document_title: List of members of the United Nations Security Council

question_text: list of non permanent member of security council

text: Current membership[edit]

text:
Country
Regional Group
Member Since

 People's Republic of China
Asia-Pacific Group
1971, replaced the Republic of China

 France
Western European and Others Group
1946

 Russian Federation
Eastern European Group
1991, replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

 United Kingdom
Western European and Others Group
1946

 United States
Western European and Others Group
1946

text:
Country
Regional Group
Term Began
Term Ends

 Bolivia
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
2017
2018

 Egypt
African Group
2016
2017

 Ethiopia
African Group
2017
2018

 Italy
Western European and Others Group
2017
2017*

 Japan
Asia-Pacific Group
2016
2017

 Kazakhstan
Asia-Pacific Group
2017
2018

 Senegal
African Group
2016
2017

 Sweden
Western European and Others Group
2017
2018

 Ukraine
Eastern European Group
2016
2017

 Uruguay
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
2016
2017

text: *During the 2016 Security Council elections, Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two-year term, in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018.[1][2]

text: Regional Groups[edit]

text:
African Group: 3 members
Asia-Pacific Group:[a] 2 members
Eastern European Group (CEIT, or Countries with Economies in Transition): 1 member
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC): 2 members
Western European and Others Group (WEOG): 2 members; at least one of these must be from Western Europe[3]

text: In addition, one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country, alternately from the African or Asia-Pacific groups. This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968.

text: Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two-year term; these elections always begin in October of the year, and continue until the two-thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached. Re-election is allowed, but the term must not be consecutive.

text:
Term beginning in years that are:
odd
even

African Group
one member
two members *

Asia-Pacific Group
one member
one member *

Eastern European Group
none
one member

Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
one member
one member

Western European and Others Group
two members
none

text: * The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces.

text: Previous and future Security Council composition[edit]

text: From 1946 to 1965, the security council included six non-permanent members. The regional grouping at that time was:

text:
Latin America: 2 members
Commonwealth of Nations: 1 member
Eastern Europe: 1 member
Middle East: 1 member
Western Europe: 1 member

text: There were some exceptions to this grouping: Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964–1965; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956.

text: As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council, Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations, are seeking permanent representation on this body. Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus.

text: Membership by year[edit]

text: Permanent[edit]

text:
Year
Permanent seats

1945–1948

Republic of China

France

Soviet Union

United Kingdom

United States

1949–1970

Republic of China (Taiwan)

1971–1991

People's Republic of China

1992–present

Russian Federation

text: Non-permanent (1946–1965)[edit]

text:
Year
Latin American Seats
Commonwealth Seat
Eastern European
& Asian Seat[b]
Middle Eastern Seat
Western European Seat

1946

Brazil

Mexico

Australia

Poland

Egypt

Netherlands

1947

Colombia

Syria

Belgium

1948

Argentina

Canada

Ukraine

1949

Cuba

Egypt

Norway

1950

Ecuador

India

Yugoslavia

1951

Brazil

Turkey

Netherlands

1952

Chile

Pakistan

Greece

1953

Colombia

Lebanon

Denmark

1954

Brazil

New Zealand

Turkey

1955

Peru

Iran

Belgium

1956

Cuba

Australia

Yugoslavia

1957

Colombia

Philippines

Iraq

Sweden

1958

Panama

Canada

Japan

1959

Argentina

Tunisia

Italy

1960

Ecuador

Ceylon

Poland

1961

Chile

Turkey

United Arab Republic

Liberia[c]

1962

Venezuela

Ghana

Romania

Ireland

1963

Brazil

Philippines

Morocco[d]

Norway

1964

Bolivia

Ivory Coast[e]

Czechoslovakia

1965

Uruguay

Malaysia

Jordan

Netherlands

text: Non-permanent (1966–present)[edit]

text:
Year
African Group
Asia-Pacific Group
Latin American and Caribbean Group (GRULAC)
Western European and Others Group
Eastern European Group

* indicates Arab nations' representative

1966

Mali

Nigeria

Uganda

Japan

Jordan *

Argentina

Uruguay

Netherlands

New Zealand

Bulgaria

1967

Ethiopia

India

Brazil

Canada

Denmark

1968

Algeria *

Senegal

Pakistan

Paraguay

Hungary

1969

Zambia

Nepal

Colombia

Finland

Spain

1970

Burundi

Sierra Leone

Syria *

Nicaragua

Poland

1971

Somalia

Japan

Argentina

Belgium

Italy

1972

Guinea

Sudan *

India

Panama

Yugoslavia

1973

Kenya

Indonesia

Peru

Australia

Austria

1974

Cameroon

Mauritania

Iraq *

Costa Rica

Byelorussia

1975

Tanzania

Japan

Guyana

Italy

Sweden

1976

Benin

Libya *

Pakistan

Panama

Romania

1977

Mauritius

India

Venezuela

Canada

West Germany

1978

Gabon

Nigeria

Kuwait *

Bolivia

Czechoslovakia

1979

Zambia

Bangladesh

Jamaica

Norway

Portugal

1980

Niger

Tunisia *

Philippines

Mexico

East Germany

1981

Uganda

Japan

Panama

Ireland

Spain

1982

Togo

Zaire

Jordan *

Guyana

Poland

1983

Zimbabwe

Pakistan

Nicaragua

Malta

Netherlands

1984

Burkina Faso[f]

Egypt *

India

Peru

Ukraine

1985

Madagascar

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Australia

Denmark

1986

Congo

Ghana

United Arab Emirates *

Venezuela

Bulgaria

1987

Zambia

Japan

Argentina

West Germany

Italy

1988

Algeria *

Senegal

Nepal

Brazil

Yugoslavia

1989

Ethiopia

Malaysia

Colombia

Canada

Finland

1990

Ivory Coast

Zaire

Yemen *[g]

Cuba

Romania

1991

Zimbabwe

India

Ecuador

Austria

Belgium

1992

Cape Verde

Morocco *

Japan

Venezuela

Hungary

1993

Djibouti

Pakistan

Brazil

New Zealand

Spain

1994

Nigeria

Rwanda

Oman *

Argentina

Czech Republic

1995

Botswana

Indonesia

Honduras

Germany

Italy

1996

Egypt *

Guinea-Bissau

South Korea

Chile

Poland

1997

Kenya

Japan

Costa Rica

Portugal

Sweden

1998

Gabon

Gambia

Bahrain *

Brazil

Slovenia

1999

Namibia

Malaysia

Argentina

Canada

Netherlands

2000

Mali

Tunisia *

Bangladesh

Jamaica

Ukraine

2001

Mauritius

Singapore

Colombia

Ireland

Norway

2002

Cameroon

Guinea

Syria *

Mexico

Bulgaria

2003

Angola

Pakistan

Chile

Germany

Spain

2004

Algeria *

Benin

Philippines

Brazil

Romania

2005

Tanzania

Japan

Argentina

Denmark

Greece

2006

Ghana

Congo

Qatar *

Peru

Slovakia

2007

South Africa

Indonesia

Panama

Belgium

Italy

2008

Burkina Faso

Libya *

Vietnam

Costa Rica

Croatia

2009

Uganda

Japan

Mexico

Austria

Turkey

2010

Gabon

Nigeria

Lebanon *

Brazil

Bosnia and Herzegovina

2011

South Africa

India

Colombia

Germany

Portugal

2012

Morocco *

Togo

Pakistan

Guatemala

Azerbaijan

2013

Rwanda

South Korea

Argentina

Australia

Luxembourg

2014

Chad

Nigeria

Jordan *

Chile

Lithuania

2015

Angola

Malaysia

Venezuela

New Zealand

Spain

2016

Egypt *

Senegal

Japan

Uruguay

Ukraine

2017

Ethiopia

Kazakhstan

Bolivia

Italy

Sweden

2018

Ivory Coast

Equatorial Guinea

Kuwait *

Peru

Netherlands[2]

Poland

text: List by number of years as Security Council member[edit]

text: This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council, including the five permanent members, all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC. Of all the members, 6 have so far ceased to exist, leaving the list with 124 modern nations. These, combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date (see Non-members, below), make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN.

text: Years on the Security Council, as of 2016, including current year where relevant :

text:
Years[h]
Country
First Year
Most Recent Year
Regional Group
Notes

71
 France
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

71
 United Kingdom
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

71
 United States
1946
2017
WEOG
Permanent member

46
 Soviet Union
1946
1991
E. European
Former permanent member, replaced by Russian Federation

45
 People's Republic of China
1971
2017
Asia-Pacific
Permanent member

26
 Republic of China
1946
1971
Asian
Former permanent member, replaced by People's Republic of China

25
 Russian Federation
1991
2017
E. European
Permanent member

21
 Japan
1958
2017
Asia-Pacific
Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

20
 Brazil
1946
2011
GRULAC

18
 Argentina
1948
2014
GRULAC

14
 Colombia
1947
2012
GRULAC

14
 India
1950
2012
Asia-Pacific

14
 Pakistan
1952
2013
Asia-Pacific

12
 Canada
1948
2000
WEOG

12
 Italy
1959
2008
WEOG

10
 Australia
1946
2014
WEOG

10
 Belgium
1947
2008
WEOG

10
 Chile
1952
2015
GRULAC

10
 Egypt
1946
2017
African (Arabic)
Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic, of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern-day Egypt; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

10
 Germany
1977
2012
WEOG
Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany (but does not include East Germany's 2 years, listed separately below)

10
 Nigeria
1966
2015
African

10
 Panama
1958
2008
GRULAC

10
 Spain
1969
2016
WEOG

10
 Venezuela
1962
2016
GRULAC

9
 Netherlands
1946
2000
WEOG

9
 Poland
1946
1997
E. European

8
 Denmark
1953
2006
WEOG

8
 Norway
1949
2002
WEOG

8
 Peru
1955
2007
GRULAC

7
 Malaysia
1965
2016
Asia-Pacific

7
 Mexico
1946
2010
GRULAC

7
 New Zealand
1954
2016
WEOG

7
 Romania
1962
2005
E. European

7
 Syria
1947
2003
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
Includes one year (1961) during which the United Arab Republic was a member, for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union

7
 Turkey
1951
2010
WEOG

7
 Ukraine
1948
2016
E. European
Includes 4 years of membership under the name of  Ukrainian SSR; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership; current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017

7
 Yugoslavia
1950
1989
E. European
Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia

6
 Algeria
1968
1989
African (Arabic)

6
 Austria
1973
2010
WEOG

6
 Bulgaria
1966
2003
E. European

6
 Costa Rica
1974
2009
GRULAC

6
 Cuba
1949
1991
GRULAC

6
 Ecuador
1950
1992
GRULAC

6
 Gabon
1978
2011
African

6
 Ghana
1962
2007
African

6
 Indonesia
1973
2008
Asia-Pacific

6
 Jordan
1965
2015
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

6
 Morocco
1963
2013
African (Arabic)

6
 Philippines
1957
2004
Asia-Pacific

6
 Portugal
1979
2012
WEOG

6
 Sweden
1957
1998
WEOG

6
 Tunisia
1959
2003
African (Arabic)

6
 Zambia
1969
1988
African

5
 Ireland
1962
2002
WEOG

5
 Senegal
1968
2017
African
Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2017

5
 Uganda
1966
2010
African

4
 Angola
2003
2016
African

4
 Bangladesh
1979
2001
Asia-Pacific

4
 Benin
1976
2005
African

4
 Bolivia
1964
1979
GRULAC

4
 Burkina Faso
1984
2009
African
For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta.

4
 Cameroon
1974
2003
African

4
 Côte d'Ivoire
1964
1991
African

4
 Ethiopia
1967
1990
African

4
 Finland
1969
1990
WEOG

4
 Greece
1952
2006
WEOG

4
 Guinea
1972
2003
African

4
 Guyana
1975
1983
GRULAC

4
 Hungary
1968
1993
E. European

4
 Iraq
1957
1975
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

4
 Jamaica
1979
2001
GRULAC

4
 Kenya
1973
1998
African

4
 Lebanon
1953
2011
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

4
 Libya
1976
2009
African (Arabic)

4
 Mali
1966
2001
African

4
 Mauritius
1977
2002
African

4
   Nepal
1969
1989
Asia-Pacific

4
 Nicaragua
1970
1984
GRULAC

4
 Republic of the Congo
1986
2007
African

4
 South Korea
1996
2014
Asia-Pacific

4
 Rwanda
1994
2014
African

4
 South Africa
2007
2012
African

4
 Tanzania
1975
2006
African

4
 Togo
1982
2013
African

4
 Zaire
1982
1991
African
Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo

4
 Zimbabwe
1983
1992
African

3
 Czechoslovakia
1964
1979
E. European
Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia

3
 Uruguay
1965
2016
GRULAC
Current membership of Security Council expires in December 2017

2
 Azerbaijan
2012
2013
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership

2
 Bahrain
1998
1999
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2010
2011
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Botswana
1995
1996
African

2
 Burundi
1970
1971
African

2
 Byelorussian SSR
1974
1975
E. European
Now known as Belarus; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership

2
 Cape Verde
1992
1993
African

2
 Ceylon
1960
1961
Asia-Pacific
Now known as Sri Lanka

2
 Chad
2014
2015
African (Arabic)
Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960;

2
 Croatia
2008
2009
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Czech Republic
1994
1995
E. European
Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership

2
 Djibouti
1993
1994
African

2
 Gambia
1998
1999
African

2
 East Germany
1980
1981
E. European
Now subsumed into Germany, which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany

2
 Guatemala
2012
2013
GRULAC

2
 Guinea-Bissau
1996
1997
African

2
 Honduras
1995
1996
GRULAC

2
 Iran
1955
1956
Asia-Pacific

2
 Kuwait
1978
1979
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Lithuania
2014
2015
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015

2
 Luxembourg
2013
2014
WEOG

2
 Madagascar
1985
1986
African

2
 Malta
1983
1984
WEOG

2
 Mauritania
1974
1975
African

2
 Namibia
1999
2000
African

2
 Niger
1980
1981
African

2
 Oman
1994
1995
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 Paraguay
1968
1969
GRULAC

2
 Sierra Leone
1970
1971
African

2
 Singapore
2001
2002
Asia-Pacific
Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council

2
 Slovakia
2006
2007
E. European
Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership

2
 Slovenia
1998
1999
E. European
Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership

2
 Somalia
1971
1972
African

2
 Sudan
1972
1973
African (Arabic)

2
 Thailand
1985
1986
Asia-Pacific

2
 Trinidad and Tobago
1985
1986
GRULAC

2
 Qatar
2006
2007
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 United Arab Emirates
1986
1987
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)

2
 United Arab Republic
1961
1962
African (Arabic)
Predecessor of Syria and Egypt

2
 Vietnam
2008
2009
Asia-Pacific

2
 Yemen
1990
1991
Asia-Pacific (Arabic)
The entity elected, and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership, was South Yemen: unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership.

1
 Liberia
1961
1961
African
Served only one year[i]

1
 Kazakhstan
2017
2017
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991.

text: Future candidacies[edit]

text: The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership:

text:
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Eastern Europe
GRULAC
WEOG

2018
South Africa[5]
Indonesia,[6][7] Maldives[6][8]
–
Argentina[9], Dominican Republic[10]
Belgium,[11][12][13] Germany,[12][13] Israel[12][13]

2019
?
India,[14][15] Vietnam[7][16]
Estonia[17]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[6]
–

2020
?
Afghanistan[15]
–
?
Ireland,[18] Norway,[19] San Marino,[20] Canada[21]

2021
?
Bahrain,[22] United Arab Emirates[15]
Albania[23]
?
–

2022
?
Mongolia[24][15]
–
?
Switzerland,[25] Malta[6]

2023
?
Tajikistan[26]
?
Guyana[6]
–

2024
?
Pakistan[6]
–
?
Greece,[27] Denmark[20]

2025
?
?
Latvia,[28] Montenegro[29]
?
–

2026
?
The Philippines[7]
–
?
Portugal,[30] Austria[20]

2027
?
Republic of Korea[31]
?
?
–

2028
?
Iran[32]
–
?
Australia,[33] Finland[20]

2029
?
?
Croatia[34]
?
–

2031
?
?
Armenia[35]
?
–

text: Serbia[36] as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future, but did not specify any term.

text: Non-members[edit]

text: As of July 2011, there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council. The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members. As a result, many members have never been on the Security Council. The following list is a summary of all countries, currently 68 modern nations[37] and three historical ones, that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council. The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika, Zanzibar, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

text:
UN Member state
Regional Group
Security Council membership as part of another entity

 Afghanistan
Asia-Pacific

 Albania
E. European

 Andorra
WEOG

 Antigua and Barbuda
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980

 Armenia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991

 Bahamas
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973

 Barbados
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966

 Belize
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981

 Bhutan
Asia-Pacific

 Brunei
Asia-Pacific
Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984, and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945

 Cambodia
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953

 Central African Republic
African
Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960

 Comoros
African
Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975

 Cyprus
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960

 North Korea
Asia-Pacific

 Dominica
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978

 Dominican Republic
GRULAC

 El Salvador
GRULAC

 Equatorial Guinea
African
Equatorial Guinea was a colony of Spain until 1968, but Spain's first term on the UNSC was in 1969

 Eritrea
African
Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952, then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993

 Estonia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991

 Fiji
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970

 Georgia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991

 Grenada
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974

 Haiti
GRULAC

 Iceland
WEOG

 Israel
None / WEOG[j]
Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948

 Kiribati
Asian / None[k]
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979

 Kyrgyzstan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991

 Laos
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949

 Latvia
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991

 Lesotho
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966

 Liechtenstein
WEOG

 Macedonia
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 3 April 1993

 Malawi
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1891 to 6 July 1964

 Maldives
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1887 to 26 July 1965

 Marshall Islands
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 21 October 1986

 Federated States of Micronesia
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 3 November 1986

 Moldova
E. European
Was part of the Soviet Union from 28 June 1940 to 25 December 1991

 Monaco
WEOG

 Mongolia
Asia-Pacific

 Montenegro
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 28 April 1992[l]

 Mozambique
African
Mozambique was a colony of Portugal from 1498 to 25 June 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979

 Myanmar
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1824 to 4 January 1948

 Nauru
Asia-Pacific
Was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand from 1 January 1946 to 31 January 1968

 Palau
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the League of Nations South Pacific Mandate under Japanese administration from 28 June 1919 to 17 July 1947, then part of the United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands under the administration of the United States from 17 July 1947 to 1 October 1994

 Papua New Guinea
Asia-Pacific
Was administered by Australia in the case of the Territory of Papua from 1905, the Territory of New Guinea as a League of Nations mandate from 1919 and as a unified Territory of Papua and New Guinea from 1949 until 16 September 1975

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1713 to 19 September 1983

 Saint Lucia
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1803 to 22 February 1979

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
GRULAC
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 27 October 1979

 Samoa
Asia-Pacific
Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of New Zealand from 17 December 1920 to 25 January 1947, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of New Zealand from 25 January 1947 to 1 January 1962

 San Marino
WEOG

 São Tomé and Príncipe
African
São Tomé and Príncipe was a colony of Portugal from 1471 to 12 July 1975, but Portugal's first term on the UNSC was in 1979

 Saudi Arabia
Asia-Pacific
Saudi Arabia was elected in the 2013 election, but declined the seat.[38]

 Serbia
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 31 January 1946 to 27 April 1992[m]

 Seychelles
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 29 June 1976

 Solomon Islands
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1893 to 7 July 1978

 South Sudan
African
Was part of Sudan from the country's independence from the United Kingdom and Egypt on 1 January 1956 to 9 July 2011

 Suriname
GRULAC
Was a colony of the Netherlands from 1667 to 25 November 1975

 Swaziland
African
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 6 September 1968

  Switzerland
WEOG

 Tajikistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 14 October 1924 to 25 December 1991

 Tanganyika
Commonwealth Seat
Was a League of Nations mandate under the administration of the United Kingdom from 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946, then a United Nations Trust Territory under the administration of the United Kingdom until 9 December 1962, then independent until federation with Zanzibar to form Tanzania

 Timor-Leste
Asia-Pacific
During the existence of the United Nations, Timor Leste has been a colony of Portugal (until 28 November 1975) and occupied by Indonesia (until 1999); Indonesia was a Security Council member in 1995-6.

 Tonga
Asia-Pacific
Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 18 May 1900 to 4 June 1970

 Turkmenistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 8 December 1991

 Tuvalu
Asia-Pacific
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 1 October 1978

 Uzbekistan
Asia-Pacific
Was part of the Soviet Union from 13 May 1925 to 25 December 1991

 Vanuatu
Asia-Pacific
Was a Condominium under joint sovereignty of the United Kingdom and France from 1906 to 30 July 1980

 Zanzibar
Commonwealth Seat
Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 27 August 1896 to 10 December 1963, then independent until federation with Tanganyika to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964.

 FR Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro
E. European
Was part of Yugoslavia from 29 November 1943 to 27 April 1992


document_title: Written All Over Your Face

question_text: who sings its written all over your face

root

text: Written All Over Your Face

text:
"Written All Over Your Face"

Single by The Rude Boys

from the album Rude Awakening

B-side
"Fool for You"

Released
December 4, 1990

Format
CD single, 12", cassette single

Recorded
1990 at Right Tracks Studios
Cleveland, Ohio
Sigma Sound Studios
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Genre
R&B

Length
6:21 (Album version)
4:10 (Radio edit)

Label
Atlantic

Songwriter(s)
Larry Marcus

Producer(s)
Larry Marcus, Jim Salamone

The Rude Boys singles chronology

"Come On Let's Do This"
(1990)
"Written All Over Your Face"
(1990)
"My Kinda Girl"
(1992)

"Come On Let's Do This"
(1990)
"Written All Over Your Face"
(1991)
"My Kinda Girl"
(1992)

tag: table

text: "Written All Over Your Face" is a song by American R&B group The Rude Boys, released as the second single from their debut album Rude Awakening. The song was written and produced by group member Larry Marcus with additional production from session musician and recording engineer Jim Salamone. The song became the group's signature song and spent one week at number one on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart. It also peaked at number sixteen on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1991.[1] "Written All Over Your Face" made the group a sensation, as the single topped the R&B charts and, The song showcased the vocals of Joe N Little III and Edward Buddy Banks and featured extra vocals from their mentor, the late Gerald Levert. The single rode the charts for 31 weeks, and finally made it to #1 on the Billboard R&B charts and #16 on the Billboard Hot 100.

tag: p

text: In 1991, it won the Billboard Music Award for No. 1 R&B Single of the Year.[2]


document_title: David Henrie

question_text: who plays larry on that's so raven

question_tokens: who plays larry on that 's so raven

text: David Henrie

text: Early life[edit]

text: Henrie was born in Mission Viejo, California, the son of Linda (née Finocchiaro), a talent manager, and James Wilson Henrie, a producer formerly in real estate.[2][3] He is the older brother of actor Lorenzo James Henrie. His maternal grandparents were Italian.[4][5] Henrie was raised as a Roman Catholic,[6][7] and, in a video chat, stated that he is "a Christian and always will be".[8] He grew up in Phoenix, Arizona.[9][10] On April 6, 2012, Good Friday, Henrie accompanied Eduardo Verástegui in a speech addressing life issues at the Church of the Most Blessed Sacrament in the city of Piura, Peru.[11]

text: Career[edit]

text: By age 13, Henrie got his first big break, landing a regular role as Petey Pitt on the Fox sitcom The Pitts.[12] Henrie next landed a leading role in the Hallmark movie, Monster Makers, with Linda Blair and George Kennedy, and was asked to come back for another Hallmark movie, to play a role in Dead Hollywood Moms Society.[13] He also starred as Skylar Blaford in the Fox's sitcom Method & Red.[14]

text: Henrie guest starred in many shows such as Providence, Without a Trace, The Mullets, Judging Amy, The D.A., Jack & Bobby, NCIS, House, and Cold Case.[15] Before his role on Wizards of Waverly Place, he had a recurring role on That's So Raven as Cory's friend Larry.[16] Henrie also had a recurring role on How I Met Your Mother, where he played Ted's future son.[17]

text: At the age of 18, Henrie got the role of Justin Russo in the Disney Channel Original Series, Wizards of Waverly Place.[18] The show premiered on October 12, 2007. He was in the movie Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie with the cast of the series.[19] Henrie played Justin Russo through the whole series. About a year after the finale a film, The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex premiered on March 15, 2013 without Henrie, but his character was mentioned, and a photo of him is shown. Henrie is credited with writing two episodes of Wizards of Waverly Place, "Alex's Logo" and the series special "Meet the Werewolves".[20][21]

text: During his involvement with Disney Channel, Henrie competed in the 2008 Disney Channel Games. He was team captain of the Green Team, also known as the Cyclones. He had a role in the Disney Channel Original Movie Dadnapped co-starring Emily Osment.[22] Henrie made a guest appearance as himself in 2 episodes of Jonas. According to Reuters, Henrie was officially named the Grand Marshal for the 2009 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race.[23]

text: In 2010, Henrie guest-starred in the web series Easy to Assemble.[24] In 2012, Henrie voiced the character of Shawn in the movie The secret World of Arrietty.[25] Henrie has also directed a short film titled "Boo!" and another one called "Catch", which debuted in the summer of 2014.[26][27]

text: Henrie appeared in Grown Ups 2 (2013), opposite Taylor Lautner and Adam Sandler.[28] In 2014, Henrie played the lead in 1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story, the true story of a young basketball player who suffered a catastrophic stroke as a freshman at Gettysburg College but, through determination and an indomitable spirit, returned to the court for one remarkable moment in the last game of his senior year.[29] Later that year, Henrie guest starred in the ABC show Mind Games.[30]

text: In 2015, he played the role of Lane, who is a valet and falls for Paul Blart's daughter, in the sequel Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2, co-starred as London Busbee, older brother of the title character in the drama Little Boy, and he had a role in the indie biographical drama film Walt Before Mickey in which he plays Rudy Ising, who worked for Walt Disney.[31][32][33] Henrie had cameo appearances in indie drama Cardboard Boxer and Warrior Road.[34] In January 2015, Henrie was cast to play a young Ronald Reagan in an upcoming biopic titled Reagan.[35]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In October 2016, Henrie became engaged to former Miss Delaware Maria Cahill.[36][37] They were married on April 21, 2017.[38]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Film roles

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2003
Monster Makers
Danny Burke

2004
Hollywood Mom's Mystery
Oliver Palumbo

2004
Arizona Summer
Bad

2012
Secret World of Arrietty, TheThe Secret World of Arrietty
Shawn
Voice role

2013
Grown Ups 2
Frat Boy Zac

2014
1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story
Cory Weissman

2014
Catch

Short film; writer/director/producer[39]

2015
Paul Blart: Mall Cop 2
Lane

2015
Little Boy
London Busbee

2015
Walt Before Mickey
Rudy Ising

2016
Cardboard Boxer
Clean Cut Man

2017
Warrior Road
Tom

2017
Max & Me
D.J.
Post-Production

text:
Television roles

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2002
Providence
Mark Triedman
Episode: "Gotcha"

2002
Without a Trace
Gabe Freedman
Episode: "Birthday Boy"

2003
Pitts, TheThe Pitts
Petey Pitt
Main role

2003
Mullets, TheThe Mullets
N/A
Episode: "Grudge Match"

2003
Judging Amy
Jeremy
Episode: "Sex and the Single Mother"

2004
The D.A.
Alex Henry
Episode: "The People vs. Patricia Henry"

2004
Method & Red
Skyler Blaford
Recurring role

2004
Jack and Bobby
Sniffly
Episode: "The Kindness of Strangers"

2004
NCIS
Willy Shields
Episode: "Terminal Leave"

2004–2007
That's So Raven
Larry
Recurring role; 12 episodes

2005
House
Tommy
Episode: "Cursed"

2005–2014
How I Met Your Mother
Luke Mosby
Recurring role (stock footage used since season 2); 65 episodes

2006
Cold Case
Dale Wilson
Episode: "Fireflies"

2007
Studio DC: Almost Live
Himself
Second Show

2007–2012
Wizards of Waverly Place
Justin Russo
Main role; 106 episodes

2008
Disney Channel Games
Himself
Cyclone's Team Captain; Green Team

2009
Suite Life on Deck, TheThe Suite Life on Deck
Justin Russo
Episode: "Double Crossed"

2009
Disney Channel's 3 Minute Game Show
Himself
Episodes: "The Cheetah Girls: One World", "Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie"

2009
Dadnapped
Wheeze
Disney Channel Original Movie

2009
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie
Justin Russo
Disney Channel Original Movie

2010
Jonas
Himself
Episodes: "Boat Trip", "On the Radio"

2010
Easy to Assemble
Ethan
Episode: "Flying Solo"

2011
Disney's Friends for Change Games
Himself
Green Team

2013
Arrested Development
David Henrie
Episode: "It Gets Better"

2014
Mind Games
Elliot
Episode: "Embodied Cognition"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Refs

2003
Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Drama Series – Guest Starring Young Actor
Without a Trace
Nominated

2004
Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Arizona Summer
Nominated

Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor
The Pitts
Nominated

2008
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Ensemble Performance in a TV Series
Wizards of Waverly Place
Nominated

2011
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Sidekick
Wizards of Waverly Place
Nominated
[40]

2013
Behind the Voice Actors Awards
Best Vocal Ensemble in an Anime Feature Film/Special
The Secret World of Arrietty
Nominated

2014
Cleveland International Film Festival
Best Live Action Short Film
Catch
Nominated


document_title: Some Like It Hot

question_text: who played the millionaire in some like it hot

text: Some Like It Hot

text: Plot[edit]

text: It is February 1929 in the city of Chicago, during the era of prohibition.  Joe (Tony Curtis) is an irresponsible jazz saxophone player, gambler and ladies' man; his friend Jerry (Jack Lemmon) is a sensible jazz double-bass player; both are working in a speakeasy (disguised as a funeral home) owned by mob gangster "Spats" Colombo (George Raft).  When the joint is raided by the police after being tipped off by informant "Toothpick" Charlie (George E. Stone), Joe and Jerry flee—only to accidentally witness Spats and his henchmen exacting his revenge on "Toothpick" and his own gang (inspired by the real-life Saint Valentine's Day Massacre).  Penniless and in a mad rush to get out of town, the two musicians take a job with Sweet Sue (Joan Shawlee) and her Society Syncopators, an all-female band headed to Miami. Disguised as women and renaming themselves Josephine and Daphne, they board a train with the band and their male manager, Bienstock. Before they board the train, Joe and Jerry notice Sugar Kane (Marilyn Monroe), the band's vocalist and ukulele player.

text: Joe and Jerry become enamored of Sugar and compete for her affection while maintaining their disguises. Sugar confides to Joe that she has sworn off male saxophone players, who have stolen her heart in the past and left her with "the fuzzy end of the lollipop". She has set her sights on finding a sweet, bespectacled millionaire in Florida. During the forbidden drinking and partying on the train, Josephine and Daphne become intimate friends with Sugar, and have to struggle to remember that they are supposed to be girls and cannot make a pass at her.

text: Once in Miami, Joe woos Sugar by assuming a second disguise as a millionaire named Junior, the heir to Shell Oil, while feigning disinterest in Sugar. An actual millionaire, the much-married aging mama's boy Osgood Fielding III, (Joe E. Brown) tries repeatedly to pick up Daphne, who rebuffs him. Osgood invites Daphne for a champagne supper on his yacht. Joe convinces Daphne to keep Osgood occupied onshore so that Junior can take Sugar to Osgood's yacht, passing it off as his. Once on the yacht, Junior explains to Sugar that, due to psychological trauma, he is impotent and frigid, but that he would marry anyone who could change that. Sugar tries to arouse some sexual response in Junior, and begins to succeed. Meanwhile, Daphne and Osgood dance the tango ("La Cumparsita") till dawn. When Joe and Jerry get back to the hotel, Jerry explains that Osgood has proposed marriage to Daphne and that he, as Daphne, has accepted, anticipating an instant divorce and huge cash settlement when his ruse is revealed. Joe convinces Jerry that he cannot actually marry Osgood.

text: The hotel hosts a conference for "Friends of Italian Opera", which is in fact a front for a major meeting of various branches of La Cosa Nostra. Spats and his gang from Chicago recognize Joe and Jerry as the witnesses to the Valentine's Day murders. Joe and Jerry, fearing for their lives, realize they must quit the band and leave the hotel. Joe breaks Sugar's heart by telling her that he, Junior, has to marry a woman of his father's choosing and move to Venezuela. After several chases, Joe and Jerry witness additional mob killings, this time of Spats and his boys. Joe, dressed as Josephine, sees Sugar onstage singing that she will never love again. He kisses her before he leaves, and Sugar realizes that Joe is both Josephine and Junior.

text: Sugar runs from the stage at the end of her performance and manages to jump into the launch from Osgood's yacht New Caledonia just as it is leaving the dock with Joe, Jerry, and Osgood. Joe tells Sugar that he is not good enough for her, that she would be getting the "fuzzy end of the lollipop" yet again, but Sugar wants him anyway. Jerry, for his part, comes up with a list of reasons why he and Osgood cannot get married, ranging from a smoking habit to infertility. Osgood dismisses them all; he loves Daphne and is determined to go through with the marriage. Exasperated, Jerry removes his wig and shouts, "I'm a man!". Osgood, unfazed, simply responds, "Well, nobody's perfect."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Marilyn Monroe as Sugar "Kane" Kowalczyk, a ukulele player and singer
Tony Curtis as Joe/"Josephine"/"Shell Oil Junior", a saxophone player
Jack Lemmon as Jerry (Gerald)/"Daphne", a double bass player
George Raft as "Spats" Colombo, a mobster from Chicago
Pat O'Brien as Detective Mulligan
Joe E. Brown as Osgood Fielding III
Nehemiah Persoff as "Little Bonaparte," a mobster
Joan Shawlee as Sweet Sue, the bandleader of "Sweet Sue and Her Society Syncopators"
Dave Barry as Mister Bienstock, the band manager for "Sweet Sue and Her Society Syncopators"
Billy Gray as Sig Poliakoff, Joe and Jerry's agent in Chicago
Barbara Drew as Nellie Weinmeyer, Poliakoff's secretary
George E. Stone as "Toothpick" Charlie, a gangster who is killed by "Spats" Colombo
Mike Mazurki as Spats's henchman
Harry Wilson as Spats's henchman
Edward G. Robinson Jr. as Johnny Paradise, a gangster who kills "Spats" Colombo
Beverly Wills as Dolores, a trombone player, and Sugar's apartment friend
Al Breneman as the fresh bellboy (uncredited)[5]
Tito Vuolo as Mr. Mozzarella, funeral director (uncredited)[citation needed]
Tom Kennedy as Mozzarella's bouncer (uncredited)[citation needed]
Grace Lee Whitney as Rosella (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Some Like It Hot: Original MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack albumReleased
24 February 1998Genre
SoundtrackJazzLength
32:22

text: The soundtrack features four songs performed by Marilyn Monroe for the movie, nine songs composed by Adolph Deutsch, as well as 2 songs performed by jazz artist Matty Malneck.[6]

text: No.TitleLength1."Runnin' Wild" (Marilyn Monroe)1:072."Medley: Sugar Blues/Running Wild" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)1:323."Down Among the Sheltering Palms" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)1:594."Randolph Street Rag" (Adolph Deutsch)1:285."I Wanna Be Loved By You" (Marilyn Monroe)2:586."Park Avenue Fantasy" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)3:347."Medley: Down Among the Sheltering Palms / La Cumparsita / I Wanna Be Loved By You" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)2:208."I'm Thru With Love" (Marilyn Monroe)2:349."Medley: Sugar Blues / Tell the Whole Damn World" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)3:2510."Play It Again Charlie" (Adolph Deutsch)1:4911."Sweet Georgia Brown" (Matty Malneck & His Orchestra)2:5712."By the Beautiful Sea" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)1:2213."Park Avenue Fantasy (Reprise)" (Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra)2:1014."Some Like It Hot" (Matty Malneck & His Orchestra)1:4615."Some Like It Hot (Single Version)" (Marilyn Monroe)1:21Total length:32:22

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Billy Wilder wrote the script for the film Some Like it Hot with writer I.A.L. Diamond.[7] The plot is based on a screenplay by Robert Thoeren and Michael Logan from the 1935 French film Fanfare of Love.[8] However, the original script for Fanfare of Love was untraceable, so Walter Mirisch found a copy of the 1951 German remake Fanfares of Love. He bought the rights to the script and Wilder worked with this to produce a new story.[8] Although Some Like It Hot has been seen as a remake of Fanfare of Love, as both films follow the story of two musicians in search of work,[7] Wilder was the creator of the gangster subplot that kept the musicians on the run.[9]

text: The studio hired Barbette, a famous female impersonator, to coach Lemmon and Curtis on gender illusion for the film.[8]

text: Marilyn Monroe worked for 10% of the gross in excess of $4 million, Tony Curtis for 5% of the gross over $2 million and Billy Wilder 17.5% of the first million after break-even and 20% thereafter.[10]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tony Curtis was spotted by Billy Wilder while he was making the film Houdini (1953),[11] as he thought Tony would be perfect for the role of Joe. "I was sure Tony was right for it," explained Wilder, "because he was quite handsome, and when he tells Marilyn that he is one of the Shell Oil family, she has to be able to believe it".[12] Wilder's first idea for the role of Jerry was Frank Sinatra, but he never came to the audition.[13] Jerry Lewis and Danny Kaye were also considered for the role of Jerry. Finally, Wilder saw Jack Lemmon in the comedy Operation Mad Ball[14] and selected him for the role of Jerry.  Billy Wilder and Jack Lemmon made numerous films together until 1981, among them The Apartment and several films with Walter Matthau.

text: According to York Film Notes, Billy Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond didn't expect such a big star as Marilyn Monroe to take the part of Sugar[7] in fact, Wilder said, "Mitzi Gaynor was who we had in mind. The word came that Marilyn wanted the part and then we had to have Marilyn."[15] Wilder and Monroe had already made the film The Seven Year Itch together in 1955.

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was made in California during the summer and autumn of 1958.[16] Many scenes were shot at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego which appeared as the "Seminole Ritz Hotel" in Miami in the film. The Hotel in San Diego fitted into the era of the 1920s and was near Hollywood, so Wilder chose it although it was not in Florida.

text: There were many problems with Marilyn Monroe, who lacked concentration and suffered from an addiction to pills. She could not memorize many of her lines and required 47 takes to get "It's me, Sugar" correct, instead saying either "Sugar, it's me" or "It's Sugar, me". Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon made bets during the filming on how many takes Marilyn would need to get it right.[17] Paradoxically, three days for shooting were scheduled for the scene with Shell Jr. and Sugar at the beach and although Marilyn had plenty of complicated lines, the whole scene between Shell Jr. and Sugar was completely finished in only 20 minutes.[18] Monroe's acting coach Paula Strasberg and Monroe's husband Arthur Miller both tried to influence the production, which Wilder and other crew members found annoying.[19][20]

text: Billy Wilder said in 1959 about filming another movie with Marilyn Monroe: "I have discussed this with my doctor and my psychiatrist and they tell me I'm too old and too rich to go through this again."[21] But Wilder also admitted: "My Aunt Minnie would always be punctual and never hold up production, but who would pay to see my Aunt Minnie?"[22] He also stated that Monroe played her part wonderfully.[23]

text: The film's iconic closing line, "Nobody's perfect"—now ranked 78th on The Hollywood Reporter list of Hollywood's 100 Favorite Movie Lines—was never supposed to be in the final cut.  Diamond and Wilder put it in the script as a "placeholder" until they could come up with something better, but never did.[24]

text: Style[edit]

text: With regards to sound design, there is a 'strong musical element'[7] in the film, with the soundtrack created by Adolph Deutsch. It has an authentic 1920s jazz feel using sharp, brassy strings to create tension in certain moments, for example whenever Spats' gangsters appear. In terms of cinematography and aesthetics, Billy Wilder chose to shoot the film in black and white as Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis in full drag costume and make-up looked 'unacceptably grotesque' in early color tests.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Some Like It Hot received widespread acclaim from critics, and is considered among the best films of all time. It received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Actor for Lemmon and Best Director and Best Screenplay for Wilder, the latter along with I.A.L. Diamond.[25] It was voted as the top comedy film by the American Film Institute on their list on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs poll in 2000.[26]

text: By 1962, the film had grossed $14 million in the US.[27]

text: Roger Ebert wrote about the movie, "Wilder's 1959 comedy is one of the enduring treasures of the movies, a film of inspiration and meticulous craft."[28] John McCarten of The New Yorker referred to the film as "a jolly, carefree enterprise".[29] The Guardian's Richard Roud claims that Wilder comes "close to perfection" with the film.[30]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96% based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Some Like It Hot: A spry, quick-witted farce that never drags."[31]

text: In 1989, this film became one of the first 25 inducted into the United States National Film Registry.[32]

text: Though sometimes said to have been "condemned" by the Roman Catholic Church's Legion of Decency, that body gave the film its less critical rating as "morally objectionable".[33]

text: In 2017, the BBC conducted an international survey for the best comedy in film history among 253 film critics from 50 countries, which ranked Some Like It Hot as number one.[34] In July 2018, it was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.[35]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Date of ceremony

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Result

August 23 – September 6, 1959[36]

Venice Film Festival

Golden Lion

Some Like It Hot
Nominated

December 1959[37][38]

National Board of Review Awards

Top Ten Films

Some Like It Hot
Won

February 6, 1960[39][40]

Directors Guild of America Award

Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film

Billy Wilder
Nominated

1960[41]

British Academy Film Awards

Best Film from any Source

Some Like It Hot
Nominated

Best Foreign Actor

Jack Lemmon
Won

March 10, 1960[42][43]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical

Jack Lemmon
Won

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical

Marilyn Monroe
Won

Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

Some Like It Hot
Won

April 4, 1960[44]

Academy Awards

Best Director

Billy Wilder
Nominated

Best Actor

Jack Lemmon
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay

Billy Wilder, I. A. L. Diamond
Nominated

Best Cinematography – Black-and-white

Charles Lang
Nominated

Best Art Direction – Black-and-white

Ted Haworth (Art Direction), Edward G. Boyle (Set Decoration)
Nominated

Best Costume Design—Black and white

Orry-Kelly
Won

May 6, 1960[45][46]

Writers Guild of America Awards

Best Written Comedy

Billy Wilder, I.A.L. Diamond
Won

September 28, 1960[47]

Laurel Awards

Top Female Comedy Performance

Marilyn Monroe (2nd place)
Won

Top Male Comedy Performance

Jack Lemmon (2nd place)
Won

Top Comedy

Some Like It Hot (3rd place)
Won

1960[47][48]

Bambi Awards

Best Actor—International

Tony Curtis (2nd place)
Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
1998: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #14[49]
2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – #1[50]
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Osgood Fielding III: "Well, nobody's perfect." – #48[51]
2007: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #22[52]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: An unsold television pilot was filmed by Mirisch Productions in 1961 featuring Vic Damone and Tina Louise. As a favor to the production company, Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis agreed to film cameo appearances, returning as their original characters, Daphne and Josephine, at the beginning of the pilot. Their appearance sees them in a hospital where Jerry (Lemmon) is being treated for his impacted back tooth and Joe (Curtis) is the same O blood type.[53]

text: In 1972, a musical play based on the screenplay of the film, entitled Sugar, opened on Broadway, and starred Elaine Joyce, Robert Morse, Tony Roberts and Cyril Ritchard, with book by Peter Stone, lyrics by Bob Merrill, and (all-new) music by Jule Styne. A 1991 stage production of this show in London featured Tommy Steele and retained the film's title. In 2002, the aging Tony Curtis performed in a stage production of the film, cast as the character originally played by Joe E. Brown (Osgood Fielding III).


document_title: Bachelor in Paradise (season 3)

question_text: who got engaged on bachelor in paradise season 3

text: Bachelor in Paradise (season 3)

text: Production[edit]

text: As with the previous season, filming took place in the town of Sayulita, located in Vallarta-Nayarit, Mexico.

text: Casting[edit]

text: During the Women Tell All special, Lace Morris was offered a spot on the third season of Bachelor in Paradise, which she accepted.[2] The initial cast was announced on June 8, 2016 with returning Bachelor and Bachelorette contestants.[3]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Source, contestants names:[4]

text:
Name

Age

Occupation

Residence

From

Arrived

Result

Amanda Stanton

26

Esthetician

Laguna Beach, CA

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Engaged

Josh Murray

31

Financial Advisor

Tampa, FL

The Bachelorette – Andi

Week 2

Engaged

Carly Waddell

30

Singer-Songwriter

Nashville, TN

The Bachelor – ChrisBachelor in Paradise – Season 2

Week 1

Engaged

Evan Bass

33

Erectile Dysfunction Specialist

Nashville, TN

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 1

Engaged

Lace Morris

26

Real Estate Agent

Denver, CO

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Engaged

Grant Kemp

28

Firefighter

San Francisco, CA

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 1

Engaged

Nick Viall

35

Software Sales Executive

Chicago, IL

The Bachelorette – Andi The Bachelorette – Kaitlyn

Week 1

Split Week 6

Jennifer Saviano

26

Business Owner

Fort Lauderdale, FL

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 3

Split Week 6

Ashley Iaconetti

28

Freelance Journalist

Wayne, NJ

The Bachelor – ChrisBachelor in Paradise – Season 2

Week 3
Week 4

Week 3 (Returned)
Split Week 6

Wells Adams

31

Radio DJ

Chattanooga, TN

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 4

Split Week 6

Jami Letain

24

Bartender

Calgary, AB

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 5

Week 5

Lauren Himle

26

Real Estate Agent

Ann Arbor, MI

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 5

Week 5

Tiara Soleim

27

Chicken Enthusiast

Seattle, WA

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 5

Week 5

Brett Melnick

32

Hairstylist

Blue Bell, PA

The Bachelorette – Andi

Week 4

Week 5 (Quit)

Shushanna Mkrtychyan

28

Mathematician

Salt Lake City, UT

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 5

Week 5 (Quit)

Izzy Goodkind

25

Graphic Designer

New York, NY

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Week 5 (Quit)

Jared Haibon

27

Restaurant Manager

Providence, RI

The Bachelorette – KaitlynBachelor in Paradise – Season 2

Week 1

Week 5 (Quit)

Caila Quinn

24

Marketing Manager

Wellesley, MA

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 3

Week 5 (Quit)

Carl King

32

Firefighter

Miami, FL

The Bachelorette – Andi

Week 4

Week 4

Daniel Maguire

31

Personal Trainer

Vancouver, BC

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 1

Week 4

Ryan Beckett

33

Realtor

Wellington, FL

The Bachelorette – Kaitlyn

Week 4

Week 4

Emily Ferguson

23

Waitress

Las Vegas, NV

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Week 4 (Quit)

Haley Ferguson

23

Waitress

Las Vegas, NV

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Week 4 (Quit)

Vinny Ventiera

28

Barber

Delray Beach, FL

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 1

Week 4 (Quit)

Sarah Herron

29

Art Director

Marina del Ray, CA

The Bachelor – SeanBachelor in Paradise – Season 1

Week 1

Week 3

Brandon Andreen

29

Painting Contractor

Costa Mesa, CA

The Bachelorette – Desiree

Week 2

Week 2

Christian Bishop

27

Personal Trainer

Los Angeles, CA

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 2

Week 2

Leah Block

25

Event Planner

Aurora, CO

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Week 1

Jubilee Sharpe

24

Model, War veteran

Miami, FL

The Bachelor – Ben H.

Week 1

Week 1

Chad Johnson

28

Luxury Real Estate Agent

Tulsa, OK

The Bachelorette – JoJo

Week 1

Week 1 (Removed)

text: Elimination table[edit]

text:
Place

Contestant

Week

1

2

3

4

5

6

1-6

Amanda

Date

Date

In

In

Date

In

Stay

Josh

Wait

Date

In

Last

Date

In

Stay

Carly

In

Date

In

Date

In

In

Stay

Evan

In

Date

In

Date

In

In

Stay

Lace

In

In

Date

In

In

In

Stay

Grant

In

In

Date

In

In

In

Stay

7-8

Nick

Date

Last

Date

In

In

In

Split

Jen

Wait

Date

In

In

In

Split

9-10

Ashley

Wait

Out

Date

Last

Split

Wells

Wait

Date

Date

Split

11-13

Jami

Wait

Out

Lauren

Wait

Out

Tiara

Wait

Out

14

Brett

Wait

Date

Quit

15

Shushanna

Wait

Quit

16

Izzy

In

In

Date

In

Quit

17

Jared

Date

In

Date

Date

Quit

18

Caila

Wait

Date

Date

Quit

19-21

Carl

Wait

Out

Daniel

In

In

Date

Out

Ryan

Wait

Out

22-23

Emily

In

In

In

Quit

Haley

In

Date

Last

Quit

24

Vinny

In

In

Date

Quit

25

Sarah

Last

Date

Out

26-27

Brandon

Wait

Out

Christian

Wait

Out

28-29

Jubilee

Out

Leah

Out

30

Chad

Out

text: Key[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)201"Week 1: Season Premiere"August 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)3014.63[5]
Arrival Order: Amanda, Nick, Jubilee, Evan, Vinny, Carly, Grant, Daniel, Sarah, Emily & Haley, Izzy, Lace, Jared, Chad.

Chris Harrison informs that, just like last season, if Emily receives a rose Haley will stay, and vice versa. Jubilee receives the first date card of the season and asked Jared on a date. They went on a dinner date and got to know each other. Meanwhile, Lace, Chad, and Grant go to the bar and Lace and Chad make out in private. Suddenly, Chad becomes belligerent and argues with Lace. Chad starts to show more aggressive behavior towards the other contestants, especially Izzy and Sarah. Chad later got drunk, and then passed out on the beach. Harrison, at the end of his rope, removes Chad from paradise, and Chad refuses to apologize to the other contestants. Harrison pushes Chad out the door, with Chad shouting expletives at him. The episode ends with "To Be Continued..."
212"Week 2, Night 1"August 8, 2016 (2016-08-08)302a4.54[6]
After saying "Fuck you Chris Harrison", Chad finally leaves paradise, much to everyone's relief. Leah arrives with a date card, planning to ask Chad out on a date. After being informed that Chad was eliminated, she was dismayed, but asked Nick out instead.  They go to a fair, where she kisses him, which she thought was great but Nick thinks Leah is nuts. Shortly after returning from their date, Nick was given a date card of his own and he asked Amanda out, which upset Leah, who thought their date had gone well. At the rose ceremony, Grant gave his rose to Lace, Nick gave his rose to Amanda [much to Leah's annoyance.] Vinny gave his rose to Izzy, Evan (very enthusiastically) gives his rose to Carly, Jared saves Haley from elimination by giving his rose to Emily, upsetting Jubilee, a Daniel gives the last rose to Sarah, claiming "He saved the best for last." Leah and Jubliee were eliminated. A day later, Josh Murray, the winner of The Bachelorette, from Andi's season then arrived with a date card and asked Amanda out, which meant that he and Nick were competing for the same woman, much as they had competed for Andi Dorfman. They went sailing on a yacht and they get to know each other. They end the day making out. Meanwhile, Lace and Grant hooked up, and Evan kissed Carly, which he thought was fantastic but she decidedly did not. Later Evan was given a date card and he asked Carly out, to her dismay. They set a new world's record for the longest kiss after eating a habanero pepper, which Carly did not enjoy at all, and she starts throwing up in the restroom.
223"Week 2, Night 2"August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)302b3.86[7]
As Josh and Amanda spend the day making out, Christian Bishop from JoJo's season arrives with a date card and asks Sarah out. She has mixed feelings about this since Daniel had just given her a rose, but she agrees and has a great time. Carly breaks the news to Evan that she wants to be a friend but is not romantically interested in him, much to his devastation. Brandon Andreen from Desiree's season arrives with a date card and briefly considers Carly, but asks Haley out instead. He tells Haley that he is sure that he could tell her and Emily apart, and to test this they switch places mid-date. Brandon fails to recognize Emily, and is about to kiss her, but she stops him. Sarah meets with Daniel and they get to know each other better. Evan, feeling down about getting dumped, broods for a long time and decides that he needs to make a bold move, and approaches Amanda and Josh, with a handmade date card that says "Evan, you deserve love."
234"Week 3, Night 1"August 15, 2016 (2016-08-15)303a4.74[8]
Evan approaches Amanda and Josh with a handmade date card, and takes Amanda aside for a chat. He expresses his feelings for her and she says she wishes he had said something sooner, but she is with Josh now. She then cries because she pities Evan, who thinks that they have a small connection. The twins note that Brandon never did detect their mid-date switch. Before the Rose Ceremony, Evan takes Amanda aside again and tells her that Andi Dorfman wrote a book that told of verbal abuse from Josh, and advised caution. Word of this quickly got back to Josh and he had a talk with Evan, and said that the book was fictional. Meanwhile, Nick was also advising Amanda to be cautious. At the Rose Ceremony, Amanda gave her rose Josh, and Carly gave her rose to Evan. Sarah, Izzy, and Lace give their roses to Daniel, Vinny, and Grant. Emily gives her rose to Jared, and Haley gives the last rose to Nick even though she is seeing him as a friend, sending a dismayed Brandon home, and also Christian was sent home. Caila arrived with a date card and asked Jared out. Lace and Izzy were given a "double date" card and they asked Grant and Vinny out. Later Evan did not appear to be well and a medic was called. The medic said someone should observe him overnight, and Carly was tabbed for the task. Ashley arrived and saw that Jared was with Caila.
245"Week 3, Night 2"August 16, 2016 (2016-08-16)303b4.41[9]
Ashley arrived with a date card and saw that Jared was with Caila. She was upset about this and Jared encouraged her to see other guys, and suggested Daniel. The medic advised Evan to be treated in the hospital, and Carly accompanied him there, where she began to warm to him. Ashley asked Daniel out and they had dinner followed by a visit from Aztec warriors who took the virgin Ashley away to be 'sacrificed'. Jen Saviano arrived with a date card and asked Nick out. Before the Rose Ceremony, Ashley took Jared aside. Jared said that the point of Ashley being there was for her to meet other guys, and if she wasn't going to do that, perhaps she should leave.
256"Week 4, Night 1"August 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)304a5.21[10]
Jared continues his conversation with Ashley and lets her know that she should move on because he is with Caila now. The only guy who is not in a relationship is Daniel, so Sarah, Haley and Ashley approach him to try to earn his rose. At the Rose Ceremony, Daniel gives his rose to Haley, so Sarah and Ashley are sent home. But Ashley tells the driver to let her out and she returns to paradise and asks for a second chance, and all agree. Evan was still with Carly and he said it was the best injury he ever faked. Carl and Brett arrive with double date cards, and they ask Caila and Emily out. Caila is indecisive but finally decides to go, and does not have a good time on the 'booze cruise'. She returns to a relieved Jared. Izzy was instantly attracted to Brett when he arrived and starts to question her relationship with Vinny. Grant takes Lace to another part of the resort for a couples' massage, to deepen their relationship. Ryan B arrives with a date card. Jared tries to encourage him to ask Ashley out but he does not. Izzy tells Brett and then Vinny that she is only feeling "75%" for Vinny and wants to feel "100%" for someone. Vinny is hurt by this and considers leaving. Later he approaches Izzy to find out where he stands.
267"Week 4, Night 2"August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)304b4.85[11]
Vinny talks with Izzy and explains that he was hurt by what she said and how she said it, and he departs. Jade and Tanner arrive with a date card to give to the couple that they feel has the best chance of staying together. After interviewing all of the couples, they select Jared and Caila (to Ashley's dismay). Lace thinks that their interview went badly and starts to question her relationship with Grant. After Jared and Caila return, Ashley takes Jared aside and advises caution since Ashley questions the genuineness of Caila's feelings. Jared takes this back to Caila which upsets her, both because Ashley is questioning her feelings and because Jared seems to trust Ashley more than Caila. Caila confronts Ashley over this and starts to question her relationship with Jared.
278"Week 5, Night 1"August 29, 2016 (2016-08-29)305a5.46[12]
Wells arrives with a date card and asks Ashley out, to everyone's relief. Carly and Evan profess their love for each other. Lace and Grant get into a disagreement but work it out. Amanda says she is going to bed early and offers their room to Nick and Jen, but Josh is upset by this and wonders why she is going to bed alone without telling him. Later the twins take Nick aside and want to talk about Josh. Nick says he sees flashes of Josh's temper and even though Josh says that what Andi said about him in the book was fictional, what she said about Nick was accurate. At the Rose Ceremony, the twins decide that they have not found love and do not hand out their roses. Ryan, Carl and Daniel are eliminated. Before the twins leave, they take Amanda aside and tearfully tell her to be cautious with Josh. Josh demands to know who is saying these things about him, and Nick admits to it. Josh packs his bags and offers to leave, but Amanda convinces him to stay. In the morning, Jami arrives with a date card and whisks Wells off while the others are sleeping. When Ashley awakes and hears of this, she takes it well at first but later starts to focus on Jared again. Caila decides that the situation with Ashley is intolerable and threatens to leave.
289"Week 5, Night 2"August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)305b5.04[13]
Caila packs her bags and leaves, and after a final discussion with Ashley, Jared accompanies her. Wells returns from his date with Jami and apologizes to Ashley for leaving without saying anything to her. She takes it well. Wells is having difficulty juggling two women whom he cares about. Lauren and Shushanna arrive with a double date card and they ask Brett and Wells out respectively. Wells has a good time with Shushanna and now has three women vying for him. Amanda is given a date card and asks Josh out, and they have a romantic dinner followed by fireworks. Amanda wishes that the others could see this sensitive side of Josh.
2910"Week 6, Night 1"September 5, 2016 (2016-09-05)306a4.96[14]
Izzy, Brett, and Shushanna decide to quit the competition. Jami, Lauren, and Tiara didn't receive roses and were eliminated.
3011"Season Finale: Week 6, Night 2"September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)306b5.57[15]
Carly and Evan: They are very much in love with each other. Evan picks out a ring with no hesitation and later proposes to Carly, and she happily accepts. In the epilogue, Carly has moved to Nashville to be with Evan and is looking forward to being the cool stepmom to his children. Carly and Evan married in June 2017 and are currently expecting their first child together.
Lace and Grant: In the morning at the fantasy suite they are still unsure about whether they want to move forward. After both have some time to sort out their feelings, they decide that they really do love each other. Grant proposes and Lace accepts. In the epilogue, Lace has moved to San Francisco to be with Grant. However, on November 28, 2016, the pair announced that they had split and ended their engagement. Lace has since moved back to her hometown of Denver, Colorado.
Jen and Nick: Jen is concerned that Nick still seems to have some walls up, but she loves him anyway. Nick picks out a ring, 'hopefully for the last time!'. Jen professes her love for Nick but Nick tearfully says that he cannot propose because even though his head is telling him to do it, he cannot convince his heart that it is right. They both leave, with Nick wondering if he made the right decision.
Amanda and Josh: Despite being warned about Josh several times, Amanda knows that she loves him. Josh has some worries but overcomes them. Josh proposes and Amanda accepts. In the epilogue, Josh has moved to Orange County to be with Amanda and he loves her children. However, the pair ended their engagement in December 2016.

Also in the epilogue, Caila and Jared have agreed to be just friends. Vinny is shown partying and is doing just fine. Chad will never be the next Bachelor. Ashley is still thinking about Jared. Daniel is still single. The twins have not found men but they still have each other.

text: Post show[edit]

text: Lace Morris and Grant Kemp ended their engagement in November 2016.[16]

text: Amanda Stanton and Josh Murray ended their engagement in December 2016.[17] Amanda returned to Paradise for season 4.[18]

text: Carly Waddell and Evan Bass were married on June 17, 2017 in Mexico.[19] They welcomed their first child, a daughter named Isabella Evelyn, on February 15, 2018.[20]

text: Jared and Ashley became a couple in March 2018, and were engaged in June of that year.[21][22]


document_title: Miss Marple (TV series)

question_text: where was miss marple filmed with joan hickson

text: Miss Marple (TV series)

text: Background[edit]

text: Agatha Christie had never been very happy with most filmed adaptations of her works, and according to her grandson Mathew Pritchard, who handled her estate after her death, she "did not care much for television", either. Producer Pat Sandys of LWT first approached Pritchard and the Christie estate with a researched, detailed plan to film the novels Why Didn't They Ask Evans? and The Seven Dials Mystery in the early 1980s. Although indifferently treated by critics, the projects were popular with audiences and led to the filming of a number of short stories and the Tommy and Tuppence Beresford stories including The Secret Adversary and in the subsequent series Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime. With the success of that series, the BBC received approval to produce the stories of one of Christie's most famous detectives.[1]

text: At the time the BBC was granted the screen rights to all 12 Marple novels, the rights to three already co-existed. The Mirror Crack'd From Side to Side had already been filmed and theatrically released in 1980 with Angela Lansbury in the role, and the same production company was in the process of filming A Caribbean Mystery and They Do It With Mirrors with Helen Hayes for television broadcast. Thus these three titles were the last to be dramatized under the BBC's agreement.

text: The adaptations are mainly true to the original novels. Joan Hickson, who played Miss Marple, was an octogenarian herself during most of the series' production. Decades before, she had appeared in a minor role in Murder, She Said, in which Margaret Rutherford played Miss Marple. Hickson had also appeared in a stage adaptation of the novel Appointment with Death in 1946, after which Christie sent Hickson a note that read, "I hope one day you will play my dear Miss Marple."[2]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Regular characters[edit]

text: In addition to Miss Marple, there are two semi-regular characters in the series. The first is Inspector (later Superintendent) Slack, played by David Horovitch; the second is Constable (later Sergeant) Lake, played by Ian Brimble. Slack and Lake appear in five episodes: "The Body in the Library", "The Murder at the Vicarage", "4.50 From Paddington", "They Do It with Mirrors" and "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side". They are the official detectives and both (particularly Slack) originally dislike and are exasperated by Miss Marple, her interference and her methods, but they eventually come to respect (and indeed, in the case of Lake, like) her.

text:
Inspector/Superintendent Slack (David Horovitch) – Slack is the senior officer in charge of many cases. He has been described as a man who has never striven more to contradict his name. Miss Marple describes him as having the same personality as that of a diesel engine, most unappealing, but efficient. When Slack first met Miss Marple, her strange personality and her quirky methods caused him to think she was batty, and thus took no notice of her. Slack especially disliked the fact that his superiors think highly of Miss Marple and consult her for advice (although he later ends up doing the same). Usually, Slack passes over Miss Marple's beliefs and dislikes her interfering, although he later comes to value her advice. In his final appearance, it is revealed that Slack has been promoted to Superintendent and appears to have grown wiser, even telling an officer to consult Miss Marple. In "They Do It with Mirrors" it is revealed that Slack has a secret passion for magic tricks, and secretly practices. Slack is featured in the novels The Murder at the Vicarage and The Body in the Library.
Constable/Sergeant Lake (Ian Brimble) – Lake is Slack's colleague and often works with him. He is also very bemused by Miss Marple, her quirky ways, her unusual methods and her claims of solving the cases based on trivial stories from her past. However, the difference was whilst Miss Marple annoyed Slack, Lake found her quite funny. By the time of They Do It With Mirrors, Lake is on friendly terms with Miss Marple and also reveals he has a young son called Adam. When Slack is promoted, Lake gets more roles in the art of criminal investigation but stays a Sergeant. Lake is featured in the novel They Do It with Mirrors.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: There are other recurring characters in Miss Marple. John Castle appears as Inspector Dermot Eric Craddock in "A Murder Is Announced" and "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side". Craddock was unknown to Miss Marple in the former story, but had become her nephew by the latter. Gwen Watford appears as Mrs Dolly Bantry in "The Body in the Library" and "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side". Barbara Hicks appears as Miss Amanda Hartnell in "The Murder at the Vicarage" and "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side". Christopher Good appears as Ronnie Hawes in "The Murder at the Vicarage" and '"The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side". Rhoda Lewis is village shopkeeper and postmistress Mrs Brogan in "A Pocketful of Rye", "4.50 from Paddington" and "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side".

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
#
Title
Airdate
Guest cast and synopsis
IMDb link

1
"The Body in the Library"
26, 27, 28 December 1984
Gwen Watford, Moray Watson, Trudie Styler, Jess Conrad, Ciaran Madden, Keith Drinkel, Debbie Arnold, Frederick Jaeger, Valentine Dyall, Raymond Francis, David Horovitch, Ian Brimble, Anthony Smee, Andrew Cruickshank, Hugh Walters, Arthur Bostrom, Martyn Read, Stephen Churchett, Astra Sheridan, John Moffatt
[3]

Set in June 1951, Miss Marple assists her neighbours the Bantrys when a lovely young girl is found dead in their library. The girl is traced to a seaside resort and the desperate family of a wealthy old man.

2
"The Moving Finger"
21, 22 February 1985
Michael Culver, Elizabeth Counsell, Richard Pearson, Sabina Franklyn, Andrew Bicknell, Hilary Mason, Dilys Hamlett, Deborah Appleby, John Arnatt, Sandra Payne, Martin Fisk, Imogen Bickford-Smith, Geoffrey Davion, Roger Ostime, Victor Maddern, Gordon Rollings, Patsy Smart, Gerald Sim
[4]

Poison pen letters are being sent to everyone in town. It seems like a vulgar joke until a letter is found next to a suicide victim. The village vicar's wife happens to be a personal friend of Miss Marple and asks her to come and discover the culprit. Then another body is found, this time clearly murder.

3
"A Murder Is Announced"
28 February, 1, 2 March 1985
Ursula Howells, Renée Asherson, Joan Sims, John Castle, Sylvia Syms, Ralph Michael, Paola Dionisotti, Samantha Bond, Simon Shepherd, Nicola King, Matthew Solon, Mary Kerridge, Vivienne Moore, David Collings, Elaine Ives-Cameron, Joyce Carey, Kevin Whately, Liz Crowther
[5]

Set on Friday October 5, 1951, when rationing was still ongoing in Britain. A party game goes wrong and a young Swiss man is dead. Friends and neighbours start to turn on each other, and Inspector Craddock is stumped. Fortunately, Miss Marple is in town visiting her niece and helps solve the crime.

4
"A Pocketful of Rye"
7, 8 March 1985
Peter Davison, Timothy West, Stacy Dorning, Annette Badland, Fabia Drake, Clive Merrison, Rachel Bell, Selina Cadell, Tom Wilkinson, Frances Low, Susan Gilmore, Frank Mills, Louis Mahoney, Rhoda Lewis, Charles Pemberton
[6]

Set in October 1949. The members of a wealthy banking family start dropping like flies, and Miss Marple is reminded of the old nursery rhyme Sing a Song of Sixpence and vows to find the villainous "blackbird" behind the crimes.

5
"The Murder at the Vicarage"
25 December 1986
Paul Eddington, Cheryl Campbell, Robert Lang, Polly Adams, Tara MacGowran, James Hazeldine, Jack Galloway, Rosalie Crutchley, Norma West, Christopher Good, Rachel Weaver
[7]

Set in spring of 1954 or 1955. Death is only steps from Miss Marple when odious magistrate Colonel Protheroe is murdered in her idyllic village of St. Mary Mead—in the Vicar's study, no less.

6
"Sleeping Murder"
11, 18 January 1987
Geraldine Alexander, John Moulder-Brown, Jean Anderson, Terrence Hardiman, Frederick Treves, John Bennett, Geraldine Newman, Jack Watson, Jean Heywood, Amanda Boxer, John Ringham, David McAlister, Kenneth Cope, Gary Watson, Donald Burton, Sheila Raynor, Peter Spraggon
[8]

A young wife, Gwenda, believes her house is haunted. With Miss Marple's guidance, she comes to realize she witnessed the murder of her stepmother there 20 years ago, as a child. Despite Miss Marple's advice to let sleeping murder lie, the newlyweds decide to investigate the crime, in the process putting Gwenda's own life at risk.

7
"At Bertram's Hotel"
25 January; 1 February 1987
Caroline Blakiston, Joan Greenwood, George Baker, James Cossins, Helena Michell, Irene Sutcliffe, Preston Lockwood, Edward Burnham, Donald Burton, Peter Baldwin
[9]

Set shortly after May 1956, when Elvis Presley's Heartbreak Hotel was released in Britain. False identities, larceny, and a crime ring are only the tip of the tentacle when Miss Marple stays in a posh London hotel (modeled after Brown's Hotel) where nothing is what it seems. Murder naturally follows, leading to a thrilling chase after the culprit.

8
"Nemesis"
8, 15 February 1987
Margaret Tyzack, John Horsley, Anna Cropper, Valerie Lush, Helen Cherry, Peter Tilbury, Liz Fraser, Bruce Payne, Joanna Hole, Jane Booker, Alison Skilbeck, Frank Gatliff, Peter Copley, Roger Hammond, David Blake Kelly, Cy Town
[10]

Set in August 1955. Miss Marple is sent on a mission from beyond the grave to clear a dead man's son. Vowing to find out the truth, she links him to a dead girl, Verity Hunt, and a family of weird sisters. She discovers love, as well as hate, can be a reason for murder.

9
"4.50 from Paddington"
25 December 1987
Maurice Denham, Joanna David, Jill Meager, Andrew Burt, Jean Boht, John Hallam, Mona Bruce, Rhoda Lewis, Richard Ashley, David Beames, David Waller, Will Tacey
[11]

Set (beginning) on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. Miss Marple's friend witnesses a murder in a railway carriage running parallel to her own, so Miss Marple engages a resourceful young woman to investigate. The search leads to a decrepit estate, where they suspect the body was dumped. But the seemingly innocent family who live there have secrets of their own.

10
"A Caribbean Mystery"
25 December 1989
Donald Pleasence, Sophie Ward, Adrian Lukis, T. P. McKenna, Frank Middlemass, Sue Lloyd, Robert Swan, Michael Feast, Sheila Ruskin, Joseph Mydell, Barbara Barnes, Valerie Buchanan
[12]

Set (beginning) on February 8, 1951. While holidaying in Barbados (the Caribbean island of St. Honoré in the original novel), Miss Marple hears a lot of stories by a dotty Major who tells tall tales of knowing a murderer. But when the Major turns up dead, the wild beauty of the island can't hide the trail of a manipulative and ruthless killer.

11
"They Do It with Mirrors"
29 December 1991
Jean Simmons, Joss Ackland, Faith Brook, Holly Aird, Christopher Villiers, Brenda Cowling
[13]

At an estate turned reformatory school, Miss Marple visits her old school chum Carrie Louise. When Carrie Louise's dear stepson is killed, the discontent family is only the beginning as there are literally hundreds of suspects!

12
"The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side"
27 December 1992
Claire Bloom, Barry Newman, Gwen Watford, John Castle, Elizabeth Garvie, Judy Cornwell, Glynis Barber, Christopher Hancock, Rose Keegan, Anna Niland, Ian Brimble, Amanda Elwes, Christopher Good, Rhoda Lewis, Jon Croft, Margaret Courtenay
[14]

Set in the summer of 1959. Hollywood comes to St. Mary Mead when faded movie star Marina Gregg takes up residence for a local film shoot. But when she narrowly escapes an attempt on her life and a local woman dies instead, Miss Marple sorts the gossip rag chatter from the facts to uncover a tragedy.

text: Production[edit]

text: BBC producer Guy Slater cast Joan Hickson as Miss Marple. The series was filmed beginning in 1983 in areas including Norfolk, Devon, Oxfordshire and Barbados. The town of Nether Wallop, Hampshire doubled as Miss Marple's home village of St. Mary Mead. Slater was replaced by producer George Gallaccio starting with the fourth film. "The Murder at the Vicarage" is set in 1954, "Nemesis" is set in 1955 or 1956, "At Bertram's Hotel" in 1956, and "4.50 from Paddington" is set in 1957.

text: Hickson vowed not to do another film after 1989's "A Caribbean Mystery", but was persuaded to return for the final two films in 1991 and 1992. "A Caribbean Mystery" was shot on location at the Coral Reef Hotel in Barbados, where Christie had stayed in her visit to the country, and which had been the inspiration for the setting of the novel. Owners Budge and Cynthia O'Hara, who still owned the hotel 30 years later, were the inspirations for the characters in the novel and were able to share a treasure trove of Christie memorabilia with the cast.[2]

text: The evocative theme tune for the TV series was composed by Ken Howard and Alan Blaikley. The series opening titles featured paintings of seemingly pleasant village life, darkened by suspicious looking characters and the shot of a murder victim behind a cricket score board. Gossipy women were made to look like they were hiding secrets, whilst the vicar appeared to be hiding in the shadows. Initially, these paintings were black and white. In later episodes, new, colour drawings replaced these, though they still depicted suspicious looking villagers in the surroundings.

text: Adaptations of the books A Caribbean Mystery (1964) and Nemesis (1971) were filmed out of order. "Nemesis" was produced in February 1987 and "A Caribbean Mystery" in December 1989. The significance of this is the character Jason Rafiel, who is introduced in A Caribbean Mystery and in Nemesis has died and made a request of Miss Marple to solve a years-old mystery. Because the two episodes were filmed out of order, viewers of "Nemesis" are clueless as to what part Jason Rafiel played in Miss Marple's life until they watch "A Caribbean Mystery". Rafiel was portrayed by Frank Gatliff in "Nemesis", and by Donald Pleasence in "A Caribbean Mystery".

text: The character of Inspector Craddock presents another inconsistency in the series. The character is clearly unknown to Miss Marple in "A Murder is Announced" but in his second and final appearance in "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side", Craddock is Miss Marple's nephew.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first episode was enthusiastically received by critics. The Times said "once hooked, you won't be able to turn off", and The Sun said it was a series "with pulling power and real class". For episode two, "The Moving Finger", The Daily Telegraph stated "Once again Guy Slater's production is built around the brilliant performance of Joan Hickson, behind whose faded blue eyes and spinsterish sibilants, the wheels of detective intelligence can be seen positively whirring around. The enterprise is impeccably cast, beautifully ordered, lovingly photographed." Reviews for subsequent films were equally positive.[2]

text: Alan McKee, of the Museum of Broadcast Communications, reviews the series as "a good example of a 'heritage' production", popular in the 1980s. It combines new Victorianism in moral standards and a sanitised version of England's past. Mostly set in a rural past, English architecture and country mansion houses are featured. Like many BBC programmes, production values are impeccable and costumes, houses and decor, cars, hairstyles and make-up could all be described as "sumptuous".[15]

text: McKee also praises the series for "being as faithful as possible to the source material. Miss Marple does not chase the villains herself as Margaret Rutherford does in her film series, nor are the titles of the books altered to make them more sensational."[15]

text: As for Hickson personally, she is frequently described as the "definitive" Miss Marple as Christie would have pictured her, and Hickson personally credited in large part the bestowal of an OBE award to the role, as Queen Elizabeth II was a fan of the series and Hickson's performance.[2]

text: Other countries[edit]

text: All 12 episodes were shown in the United States on the PBS Mystery! series. Miss Marple was also seen in over 30 countries, including Spain, the former Soviet Union and China.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Miss Marple was first released in DVD in the UK (Region 2) in 2000. A complete box set of all 12 stories was released in 2005 by 2 Entertain Video. In North America (Region 1), episodes were first released in 2001.

text: In summer 2009 the Sunday edition of the Greek newspaper Kathimerini was offering to its readers DVDs (one per week) of the series.

text: In January 2010, the Daily Mail offered six DVDs (from 2 Entertain Video) each with a complete episode from series. The episodes in the DVD giveaway offer were "The Murder at the Vicarage", "Sleeping Murder", "At Bertram's Hotel", "Nemesis", "A Caribbean Mystery", and "They Do It with Mirrors".

text: To mark the 30th anniversary of the series, BBC Home Entertainment fully remastered the series for release on DVD and, for the first time, on Blu-ray Disc.[16] The series was released in three volumes. Miss Marple: Volume One, released October 28, 2014, included the episodes "The Body in the Library", "A Murder Is Announced", "The Moving Finger," and "Murder at the Vicarage" and the first part of the three-part documentary special, "A Very British Murder, Part 1: A New Taste for Blood".[17] Miss Marple: Volume Two, released March 31, 2015, included the episodes "They Do It with Mirrors", "The Mirror Crack’d from Side to Side", "4.50 from Paddington", and "A Pocketful of Rye" along with the bonus material "A Very British Murder, Part 2: Detection Most Ingenious".[18] Miss Marple: Volume Three, released June 9, 2015, included the episodes "A Caribbean Mystery", "At Bertram’s Hotel", " Sleeping Murder", and "Nemesis" along with the bonus material "A Very British Murder, Part 3: The Golden Age".[19]


document_title: Fresh water

question_text: where does most of the fresh water come from

text: Fresh water

text: Systems[edit]

text: Fresh water habitats are divided into lentic systems, which are the stillwaters including ponds, lakes, swamps and mires; lotic, or running-water systems; and groundwater which flows in rocks and aquifers. There is, in addition, a zone which bridges between groundwater and lotic systems, which is the hyporheic zone, which underlies many larger rivers and can contain substantially more water than is seen in the open channel. It may also be in direct contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of fresh water on Earth is in ice caps.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The source of almost all fresh water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain and snow. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea and land over which the rain bearing clouds have traveled. In industrialized areas rain is typically acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.

text: In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate as well as many other compounds in smaller concentrations.

text: In desert areas, or areas with impoverished or dusty soils, rain-bearing winds can pick up sand and dust and this can be deposited elsewhere in precipitation and causing the freshwater flow to be measurably contaminated both by insoluble solids but also by the soluble components of those soils. Significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa.

text: Water distribution[edit]

text: Water is a critical issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use salt water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants and most mammals must have access to fresh water to live. Some terrestrial mammals, especially desert rodents appear to survive without drinking but they do generate water through the metabolism of cereal seeds and they also have mechanisms to conserve water to the maximum degree.

text: Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.[2][3] Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this fresh surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 22% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes, and 14% in other lakes. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.[4] In areas with no fresh water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers. Most of the world's fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of fresh water, such as deserts.

text: Numerical definition[edit]

text: Fresh water can be defined as water with less than 500 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved salts.[5]

text:
Part of a series on

Water salinity

Salinity levels

Fresh water (< 0.05%)
Brackish water (0.05–3%)
Saline water (3–5%)
Brine (> 5%)

Bodies of water

Seawater • Salt lake • Hypersaline lake • Salt pan • Brine pool • Bodies by salinity

v
t
e

text: Other sources give higher upper salinity limits for fresh water, e.g. 1000 ppm[6] or 3000 ppm.[7]

text: Aquatic organisms[edit]

text: Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms with pervious skins or with gill membranes, whose cell membranes may burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney.[8] Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between fresh water and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin,[9] while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.[10]

text: Many sea birds have special glands at the base of the bill through which excess salt is excreted. Similarly the marine iguanas on the Galápagos Islands excrete excess salt through a nasal gland and they sneeze out a very salty excretion.

text: Fresh water as a resource[edit]

text: An important concern for hydrological ecosystems is securing minimum streamflow, especially preserving and restoring instream water allocations.[11] Fresh water is an important natural resource necessary for the survival of all ecosystems. The use of water by humans for activities such as irrigation and industrial applications can have adverse impacts on down-stream ecosystems. Chemical contamination of fresh water can also seriously damage eco-systems.

text: Pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the environment, drinkable water, plants and animals.[12]

text: Fresh and unpolluted water accounts for 0.003% of total water available globally.[13]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Changing landscape for the use of agriculture has a great effect on the flow of fresh water. Changes in landscape by the removal of trees and soils changes the flow of fresh water in the local environment and also affects the cycle of fresh water. As a result, more fresh water is stored in the soil which benefits agriculture. However, since agriculture is the human activity that consumes the most fresh water,[14] this can put a severe strain on local freshwater resources resulting in the destruction of local ecosystems. In Australia, over-abstraction of fresh water for intensive irrigation activities has caused 33% of the land area to be at risk of salination.[14] With regards to agriculture, the World Bank targets food production and water management as an increasingly global issue that will foster debate.[15]

text: Limited resource[edit]

text: Fresh water is a renewable and variable, but finite natural resource. Fresh water can only be replenished through the process of the water cycle, in which water from seas, lakes, forests, land, rivers, and reservoirs evaporates, forms clouds, and returns as precipitation. Locally however, if more fresh water is consumed through human activities than is naturally restored, this may result in reduced fresh water availability from surface and underground sources and can cause serious damage to surrounding and associated environments.

text: Fresh water withdrawal[edit]

text: Fresh water withdrawal is the quantity of water removed from available sources for use in any purpose, excluding evaporation losses. Water drawn off is not necessarily entirely consumed and some portion may be returned for further use downstream.

text: Causes of limited fresh water[edit]

text: The increase in the world population and the increase in per capita water use puts increasing strains on the finite resources avialability of clean fresh water The World Bank adds that the response by freshwater ecosystems to a changing climate can be described in terms of three interrelated components: water quality, water quantity or volume, and water timing. A change in one often leads to shifts in the others as well.[16] Water pollution and subsequent eutrophication also reduces the availability of fresh water.[17]

text: Fresh water in the future[edit]

text: Many areas of the world are already experiencing stress on water availability. Due to the accelerated pace of population growth and an increase in the amount of water a single person uses, it is expected that this situation will continue to get worse. A shortage of water in the future would be detrimental to the human population as it would affect everything from sanitation, to overall health and the production of grain.[18]

text: Choices in the use of fresh water[edit]

text: With one in eight people in the world not having access to safe water[19] it is important to use this resource in a prudent manner. Making the best use of water on a local basis probably provides the best solution. Local communities need to plan their use of fresh water and should be made aware of how certain crops and animals use water.

text: As a guide the following tables provide some indicators.

text: Table 1 Recommended basic water requirements for human needs (per person) [20]

text:
Activity
Minimum, litres / day
Range / day

Drinking Water
5
2–5

Sanitation Services
20
20–75

Bathing
15
5–70

Cooking and Kitchen
10
10–50

text: Table 2. Water Requirements of different classes of livestock [21]

text:
Animal
Average / day
Range / day

Dairy cow
76 L (20 US gal)
57 to 95 L (15 to 25 US gal)

Cow-calf pair
57 L (15 US gal)
8 to 76 L (2 to 20 US gal)

Yearling cattle
38 L (10 US gal)
23 to 53 L (6 to 14 US gal)

Horse
38 L (10 US gal)
30 to 53 L (8 to 14 US gal)

Sheep
8 L (2 US gal)
8 to 11 L (2 to 3 US gal)

text: Table 3 Approximate values of seasonal crop water needs [22]

text:
Crop
Crop water needs mm / total growing period

Banana
1200–2200

Barley/Oats/Wheat
450–650

Cabbage
350–500

Citrus
900–1200

Onions
350–550

Pea
350–500

Potato
500–700

Sugar Cane
1500–2500

Tomato
400–800