document_title: 62nd Filmfare Awards

question_text: who won the best short film in fiction award in the 62nd filmfare awards held in january 2017

text: 62nd Filmfare Awards

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: Main awards[edit]

text: Nominees were announced on 9 January 2017.[3]

text:
Best Film
Best Director

Dangal
Kapoor & Sons
Neerja
Pink
Sultan
Udta Punjab

Nitesh Tiwari – Dangal
Abhishek Chaubey – Udta Punjab
Ali Abbas Zafar – Sultan
Karan Johar – Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Ram Madhvani – Neerja
Shakun Batra – Kapoor & Sons

Best Actor
Best Actress

Aamir Khan - Dangal as Mahavir Singh Phogat
Amitabh Bachchan - Pink as Deepak Sehgal
Ranbir Kapoor - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil as Ayan Sanger
Salman Khan - Sultan as Sultan Ali Khan
Shah Rukh Khan - Fan as Gaurav Chandna / Aryan Khanna
Shahid Kapoor - Udta Punjab as Tejinder "Tommy" Singh
Sushant Singh Rajput - M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story as MS Dhoni

Alia Bhatt - Udta Punjab as Bauria / Mary Jane
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan - Sarbjit as Dalbir Kaur
Alia Bhatt - Dear Zindagi as Kaira
Anushka Sharma - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil as Alizeh Khan
Sonam Kapoor - Neerja as Neerja Bhanot
Vidya Balan - Kahaani 2 as Vidya Sinha / Durga Rani Singh

Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress

Rishi Kapoor - Kapoor & Sons as Amarjeet "Dadu" Kapoor
Diljit Dosanjh - Udta Punjab as ASI Sartaj Singh
Fawad Khan - Kapoor & Sons as Rahul Kapoor
Jim Sarbh - Neerja as Khalil
Rajat Kapoor - Kapoor & Sons as Harsh Kapoor
Rajkummar Rao - Aligarh as Deepu Sebastian

Shabana Azmi - Neerja as Rama Bhanot
Kareena Kapoor - Udta Punjab as Dr. Preet Sahni
Kirti Kulhari - Pink as Falak Ali
Ratna Pathak Shah - Kapoor & Sons as Sunita Kapoor
Richa Chadda - Sarbjit as Sukhpreet Kaur

Best Male Debut
Best Female Debut

Diljit Dosanjh – Udta Punjab as ASI Sartaj Singh

Ritika Singh – Saala Khadoos as Madhi

Best Music Director
Best Lyricist

Pritam - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Meet Bros, Amaal Mallik, Manj Musik, Ankit Tiwari - Baaghi
Amit Trivedi - Udta Punjab
Amaal Mallik, Badshah, Arko Pravo Mukherjee, Tanishk Bagchi, Benny Dayal, Nucleya - Kapoor & Sons
Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy - Mirzya
Vishal-Shekhar - Sultan

Amitabh Bhattacharya - "Channa Mereya" - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Gulzar - "Aave Re Hitchki" - Mirzya
Gulzar - "Mirzya" - Mirzya
Irshad Kamil - "Jag Ghoomeya" - Sultan
Kausar Munir - "Love You Zindagi" - Dear Zindagi
Late Shiv Kumar Batalvi - "Ikk Kudi" - Udta Punjab

Best Playback Singer – Male
Best Playback Singer – Female

Arijit Singh - "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Amit Mishra - "Bulleya" - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Arijit Singh - "Channa Mereya" - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Atif Aslam - "Tere Sang Yaara" - Rustom
Rahat Fateh Ali Khan - "Jag Ghoomeya" - Sultan

Neha Bhasin - "Jag Ghoomeya" - Sultan
Kanika Kapoor - "Da Da Dasse" - Udta Punjab
Jonita Gandhi - "The Breakup Song" - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil
Neeti Mohan - "Sau Aasmaan" - Baar Baar Dekho
Palak Muchhal - "Kaun Tujhe" - M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story
Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch - "Kaari Kaari" - Pink

text: Critics' awards[edit]

text:
Best Movie (Best Director)

Neerja – Ram Madhvani

Best Actor
Best Actress

Manoj Bajpayee - Aligarh
Shahid Kapoor - Udta Punjab

Sonam Kapoor - Neerja

text: Other Winners[edit]

text: Best Screenplay: Shakun Batra and Ayesha Devitre Dhillon for 'Kapoor & Sons'

text: Best Story: Shakun Batra and Ayesha Devitre Dhillon for 'Kapoor & Sons'

text: Best Dialogue: Ritesh Shah for 'Pink'

text: Best Cinematography: Mitesh Mirchandani for 'Neerja'

text: Best Editing: Monisha Baldawa for 'Neerja'

text: Best Costume: Payal Saluja for 'Udta Punjab'

text: Best Action: Shyam Kaushal for 'Dangal'

text: Best Background Score: Sameer Uddin for 'Kapoor & Sons'

text: Best Choreography: Adil Shaikh for 'Kar Gayi Chull' in 'Kapoor & Sons'

text: Best Visual Effects: Red Chillies for 'Fan'

text: Best Production Design: Aparna Sud for 'Neerja'

text: Best Sound Design: Vivek Sachidanand for 'Phobia'

text: Best Debut Director: Ashwini Iyer Tiwari for 'Nil Battey Sannata'

text: Best Actor (Male) in a Short Film: Manoj Bajpayee for 'Taandav'

text: Best Short Film People's Choice: Khamakha

text: Best Short Film (Fiction): Chutney

text: Best Short Film (Non-fiction): 'Matitali Kusti'

text: Best Actor (Female) in a Short Film: Tisca Chopra for 'Chutney'

text: Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award: Shatrughan Sinha

text: Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent: Amit Mishra for 'Bulleya' from 'Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'

text: Most wins[edit]

text:
Neerja - 6
Kapoor & Sons (Since 1921) - 5
Ae Dil Hai Mushkil, Dangal and Udta Punjab - 4


document_title: Aruna Asaf Ali

question_text: who was the heroine of the 1942 quit india movement

root

text: Aruna Asaf Ali

text: Early life[edit]

text: Aruna Asaf Ali was born (Aruna Ganguly) on 16 July 1909 in Kalka, Punjab, British India (now in Haryana, India) into a Bengali Brahmo family. Her father Upendranath Ganguly hailed from Barisal district of Eastern Bengal (now Bangladesh) but settled in the United Province. He was a restaurant owner. Her mother Ambalika Devi was the daughter of Trailokyanath Sanyal, a renowned Brahmo leader who wrote many Brahmo hymns. Upendranath Ganguly's younger brother Dhirendranath Ganguly (D G) was one of the earliest film directors.[1] Another brother, Nagendranath, was a university professor who married Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore's only surviving daughter Mira Devi.[2] Aruna's sister Purnima Banerjee was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India.

tag: p

text: Aruna was educated at Sacred Heart Convent in Lahore and then at All Saints' College in Nainital. After her graduation, she worked as a teacher at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta. She met Asaf Ali, a leader in the Congress party, in Allahabad. They got married in 1928, despite parental opposition on grounds of religion and age (he was a Muslim and her senior by more than 20 years).[3]

text: My father was no more when Asaf and I married in September 1928. My paternal uncle Nagendranath Ganguly, a university professor who regarded himself as my guardian, said to relatives and friends that as far as he was concerned I was dead and he had performed my shraddh.[4]

text: Freedom struggle: early days[edit]

text: She was an active member of Congress Party after marrying Asaf Ali and participated in public processions during the Salt Satyagraha. She was arrested on the charge that she was a vagrant and hence not released in 1931 under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact which stipulated release of all political prisoners. Other women co-prisoners refused to leave the premises unless she was also released and gave in only after Mohandas K. Gandhi intervened. A public agitation secured her release.

text: In 1932, she was held prisoner at the Tihar Jail where she protested the indifferent treatment of political prisoners by launching a hunger strike. Her efforts resulted in an improvement of conditions in the Tihar Jail but she was moved to Ambala and was subjected to solitary confinement. She was politically not very active after her release... but at the ending of 1942 she took part in underground movement. She was active in it.

text: Face of Quit India movement[edit]

text: On 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India resolution at the Bombay session. The government responded by arresting the major leaders and all members of the Congress Working Committee and thus tried to pre-empt the movement from success.Young Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the remainder of the session on 9 August and hoisted the Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan. This marked the commencement of the movement. The police fired upon the assembly at the session. Aruna was dubbed the Heroine of the 1942 movement for her bravery in the face of danger and was called Grand Old Lady of the Independence movement in her later years. Despite absence of direct leadership, spontaneous protests and demonstrations were held all over the country, as an expression of desire of India’s youth to achieve independence..

text: Countdown to Independence[edit]

text: An arrest warrant was issued in her name but she went underground to evade the arrest and started underground movement in year 1942 . Her property was seized and sold. In the meanwhile, she also edited Inquilab, a monthly magazine of the Congress Party, along with Ram Manohar Lohia. In a 1944 issue, she exhorted youth to action by asking them to forget futile discussions about violence and non-violence and join the revolution. Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as "the Political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx." The government announced a reward of 5,000 rupees for her capture. She fell ill and was for a period hiding in Dr Joshi's Hospital in Karol Bagh in Delhi. Mahatma Gandhi sent her a hand-written note to her to come out of hiding and surrender herself – as her mission was accomplished and as she could utilize the reward amount for the Harijan cause. However, she came out of hiding only after the warrant against her was withdrawn in 1946. She treasured the note from the Mahatma and it adorned her drawing room. However, she also faced criticism from Gandhi for her support of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, a movement she saw as the single greatest unifying factor of Hindus and Muslims at a time that was the peak of the movement for Pakistan.

text: Post-Independence[edit]

text: She was a member of the Congress Socialist Party, a caucus within the Congress Party for activists with socialist leanings. Disillusioned with the progress of the Congress Party on socialism she joined a new party, Socialist Party in 1948. She however left that party along with Edatata Narayanan and they visited Moscow along with Rajani Palme Dutt. Both of them joined the Communist Party of India in the early 1950s. On the personal front, she was bereaved when Asaf Ali died in 1953.

text: In 1954, she helped form the National Federation of Indian Women, the women's wing of CPI but left the party in 1956 following Nikita Khrushchev's disowning of Stalin. In 1958, she was elected the first Mayor of Delhi. She was closely associated with social activists and secularists of her era like Krishna Menon, Vimla Kapoor, Guru Radha Kishan, Premsagar Gupta, Rajani Palme joti, Sarla Sharma and Subhadra Joshi for social welfare and development in Delhi.

text: She and Narayanan started Link publishing house and published a daily newspaper, Patriot and a weekly, Link the same year. The publications became prestigious due to patronage of leaders such as Jawaharlal Nehru, Krishna Menon and Biju Patnaik. Later she moved out of the publishing house due to internal politics, stunned by greed taking over the creed of her comrades. In 1964, she rejoined the Congress Party but stopped taking part in active politics. Despite reservations about the emergency, she remained close to Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi.

text: She died in New Delhi on 29 July 1996, aged 87.[5]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Aruna Asaf Ali was awarded International Lenin Peace Prize for the year 1964 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1991.[6] She was awarded India’s second highest civilian honour, the Padma Vibhushan in her lifetime in 1992, and finally the highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, posthumously in 1997.[7] In 1998, a stamp commemorating her was issued. Aruna Asaf Ali marg in New Delhi was named in her honour. All India Minorities Front distributes the Dr Aruna Asaf Ali Sadbhawana Award annually.


document_title: Intervention (TV series)

question_text: when does the new season of intervention start 2017

text: Intervention (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The show follows one or two participants who are either substance dependent or have severe addiction. They are filmed over a period of time until an intervention conducted with an interventionist, in which they are often captured using drugs, alcohol, or the substance they are abusive of. Relatives, friends and closed ones are interviewed by the producers, with certain parts intercut with the footage of the show. The interventions are often practiced or prepared ahead of the time the addict(s) walks in. Once started, they are given an ultimatum: Either they undergo a 90-day, all-expenses-paid treatment plan at a rehabilitation facility, or risk losing contact, income or privileges from their relatives, friends and close ones.

text: As in real life, several addicts have walked out although almost all eventually accept treatment. As of 2012, only four addicts have completely refused: Alissa in Season 1, Marquel in Season 8, Adam in Season 9, and Larry in Season 11. A fifth person, Sean in Season 12, agreed to go but bailed during the drive. In addition, Betsy in Season 2 accepted treatment, as long as her boyfriend could go too. During a layover in Chicago, the two decided to go home and try to get sober on their own. However, Betsy did go to treatment after her family held their defenses. A number of addicts who initially agreed have left treatment early due to rule violations, behavioral problems or a desire to not attend. Some addicts who leave early go to prison or enter another facility to continue treatment; others never complete the rehab process, with the majority relapsing and continuing their former habits.

text: Occasionally, during an episode, the plight of another addict in the addict's circle becomes apparent, and the show often makes additional plans to help the other addict find treatment as well. These secondary interventions, like the primary ones, have a mixed record of success and failure. Additionally, the secondary addict sometimes promises to seek treatment to get the primary to have treatment, only to back out once the primary departs (example: Paul, stepfather of OxyContin addict Ryan from Season 3, tells Ryan that he intends to seek help for his drinking problem, but later backs out of going to rehab himself, though he does quit drinking independently).

text: In situations where the circle has become codependents, or are otherwise traumatized by the addict's behavior, the interventionist usually recommends that the entire seek counseling to enable them to move on. This has led to some successful family reunions (Coley, a serious meth addict, got clean while his family went through counseling, and his marriage to wife Francine was saved by the intervention) and complete dissolution of relationships (Leslie, a suburban housewife alcoholic, went through court-ordered rehab while her family received counseling at the Betty Ford Clinic; after both treatment programs ended, Leslie and her husband finalized their divorce). Some families will promise to attend counseling to convince the addict to accept treatment, only to bail afterwards (example: Bulimic alcoholic Amber from Season 9 agrees to go to rehab only if her entire family signs a contract to attend the Betty Ford Clinic's family counseling program; though everyone signs the contract in her presence, none of them followed through once she headed off to the treatment center).

text: Each episode ends with a series of black screens (white in season 13), upon which text discusse the addicts and their progress since the intervention (including a sobriety date, if known), followed by its website link that invites viewers to find out more information on addiction and recovery. The white screens are updated with new information each time the show is re-aired on A&E, and some video updates are made available on the show's website. Occasionally, an update documents an outreach to the addict from fans. The update for siblings Brooks and Ian's follow-up episode that re-aired in early 2008 indicated that Brooks had met and married a fan in 2007. At the end of the original episode featuring alcoholic banker and bar brawler Jacob, he stated that he was planning to enroll in college for the upcoming semester; the black screen update for his episode that re-aired in early 2008 indicated that a fan had contacted the producers after the show's airing and offered to pay for Jacob's college tuition.

text: Occasionally, the addict becomes suspicious that he/she is being set up for an intervention, having watched the show before, or recognizes one of the featured interventionists on sight upon being brought into the final meeting place.

text: In conjunction with interventions that involve addicts where sudden withdrawal is dangerous, a nurse accompanies them to the rehab center, providing medical assistance for the addict. Patients with addictions that could cause serious risk to their health upon cessation of the substance abuse usually spend time in a detox facility before entering rehab.

text: Deaths of participants[edit]

text: As of January 12, 2017, the following 23 addicts profiled on the show are deceased:[4]

text:
Person
Season
Original Addiction
Date of Death
Cause of Death
Notes

Laurie M.
2
Prescription drug
July 8, 2015
Unspecified
Arrested shortly before her death. [5]

Lauren B.
Heroin
May 24, 2016
Lung cancer
At time of death Lauren had been sober eight years, she was the mother to a young son and the CEO of a company dedicated to wellness and overcoming addiction. [6]

Dillon B.
3
Methamphetamine
November 2011
Suicide
During standoff with police

Brooke B.
4
Prescription drug
December 21, 2014
Meth overdose

John T.
Alcohol
Hallucinogen

January 7, 2013
Suicide

Lawrence R.
Alcohol
February 23, 2008
Esophageal bleeding
Bleeding resulted from cirrhosis

Charles W.
Alcohol
Heroin

March 10, 2014
Overdose
Substance unspecified

Ben L.
DXM
December 21, 2016
Unspecified

Mike F.
5
Obsessive–compulsive disorder
September 2011
Completed treatment; was on medication until unable to buy

Derek M.
Alcohol
December 30, 2016
Car accident

Chris B.
6
August 28, 2009
Suicide
Completed treatment; relapsed

Sandy S.
Alcohol
Prescription drug

June 2011
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Completed treatment in 2009; developed diabetes

John C.
Diabetes
September 30, 2014
Heart attack

Nik B.
Heroin
November 29, 2014
Surgical complications

Sebastian R.
7
April 2013
Heart attack/Stroke
Sober at death

Bret C.
Alcohol
June 19, 2009
Esophageal cancer
Successful treatment; 105 days sober

Jackie W.
8
Alcohol
January 10, 2013
Unspecified
Sober since September 6, 2009

Ryan B.
9
December 14, 2014
Cirrhosis

Austin P.
10
2011
Heroin overdose

Megan W.
Opiates
February 9, 2014
Completed treatment before death

Jeff J.
Alcohol
November 17, 2016
Kidney failure

Sean M.
12
January 2014
Liver failure

Brittany H.
15
Heroin
August 20, 2016
Overdose
Successfully completed treatment but relapsed immediately afterwards and died from an overdose. [7]

tag: table

text: Interventionists[edit]

text: The "cast" for each episode is primarily the addict and their family members, circle of friends and others. The only regular cast member in each episode is the interventionist, whose job it is to conduct the intervention. The show originally featured three regular specialists:

text:
Ken Seeley: A methamphetamine addict who founded Intervention-911, a service specializing not just in interventions but also in finding appropriate treatment centers for each kind of addict.
Jeff VanVonderen: A former pastor and alcoholic who became a full-time interventionist to help families through their moral and social issues involved with addiction.
Candy Finnigan: Adoptee, mother and alcoholic who became an interventionist to help families work through their issues and problems; she specializes in counseling female addicts, especially addicted mothers.

tag: ul

text: Later additions to the cast:

text:
John Southworth: Founder of Southworth Associates, LLC, an Idaho-based intervention/counseling service. He was the interventionist for Jason, a heroin addict, in episode 123, and became a regular interventionist in Season 10.[8]
Rod Espudo: An interventionist of over 20 years, he also joined the cast in Season 10.[8]
Donna Chavous: A former addict who became an interventionist and sober coach; joined the cast in Season 11.
Seth Jaffe: A former heroin addict; was a sober coach on the spinoff series Relapse (also on A&E) and joined the cast in Season 12.
Sylvia Parsons: An alcoholic who was the subject of a Season 2 episode. She became a certified interventionist after achieving sobriety, and joined the cast in Season 14.

text: Occasionally, other therapists have made appearances to offset the workload among the regulars:

text:
Tara Fields, PhD, M.F.T.: Also a licensed marriage and family therapist. In Season 1 she was the interventionist for Vanessa (episode 1), Christine (episode 9) and in Season 2 for Howard (episode 16), Heidi (episode 18) and Gina (episode 25).
Jenn Berman, PsyD: A Beverly Hills-based psychotherapist who made a single appearance in Episode 22. She was the interventionist for Annie, who had an eating disorder.
Lee FitzGerald: A staff member at Promises Treatment Centers. She was the interventionist for John in episode 122.

text: Jeff VanVonderen took an extended leave of absence in Season 5 after admitting during the special episode "Intervention: After-Treatment Special" that he relapsed with alcohol. He returned in Season 6 and has remained with the series since then.

text: Ken Seeley left the series after completing the intervention for Linda in Season 8 to focus on his personal intervention service, Intervention-911. He returned to conduct the intervention for Al, a crystal meth/painkiller/marijuana addict, in Season 13, and returned to the series in Season 14.

text: Celebrity subjects[edit]

text: Most episodes feature "everyday" people struggling with their addictions, but entertainment professionals have also been featured.

text: Season 1

text:
Vanessa Marquez, a supporting actress on the first three seasons of ER, appeared in episode 2 due to a compulsive shopping disorder.
Travis Meeks, lead singer of the Alternative rock band Days of the New, appeared in episode 6, focusing on his methamphetamine addiction.

text: Season 2

text:
Antwahn Nance, a 6'10" former NBA power forward for the LA Clippers, was featured in episode 4, as he ended up homeless due to his crack cocaine addiction.
Chuckie Negron, the son of Three Dog Night vocalist Chuck Negron, was featured in episode 6, as he battled heroin addiction.

text: Season 4

text: Tressa Thompson, a women's shot put champion, was featured in episode 7, as her Olympic dreams were crushed by her methamphetamine drug abuse.

text: Season 5

text: Chad Gerlach,[9] a member of the Postal Service Pro Cycling Team featured in episode 1, ended up living on the streets and smoking crack cocaine after his dismissal from the team.

text: Season 7

text:
Aaron Brink, aka Dick Delaware, a porn star and once moderately successful mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter, featured in episode 8, lost both careers due to his methamphetamine addiction.
Rocky Lockridge, a two-time Super Featherweight boxing champion, was featured in episode 113, due to his homelessness and drug addiction.
Robby Pardlo, formerly of City High, was featured in episode 9, battling his alcoholism.

text: Season 8

text: Linda Li, an actress who played a Taresian woman in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Favorite Son" as well as appearing as an extra in over 200 TV shows and movies, was featured in episode 1, battles an addiction to Actiq (transmucosal Fentanyl lozenge on a stick, a.k.a. "perc-a-pop").

text: Season 9

text: Lorna Dune, a Soul Train dancer who worked her way up to an A&R position at A&M Records, was shown in Season 9 battling a crack cocaine addiction.

text: Season 15

text: David Sax Jr., the son of former Major League Baseball player Dave Sax and nephew of former Major League Baseball player Steve Sax, was shown battling an addiction to methamphetamine and alcohol.

text: Addictions[edit]

text: Addictions covered by the show have included:

text:
Alcoholism
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Compulsive buying disorder
Compulsive exercise
Drug addiction, both legal (over-the-counter medication, prescription drugs) and illegal (heroin, meth, crack, cocaine)
Food addiction
Inhalant addiction
Gambling addiction
Plastic surgery addiction
Rage addiction
Self-harm
Sexual addiction
Video game addiction
Comorbid health problems that can exacerbate an addiction, such as diabetes
psychological issues that can exacerbate an addiction, such as bipolar disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Specials
First aired
Last aired

1
14
1
March 6, 2005
August 21, 2005

2
21
—
October 30, 2005
December 17, 2006

3
15
—
March 16, 2007
September 7, 2007

4
10
—
December 3, 2007
March 17, 2008

5
17
4
June 23, 2008
November 30, 2008

6
14
1
December 15, 2008
March 23, 2009

7
17
3
May 25, 2009
October 19, 2009

8
18
1
November 23, 2009
May 10, 2010

9
9
—
June 28, 2010
August 22, 2010

10
13
—
December 13, 2010
March 21, 2011

11
12
—
June 20, 2011
September 12, 2011

12
13
—
January 2, 2012
April 2, 2012

13
21
—
August 13, 2012
February 4, 2013

14
12
—
June 13, 2013
December 30, 2014

15
29
—
January 6, 2015
August 30, 2015

16
30
—
March 6, 2016
January 3, 2017

17
4
—
July 31, 2017
August 21, 2017

text: Awards[edit]

text: 2009 Emmy award for Outstanding Reality Program

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Matthew Gilbert (The Boston Globe), a critic of the show, argues that the program is exploitative and showcases individuals as they self-destruct. He also argues that the confrontation within the intervention is milked to show only the most dramatic moments and that the final results of the intervention and subsequent rehabilitation is glossed-over.[10]

text: Melanie McFarland, another television critic, also laments that the show does little to educate on successful intervention and instead deceives the subjects of each episode in order to film them at their lowest point.

text: Spinoffs[edit]

text: During the spring of 2011, A&E aired the series Relapse, which ran for five episodes. Each episode focused on sober coaches' work with long-time addicts who have been unable to get clean despite repeated attempts at treatment. Seth Jaffe, one of the coaches, later became an interventionist on the main series.

text: On September 9, 2011, Intervention Canada debuted on Slice Network.

text: On December 28, 2012, Teen Trouble debuted on Lifetime which is executive produced by Bryn Freedman, a former Intervention producer.[11]

text: On March 8, 2016, Intervention: Codependent premiered on LMN.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: As of 2012[update], Funny or Die has featured two parodies of Intervention. One of the first Intervention parodies to appear anywhere, Kristin Chenoweth's short "Intervention with Kristin Chenoweth",[12] was released August 27, 2008. The video features Chenoweth giving a gay crystal meth addict a cheerful Broadway-style singing intervention. More recently, in April 2011, another Intervention satire debuted on the site, this one entitled "Intervention Intervention",[13] featuring Fred Armisen playing a man addicted to the television show Intervention.

text: Toronto-based television station CFTO-TV created a series of spoofs in early 2009 starring local weather personality Dave Devall. Devall would act as an "assistant" to families needing "winterventions" for family members ill-dressed for Canadian winters as part of advertising for that station's news shows. These commercials aired almost a year before the first A&E-produced episodes of Intervention that were shot in Canada and featured Canadian addicts debuted on Canadian Television.

text: On April 16, 2010, a video entitled "Best Cry Ever" was posted on the popular video-sharing site YouTube, featuring a clip from Season 7 episode "Rocky", which told the story of former professional boxer Rocky Lockridge, who lost everything, including contact with his sons, to drugs. The clip centers around a dramatic scene in which Rocky is seen crying amongst his relatives. As of January 2013[update], the original video has attained over 48 million views and has become an Internet phenomenon. A Saturday Night Live sketch featured an Intervention parody with guest host Jon Hamm crying in a similar fashion. The season 3 premiere episode of The Cleveland Show also parodies "Best Cry Ever", when Cleveland breaks down after his old friend Peter confesses that he still cares for him; this gets the attention of Cleveland's friends and the Evil Monkey.

text: The April 28, 2010 episode of the TV series South Park parodied the show by doing an Intervention-style documentary on character Towelie in the episode "Crippled Summer". The episode includes on-screen text blocks to provide subtext or details, and culminates in a scene where the boys confront Towelie about his drug addiction. The counselor insists, as the real-life interventionists often do, that all parties be allowed to "say whatever they need to say" to one another during the course of the actual intervention, which leads to Cartman endlessly harassing Kyle with insults and racial/ethnic/religious slurs.

text: A season 3 episode of the HBO television show True Blood contains a segment with Hoyt's mother attempting to intervene in Hoyt's relationship with newborn vampire Jessica. Hoyt's mother turns up at his workplace with Summer in tow (whom she believes Hoyt should be dating instead of a newborn vamp), along with the local school's guidance counselor. Hoyt says he has work to do and doesn't have time to talk, but the guidance counselor, acting as the "interventionist", stops Hoyt from leaving, parodying Jeff VanVonderen's traditional intervention opening lines ("I'm here for these folks who really love you like crazy, and want you to hear them out, and then you can say what you want to say"). The characters then read their letters out loud, all of which open with "Dear Hoyt" (similar to letters the families normally write to their loved ones as part of the interventions depicted in Intervention).

text: In the 30 Rock episode "Queen of Jordan", which subtly parodies several reality TV shows, Jenna tries to get more screen time for herself on Angie's reality show by convincing Pete to stage an intervention for her alcoholism, even though she is not an alcoholic. Pete tries to teach her a lesson by arranging for her to be taken to rehab; knowing she won't be featured on camera if she is away from the show, Jenna knocks her designated escort unconscious and escapes back to Angie's party.

text: In a skit from an episode of Tosh.0 that first aired October 18, 2011, host Daniel Tosh turns his normal "Web Redemption" segment (where a person or group who appeared in a notorious or embarrassing online video are given a chance to explain themselves via interview/event recreation) into an "intervention" for a Wisconsin man named Tim, whose videotaped trip on shrooms turned into a YouTube sensation. Tosh reveals the redemption segment is really an "intervention" about 2/3 of the way through when he lures Tim into leaving the room with him on the pretense of going to see "a Lady Antebellum laser light show"; when they open the door to leave the interview room, Tim discovers they are in a small hotel conference room, in which Tim's "family and friends" are gathered all around. Tosh uses Jeff VanVonderen's trademark intro ("These people love you like crazy...") and introduces Tim's mom and dad, some other people "who are probably early for the next intervention", and a clown who's "addicted to smiles" that Tosh invited because "these things are always so depressing." Tim's father starts off the family portion of the intervention by reading his own letter; it begins with "we're here because we wanted a free trip to L.A." The interventionist quickly determines that Tim hasn't yet hit rock bottom and rescinds the offer of rehab until he does. Tosh and Tim are shown next attending a drug party, where they re-enact many of the crazy things Tim said and did in his notorious YouTube video, and a black screen with white text reveals that two minutes have passed since they began their drug party. As Tosh decides that Tim has now hit rock bottom (since they find the dead body of the clown from the intervention beside their hotel bed), they head off together to the rehab center. But when "Amy Winehouse" answers the door at the "rehab center", the pair realize they must have overdosed (a subtle satire on one of Ken Seeley's assertions during Pre-Intervention talks, when he stresses that some addicts don't hit rock bottom until they're dead). As they enter Heaven, the screen fades to white, where black text (instead of the usual fade-to-black with white text summarizing the addict's time in treatment) says simply that "Six months later, they are still happily dead."[14]

text: In Millionaires 2012 single "Drinks On Me", the show is referenced in the line "This ain't no A&E, you won't see me on Intervention."

text: In 2013, in response to malicious comments about her made on Twitter by Amanda Bynes, singer Rihanna tweeted "Ya see what happens when they cancel Intervention?".

text: On his 2013 song, "The Monster", featuring singer Rihanna, from The Marshall Mathers LP 2, Eminem raps, "I think you've been wandering off down yonder, and stumbled onto Jeff VanVonderen/Cause I need an interventionist, to intervene between me and this monster."[15] VanVonderen was one of the show's main interventionists.

text: Internet comedian Stevie Ryan parodied the Intervention show on her VH-1 show Stevie TV. In the episode she portrayed a young girl addicted to twerking.


document_title: The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)

question_text: where was the movie birth of a nation filmed

text: The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018)

text: Set against the antebellum South, The Birth of a Nation follows Nat Turner (Nate Parker), a literate slave preacher, whose financially strained owner, Samuel Turner (Armie Hammer), accepts an offer to use Nat's preaching to suppress the supposed unruly slaves of multiple southern plantations for profit. As he witnesses countless atrocities by white slave-owning southerners—against himself and his fellow slaves—Nat gathers trusted followers believing that God has selected him as his chosen instrument of freedom and orchestrates an uprising in the hopes of leading his people to freedom.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nate Parker as Nat Turner[7]
Armie Hammer as Samuel Turner[7]
Mark Boone Junior as Rev. Walthall[7]
Colman Domingo as Hark Turner[7]
Aunjanue Ellis as Nancy Turner[7]
Dwight Henry as Isaac Turner[7]
Aja Naomi King as Cherry Turner[7]
Esther Scott as Bridget Turner[7]
Roger Guenveur Smith as Isaiah[7]
Gabrielle Union as Esther[7]
Penelope Ann Miller as Elizabeth Turner[7]
Jackie Earle Haley as Raymond Cobb[7]
Tony Espinosa as young Nat Turner[7]
Jayson Warner Smith as Hank Fowler[7]
Jason Stuart as Joseph Randall[7]
Steve Coulter as General Childs[7]

text: Title[edit]

text: The 2016 film uses the same title as "D. W. Griffith's 1915 KKK propaganda film in a very purposeful way", said The Hollywood Reporter.[8] Parker has said his film had the same title "ironically, but very much by design".[9] He told the magazine Filmmaker:

text: Griffith's film relied heavily on racist propaganda to evoke fear and desperation as a tool to solidify white supremacy as the lifeblood of American sustenance. Not only did this film motivate the massive resurgence of the terror group the Ku Klux Klan and the carnage exacted against people of African descent, it served as the foundation of the film industry we know today. I've reclaimed this title and re-purposed it as a tool to challenge racism and white supremacy in America, to inspire a riotous disposition toward any and all injustice in this country (and abroad) and to promote the kind of honest confrontation that will galvanize our society toward healing and sustained systemic change.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text:
I kind of sold this project to investors and cast on legacy. I honestly think this is a film that could start a conversation that can promote healing and systemic change in our country. There's so many things that are happening right now in 2015—100 years after the original Birth of a Nation film, here we are. I'd say that is what I hope sets my film apart, is that it's relevant now—that people will talk about this film with the specific intention of change.

Nate Parker, 2015[11]

tag: div

text: The Birth of a Nation is written, produced, and directed by Nate Parker, who also stars as Nat Turner. Parker wrote the screenplay, which was based on a story he co-wrote with Jean McGianni Celestin.[7] Parker learned about Turner from an African-American studies course at the University of Oklahoma. He began writing the screenplay for a Nat Turner film in 2009 and had a fellowship at a lab under the Sundance Institute. While he got writing feedback from filmmakers like James Mangold, he was told that a Nat Turner film could not be produced. The Hollywood Reporter said:

text: But what he heard instead were all the reasons a movie about Nat Turner wouldn't work: Movies with black leads don't play internationally; a period film with big fight scenes would be too expensive; it was too violent; it wouldn't work without a big box-office star leading it; Turner was too controversial—after all, he was responsible for the deaths of dozens of well-off white landowners.[8]

text: After Parker finished his acting role in Beyond the Lights in late 2013, he told his agents he would not continue acting until he had played Nat Turner in a film. He invested $100,000 of his money to hire a production designer and to pay for location scouting in Savannah, Georgia. He met with multiple financiers, and the first to invest in the film were retired basketball player Michael Finley (who had previously invested in the film The Butler) and active basketball player Tony Parker (no relation). Parker eventually brought together 11 groups of investors to finance 60% of the production budget, and producer Aaron L. Gilbert of Bron Studios joined to cover the remaining financing.[8]

text: In November 2014, development was underway, and Armie Hammer joined the cast.[12] By April 2015, Aja Naomi King and Gabrielle Union joined the cast.[13] In subsequent months, Penelope Ann Miller, Jackie Earle Haley, and Mark Boone Junior also joined.[14] Filming took place in Georgia in May 2015 and lasted 27 days.[8] Parker used the a cappella choir from Wiley College on the soundtrack. Parker had previously been part of a cast that portrayed historical figures from Wiley, in The Great Debaters.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Birth of a Nation premiered in competition at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2016.[8] Before it screened, the audience gave a standing ovation to the introduction of Nate Parker.[16] After it premiered, Variety said it "received the most enthusiastic standing ovation at this year's Sundance Film Festival so far".[17] Following The Birth of a Nation's Sundance premiere, Fox Searchlight Pictures bought worldwide rights to the film in a $17.5 million deal. Competing deals also came from The Weinstein Company, Sony Pictures Entertainment, and Netflix. Variety said Fox Searchlight's deal was "the richest in Sundance history".[18]

text: A teaser trailer for the film was released in April 2016,[19] followed by an official trailer on June 21, 2016.[20] On July 6, the UK release date of January 20, 2017, was announced.[21] It was actually released in the UK on December 9, 2016. A film poster with Parker in a noose made from an American flag was released on July 15.[22]

text: 20th Century Fox canceled the planned 2017 release of the film in Japan, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Austria and Latin America following the disappointing results at the U.S. box office, which damaged the overall distribution budget for the film.[23]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In August 2016, media attention surrounding the film resurfaced 1999 alleged rape charges against Nate Parker and co-writer Jean McGianni Celestin. While students at Pennsylvania State University, Parker and Celestin were accused of raping a female student.[24] The woman went to a doctor, who concluded that she had been sexually assaulted, and local authorities taped a phone conversation between her and Parker in which Parker confirmed that it was he and Celestin who had sex with her.[25] Parker and Celestin denied the accusations and said that the sexual encounter was consensual. Parker was acquitted of all charges in 2001; Celestin was convicted of sexual assault, but the conviction was overturned on appeal in 2005.[26] A subsequent retrial did not take place.[27]

text: In a formal complaint filed against Penn State in 2002, the woman also stated that she was harassed by Parker and Celestin following her allegation; the harassment allegedly "included Parker and Celestin hiring a private investigator to publicly expose her as the accuser, and continued bullying by Parker and his friends outside buildings where she had class".[25][28] The university settled the complaint with the woman for $17,500.[29] The woman committed suicide in 2012, with her death certificate noting that she suffered from "major depressive disorder with psychotic features, PTSD due to physical and sexual abuse, polysubstance abuse".[24] The studio was reportedly taking a wait and see approach before marketing to church groups, college campuses, and Hollywood figures.[30]

text: Because The Birth of a Nation attracted increased scrutiny due to possible Oscar nominations, and the film itself depicts a fictional, brutal rape that does not appear in historical records,[31] there was significant press coverage[3][4] about damage control by Fox Searchlight Pictures, the studio releasing the film.[32] Interviews in Variety[33] and Deadline[34] were a focus, as was Parker's response to the event in an impassioned Facebook post.[35]

text: Writing in Variety, the sister of Parker's alleged victim stated:

text: As her sister, the thing that pains me most of all is that in retelling the story of the Nat Turner slave revolt, they invented a rape scene. The rape of Turner's wife is used as a reason to justify Turner's rebellion. This is fiction. I find it creepy and perverse that Parker and Celestin would put a fictional rape at the center of their film, and that Parker would portray himself as a hero avenging that rape. Given what happened to my sister, and how no one was held accountable for it, I find this invention self-serving and sinister, and I take it as a cruel insult to my sister's memory.[36]

text: Gabrielle Union, a rape survivor and one of the main stars of The Birth of a Nation, wrote in the Los Angeles Times:

text: As important and ground-breaking as this film is, I cannot take these allegations lightly. On that night, 17-odd years ago, did Nate have his date's consent? It's very possible he thought he did. Yet by his own admission he did not have verbal affirmation; and even if she never said "no", silence certainly does not equal "yes". Although it's often difficult to read and understand body language, the fact that some individuals interpret the absence of a "no" as a "yes" is problematic at least, criminal at worst.[37]

text: After having suffered significant negative publicity for his response to the past rape allegation, Parker chose to deflect the questions about his past legal problems while doing press for The Birth of a Nation at the Toronto International Film Festival.[38] Shortly thereafter, Parker and his handlers chose to cut press interviews short when similar questions came up about his involvement with the alleged rape and its impact on the marketing of the film.[39]

text: In an open letter, former members of the Penn State student body and staff who were present during Celestin and Parker's trial defended both men's innocence of the 1999 accusations. The group made allegations of police intimidation and a hostile racial climate on campus at the time; both Parker and Celestin are black while their accuser was a white female. The group wrote in The Root:

text: Misinformation suggests that a spiral into depression was triggered by the alleged incident in 1999. However, court records and testimony by medical professionals revealed a history of chronic depression that dated back to childhood and the use of antidepressant medication that preceded this event.[40]

text: Several celebrities have come out in support of Parker, including Harry Belafonte,[41] Hal Holbrook,[42] Harvey Weinstein (who was later embroiled in a sexual assault scandal),[43] Al Sharpton,[44] Anthony Anderson,[45] and Sheryl Underwood.[46]

text: Holbrook wrote a letter to The New York Times defending Parker and the film.[42] In his letter, Holbrook stated:

text: I am finding it hard to accept the apparent rebuff at the box office of "The Birth of a Nation," particularly after seeing the film last weekend. It is an exceptional piece of artistry and a vital portrait of our American experience in trying to live up to ideals we say we have. No one should miss it — no one who respects our country and its long struggle to define itself. I am sorry about the conflict with Nate Parker's past, but let's try for some honesty here. If you want to make a list of the directors and actors who have rather public indiscretions, and who have in some cases been acquitted of them, start counting. What troubles me is this: Are we being particular here with this extraordinary film because it’s about the racist curse we are struggling to erase from our country and its director is black? The curse is there. Go look at it. Do we have the courage to do that? It's a fine work.[42]

text: There has been speculation that the film suffered from vote brigading on IMDb, possibly as a result of the controversy surrounding the alleged rape.[47] As of 11 April 2017[update] it holds an IMDb rating of 6.2/10.[48]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, The Birth of a Nation was projected to gross around $10 million in its opening weekend. It went on to open to $7.1 million, finishing 6th at the box office. African-Americans made up 60% of the first weekend audience.[49] In its second weekend the film dropped 61.2%, grossing just $2.7 million and finishing 10th at the box office.[50]

text: Despite making back nearly twice its budget, the film was considered a financial disappointment.[51][52] In assessing the mediocre[53][54] opening weekend of The Birth of a Nation, The Washington Post reported, "While some moviegoers may have been put off by the controversy, middling reviews for the movie itself probably didn’t help. Meanwhile, historic dramas can be a hard sell: It's possible a lot of multiplex visitors just plain weren't interested."[54] Adding to the film's problems, "Several prominent feminists decried Parker's defiant response to the [rape] scandal and pledged to boycott the film, which drew a protest vigil at Hollywood's ArcLight Cinemas."[54][55]

text: Gabrielle Union, one of the main stars of the film, told Essence that she understood why some film-goers were avoiding the film and stated that she, as a rape survivor, could not sell it to anyone who chose to avoid the film due to the controversy.[56] She said, "As a rape survivor and as an advocate, I cannot shy away from this responsibility because the conversation got difficult. I don’t want to put myself above anyone's pain or triggers. Every victim or survivor, I believe you. I support you. I support you if you don't want to see the film. I absolutely understand and respect that. I can't sell the film."[57]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 72% based on 234 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Birth of a Nation overpowers its narrative flaws and uneven execution through sheer conviction, rising on Nate Parker's assured direction and the strength of its vital message."[58] Metacritic gave the film a normalized score of 69 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[59] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[60]

text: Justin Chang at Variety compared The Birth of a Nation to 12 Years a Slave, saying: "Parker's more conventionally told but still searingly impressive debut feature pushes the conversation further still: A biographical drama steeped equally in grace and horror, it builds to a brutal finale that will stir deep emotion and inevitable unease." He concluded, "The Birth of a Nation exists to provoke a serious debate about the necessity and limitations of empathy, the morality of retaliatory violence, and the ongoing black struggle for justice and equality in this country. It earns that debate and then some."[7]

text: The Hollywood Reporter's Todd McCarthy said, "The film vividly captures an assortment of slavery’s brutalities while also underlining the religious underpinnings of Turner's justifications for his assaults on slaveholders." He added, "The film offers up more than enough in terms of intelligence, insight, historical research and religious nuance as to not at all be considered a missed opportunity; far more of the essentials made it into the film than not, its makers' dedication and minute attention are constantly felt and the subject matter is still rare enough onscreen as to be welcome and needed, as it will be the next time and the time after that."[61]

text: Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune was critical of Parker's direction, saying, "one of the drawbacks, ironically, is Parker's own performance. Even the rape victims of the screenplay have a hard time getting their fair share of the screen time; everything in the story, by design, keeps the focus and the anguished close-ups strictly on Parker. He's a good actor, but not much of a director; the visual style and approach of The Birth of a Nation tries a little of everything, and often too much of everything."[62]

text: In its October 10 issue, The New Yorker ran two reviews, "The Cinematic Merits and Flaws of Nate Parker's The Birth of a Nation", by Richard Brody,[63] and "The Birth of a Nation Isn't Worth Defending", by Vinson Cunningham.[64]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

African-American Film Critics Association
February 8, 2017
Top 10 Films
The Birth of a Nation
6th Place
[65]

Austin Film Critics Association
December 28, 2016
Best First Film
The Birth of a Nation
Nominated
[66][67]

BET Awards
June 25, 2017
Best Movie
The Birth of a Nation
Nominated
[68]

Best Actress
Gabrielle Union
Nominated

Black Reel Awards
February 16, 2017
Outstanding Actor
Nate Parker
Nominated
[69]

Outstanding Director
Nate Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Screenplay, Adapted or Original
Nate Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Ensemble
The cast of The Birth of a Nation
Nominated

Outstanding Breakthrough Performance, Female
Aja Naomi King
Nominated

Outstanding Original Score
Henry Jackman
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Directing – First-Time Feature Film
Nate Parker
Nominated
[70]

NAACP Image Awards
February 11, 2017
Outstanding Motion Picture
The Birth of a Nation
Nominated
[71]

Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Nate Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Aja Naomi King
Nominated

Outstanding Independent Picture
The Birth of a Nation
Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture
Nate Parker
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture
Nate Parker
Nominated

Satellite Awards
February 19, 2017
Best Film Editing
Steven Rosenblum
Nominated
[72]

Sundance Film Festival
January 29, 2016
Audience Award: U.S. Dramatic
Nate Parker
Won
[73][74]

U.S. Grand Jury Prize: Dramatic
Won


document_title: Atomic number

question_text: who discovered that all atoms of an element have the same number of protons

text: Atomic number

text: History[edit]

text: The periodic table and a natural number for each element[edit]

text: Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order.

text: Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables in order of atomic weight ("Atomgewicht").[1] However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9).[1][2] This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time.

text: A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and uncertainty in the periodic numbering of elements at least from lutetium (element 71) onwards (hafnium was not known at this time).

text: The Rutherford-Bohr model and van den Broek[edit]

text: In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central core held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electron's charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atom's atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximately half the atomic weight (though it was almost 25% different from the atomic number of gold (Z = 79, A = 197), the single element from which Rutherford made his guess). Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 (but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table (also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z). This proved eventually to be the case.

text: Moseley's 1913 experiment[edit]

text: The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.[3] Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of Z.

text: To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (Z = 13) to gold (Z = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.[4] The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression. This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e. the element number Z. Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time.

text: Missing elements[edit]

text: After Moseley's death in 1915, the atomic numbers of all known elements from hydrogen to uranium (Z = 92) were examined by his method. There were seven elements (with Z < 92) which were not found and therefore identified as still undiscovered, corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 72, 75, 85, 87 and 91.[5] From 1918 to 1947, all seven of these missing elements were discovered.[6] By this time the first four transuranium elements had also been discovered, so that the periodic table was complete with no gaps as far as curium (Z = 96).

text: The proton and the idea of nuclear electrons[edit]

text: In 1915 the reason for nuclear charge being quantized in units of Z, which were now recognized to be the same as the element number, was not understood. An old idea called Prout's hypothesis had postulated that the elements were all made of residues (or "protyles") of the lightest element hydrogen, which in the Bohr-Rutherford model had a single electron and a nuclear charge of one. However, as early as 1907 Rutherford and Thomas Royds had shown that alpha particles, which had a charge of +2, were the nuclei of helium atoms, which had a mass four times that of hydrogen, not two times. If Prout's hypothesis were true, something had to be neutralizing some of the charge of the hydrogen nuclei present in the nuclei of heavier atoms.

text: In 1917 Rutherford succeeded in generating hydrogen nuclei from a nuclear reaction between alpha particles and nitrogen gas,[7] and believed he had proven Prout's law. He called the new heavy nuclear particles protons in 1920 (alternate names being proutons and protyles). It had been immediately apparent from the work of Moseley that the nuclei of heavy atoms have more than twice as much mass as would be expected from their being made of hydrogen nuclei, and thus there was required a hypothesis for the neutralization of the extra protons presumed present in all heavy nuclei. A helium nucleus was presumed to be composed of four protons plus two "nuclear electrons" (electrons bound inside the nucleus) to cancel two of the charges. At the other end of the periodic table, a nucleus of gold with a mass 197 times that of hydrogen, was thought to contain 118 nuclear electrons in the nucleus to give it a residual charge of + 79, consistent with its atomic number.

text: The discovery of the neutron makes Z the proton number[edit]

text: All consideration of nuclear electrons ended with James Chadwick's discovery of the neutron in 1932. An atom of gold now was seen as containing 118 neutrons rather than 118 nuclear electrons, and its positive charge now was realized to come entirely from a content of 79 protons. After 1932, therefore, an element's atomic number Z was also realized to be identical to the proton number of its nuclei.

text: The symbol of Z[edit]

text: The conventional symbol Z possibly comes from the German word Atomzahl (atomic number).[8] However, prior to 1915, the word Zahl (simply number) was used for an element's assigned number in the periodic table.

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text: Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z (the atomic number). The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. Hence, it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.

text: New elements[edit]

text: The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic numbers. As of 2010, all elements with atomic numbers 1 to 118 have been observed. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created. In general, the half-life becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though an "island of stability" may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons.


document_title: Great Smoky Mountains

question_text: where does the smoky mountains start and end

question_tokens: where does the smoky mountains start and end

text: Great Smoky Mountains

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Great Smoky Mountains stretch from the Pigeon River in the northeast to the Little Tennessee River to the southwest. The northwestern half of the range gives way to a series of elongate ridges known as the "Foothills," the outermost of which include Chilhowee Mountain and English Mountain. The range is roughly bounded on the south by the Tuckasegee River and to the southeast by Soco Creek and Jonathan Creek. The Great Smokies comprise parts of Blount County, Sevier County, and Cocke County in Tennessee and Swain County and Haywood County in North Carolina.

text: The sources of several rivers are located in the Smokies, including the Little Pigeon River, the Oconaluftee River, and Little River. Streams in the Smokies are part of the Tennessee River watershed and are thus entirely west of the Eastern Continental Divide. The largest stream wholly within the park is Abrams Creek, which rises in Cades Cove and empties into the Chilhowee Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River near Chilhowee Dam.

text: Other major streams include Hazel Creek and Eagle Creek in the southwest, Raven Fork near Oconaluftee, Cosby Creek near Cosby, and Roaring Fork near Gatlinburg. The Little Tennessee River passes through five impoundments along the range's southwestern boundary, namely Tellico Lake, Chilhowee Lake, Calderwood Lake, Cheoah Lake, and Fontana Lake.

text: Notable peaks[edit]

text: The highest point in the Smokies is Clingmans Dome, which rises to an elevation of 6,643 feet (2,025 m). The mountain is the highest in Tennessee and the third highest in the Appalachian range. Clingmans Dome also has the range's highest topographical prominence at 4,503 feet (1,373 m). Mount Le Conte is the tallest (i.e., from immediate base to summit) mountain in the range, rising 5,301 feet (1,616 m) from its base in Gatlinburg to its 6,593-foot (2,010 m) summit.

text:
Mountain
Elevation
Prominence
General location
Named after

Clingmans Dome
6,643 ft/2,025 m
4,503 ft/1,373 m
Central Smokies
Thomas Lanier Clingman (1812–1897), surveyor

Mount Guyot
6,621 ft/ 2,018m
1,581 ft/482 m
Eastern Smokies
Arnold Guyot (1807–1884), surveyor

Mount Le Conte
6,593 ft/2,010 m
1,360 ft/415 m
Central Smokies
Joseph Le Conte or John Le Conte, scientists

Mount Chapman
6,431 ft/1,960 m
577 ft/176 m
Eastern Smokies
David Chapman (1876–1944), park promoter

Old Black
6,360 ft/1,939 m
170 ft/52 m
Eastern Smokies
Spruce-fir stand at summit

Luftee Knob
6,215 ft/1,894 m
314 ft/96 m
Eastern Smokies
Oconaluftee River

Mount Kephart
6,218 ft/1,895 m
657 ft/200 m
Central Smokies
Horace Kephart (1862–1931), author

Mount Collins
6,197 ft/1,888 m
465 ft/142 m
Central Smokies
Robert Collins, mountain guide

Marks Knob
6,162 ft/1,878 m
appx. 249 ft/76 m
Eastern Smokies

Tricorner Knob
6,145 ft/1,873 m
160 ft/48 m
Eastern Smokies
Intersection of Balsam crest and Great Smokies crest

Mount Hardison
6,145 ft/1,873 m
134 ft/41 m
Eastern Smokies
James Archibald Hardison (1867–1930)

Andrews Bald
5,909 ft/1,801 m
160 ft/48 m
Central Smokies
possibly Andres Thompson, early settler

Mount Sterling
5,842 ft/1,781 m
663 ft/202 m
Eastern Smokies
possibly lead at mountain's base mistaken for silver

Silers Bald
5,597 ft/1,706 m
337 ft/102 m
Western Smokies
Jesse Siler, who used the mountain for grazing

Thunderhead Mountain
5,528 ft/1,684 m
1087 ft/332 m
Western Smokies
constant cloud cover

Gregory Bald
4,949 ft/1,508 m
1,107 ft/337 m
Western Smokies
Russell Gregory (1805–1863), Cades Cove resident

Mount Cammerer
4,928 ft/1,502 m
8 ft/2 m
Eastern Smokies
Arno B. Cammerer (1883–1941), NPS director

Chimney Tops
4,725 ft/1,440m
appx. 200 ft/61 m
Central Smokies
resemblance to cabin chimneys

Blanket Mountain
4,607 ft/1,404 m
appx. 500 ft/152 m
Western Smokies
blanket left atop mountain by surveyor Return Meigs for a reference point

Shuckstack
4,020 ft/1,225 m
300 ft/91 m
Western Smokies

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Smokies rise prominently above the surrounding low terrain. For example, Mount Le Conte (6,593 feet or 2,010 m) rises more than a mile (1.6 km) above its base. Because of their prominence, the Smokies receive heavy annual amounts of precipitation. Annual precipitation amounts range from 50 to 80 inches (130–200 cm),[7] and snowfall in the winter can be heavy, especially on the higher slopes. For comparison, the surrounding terrain has annual precipitation of around 40 to 50 inches (100–130 cm).

text: Flooding often occurs after heavy rain. In 2004, the remnants of Hurricane Frances caused major flooding, landslides, and high winds, which was soon followed by Hurricane Ivan, making the situation worse. Other post-hurricanes, including Hurricane Hugo in 1989, have caused similar damage in the Smokies.

text: Geology[edit]

text: Most of the rocks in the Great Smoky Mountains consist of Late Precambrian rocks that are part of a formation known as the Ocoee Supergroup. The Ocoee Supergroup consists primarily of slightly metamorphosed sandstones, phyllites, schists, and slate. Early Precambrian rocks, which include the oldest rocks in the Smokies, comprise the dominant rock type in the Raven Fork Valley (near Oconaluftee) and lower Tuckasegee River between Cherokee and Bryson City. They consist primarily of metamorphic gneiss, granite, and schist. Cambrian sedimentary rocks are found among the outer reaches of the Foothills to the northwest and in limestone coves such as Cades Cove.[8]

text: The Precambrian gneiss and schists—the oldest rocks in the Smokies—formed over a billion years ago from the accumulation of marine sediments and igneous rock in a primordial ocean. In the Late Precambrian period, this ocean expanded, and the more recent Ocoee Supergroup rocks formed from accumulations of the eroding land mass onto the ocean's continental shelf.[9]

text: By the end of the Paleozoic era, the ancient ocean had deposited a thick layer of marine sediments which left behind sedimentary rocks such as limestone. During the Ordovician period, the North American and African plates collided, destroying the ancient ocean and initiating the Alleghenian orogeny—the mountain-building epoch that created the Appalachian range. The Mesozoic era saw the rapid erosion of the softer sedimentary rocks from the new mountains, re-exposing the older Ocoee Supergroup formations.[9]

text: Around 20,000 years ago, subarctic glaciers advanced southward across North America, and although they never reached the Smokies, the advancing glaciers led to colder mean annual temperatures and an increase in precipitation throughout the range. Trees were unable to survive at the higher elevations, and were replaced by tundra vegetation. Spruce-fir forests occupied the valleys and slopes below approximately 4,950 feet (1,510 m). The persistent freezing and thawing during this period created the large blockfields that are often found at the base of large mountain slopes.[10]

text: Between 16,500 and 12,500 years ago, the glaciers to the north retreated and mean annual temperatures rose. The tundra vegetation disappeared, and the spruce-fir forests retreated to the highest elevations. Hardwood trees moved into the region from the coastal plains, replacing the spruce-fir forests in the lower elevations. The temperatures continued warming until around 6,000 years ago, when they began to gradually grow cooler.[10]

text: Flora[edit]

text: Heavy logging in the late 19th century and early 20th century devastated much of the forests of the Smokies, but the National Park Service estimates 187,000 acres (760 km2) of old growth forest remains,[3] comprising the largest old growth stand in the Eastern United States. Most of the forest is a mature second-growth hardwood forest. The range's 1,600 species of flowering plants include over 100 species of native trees and 100 species of native shrubs. The Great Smokies are also home to over 450 species of non-vascular plants, and 2,000 species of fungi.[11][12]

text: The forests of the Smokies are typically divided into three zones:

text:
the cove hardwood forests in the stream valleys, coves, and lower mountain slopes.
the northern hardwood forests on the higher mountain slopes.
the spruce-fir or boreal forest at the very highest elevations.

tag: ol

text: Appalachian balds—patches of land where trees are unexpectedly absent or sparse—are interspersed through the mid-to-upper elevations in the range. Balds include grassy balds, which are highland meadows covered primarily by thick grasses, and heath balds, which are dense thickets of rhododendron and mountain laurel typically occurring on narrow ridges. Mixed oak-pine forests are found on dry ridges, especially on the south-facing North Carolina side of the range.[13] Stands dominated by the Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) are occasionally found along streams and broad slopes above 3,500 feet (1,100 m).[14]

text: Cove hardwood forest[edit]

text: Cove hardwood forests, which are native to Southern Appalachia, are among the most diverse forest types in North America. The cove hardwood forests of the Smokies are mostly second-growth, although some 72,000 acres (290 km2) are still old-growth.[3] The Albright Grove along the Maddron Bald Trail (between Gatlinburg and Cosby) is an accessible old-growth forest with some of the oldest and tallest trees in the entire range.[15]

text: Over 130 species of trees are found among the canopies of the cove hardwood forests in the Smokies. The dominant species include yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), basswood (Tilia americana), yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava), tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera; commonly called "tulip poplar"), silverbells (Halesia carolina), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), cucumber magnolia (Magnolia acuminata), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis).[16] The American chestnut (Castanea dentata), which was arguably the most beloved tree of the range's pre-park inhabitants, was killed off by the introduced Chestnut blight in the 1920s.

text: The understories of the cove hardwood forest contain dozens of species of shrubs and vines. Dominant species in the Smokies include the Eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), Catawba rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and smooth hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens).[17]

text: Northern hardwood forest[edit]

text: The mean annual temperatures in the higher elevations in the Smokies are cool enough to support forest types more commonly found in the northern United States. The northern hardwood forests of the Smokies constitute the highest broad-leaved forest in the eastern United States.[18] About 28,600 acres (116 km2) of the northern hardwood forest are old-growth.[3]

text: In the Smokies, the northern hardwood canopies are dominated by yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia). White basswood (Tilia heterophylla), mountain maple (Acer spicatum) and striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), and yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava) are also present. The northern hardwood understory is home to diverse species such as coneflower, skunk goldenrod, Rugels ragwort, bloodroot, hydrangea, and several species of grasses and ferns.[19]

text: One unique community in the northern hardwoods of the Smokies is the beech gap, or beech orchard. Beech gaps consist of high mountain gaps that have been monopolized by beech trees. The beech trees are often twisted and contorted by the high winds that occur in these gaps. Why other tree types such as the red spruce fail to encroach into the beech gaps is unknown.[20]

text: Spruce-fir forest[edit]

text: The spruce-fir forest—also called the "boreal" or "Canadian" forest—is a relict of the Ice Ages, when mean annual temperatures in the Smokies were too cold to support a hardwood forest. While the rise in temperatures between 12,500 and 6,000 years ago allowed the hardwoods to return, the spruce-fir forest has managed to survive on the harsh mountain tops, typically above 5,500 feet (1,700 m). About 10,600 acres (43 km2) of the spruce-fir forest are old-growth.[3]

text: The spruce-fir forest consists primarily of two conifer species—red spruce (Picea rubens) and Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). The Fraser Firs, which are native to Southern Appalachia, once dominated elevations above 6,200 feet (1,900 m) in the Great Smokies. Most of these firs were killed, however, by an infestation of the balsam wooly adelgid, which arrived in the Smokies in the early 1960s. Thus, red spruce is now the dominant species in the range's spruce-fir forest. Large stands of dead Fraser Firs remain atop Clingmans Dome and on the northwestern slopes of Old Black. While much of the red spruce stands in the Smokies were logged during World War I, the tree is still common throughout the range above 5,500 feet (1,700 m). Some of the red spruce trees in the Smokies are believed to be 300 years old, and the tallest rise to over 100 feet (30 m).[21]

text: The main difference between the spruce-fir forests of Southern Appalachia and the spruce-fir forests in northern latitudes is the dense broad-leaved understory of the former. The spruce-fir understories of the Smokies are home to catawba rhododendron, mountain ash, pin cherry, thornless blackberry, and hobblebush. The herbaceous and litter layers of the spruce-fir forests are poorly lit year-round, and are thus dominated by shade-tolerant plants such as ferns, namely mountain wood fern and northern lady fern, and over 280 species of mosses.[22]

text: Wildflowers[edit]

text: Many wildflowers grow in mountains and valleys of the Great Smokies, including bee balm, Solomon's seal, Dutchman's breeches, various trilliums, the Dragon's Advocate and even hardy orchids. There are two native species of rhododendron in the area. The Catawba rhododendron has purple flowers in May and June, while the rosebay rhododendron has longer leaves and blooms white or a light pink in June and July.

text: The orange- to sometimes red-flowered and deciduous flame azalea closely follows along with the Catawbas. The closely related mountain laurel blooms in between the two, and all of the blooms progress from lower to higher elevations. The reverse is true in autumn, when nearly bare mountaintops covered in rime ice (frozen fog) can be separated from green valleys by very bright and varied leaf colors. The rhododendrons are broadleafs, whose leaves droop in order to shed wet and heavy snows that come through the region during winter.

text: Fauna[edit]

text: The Great Smoky Mountains are home to 66 species of mammals, over 240 species of birds, 43 species of amphibians, 60 species of fish, and 40 species of reptiles. The range has the densest black bear population east of the Mississippi River. The black bear has come to symbolize wildlife in the Smokies, and the animal frequently appears on the covers of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park's literature. Most of the range's adult eastern black bears weigh between 100 pounds (45 kg) and 300 pounds (140 kg), although some grow to more than 500 pounds (230 kg).[23]

text: Other mammals in the Great Smokies include the white-tailed deer, the population of which drastically expanded with the creation of the national park. The bobcat is the range's only remaining wild cat species, although sightings of cougars, which once thrived in the area, are still occasionally reported.[24] The coyote is not believed to be native to the range, but has moved into the area in recent years and is treated as a native species. Two species of fox—the red fox and the gray fox—are found in the Smokies, with red foxes being documented at all elevations.[25]

text: European boar, introduced as game animals in the early 20th century, thrive in Southern Appalachia but are considered a nuisance due to their tendency to root up and destroy plants.[26] The boars are seen as taking food resources away from bears as well, and the park service has sponsored a program that pays individuals to hunt and kill boars and leave their bodies in locations frequented by bears.[27]

text: The Smokies are home to over two dozen species of rodents, including the endangered northern flying squirrel, and 10 species of bats, including the endangered Indiana bat.[28] The National Park Service has successfully reintroduced river otters and elk into the Great Smokies. An attempt to reintroduce the red wolf in the early 1990s ultimately failed. These wolves were removed from the park and relocated to the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in North Carolina.[29]

text: The Smokies are home to a diverse bird population due to the presence of multiple forest types. Species that thrive in southern hardwood forests, such as the red-eyed vireo, wood thrush, wild turkey, northern parula, ruby-throated hummingbird, and tufted titmouse, are found throughout the range's lower elevations and cove hardwood forests. Species more typical of cooler climates, such as the raven, winter wren, black-capped chickadee, yellow-bellied sapsucker, dark-eyed junco, and Blackburnian, chestnut-sided, and Canada warblers, are found in the range's spruce-fir and northern hardwood zones.[30]

text: Ovenbirds, whip-poor-wills, and downy woodpeckers live in the drier pine-oak forests and heath balds.[31] Bald eagles and golden eagles have been spotted at all elevations in the park.[32] Peregrine falcon sightings are also not uncommon, and a peregrine falcon eyrie is known to have existed near Alum Cave Bluffs throughout the 1930s.[33] Red-tailed hawks, the most common hawk species, have been sighted at all elevations in the range. Owl species residing in the Smokies include the barred owl, eastern screech-owl, and northern saw-whet owl.[34]

text: Timber rattlesnakes—one of two venomous snake species in the Smokies—are found at all elevations in the range. The other venomous snake, the copperhead, is typically found at lower elevations. Other reptiles include the eastern box turtle, the eastern fence lizard, the black rat snake, and the northern water snake.[35]

text: The Great Smokies are home to one of the world's most diverse salamander populations. Five of the world's nine families of salamanders are found in the range, consisting of up to thirty-one species.[36] A type of Jordan's salamander known as the redcheeked salamander is found only in the Smokies.[37] The imitator salamander is found only in the Smokies and the nearby Plott Balsams and Great Balsam Mountains.[38]

text: Two other species—the southern gray-cheeked salamander and the Southern Appalachian salamander—occur only in the general region.[39] Other species include the shovelnose salamander, blackbelly salamander, eastern red-spotted newt, and spotted dusky salamander.[40] The legendary hellbender inhabits the range's swifter streams.[41] Other amphibians include the American toad and the American bullfrog, wood frog, upland chorus frog, northern green frog, and spring peeper.[42]

text: Fish inhabiting the streams of the Smokies include trout, lamprey, darter, shiner, bass, and sucker. The brook trout is the only trout species native to the range, although northwestern rainbow trout and European brown trout were introduced in the first half of the 20th century. The larger rainbow and brown trout outcompete the native brook trout for food and habitat at lower elevations. As such, most of the brook trout found in the park today are in streams above 3,000 feet in elevation. Trout in the Smokies are generally smaller than other members of their species in different locales. Protected fish species in the range include the smoky and yellowfin madtom, the spotfin chub, and the duskytail darter.[43]

text: The lightning-bug firefly Photinus carolinus, whose synchronized flashing light displays occur in mid-June, is native to the Smoky Mountains with a population epicenter near Elkmont, Tennessee.[44]

text: Ecosystem threats[edit]

text: Air pollution is contributing to increased Red Spruce tree mortality at higher elevations and oak decline at lower elevations, while invasive hemlock woolly adelgids attack Hemlocks and balsam woolly adelgids attack Fraser firs. Pseudoscymnus tsugae, a type of beetle in the ladybug family, Coccinellidae, has been introduced in an attempt to control the pests.[45]

text: Visibility now is dramatically reduced by smog from both the Southeastern United States and the Midwest, and smog forecasts are prepared daily by the Environmental Protection Agency for both nearby Knoxville, Tennessee and Asheville, North Carolina.

text: Environmental threats are the concern of many non-profit environmental stewardship groups, especially The Friends of the Smokies. Formed in 1993, the friends group assists the National Park Service in its mission to preserve and protect the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by raising funds and public awareness, and providing volunteers for needed projects.[46]

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: Native Americans have likely been hunting in the Great Smoky Mountains for 14,000 years. Numerous Archaic period (c. 8000–1000 B.C.) artifacts have been found within the national park's boundaries, including projectile points uncovered along likely animal migration paths.[47] Woodland period (c. 1000 B.C. - 1000 A.D.) sites found within the park contained 2000+-year-old ceramics and evidence of primitive agriculture.[48]

text: The increasing reliance upon agriculture during the Mississippian period (c. 900–1600 A.D.) lured Native Americans away from the game-rich forests of the Smokies and into the fertile river valleys on the outer fringe of the range. Substantial Mississippian-period villages were uncovered at Citico and Toqua (named after the Cherokee villages that later thrived at these sites) along the Little Tennessee River in the 1960s.[49] Fortified Mississippian-period villages have been excavated at the McMahan Indian Mounds in Sevierville and more recently in Townsend.[50][51]

text: Most of these villages were part of a minor chiefdom centered on a large village known as Chiaha, which was located on an island now submerged by Douglas Lake. The 1540 expedition of Hernando de Soto and the 1567 expedition of Juan Pardo passed through the French Broad River valley north of the Smokies, both spending a considerable amount of time at Chiaha. The Pardo expedition followed a trail across the flanks of Chilhowee Mountain to the Mississippian-period villages at Chilhowee and Citico (Pardo's notary called them by their Muskogean names, "Chalahume" and "Satapo").[52]

text: The Cherokee[edit]

text: By the time the first English explorers arrived in Southern Appalachia in the late 17th century, the Cherokee controlled much of the region, and the Great Smoky Mountains lay at the center of their territory. One Cherokee legend tells of a magical lake hidden deep within the range, but inaccessible to humans.[53] Another tells of a captured Shawnee medicine man named Aganunitsi who, in exchange for his freedom, travels to the remote sections of the range in search of the Uktena.[54] The Cherokee called Gregory Bald Tsitsuyi, or "rabbit place," and believed the mountain to be the domain of the Great Rabbit.[55] Other Cherokee place names in the Smokies included Duniskwalgunyi, or "forked antlers", which referred to the Chimney Tops, and kuwahi, or "mulberry place", which referred to Clingmans Dome.[56]

text: Most Cherokee settlements were located in the river valleys on the outer fringe of the Great Smokies range. The Smokies, along with the Unicois, provided the main bulwark dividing the Overhill Cherokee villages in modern Tennessee from the Cherokee Middle towns in modern North Carolina. The Overhill town of Chilhowee was situated at the confluence of Abrams Creek and the Little Tennessee, and the Overhill town of Tallassee was located just a few miles upstream near modern Calderwood (both village sites are now under Chilhowee Lake). A string of Overhill villages, including Chota and Tanasi, dotted the Little Tennessee valley north of Chilhowee.[57]

text: The Cherokee Middle towns included the village of Kittowa (which the Cherokee believed to be their oldest village) along the Tuckasegee River near Bryson City. The village of Oconaluftee, which was situated along the Oconaluftee River near the modern Oconaluftee Visitor Center, was the only known permanent Cherokee village located within the national park's boundaries. Sporadic or seasonal settlements were located in Cades Cove and the Hazel Creek valley.[58]

text: European settlement[edit]

text: European explorers and settlers began arriving in Western North Carolina and East Tennessee in the mid-18th century. The influx of settlers at the end of the French and Indian War brought conflict with the Cherokee, who still held legal title to much of the land. When the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British at the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776, American forces launched an invasion of Cherokee territory.[59]

text: The Middle towns, including Kittuwa, were burned by General Griffith Rutherford, and several of the Overhill towns were burned by John Sevier. By 1805, the Cherokee had ceded control of the Great Smokies to the U.S. government. Although much of the tribe was forced west along the Trail of Tears in 1838, a few—largely through the efforts of William Holland Thomas—managed to retain their land on the Qualla Boundary and today comprise the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.[59]

text: In the 1780s, several frontier outposts had been established along the outskirts of the Smokies, namely Whitson's Fort in what is now Cosby and Wear's Fort in what is now Pigeon Forge. Permanent settlers began arriving in these areas in the 1790s. In 1801, the Whaley brothers, William and John, moved from North Carolina to become the first settlers in what is now the Greenbrier section of the park.[60]

text: In 1802, Edgefield, South Carolina resident William Ogle (1751–1803) arrived in White Oak Flats where he cut and prepared logs for cabin construction. Although Ogle died shortly after returning to Edgefield, his wife, Martha Jane Huskey, eventually returned with her family and several other families to White Oak Flats, becoming the first permanent settlers in what would eventually become Gatlinburg. Their children and grandchildren spread out southward into the Sugarlands and Roaring Fork areas.[61]

text: Cades Cove was settled largely by families who had purchased lots from land speculator William "Fighting Billy" Tipton. The first of these settlers, John and Lucretia Oliver, arrived in 1818.[62] Two Cades Cove settlers, Moses and Patience Proctor, crossed over to the North Carolina side of the Smokies in 1836 to become the first Euro-American settlers in the Hazel Creek area.[63] The Cataloochee area was first settled by the Caldwell family, who migrated to the valley in 1834.[64]

text: Like most of Southern Appalachia, the early 19th-century economy of the Smokies relied on subsistence agriculture. The average farm consisted of roughly 50 acres (0.20 km2), part of which was cultivated and part of which was woodland. Early settlers lived in 16 feet (4.9 m) x 20 feet (6.1 m) log cabins, although these were replaced by more elaborate log houses and eventually, as lumber became available, by modern frame houses. Most farms included at least one barn, a springhouse (used for refrigeration), a smokehouse (used for curing meat), a chicken coop (protected chickens from predators), and a corn crib (kept corn dry and protected it from rodents). Some of the more industrious farmers operated gristmills, general stores, and sorghum presses.[65] Religion was a central theme in the lives of the early residents of the Smokies, and community life was typically centered on churches. Christian Protestantism—especially Primitive Baptists, Missionary Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians; dominated the religious culture of the region.

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: While both Tennessee and North Carolina joined the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Union sentiment in the Great Smoky Mountains was much stronger relative to other regions in these two states. Generally, the communities on the Tennessee side of the Smokies supported the Union, while communities on the North Carolina side supported the Confederates. On the Tennessee side, 74% of Cocke Countians, 80% of Blount Countians, and 96% of Sevier Countians voted against secession.[66] In the North Carolina Smokies—Cherokee, Haywood, Jackson, and Macon counties—about 46% of the population favored secession.[67]

text: While no major engagements took place in the Smokies, minor skirmishes were fairly common. Cherokee chief William Holland Thomas formed a Confederate legion made up mostly of Cherokee soldiers. Thomas' Legion crossed the Smokies in 1862 and occupied Gatlinburg for several months to protect salt peter mines atop Mount Le Conte. Residents of predominantly Union Cades Cove and predominantly Confederate Hazel Creek routinely crossed the mountains to steal one another's livestock.[68] Residents of Cosby and Cataloochee did likewise. One notable Civil War incident in the Smokies was the murder of long-time Cades Cove resident Russell Gregory (for whom Gregory Bald is named), which was carried out by bushwhackers in 1864 shortly after Gregory had led an ambush that routed a band of Confederates seeking to wreak havoc in the cove.[69] Another incident was George Kirk's raid on Cataloochee, in which Kirk killed or wounded 15 Union soldiers recovering at a makeshift hospital.[70]

text: Logging[edit]

text: While selective logging occurred in the Great Smoky Mountains throughout the 19th century, the general inaccessibility of the range's forests prevented major logging operations, and lumber firms relied on the lowland forests in the northeastern United States and the Mississippi Delta in the southeast. As timber resources in these regions became exhausted, and as the demand for lumber skyrocketed after the Civil War, entrepreneurs began looking for ways to reach the virgin forests of Southern Appalachia. The first logging operations in the Smokies, which began in the 1880s, used splash dams or booms to float logs down rivers to lumber mills in nearby cities. Notable splash dam and boom operations included the English Lumber Company on Little River, the Taylor and Crate operations along Hazel Creek, and the ambitious operations of Alexander Arthur on the Pigeon River. All three of these operations failed within their first few years, however, after their dams and boom systems were destroyed by floods.[71][72][73]

text: Innovations in logging railroads and band saw technology in the late 19th century made large-scale logging possible in the mountainous areas of Southern Appalachia. The largest logging operation in the Smokies was the Little River Lumber Company, which logged the Little River watershed between 1901 and 1939. The company also established company towns at Townsend (named for the company's chief owner and manager, Wilson B. Townsend), Elkmont, and Tremont.[74]

text: The second-largest operation was the Ritter Lumber Company, which logged the Hazel Creek watershed between 1907 and 1928. Ruins of Ritter's lumbering operations are still visible along the Hazel Creek Trail.[75] Other lumbering operations included Three M Lumber and Champion Fibre, both of which logged the Oconaluftee watershed.[76] By the time all operations ceased in the 1930s, logging firms had removed two-thirds of the virgin forests of the Smokies.

text: The National Park[edit]

text: Wilson B. Townsend, the head of Little River Lumber, began advertising Elkmont as a tourist destination in 1909. Within a few years, the Wonderland Hotel and the Appalachian Club had been established to cater to elite Knoxvillians seeking summer mountain getaways.[77] In the early 1920s, several Appalachian Club members, among them Knoxville businessman Colonel David Chapman, began seriously considering a movement to establish a national park in the Great Smokies. As head of the Great Smoky Mountains Park Commission, Chapman was largely responsible for raising funds for land purchases and coordinating park efforts between local, state, and federal entities.[78]

text: The creation of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park proved much more complex than the creation of its predecessors, such as Yellowstone and Yosemite, which were already federally owned. Along with convincing logging firms to sell lucrative lumber rights, the Park Commission had to negotiate the purchase of thousands of small farms and remove entire communities. The commission also had to deal with the Tennessee and North Carolina legislatures, which at times were opposed to spending taxpayer money on park efforts.[79] In spite of these difficulties, the Park Commission had completed most major land purchases by 1932. The national park officially opened in 1934, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt presiding over the opening ceremony at Newfound Gap.

text: Culture and tourism[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The culture of the area is that of Southern Appalachia, and previously the Cherokee people. Tourism is key to the area's economy, particularly in cities like Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg in Tennessee, and Cherokee, North Carolina. In 2006, the Great Smoky Mountains Heritage Center opened in Townsend, Tennessee, with the mission of preserving various aspects of the region's culture.

text: Rafting, either leisurely river tubing or in full whitewater, is common all summer. Downhill skiing is also done in winter, though for a short season, at places like Cataloochee and Ober Gatlinburg.

text: Country music singer Dolly Parton was born and raised on a small farm in the Smokies. She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing, and starred in the 1986 film, A Smoky Mountain Christmas.


document_title: Liberty Bell Museum

question_text: where was the liberty bell hidden during the revolutionary war

text: Liberty Bell Museum

text: History[edit]

text: After Washington's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless, and the city prepared for what was seen as an inevitable British attack on the city. The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ordered that eleven bells, including the State House bell and the bells from Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, be taken down and removed from the city to prevent the British, who might melt the bells down to cast into cannons, from taking possession of them. A train of over 700 wagons, guarded by 200 cavalry from North Carolina and Virginia and under the command of Colonel Thomas Polk of the 4th Regiment North Carolina Continental Line, left Philadelphia for Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley. Hidden in the manure and hay were the bells, and hidden in the wagon of Northampton County militia private John Jacob Mickley was the State House bell. On September 18, the entourage and armed escort arrived in Richland Township (present-day Quakertown, Pennsylvania).

text: On September 23, the bishop of the Moravian Church in Bethlehem reported that the wagons had arrived, and all bells except the State House bell had been moved to Northampton-Towne (present-day Allentown, Pennsylvania). The following day, the State House bell was transferred to the wagon of Frederick Leaser and taken to the historic Zion's Reformed Church in center city Allentown, where it was stored (along with the other bells), under the floorboards. On September 26, British forces marched into Philadelphia, unopposed, and occupied the city. The bell was restored to Philadelphia in June 1778, after the end of the British occupation.

text: Allentown Flag Day Association[edit]

text: The museum serves as the headquarters of the Allentown Flag Day Association, which was established on July 3, 1907 by local residents Joe Hart and General Harry Clay Trexler.[3] It is the oldest incorporated Flag Day Association in the United States.[3] The Association's most notable event occurred in 1922, when 50,000 people attended an event honoring General John J. Pershing with an award.[4]

text: Pip the Mouse[edit]

text: In 2003, the Liberty Bell Museum became the permanent home of Pip the Mouse, a puppet that was part of the show, "The Mouse Before Christmas." The holiday show was performed at Hess's, a now-defunct local department store, from 1962 to 1995, and the character of Pip became regionally famous among children and a staple of the store's advertising and marketing campaigns.[5]