215,000

Independent on Sunday
0311321 !311,321
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Scotland on Sunday
0113516 !113,516[81]
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Reynolds News
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0216000 !216,000
0310000 !310,000
0516445 !516,445
0720000 !720,000
0400000 !400,000

Sunday Dispatch
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
2420159 !2,420,159
2061000 !2,061,000
0936000 !936,000

Sunday Graphic
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
2420159 !2,420,159
1185000 !1,185,000
0900000 !900,000

Empire News
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
2550308 !2,550,308
2033177 !2,033,177[61]
1535000 !1,535,000

Sunday Chronicle
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
1178000 !1,178,000
0830000 !830,000

Sunday Referee
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0215000 !215,000

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Figures shown are average circulations for each year. Figures originate from stamp duty returns.

text:
Title
1863[58]
1853[59]
1838[60]

Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
0500000 !500,000
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Weekly Times
0200000 !200,000
0065420 !65,420
0 !N/A

News of the World
0150000 !150,000
0069296 !69,296
0 !N/A

Reynold's Weekly
0100000 !100,000
0030035 !30,035
0 !N/A

Illustrated London News

0082331 !82,331
0 !N/A

Weekly Dispatch

0035420 !35,420
0051570 !51,570

Bell's Life in London

0027200 !27,200
0020000 !20,000

Sunday Times

008500 !8,500
0013365 !13,365

Weekly Chronicle
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0032327 !32,327

Bell's Weekly Messenger
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0017274 !17,274

text: Regional newspapers[edit]

text:
Title
2016[84]
2011[85]
2006[86]
1994[87]
1980[51]
1956[52]
1948[88]
1945[87]
1939[88]

Express & Star (Wolverhampton)
0054890 !54,890
0113174 !113,174
0158130 !158,130
0217000 !217,000

0149000 !149,000

Press and Journal (Aberdeen)
0051880 !51,880
0071044 !71,044
0083947 !83,947
0106960 !106,960[89]
0113038 !113,038[90]

Manchester Evening News
0046738 !46,738
0090973 !90,973
0118913 !118,913
0214000 !214,000
0331000 !331,000

0250000 !250,000

Liverpool Echo
0043836 !43,836
0085463 !85,463
0121517 !121,517
0173000 !173,000
0236000 !236,000

0284000 !284,000

Belfast Telegraph
0040042 !40,042
0059319 !59,319
0090827 !90,827
0136714 !136,714[91]

The Courier (Dundee)
0039324 !39,324
0061981 !61,981
0077428 !77,428
0108223 !108,223[89]
0135566 !135,566[90]

The Irish News
0035073 !35,073
0043647 !43,647
0049046 !49,046

Eastern Daily Press (Norfolk)
0034438 !34,438
0042632 !42,632
0068504 !68,504

The Herald (Glasgow)
0028872 !28,872

0113342 !113,342[89]
0116161 !116,161[90]

Hull Daily Mail
0027054 !27,054
0043523 !43,523
0063486 !63,486
0094000 !94,000

0095000 !95,000

The Sentinel (Staffordshire)
0026657 !26,657
0050792 !50,792
0069558 !69,558
0099000 !99,000

0072000 !72,000

Newcastle Chronicle
0026578 !26,578
0052486 !52,486
0086287 !86,287
0121000 !121,000

0190000 !190,000

Shropshire Star
0026332 !26,332
0055606 !55,606
0055529 !55,529
0097000 !97,000

0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Leicester Mercury
0025859 !25,859
0051150 !51,150
0077344 !77,344
0122000 !122,000

0100000 !100,000

Evening Express (Aberdeen)
0025744 !25,744
0047849 !47,849
0056582 !56,582
0070000 !70,000
0081950 !81,950[90]

0114700 !114,700
0067000 !67,000
0104322 !104,322

Yorkshire Post
0025178 !25,178
0039698 !39,698
0053881 !53,881
0079094 !79,094[91]

0151524 !151,524

0079912 !79,912

The Northern Echo (Darlington)
0023971 !23,971
0041181 !41,181
0055404 !55,404
0077425 !77,425[91]

Glasgow Evening Times
0023696 !23,696
0052400 !52,400
0087399 !87,399
0148000 !148,000
0211229 !211,229[90]

0295515 !295,515
0293000 !293,000

North Wales Daily Post
0021802 !21,802
0031802 !31,802
0039651 !39,651
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

South Wales Evening Post (Swansea)
0021031 !21,031
0040149 !40,149
0056104 !56,104
0070000 !70,000

0047000 !47,000

Teesside Gazette
0020973 !20,973
0040546 !40,546
0056384 !56,384
0070000 !70,000

0069000 !69,000

The News (Portsmouth)
0019797 !19,797
0041442 !41,442
0065000 !65,000
0080000 !80,000

0081000 !81,000

Birmingham Mail
0019200 !19,200
0047217 !47,217
0078178 !78,178
0200000 !200,000

0296259 !296,259
0200000 !200,000

Derby Telegraph
0018903 !18,903
0032356 !32,356
0047406 !47,406
0067000 !67,000

0046000 !46,000

Echo (Southend)
0018373 !18,373
0030108 !30,108
0037887 !37,887
0055000 !55,000

0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

Edinburgh Evening News
0018362 !18,362
0039947 !39,947
0059644 !59,644
0092000 !92,000
0113346 !113,346[90]

0129000 !129,000

Nottingham Post
0017524 !17,524
0035361 !35,361
0065623 !65,623
0113000 !113,000

0090000 !90,000

Bristol Post
0017381 !17,381
0038344 !38,344
0056220 !56,220
0093000 !93,000
0110000 !110,000

0109000 !109,000

The Star (Sheffield)
0016708 !16,708
0037255 !37,255
0064466 !64,466
0105000 !105,000

0156000 !156,000

Southern Daily Echo (Southampton)
0016369 !16,369
0031964 !31,964
0042436 !42,436
0064000 !64,000

0060000 !60,000

The Herald (Plymouth)
0016350 !16,350
0029709 !29,709
0040384 !40,384
0058000 !58,000

0062000 !62,000

Yorkshire Evening Post
0016108 !16,018
0036512 !36,512
0062747 !62,747
0114000 !114,000

0250877 !250,877
0204000 !204,000
0185519 !185,519

Coventry Telegraph
0014970 !14,970
0034359 !34,359
0053210 !53,210
0085000 !85,000

0050000 !50,000

South Wales Echo (Cardiff)
0014917 !14,917
0032754 !32,754
0053780 !53,780
0082000 !82,000

0132000 !132,000

The Press (York)
0014608 !14,608
0025989 !25,989
0036781 !36,781
0050000 !50,000

0044000 !44,000

Telegraph & Argus (Bradford)
0013951 !13,951
0026766 !26,766
0040440 !40,440
0063000 !63,000

0103000 !103,000

Bournemouth Daily Echo
0013579 !13,579
0026818 !26,818
0034324 !34,324
0050000 !50,000

0045000 !45,000

Sunderland Echo
0012825 !12,825
0032771 !32,771
0045247 !45,247
0062000 !62,000

0057000 !57,000

The Argus (Brighton)
0011079 !11,079
0029949 !29,949
0034287 !34,287
0068000 !68,000

0042000 !42,000

Lancashire Evening Post
0010751 !10,751
0023183 !23,183
0036028 !36,028
0068000 !68,000

0088000 !88,000

Bolton News
0009607 !9,607
0021940 !21,940
0032575 !32,575
0046000 !46,000

0065000 !65,000

Evening Standard (London)

0662608 !662,608
0780820 !780,820

0384419 !384,419

Liverpool Post
0 !N/A
0008217 !8,217
0017858 !17,858

0382169 !382,169

0236986 !236,986

Evening News (London)
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

1121195 !1,121,195
1652646 !1,652,646

0837638 !837,638

The Star (London)
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0926884 !926,884
1081812 !1,081,812

0488419 !488,419

Manchester Evening Chronicle
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

0224000 !224,000

Glasgow Evening Citizen
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

0144000 !144,000

Birmingham Evening Despatch
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

0138000 !138,000

Yorkshire Evening News
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

0122000 !122,000

Glasgow Evening News
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

0099000 !99,000

Liverpool Evening Express
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A
0 !N/A

0089000 !89,000