document_title: List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives

question_text: who is the owner of st louis cardinals

question_tokens: who is the owner of st louis cardinals

text: Owners, transactions and valuation[edit]

text: Chris von der Ahe (1882–1898)[edit]

text: Chris von der Ahe was the first owner of the Cardinals franchise, then known as the Brown Stockings and pioneered many of the elements commonly associated with the sport at the game. A German immigrant who made his way as a grocer and saloon owner, he saw potential in the sport without otherwise having any other background in it.[2] He also became a polarizing figure with his employees and rivals: Von der Ahe was a flamboyant and magnanimous entrepreneur who gained enormous popularity in St. Louis and his team but was reviled by rival owners. He was marked by a willingness to charge lower admission rates, encouraging play on Sundays, and opening beer concessions at the stadium, a practice that the National League prohibited during Von der Ahe's time. He also was one of the few owners to make a profit during his time, in contrast with his rival owners, whose American Association eventually collapsed due to bankruptcy. [3] National League owners such Albert Spalding bristled at his promotional techniques that became common to today's game. Charlie O. Finley, Larry McPhail, and Bill Veeck eventually employed sideshow attractions, like the "stadium club" and the shoot-the-chute.[4]

text: In 1881, after the Browns profited $25,000 from playing a season's worth of informal contests, Von der Ahe bought out the team's remaining stockholders for $1,800.[5] With baseball's already existing popularity in Cincinnati and increasing popularity in other cities such as Pittsburgh, Philadelphia and Baltimore, the time was right for a new league. Late that same year, along with other owners and financiers, Von der Ahe formed the American Association of Base Ball Clubs with the Brown Stockings.[6] In 1899, von der Ahe, once the most successful owner in the AA, was forced to sell the Browns due to bankruptcy.[3]

text: Sam Breadon (1920–1947)[edit]

text: First making his mark as a local automobile dealer, Sam Breadon first purchased a minority stake in the Cardinals in 1917 for $2,000, thus commencing 30 total years as owner of the Cardinals. Three years later, Breadon bought out the majority stock in the club to become the principal owner of the Cardinals and extinguished the futility that dredged the Cardinals' first three decades in the National League. Between 1926 and 1946, the Cardinals won six World Series titles and nine National League pennants.

text: Breadon was noted for a very conservative nature with his finances, highly demanding nature of his teams' success on the field, and bold moves otherwise. When he became minority owner, the Cardinals were $150,000 in debt.[7] In 1925, he moved Branch Rickey from the dugout to the front office and promoted second baseman Rogers Hornsby to player-manager. Breadon also convinced cross-town American League rival St. Louis Browns owner Phil Ball to allow the Cardinals to move into Sportsman's Park. This allowed him to sell the dilapidated Robison Field property for a total of $275,000 to the city and a trolley company, clear their debts, and, with Rickey's oversight, establish an official, contractually-linked minor league farm system. This strategy developed into the current minor league system and the Cardinals used it to circumvent the practice of bidding against the more affluent Major League teams such as the New York Yankees and New York Giants for players from minor league teams, which at that time were unaffiliated. Although Minor League Baseball has existed as long as baseball has been organized, it was the first player development system of its kind in any professional sport.[8]

text: Between 1920 and 1947, the Cardinals compiled a record of 2,470-1,830 for a winning percentage of .574.[9] When he sold the Cardinals to Fred Saigh and Robert Hannegan in 1947, the price was $3 million, at the time the largest transaction in baseball history.[7][10]

text: Fred Saigh (1947-1953)[edit]

text: At the end of the 1947 baseball season, Saigh got wind that longtime Cardinals owner Sam Breadon wanted to sell. Breadon faced two problems. He was ill with prostate cancer, and he had been unable to find land on which to build a planned new ballpark. The Cardinals had rented Sportsman's Park from the city's other major league team, the American League Browns, since 1920. Although they had long since surpassed the Browns as the city's most popular team, Breadon wanted to build a park of his own. He had set aside $5 million to build a park, and was facing the end of a five-year deadline to build it before having to pay taxes on that money. Saigh persuaded Breadon to sell the Cardinals to him, with the assurance that he wouldn't have to pay taxes on his $5 million fund. To further put him at ease, Saigh brought in Robert Hannegan as a minority partner. Hannegan was a prominent St. Louis businessman, former United States Postmaster General, and confidante of President Harry Truman. The $4 million deal closed in late 1947.

text: Saigh inherited a team in transition. The Cardinals, though then just one year removed from their ninth National League pennant and sixth World Series championship since 1926, had begun to decay as an organization. Five years before, Breadon had forced out legendary general manager Branch Rickey, who had quickly resurfaced with the Brooklyn Dodgers. Meanwhile, the Browns, under new owner Bill Veeck, began a concerted effort to drive the Cardinals out of town.[11]

text: In January, 1949, Hannegan, suffering from poor health, his share o[12] f the team to Saigh. Hannegan died that October of heart disease. As sole owner, Saigh's notable actions included leading other baseball owners to oust (by not renewing his contract) Commissioner of Baseball Happy Chandler in December, 1950 [13] and proposing revenue-sharing of local television revenues.[14]

text: However, the tax dodge Saigh used soon came to light, as well as other questionable practices on his part.[11] Saigh was indicted on federal charges of evading $49,260 in income taxes between 1946 and 1949. In January 1953, he pleaded no contest to two counts involving more than $19,000 in tax underpayments, and was sentenced to 15 months in prison.[15] He served five months at the federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana, leaving in November 1953 when he was given parole for good behavior.

text: In February 1953, under pressure from Commissioner Ford Frick, Saigh put the Cardinals up for sale.[15] Saigh would have almost certainly been thrown out of baseball if he hadn't sold the team. For a time, no credible offers surfaced from St. Louis interests, making it seem likely that the team would be purchased by someone interested in moving them to another city. The most promising offer came from a consortium of businessmen in Houston, Texas. The Cardinals owned the Houston Buffaloes of the Texas League; under major-league rules of the time, that meant they also held the major-league rights to Houston. The only question was whether Buffalo Stadium could be upgraded to major-league standards.[16]

text: However, just before he was due to reach a final agreement with the Houston group, Saigh sold the Cardinals to Anheuser-Busch, the St. Louis-based brewery. Although Anheuser-Busch's offer was far less ($3.75 million) than what out-of-town suitors had on the table, Anheuser-Busch president Gussie Busch persuaded Saigh that civic pride was more important than money. This all but assured that the Cardinals would stay in St. Louis. Shortly afterward, the Cardinals bought Sportsman's Park from the Browns. With their remaining leverage gone, it was the Browns who left town by the end of the season, becoming the Baltimore Orioles.)

text: Anheuser-Busch (1953–1996)[edit]

text: DeWitt, Baur and Hanser (1996–present)[edit]

text: As with other periods of the Cardinals' transaction history, doubt loomed as to whether the purchaser would keep the team in St. Louis, due to the city's status as a "small market", which appear to handicap a club's competitiveness. Such was the case when Sam Breadon sold the Cardinals in 1947: then-NL President Ford Frick had proposed to Breadon the idea of moving the Cardinals to Chicago.[17] When AB placed the Cardinals for sale in 1995, they publicly expressed intention to find a buyer who would keep the club in St. Louis.[18] In March 1996, AB sold the team for $147 million to a partnership headed by Southwest Bank's Drew Baur, Hanser and DeWitt, Jr.[17] Civic Center Redevelopment, a subsidiary of AB, held the parking garages and adjacent property and also transferred them to the Baur ownership group.[19] Baur's group then sold the garages to another investment group, making the net cost of the franchise purchase about $100 million, making the net purchase price about $10 million less than Financial World's value of the team at the time $110 million.[18][20]

text: Current Cincinnati Reds owner Bob Castellini and brothers Thomas Williams and W. Joseph Williams Jr. each once owned a stake in the Cardinals dating back to the Baur-DeWitt group's purchase of the team. To allow their purchase of the Reds in 2005, the rest of the group bought out Castellini's and the Williams brothers' shares, totaling an estimated 13%. At that time, the Forbes valued the Cardinals at about $370 million.[21] However, after reabsorbing that stake into the remainder of the group, they decided to make it available to new investors in 2010. Amid later allegations that the Cardinals owed the city profit shares, DeWitt revealed that their profitability had not reached the threshold to trigger that obligation.[22]

text: Recent annual financial records[edit]

text: As of 2013, according to Forbes, the Cardinals are the tenth-most valuable franchise of 30 in MLB at $716.2 million, with a revenue of $239 million. They play "in the best single-team baseball market in the country and are among the league's leaders in television ratings and attendance every season."[23] Concurrent with the growth of Major League Baseball, the Cardinals value has increased significantly since the Baur-DeWitt purchase. In 2000, the franchise was valued at $219 million,[24] a growth rate of 327%. Since 2012, the franchise's value grew 21%.

text:
St. Louis Cardinals' financial value since 2009

Year
$ Franchise Value (mil.) 1
$ Revenue (mil.) 2
$ Operating Income (mil.) 3
$ Player Expenses (mil.) 4
Wins-to-player cost ratio 5

2009
$486
$195
$   7
$120
  87

2010 [25]
$488
$195
$12.8
$111
100

2011 [26]
$518
$207
$19.8
$110
  94

2012 [27] TV Money Is A Game Changer For Baseball and The Dodgers (Apr. 9 issue of Forbes)
$591
$233
$25.0
$123
116

2013 [28] Baseball Team Valuations 2013: Yankees On Top At $2.3 Billion, Forbes (Mar. 27, 2013)
$716
$239
$19.9
$134
102

text:
Valuation per Forbes.
1 Based on current stadium deal (unless new stadium is pending) without deduction for debt, other than stadium debt.
    (2013: Market $291 mil., Stadium $182 mil., Sport $151 mil., Brand Management $91 mil.)
    (2012: Market $240 mil., Stadium $157 mil., Sport $119 mil., Brand Management $78 mil.)
    (2011: Market $206 mil., Stadium $136 mil., Sport $111 mil., Brand Management $65 mil.)

text:
2 Net of stadium revenues used for debt payments.
3 Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
4 Includes benefits and bonuses.
5 Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB. Playoff wins count twice as much as regular season wins. A score of 120 means that the team achieved 20% more victories per dollar of payroll compared with the league average in 2010.

text: Principal owners[edit]

text:
Tables key

Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame

^

Co-owners

Tenure
Tenure refers to MLB seasons, not necessarily dates hired and fired

text:
Principal franchise owners showing eras of ownership

Name
Tenure
Ref(s)

von der Ahe, ChrisChris von der Ahe
1881–1898

Becker, Edward C.Edward C. Becker
1899–1917^

Robison, FrankFrank Robison
1899–1908^

Robison, StanleyStanley Robison
1899-1910^

Britton, Helene HathawayHelene Hathaway Britton
1911–1916

Breadon, SamSam Breadon
1917–1947 β

Saigh, FredFred Saigh
1948–1952^

Hannegan, RobertRobert Hannegan
1948^

Busch, GussieGussie Busch
1953–1989

Anheuser-Busch
1989–1995

DeWitt, Jr., WilliamWilliam DeWitt, Jr.
1996–present

text: Note: β – Breadon was co-owner from 1917 to 1920 with no majority team owners in that time, but in 1920 bought out all ownership stakes and remained sole owner until 1947, when he sold the team to Saigh and Hannegan.

text: Presidents[edit]

text: The president typically reports direct to the owner in the case where the two positions were not held by the same person.

text:
List of presidents and their eras

Name
Tenure
Ref(s)

Rickey, BranchBranch Rickey
1919–20

Breadon, SamSam Breadon
1920–47

Busch, GussieGussie Busch
1953–89

Kuhlmann, FredFred Kuhlmann
1989–91
[29]

Meyer, StuartStuart Meyer
1992–94

Lamping, MarkMark Lamping
1994–2008

DeWitt III, BillBill DeWitt III
2008–present

text: General managers[edit]

text: A total of 14 general managers (GM) have served for the Cardinals. Branch Rickey was the Cardinals first official GM –– however, his role initially called for him to function more as a business manager –– as he pioneered certain functions attributed to the contemporary GM, such as developing the forerunner of the minor league farm system that all Major League Baseball franchises use today. Rickey is also the longest tenured GM in franchise history with 23 years. Notable Cardinals who have served as GM but gained their notoriety through other roles while with the Cardinals include former outfielder Stan Musial and manager Whitey Herzog. Rickey, William Walsingham, Jr., Musial, Joe McDonald, Walt Jocketty and Mozeliak each won at least one World Series as Cardinals GM. Rickey won the most with four. Hall of Fame inductees who have served as GM for the Cardinals include Herzog, Musial and Rickey.

text:
List of general managers and their eras

Name
Tenure
Ref(s)

Rickey, BranchBranch Rickey
1919–1942

Walsingham, Jr., WilliamWilliam Walsingham, Jr.
1942–1953

Meyer, Richard A.Richard A. Meyer
1953–1955

Lane, FrankFrank Lane
1955–1957

Devine, BingBing Devine (1st)
1957–1964

Howsam, BobBob Howsam
1964–1966

Musial, StanStan Musial
1967

Devine, BingBing Devine (2nd)
1967–1978

Claiborne, JohnJohn Claiborne
1978–1980

Herzog, WhiteyWhitey Herzog
1980–1982

McDonald, JoeJoe McDonald
1982–1984

Maxvill, DalDal Maxvill
1984–1994

Jocketty, WaltWalt Jocketty
1994–2007

Mozeliak, JohnJohn Mozeliak
2007–2017

Girsch, MikeMike Girsch
2017–present
[30]

text: Other executives[edit]

text: Prior executives[edit]

text:
Sheldon "Chief" Bender
Bob Gebhard
Marty Hendin
Fred Koenig
Fred McAlister
Joe McDonald
George Silvey
Lee Thomas, Director of player personnel (1980–1988)[31]
Dick Wagner
Jerry Walker

text: Other current team executives[edit]

text:
Randy Flores, Scouting director
Moíses Rodríguez, Director of international operations
Cal Eldred, Special assistant to the general manager
Mike Jorgensen, Special assistant to the general manager
Willie McGee, Special assistant to the general manager
Red Schoendienst, Special assistant to the general manager
Matt Slater, Director of Player Personnel

text: Related lists[edit]

text:
List of St. Louis Cardinals managers
List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches
List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons


document_title: I'd Love to Change the World

question_text: who sings i love to change the world

question_tokens: who sings i love to change the world

root

text: I'd Love to Change the World

text: Background and composition[edit]

text: The song was written and sung by Alvin Lee.

tag: p

text: It discusses the confused state of the world, covering a wide variety of societal complaints, until it finally addresses the Vietnam War.[1]

text: The song features a folk-inspired chord pattern to support the melody.[1]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: "I'd Love to Change the World" was the band's highest charting single. It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971.[2] When it was released, "I'd Love to Change the World" was a staple of both FM and AM radio, a rarity for the time.[1]

text: Billy Walker of Sounds wrote that the "acoustic guitar, echoing vocals, and electric guitar build up the tempo with very good cool electric passages by Alvin [Lee], and while there's nothing new developing it's a very nice track".[3] Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic highlighted Lee's guitar work as the "most expressive—and most tasteful—electric guitar performance of his career", and added "if there is a single song that can describe the overall vibe of the counterculture in 1969/1970, this may very well be it. The band and Lee never quite matched the song's supple power in their later efforts, but this song is representation enough of their awesome artistry."[1]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Alvin Lee – guitar and vocals
Leo Lyons – bass
Ric Lee – drums
Chick Churchill – keyboards

tag: ul

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1971)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot 100[2]
40

U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Singles[4]
28

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Greenwald, Matthew. "I'd Love to Change the World review". Allmusic. Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ten Years After Awards". Allmusic. Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Walker, Billy (28 August 1971). "Ten Years After Today". Sounds. Spotlight Publications. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100 11/27/71". Cashbox Magazine, Inc. Retrieved June 25, 2012.

tag: ol


document_title: Morarji Desai

question_text: which prime minister of india born in gujarat

text: Morarji Desai

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born[edit]

text: Morarji Desai was born at Bhadeli village, Bulsar district in the Bombay Presidency (now in Gujarat) on 29 February 1896, the oldest of eight children. His father was a school teacher.[2]

text: School education[edit]

text: Desai underwent his primary schooling in Saurashtra The Kundla School, Savarkundla now called J.V. Modi school and later joined Bai Ava Bai High School, Valsad. After graduating from Wilson College, Mumbai, he joined the civil service in Gujarat. Desai resigned as deputy collector of Godhra in May 1930 after being found guilty of going soft on Hindus during the riots of 1927-28 there.[3]

text: Freedom fighter[edit]

text: Desai then joined the freedom struggle under Mahatma Gandhi and joined the civil disobedience movement against British rule in India. He spent many years in jail during the freedom struggle and owing to his sharp leadership skills and tough spirit, he became a favourite amongst freedom-fighters and an important leader of the Indian National Congress in the Gujarat region. When provincial elections were held in 1934 and 1937, Desai was elected and served as the Revenue Minister and Home Minister of the Bombay Presidency.

text: In government[edit]

text: Chief Minister of Bombay and Partition of two state[edit]

text: Before the independence of India, he became Bombay's Home Minister and later was elected as Chief Minister of Bombay State in 1952. The state was a bi-lingual state, home to Gujarati-speaking and Marathi-speaking people. Since 1956, activist organization Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti led a movement for a Marathi-only speaking state of Maharashtra. A staunch nationalist himself, Morarji Desai was opposed to such movements, including the Mahagujarat Movement led by Indulal Yagnik demanding a new state of Gujarat. Desai proposed that the metropolitan Mumbai (as coined by earlier Koli inhabitants), be made into a union territory or a separate development region to suit its cosmopolitan nature, due to its long-settled citizens from diverse settings across various linguistic, cultural, and religious backgrounds spanning several generations. In opposition to his alleged Gandhian thoughts, Desai ordered police to fire on demonstrators of the Mumbai-unit of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti at Flora Fountain who had gathered there to demonstrate against government. The protesters were led by Senapati Bapat. Desai ordered firing which killed 105 protesters including an eleven-year-old girl during the incident. This escalated the issue and is believed to have forced the Federal Government to agree to two separate states based on language. After the formation of the present State of Maharashtra, Bombay, now Mumbai became its state capital. Flora Fountain was renamed "Hutatma Chowk" ("Martyrs' Square" in Marathi) to honour the 105 people killed in the firing. Later Desai moved to Delhi when he was inducted as Home Minister in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

text: Home Minister[edit]

text: As Home Minister, Desai outlawed any portrayals of indecency (which included "kissing" scenes) in films and theatrical productions. Being a staunch Gandhian, Desai was socially conservative, pro-business, and in favour of free enterprise reforms, as opposed to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's socialistic policies.

text: Rising in Congress leadership, as a fierce nationalist with anti-corruption leanings, Desai was at odds with Prime Minister Nehru and his allies, and with Nehru's age and health failing, he was considered as a possible contender for the position of Prime Minister. Outflanked in the leadership contest after Nehru's death in 1964 by the Nehruvian Lal Bahadur Shastri, Desai remained content to build support within the ranks.

text: In early 1966, the unexpected passing away of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri after only 18 months in power made Morarji Desai once again a contender for the top position. However, he was defeated by Nehru's daughter, Indira Gandhi, in the Congress party leadership election by a narrow margin. Desai served as Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister of India in the Indira Gandhi government until 1969 when Prime Minister Gandhi took the finance portfolio from him. At the same time, she also nationalized the fourteen largest banks in India. These acts compelled Morarji Desai to resign from the Gandhi cabinet. In the subsequent split of the Congress party, Morarji joined the Indian National Congress (Organisation) faction of the party, whereas Gandhi formed a new faction called Indian National Congress (Ruling). Alternatively, the two factions of Desai and Indira were called Syndicate and Indicate respectively. The 1971 general elections to the Indian parliament were won by Indira Gandhi's faction in a landslide. Morarji Desai, however, was elected as a member of the Lok Sabha or lower house of Parliament. Morarji Desai went on indefinite hunger strike on 12 March 1975 to support Nav Nirman movement of Gujarat.[4]

text: In 1975, Indira Gandhi was convicted of electoral fraud by the Allahabad High Court, after opponents alleged she had used government civil servants and equipment during the campaign for the 1971 General Elections.[5] During the subsequent Emergency rule in 1975–77, in a massive crackdown, Desai and other opposition leaders were jailed by the Indira Gandhi government.

text: Emergency Wave[edit]

text: The popular anti-corruption movement led by Jayaprakash Narayan and the anti-Emergency wave in 1977 led to the complete routing of the Congress party in Northern India, and a landslide victory for the opposition Janata alliance in the National elections held in March 1977. Morarji Desai was selected by the Janata alliance, later Janata Party as their parliamentary leader, and thus became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.

text: Prime Minister of India (1977-79)[edit]

text: First Term as a Prime Minister[edit]

text: After Indira Gandhi decided to lift The Emergency, general elections were held. Janata Party registered a landslide victory in the election and Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister. Desai worked to improve relations with neighbour and arch-rival Pakistan and restored normal relations with China, for the first time since the 1962 war. He communicated with Zia-ul-Haq and established friendly relations. Diplomatic relations were also re-established with China. His government undid many amendments made to the constitution during emergency and made it difficult for any future government to impose a national emergency. However, the Janata Party coalition, was full of personal and policy friction and thus failed to achieve much owing to continuous in-wrangling and much controversy. With no party in leadership of the coalition, rival groups vied to unseat Desai. Controversial trials of prominent Congress leaders, including Indira Gandhi over Emergency-era abuses worsened the fortunes of his administration.

text: First Nuclear Test[edit]

text: Since India's first nuclear test in 1974, Desai kept India's nuclear reactors stating "they will never be used for atomic bombs, and I will see to it if I can help it".[6] In 1977, the Carter administration offered to sell India, heavy water and uranium for its nuclear reactors but required American on-site inspection of nuclear materials. Desai declined, seeing the American stance as contradictory, in light of its own nuclear arsenal.[7] Domestically, he played a crucial role in the Indian nuclear program after it was targeted by major nuclear powers after conducting a surprise test in 1974. Morarji Desai closed down much of India's premier intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), reduced its budget and operations and was personally responsible for the treachery of decimation of R&AW's network in Pakistan by leaking the details of India's deep knowledge of Kahuta Project to the then Pakistani dictator Zia Ul Haq. Desai remains the only Indian national to be conferred with Pakistan's highest civilian award, Nishan-e-Pakistan, which was conferred on him by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in 1990 in a colorful ceremony. Later, his policies promoted social, health and administrative reforms in the country. It is rumored that he was a mole of CIA in Indira Gandhi led cabinet[citation needed]. He also revealed that the R&AW is well aware of Pakistan's Nuclear activity in Kahuta to the Pakistani general Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq in a telephonic conversation[8]

text: Decimation of R&AW[edit]

text: Morarji Desai had described the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India's external intelligence agency, as the praetorian guard of Indira Gandhi and had promised to stop all activities of the R&AW after becoming prime minister. He closed down much of the agency, and reduced its budget and operations,[9] such as closing its Information Division.[10] B. Raman, the former head of the Counter-Terrorism Division of R&AW and noted security analyst, reveals that, in an informal discussion, Morarji Desai indiscreetly told Pakistan's Chief Martial Law Administrator General Zia ul-Haq that his government was well aware of Pakistan's nuclear development.[8]

text: Retirement[edit]

text: In 1979, Raj Narain and Charan Singh pulled out of the Janata Party, forcing Desai to resign from office and retire from politics at the age of 83. The chief reason for the collapse was the demand by the duo and other left leaning members like Madhu Limaye, Krishan Kant and George Fernandes that no member of the Janata party could simultaneously be a member of an alternative social or political organisation. This attack on "dual membership" was directed specifically at members of the Janata party who had been members of the Jan Sangh, and continued to be members of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the Jan Sangh's ideological parent.[11]

text: Death[edit]

text: Morarji Desai campaigned for the Janata Party in 1980 General Election as a senior politician but did not contest the election himself. In retirement, he lived in Mumbai and died on 10 April 1995 at the age of 99.[12] He was much honoured in his last years as a freedom-fighter of his generation.

text: Morarji Desai was a strict follower of Mahatma Gandhi's principles and a moralist. He was a vegetarian "both by birth and by conviction."[13]

text: Social service[edit]

text: Morarji Desai was a Gandhian follower, social worker, institution builder and a great reformer. He was the Chancellor of Gujarat Vidyapith. Even during his term as the Prime Minister he used to visit and stay at Vidyapith during the month of October. He lived simply and used to write post cards himself even when he held the office of Prime Minister. Sardar Patel deputed him to conduct meetings of farmers in Kaira district which finally led to the establishment of the Amul Cooperative movement. During his rule, he withdrew intervention in Public Distribution System and rationing shops were literally lost due to cheap sugar and oil available in the market.

text: Personal life and family[edit]

text: Morarji Desai married Gujraben in 1911, at the age of 15.[14] Gujraben lived to see her husband becoming Prime Minister, but she predeceased him. He is survived by his son Kanti Desai, and grandsons Jagdeep and Bharat Desai. Madhukeshwar Desai, one of his great-grandsons, son of Jagdeep Desai,[15] took it upon himself to revive the legacy of his illustrious great grandfather.[16] Madhukeshwar Desai is currently the National Vice-President of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, the youth wing of the BJP.[17]

text: Vishaal Desai, son of Bharat Desai, is a writer and filmmaker[18]

text: Advocate of urine therapy[edit]

text: In 1978, Desai, a longtime practitioner of "urine therapy," spoke to Dan Rather on 60 Minutes about the benefits of drinking urine. Desai stated that urine therapy was the perfect medical solution for the millions of Indians who cannot afford medical treatment.[19][20][21] He also attibuted his longevity to drinking urine - which he called "the water of life" [22][23]


document_title: The Sims Mobile

question_text: when is sims mobile coming out in usa

question_tokens: when is sims mobile coming out in usa

text: The Sims Mobile

text:
The Sims

Developer(s)
Maxis
EA Mobile

Publisher(s)
Electronic Arts

Series
The Sims

Platform(s)
iOS, Android

Release

Brazil: May 9, 2017
Worldwide: March 6, 2018

Genre(s)
Life simulation game, God game

Mode(s)
Single-player, multiplayer

text: The Sims Mobile is a life simulation game based on The Sims 4 and The Sims FreePlay for Android and iOS devices.[1] It was announced on May 9, 2017 in a launch trailer.[2] The game was released on March 6, 2018.[3] It features a multiplayer component and includes story elements.[4][5]

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: In The Sims Mobile, players are able to create unique Sims with the in-game character creator, build houses, start families and control the lives of their Sims.[6] The game introduces multiplayer elements, as players can interact with other players' Sims by attending their parties or rating their Sims as "Cute, Hot or Fabulous" through a sticker system.[3]

text: Similarly to previous mobile games in The Sims franchise, energy is used when players take actions with their Sims. Energy can be restored through SimCash, which is earned through in-game quests and micro-transactions. SimCash can also be used to purchase certain premium clothing and furniture options in the game.[7]

text: Compared to its predecessor The Sims FreePlay, The Sims Mobile offers a closer experience to the PC series of games. There is a focus on telling stories through Sim's actions, chosen by the player as their Sims go through their career or make relationships. As Sims play through these stories, they are able to level up and unlock new cutscenes. Advancing stories may also unlock new furniture or clothing items.[8]


document_title: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

question_text: who plays grown up alex in jumanji welcome to the jungle

text: Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1996, in Brantford, New Hampshire, teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game, found by his father on a beach. When Alex refused it, the game magically transforms into a video game cartridge. When he plays it, he is teleported into the game.

text: Twenty years later in 2016, four students in Brantford High School are placed in detention together: Spencer Gilpin, who was caught writing essays for his former friend, Anthony "Fridge" Johnson (who is also in detention for the plagiarism), while Bethany Walker and Martha Kaply have both disrespected their respective teachers during class. Bethany made a phone call in the middle of class and refused to end it after being ordered to by her English teacher, and Martha refused to join in on P.E. class because she considered it useless. They were ridiculed for their actions and are assigned by the school's principal to clear out its basement. While cleaning, the four find Jumanji, a multiplayer action-adventure video game. One of the playable characters (video game avatars) is inaccessible. When Spencer hits Start, the four are sucked into the game.

text: They find themselves in a jungle, each now in the forms of their game avatars. Spencer is a tough, muscular explorer named Dr. Smolder Bravestone, Fridge is a short zoologist named Franklin "Mouse" Finbar (whom he had selected upon misreading the name as "Moose"), Martha is a gorgeous commando and martial art expert named Ruby Roundhouse, and Bethany is an overweight, male cartographer named Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon. They soon realize that they are in a video game, and each have three lives. If they lose all three, they will actually die. Each of their avatars also comes with special skills and weaknesses.

text: They learn from Nigel, an NPC guide, that the big-game hunter, Russel Van Pelt, wants to obtain a jewel, the "Jaguar's Eye", allowing him to manipulate Jumanji's animals. To escape the game, the players must return it to an enormous jaguar statue and call out "Jumanji". Along the way, the group begins to lose lives through various means when completing game levels. The group start working together to obtain a clue from a snake but are cornered by Van Pelt's men. They are rescued by Alex, the fifth player, whose avatar is a pilot named Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough. Recuperating in a treehouse built by previous player Alan Parrish (protagonist of Jumanji), Alex learns that he has been in the game for twenty years and the newcomers vow to help him return home. They commandeer a helicopter and fly for the jaguar statue to return the jewel. Upon landing Alex loses his last life after a mosquito bites him, but Bethany performs CPR in time and transfers one of her lives to Alex in the process, saving him from dying.

text: Arriving at the statue, the players find themselves facing Van Pelt's forces and predatory guards. Using their resources and teamwork, the players distract the villains while Spencer returns the jewel to the statue and calls out the game's name. The game ends, disintegrating Van Pelt into many rats, killing him, and the players revert to their former selves and return to the real world, but discover that Alex did not come with them. On their way home, they discover that the Vreeke household – once the neglected home of Alex's father "Old Man" Vreeke – has been restored. An adult Alex appears; he returned to 1996, and history was changed. He is now married and has named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life.

text: Spencer and Fridge reconcile, Bethany becomes a better person and makes plans to go backpacking for another adventurous encounter, Martha starts dating Spencer, and the teens are now friends after their experiences in the game. The four hear Jumanji's drumbeats, but they take the game behind the school and destroy it with the bowling ball they found in detention to prevent anyone from playing it again.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Jumanji[edit]

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone, an archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer's avatar. Bravestone's strengths are stamina, courage, reflexes, climbing, smoldering intensity, and boomerang throwing. He apparently has no weaknesses. He is the archetypically masculine, intelligent, and courageous video game hero of the story. He is credited as "Spencer".
Jack Black as Professor Sheldon "Shelly" Oberon, a cartographer, cryptographer, archaeologist and paleontologist who is Bethany's avatar. Though Oberon's strengths are his fields of expertise, because of his obesity, his endurance is his weakness. He/she is credited as "Bethany".
Kevin Hart as Franklin "Mouse" Finbar, a short zoologist and weapons specialist who is Fridge's avatar. Fridge chose him due to misreading the character's nickname as "Moose". Finbar is Bravestone's weapon valet and is skilled in cranial assault. His weaknesses are cake, strength, and speed. He is credited as "Fridge".
Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse, a commando, martial artist, and dance fighter who is Martha's avatar. Roundhouse is proficient in karate, tai chi, jujutsu and capoeira, and her only weakness is venom, such as that found in various animals in the game. Similar to Bravestone, Roundhouse is the archetypically intelligent, athletic, beautiful, and scantily clad video game heroine of the story. She is credited as "Martha".
Nick Jonas as Jefferson "Seaplane" McDonough, Alex Vreeke's avatar. McDonough is a mysterious guide, adventurer, and pilot in the game, who waits for and joins the other avatars escape Jumanji. McDonough's strengths are piloting and making margaritas. His only weakness is mosquito bites, which is bad for him since the jungle is teeming with mosquitoes. He is credited as "Alex".[9] He lives in a treehouse built and once occupied by Alan Parrish (previously portrayed by Robin Williams and Adam Hann-Byrd in the 1995 film Jumanji).
Bobby Cannavale as Russel Van Pelt, a corrupt explorer seeking to control the "Jaguar's Eye", whose power he is demonically possessed by. He serves as the main antagonist in the world of Jumanji, and thus making him the boss of the film's video game scenario. Jonathan Hyde played a different version of Van Pelt in the 1995 film.
Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley, an NPC guide in the game.
William Tokarsky as Bread/Cake Vendor, an NPC food trader.
Rohan Chand as Boy at Bazaar, a young NPC guide.

text: Reality[edit]

text:
Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin, a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Fridge, Martha, and Bethany, for writing Fridge's homework for him; he discovers the Jumanji video game. He later becomes Martha's love interest. He is credited as "Young Spencer".
Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker, a pretty and popular but self-centered teenage girl at Brantford High School and goes to detention with Spencer, Fridge, and Martha, after talking on her phone during a quiz and displaying an arrogant contempt towards her class in the process. She is credited as "Young Bethany".
Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony "Fridge" Johnson, a Brantford High School football jock who lacks confidence to succeed academically, and goes to detention with Spencer, Martha, and Bethany for having Spencer write his essays for him. He is credited as "Young Fridge".
Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply, a teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer, Fridge, and Bethany, for objecting to physical education class and disregarding her teacher as a result and Spencer's love-interest. She is credited as "Young Martha".
Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke, a teenage boy who played, and was trapped inside, the Jumanji video game for 20 years.

Colin Hanks as Adult Alex Vreeke

Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley, the principal who makes Spencer, Bethany, Fridge, and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention.
Sean Buxton as Alex's Father / Jogger

Tim Matheson as Older Alex's Father (Old Man Vreeke, uncredited)

Maribeth Monroe as Teacher, Bethany Walker's English instructor
Missi Pyle as Coach Webb, Martha Kaply's physical education instructor

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In July 2012, rumors emerged that a remake of the film Jumanji was being developed. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said: "We're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present."[10] On August 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version, alongside William Teitler, who produced the original film.[11]

text: In August 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that they had scheduled the film for a December 25, 2016 release.[12] Internet reception to this was negative, with some posters remarking that the announcement came too soon after the death of Robin Williams, who portrayed Alan Parrish from the original film, and had died in August 2014.[13][14] The news was heavily criticized by Bradley Pierce, who played Peter Shepherd in the original Jumanji, as well as by E! News, which stated that they felt that the remake was "unnecessary and kind of insulting."[15][16] On October 23, 2015, Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film, whose production was a high priority for the studio.[17] On January 14, 2016, Deadline reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct, from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner, based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers.[18]

text: On April 15, 2016, Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film, though both actors had other projects to shoot, which might have created schedule conflicts.[19] Later in April, Johnson confirmed his casting through his Instagram account.[20] On July 2016, it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film's cast, along with the confirmed casting of Johnson, Hart, and Jack Black.[21] In August 2016, Johnson clarified that the film would not be a reboot, but a continuation of the 1995 film,[22] while Karen Gillan was also announced as having been cast.[23] On September 20, 2016, Ser'Darius Blain and Madison Iseman were cast in the film, with Blain playing Anthony "Fridge" Johnson and Iseman playing Bethany. Following them, on September 22, 2016, Rhys Darby, Morgan Turner, and Alex Wolff joined the cast, with Darby playing Nigel, Turner playing Martha, and Wolff playing Spencer.[24][25][26] In November 2016, Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film,[27] and in December 2016, Tim Matheson also joined the cast, playing Old Man Vreeke.[28]

text: James Newton Howard was originally attached to compose the film's score;[29] after the film's release date was pushed back half a year, he was replaced by Henry Jackman.[1]

text: In March 2017 during CinemaCon, it was announced that the complete title of the film is Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. The plot was revealed to involve teenagers cleaning out a school's basement who find a vintage video game version of Jumanji, and get sucked into the jungle setting of the first film. While many fans theorized whether the film was a sequel or a reboot, the second trailer, which was released on September 20, 2017, revealed that the film takes place over twenty years after the events of the first.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began September 19, 2016 in Honolulu, Hawaii,[19][30] primarily taking place in the Kualoa Ranch private nature reserve.[31] The film then wrapped December 8, 2016 in Atlanta, Georgia.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: In August 2015, Sony set the film a release date of December 25, 2016.[33] As filming did not start until September 2016, the release was pushed back a year to July 28, 2017, and then to December 20, 2017.[2]

text: On November 29, 2017, it was announced Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to movie tickets for a single December 8, 2017 screening of the film, at select Regal, National Amusements, ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters.[34] The screenings ended up selling out at 1,200 theaters and making $1.9 million.[35] The film was released in IMAX 2D on January 12, 2018, for its first time in IMAX in the United States.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of January 21, 2018[update], Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle has grossed $317 million in the United States and Canada, and $450.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $767.8 million.[4]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released on December 20, 2017 alongside The Greatest Showman, and was projected to gross around $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six-day opening weekend, with the studio predicting a more conservative $45 million debut.[36][37] It took in $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second. Over the three-day weekend, it grossed $36.2 million (for a six-day total of $71.9 million), finishing second at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[5] During its second weekend, the film increased 38.4% to $50.1 million, again finishing in second place at the box office.[38] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 38.4% marked the 4th-largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters; fellow 2017 Christmas release The Greatest Showman coincidently set record for best hold the same weekend.[39][40] The film dethroned The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend, declining just 28.1% to $36 million,[41] and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million (and a total of $35.2 million over the four-day MLK weekend).[42] It again topped the charts the following week with $20 million, despite two new releases in 12 Strong and Den of Thieves.[43]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 76% based on 177 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material."[44] On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[45] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[5]

text: Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise, saying, "Jumanji: Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds, a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually."[46] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C" and called it unnecessary but mildly amusing: "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality. Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios, but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years, Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs."[47]

text: Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman was critical of the film, saying, "Excitement! Suspense! Childlike innocence! Ingeniously staged action set pieces! These are a few of the things you will not find, anywhere, in Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle... It's supposed to be a board game come to life, but really, it's just a bored game."[48]

text: Future[edit]

text: Jack Black, Dwayne Johnson, and Nick Jonas have discussed in interviews what a possible Jumanji 3 would be about, including the possibility of the film exploring the origins of the titular game. Karen Gillan has also said that the alternate ending for Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another movie.[49][50][51][52]


document_title: Nittany Lion Shrine

question_text: where is the lion statue at penn state

question_tokens: where is the lion statue at penn state

text: Nittany Lion Shrine

text: History[edit]

text: The Nittany Lion Shrine at Pennsylvania State University was dedicated on October 24, 1942 during Homecoming. Animalier Heinz Warneke and stonecutter Joseph Garatti created it from a 13-ton block of Indiana Limestone. The shrine was chosen from six models submitted by Warneke.

text: The shrine is a gift of the class of 1940 and rests in a natural setting of trees near Recreation Building.[1]

text: In 2013 the shrine was renovated to improve the lighting, add a sidewalk, and add large decorative stones. The improvement was the gift by the Penn State's class of 2012.[2]

text: Incidents[edit]

text: In 1966 Sue Paterno (wife of football coach Joe Paterno), and a friend secretly splashed water-soluble orange paint on the Nittany Lion statue the week of the Syracuse game. Later that week Syracuse fans covered the statue in oil-based paint, which was tougher to remove. Since then, students guard the Lion Shrine every homecoming.[3]

text: Actually, six Syracuse University students painted the Nittany Lion on Wednesday night, Nov. 2, 1966. The six students had driven from Syracuse to State College that evening with an old, air-loaded fire extinguisher filled with orange paint. Arriving on the Penn State campus, they found the Nittany Lion statue flood lit, deserted and completely clean. Within minutes they had painted the lion, jumped back in their car and driven away from campus, undetected.

text: On the way out of town they spotted a sign for Beaver Stadium, and turned into the parking lot there, prepared to paint the goal posts orange as well. This proved their undoing when the police at the Stadium (guarding the ABC Television equipment for the Saturday game broadcast) switched on the Stadium lights and raced towards the end zone where the students were. As the students fled, one of them became tangled climbing over the 5-foot high chain-link fence surrounding the field. He was taken into custody by the police, and released the following morning.

text: The students were subsequently brought before the SU Student Court, but the case was dismissed as a simple “college prank”.

text: In addition, the student paper (The Daily Orange) published an editorial lauding the students and helped organize a fund of student donations to pay for the sandblasting required to remove the paint. The clean up was nearly complete by game-time on Nov. 5th.

text: This prank re-ignited a tradition that had become dormant among eastern football schools’ rivalries. Attempts at similar pranks were then repeated many times in subsequent years. [4]

text: In another football weekend incident in 1978, the Lion Shrine was vandalized when a blunt object was used to break off the statue's right ear. The original sculptor – Heinz Warneke – was alive at the time and, with some difficulty, was able to match the stone and repair the damaged ear. This incident led to the site being guarded during home football games.[5] The right ear was vandalized again in 1997. In 2003 and 2018, the ear was broken off again, but it is unsure whether or not it was due to vandalism.[6]

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nittany Lion Shrine.

text: Nittany Lion Shrine replicas[edit]

text: Almost every one of the Pennsylvania State University Commonwealth campuses has a replica of the Nittany Lion Shrine. This gallery contains pictures from several campuses throughout Pennsylvania.

text:
Penn State Brandywine

Penn State DuBois

Penn State Lehigh Valley

Penn State Schuylkill


document_title: Obedience training

question_text: what is the command heel for a dog

question_tokens: what is the command heel for a dog

text: Obedience training

text: History[edit]

text: Working dogs have always learned to obey commands related to the work that they historically performed, such as when a herding dog moves a flock of animals in response to a shepherd's whistled directions, or a hunting dog searching for (or chasing down) quarry or leaving the treed quarry at the hunter's command.

text: In the twentieth century, formalized dog training originated in military and police applications, and the methods used largely reflected the military approach to training humans. In the middle and late part of the century, however, more research into operant conditioning and positive reinforcement occurred as wild animal shows became more popular. Aquatic mammal trainers used clickers (a small box that makes a loud click when pushed on) to "mark" desired behavior, giving food as a reward. The change in training methods spread gradually into the world of dog training. Today many dog trainers rely heavily on positive reinforcement to teach new behaviors.

text: At a basic level, owners want dogs with which they can pleasantly share a house, a car, or a walk in the park. Some dogs need only a minimum amount of training to learn to eliminate outside (be housebroken), to sit, to lie down, or to come on command (obey a recall). Many other dogs prove more challenging. New dog owners might find training difficult and fail to make progress, because they expect dogs to think and act like humans, and are surprised and baffled when the dogs don't.

text: Dogs that demonstrate the previously mentioned basic skills, as well as walking reasonably well on a leash and a few other minor tasks, can be tested for and earn the American Kennel Club's (AKC) Canine Good Citizen certification. While not a competitive obedience title, a CGC certification demonstrates that the dog is sociable, well behaved, and reliable in public settings.[1] Some insurance companies will waive breed restrictions on dogs with CGCs, and many states have passed resolutions supporting and encouraging CGC certification as a yardstick for canine manners and responsible dog ownership.

text: Dog intelligence and training[edit]

text: Certain breeds, such as Doberman Pinschers, German Shepherds, Border Collies, Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers, have reputations as being easier to train than others, such as some hounds and sled dogs. Dogs that have been bred to perform one task to the exclusion of all others (such as the Bloodhound or Husky), or that have been bred to work independently from their handler (such as terriers), may be particularly challenging with obedience training.

text: Dog intelligence is exhibited in many different ways, and a dog that might not be easy to train might nonetheless be quite adept at figuring out how to open kitchen cabinets or to escape from the yard. Novice dog owners need to consider a dog's trainability as well as its energy level, exercise requirements, and other factors before choosing a new pet. Very high intelligence is not necessarily a good thing in a companion dog, as smart dogs can require extensive daily mental stimulation if they are not to become bored and destructive.

text: No breed is impossible to obedience train, but novice owners might find training some breeds quite difficult. The capacity to learn basic obedience—and even complicated behavior—is inherent in all dogs. Some breeds may require more patience or creativity in training than others. Individual dogs that exhibit fearful or anxious behaviors should also be handled with greater care, and especially not trained using harsh corrective methods, as this training can be psychologically harmful to the dog and result in further behavioral issues.[2][3]

text: Commands[edit]

text: The specific command word is not important, but consistency in usage is. There are certain commands that are accepted as standard and commonly used.

text: Basic commands[edit]

text:
Sit: The dog is in a sitting position.
Down: A dog is typically down when its elbows (front feet) and hocks (rear legs) are touching the ground or floor.
Heel: The dog's head or shoulder is parallel to the handler's leg on the left side of the handler.
Come or Here: (referred to as the recall) "Call. your dog" equals "come" or "here".
Stay: The dog must remain in the position (sit, down, stand) and location under which the command was given until it is released by the handler.
Stand:[4] While the dog is sitting by your side at heel, hold your treat in your fingers, lure the dog forward. Praise the dog once they move forward into a stand.

text: Advanced commands[edit]

text:
Stop: a dog that will simply stop whatever it is doing and lie down on command no matter how far it is from its keeper is a dog that can be taken anywhere.
Back up: keepers of large dogs or dogs with a reputation for aggressiveness can make strangers more comfortable by teaching the dog to back up on command.
Growl: the inverse of backing up. Some owners teach non-aggressive dogs to growl on a subtle command – not the word growl, usually a small hand gesture – as a way of letting strangers know that you and your dog value being left alone.
Shake: Directs the dog to shake whole body. Generally used after bathing or swimming to prevent dog from soaking owner.
Shake Hands or Shake: Directs dog to lift paw and place it in the hand of the owner as if shaking hands.
Steady: keep near by. The dog can walk free, but not dash off.
Stand: dog stands still. Useful for grooming. Many dogs are groomed frequently and need to stand quietly during the process.
Go to bed, kennel, or get in: Directs the dog to go to its bed or its crate and to remain there until released. The dog has freedom of movement in that location to stand up, turn around, or lie down, unlike when placed in a Stay. Useful to keep a dog out from underfoot and safe in a busy or complicated situation.
Drop or drop it: Dogs pick up all sorts of things, some of which they shouldn't have. A dog that drops anything on command, no matter how attractive (and "attractive" to a dog can be "rotten and smelly" to a human), is a dog under control that the owner can prevent from eating dangerous items or from destroying valued personal property.
Leave it: An adjunct to Drop, directing the dog to not touch an item. Also useful before the dog has picked anything up. Leave it is also used in conjunction with Take it.
Take it: The dog leaves a desired object, such as a toy or treat, untouched until given this command. Alternatively, the dog takes and holds an object which it has no interest in. This can protect an owner's, visitor's, or child's fingers.
Give: The dog has an object in its mouth and "gives" it to its owner by releasing the object into the owner's hand. Object of choice in training is usually a light-weight dumbbell or a glove. This is useful for when your dog has one of your belongings and you want it back before the dog hides it or chews it up.
Speak: A dog, when taught this command, will bark once (or more) when told to do so.
Roll Over: When taught this command a dog will lie down, roll over, and stand back up.
Attack: A dog will attack something (or someone) when told to do so. Common commands are either "Attack" or "Sic'em".
Fetch: A dog will retrieve a thrown object (usually a ball or a stick) and bring it back to the one who threw it.
Place: The dog is trained to go to a certain place and stay there until released, usually a place in the house selected by owner.
With me: used when walking your dog to keep them at your side and with your pace.

text: Training devices[edit]

text: Collars[edit]

text: Flat collar[edit]

text: Flat collars are commonly used in clicker training and other non-correction-based training, such as puppy kindergarten. They are also effective in training small dogs, however they tend to lift the dog off the ground when giving corrections while the dog is distracted or in high adrenal mode. They are typically made of nylon or leather, and fasten with a buckle or quick-release connection.

text: Slip collar[edit]

text: Slip collars (commonly called choke chain or check chains) are made of metal links or rolled material such as nylon or leather. A metal ring is at each end. Historically, slip collars have been used as a matter of course, mostly in North America and the UK. In the last few decades use of these collars has declined. Correctly used, the collar should make a quick clicking not zipping sound when quickly snapped and released to startle or get the attention of the dog and indicate to the handler that the technique was a swift jerk not a choke. The idea is not to strangle the dog, though this can happen if the collar is improperly used.

text: Martingale collar[edit]

text: Martingale collars (also called limited-slip collars) are usually made of flat nylon with a smaller fixed-length section (made of either nylon or a short length of chain) that, when pulled on by the leash, shortens up tightening the collar around the dog's neck, to a limited extent. When properly fitted, martingales are looser than flat-buckle collars when not tightened, and less severely corrective than slip collars when tightened.

text: Prong collars[edit]

text: Prong collars (also called 'pinch collars') are a series of chain links with blunted open ends turned towards the dog's neck. The design of the prong collar is such that it has a limited circumference unlike slip collars which do not have a limit on how far they can constrict on a dog's neck. The limited traction of the martingale chain combined with the angle of the prongs prevents the prongs moving close enough to pinch. The collar is designed to prevent the dog from pulling by applying pressure at each point against the dog's neck.

text: Prong collars must never be turned inside out (with the prongs facing away from the dog's skin), as this may cause injury against the body and head. [1] Plastic tips are occasionally placed on the ends of the prongs to protect against tufts forming in the fur or, in the case of low quality manufactured collars with rough chisel cut ends, puncturing the skin. Like the slip collar, the prong collar is placed high on the dog's neck, just behind the ears, at the most sensitive point.[2]

text: Some dogs can free themselves from prong collars with large wire looped sides by shaking their head so that the links pop out, so some trainers have come to use a second collar (usually an oversize slip collar) in addition to the prong collar so when this happens the dog does not run loose.

text: Electronic collars[edit]

text: Electronic collars (also known as E-collars) transmit a remote signal from a control device the handler operates to the collar. An electrical impulse is transmitted by the handler remotely, at varying degrees of intensity, from varying distances depending on range frequency. It is also done automatically in the bark electronic collar to stop excessive barking, and invisible fence collar when the dog strays outside its boundary. Electronic collars are widely used in some areas of the world and by some dog obedience professionals. This technique remains a source of controversy with many dog training associations, veterinary associations and kennel clubs.[5]

text: Other devices[edit]

text: Leash[edit]

text: The leash or lead is used to connect the dog to the handler, lead the dog, as well as to control the dog in urban areas. Most communities have laws which prohibit dogs from running at large. They may be made of any material such as nylon, metal or leather. A six-foot length is commonly used for walking and in training classes, though leashes come in lengths both shorter and longer. A long line (also called a lunge line) can be 3 metres (ten feet) or more in length, and are often used to train the dog to come when called from a distance.

text: Clicker[edit]

text: The clicker is a small hand-held device that makes a distinct, short sound to mark a desired behavior. (See clicker training for a more detailed discussion of this methodology.) It has gained popularity in recent years as being a means of training that does not involve physically correcting the dog, though it may be used in conjunction with these methods.

text: Head halter[edit]

text: Head halters are an alternative to collars that works similarly to a horse halter. The halter fits over the dog's snout and behind its head (leading it to sometimes be mistaken for a muzzle). Halters reduce the dog's ability to successfully pull on the leash, but do not eliminate it. If the halter is used with a sharp jerk on the leash, neck injury to the dog may result, but used correctly head halters have not been shown to cause harm.

text: Dog bite tug[edit]

text: Dog training bite tug is a tool usually used as retrieve developing skills. It is used for police, military and Schutzhund dog training. Bite tugs are perfect for puppies but can be used for training adult dogs as well.

text: Competitive obedience[edit]

text: For dog owners who enjoy competition and relish the opportunity to work as a highly tuned team with their dogs, competitive obedience trials are available. Dogs can earn obedience titles, including an obedience championship.

text: In competition, merely sitting, lying down, or walking on a leash are insufficient. The dog and handler must perform the activities off leash and in a highly stylized and carefully defined manner. For example, on a recall, the dog must come directly to the handler, without sniffing or veering to one side, and must sit straight in front of the handler, not at an angle or off to one side or the other. Training for obedience competitions builds on basic obedience training.

text: The United Kennel Club (UKC), the Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC), the American Kennel Club (AKC) and the Australian Shepherd Dog Club of America (ASCA) are some of the organizations which offer titles in Competition Obedience.

text: AKC obedience titles include: Companion Dog (CD), Companion Dog Excellent (CDX), Utility Dog (UD), Utility Dog Excellent (UDX), and Obedience Trial Champion (OTCH).

text: In recent years, a new form of Obedience competition, known as Rally Obedience, has become very popular. It was originally devised by Charles L. "Bud" Kramer from the obedience practice of "doodling" - doing a variety of interesting warmup and freestyle exercises. Rally Obedience is designed to be a "bridge", or intermediate step, between the CGC certification and traditional Obedience competition.

text: Unlike regular obedience, instead of waiting for the judge's orders, the competitors proceed around a course of designated stations with the dog in heel position. The course consists of 10 to 20 signs that instruct the team what to do. Unlike traditional obedience, handlers are allowed to encourage their dogs during the course.

text: Obedience for other purposes[edit]

text: There are many reasons for training dogs beyond the level required for basic companionship. For example, assistance dogs must obey their "sit" and "down" commands perfectly at all times, but they do not have to conform to the rigid rules of competitive obedience.

text: Dogs competing in dog sports, such as flyball, agility or Schutzhund, must be trusted in an open field, off leash and surrounded by other people, dogs, hot dogs, and flying discs. This requires more focused attention on the owner and a better recall than that found in most household companion dogs, and more advanced training than that required for formal obedience.


document_title: Mega Millions

question_text: what is just the jackpot for mega millions

question_tokens: what is just the jackpot for mega millions

text: Mega Millions

text: The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball[edit]

text: On October 13, 2009, the Mega Millions consortium and Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL) reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball in American lottery jurisdictions, with the two groups referred to as the "Mega Power Lottery"[7] by many users. The expansion occurred on January 31, 2010, as 23 Powerball members began selling Mega Millions tickets for their first drawing on February 2, 2010; likewise, 10 Mega Millions members began selling Powerball tickets for their first drawing the next day. Montana (joining Mega Millions on March 1, 2010) was the first jurisdiction to add either game after the cross-sell expansion. Nebraska (March 20, 2010), Oregon (March 28, 2010), Arizona (April 18, 2010), Maine (May 9, 2010), Colorado and South Dakota (the latter two on May 16, 2010) also have joined Mega Millions since the expansion.

text: As of January 2016, there are 46 lotteries offering Mega Millions and Powerball; Florida joined Mega Millions in May 2013. (Puerto Rico, whose lottery began in the 1930s, currently does not offer Mega Millions).

text: Before the agreement, the only stores which sold Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers whose business was on a border between jurisdictions which sold competing games.

text: The current Mega Millions format began in October 2013; the game will use a different double matrix as of October 2017. Mega Millions plays will become $2 per game upon the format change; it is unknown exactly how the "Megaplier" will be utilized.

text: Current Mega Millions members[edit]

text: Mega Millions replaced The Big Game in 2002 (see below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions).

text:
Lottery
Mega Millions

Arizona
000000002010-04-18-0000April 18, 2010

Arkansas
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

California
000000002005-06-22-0000June 22, 2005

Connecticut
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Colorado
000000002010-05-16-0000May 16, 2010

Delaware
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

District of Columbia
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Florida
000000002013-05-15-0000May 15, 2013

Georgia
000000001996-09-06-0000September 6, 1996

Idaho
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Illinois
000000001996-09-06-0000September 6, 1996

Indiana
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Iowa
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Kansas
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Kentucky
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Louisiana
000000002011-11-16-0000November 16, 2011

Maine
000000002010-05-09-0000May 9, 2010

Maryland
000000001996-09-06-0000September 6, 1996

Massachusetts
000000001996-09-06-0000September 6, 1996

Michigan
000000001996-09-06-0000September 6, 1996

Minnesota
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Missouri
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Montana
000000002010-03-01-0000March 1, 2010

Nebraska
000000002010-03-20-0000March 20, 2010

New Hampshire
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

New Jersey
000000001999-05-26-0000May 26, 1999

New Mexico
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

New York
000000002002-05-17-0000May 17, 2002

North Carolina
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

North Dakota
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Ohio
000000002002-05-17-0000May 17, 2002

Oklahoma
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Oregon
000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010

Pennsylvania
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Rhode Island
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

South Carolina
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

South Dakota
000000002010-05-16-0000May 16, 2010

Tennessee
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Texas
000000002003-12-05-0000December 5, 2003

US Virgin Islands
000000002010-11-14-0000November 14, 2010

Vermont
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Virginia
000000001996-09-06-0000September 6, 1996

Washington
000000002002-06-01-0000June 2002

West Virginia
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Wisconsin
000000002010-01-31-0000January 31, 2010

Wyoming
000000002014-08-24-0000August 24, 2014

text: In most cases, a lottery joining Mega Millions on or after January 31, 2010 offered Powerball before the MUSL cross-sell expansion.

text: The states of Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Mississippi, Nevada, and Utah do not sell lottery tickets.

text: History[edit]

text: The Big Game[edit]

text: Tickets for The Big Game began to be sold in Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Virginia on August 31, 1996. The Big Game was the brainchild of lottery directors Rebecca Paul (of the Georgia Lottery) and Penelope W. Kyle (of the Virginia Lottery.) The Big Game initially was drawn weekly, on Friday.

text: The Georgia Lottery was a member of MUSL at the time and wanted to sell both games for the remainder of 1996; however, within a few days, Georgia was forcibly removed from MUSL, returning with the 2010 cross-selling expansion.

text: Beginning in January 1999, jackpot winners were given the option to receive their prize in cash. In May 1999, New Jersey joined The Big Game, the only jurisdiction to enter as a participant before The Big Game became Mega Millions in 2002.

text: The Big Game Mega Millions[edit]

text: Ohio and New York joined The Big Game consortium on May 15, 2002, when the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions, temporarily retaining the old name and the original "gold ball" logo. The "Big Money Ball" became the "Mega Ball." While the game's name was altered, the yellow ball in the new Mega Millions logo continued to read "The Big Game" until February 2003, after which it was replaced with six stars representing the original members of the consortium. The first (The Big Game) Mega Millions drawing was held two days later, on May 17. The Mega Millions trademark is owned by the Illinois Lottery. The first three lotteries to join Mega Millions were Washington (in September 2002), Texas (in 2003) and California (in 2005); California was the last addition to Mega Millions before the cross-sell expansion of 2010. Montana joined Mega Millions on March 1, 2010, the first addition to Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion.

text: When Texas joined Mega Millions in 2003, it began offering an option, initially available only to Texas Lottery players, known as the Megaplier, which was similar to Powerball's Power Play. The 11 Mega Millions lotteries without Megaplier on the January 31, 2010 cross-selling date gradually added the multiplier option; by January 2011, all Mega Millions lotteries, except for California, offered the Megaplier. The Texas Lottery owns the trademark to Megaplier.[8]

text: On June 24, 2005, to commemorate California joining Mega Millions, that night's drawing was held in Hollywood, with Carrie Underwood assisting host Glenn Burns for the draw.

text: For the November 15, 2005 drawing, a group called "The Lucky 7" held the only jackpot-winning ticket, purchased in Anaheim, California, winning $315 million. They chose the cash option, splitting $175 million before federal withholdings.[9] This remains the largest prize won by a single Mega Millions ticket.

text: On March 6, 2007, the Mega Millions jackpot reached $390 million,[10] which is the record for the third largest jackpot in U.S. history. The jackpot was shared by two tickets, both matching the numbers of 16-22-29-39-42 and Mega Ball 20. Both winners chose the cash option, with each share $116,557,083 before withholdings.[11]

text: 2010 cross-sell expansion[edit]

text: The New Jersey Lottery, among others, in early 2009 announced it would seek permission to sell Powerball tickets alongside Mega Millions. In October 2009, an agreement between Mega Millions and MUSL allowed all U.S. lotteries, including New Jersey's, to offer both games. On January 31, 2010, Mega Millions expanded to include the 23 MUSL members; as of that date, 35 jurisdictions were participating in Mega Millions. On the same day, 10 existing Mega Millions-participating lotteries began selling Powerball tickets. Ohio joined Powerball on April 16, 2010. On March 1, 2010, Montana became the first MUSL member to add Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion. Nebraska became the 37th Mega Millions participating member on March 20, 2010, followed by Oregon as the 38th member on March 28, Arizona as the 39th member on April 18, and Maine as 40th Mega Millions participant on May 9, 2010. Colorado and South Dakota added Mega Millions on May 16, 2010, bringing the total to 42 jurisdictions.

text: The most recent additions to Mega Millions were the U.S. Virgin Islands, in October 2010, and Louisiana in November 2011. Florida joined Mega Millions on May 15, 2013; the first drawing to include Florida-bought tickets was two days later.

text: Presumably due to their experience with the Power Play option for Powerball, all 23 lotteries joining Mega Millions on January 31, 2010 immediately offered Megaplier to their players. The Megaplier continues to be drawn by Texas Lottery computers, as California does not offer the multiplier. Montana, offering Powerball before the expansion date, became the 24th lottery to offer the Megaplier, followed by Nebraska (the 25th), Oregon (the 26th), Arizona (as the 27th) and Maine (as the 28th lottery to offer the Megaplier option). After Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions, this raised the number of lotteries offering the Megaplier to 37.

text: Mega Millions tickets bought with the Megaplier option, beginning September 12, 2010, automatically won $1 million (instead of $250,000) if the five white balls – but excluding the Mega Ball – are matched.

text: On March 13, 2010, New Jersey became the first Mega Millions participant (just before the cross-sell expansion) to produce a jackpot-winning ticket for Powerball after joining that game. The ticket was worth over $211 million annuity (the cash option was chosen). On May 28, 2010, North Carolina became the first Powerball member (just before the cross-selling expansion) to produce a jackpot-winning Mega Millions ticket after joining Mega Millions, with an annuity jackpot of $12 million.

text: In January 2012, Mega Millions' rival Powerball was altered; among the changes were a price increase of $1 for each play, as a result, a base game costs $2, or $3 with the Power Play option. At the time, there were no plans to change the price of a Mega Millions play, with or without the Megaplier (see below for the 2017 format change that includes the base price for a Mega Millions play to be raised to $2.) The price increase for playing Powerball was a major factor in Louisiana deciding to pursue joining Mega Millions, as that state's lottery joined Mega Millions on November 16, 2011.

text: October 2013 format change[edit]

text: The final 5/56 + 1/46 Mega Millions drawing was held on October 18, 2013; that night's jackpot of $37 million was not won. The first drawing under the revised 5/75 + 1/15 format—which saw the jackpot estimate "leap" to $55 million due to the change in the annuity structure—occurred on October 22, 2013. The minimum jackpot was then $15 million, with rollovers of at least $5 million. Second prize (5+0) became $1 million cash. In the revised format, players chose 5 of 75 white ball numbers, and the "Gold Ball" number out of 15.

text: The Megaplier option remained; the 5x multiplier was added.

text: Lower prize tiers (through October 18, 2013; and October 19, 2013-October 27, 2017) based on a $1 play:

text:
Match 5+0: $250,000/$1 million
Match 4+MB: $10,000/$5,000
Match 4+0: $150/$500
Match 3+MB: $150/$50
Match 3+0: $7/$5
Match 2+MB: $10/$5
Match 1+MB: $3/$2
Match 0+MB: $2/$1

text: Payouts in California remained pari-mutuel.

text: The odds of winning or sharing a Mega Millions jackpot (2013-2017 version): 1 in about 258.9 million. The overall odds of winning a prize were 1 in 14.71, including the base $1 prize for a "Mega Ball"-only match.

text: Prizes and odds (2013-2017 version):

text:
5 numbers plus the Mega Ball (5+1): 1 in 258,890,850
5 numbers but not the Mega Ball (5+0): 1 in 17,259,390
4+1: 1 in 739,688
4+0: 1 in 52,835
3+1: 1 in 10,720
3+0: 1 in 766
2+1: 1 in 473
1+1: 1 in 56
Mega Ball only: 1 in 21[12]

text: The odds for winning the $1 prize, 1 in 21, reflected the possibility of matching at least one of the white balls, as well as the Mega Ball.

text: The annuity—which was 20 annual payments (no cash option was available) when The Big Game began—changed from 26 equal yearly installments to 30 graduated annual payments (increasing 5 percent yearly) with the format change on October 19, 2013.

text: October 2017 format/price point change[edit]

text: On October 28, 2017, the price of a Mega Millions play doubled, to $2; the first drawing under the current price point was October 31, 2017. The Mega Millions double matrix changed, from 5/75 + 1/15 to the current 5/70 + 1/25.[13] The starting jackpot became $40 million, with minimum rollovers of $5 million. The "Megaplier" option (which again is not offered in California) was retained, with an adjustment to its multipliers. (The final jackpot for the $1 version was $30 million, which was not won; the initial jackpot for the new version would still be $40 million with a jackpot hit.)

text: Mega Millions prize tiers effective October 28, 2017 (changed amounts in boldface) for a $2 base play (except prizes won in California):

text:
5+MB: Jackpot; starting jackpot raised to $40 million (annuity value)
5+0: $1,000,000 ($1,000,000)
4+MB: $10,000 ($5,000)
4+0: $500 ($500)
3+MB: $200 ($50)
3+0: $10 ($5)
2+MB: $10 ($5)
1+MB: $4 ($2)
0+MB: $2 ($1)

text: The new prize structure allocates roughly 75 percent of the prize pool for the jackpot; this is, in part, to facilitate the new Just the Jackpot option. The 2013-2017 version allocated about 68 percent towards the jackpot.

text: "Just the Jackpot" option[edit]

text: Each of the 46 Mega Millions participants, in preparation for the October 28, 2017 format change, were given the choice of offering a $3, two-game play (called "Just the Jackpot"). A player choosing this option is not eligible for any of the eight lower-tier prizes; therefore, the Megaplier option is not available for Just the Jackpot wagers.

text: These lotteries offered the "Just the Jackpot" option upon the format change: Georgia, Hoosier Lottery, Kansas, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Kentucky has since added "Just the Jackpot", with other lotteries potentially adding it. Not known is whether a second series of playslips would be printed for lotteries offering "Just the Jackpot" beginning after the October 28, 2017 format change.

text: "Just the Jackpot" wagers and regular Mega Millions plays are printed on separate tickets. Most participating lotteries' wagers are terminal-generated; however, "Just the Jackpot" wagers in Kansas and Texas allow the player to choose their numbers, while Wisconsin players must ask for a terminal-generated ticket.

text: Record jackpots[edit]

text: The largest Mega Millions jackpot, advertised as $640 million at the time of the drawing (annuitized) or $462 million (cash value), was drawn on March 30, 2012. The initial estimate for that drawing (following the March 27 drawing, which was $363 million annuity) was $476 million (later increased to $500 million and again to $540 million); brisk ticket sales pushed the jackpot values, both annuitized (to $656 million) and the cash option ($474 million) higher. The amount spent on Mega Millions for drawings following its previous jackpot win, on January 24, 2012, was at least $1.5 billion.[14] three jackpot-winning tickets had been confirmed (Illinois, Kansas, and Maryland).[15]

text: Mega Millions' second-largest jackpot, $648 million, was for the December 17, 2013 drawing. Two winning tickets, one each from California and Georgia, were sold. The holder of the Georgia ticket claimed the next morning; they selected the cash option, which amounted to $173,819,742.50 before withholdings. The holder of the California ticket claimed on January 3, 2014. (The California ticket holder received an equal share, but potentially a larger cash-option amount, as California lottery winnings are exempt from state income tax)."[3][4][5][16] [17]

text: Mega Millions' third-largest jackpot, $540 million, was for the July 8, 2016 drawing. One ticket from Indiana won the jackpot; the winner chose the cash option.[18]

text: Mega Millions' fourth-largest jackpot, $414 million, was for the March 18, 2014 drawing. Two tickets, one each from Florida and Maryland, split the prize; both sets of winners chose the cash option, splitting $230.9 million (as noted below, interest rates change, resulting in different ratios between the cash values and annuity values of jackpots).

text: Mega Millions' fifth-largest jackpot annuity value ($390 million) was for the March 6, 2007 drawing. Two tickets, one each from Georgia and New Jersey, won $195 million (annuity value) each. The holders of each ticket also chose the cash option.

text: Versions of (The Big Game) Mega Millions[edit]

text: Versions of The Big Game and Mega Millions have used different matrices:

text:
Start Date
5 white balls out of
Mega Balls
Jackpot odds

September 6, 1996
50
25
1:52,969,000

January 13, 1999
50
36
1:76,275,360

May 15, 2002
52
52
1:135,145,920

June 22, 2005
56
46
1:175,711,536

October 19, 2013
75
15
1:258,890,850

October 28, 2017 (current)
70
25
1:302,575,350

text: Megaplier[edit]

text: Mega Millions players have the option to activate a multiplier, called Megaplier, in 45 of its 46 jurisdictions; it is functionally similar to Powerball's Power Play. (Neither Megaplier nor Power Play are offered in California because its state penal code distinguishes between a "lottery" in which the bank cannot be "broken", and a "banked game" whose bank theoretically could be broken; only a "lottery" was authorized by the state Lottery Act.) By doubling the wager in a Mega Millions game to $2, players have an opportunity to multiply any non-jackpot prize by 2, 3, 4 or 5. The Megaplier is drawn by the Texas Lottery (before the cross-sell expansion on January 31, 2010, it was the only lottery to offer Megaplier), which is drawn by a random number generator (RNG). Megaplier differs from Power Play in that the odds for each Megaplier possibility are not uniform.[19]

text:
Megaplier
Former odds (October 19, 2013 – October 27, 2017)
Current odds

2x
1:7.5
1:3

3x
1:3.75
1:2.5

4x
1:5
1:5

5x
1:2.5
1:15

text: Megaplier wagers made for drawings from September 12, 2010 through October 18, 2013 that won second prize (then $250,000) were automatically elevated to 4x, winning $1 million. This "guarantee" did not carry over to the following version of Mega Millions, although the $1 million second prize became $5 million if the Megaplier is 5x.

text: Winning and probability[edit]

text: Former Mega Millions odds (October 19, 2013 – October 27, 2017):[20]

text:
Matches[21]
Prize
Approximate probability of winning

White balls (pool of 75)
Mega Ball (pool of 15)

5
1
Jackpot[22]
1 in 258,890,850

5
0
$1 million
1 in 18,492,204

4
1
$5,000
1 in 739,688

4
0
$500
1 in 52,835

3
1
$50
1 in 10,720

3
0
$5
1 in 766

2
1
$5
1 in 473

1
1
$2
1 in 56

0
1
$1
1 in 21

text: The probability and odds can be taken into a mathematical perspective: The probability of winning the jackpot (through October 27, 2017) was 1:(75C5) x (15); that is: 75 ways for the first white ball times 74 ways for the second times 73 for the third times 72 for the fourth times 71 for the last white ball divided by 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1, or 5!, and this number is then multiplied by 15 (15 possible numbers for the "Megaball"). Therefore, (75 x 74 x 73 x 72 x 71)/ (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) x 15 = 258,890,850, which means any combination of five white balls plus the Megaball has a 1:258,890,850 chance of winning the jackpot. Similarly, the odds for second prize are 1:(75C5) x (15/14) = 1: 18,492,204 chance of winning. The overall probability of winning any prize was 1 in 14.7. If there are no jackpot winners for a specific drawing, the jackpot will keep increasing, however, the odds will still remain the same.

text: Payouts through October 18, 2013:

text:
Matches[21]
Prize
Approximate probability of winning

White balls (pool of 56)
Mega Ball (pool of 46)

5
1
Jackpot[22]
1 in 175,711,536 (56C5×46)[23][24]

5
0
$250,000
1 in 3,904,701 (56C5×46/45)[25]

4
1
$10,000
1 in 689,065 [26]

4
0
$150
1 in 15,313[27]

3
1
$150
1 in 13,781[28]

2
1
$10
1 in 844[29]

3
0
$7
1 in 306[30]

1
1
$3
1 in 141[31]

0
1
$2
1 in 74.8 (the probability for this prize was not 1:46, because there is the possibility of matching at least one of the "white" balls, which decreases the likelihood of matching only the "Mega Ball")[20]

text: Overall probabilities: 1 in 755 of winning any of the top six prizes,[20] 1 in 40 of winning any prize.[32]

text: In California, prize levels are paid on a parimutuel basis, rather than the fixed lower-tier amounts for winners in other Mega Millions jurisdictions. California's eight lower-tier Mega Millions prize pools are separate from those shared by the other 45 lotteries. California's second prize is a "secondary jackpot"; its payout sometimes exceeds $1 million cash, even though California does not offer the Megaplier.[33]

text: Payment options and claiming prizes[edit]

text: In Georgia, New Jersey, and Texas, players must choose, in advance, whether they wish to collect a jackpot prize in cash or annuity. Georgia and New Jersey winners can change an annuity ticket to cash should they be eligible for a jackpot share; however, the choice is binding in Texas. The other Mega Millions members allow the cash/annuity choice to be made after winning (usually 60 days after claiming the ticket), although in Florida the 60-day "clock" starts with the drawing in which the jackpot prize was won.

text: If a jackpot prize is not claimed within the respective jurisdiction's time limit, each of the 46 Mega Millions members get back the money they contributed to that jackpot. Each of the 46 lotteries have rules in regards to unclaimed prizes; most Mega Millions members set aside unclaimed winnings for educational purposes.[34][35]

text: In 2007, a $31 million prize went unclaimed in New York.[36] Many prizes of $250,000 each have been unclaimed, including several in Michigan for 2007 drawings.[37]

text: Mega Millions winners have either 180 days (California non-jackpot prizes only) or one year to claim prizes, including the jackpot (although some Mega Millions winners lose the right to collect a jackpot in cash if they wait more than 60 days after the drawing).

text: The minimum age to purchase a Mega Millions ticket is 18, except in Arizona, Iowa and Louisiana, where the minimum is 21, and in Nebraska; its minimum is 19. Generally (an exception is Virginia), minors can win on tickets received as gifts; the rules according to each Mega Millions member vary for minors receiving prizes.

text: Rules vary according to the applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction where the ticket is sold, and the winner's residence (e.g. if a New Jerseyan wins on a ticket bought near their workplace in Manhattan). Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income tax in California; while Florida, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington state, and Wyoming do not have an income tax. On the other hand, some residents of New York City and Yonkers, New York pay three levels of income tax, as these cities levy income taxes.

text: Drawings[edit]

text: Drawings are usually held at the studios of WSB-TV in Atlanta, Georgia.[1][38] The original host was WSB's chief meteorologist, Glenn Burns. Currently, most drawings are emceed by the full-time host of Georgia Lottery drawings, John Crow, with Brian Hooker the main substitute host. For larger jackpots, the drawing sometimes is moved to Times Square, with New York Lottery announcer Yolanda Vega co-hosting.

text: Before the January 31, 2010 cross-sell expansion, Mega Millions was the only multi-jurisdictional lottery whose drawings were carried nationally, instead of airing only on stations in participating jurisdictions. Chicago-based cable superstation WGN-TV simulcast Mega Millions drawings on its national WGN America feed immediately following WGN's 9pm (Central Time) newscast. Following the cross-sell expansion, WGN also began airing Powerball drawings nationally. WGN served as a default carrier of both major games where no local television station carried either multi-jurisdictional lottery's drawings. Both drawings were removed from WGN America in late 2014 when it ceased carrying WGN's newscasts.[39]

text: Two machines are used in each Mega Millions drawing. The model used for Mega Millions is the Criterion II, manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park, New Jersey. The balls are moved around by means of counter-rotating arms which randomly mix the balls. Individually, the five white balls, several seconds apart, drop through a hole in the bottom of the mixing drum.

text: Record jackpots (listed by cash value)[edit]

text:
Cash value (in millions USD)
Annuity value (in millions USD)
Drawing date
Winner(s)
Description

$474
$656
March 30, 2012
3 (MD, KS, IL)
World's second largest jackpot (cash or annuity)

$347.7[16]
$648[5]
December 17, 2013
2 (CA, GA)
Second-largest annuity value

$240
$380
January 4, 2011
2 (ID, WA)

$233
$390
March 6, 2007
2 (GA, NJ)

$224
$400
March 18, 2014
2 (FL, MD)

$210
$336
August 28, 2009
2 (CA, NY)
NY winner chose annuity (the cash/annuity choice made "when playing" required per then-NY Lottery rules)

$208.3
$330
August 31, 2007
4 (NJ, MD, TX, VA)

$197.5
$326
November 4, 2014
1 (NY)
Sold in Middletown, Orange County [40]

$202.9
$319
March 25, 2011
1 (Albany, NY)

$180
$363
May 9, 2000
2 (IL, MI)
Largest The Big Game jackpot

text: Revenue[edit]

text: Approximately 50% of Mega Millions sales is returned to players as prizes; the remainder is split (each lottery has different rules regarding these funds) among retailers, marketing, and operations, as well as the 46 jurisdictions offering the game; different lotteries uses the proceeds in different ways.[41]

text: Miscellany[edit]

text: In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the legislature in Albany, fearing a monumental loss of revenue, passed legislation the following month, which was signed by Governor George Pataki, which included joining a multi-jurisdictional lottery game. Around the same time, for entirely different reasons, Ohio's governor also gave the green light to joining a multi-jurisdictional game. Both lotteries opted to join The Big Game, which, at the time, was offered in seven states. The added populations of the two new jurisdictions, in turn, led to a larger double matrix. The first machine continued to hold white 52 balls, while 16 gold balls were added in the second, meaning there were 52 numbers to pick from in both parts of each $1 game. On May 15, 2002, the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions; shortly after, it became just Mega Millions. Except for the 2010 cross-selling expansion, this was the only time The Big Game or Mega Millions simultaneously added more than one member.

text: In 2005, Mega Millions was the target of a mailing scam. A letter bearing the Mega Millions logo was used in a string of lottery scams designed to trick people into providing personal financial information by cashing bogus checks. The letter, which had been sent to people in several states via standard mail, included a check for what the scammers said was an unclaimed Mega Millions prize. If the check was cashed, it bounced, but not before the bank stamped it with a routing number and personal account information and sent it back to the fraudulent organization, providing them with the recipients' financial information.[42]

text: A budget impasse due to the 2006 New Jersey Government shutdown led to the temporary closing of its non-essential agencies on July 1, 2006. Among the casualties were the Atlantic City casinos and the New Jersey Lottery. Not only were New Jersey's in-house games (such as Pick-6) not drawn for about a week, but all New Jersey lottery terminals were shut down, meaning Mega Millions could not be played in New Jersey, even though Mega Millions was drawn as usual. A similar shutdown happened in Minnesota on July 1, 2011.

text: Elecia Battle made national headlines in January 2004 when she claimed that she had lost the winning ticket in the December 30, 2003 Mega Millions drawing.[43] She then filed a lawsuit against the woman who had come forward with the ticket, Rebecca Jemison. Several days later, when confronted with contradictory evidence, she admitted that she had lied.[44] Battle was charged with filing a false police report the following day. As a result of this false report, she was fined $1,000, ordered to perform 50 hours of community service, and required to compensate the police and courts for various costs incurred.[45]

text: The January 4, 2011 Mega Millions drawing drew attention for its similarity to "The Numbers," a sequence of six numbers that served as a plot device of the ABC drama series Lost. One such usage involved character Hugo "Hurley" Reyes playing the sequence in a similar "Mega Lotto" game, winning a nine-figure jackpot and subsequently experiencing numerous misfortunes in his personal life. The first three numbers (4, 8, 15) and mega ball (42) in the Mega Millions drawing matched the first three numbers and the final number (which Hurley also used as the "mega ball" number) in the Lost sequence. The last two numbers in the Mega Millions drawing did not match the last two numbers that were used in the scene. Those who played "The Numbers", including from quick-picks, won $150 ($118 in California) in a non-Megaplier game; $600 with the multiplier.[46]

text: The 12 original (before the 2010 cross-sell expansion) Mega Millions members have each produced at least one Mega Millions jackpot winner.