document_title: The Voice (U.S. season 6)

question_text: who won christina grimmie's season of the voice

question_tokens: who won christina grimmie 's season of the voice

text: The Voice (U.S. season 6)

text: Coaches and hosts[edit]

text: The coaching panel once again saw a change as Adam Levine and Blake Shelton were rejoined by season four coaches Shakira and Usher. Christina Aguilera took another hiatus from the show and CeeLo Green departed at the end of season five. Carson Daly returned as host.[2] It was reported that Christina Milian, who served as the social media correspondent in seasons two through four, was open to returning,[3] but ultimately did not. Josh Kaufman was the first stolen contestant to win the show.

text: Artists serving as mentors for the first Battle Rounds included Miranda Lambert (who previously appeared in the second season in the series as an advisor) for Team Shakira,[4] The Band Perry for Team Blake,[5] Jill Scott for Team Usher,[6] and Aloe Blacc for Team Adam.[7]

text: With the replacement of the Knockout Round with the "Battles, Round 2", Coldplay frontman Chris Martin served as the sole advisor for all four teams.[8]

text: Development[edit]

text: Auditions[edit]

text: The open call auditions were held in the following locations:

text:
Date
Audition venue
Location

June 8, 2013[9]
Las Vegas Convention Center[9]
Las Vegas, Nevada

July 13–14, 2013[10]
Austin Convention Center[10]
Austin, Texas

July 20–21, 2013[11]
Chaifetz Arena, St. Louis University[12]
St. Louis, Missouri

July 27–28, 2013[11]
Javits Convention Center[11]
New York City, New York

text: Promotion[edit]

text: A special look at the season was premiered on February 19, 2014, featuring Christina Grimmie's full audition covering Miley Cyrus' "Wrecking Ball". All four coaches turned for her, but her coach choice was not shown.[13] A second special look at the season was premiered the following day, featuring Bria Kelly's full audition covering "Steamroller Blues". All four coaches also turned for her, but like Grimmie, her ultimate coach choice was not shown.[14] A third preview featuring Clarissa Serna's cover of The Cranberries' song "Zombie" was released on February 28, 2014, to promote the second week of the Blind Auditions. Like Grimmie and Kelly, her choice was not shown.[15]

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Winner
     Runner-up
     Third place
     Eliminated in the Live shows
     Eliminated in the Playoffs

     Artist was stolen by another coach in the Battles, Round 2
     Eliminated in the Battles, Round 2
     Artist was stolen by another coach in the Battles, Round 1
     Eliminated in the Battles, Round 1

text:
Coaches
Top 48 artists

Adam Levine

Christina Grimmie
Kat Perkins
Delvin Choice
Jake Barker
Morgan Wallen

Josh Kaufman
Brittnee Camelle
Dawn and Hawkes
Sam Behymer
Josh Murley

Patrick Thomson
Joshua Howard
Cary Laine
Austin Ellis
Caleb Elder

Shakira

Kristen Merlin
Tess Boyer
Dani Moz
Deja Hall
Patrick Thomson

Clarissa Serna
Emily B.
Ddendyl
Josh Murley
Cierra Mickens

Music Box
Lindsay Bruce
Lindsay Pagano
Jeremy Briggs
DeShawn Washington

Usher

Josh Kaufman
Bria Kelly
T.J. Wilkins
Melissa Jiménez
Stevie Jo

Madilyn Paige
Morgan Wallen
Music Box
Cierra Mickens
Tess Boyer

Brittnee Camelle
Jake Barker
Biff Gore
Tanner James
Brothers Walker

Blake Shelton

Jake Worthington
Sisaundra Lewis
Audra McLaughlin
Ryan Whyte Maloney
Madilyn Paige

Tess Boyer
Kaleigh Glanton
Biff Gore
Megan Rüger
Cali Tucker

Noah Lis
Alaska & Madi
Ria Eaton
Paula DeAnda
Lexi Luca

Note: Italicized names are stolen contestants (names struck through within former teams).

text: Blind auditions[edit]

text: The Blind Auditions were taped between October 10 and 13, 2013, with Usher and Shakira returning.[16] The first episode of the Blind auditions premiered on February 24, 2014.

text:
✔
Coach hit his/her "I WANT YOU" button

Artist defaulted to this coach's team

Artist elected to join this coach's team

Artist eliminated with no coach pressing his or her "I WANT YOU" button

text: Episode 1 (February 24)[edit]

text: The four coaches performed a medley of each other's songs, including "Whenever, Wherever", "Boys 'Round Here", "Love Somebody" and "Without You".

text: The two-hour season six premiere was viewed by 15.86 million people.[17]

text:
Order
Artist
Age
Hometown
Song
Coach's and contestant's choices

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

1
Christina Grimmie
19
Marlton, New Jersey
"Wrecking Ball"
✔
✔
✔
✔

2
T.J. Wilkins
23
Los Angeles, California
"Bennie and the Jets"
✔
—
✔
✔

3
Kristen Merlin
29
Hanson, Massachusetts
"Something More"
✔
✔
—
—

4
Tanner Linford
16
Kaysville, Utah
"Stay"
—
—
—
—

5
Biff Gore
45
Denver, Colorado
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
✔
✔
✔
✔

6
Dawn and Hawkes
(Miranda Dawn and Chris Hawkes)
30 / 32
Austin, Texas
"I've Just Seen a Face"
✔
✔
—
—

7
Leo Gallo
27
Los Angeles, California
"Blurred Lines"
—
—
—
—

8
Jeremy Briggs
26
Sacramento, California
"Bad Company"
—
✔
—
✔

9
Jake Worthington
17
La Porte, Texas
"Don't Close Your Eyes"
✔
✔
—
✔

10
Karina Mia
22
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
"Beneath Your Beautiful"
—
—
—
—

11
Bria Kelly
17
Smithfield, Virginia
"Steamroller Blues"
✔
✔
✔
✔

text: Episode 2 (February 25)[edit]

text: The second episode was aired for one hour and was viewed by 13.04 million people.[18]

text:
Order
Artist
Age
Hometown
Song
Coach's and contestant's choices

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

1
Delvin Choice
24
Greenville, South Carolina
"A Song for You"
✔
✔
✔
✔

2
Madilyn Paige
16
Provo, Utah
"Titanium"
—
✔
✔
—

3
Noah Lis
22
Palmer, Massachusetts
"Me and Mrs. Jones"
✔
—
—
✔

4
Keith Shuskie
28
Buffalo, New York
"Somewhere Only We Know"
—
—
—
—

5
Deja Hall
16
San Antonio, Texas
"True Colors"
—
✔
✔
✔

6
Cary Laine
28
Citronelle, Alabama
"Better Dig Two"
✔
✔
✔
✔

text: Episode 3 (March 3)[edit]

text: The third episode was aired for two hours and was viewed by 15.62 million people.[19]

text:
Order
Artist
Age
Hometown
Song
Coach's and contestant's choices

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

1
Ryan Whyte Maloney
33
Traverse City, Michigan
"Lights"
✔
✔
✔
✔

2
DeShawn Washington
23
Natchitoches, Louisiana
"Twistin' the Night Away"
—
✔
—
—

3
Sam Behymer
25
Morgan Mill, Texas
"Royals"
✔
—
✔
—

4
Savana Santos
15
Quincy, Illinois
"The Way I Am"
—
—
—
—

5
Scott Stevens
N/A
Nashville, Tennessee
"Boondocks"
—
—
—
—

6
Aaleliah Dixon
N/A
Texarkana, Texas
"Want U Back"
—
—
—
—

7
Brendan Ryan
24
Braintree, Massachusetts
"Love on Top"
—
—
—
—

8
Brothers Walker
(Coty and Clinton Walker)
26
Bernie, Missouri
"Keep Me in Mind"
—
—
✔
—

9
Clarissa Serna
27
Corpus Christi, Texas
"Zombie"
✔
✔
✔
✔

10
Lindsay Pagano
27
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
"Lady Marmalade"
—
✔
—
—

11
Joshua Howard
25
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
"This Is What It Feels Like"
✔
✔
—
—

12
Tanner James
19
Provo, Utah
"Heaven"
—
—
✔
—

13
Robert Lee
29
Stevenson, Alabama
"The Weight"
—
—
—
—

14
Melissa Jiménez
29
Fort Lee, New Jersey
"If I Ain't Got You"
—
✔
✔
—

15
Patrick Thomson
35
Festus, Missouri
"Can't You See"
✔
—
—
✔

16
Alex Burt
16
Spanish Springs, Nevada
"Don't Ya"
—
—
—
—

17
Skylar Dayne
17
Hialeah, Florida
"Roar"
—
—
—
—

18
Ricky Duran
N/A
Grafton, Massachusetts
"Lean on Me"
—
—
—
—

19
Allison Bray
17
Louisville, Kentucky
"Where the Boys Are"
—
—
—
—

20
Sisaundra Lewis
44
Orlando, Florida
"Ain't No Way"
✔
✔
✔
✔

text: Episode 4 (March 4)[edit]

text: The fourth episode was aired for one hour and was viewed by 14.53 million people.[20]

text:
Order
Artist
Age
Hometown
Song
Coach's and contestant's choices

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

1
Megan Rüger
26
Twin Lakes, Wisconsin
"Just Like a Pill"
—
—
✔
✔

2
Morgan Wallen
20
Knoxville, Tennessee
"Collide"
—
✔
✔
—

3
James Cavern
26
Sacramento, California
"Let's Get It On"
—
—
—
—

4
Dani Moz
(Danielle Mozeleski)
26
Los Angeles, California
"I Need Your Love"
—
✔
—
—

5
Music Box
(Ayesha Brooks)
28
Federal Way, Washington
"You Gotta Be"
—
✔
—
—

6
Lexi Luca
17
Wellington, Florida
"Wasting All These Tears"
—
—
—
✔

7
Emily B.
33
American Falls, Idaho
"Wicked Game"
—
✔
✔
✔

8
Stevie Jo
19
Tyler, Texas
"There Goes My Baby"
—
—
✔
—

9
Josh McMillan
N/A
Jacksonville, Florida
"You Get What You Give"
—
—
—
—

10
Melany Watson
N/A
Brooklyn, New York
"The Power of Love"
—
—
—
—

11
Branden Mendoza
N/A
Dallas, Texas
"Move Along"
—
—
—
—

12
Audra McLaughlin
21
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
"Angel from Montgomery"
✔
✔
✔
✔

text: Episode 5 (March 10)[edit]

text: The fifth episode was aired two hours and was viewed by 13.79 million people.[21]

text:
Order
Artist
Age
Hometown
Song
Coach's and contestant's choices

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

1
Kat Perkins
33
Minneapolis, Minnesota
"Gold Dust Woman"
✔
✔
✔
—

2
Gabi Ramirez
27
Fresno, California
"The A Team"
—
—
—
—

3
Paula DeAnda
24
San Antonio, Texas
"The Way"
—
✔
—
✔

4
Jake Barker
28
St. Petersburg, Florida
"When I Was Your Man"
✔
✔
✔
—

5
Tess Boyer
21
Glen Carbon, Illinois
"Wings"
—
—
✔
—

6
Josh Murley
30
Kerrville, Texas
"The Freshman"
✔
—
—
—

7
Austin Ellis
26
North Beach, Maryland
"Drift Away"
✔
—
—
—

8
Cali Tucker
29
Nashville, Tennessee
"Black Velvet"
—
—
—
✔

9
Luke Cooper
27
DeQuincy, Louisiana
"Radioactive"
—
—
—
—

10
Ria Eaton
19
Billerica, Massachusetts
"Cups"
—
✔
—
✔

11
Cierra Mickens
23
Eagle River, Alaska
"Crazy"
—
✔
✔
✔

12
Tyler Montgomery
24
Dexter, Missouri
"I Wish"
—
—
—
—

13
Alaska & Madi
(Alaska Holloway and Madi Metcalf)
19 / 18
Tulsa, Oklahoma
"Barton Hollow"
✔
—
—
✔

14
Ddendyl
25
Washington, D.C.
"Stand by Me"
—
✔
—
—

15
Theresa Payne
N/A
St. Louis, Missouri
"Crazy in Love"
—
—
—
—

16
Bryson Dunn
N/A
Deer Park, Texas
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody"
—
—
—
—

17
Bree Tal
N/A
Pasadena, California
"We Don't Need Another Hero"
—
—
—
—

18
Josh Kaufman
38
Indianapolis, Indiana
"One More Try"
✔
✔
✔
✔

text: Episode 6 (March 11)[edit]

text: The sixth episode was aired for one hour and was viewed by 13.51 million people.[22]

text:
Order
Artist
Age
Hometown
Song
Coach's and contestant's choices

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

1
Joe Trombino
33
Queens, New York
"Love and Happiness"
—
—
—
—

2
Kaleigh Glanton
20
Wichita, Kansas
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain"
✔
✔
✔
✔

3
Brittnee Camelle
23
Lawrenceville, Georgia
"Skyscraper"
—
✔
✔
Team full

4
Beau Thomas
27
Frisco, Colorado
"You Are the Best Thing"
—
—
Team full

5
Lindsay Bruce
25
Santa Rosa, California
"Even If It Breaks Your Heart"
✔
✔

6
Melissa Neal
N/A
Buffalo, New York
"Brave"
—
Team full

7
Beau Cassidy
N/A
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
"Get Lucky"
—

8
Sheila Marshall
N/A
Houston, Texas
"Strong Enough"
—

9
Caleb Elder
19
Appomattox, Virginia
"Groove Me"
✔

text: Episode 7: The Best of the Blind Auditions (March 16)[edit]

text: The seventh episode was a special two-hour recap of the Blind Auditions.

text: The Battles[edit]

text: Round 1[edit]

text: The Battles, Round 1 (episodes 8 to 13) consisted of two 2-hour episodes and two 1-hour episodes each on March 17, 18, 24 and 25, 2014. There were also two recap episodes that aired on March 23 and 30, 2014. Season six's advisors are Aloe Blacc for Team Adam,[7] Miranda Lambert for Team Shakira,[4] Jill Scott for Team Usher,[6] and The Band Perry for Team Blake.[5] Continuing with the format introduced in season three, the coaches can steal two losing artists from another coach. Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to The Battles, Round 2, a new round replacing the Knockout round of previous seasons.[23]

text: Color key:

text:
Artist won the Battle and advanced to The Battles, Round 2

Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to The Battles, Round 2

Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated

text: Week 1 and 2[edit]

text:
Episode
Coach
Order
Winner
Song
Loser
'Steal' result

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

Episode 81
(Monday, March 17, 2014)
Usher
1
T.J. Wilkins
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg"
Biff Gore
—
—
N/A
✔

Blake Shelton
2
Jake Worthington
"It Goes Like This"
Lexi Luca
—
—
—
N/A

Shakira
3
Dani Moz
"My Kind of Love"
DeShawn Washington
—
N/A
—
—

Adam Levine
4
Kat Perkins
"Whenever I Call You 'Friend'"
Patrick Thomson
N/A
✔
—
—

Blake Shelton
5
Sisaundra Lewis
"Do What U Want"
Paula DeAnda
—
—
—
N/A

Usher
6
Stevie Jo
"Higher Love"
Jake Barker
✔
✔
N/A
✔

Episode 92
(Tuesday, March 18, 2014)
Shakira
1
Clarissa Serna
"Cold as Ice"
Jeremy Briggs
—
N/A
—
—

Adam Levine
2
Delvin Choice
"The Man"
Caleb Elder
N/A
—
—
—

Blake Shelton
3
Megan Rüger
"My Happy Ending"
Ria Eaton
—
—
—
N/A

Shakira
4
Ddendyl
"I Feel the Earth Move"
Lindsay Pagano
—
N/A
—
—

Usher
5
Morgan Wallen
"Hey Brother"
Brothers Walker
—
—
N/A
—

6
Melissa Jiménez
"Give It to Me Right"
Brittnee Camelle
✔
✔
N/A
—

Episode 102
(Sunday, March 23, 2014)
The tenth was a special one hour episode recapping Week 1 of the Battle Performances.

Episode 111
(Monday, March 24, 2014)
Adam Levine
1
Josh Kaufman
"Happy"
Austin Ellis
Team full
—
—
—

Blake Shelton
2
Audra McLaughlin
"When Will I Be Loved"
Alaska & Madi
—
—
N/A

Shakira
3
Deja Hall
"Eternal Flame"
Music Box
N/A
✔
—

Usher
4
Madilyn Paige
"Everything Has Changed"
Tanner James
—
N/A
—

Adam Levine
5
Dawn and Hawkes
"Stuck in the Middle with You"
Josh Murley
✔
—
—

Usher
6
Bria Kelly
"Piece of My Heart"
Tess Boyer
Team full
N/A
✔

Episode 122
(Tuesday, March 25, 2014)
Adam Levine
1
Sam Behymer
"Give Me Love"
Cary Laine
Team full
Team full
—
Team full

Blake Shelton
2
Kaleigh Glanton
"Everything"
Noah Lis
—

3
Ryan Whyte Maloney
"What's Love Got to Do with It"
Cali Tucker
—

Adam Levine
4
Christina Grimmie
"I Knew You Were Trouble"
Joshua Howard
—

Shakira
5
Kristen Merlin
"Turn On the Radio"
Lindsay Bruce
—

6
Emily B.
"Brave"
Cierra Mickens
✔

Episode 132
(Sunday, March 30, 2014)
The thirteenth was a special one hour episode recapping Week 2 of the Battle Performances.

text:
^1 Episodes airing on Monday had a running time of two hours.
^2 Episodes airing on Tuesday & Sunday had a running time of one hour.
^1 Episodes airing on Monday had a running time of two hours.
^2 Episodes airing on Tuesday & Sunday had a running time of one hour.

text: Round 2[edit]

text: In season six, the Knockout Round was replaced by a second round of Battles, dubbed "The Battles, Round 2," which took place during episodes 14–16 on March 31, April 1, and April 7 respectively. Unlike the first round of The Battles, each team will share the same advisor, Coldplay frontman Chris Martin.[24] Coaches give each Battle pairing a list of songs and each pair must agree on which song to sing.[25] Each coach is allowed one steal this round, like the Knockout round of previous seasons.[8]

text: Color key:

text:
Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Playoffs

Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Playoffs

Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated

text: Week 3 & 4[edit]

text:
Episode
Coach
Order
Winner
Song
Loser
'Steal' result

Adam
Shakira
Usher
Blake

Episode 141
(Monday, March 31, 2014)
Blake Shelton
1
Audra McLaughlin
"The Climb"
Megan Rüger
—
—
—
N/A

Usher
2
T.J. Wilkins
"Get Here"
Cierra Mickens
—
—
N/A
—

Blake Shelton
3
Jake Worthington
"Have a Little Faith in Me"
Tess Boyer
✔
✔
✔
N/A

Adam Levine
4
Christina Grimmie
"Counting Stars"
Sam Behymer
N/A
Team full
—
—

Shakira
5
Patrick Thomson
"Run to You"
Josh Murley
—
—
—

Adam Levine
6
Delvin Choice
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
Josh Kaufman
N/A
✔
—

Episode 152
(Tuesday, April 1, 2014)
Blake Shelton
1
Sisaundra Lewis
"It's a Man's Man's Man's World"
Biff Gore
—
Team full
Team full
N/A

Shakira
2
Deja Hall
"Say Something"
Ddendyl
—
—

3
Kristen Merlin
"I Can Love You Better"
Emily B.
—
—

Usher
4
Stevie Jo
"Story of My Life"
Morgan Wallen
✔
—

Episode 161
(Monday, April 7, 2014)
Shakira
1
Dani Moz
"Perfect"
Clarissa Serna
Team full
Team full
Team full
—

Adam Levine
2
Kat Perkins
"Suddenly I See"
Dawn and Hawkes
—

Usher
3
Melissa Jiménez
"Girl on Fire"
Music Box
—

Blake Shelton
4
Ryan Whyte Maloney
"Easy"
Kaleigh Glanton
N/A

Adam Levine
5
Jake Barker
"Climax"
Brittnee Camelle
—

Usher
6
Bria Kelly
"I'll Stand By You"
Madilyn Paige
✔

text: The Playoffs[edit]

text: The new Playoffs began on April 8 and comprised episodes 17, 18, and 19. Distinct from seasons four and five, the season six Playoffs are pre-recorded, thus featuring no interactive viewer component, and therefore no subsequent results shows. The top twenty artists perform for the coaches, with each coach eliminating two artists from their teams. The remaining top twelve artists advance to the live shows.

text: Color key:

text:
Artist was chosen by his/her coach

Artist was eliminated

text:
Episode
Coach
Order
Artist
Song
Result

Episode 172
(Tuesday, April 8, 2014)
Team Blake
Blake Shelton
1
Audra McLaughlin
"A Broken Wing"
Advanced

2
Ryan Whyte Maloney
"Second Chance"
Eliminated

3
Madilyn Paige
"Clarity"
Eliminated

4
Jake Worthington
"Anywhere with You"
Advanced

5
Sisaundra Lewis
"New York State of Mind"
Advanced

Episode 181
(Monday, April 14, 2014) Team Adam + Shakira
Shakira
1
Kristen Merlin
"Two Black Cadillacs"
Advanced

2
Deja Hall
"Battlefield"
Eliminated

3
Tess Boyer
"Human"
Advanced

4
Patrick Thomson
"Trouble"
Eliminated

5
Dani Moz
"The Edge of Glory"
Advanced

Adam Levine
6
Delvin Choice
"Let's Stay Together"
Advanced

7
Jake Barker
"She Will Be Loved"
Eliminated

8
Kat Perkins
"Open Arms"
Advanced

9
Morgan Wallen
"Stay"
Eliminated

10
Christina Grimmie
"I Won't Give Up"
Advanced

Episode 192
(Tuesday, April 15, 2014) Team Usher
Usher
1
T.J. Wilkins
"Tell Me Something Good"
Advanced

2
Melissa Jiménez
"Halo"
Eliminated

3
Stevie Jo
"The Thrill Is Gone"
Eliminated

4
Bria Kelly
"Wild Horses"
Advanced

5
Josh Kaufman
"It Will Rain"
Advanced

text: Live shows[edit]

text: The live shows is the final phase of the competition. It consists of five weekly shows and the season finale. For season six, the show expanded upon the "Instant Save" introduced in season five; once the three artists with the lowest vote totals are announced during the results show (except the Live Finale), each of those three artists sing an additional song before the Twitter voting window opens. Also, "Instant Save" vote totals are shown in a ticker bar onscreen during its five-minute voting window (including throughout the commercial break) to update viewers on each contestant's percentage of votes.

text: Color key:

text:
Artist was saved by the Public's votes

Artist was in the bottom three/bottom four

Artist was saved by the Instant Save

Artist's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 (except The Finals) after his/her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10

Artist was eliminated

text: Week 1 (April 21 & 22)[edit]

text: The Top 12 performed on Monday, April 21, 2014, with results following Tuesday, April 22, 2014.

text: Josh Kaufman received the first iTunes bonus multiplier of the season, with his studio recording of "Stay With Me" reaching the fifth position on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window.[26]

text:
Episode
Coach
Order
Artist
Song
Result

Episode 20
(April 21)
Usher
1
Bria Kelly
"Rolling in the Deep"
Public's vote

Adam Levine
2
Delvin Choice
"Unchained Melody"
Public's vote

Shakira
3
Dani Moz
"Just Give Me a Reason"
Bottom three

Blake Shelton
4
Audra McLaughlin
"Angel of the Morning"
Public's vote

Usher
5
T.J. Wilkins
"Waiting on the World to Change"
Bottom three

Adam Levine
6
Christina Grimmie
"Dark Horse"
Public's vote

Blake Shelton
7
Sisaundra Lewis
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down On Me"
Public's vote

Shakira
8
Kristen Merlin
"Stay"
Public's vote

Adam Levine
9
Kat Perkins
"Magic Man"
Public's vote

Blake Shelton
10
Jake Worthington
"Anymore"
Public's vote

Shakira
11
Tess Boyer
"I'll Be There for You"
Bottom three

Usher
12
Josh Kaufman
"Stay with Me"[26]
Public's vote

Episode 21
(April 22)

Instant Save performances

Usher
1
T.J. Wilkins
"I'll Be"
Eliminated

Shakira
2
Dani Moz
"Turning Tables"
Eliminated

3
Tess Boyer
"Dark Side"
Instant Save

text:
Non-competition performances

Order
Performer
Song

21.1
Adam Levine and his team
(Christina Grimmie, Delvin Choice and Kat Perkins)
"Sledgehammer"

21.2
Shakira
"Empire"

21.3
Blake Shelton & his team
"Put Some Drive in Your Country"

text: Week 2 (April 28 & 29)[edit]

text: The Top 10 will perform on Monday, April 28, 2014, with results following Tuesday, April 29, 2014. This week, Christina Grimmie received an iTunes bonus multiplier, with her studio recording of "Hold On, We're Going Home" occupying the fourth position on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window.[27] Note: Bria Kelly and Tess Boyer were put against each other in the battles, and the two were later eliminated together in the Top 10.

text:
Episode
Coach
Order
Artist
Song
Result

Episode 22
(April 28)
Adam Levine
1
Kat Perkins
"Landslide"
Bottom three

Shakira
2
Tess Boyer
"Ain't It Fun"
Bottom three

Blake Shelton
3
Audra McLaughlin
"You Lie"
Public's vote

Usher
4
Josh Kaufman
"This Is It"
Public's vote

Adam Levine
5
Christina Grimmie
"Hold On, We're Going Home"[27]
Public's vote

Blake Shelton
6
Jake Worthington
"Run"
Public's vote

Usher
7
Bria Kelly
"I'm with You"
Bottom three

Adam Levine
8
Delvin Choice
"Bright Lights"
Public's Vote

Shakira
9
Kristen Merlin
"Let Her Go"
Public's Vote

Blake Shelton
10
Sisaundra Lewis
"Oh Sherrie"
Public's vote

Episode 23
(April 29)

Instant Save performances

Usher
1
Bria Kelly
"Crazy on You"
Eliminated

Shakira
2
Tess Boyer
"Who Knew"
Eliminated

Adam Levine
3
Kat Perkins
"Paris (Ooh La La)"
Instant Save

text:
Non-competition performances

Order
Performer
Song

22.1
Rixton
"Me and My Broken Heart"

23.1
Usher & his team
"Always on the Run"

23.2
Shakira & her team
"The One Thing"

text: Quarterfinals: Week 3 (May 5 & 6)[edit]

text: The Top 8 performed on Monday, May 5, 2014, with results broadcast Tuesday, May 6, 2014. Upcoming coaches for season seven, Gwen Stefani and Pharrell Williams, performed "Hollaback Girl" and "Come Get It Bae" respectively. This week, three contestants were eliminated instead of two, thus there was a bottom four instead of a bottom three. Josh Kaufman and Christina Grimmie received the iTunes bonus multiplier, with their studio recordings of "I Can't Make You Love Me" and "How to Love" reaching the second and the fifth positions on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window, respectively.[28] For the first time since the inclusion of the Instant Save in season five, a contestant was saved two consecutive weeks. The elimination of Sisaundra Lewis, Audra McLaughlin and Delvin Choice was one of the most shocking eliminations in the history of the show, having three artists who had 4 chair turns, eliminated in the competition on the same week.

text:
Episode
Coach
Order
Artist
Song
Result

Episode 24
(May 5)
Blake Shelton
1
Sisaundra Lewis
"River Deep Mountain High"
Bottom four

Usher
2
Josh Kaufman
"I Can't Make You Love Me"[28]
Public's vote

Adam Levine
3
Kat Perkins
"Get Lucky"
Bottom four

Shakira
4
Kristen Merlin
"I Drive Your Truck"
Public's vote

Adam Levine
5
Delvin Choice
"I Believe I Can Fly"
Bottom four

Blake Shelton
6
Audra McLaughlin
"Forgive"
Bottom four

7
Jake Worthington
"Hillbilly Deluxe"
Public's vote

Adam Levine
8
Christina Grimmie
"How to Love"[28]
Public's vote

Episode 25
(May 6)

Instant Save performances

Blake Shelton
1
Sisaundra Lewis
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
Eliminated

2
Audra McLaughlin
"Done"
Eliminated

Adam Levine
3
Kat Perkins
"Barracuda"
Instant Save

4
Delvin Choice
"Young Girls"
Eliminated

text:
Non-competition performances

Order
Performer
Song

24.1
Blake Shelton feat. Gwen Sebastian
"My Eyes"

24.2
Pharrell Williams
"Come Get It Bae"

24.3
Gwen Stefani feat. Pharrell Williams
"Hollaback Girl"

25.1
Audra McLaughlin, Jake Worthington, Kristen Merlin, and Kat Perkins
"Chainsaw"

25.2
Sisaundra Lewis, Delvin Choice, Josh Kaufman, and Christina Grimmie
"Latch"

text: Semifinals: Week 4 (May 12 & 13)[edit]

text: The Top 5 performed on Monday, May 12, 2014, with results following Tuesday, May 13, 2014. This week, each contestant sang two songs; one chosen by their coach, and another selected in tribute to their supporters.

text: Jake Worthington, Josh Kaufman, and Kristen Merlin received the iTunes bonus multiplier with their studio recordings of "Heaven", "All of Me" and "Foolish Games" reaching the third, fourth, and sixth positions on the iTunes Top 200 singles chart at the close of the voting window, respectively.[29]

text: The top three season five finalists, (Tessanne Chin, Jacquie Lee, and Will Champlin) will debut their newest singles during the results show.

text: With the elimination of Kristen Merlin, Shakira no longer has any contestants remaining on her team.

text:
Episode
Coach
Artist
Order
Song (Contestant's Choice)
Order
Song (Coach's Choice)
Result

Episode 26
(May 12)
Shakira
Kristen Merlin
1
"Gunpowder & Lead"
8
"Foolish Games"[29]
Bottom three

Usher
Josh Kaufman
2
"All of Me"[29]
6
"Love Runs Out"
Public's vote

Adam Levine
Kat Perkins
7
"Let It Go"
3
"Chandelier"
Bottom three

Blake Shelton
Jake Worthington
4
"Good Ol' Boys"
10
"Heaven"[29]
Public's vote

Adam Levine
Christina Grimmie
9
"Some Nights"
5
"Hide and Seek"
Bottom three

Episode 27
(May 13)

Instant Save performances

Coach
Artist
Order
Song
Result

Shakira
Kristen Merlin
1
"Blown Away"
Eliminated

Adam Levine
Kat Perkins
2
"Good Girl"
Eliminated

Christina Grimmie
3
"Apologize"
Instant Save

text:
Non-competition performances

Order
Performer
Song

26.1
Usher
"Good Kisser"

27.1
Rascal Flatts
"Rewind"

27.2
Jacquie Lee
"Broken Ones"

27.3
Will Champlin
"Eye of the Pyramid"

27.4
Tessanne Chin
"Everything Reminds Me of You"

text: Finals: Week 5 (May 19 & 20)[edit]

text: The Top 3 performed on Monday, May 19, 2014, with the season finale on Tuesday, May 20, 2014. Performances in this round consist of a "fans choice" reprise performance of a song from earlier in the season, a duet with the respective coach, and a solo song. The final episode was preceded by a one-hour recap of the competitive performances, and included two hours of performances by this season's top 20 contestants, as well as guest performances from the likes of Coldplay, Ed Sheeran, Tim McGraw, OneRepublic, and the announcement of the winner.

text: Because of a technical glitch in the iTunes system, all iTunes votes for the final episode were invalidated, with no net effect to the total outcome.[30]

text:
Coach
Artist
Order
Reprise song
Order
Duet song (with Coach)
Order
Solo song
Result

Adam Levine
Christina Grimmie
1
"Wrecking Ball"
5
"Somebody That I Used to Know"
8
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
Third place

Usher
Josh Kaufman
4
"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours"
2
"Every Breath You Take"
9
"Set Fire to the Rain"
Winner

Blake Shelton
Jake Worthington
3
"Don't Close Your Eyes"
7
"A Country Boy Can Survive"
6
"Right Here Waiting"
Runner-up

text:
Non-competition performances

Order
Performer
Song

28.1
Shakira feat. Blake Shelton
"Medicine"

28.2
Usher and Adam Levine
"Untitled (How Does It Feel)"

29.1
OneRepublic
"Love Runs Out"

29.2
Jake Worthington with Audra McLaughlin, Kat Perkins, Kristen Merlin, Morgan Wallen & Ryan Whyte Maloney
"Summertime"

29.3
Christina Grimmie & Ed Sheeran
"All of the Stars"

29.4
Delvin Choice, Jake Barker, Morgan Wallen, Patrick Thomson & Stevie Jo
"She's Gone"

29.5
Justin Moore
"Lettin' the Night Roll"

29.6
Josh Kaufman with Sisaundra Lewis, Stevie Jo & TJ Wilkins
"Am I Wrong"

29.7
Ed Sheeran
"Sing"

29.8
Jake Worthington & Alabama
"Mountain Music"

29.9
Dani Moz, Deja Hall, Madilyn Paige, Melissa Jimenez & Tess Boyer
"Umbrella"

29.10
Josh Kaufman & Robin Thicke
"Get Her Back"

29.11
Tim McGraw
"City Lights"

29.12
Christina Grimmie with Bria Kelly, Jake Barker & Tess Boyer
"Team"

29.13
Coldplay
"A Sky Full of Stars"

text: Elimination chart[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Artist from Team Adam
     Artist from Team Shakira

     Artist from Team Usher
     Artist from Team Blake

text:
Winner
     Runner-up
     Third place

     Saved by Instant Save (via Twitter)
     Artist was saved by the public
     Artist was eliminated

text:
Live show results per week

Artist
Playoffs
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Finals

Josh Kaufman
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Winner

Jake Worthington
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Runner-up

Christina Grimmie
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
3rd Place

Kristen Merlin
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Eliminated
Eliminated (Week 4)

Kat Perkins
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Eliminated

Delvin Choice
Safe
Safe
Safe
Eliminated
Eliminated (Week 3)

Sisaundra Lewis
Safe
Safe
Safe
Eliminated

Audra McLaughlin
Safe
Safe
Safe
Eliminated

Tess Boyer
Safe
Safe
Eliminated
Eliminated (Week 2)

Bria Kelly
Safe
Safe
Eliminated

Dani Moz
Safe
Eliminated
Eliminated (Week 1)

T.J. Wilkins
Safe
Eliminated

Jake Barker
Eliminated
Eliminated (Playoffs)

Deja Hall
Eliminated

Melissa Jiménez
Eliminated

Stevie Jo
Eliminated

Ryan Whyte Maloney
Eliminated

Madilyn Paige
Eliminated

Patrick Thompson
Eliminated

Morgan Wallen
Eliminated

text: Team[edit]

text: Color key:

text:
Winner
     Runner-up
     Third place

     Eliminated
     Saved by Instant Save (via Twitter)
     Artist received one or more iTunes bonus that week
  Number of iTunes bonuses received

text:
Artist
Playoffs
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Finals

Christina Grimmie
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Third Place

Kat Perkins
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

Delvin Choice
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

Jake Barker
Eliminated

Morgan Wallen
Eliminated

Kristen Merlin
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

Tess Boyer
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

Dani Moz
Advanced
Eliminated

Deja Hall
Eliminated

Patrick Thomson
Eliminated

Josh Kaufman
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Winner

Bria Kelly
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

T.J. Wilkins
Advanced
Eliminated

Melissa Jiménez
Eliminated

Stevie Jo
Eliminated

Jake Worthington
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Runner-up

Sisaundra Lewis
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

Audra McLaughlin
Advanced
Advanced
Advanced
Eliminated

Ryan Whyte Maloney
Eliminated

Madilyn Paige
Eliminated

text: Performances by guests/coaches[edit]

text:
Episode
Show segment
Performer(s)
Title
Reaction
Source

Hot 100
Hot digital

21
Top 12 Results
Shakira
"Empire"
71 (+26)
37 (Re-entry)
[31]

22
Top 10 Performs
Rixton
"Me and My Broken Heart"
14 (+15)
7 (+18)
[32]

24
Top 8 Performs
Blake Shelton ft. Gwen Sebastian
"My Eyes"
57 (+40)
28 (Debut)
[33]

Pharrell Williams
"Come Get It Bae"
82 (Debut)
35 (Debut)
[34]

Gwen Stefani ft. Pharrell Williams
"Hollaback Girl"
Did not chart
Did not chart

26
Top 5 Performs
Usher
"Good Kisser"
70 (Debut)
TBA
[35]

27
Top 5 Results
Rascal Flatts
"Rewind"
48 (+5)
TBA

Jacquie Lee
"Broken Ones"
Did not chart
TBA

Will Champlin
"Eye of the Pyramid"
Did not chart
TBA

Tessanne Chin
"Everything Reminds Me of You"
Did not chart
TBA

28
Final Performs
Shakira ft. Blake Shelton
"Medicine"
Did not chart
TBA

29
Finale Results
OneRepublic
"Love Runs Out"
69 (Re-Entry)
TBA
[36]

Ed Sheeran (with Christina Grimmie)
"All of the Stars"
Did not chart
TBA

Justin Moore
"Lettin' the Night Roll"
64 (+2)
TBA

Ed Sheeran
"Sing"
16 (-1)
TBA

Robin Thicke (with Josh Kaufman)
"Get Her Back"
Did not chart
TBA

Tim McGraw
"City Lights"
Did not chart
TBA

Coldplay
"A Sky Full of Stars"
10 (+33)
TBA

text: Appearances on earlier seasons or other talent shows[edit]

text:
Josh Kaufman appeared on Star Search as a junior vocalist (1993).
T.J. Wilkins was among the Top 6 finalists in ABC's High School Musical: Get in the Picture (2008)
Bria Kelly appeared in season seven of America's Got Talent, making it to the semifinals
Delvin Choice and Jake Worthington sang in the blind auditions for season five, but failed to turn any chairs
Melissa Jiménez then went on to compete in season five of La Voz... México and joined team Alejandro. She finished in the top 8.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The season six premiere was watched by 15.86 million viewers with a 4.7 rating in the 18–49 demographic. It was up from last season's premiere by .88 million viewers.

text:
Episode
Original airdate
Production
Timeslot (ET)
Viewers
(in millions)
Adults (18–49)
Source

Rating
Share

1
"The Blind Auditions Premiere"
February 24, 2014 (2014-02-24)
601
Monday 8:00 p.m.
15.86
4.7
13
[17]

2
"The Blind Auditions Premiere, Part 2"
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
602
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
13.04
3.7
11
[18]

3
"The Blind Auditions, Part 3"
March 3, 2014 (2014-03-03)
603
Monday 8:00 p.m.
15.62
4.5
12
[19]

4
"The Blind Auditions, Part 4"
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
604
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
14.53
4.1
12
[20]

5
"The Blind Auditions, Part 5"
March 10, 2014 (2014-03-10)
605
Monday 8:00 p.m.
13.79
3.7
11
[21]

6
"The Blind Auditions, Part 6"
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
606
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
13.51
3.5
12
[22]

7
"The Best of the Blind Auditions"
March 16, 2014 (2014-03-16)
607
Sunday 7:00 p.m.
5.18
1.4
4
[37]

8
"The Battle Rounds Premiere"
March 17, 2014 (2014-03-17)
608
Monday 8:00 p.m.
13.52
4.1
12
[38]

9
"The Battles Premiere, Part 2"
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
609
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
13.29
3.6
11
[39]

10
"Recap: Battle Performances, Week 1"
March 23, 2014 (2014-03-23)
610
Sunday 7:00 p.m.
3.33
0.8
2
[40]

11
"The Battles Continue, Part 3"
March 24, 2014 (2014-03-24)
611
Monday 8:00 p.m.
12.85
3.7
10
[41]

12
"The Battles Continue, Part 4"
March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)
612
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
12.45
3.4
11
[42]

13
"Recap: Battle Performances, Week 2"
March 30, 2014 (2014-03-30)
613
Sunday 7:00 p.m.
2.87
0.6
2
[43]

14
"The Battles, Round 2 Premiere"
March 31, 2014 (2014-03-31)
614
Monday 8:00 p.m.
12.28
3.4
10
[44]

15
"The Battles, Round 2, Part 2"
April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01)
615
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
11.93
3.1
10
[45]

16
"The Battles, Round 2, Part 3"
April 7, 2014 (2014-04-07)
616
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.97
3.5
10
[46]

17
"The Playoffs Premiere"
April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)
617
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
11.08
2.9
9
[47]

18
"The Playoffs Continue"
April 14, 2014 (2014-04-14)
618
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.85
3.4
10
[48]

19
"The Playoffs Continue Part 3"
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
619
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
11.81
3.0
10
[49]

20
"The Live Shows Premiere"
April 21, 2014 (2014-04-21)
620
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.19
3.0
9
[50]

21
"Live Top 12 Eliminations"
April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)
621
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
11.29
2.8
9
[51]

22
"Live Top 10 Performs"
April 28, 2014 (2014-04-28)
622
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.58
3.0
8
[52]

23
"Live Top 10 Elimination"
April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29)
623
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
11.18
2.7
8
[53]

24
"Live Quarterfinals"
May 5, 2014 (2014-05-05)
624
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.00
3.0
9
[54]

25
"Live Quarterfinals Results"
May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)
625
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
10.72
2.5
8
[55]

26
"Live Semifinals"
May 12, 2014 (2014-05-12)
626
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.12
3.0
9
[56]

27
"Live Semifinals Results"
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
627
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
10.96
2.6
9
[57]

28
"Live Finale"
May 19, 2014 (2014-05-19)
628
Monday 8:00 p.m.
11.70
3.2
10
[58]

29
"Recap: Live Final Performances"
May 20, 2014 (2014-05-20)
629
Tuesday 8:00 p.m.
7.52
1.9
7
[59]

30
"Live Finale Results"
May 20, 2014 (2014-05-20)
630
Tuesday 9:00 p.m.
11.69
3.3
10
[59]


document_title: Shinkansen

question_text: when was the first bullet train in japan

question_tokens: when was the first bullet train in japan

root

text: Shinkansen

text: History[edit]

text: Japan was the first country to build dedicated railway lines for high-speed travel. Because of the mountainous terrain, the existing network consisted of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow-gauge lines, which generally took indirect routes and could not be adapted to higher speeds. Consequently, Japan had a greater need for new high-speed lines than countries where the existing standard gauge or broad gauge rail system had more upgrade potential.

tag: p

text: Among the key people credited with the construction of the first Shinkansen are Hideo Shima, the Chief Engineer, and Shinji Sogō, the first President of Japanese National Railways (JNR) who managed to persuade politicians to back the plan. Other significant people responsible for its technical development were Tadanao Miki, Tadashi Matsudaira, and Hajime Kawanabe based at the Railway Technology Research Institute (RTRI), part of JNR. They were responsible for much of the technical development of the first line, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen. All three had worked on aircraft design during World War II.[11]

text: Early proposals[edit]

text: The popular English name bullet train is a literal translation of the Japanese term dangan ressha (弾丸列車), a nickname given to the project while it was initially being discussed in the 1930s. The name stuck because of the original 0 Series Shinkansen's resemblance to a bullet and its high speed.

text: The Shinkansen name was first formally used in 1940 for a proposed standard gauge passenger and freight line between Tokyo and Shimonoseki that would have used steam and electric locomotives with a top speed of 200 km/h (120 mph). Over the next three years, the Ministry of Railways drew up more ambitious plans to extend the line to Beijing (through a tunnel to Korea) and even Singapore, and build connections to the Trans-Siberian Railway and other trunk lines in Asia. These plans were abandoned in 1943 as Japan's position in World War II worsened. However, some construction did commence on the line; several tunnels on the present-day Shinkansen date to the war-era project.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Following the end of World War II, high-speed rail was forgotten for several years while traffic of passengers and freight steadily increased on the conventional Tōkaidō Main Line along with the reconstruction of Japanese industry and economy. By the mid-1950s the Tōkaidō Line was operating at full capacity, and the Ministry of Railways decided to revisit the Shinkansen project. In 1957, Odakyu Electric Railway introduced its 3000 series SE Romancecar train, setting a world speed record of 145 km/h (90 mph) for a narrow gauge train. This train gave designers the confidence that they could safely build an even faster standard gauge train. Thus the first Shinkansen, the 0 series, was built on the success of the Romancecar.

text: In the 1950s, the Japanese national attitude was that railways would soon be outdated and replaced by air travel and highways as in America and many countries in Europe. However, Shinji Sogō, President of Japanese National Railways, insisted strongly on the possibility of high-speed rail, and the Shinkansen project was implemented.

text: Government approval came in December 1958, and construction of the first segment of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka started in April 1959. The cost of constructing the Shinkansen was at first estimated at nearly 200 billion yen, which was raised in the form of a government loan, railway bonds and a low-interest loan of US$80 million from the World Bank. Initial cost estimates, however, had been deliberately understated and the actual figures were nearly double at about 400 billion yen. As the budget shortfall became clear in 1963, Sogo resigned to take responsibility.[12]

text: A test facility for rolling stock, now part of the line, opened in Odawara in 1962.

text: Initial success[edit]

text: The Tōkaidō Shinkansen began service on 1 October 1964, in time for the first Tokyo Olympics.[13] The conventional Limited Express service took six hours and 40 minutes from Tokyo to Osaka, but the Shinkansen made the trip in just four hours, shortened to three hours and ten minutes by 1965. It enabled day trips between Tokyo and Osaka, the two largest metropolises in Japan, changed the style of business and life of the Japanese people significantly, and increased new traffic demand. The service was an immediate success, reaching the 100 million passenger mark in less than three years on 13 July 1967, and one billion passengers in 1976. Sixteen-car trains were introduced for Expo '70 in Osaka. With an average of 23,000 passengers per hour in each direction in 1992, the Tōkaidō Shinkansen is the world's busiest high-speed rail line.[14]

text: The first Shinkansen trains, the 0 series, ran at speeds of up to 210 km/h (130 mph), later increased to 220 km/h (137 mph). The last of these trains, with their classic bullet-nosed appearance, were retired on 30 November 2008. A driving car from one of the 0 series trains was donated by JR West to the National Railway Museum in York, England in 2001.[15]

text: Network expansion[edit]

text: The Tōkaidō Shinkansen's rapid success prompted an extension westward to Okayama, Hiroshima and Fukuoka (the Sanyō Shinkansen), which was completed in 1975. Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka was an ardent supporter of the Shinkansen, and his government proposed an extensive network paralleling most existing trunk lines. Two new lines, the Tōhoku Shinkansen and Jōetsu Shinkansen, were built following this plan. Many other planned lines were delayed or scrapped entirely as JNR slid into debt throughout the late 1970s, largely because of the high cost of building the Shinkansen network. By the early 1980s, the company was practically insolvent, leading to its privatization in 1987.

text: Development of the Shinkansen by the privatised regional JR companies has continued, with new train models developed, each generally with its own distinctive appearance (such as the 500 series introduced by JR West). Since 2014, shinkansen trains run regularly at speeds up to 320 km/h (200 mph), placing them alongside the French TGV and German ICE as the fastest trains in the world.

text: Since 1970, development has also been underway for the Chūō Shinkansen, a planned maglev line from Tokyo to Osaka. On 21 April 2015, a seven-car L0 series maglev trainset set a world speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph).[5]

text: Technology[edit]

text: To enable high-speed operation Shinkansen uses a range of advanced technology compared with conventional rail, achieving not only high speed but also a high standard of safety and comfort. Its success has influenced other railways in the world and the importance and advantage of high-speed rail has consequently been reevaluated.

text: Routing[edit]

text: Shinkansen routes are completely separate from conventional rail lines (except Mini-shinkansen which goes through to conventional lines). Consequently, the shinkansen is not affected by slower local or freight trains (except for Hokkaido Shinkansen while traveling through the Seikan Tunnel), and has the capacity to operate many high-speed trains punctually. The lines have been built without road crossings at grade. Tracks are strictly off-limits with penalties against trespassing strictly regulated by law. It uses tunnels and viaducts to go through and over obstacles rather than around them, with a minimum curve radius of 4,000 meters (2,500 meters on the oldest Tōkaidō Shinkansen).[16]

text: Track[edit]

text: The Shinkansen uses 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge in contrast to the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge of older lines. Continuous welded rail and swingnose crossing points are employed, eliminating gaps at turnouts and crossings. Long rails are used, joined by expansion joints to minimize gauge fluctuation due to thermal elongation and shrinkage.

text: A combination of ballasted and slab track is used, with slab track exclusively employed on concrete bed sections such as viaducts and tunnels. Slab track is significantly more cost-effective in tunnel sections, since the lower track height reduces the cross-sectional area of the tunnel, thereby reducing construction costs by up to 30%.[17] However, the smaller diameter of Shinkansen tunnels compared to some other high-speed lines has resulted in the issue of tunnel boom becoming a concern for residents living close to tunnel portals.

text: The slab track consists of rails, fasteners and track slabs with a cement asphalt mortar. On the roadbed and in tunnels, circular upstands (measuring 400–520 mm in diameter and 200 mm high) are located at 5m intervals. The prefabricated upstands are made of either reinforced concrete or pre-stressed reinforced concrete; they prevent the track slab from moving along either the latitudinal or the longitudinal directions. One track slab weighs approximately 5 tons, measuring 2220–2340 mm wide, 4900–4950 mm long and 160–200 mm thick.[18]

text: Signal system[edit]

text: The Shinkansen employs an ATC (Automatic Train Control) system, eliminating the need for trackside signals. It uses a comprehensive system of Automatic Train Protection.[12] Centralized traffic control manages all train operations, and all tasks relating to train movement, track, station and schedule are networked and computerized.

text: Electrical systems[edit]

text: Shinkansen uses a 25kV AC overhead power supply (20 kV AC on Mini-shinkansen lines), to overcome the limitations of the 1,500 V direct current used on the existing electrified narrow-gauge system. Power is distributed along the axles of the train to reduce the heavy axle loads under single power cars.[12] The power supply for the Tokaido Shinkansen is 60 Hz.

text: Trains[edit]

text: Shinkansen trains are electric multiple units, offering fast acceleration, deceleration and reduced damage to the track because of the use of lighter vehicles compared to locomotives or power cars. The coaches are air-sealed to ensure stable air pressure when entering tunnels at high speed.

text: Punctuality[edit]

text: The Shinkansen is very reliable thanks to several factors, including its near-total separation from slower traffic. In 2014, JR Central reported that the Shinkansen's average delay from schedule per train was 54 seconds. This includes delays due to uncontrollable causes, such as natural disasters.[19] The record, in 1997, was 18 seconds.

text: Traction[edit]

text: The Shinkansen has used the electric multiple unit configuration from the outset, with the 0 Series Shinkansen having all axles powered. Other railway manufacturers were traditionally reluctant, or unable to use distributed traction configurations (e.g. Talgo used the locomotive configuration with the AVE Class 102 and continues with it for the Talgo AVRIL on account of the fact that it is not possible to use powered bogies as part of the Talgo Pendular system). In Japan, significant engineering desirability exists for the electric multiple unit configuration. A greater proportion of motored axles results in higher acceleration, meaning that the Shinkansen does not lose as much time if stopping frequently. Shinkansen lines have more stops in proportion to their lengths than high-speed lines elsewhere in the world.

text: Safety record[edit]

text: Over the Shinkansen's 50-plus year history, carrying over 10 billion passengers, there have been no passenger fatalities due to derailments or collisions,[20] despite frequent earthquakes and typhoons. Injuries and a single fatality have been caused by doors closing on passengers or their belongings; attendants are employed at platforms to prevent such accidents. There have, however, been suicides by passengers jumping both from and in front of moving trains.[21] On 30 June 2015, a passenger committed suicide on board a Shinkansen train by setting himself on fire, killing another passenger and seriously injuring seven other people.[22]

text: There have been two derailments of Shinkansen trains in passenger service. The first one occurred during the Chūetsu earthquake on 23 October 2004. Eight of ten cars of the Toki No. 325 train on the Jōetsu Shinkansen derailed near Nagaoka Station in Nagaoka, Niigata. There were no casualties among the 154 passengers.[23]

text: Another derailment happened on 2 March 2013 on the Akita Shinkansen when the Komachi No. 25 train derailed in blizzard conditions in Daisen, Akita. No passengers were injured.[24]

text: In the event of an earthquake, an earthquake detection system can bring the train to a stop very quickly, newer trainsets are lighter and have stronger braking systems, allowing for quicker stopping. A new anti-derailment device was installed after detailed analysis of the Jōetsu derailment.

text: Several months after the expose of the Kobe Steel falsification scandal, which is among the suppliers of high-strength steel for shinkansen trainsets, cracks were found upon inspection of a single bogie, and removed from service on 11 December 2017.[25]

text: Economics[edit]

text: The Shinkansen has had a significant beneficial effect on Japan's business, economy, society, environment and culture in ways beyond mere construction and operation contributions.[14] The results were as follows: time savings alone from switching from a conventional to a high-speed network have been estimated at 400 million hours, an economic impact of ¥500 billion per year.[14] That does not include the savings from reduced reliance on imported fuel, which also has national security benefits. Shinkansen lines, particularly in the very crowded coastal Taiheiyō Belt megalopolis, met two primary goals:

text:
Shinkansen trains reduced the congestion burden on regional transportation by increasing throughput on a minimal land footprint, therefore being economically preferable compared to modes (such as airports or highways) common in less densely populated regions of the world.
As rail was already the primary urban mode of passenger travel, from that perspective it was akin to a sunk cost; there was not a significant number of motorists to convince to switch modes. The initial megalopolitan Shinkansen lines were profitable and paid for themselves. Connectivity rejuvenated rural towns such as Kakegawa that would otherwise be too distant from major cities.[14]

tag: ul

text: However, the initial Shinkansen prudence gave way to political considerations to extend the mode to far less populated regions of the country, partly to spread these benefits beyond the key centres of Kanto and Kinki. In some areas regional extension was frustrated by protracted land acquisition issues, sometimes influenced by fierce protests from locals against expanding Narita airport's runways to handle more traffic that extended well into the 2000s. Tokyo's airports were already at or near capacity and there was no room for another civilian airport given the geography and required US military presence. Shinkansen lines were extended to sparsely populated areas with the intent the network would disperse the population away from the capital.

text: Such expansion had a significant cost. JNR, the national railway company, was already burdened with subsidizing unprofitable rural and regional railways. Additionally it assumed Shinkansen construction debt to the point the government corporation eventually owed some ¥28 trillion, contributing to it being regionalised and privatized.[26] The privatized JRs eventually paid a total of ¥9.2 trillion to acquire JNR's Shinkansen network.[14]

text: After privatization, the Shinkansen network continues to see significant expansion to less populated areas, but with far more flexibility to spin off unprofitable railways or cut costs than in JNR days. Currently an important factor is the post bubble zero interest-rate policy that allows JR to borrow huge sums of capital without significant concern regarding repayment timing.

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: Traveling by the Tokaido Shinkansen from Tokyo to Osaka produces only around 16% of the carbon dioxide of the equivalent journey by car, a saving of 15,000 tons of CO2 per year.[14]

text: Challenges encountered[edit]

text: Noise pollution[edit]

text: Noise pollution concerns mean that increasing speed is becoming more difficult. In Japan, the population density is high and there have been severe protests against the Shinkansen's noise pollution, meaning that its noise is now limited to less than 70 dB in residential areas.[27] Hence, improvement and reduction of pantograph, weight saving of cars, and construction of noise barriers and other measures have been implemented. Current research is primarily aimed at reducing operational noise, particularly the tunnel boom phenomenon caused when trains transit tunnels at high speed.

text: Earthquake[edit]

text: Because of the risk of earthquakes, the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) (earthquake warning system) was introduced in 1992. It enables automatic braking of bullet trains in the case of large earthquakes.

text: Heavy snow[edit]

text: The Tōkaidō Shinkansen often experiences heavy snow in the area around Maibara Station in winter. Trains have to reduce speed, which can disrupt the timetable. Sprinkler systems were later installed, but delays of 10 to 20 minutes still occur during snowy weather. Additionally, treefalls related to excess snow have caused service interruptions. Along the route of the Jōetsu Shinkansen, winter snow can be very heavy, with snow depths of two to three metres, so the line is equipped with stronger sprinklers and slab track, to mitigate the effects of deep snow.

text: Ridership[edit]

text: Cumulative comparison[edit]

text:
Cumulative high-speed rail passengers (in millions of passengers)[28][29]

Year
Shinkansen (see notes)
Asia (other)
Europe
World
Shinkansen share (%)

1964
11.0
0
0
11.0
100%

1980
1,616.3
0
0
1,616.3
100%

1985
2,390.3
0
45.7
2,436.0
98.1%

1990
3,559.1
0
129.9
3,689.0
96.5%

1995
5,018.0
0
461
5,479
91.6%

2000
6,531.7
0
1,103.5
7,635.1
85.5%

2005
8,088.3
52.2
2,014.6
10,155.1
79.6%

2010
9,651.0
965
3,177.0
15,417
70.8%

2012
10,344
2,230
3,715
16,210
64.5%

2014
11,050
3,910
4,300
19,260
57.4%

tag: table

text: Notes:

text:
Data in italics includes extrapolated estimations where data is missing. Turkey and Russia data here is included in "Europe" column, rather than split between Asia and Europe. Only systems with 200 km/h or higher regular service speed are considered.
"Shinkansen share(%)" refers to percent of Shinkansen ridership (including fully assembled exported trainsets) as a percent of "World" total. Currently this only pertains to Taiwan, but may change if Japan exports Shinkansen to other nations.
"Shinkansen" column does not include Shinkansen knock down kits made in Japan exported to China for assembly, or any derivative system thereof in China)
"Asia (other)" column refers to sum of riderships of all HSR systems geographically in Asia that do not use Shinkansen. (this data excludes Russia and Turkey, which geographically have parts in Asia but for sake of convenience included in Europe column)
For 2013, Japan's Ministry of Transport has not updated data, nor is summed European data available (even 2012 data is very rough), however Taiwan ridership is 47.49 million[30] and Korea with 54.5 million[31] and China with 672 million in 2013.[32]

text: Cumulative ridership since October 1964 is over 5 billion passengers for the Tokaido Shinkansen Line alone and 10 billion passengers for Japan's entire shinkansen network.[8]

text: Annual[edit]

text:
Annual ridership figures for selected years (in million of passengers)[33]

Tokaido
Tohoku
Sanyo
Joetsu
Nagano
Kyushu
Hokkaido
Sum*
Total (excl. transfers)

FY2007
151.32
84.83
64.43
38.29
10.13
4.18
-
353.18
315.77

FY2015
162.97
90.45
72.06
42.96
31.84
13.65
**0.10
414.03
365.71

FY2016
167.72
91.09
72.53
43.06
30.75
13.27
2.11
420.53

text: * The sum of the ridership of individual lines does not equal the ridership of the system because a single rider may be counted multiple times when using multiple lines, to get proper ridership figures for a system, in the above case, is only counted once.

text: ** Only refers to 6 days of operation: 26 March 2016 (opening date) to 31 March 2016 (end of FY2015).

text: Annual ridership peaked in 2007 until 2010, then began rising again since 2011, although the Kyushu line (connected to the Sanyo Shinkansen in March 2011) has seen significant gains while patronage on other lines has fallen. Until 2011, Japan's high-speed rail system had the highest annual patronage of any system worldwide, China's HSR network's patronage reached 440 million and is now the highest.[8] 2012 ridership reached a new record of 355.66 million.[34]

text: Future[edit]

text: Speed increases[edit]

text: Tohoku Shinkansen[edit]

text: E5 series trains, capable of up to 320 km/h (200 mph) (initially limited to 300 km/h), were introduced on the Tōhoku Shinkansen in March 2011. Operation at the maximum speed of 320 km/h between Utsunomiya and Morioka on this route commenced on 16 March 2013, and reduced the journey time to around 3 hours for trains from Tokyo to Shin-Aomori (a distance of 674 km (419 mi)).

text: Extensive trials using the Fastech 360 test trains have shown that operation at 360 km/h (224 mph) is not currently feasible because of problems of noise pollution (particularly tunnel boom), overhead wire wear, and braking distances. On 30 October 2012, JR East announced that it is pursuing research and development to increase speeds to 360 km/h on the Tohoku Shinkansen by 2020.[35]

text: Hokkaido Shinkansen[edit]

text: As of 2016[update], the maximum speed on the approximately 82 km dual gauge section of the Hokkaido Shinkansen (including through the Seikan Tunnel) is 140 km/h (85 mph).[3] There are approximately 50 freight trains using the dual gauge section each day, so limiting the travel of such trains to times outside of Shinkansen services is not an option. Because of this and other weather-related factors cited by JR East and JR Hokkaido, the fastest journey time between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto is currently 4 hours, 2 minutes.[36] The new section takes 61 minutes from Shin-Aomori to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto on the fastest services.[36]

text: By 2018, it is proposed to allow one Shinkansen service each day to travel at 260 km/h (160 mph) (the maximum speed proposed for the tunnel) by ensuring no freight trains are scheduled to travel on the dual gauge section at that time. To achieve the full benefit of Shinkansen trains travelling on the dual gauge section at 260 km/h (160 mph), other alternatives are being considered, such as a system to automatically slow Shinkansen trains down to 200 km/h (125 mph) when passing narrow-gauge trains, and loading freight trains onto special "Train on Train" standard-gauge trains (akin to a covered piggyback flatcar train) built to withstand the shock wave of oncoming Shinkansen trains traveling at full speed. This would enable a travel time from Tokyo to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto of 3 hours and 45 minutes, a saving of 17 minutes on the current timetable.

text: Hokuriku extension[edit]

text: The Hokuriku Shinkansen is being extended from Kanazawa to Tsuruga (proposed for completion by 2023) at an estimated cost of 3.04 trillion yen (in 2012 currency).[37]

text: There are further plans to extend the line from Tsuruga to Osaka, with the 'Obama-Kyoto' route chosen by the government on 20 December 2016,[38] after a government committee investigated the five nominated routes.[39] The five routes that were under investigation are detailed in the Hokuriku Shinkansen page.

text: Construction of the extension beyond Tsuruga is not expected to commence before 2030, with a projected 15 year construction period. On 6 March 2017 the government committee announced the chosen route from Kyoto to Shin-Osaka is to be via Kyotanabe, with a station at Matsuiyamate on the Katamachi Line.[40][41]

text: Interim plans[edit]

text: In order to extend the benefits of the Hokuriku Shinkansen to stations west of Tsuruga before the line to Osaka is completed, JR West is working in partnership with Talgo on the development of a Gauge Change Train (CGT), which will be capable of operating under both the 25 kV AC electrification used on the Shinkansen and the 1.5 kV DC system employed on conventional lines. The six-car train is due to start trials on the Hokuriku Shinkansen and the 1067 mm-gauge Hokuriku and Kosei lines in 2017. As part of the project JR West has already begun trials with a purpose-built 180-metre-long gauge-changer at Tsuruga.[42]

text: Tohoku extension/Hokkaido Shinkansen[edit]

text: The Hokkaido Shinkansen forms an extension of the Tohoku Shinkansen north of Shin-Aomori to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station (north of the Hokkaido city of Hakodate) through the Seikan Tunnel, which was converted to dual gauge as part of the project, opening in March 2016.

text: JR Hokkaido is extending the Hokkaido Shinkansen from Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto to Sapporo to open by March 2031,[3] with tunnelling work on the 5,265 m Murayama tunnel, situated about 1 km north of Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station, commencing in March 2015, and due to be completed by March 2021. The 211.3 km extension will be approximately 76% in tunnels, including major tunnels such as Oshima (~26.5 km), Teine (~18.8 km) and Shiribeshi (~18 km).[43]

text: Although an extension from Sapporo to Asahikawa was included in the 1973 list of planned lines, at this time it is unknown whether the Hokkaido Shinkansen will be extended beyond Sapporo.

text: Nagasaki Shinkansen[edit]

text: JR Kyushu is constructing an extension (to be known as the West Kyushu Shinkansen) line of the Kyushu Shinkansen to Nagasaki, partly to full Shinkansen standard gauge construction standards (Takeo Onsen – Nagasaki) with the existing narrow gauge section between Shin-Tosu and Takeo Onsen to be upgraded as part of this project.

text: This proposal initially involved introducing Gauge Change Trains (GCT) travelling from Hakata to Shin-Tosu (26.3 km) on the existing Kyushu Shinkansen line, then passing through a specific gauge changing (standard to narrow) section of track linking to the existing Nagasaki Main Line, along which it would travel to Hizen Yamaguchi (37.6 km), then onto the Sasebo Line to Takeo Onsen (13.7 km), where another gauge changing section (narrow to standard) would lead onto the final Shinkansen line to Nagasaki (66.7 km). However, technical issues with the development of the GCT bogies means the train will not be available for service until at least 2025, requiring consideration of other options such as 'relay' service to ensure the line can open on schedule in 2023.[44]

text: The proposal shortens the distance between Hakata and Nagasaki by 6.2% (9.6 km), and while only 64% of the route will be built to full Shinkansen standards, it will eliminate the slowest sections of the existing narrow gauge route. Use of the GCT was estimated to result in a time saving of 28.5% (32 minutes) on the current timetable. The proposed time saving if a 'relay' service is introduced is unknown at this time.

text: As part of this proposal, the current 12.8 km section of single track between Hizen Yamaguchi and Takeo Onsen is to be duplicated, with work on that component scheduled to commence in April 2016.

text: With the completion of excavation of the 1351m Enogushi tunnel, being the sixth tunnel completed in this section, approximately 25% of the 40.7 km of tunnel excavation work on the Takeo Onsen – Nagasaki section has been finished. The entire project is scheduled for completion by March 2023.

text: Maglev (Chuo Shinkansen)[edit]

text: Maglev trains have been undertaking test runs on the Yamanashi test track since 1997, running at speeds of over 500 km/h (310 mph). As a result of this extensive testing, maglev technology is almost ready for public usage.[45] An extension of this test track from 18.4 km to 42.8 km was completed in June 2013, enabling extended high-speed running trials to commence in August 2013. This section will be incorporated into the Chūō Shinkansen which will eventually link Tokyo to Osaka. Construction of the Shinagawa to Nagoya section began in 2014, with 86% of the 286 km route to be in tunnels.

text: The CEO of JR Central announced plans to have the maglev Chūō Shinkansen operating from Tokyo to Nagoya by 2027.[45] Following the shortest route (through the Japanese Alps), JR Central estimates that it will take 40 minutes to run from Shinagawa to Nagoya. A subsequent extension to Osaka is planned to be completed by 2045. The planned travel time from Shinagawa to Shin-Osaka is 1 hour 7 minutes. Currently the Tokaido Shinkansen has a minimum connection time of 2 hours 19 minutes.[46]

text: While the government has granted approval[47] for the shortest route between Tokyo and Nagoya, some prefectural governments, particularly Nagano, lobbied to have the line routed farther north to serve the city of Chino and either Ina or Kiso-Fukushima. However, that would increase both the travel time (from Tokyo to Nagoya) and the cost of construction.[48] JR Central has confirmed it will construct the line through Kanagawa Prefecture, and terminate at Shinagawa Station.

text: The route for the Nagoya to Osaka section is also contested. It is planned to go via Nara, about 40 km south of Kyoto. Kyoto is lobbying to have the route moved north and be largely aligned with the existing Tokaido Shinkansen, which services Kyoto and not Nara.[49]

text: Mini-Shinkansen[edit]

text: Mini-shinkansen (ミニ新幹線) is the name given to the routes where former narrow gauge lines have been converted to standard gauge to allow Shinkansen trains to travel to cities without the expense of constructing full Shinkansen standard lines.

text: Two mini-shinkansen routes have been constructed: the Yamagata Shinkansen and Akita Shinkansen. Shinkansen services to these lines traverse the Tohoku Shinkansen line from Tokyo before branching off to traditional main lines. On both the Yamagata/Shinjo and Akita lines, the narrow gauge lines were regauged, resulting in the local services being operated by standard gauge versions of 1,067 mm gauge suburban/interurban rolling stock. On the Akita line between Omagari and Akita, one of the two narrow gauge lines was regauged, and a section of the remaining narrow gauge line is dual gauge, providing the opportunity for Shinkansen services to pass each other without stopping.

text: The maximum speed on these lines is 130 km/h, however the overall travel time to/from Tokyo is improved due to the elimination of the need for passengers to change trains at Fukushima and Morioka respectively.

text: As the Loading gauge (size of the train that can travel on a line) was not altered when the rail gauge was widened, only Shinkansen trains specially built for these routes can travel on the lines. At present they are the E3 and E6 series trains.

text: Whilst no further Mini-shinkansen routes have been proposed to date, it remains an option for providing Shinkansen services to cities on the narrow gauge network.

text: Gauge Change Train[edit]

text: This is the name for the concept of using a single train that is specially designed to travel on both 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) narrow gauge railway lines and the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge used by Shinkansen train services in Japan. The trucks/bogies of the Gauge Change Train (GCT) allow the wheels to be unlocked from the axles, narrowed or widened as necessary, and then relocked. This allows a GCT to traverse both standard gauge and narrow gauge tracks without the expense of regauging lines.

text: Three test trains have been constructed, with the second set having completed reliability trials on the Yosan Line east of Matsuyama (in Shikoku) in September 2013. The third set was undertaking gauge changing trials at Shin-Yatsushiro Station (on Kyushu), commencing in 2014 for a proposed three-year period, however testing was suspended in December 2014 after accumulating approximating 33,000 km, following the discovery of defective thrust bearing oil seals on the bogies.[50] The train was being trialled between Kumamoto, travelling on the narrow gauge line to Shin-Yatsushiro, where a gauge changer has been installed, so the GCT could then be trialled on the Shinkansen line to Kagoshima. It was anticipated the train would travel approximately 600,000 km over the three-year trial.

text: A new "full standard" Shinkansen line is under construction from Takeo Onsen to Nagasaki, with the Shin-Tosu – Takeo Onsen section of the Kyushu Shinkansen branch to remain narrow gauge. GCTs were proposed to provide the Shinkansen service from the line's scheduled opening in March 2023, however with the GCT now being unavailable for service until at least 2025, other options are being considered, such as a 'relay' service.[44]

text: List of lines[edit]

text: The main Shinkansen lines are:

text:
Line
Start
End
Length
Operator
Opened
Annual passengers[51]

km
mi

Tōkaidō Shinkansen
Tokyo
Shin-Osaka
515.4
320.3
JR Central
1964
143,015,000

Sanyō Shinkansen
Shin-Osaka
Hakata
553.7
344.1
JR West
1972–1975
64,355,000

Tōhoku Shinkansen
Tokyo
Shin-Aomori
674.9
419.4
JR East
1982–2010
76,177,000

Jōetsu Shinkansen
Ōmiya
Niigata
269.5
167.5
1982
34,831,000

Hokuriku Shinkansen
Takasaki
Kanazawa
345.4
214.6
JR East and JR West
1997–2015
9,420,000

Kyushu Shinkansen
Hakata
Kagoshima-Chūō
256.8
159.6
JR Kyushu
2004–2011
12,143,000

Hokkaido Shinkansen
Shin-Aomori
Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto
148.9
92.5
JR Hokkaido
2016

text: In practice, the Tokaido, Sanyo and Kyushu lines form a contiguous west/southbound line from Tokyo, as train services run between the Tokaido and Sanyo lines and between the Sanyo and Kyushu lines, though the lines are operated by different companies.

text: The Tokaido Shinkansen is not physically connected to the lines of the Tohoku Shinkansen at Tokyo Station. Therefore, there is no through service between those lines. All northbound services from Tokyo travel along the Tohoku Shinkansen until at least Ōmiya.

text: Two further lines, known as Mini-shinkansen, have also been constructed by re-gauging and upgrading existing sections of line:

text:
Yamagata Shinkansen (Fukushima – Shinjō)
Akita Shinkansen (Morioka – Akita)

text: There are two standard-gauge lines not technically classified as Shinkansen lines but with Shinkansen services:

text:
Hakata Minami Line (Hakata – Hakata-Minami)
Gala-Yuzawa Line – technically a branch of the Jōetsu Line – (Echigo-Yuzawa – Gala-Yuzawa)

text: Future lines[edit]

text: Many Shinkansen lines were proposed during the boom of the early 1970s but have yet to be constructed. These are called Seibi Shinkansen (整備新幹線) or planned Shinkansen. One of these lines, the Narita Shinkansen to Narita Airport, was officially cancelled, but a few remain under development.

text:
Hokuriku Shinkansen extension from Kanazawa to Tsuruga is under construction and is scheduled to open in 2023. Between Hakusan Depot near Kanazawa and Tsuruga, the Fukui Shinkansen station was constructed in conjunction with the rebuilding of the adjoining conventional (narrow gauge) line station in anticipation of construction of the line to Osaka. The extension of the line to Osaka is proposed, with the route via Obama and Kyoto selected by the government on 20 December 2016.[38] Construction is proposed to commence in 2030, and take 15 years.
Construction of the Kyushu Shinkansen branch from Shin-Tosu to Nagasaki, known as the Nagasaki Route (長崎ルート) or Nishi-Kyushu Route (西九州ルート), started in 2008. The branch will be partially built to full Shinkansen standards (Takeo Onsen – Nagasaki) with the existing narrow-gauge line from Shin-Tosu – Takeo Onsen to remain as narrow-gauge track. Gauge Change Trains and/or 'relay' services are to be provided on this route.[44]
Hokkaido Shinkansen from Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto to Sapporo is under construction and scheduled to open by March 2031.[3]
Chuo Shinkansen (Tokyo–Nagoya–Osaka) is a planned maglev line. JR Central has announced a 2027 target date for the line from Tokyo to Nagoya, with the extension to Osaka proposed to open in 2045. Construction of the project commenced in 2014.

text: The following lines were also proposed in the 1973 plan, but have subsequently been shelved indefinitely.

text:
Hokkaido Shinkansen northward extension: Sapporo–Asahikawa
Hokkaido South Loop Shinkansen (北海道南回り新幹線, Hokkaidō Minami-mawari Shinkansen): Oshamanbe–Muroran–Sapporo
Uetsu Shinkansen (羽越新幹線): Toyama–Niigata–Aomori
Ōu Shinkansen (奥羽新幹線): Fukushima–Yamagata–Akita

Fukushima–Shinjō and Ōmagari–Akita exist as the Yamagata Shinkansen and Akita Shinkansen, respectively, but as "Mini-Shinkansen" upgrades of existing track, they do not meet the requirements of the Basic Plan.

Hokuriku-Chūkyō Shinkansen (北陸・中京新幹線): Nagoya–Tsuruga
Sanin Shinkansen (山陰新幹線): Osaka–Tottori–Matsue–Shimonoseki
Trans-Chūgoku Shinkansen (中国横断新幹線, Chūgoku Ōdan Shinkansen): Okayama–Matsue
Shikoku Shinkansen (四国新幹線): Osaka–Tokushima–Takamatsu–Matsuyama–Ōita
Trans-Shikoku Shinkansen (四国横断新幹線, Shikoku Ōdan Shinkansen): Okayama–Kōchi–Matsuyama
East Kyushu Shinkansen (東九州新幹線, Higashi-Kyushu Shinkansen): Fukuoka–Ōita–Miyazaki–Kagoshima
Trans-Kyushu Shinkansen (九州横断新幹線, Kyushu Ōdan Shinkansen): Ōita–Kumamoto

text: In addition, the Basic Plan specified that the Jōetsu Shinkansen should start from Shinjuku, not Tokyo Station, which would have required building an additional 30 km of track between Shinjuku and Ōmiya. While no construction work was ever started, land along the proposed track, including an underground section leading to Shinjuku Station, remains reserved. If capacity on the current Tokyo–Ōmiya section proves insufficient, at some point, construction of the Shinjuku–Ōmiya link may be reconsidered.

text: The Narita Shinkansen project to connect Tokyo to Narita International Airport, initiated in the 1970s but halted in 1983 after landowner protests, has been officially cancelled and removed from the Basic Plan governing Shinkansen construction. Parts of its planned right-of-way were used by the Narita Sky Access Line which opened in 2010. Although the Sky Access Line uses standard-gauge track, it was not built to Shinkansen specifications and there are no plans to convert it into a full Shinkansen line.

text: In December 2009, then transport minister Seiji Maehara proposed a bullet train link to Haneda Airport, using an existing spur that connects the Tōkaidō Shinkansen to a train depot. JR Central called the plan "unrealistic" due to tight train schedules on the existing line, but reports said that Maehara wished to continue discussions on the idea.[52] The current minister has not indicated whether this proposal remains supported. While the plan may become more feasible after the opening the Chuo Shinkansen (sometimes referred to as a bypass to the Tokaido Shinkansen) frees up capacity, construction is already underway for other rail improvements between Haneda and Tokyo station expected to be completed prior to the opening of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, so any potential Shinkansen service would likely offer only marginal benefit beyond that.

text:
Line
Speed
Length
Construction began/proposed
Expected start of revenue services

km/h
mph
km
mi

Kyushu Shinkansen (West Kyushu Route)
260
160
66.7
41.4
2009
FY2022

Hokuriku Shinkansen Phase 3 (Kanazawa – Tsuruga)
260
160
120.7
75.0
2012
FY2023

Hokkaido Shinkansen Phase 2 (Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto – Sapporo)
260
160
211.3
131.3
2012
FY2030

Hokuriku Shinkansen Phase 4 (Tsuruga - Obama - Kyoto - Shin-Osaka)
260
160
[to be determined]
[to be determined]
2030
FY2045

text: List of train models[edit]

text: Trains are up to sixteen cars long. With each car measuring 25 m (82 ft) in length, the longest trains are 400 m (1/4 mile) end to end. Stations are similarly long to accommodate these trains. Some of Japan's high-speed maglev trains are considered Shinkansen,[53] while other slower maglev trains (such as the Linimo maglev train line serving local community near the city of Nagoya in Aichi, Japan) are intended as alternatives to conventional urban rapid transit systems.

text: Passenger trains[edit]

text: Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen[edit]

text:
0 series: The first Shinkansen trains which entered service in 1964. Maximum operating speed was 220 km/h (135 mph). More than 3,200 cars were built. Withdrawn in December 2008.
100 series: Entered service in 1985, and featured bilevel cars with restaurant car and compartments. Maximum operating speed was 230 km/h (145 mph). Later used only on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services. Withdrawn in March 2012.
300 series: Entered service in 1992, initially on Nozomi services with maximum operating speed of 270 km/h (170 mph). Withdrawn in March 2012.
500 series: Introduced on Nozomi services in 1997, with an operating speed of 300 km/h (185 mph). Since 2008, sets have been shortened from 16 to 8 cars for use on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services.
700 series: Introduced in 1999, with maximum operating speed of 285 km/h (175 mph). Now used primarily on Hikari and Kodama services.
N700 series: The most recently introduced type on the Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen, in service since 2007, with a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (185 mph).

text: Kyushu Shinkansen[edit]

text:
800 series: In service since 2004 on Tsubame services, with a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).
N700-7000/8000 series In service since March 2011 on Mizuho and Sakura services with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (185 mph).

text: Tohoku, Joetsu, and Hokuriku Shinkansen[edit]

text:
200 series: The first type introduced on the Tohoku and Joetsu Shinkansen in 1982 and withdrawn in April 2013. Maximum speed was 240 km/h (150 mph). The final configuration was as 10-car sets. 12-car and 16-car sets also operated at earlier times.
E1 series: Bilevel 12-car trains introduced in 1994 and withdrawn in September 2012. Maximum speed was 240 km/h (150 mph).
E2 series: 8/10-car sets in service since 1997 with a maximum speed of 275 km/h (170 mph).
E4 series: Bilevel 8-car trains in service since 1997 with a maximum speed of 240 km/h (150 mph).
E5 series: 10-car sets in service since March 2011 with a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).
E7 series: 12-car trains operated on the Hokuriku Shinkansen since March 2014, with a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).[54]
W7 series: 12-car trains operated on the Hokuriku Shinkansen since March 2015, with a maximum speed of 260 km/h (160 mph).[54]

text: Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen[edit]

text:
400 series: The first Mini-shinkansen type, introduced in 1992 on Yamagata Shinkansen Tsubasa services with a maximum speed of 240 km/h. Withdrawn in April 2010.
E3 series: Introduced in 1997 on Akita Shinkansen Komachi and Yamagata Shinkansen Tsubasa services with a maximum speed of 275 km/h. Now operated solely on the Yamagata Shinkansen.
E6 series: Introduced in March 2013 on Akita Shinkansen Komachi services, with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (185 mph), raised to 320 km/h (200 mph) in March 2014.

text: Hokkaido Shinkansen[edit]

text: H5 series: 10-car sets entered service from March 2016 on the Hokkaido Shinkansen with a maximum speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).[55][56]

text: Taiwan High Speed Rail[edit]

text: 700T series (Taiwan High Speed Rail, a.k.a. Taiwan Shinkansen): The first Shinkansen type exported outside Japan. 12-car trains based on 700 series entered service in 2007, with a maximum speed of 300 km/h (190 mph).

text: Experimental trains[edit]

text:
Class 1000 – 1961
Class 951 – 1969
Class 961 – 1973
Class 962 – 1979
500-900 series "WIN350" – 1992
Class 952/953 "STAR21" – 1992
Class 955 "300X" – 1994
Gauge Change Train – 1998 to present
Class E954 "Fastech 360S" – 2004
Class E955 "Fastech 360Z" – 2005

text: Maglev trains[edit]

text: Note that these trains were and currently are used only for experimental runs

text:
LSM200 – 1972
ML100 – 1972
ML100A – 1975
ML-500 – 1977
ML-500R – 1979
MLU001 – 1981
MLU002 – 1987
MLU002N – 1993
MLX01 – 1996
L0 series – 2012

text: Maintenance vehicles[edit]

text:
911 Type diesel locomotive
912 Type diesel locomotive
DD18 Type diesel locomotive
DD19 Type diesel locomotive
941 Type (rescue train)
921 Type (track inspection car)
922 Type (Doctor Yellow sets T1, T2, T3)
923 Type (Doctor Yellow sets T4, T5)
925 Type (Doctor Yellow sets S1, S2)
E926 Type (East i)

text: List of types of services[edit]

text: Originally intended to carry passenger and freight trains by day and night, the Shinkansen lines carry only passenger trains. The system shuts down between midnight and 06:00 every day for maintenance. The few overnight trains that still run in Japan run on the older narrow gauge network that the Shinkansen parallels.

text: Tōkaidō, Sanyō and Kyushu Shinkansen[edit]

text:
Nozomi (fast, Tokaido and Sanyo)
Hikari (semi-fast, Tokaido and Sanyo)
Hikari Rail Star (semi fast, Sanyo)
Kodama (local, Tokaido and Sanyo)
Sakura (semi-fast, Sanyo and Kyushu)
Mizuho (fast, Sanyo and Kyushu)
Tsubame (local, Kyushu)

text: Tōhoku, Hokkaido, Yamagata and Akita Shinkansen[edit]

text:
Hayabusa (fast, Tohoku & Hokkaido, using E5 series/H5 series trains)
Hayate (fast, Tohoku & Hokkaido)
Yamabiko (semi-fast, Tohoku)
Nasuno (all-stations, Tohoku)
Aoba (discontinued)
Komachi (Akita)
Tsubasa (Yamagata)

text: Jōetsu Shinkansen[edit]

text:
Toki / Max Toki
Tanigawa / Max Tanigawa
Asahi / Max Asahi (discontinued)

text: Hokuriku Shinkansen[edit]

text:
Kagayaki
Hakutaka
Tsurugi
Asama

text: Speed records[edit]

text: Conventional wheeled[edit]

text:
Speed[57]
Train
Location
Date
Comments

km/h
mph

200
120
Class 1000 Shinkansen
Kamonomiya test track in Odawara, now part of Tōkaidō Shinkansen
31 October 1962

256
159
Class 1000 Shinkansen
Kamonomiya test track
30 March 1963
Former world speed record for EMU trains.

286
178
Class 951 Shinkansen
Sanyō Shinkansen
24 February 1972
Former world speed record for EMU trains.

319.0
198.2
Class 961 Shinkansen
Oyama test track, now part of Tōhoku Shinkansen
7 December 1979
Former world speed record for EMU trains.

325.7
202.4
300 series
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
28 February 1991

336.0
208.8
400 series
Jōetsu Shinkansen
26 March 1991

345.0
214.4
400 series
Jōetsu Shinkansen
19 September 1991

345.8
214.9
500-900 series "WIN350"
Sanyō Shinkansen
6 August 1992

350.4
217.7
500-900 series "WIN350"
Sanyō Shinkansen
8 August 1992

352.0
218.7
Class 952/953 "STAR21"
Jōetsu Shinkansen
30 October 1992

425.0
264.1
Class 952/953 "STAR21"
Jōetsu Shinkansen
21 December 1993

426.6
265.1
Class 955 "300X"
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
11 July 1996

443.0
275.3
Class 955 "300X"
Tōkaidō Shinkansen
26 July 1996

text: Maglev trains[edit]

text:
Speed
Train
Location
Date
Comments

km/h
mph

550
340
MLX01
Chūō Shinkansen (Yamanashi test track)
24 December 1997
Former world speed record

552
343
14 April 1999

581
361
2 December 2003

590
370
L0 series
16 April 2015[58]

603
375
21 April 2015[5]
World speed record

text: Competition with air[edit]

text: Compared with air transport, the Shinkansen has several advantages, including scheduling frequency and flexibility, punctual operation, comfortable seats, and convenient city-center terminals.

text: Shinkansen fares are generally competitive with domestic air fares. From a speed and convenience perspective, the Shinkansen's market share has surpassed that of air travel for journeys of less than 750 km, while air and rail remain highly competitive with each other in the 800–900 km range and air has a higher market share for journeys of more than 1,000 km.[59]

text:
Tokyo – Nagoya (342 km), Tokyo – Sendai (325 km), Tokyo – Hanamaki (Morioka) (496 km), Tokyo – Niigata (300 km): There were air services between these cities, but they were withdrawn after Shinkansen services started. Shinkansen runs between these cities in about two hours or less.
Tokyo – Osaka (515 km): Shinkansen is dominant because of fast (2 hours 30 minutes) and frequent service (up to every 10 minutes by Nozomi); however, air travel has a certain share (~20–30%).
Tokyo – Okayama (676 km), Tokyo – Hiroshima (821 km): Shinkansen is reported to have increased its market share from ~40% to ~60% over the last decade.[60] The Shinkansen takes about three to four hours and there are Nozomi trains every 30 minutes, but airlines may provide cheaper fares, attracting price-conscious passengers.
Tokyo – Fukuoka (1,069 km): The Shinkansen takes about five hours on the fastest Nozomi, and discount carriers have made air travel far cheaper, so most people choose air. Additionally, unlike many cities, there is very little convenience advantage for the location of the Shinkansen stations of the two cities as Fukuoka Airport is located near the central Tenjin district, and Fukuoka City Subway Line 1 connects the Airport and Tenjin via Hakata Station and Haneda Airport is similarly conveniently located.
Osaka – Fukuoka (554 km): One of the most competitive sections. The Shinkansen takes about two and a half hours by Nozomi or Mizuho, and the JR West Hikari Rail Star or JR West/JR Kyushu Sakura trains operate twice an hour, taking about 2 hours and 40 minutes between the two cities. Again the location of the airports involved helps with the popularity of air travel.
Tokyo – Aomori (675 km): The fastest Shinkansen service between these cities is 3 hours. JAL is reported to have reduced the size of planes servicing this route since the Shinkansen extension opened in 2010.[60]
Tokyo – Hokuriku (345 km): The fastest Shinkansen service between these cities is 2½ hours. ANA is reported to have reduced the number of services from Tokyo to Kanazawa and Toyama from 6 to 4 per day since the Shinkansen extension opened in 2015. The share of passengers travelling this route by air is reported to have dropped from 40% to 10% in the same period.[39]

text: Shinkansen technology outside Japan[edit]

text: Railways using Shinkansen technology are not limited to those in Japan.

text: Existing[edit]

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: Taiwan High Speed Rail operates 700T Series sets built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries.

text: China[edit]

text: The China Railways CRH2, built by CSR Sifang Loco & Rolling stocks corporation, with the license purchased from a consortium formed of Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Hitachi, is based on the E2-1000 series design.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Class 395 EMUs were built by Hitachi based on Shinkansen technology for use on high-speed commuter services in Britain on the High Speed 1 line.

text: Under contract[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 2014, it was announced[61] that Texas Central Railway would build a 300 mile long line using the N700 series rolling stock. The trains will run at over 320 km/h (200 mph).[62]

text: India[edit]

text: In December 2015, India and Japan signed an agreement for the construction of India's first high speed rail link connecting Mumbai to Ahmedabad. Funded primarily through Japanese soft loans, the link is expected to cost up to $18.6b and should be operational in about 7 years.[63][64]

text: This followed India and Japan conducting feasibility studies on high-speed rail and dedicated freight corridors.

text: The Indian Ministry of Railways' white-paper Vision 2020[65] submitted to Indian Parliament by Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee on 18 December 2009[66] envisages the implementation of regional high-speed rail projects to provide services at 250–350 km/h.

text: During Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Tokyo in December 2006, Japan assured cooperation with India in creating a high-speed link between New Delhi and Mumbai.[67] In January 2009, the then Railway Minister Lalu Prasad rode a bullet train travelling from Tokyo to Kyoto.[68]

text: In December 2013 a Japanese consortium was appointed to undertake a feasibility study of a ~500 km high-speed line between Mumbai and Ahmedabad by July 2015.[69] A total of 7 high-speed lines are in planning stages in India, and Japanese firms have now succeeded in winning contracts to prepare feasibility studies for three of the lines.

text: The National High Speed Rail Corporation (NHSRC) was incorporated in 2017 to manage all HSR related activities in India. Under its management, a High Speed Rail Training Institute is being developed with Japanese assistance in Vadodara, Gujarat. After the laying of the foundation stone for the Mumbai and Ahmedabad by the Prime Ministers of India and Japan in September 2017, work began on preparatory surveys along the 508 km (316 mi) route. The route consists of approximately 477 km (296 mi) elevated viaduct through 11 districts of Gujarat and four districts of Maharashtra, a 21 km (13 mi) deep-sea tunnel starting from BKC in Mumbai, and approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) of at-grade alignment near the other terminus at Sabarmati, near Ahmedabad. Most of the civil works for the elevated viaduct shall be handled by Indian companies, while the deep-sea tunnel at Mumbai will be handled by a Japanese consortium (along with other technical aspects, such as safety, electricals, communication systems, signaling, and rolling stock). BHEL of India and Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan have entered into a technology collaboration agreement to build and assemble the rolling stock (of E5 series vintage) in India. Other potential joint ventures are being explored under the patronage of NHSRC. The line is expected to operational by 2023.[citation needed]

text: Proposed subject to funding[edit]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Japan will provide Shinkansen technology for a high-speed rail link between Bangkok and the northern city of Chiang Mai under an agreement reached with Thailand on 27 May 2015. Total project costs are estimated in excess of 1 trillion yen ($8.1 billion). Several hurdles remain, however, including securing the funding. If the project is realized, it would mark the fifth time Shinkansen technology has been exported.[70]

text: Potential opportunities[edit]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: The U.S. Federal Railroad Administration is in talks with a number of countries with high-speed rail, notably Japan, France and Spain. On 16 May 2009, FRA Deputy Chief Karen Rae expressed hope that Japan would offer its technical expertise to Canada and the United States. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood indicated interest in test riding the Japanese Shinkansen in 2009.[71][72]

text: On 1 June 2009, JR Central Chairman, Yoshiyuki Kasai, announced plans to export both the N700 Series Shinkansen high-speed train system and the SCMaglev to international export markets, including the United States and Canada.[73]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Japan is promoting its Shinkansen technology to the Government of Brazil for use on the planned high-speed rail set to link Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Campinas.[74] On 14 November 2008, Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva talked about this rail project. President Lula asked a consortium of Japanese companies to participate in the bidding process. Prime Minister Aso concurred on the bilateral cooperation to improve rail infrastructure in Brazil, including the Rio–São Paulo–Campinas high-speed rail line.[75] The Japanese consortium includes the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Mitsui & Co., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Toshiba.[76][77]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Vietnam Railways was considering the use of Shinkansen technology for high-speed rail between the capital Hanoi and the southern commercial hub of Ho Chi Minh City, according to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, citing an interview with Chief Executive Officer Nguyen Huu Bang. The Vietnamese government had already given basic approval for the Shinkansen system, although it still requires financing and formal consent from the prime minister. Vietnam rejected a funding proposal in 2010, so funding for the $56 billion project is uncertain. Hanoi was exploring additional Japanese funding Official Development Assistance as well as funds from the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. The 1,560-kilometre (970 mi) line would replace the current colonial-era rail line. Vietnam hopes to launch high-speed trains by 2020 and plans to start by building three sections, including a 90-kilometre stretch between the central coastal cities of Da Nang and Huế, seen as potentially most profitable. Vietnam Railways had sent engineers to Central Japan Railway Company for technical training.[78][79]


document_title: List of countries with left-hand traffic

question_text: european countries that drive on the left side

text: In Asia[edit]

text:
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
East Timor
Hong Kong
Indonesia
India
Japan
Macau
Malaysia
Nepal
Pakistan
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand

text: In Africa[edit]

text:
Botswana
Kenya
Lesotho
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe

text: In Australia and Oceania[edit]

text:
Australia
Christmas Island (Australia)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
Cook Islands (New Zealand)
Fiji
Kiribati
Nauru
New Zealand
Niue
Norfolk Island (Australia)
Papua New Guinea
Pitcairn Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Solomon Islands
Samoa (since September 1, 2009)
Tokelau (New Zealand)
Tonga
Tuvalu

text: In Europe[edit]

text:
Cyprus
Guernsey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Ireland
Isle of Man (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Jersey (Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
Malta
United Kingdom

text: In South America[edit]

text:
Guyana
Suriname

text: In West Indies[edit]

text:
Anguilla (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
British Virgin Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Cayman Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Dominica
Grenada
Jamaica
Montserrat (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
U. S. Virgin Islands (USA)

text: On islands of the Atlantic Ocean[edit]

text:
Bermuda (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Falkland Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (U.K. Overseas Territory)
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (U.K. Overseas Territory)

text: On islands of the Indian Ocean[edit]

text:
Maldives
Mauritius
Seychelles

text: Lists of countriesRules of the road

text: Articles lacking sources from October 2014All articles lacking sources