document_title: China and the United Nations

question_text: when did china become a member of the united nations

root

text: China and the United Nations

text: Activity[edit]

text: The Republic of China used its Security Council veto only once, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations in 1955 on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia as part of China.[5][6][7]

tag: p

text: As of June 2012[update], the People's Republic of China had used its Security Council veto eight times, fewer than other countries with the veto: in 1972 to veto the admission of Bangladesh (which it recognized as a province of Pakistan), in 1973 (in conjunction with the Soviet Union) to veto a resolution on the ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War, in 1997 to veto ceasefire observers to Guatemala (which recognised the ROC as the legitimate government of China),[8] in 1999 to veto an extension of observers to the Republic of Macedonia (same),[9] in 2007 (in conjunction with Russia) to veto criticizing Myanmar (Burma) on its human rights record,[10] in 2008 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Zimbabwe,[11] in 2011 (with Russia) to veto sanctions against Syria,[12] and in February 2012 (with Russia) to veto for the second time a draft resolution calling for foreign military intervention in Syria.[13]

text: The ROC co-founded the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in 1943 (prior to the establishment of UN)[14] and is one of four members of its policy-making Central Committee.[15] UNRRA provided supplies and services to areas under occupation by the Axis Powers. The largest project undertaken by UNRRA was the China program which had a total estimated cost of $658.4 million. UNRRA China Office was opened in Shanghai at the end of 1944, and operated until the official termination of the office on December 31, 1947. Final work and responsibilities were finished by March, 1948.[16] UNRRA cooperated with Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, led by Jiang Tingfu, to distribute relief supplies in China.[17] UNRRA functions were later transferred to several UN agencies, including the International Refugee Organization and the World Health Organization.

text: Peng Chun Chang of ROC was the Vice-Chairman of United Nations Commission on Human Rights that drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[18] Eleanor Roosevelt, as the driving force behind the Declaration, recalled in her memoirs:

text: Dr. Chang was a pluralist and held forth in charming fashion on the proposition that there is more than one kind of ultimate reality. The Declaration, he said, should reflect more than simply Western ideas and Dr. Humphrey would have to be eclectic in his approach...at one point Dr. Chang suggested that the Secretariat might well spend a few months studying the fundamentals of Confucianism!

text: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly as Resolution 217 A(III) on December 10, 1948, as the result of the experience of the Second World War.[19] The ROC was one of the 48 states that voted for it.

text: On February 1, 1951, after cease fire negotiations failed, United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 498 and called the intervention of the People's Republic of China in Korea an act of aggression.[20]

text: As of June 2012[update], China had sent 3,362 military personnel to 13 UN peacekeeping operations in its first dispatch of military observers to the United Nations peacekeeping operations since military team to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

text: The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. The Court has jurisdiction if a situation is referred to the Court by the United Nations Security Council. As of May 2013, 122 states have ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute that established the Court, but the PRC is not one of them. The PRC, as well its neighbouring rival India, has been critical of the Court.[21]

text: China ranked 7th among member states for contributing 3.93% of United Nations Peacekeeping operations budget for 2013–2015. United States ranked first by contributing 27.14%.[22]

text: The 1954 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).[23] The Nobel Foundation noted that UNHCR, among other contributions, was asked by UN General Assembly (Resolution 1167[24] and 1784[25]), in 1957 and again in 1962, to assist Chinese refugees in Hong Kong[26][27] whose numbers are estimated at over one million. UNHCR assistance was also given to needy refugees among the Chinese refugees in Macao, and the Tibetan refugees in India and Nepal.[23] India hosted some 110,000 Tibetan refugees as of the end of 2001.[28] UNHCR estimates that there are 15,000 Tibetans who arrived in Nepal prior to 1990 and were recognized by the Government as refugees.[29]

text: History[edit]

text: Republic of China in the UN (1945–1971)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Republic of China

United Nations membership

Membership
Former full member

Dates
October 24, 1945 (1945-10-24) – October 25, 1971 (1971-10-25)

UNSC seat
Permanent

Permanent Representatives

Tsiang Tingfu (first)
Quo Tai-chi
Liu Chieh (last)

text: The Republic of China (ROC) was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971. The ROC joined the United Nations as a founding member on October 24, 1945.

text: The "Big Four" victors of World War II (Nationalist China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) [30] were the founding members of the United Nations that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1944, which was ratified on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries.[31] China, in recognition of its long-standing fight against aggression, was accorded the honor of being the first to sign UN Charter.[3] President Franklin Roosevelt had acknowledged China's war effort in World War II and stated his desire to allow China to "play its proper role in maintaining peace and prosperity" in the world.[32] Thus, despite opposition from other leaders, especially Winston Churchill,[33] China became a permanent member of the Security Council from its creation in 1945.

text: In 1949, the Communist Party of China won the Chinese Civil War in mainland China and established the People's Republic of China (PRC), claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. The ROC government retreated to the island of Taiwan (which it gained control of in 1945 at the end of hostilities in WWII), Quemoy Island, and the Matsu Islands. Until 1991, the ROC also actively claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China, and during the 1950s and 1960s this claim was accepted by the United States and most of its allies. While the PRC was an ally of the Soviet Union, the U.S. sought to prevent the Communist bloc from gaining another permanent seat in the Security Council. To protest the exclusion of the PRC, Soviet representatives boycotted the UN from January to August 1950, so they didn't veto the intervention of UN military forces in Korea.

text: The ROC complained to the UN against the Soviet Union for violating the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and the United Nations Charter in 1949; as a result, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 291 and 292, referring the complaint "to the Interim Committee of the General Assembly for continuous examination and study".[34] In 1952, the United Nations General Assembly found that the Soviet Union prevented the National Government of the ROC from re-establishing Chinese authority in Manchuria after Japan surrendered, and gave military and economic aid to the Chinese Communists, who founded the PRC in 1949, against the National Government of the ROC. Resolution 505 was passed to condemn the Soviet Union with 25 countries supporting, 9 countries opposing, 24 countries abstaining, and 2 countries non-voting. The resolution also affirmed the ROC as the "Central Government of China".[35][36]

text: The ROC used its veto only once. Recognition of the Soviets' violation of their friendship treaty abrogated its recognition of Mongolia's independence. It therefore vetoed its admission into the United Nations on 13 December 1955, claiming it—as Outer Mongolia—to be an integral part of China.[5][6][7] Mongolia's application had been tabled at the UN on 24 June 1946, but had been blocked by Western countries, as part of a protracted Cold War dispute about the admission of new members to the UN. The General Assembly, by Resolution 918 (X) of 8 December 1955, had recommended to the Security Council that this dispute should be ended by the admission, in a single resolution, of a list of eighteen countries. On 14 December 1955, the Security Council adopted a compromise proposed by the Soviet Union, and the General Assembly, by Resolution 995 (X), admitted sixteen countries into UN, omitting Mongolia and Japan from the list.[37][38] This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961, when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania, in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.[39] The same year, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668 made China's representation an "important question" requiring a two-thirds majority vote to alter.

text: From the 1960s onwards, nations friendly to the PRC, led by the People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to expel the "representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" (an implicit reference to the ROC) and permit the PRC to represent China at the UN. Every year the United States was able to assemble enough votes to block this resolution. Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy.[40]

text: The admission of newly independent developing nations in the 1960s gradually turned the General Assembly from being Western-dominated to being dominated by countries sympathetic to Beijing. Not only the newly founded developing countries, but also most of the Western countries eventually decided to recognise the PRC. During the 1950s and 1960s, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and France shifted their recognition of China from Taipei to Beijing. In the early 1970s, Canada, Turkey, and more western countries established diplomatic relations with the PRC, and severed diplomatic relations with the ROC.

text: In a Security Council meeting on 9 February 1971, Somalia objected to the credentials of the representative of Republic of China as China representation, and ROC and the United States responded that the question of China's representation should not be dealt with in the Security Council.[41][42]

text: Seeking to place more diplomatic pressure on the Soviet Union, American president Richard Nixon sent his national security advisor Henry Kissinger on two trips to the People's Republic of China in July and October 1971 (the first of which was made in secret via Pakistan) to confer with Premier Zhou Enlai, then in charge of Chinese foreign policy.[43][44][45] His trips paved the way for the groundbreaking 1972 summit between Nixon, Zhou, and Communist Party of China Chairman Mao Zedong, as well as the formalization of relations between the two countries, ending 23 years of diplomatic isolation and mutual hostility in favor of a tacit strategic anti-Soviet alliance between China and the United States.

text: On 15 July 1971, 17 UN members requested that a question of the "Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations" be placed on the provisional agenda of the twenty-sixth session of the UN General Assembly, claiming that the PRC, a "founding member of the United Nations and a permanent member of the Security Council, had since 1949 been refused by systematic maneuvers the right to occupy the seat to which it is entitled ipso jure". On 25 September 1971, a draft resolution, A/L.630 and Add.l and 2, was submitted by 23 states including 17 of the states which had joined in placing the question on the agenda, to "restore to the People's Republic of China all its rights and expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek." On 29 September 1971, another draft resolution, A/L.632 and Add.l and 2, sponsored by 22 members, was proposed declaring that any proposal to deprive the Republic of China of representation was an important question under Article 18 of the UN Charter, and thus would require a two-thirds supermajority for approval. A/L.632 and Add.l and 2 was rejected on 25 October 1971 by a vote of 59 to 55, with 15 abstentions.

text: Saudi Arabia submitted a proposition allowing the ROC to retain its seat at the UN and its affiliated organizations "until the people of the Island of Taiwan are enabled by a referendum or a plebiscite" under the auspices of the UN to choose among three options: continued independence as a sovereign state with a neutral status defined by a treaty recorded by the UN; a confederation with the PRC; or a federation with the PRC,[46] but was not supported by the United States.[47]

text: On 25 October 1971, the United States moved that a separate vote be taken on the provisions in the resolution "to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupied at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it" in the draft resolution. This motion would have allowed the PRC to join the UN as "China's representative",[clarification needed] while allowing the ROC to remain a regular UN member (if there had been enough votes for it). The motion was rejected by a vote of 61 to 51, with 16 abstentions. The representative of ROC made a declaration that the rejection of the 22-power draft resolution calling for a two-thirds majority was a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter which governed the expulsion of Member States and that the delegation of the Republic of China had decided not to take part in any further proceedings of the General Assembly.[41] With the support from 26 African UN Member States[48] and in accordance with Article 18 of the UN Charter,[49] the Assembly then adopted Resolution 2758, with 76 countries supporting, 35 countries opposing, 17 countries abstaining, and 3 countries non-voting, withdrawing recognition of the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek as the legitimate representative of China, and recognizing the Government of PRC as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations.[50][51] At a Security Council meeting on November 23, 1971, after the General Assembly passed Resolution 2758, the President of the Council and the other representatives made statements welcoming the representatives of the People's Republic of China. The ROC lost not only its Security Council seat, but any representation in the UN.[41]

text:
Voting records of the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 505 and 2758

Member state
Resolution 505
Resolution 2758

 AFGHANISTAN
Abstention
Yes

 ALBANIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 ALGERIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 ARGENTINA
Abstention
Abstention

 AUSTRALIA
Abstention
No

 AUSTRIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 BAHRAIN
Not member state yet
Abstention

 BARBADOS
Not member state yet
Abstention

 BELGIUM
Abstention
Yes

 BHUTAN
Not member state yet
Yes

 BOLIVIA
Yes
No

 BOTSWANA
Not member state yet
Yes

/ BRAZIL
Yes
No

 BULGARIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 BURMA
No
Yes

 BURUNDI
Not member state yet
Yes

 BYELORUSSIAN SSR
No
Yes

 CAMEROON
Not member state yet
Yes

/ CANADA
Abstention
Yes

 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Not member state yet
No

 CEYLON
Not member state yet
Yes

 CHAD
Not member state yet
No

 CHILE
Yes
Yes

 CHINA
Yes
Non-voting

 COLOMBIA
Yes
Abstention

 CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE)
Not member state yet
Yes

 CONGO (LEOPOLDVILLE)
Not member state yet
No

 COSTA RICA
Yes
No

 CUBA
Yes
Yes

 CYPRUS
Not member state yet
Abstention

 CZECHOSLOVAKIA
No
Yes

 DAHOMEY
Not member state yet
No

 DEMOCRATIC YEMEN
Not member state yet
Yes

 DENMARK
Abstention
Yes

 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Yes
No

 ECUADOR
Yes
Yes

/ EGYPT
Abstention
Yes

 EL SALVADOR
Non-voting
No

 EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Not member state yet
Yes

 ETHIOPIA
Abstention
Yes

 FIJI
Not member state yet
Abstention

 FINLAND
Not member state yet
Yes

 FRANCE
Abstention
Yes

 GABON
Not member state yet
No

 GAMBIA
Not member state yet
No

 GHANA
Not member state yet
Yes

/ GREECE
Yes
Abstention

 GUATEMALA
Abstention
No

 GUINEA
Not member state yet
Yes

 GUYANA
Not member state yet
Yes

/ HAITI
Yes
No

 HONDURAS
Yes
No

 HUNGARY
Not member state yet
Yes

 ICELAND
Abstention
Yes

 INDIA
No
Yes

 INDONESIA
No
Abstention

 IRAN || Abstention || Yes

/ IRAQ
Yes
Yes

 IRELAND
Not member state yet
Yes

 ISRAEL
No
Yes

 ITALY
Not member state yet
Yes

 IVORY COAST
Not member state yet
No

 JAMAICA
Not member state yet
Abstention

 JAPAN
Not member state yet
No

 JORDAN
Not member state yet
Abstention

 KENYA
Not member state yet
Yes

 KHMER REPUBLIC
Not member state yet
No

 KUWAIT
Not member state yet
Yes

 LAOS
Not member state yet
Yes

 LEBANON
Yes
Abstention

 LESOTHO
Not member state yet
No

 LIBERIA
Yes
No

 LIBYAN ARAB REPUBLIC
Not member state yet
Yes

 LUXEMBOURG
Abstention
Abstention

 MADAGASCAR
Not member state yet
No

 MALAWI
Not member state yet
No

 MALAYSIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 MALDIVES
Not member state yet
Non-voting

 MALI
Not member state yet
Yes

 MALTA
Not member state yet
No

 MAURITANIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 MAURITIUS
Not member state yet
Abstention

/ MEXICO
Abstention
Yes

 MONGOLIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 MOROCCO
Not member state yet
Yes

 NEPAL
Not member state yet
Yes

 NETHERLANDS
Abstention
Yes

 NEW ZEALAND
Abstention
No

 NICARAGUA
Yes
No

 NIGER
Not member state yet
No

 NIGERIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 NORWAY
Abstention
Yes

 OMAN
Not member state yet
Non-voting

 PAKISTAN
Abstention
Yes

 PANAMA
Yes
Abstention

/ PARAGUAY
Yes
No

 PERU
Yes
Yes

 PHILIPPINES
Yes
No

 POLAND
No
Yes

 PORTUGAL
Not member state yet
Yes

 QATAR
Not member state yet
Abstention

 ROMANIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 RWANDA
Not member state yet
Yes

 SAUDI ARABIA
Abstention
No

 SENEGAL
Not member state yet
Yes

 SIERRA LEONE
Not member state yet
Yes

 SINGAPORE
Not member state yet
Yes

 SOMALIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 SOUTH AFRICA (UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA in 1952)
Non-voting
No

/ SOVIET UNION
No
Yes

 SPAIN
Not member state yet
Abstention

 SUDAN
Not member state yet
Yes

 SWAZILAND
Not member state yet
No

 SWEDEN
Abstention
Yes

/ SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC (SYRIA in 1952)
Abstention
Yes

 THAILAND
Yes
Abstention

 TOGO
Not member state yet
Yes

 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Not member state yet
Yes

 TUNISIA
Not member state yet
Yes

 TURKEY
Yes
Yes

 UGANDA
Not member state yet
Yes

 UKRAINIAN SSR
No
Yes

 UNITED KINGDOM
Abstention
Yes

 UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
Not member state yet
Yes

/ UNITED STATES
Yes
No

 UPPER VOLTA
Not member state yet
No

 URUGUAY
Yes
No

/ VENEZUELA
Yes
No

/ YEMEN
Abstention
Yes

 YUGOSLAVIA
Abstention
Yes

 ZAMBIA
Not member state yet
Yes

text: Efforts to reintroduce the ROC to the UN[edit]

text: Following the adoption of Resolution 2758, the Republic of China was no longer represented by a Permanent Representative at the UN. In addition to losing its seat in the UN, the UN Secretary-General concluded from the resolution that the General Assembly considered Taiwan to be a province of China, and thus it does not permit the ROC to become a party treaties for which it is the depository.[52]

text: In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the specialized agencies, applying for observer status, applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN.[53]

text: Every year from 1993–2006, UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary-General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations.[54] This approach was chosen, rather than a formal application for membership, because it could be enacted by the General Assembly, while a membership application would need Security Council approval, where the PRC held a veto.[53] Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China, along with the People's Republic of China, pending eventual reunification, citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states, such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea. Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state, over which the PROC had no effective sovereignty. These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names: "Republic of China in Taiwan" (1993–94), "Republic of China on Taiwan" (1995–97, 1999–2002), "Republic of China" (1998), "Republic of China (Taiwan)" (2003) and "Taiwan" (2004–06).

text: However, all fourteen attempts were unsuccessful as the General Assembly's General Committee declined to put the issue on the Assembly's agenda for debate, under strong opposition from the PRC.[55]

text: While all these proposals were vague, requesting the ROC be allowed to participate in UN activities without specifying any legal mechanism, in 2007 the ROC submitted a formal application under the name "Taiwan" for full membership in the UN.[56] On September 15, 2007, over 3,000 Taiwanese Americans and their supporters rallied in front of the UN building in New York City,[57] and over 300,000 Taiwanese people rallied in Taiwan,[58] all in support of the ROC joining the UN. The ROC also won the backing of many Members of the European Parliament on this issue.[59] However, the application was rejected by the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs citing General Assembly Resolution 2758,[60] without being forwarded to the Security Council. Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon stated that:

text: The position of the United Nations is that the People's Republic of China is representing the whole of China as the sole and legitimate representative Government of China. The decision until now about the wish of the people in Taiwan to join the United Nations has been decided on that basis. The resolution (General Assembly Resolution 2758) that you just mentioned is clearly mentioning that the Government of China is the sole and legitimate Government and the position of the United Nations is that Taiwan is part of China.[61]

text: Responding to the UN's rejection of its application, the ROC government has stated that Taiwan is not now nor has it ever been under the jurisdiction of the PRC, and that since General Assembly Resolution 2758 did not clarify the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN, it does not prevent Taiwan's participation in the UN as an independent sovereign nation.[62] The ROC argued that Resolution 2758 merely transferred the UN seat from the ROC to the PRC, but did not address the issue of Taiwan's representation in the UN. The ROC government also criticized Ban for asserting that Taiwan is part of China and returning the application without passing it to the Security Council or the General Assembly,[63] contrary to UN's standard procedure (Provisional Rules of Procedure of the Security Council, Chapter X, Rule 59).[64] The ROC emphasized that the United Nations has never taken a formal stance regarding the sovereignty of Taiwan. On the other hand, the PRC government, which has stated that Taiwan is part of China and firmly opposes the application of any Taiwan authorities to join the UN either as a member or an observer, praised that UN's decision "was made in accordance with the UN Charter and Resolution 2758 of the UN General Assembly, and showed the UN and its member states' universal adherence to the one-China principle".[65] A group of UN member states put forward a draft resolution for that autumn's UN General Assembly calling on the Security Council to consider the application.[56]

text: Ban Ki-moon also came under fire for this statement from the United States via non-official channels. There are unconfirmed reports that Ban's comments prompted the US to restate its position regarding the status of Taiwan. A Heritage Foundation article suggests that the US may have presented a démarche stating among others that:

text: If the UN Secretariat insists on describing Taiwan as a part of the PRC, or on using nomenclature for Taiwan that implies such status, the United States will be obliged to disassociate itself on a national basis from such position."[66]

text: The Wall Street Journal criticized Ban Ki-moon for rejecting the ROC's July 2007 application and regarded Ban's interpretation of Resolution 2758 (that Taiwan was part of China) as erroneous.[67] Nevertheless, Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon's statement reflected long-standing UN convention and is mirrored in other documents promulgated by the United Nations. For example, the UN's "Final Clauses of Multilateral Treaties, Handbook", 2003 (a publication which predated his tenure in Office) states:

text: [r]egarding the Taiwan Province of China, the Secretary-General follows the General Assembly’s guidance incorporated in resolution 2758 (XXVI)of the General Assembly of 25 October 1971 on the restoration of the lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations. The General Assembly decided to recognize the representatives of the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations. Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary.[68]

text: In 2008, two referendums by the ROC on joining the UN failed because of low voter participation. That autumn the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the "Republic of China (Taiwan)" be allowed to have "meaningful participation" in the UN specialized agencies.[69] Again the issue was not put on the Assembly's agenda when the United Nations subcommittee ruled it would not let the General Assembly consider the ROC's application to join UN activities.[55][70] Shortly after this, the United States and the European Union both expressed their support for "Taiwan" (neither recognises the ROC) to have "meaningful participation" in UN agencies that do not require statehood, such as the World Health Organization.[71] In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name "Chinese Taipei". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying-jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before.[72]

text: In 2009, the ROC chose not to bring the issue of its participation in the UN up for debate at the General Assembly for the first time since it began the campaign in 1993.[73][74]

text: A 2013 United States congressional report describes US bipartisan "One China" policy as follows:

text: The United States has its own "one China" policy (vs. the PRC's "one China" principle) and position on Taiwan's status. Not recognizing the PRC's claim over Taiwan nor Taiwan as a sovereign state, U.S. policy has considered Taiwan's status as unsettled.[75]

text: The Constitution of the Republic of China still claims to be the government of the whole of China. Taiwan independence supporters say that the non-assertion of the claim is mainly due to PRC's public statement that any attempts to change the ROC constitution is interpreted as declaring independence, which will lead to "military actions" from the PRC.[citation needed] Given the PRC's attitude, even having the General Assembly admit the ROC or "Taiwan" as an observer, as with Palestine, would be problematic; the case of Palestine is different from that of the ROC because of the UN's commitment to a two-state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict but not for the Taiwan issue.

text: People's Republic of China in the UN (1971–present)[edit]

text: The People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly called China today, was admitted into the UN in 1971 on the 21st time of voting on its application. The PRC was admitted into the UN on a vote of 76 in favor, 35 opposed, and 17 abstentions.[76]

text: In the 1960s and early 1970s that the United States' close ally, Pakistan, especially under the presidency of Ayub Khan, was carrying out messenger diplomacy to the PRC's entry into the UN by the United States' diplomacy to People's Republic of China in the time of Sino-Soviet split. This involved secret visits by American officials to the PRC. In 1971, Henry Kissinger made a secret visit to the PRC through Pakistan.[citation needed]

text: Since the early 1980s, and particularly since 1989, by means of vigorous monitoring and the strict maintenance of standards, United Nations human rights organizations have encouraged China to move away from its insistence on the principle of noninterference, to take part in resolutions critical of human rights conditions in other nations, and to accept the applicability to itself of human rights norms and UN procedures. Even though China has continued to suppress political dissidents at home, and appears at times resolutely defiant of outside pressure to reform, Ann Kent argues that it has gradually begun to implement some international human rights standards.[77] On human rights issues, the PRC has been increasingly influential by the bargaining of its robust Macroeconomics growth[78] for the domestic social equality.[79] In 1995, they won 43 percent of the votes in the General Assembly; by 2006 they won 82 percent.[80]

text: In the 1991 Gulf War resolution, the PRC abstained, and it voted for the ultimatum to Iraq in the period leading up to the 2003 War in Iraq. Most observers believe that the PRC would have abstained had a resolution authorizing force against Iraq in 2003 reached the Security Council.[81][82]

text: When an enlargement of the Security Council was discussed in 1995, China encouraged African states to demand their seats as a counter-move to Japan's ambitions, thereby nullified the Japanese initiative.[80]


document_title: Received Pronunciation

question_text: where does the posh english accent come from

text: Received Pronunciation

text: History[edit]

text: The introduction of the term Received Pronunciation is usually credited to Daniel Jones. In the first edition of the English Pronouncing Dictionary (1917), he named the accent "Public School Pronunciation", but for the second edition in 1926, he wrote, "In what follows I call it Received Pronunciation, for want of a better term."[11] However, the term had actually been used much earlier by Alexander Ellis in 1869[12] and P. S. Du Ponceau in 1818[13] (the term used by Henry C. K. Wyld in 1927 was "received standard".[14]) According to Fowler's Modern English Usage (1965), the correct term is "'the Received Pronunciation'. The word 'received' conveys its original meaning of 'accepted' or 'approved', as in 'received wisdom'."[15]

text: RP is often believed to be based on the accents of southern England, but it actually has most in common with the Early Modern English dialects of the East Midlands. This was the most populated and most prosperous area of England during the 14th and 15th centuries. By the end of the 15th century, "Standard English" was established in the City of London.[16][17]

text: Alternative names[edit]

text: Some linguists have used the term "RP" while expressing reservations about its suitability.[18][19][20] The Cambridge-published English Pronouncing Dictionary (aimed at those learning English as a foreign language) uses the phrase "BBC Pronunciation" on the basis that the name "Received Pronunciation" is "archaic" and that BBC news presenters no longer suggest high social class and privilege to their listeners.[21] Other writers have also used the name "BBC Pronunciation".[22][23] The phonetician Jack Windsor Lewis frequently criticises the name "Received Pronunciation" in his blog: he has called it "invidious",[24] a "ridiculously archaic, parochial and question-begging term"[25] and noted that American scholars find the term "quite curious".[26] He used the term "General British" (to parallel "General American") in his 1970s publication of A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of American and British English and in subsequent publications.[27] Beverley Collins and Inger Mees use the term "Non-Regional Pronunciation" for what is often otherwise called RP, and reserve the term "Received Pronunciation" for the "upper-class speech of the twentieth century".[28] Received Pronunciation has sometimes been called "Oxford English", as it used to be the accent of most members of the University of Oxford. The Handbook of the International Phonetic Association uses the name "Standard Southern British". Page 4 reads:

text: Standard Southern British (where 'Standard' should not be taken as implying a value judgment of 'correctness') is the modern equivalent of what has been called 'Received Pronunciation' ('RP'). It is an accent of the south east of England which operates as a prestige norm there and (to varying degrees) in other parts of the British Isles and beyond.[29]

text: Sub-varieties of RP[edit]

text: Faced with the difficulty of defining RP, some researchers have tried to distinguish between different sub-varieties:

text:
Gimson (1980) proposed Conservative, General, and Advanced; Conservative RP referred to a traditional accent associated with older speakers with certain social backgrounds; General RP was considered neutral regarding age, occupation or lifestyle of the speaker; and Advanced RP referred to speech of a younger generation of speakers.[30] Later editions (e.g., Gimson 2008) use the terms General, Refined and Regional.
Wells (1982) refers to "mainstream RP" and "U-RP"; he suggests that Gimson's categories of Conservative and Advanced RP referred to the U-RP of the old and young respectively. However, Wells stated, "It is difficult to separate stereotype from reality" with U-RP.[31] Writing on his blog in February 2013, Wells wrote, "If only a very small percentage of English people speak RP, as Trudgill et al claim, then the percentage speaking U-RP is vanishingly small" and "If I were redoing it today, I think I'd drop all mention of 'U-RP'".[32]
Upton distinguishes between RP (which he equates with Wells's "mainstream RP"), Traditional RP (after Ramsaran 1990), and an even older version which he identifies with Cruttenden's "Refined RP".[33]
An article on the website of the British Library refers to Conservative, Mainstream and Contemporary RP.[34]

tag: ul

text: Usage[edit]

text: The modern style of RP is an accent often taught to non-native speakers learning British English.[35] Non-RP Britons abroad may modify their pronunciation to something closer to Received Pronunciation to be better understood by people unfamiliar with the diversity of British accents. They may also modify their vocabulary and grammar to be closer to those of Standard English for the same reason. RP is used as the standard for English in most books on general phonology and phonetics, and is represented in the pronunciation schemes of most dictionaries published in the United Kingdom.

text: In dictionaries[edit]

text: Most English dictionaries published in Britain (including the Oxford English Dictionary) now give phonetically transcribed RP pronunciations for all words. Pronunciation dictionaries are a special class of dictionary giving a wide range of possible pronunciations; British pronunciation dictionaries are all based on RP, though not necessarily using that name. Daniel Jones transcribed RP pronunciations of a large number of words and names in the English Pronouncing Dictionary.[36] This is still being published by Cambridge University Press,[37] and is now edited by Peter Roach, the accent having been renamed "BBC Pronunciation". Two other pronunciation dictionaries are in common use: the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary,[38] compiled by John C. Wells, using the name Received Pronunciation, and the Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English,[39] compiled by Clive Upton. This represents an accent named BR ("British English") which is based on RP, but is claimed to be representative of a wider group of speakers. An earlier pronunciation dictionary by J. Windsor Lewis gives both British and American pronunciations, using the term General British (GB) for the former and General American (GA) for the latter.[40]

text: Status[edit]

text: Traditionally, Received Pronunciation was the "everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk [had] been educated at the great public boarding-schools"[41] and which conveyed no information about that speaker's region of origin before attending the school.

text: It is the business of educated people to speak so that no-one may be able to tell in what county their childhood was passed.

text: In the 19th century, some British prime ministers still spoke with some regional features, such as William Ewart Gladstone.[42] From the 1970s onwards, attitudes towards Received Pronunciation have been changing slowly. The BBC's use of Yorkshire-born Wilfred Pickles during the Second World War (to distinguish BBC broadcasts from German propaganda) is an earlier example of the use of non-RP accents,[43] but even then Pickles modified his speech towards RP when reading the news.[44]

text: Although admired in some circles, RP is disliked in others. It is common in parts of Britain to regard it as a south-eastern English accent rather than a non-regional one and as a symbol of the south-east's political power in Britain.[9] A 2007 survey found that residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland tend to dislike RP.[45] It is shunned by some with left-wing political views, who may be proud of having an accent more typical of the working classes.[46] The British band Chumbawamba recorded a song entitled "R.I.P. RP", which is part of their album The Boy Bands Have Won.

text: Phonology[edit]

text: Consonants[edit]

text:
Consonant phonemes[47]

Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal

Nasal

m

n

ŋ

Stop
p
b

t
d

k
ɡ

Affricate

tʃ
dʒ

Fricative
f
v
θ
ð
s
z
ʃ
ʒ

h

Approximant

l

r

j

w

text: Nasals and liquids (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /l/) may be syllabic in unstressed syllables.[48] While the IPA symbol [ɹ] is phonetically correct for the consonant in 'row', 'arrow' in many accents of American and British English, most published work on Received Pronunciation represents this phoneme as /r/.

text: Voiceless plosives (/p/, /t/, /k/, /tʃ/) are aspirated at the beginning of a syllable, unless a completely unstressed vowel follows. (For example, the /p/ is aspirated in "impasse", with primary stress on "-passe", but not "compass", where "-pass" has no stress.) Aspiration does not occur when /s/ precedes in the same syllable, as in "spot" or "stop". When a sonorant /l/, /r/, /w/, or /j/ follows, this aspiration is indicated by partial devoicing of the sonorant.[49] /r/ is a fricative when devoiced.[48]

text: Syllable final /p/, /t/, /tʃ/, and /k/ may be either preceded by a glottal stop (glottal reinforcement) or, in the case of /t/, fully replaced by a glottal stop, especially before a syllabic nasal (bitten [ˈbɪʔn̩]).[49][50] The glottal stop may be realised as creaky voice; thus, an alternative phonetic transcription of attempt [əˈtʰemʔt] could be [əˈtʰemm̰t].[48]

text: As in other varieties of English, voiced plosives (/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /dʒ/) are partly or even fully devoiced at utterance boundaries or adjacent to voiceless consonants. The voicing distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds is reinforced by a number of other differences, with the result that the two of consonants can clearly be distinguished even in the presence of devoicing of voiced sounds:

text:
Aspiration of voiceless consonants syllable-initially.
Glottal reinforcement of voiceless consonants syllable-finally.
Lengthening of vowels before voiced consonants.

tag: ol

text: As a result, some authors prefer to use the terms "fortis" and "lenis" in place of "voiceless" and "voiced". However, the latter are traditional and in more frequent usage.

text: The voiced dental fricative (/ð/) is more often a weak dental plosive; the sequence /nð/ is often realised as [n̪n̪] (a long dental nasal).[51][52][53] /l/ has velarised allophone ([ɫ]) in the syllable rhyme.[54] /h/ becomes voiced ([ɦ]) between voiced sounds.[55][56]

text: Vowels[edit]

text:
Monophthongs (Short)

Front
Central
Back

Close
ɪ
ʊ

Mid
e
ə

Open
æ
ʌ
ɒ

text: Examples of short vowels: /ɪ/ in kit, mirror and rabbit, /ʊ/ in foot and cook, /e/ in dress and merry, /ʌ/ in strut and curry, /æ/ in trap and marry, /ɒ/ in lot and orange, /ə/ in ago and sofa.

text:
Monophthongs (Long)

Front
Central
Back

Close
iː
uː

Mid

ɜː
ɔː ( listen)

Open

ɑː

text: Examples of long vowels: /iː/ in fleece, /uː/ in goose, /ɜː/ in nurse and furry, /ɔː/ in north, force and thought, /ɑː/ in father, bath and start.

text: Long and short vowels[edit]

text: RP's long vowels are slightly diphthongised, especially the high vowels /iː/ and /uː/, which are often narrowly transcribed in phonetic literature as diphthongs [ɪi] and [ʊu].[59]

text: "Long" and "short" are relative to each other. Because of phonological process affecting vowel length, short vowels in one context can be longer than long vowels in another context.[48] For example, the long vowel /iː/ in 'reach' /riːtʃ/ (which ends with a voiceless consonant) may be shorter than the short vowel /ɪ/ in the word 'ridge' /rɪdʒ/ (which ends with a voiced consonant). Wiik,[60] cited in Gimson,[61] published durations of English vowels with a mean value of 17.2 csec. for short vowels before voiced consonants but a mean value of 16.5 csec for long vowels preceding voiceless consonants.

text: Conversely, the short vowel /æ/ becomes longer if it is followed by a voiced consonant. Thus, bat is pronounced [bæʔt] and bad is [bæːd]. In natural speech, the plosives /t/ and /d/ may be unreleased utterance-finally, and voiced consonants partly or completely devoiced (as in [b̥æːd̥]); thus distinction between these words would rest mostly on vowel length and the presence or absence of glottal reinforcement.[50]

text: In addition to such length distinctions, unstressed vowels are both shorter and more centralised than stressed ones. In unstressed syllables occurring before vowels and in final position, contrasts between long and short high vowels are neutralised and short [i] and [u] occur (e.g. happy [ˈhæpi], throughout [θɹuˈaʊʔt]).[62] The neutralisation is common throughout many English dialects, though the phonetic realisation of e.g. [i] rather than [ɪ] (a phenomenon called happy-tensing) is not as universal.

text: Unstressed vowels vary in quality:

text:
/i/ (as in HAPPY) ranges from close front [i] to close-mid retracted front [e̠];[63]
/u/ (as in INFLUENCE) ranges from close advanced back [u̟] to close-mid retracted central [ɵ̠];[63] according to the phonetician Jane Setter, the typical pronunciation of this vowel is a weakly rounded, mid-centralized close back unrounded vowel, transcribed in the IPA as [u̜̽] or simply [ʊ̜];[64]
/ə/ (as in COMMA) ranges from close-mid central [ɘ] to open-mid central [ɜ].[63]

text: Diphthongs and triphthongs[edit]

text:
Diphthong
Example

Closing

/eɪ/ ( listen)
/beɪ/
bay

/aɪ/ ( listen)
/baɪ/
buy

/ɔɪ/ ( listen)
/bɔɪ/
boy

/əʊ/ ( listen)
/bəʊ/
beau

/aʊ/
/baʊ/
bough

Centring

/ɪə/
/bɪə/
beer

/eə/
/beə/
bear

/ʊə/
/bʊə/
boor

(formerly /ɔə/)
/bɔə/
boar

text: The centring diphthongs are gradually being eliminated in RP. The vowel /ɔə/ (as in "door", "boar") had largely merged with /ɔː/ by the Second World War, and the vowel /ʊə/ (as in "poor", "tour") has more recently merged with /ɔː/ as well among most speakers,[65] although the sound /ʊə/ is still found in conservative speakers. See poor–pour merger. The remaining two centring glides /ɪə/ /eə/ are increasingly pronounced as long monophthongs [ɪː] [ɛː], although without merging with any existing vowels.[49]

text: The diphthong /əʊ/ is pronounced by some RP speakers in a noticeably different way when it occurs before /l/, if that consonant is syllable-final and not followed by a vowel (the context in which /l/ is pronounced as a "dark l"). The realization of /əʊ/ in this case begins with a more back, rounded and sometimes more open vowel quality; it may be transcribed as [ɔʊ] or [ɒʊ]. It is likely that the backness of the diphthong onset is the result of allophonic variation caused by the raising of the back of the tongue for the /l/. If the speaker has "l-vocalization" the /l/ is realized as a back rounded vowel, which again is likely to cause backing and rounding in a preceding vowel as coarticulation effects. This phenomenon has been discussed in several blogs by John C. Wells.[66][67][68] In the recording included in this article the phrase 'fold his cloak' contains examples of the /əʊ/ diphthong in the two different contexts. The onset of the pre-/l/ diphthong in 'fold' is slightly more back and rounded than that in 'cloak', though the allophonic transcription does not at present indicate this.

text: RP also possesses the triphthongs /aɪə/ as in tire, /aʊə/ as in tower, /əʊə/ as in lower, /eɪə/ as in layer and /ɔɪə/ as in loyal. There are different possible realisations of these items: in slow, careful speech they may be pronounced as a two-syllable triphthong with three distinct vowel qualities in succession, or as a monosyllabic triphthong. In more casual speech the middle vowel may be considerably reduced, by a process known as smoothing, and in an extreme form of this process the triphthong may even be reduced to a single vowel, though this is rare, and almost never found in the case of /ɔɪə/.[69] In such a case the difference between /aʊə/, /aɪə/, and /ɑː/ in tower, tire, and tar may be neutralised with all three units realised as [ɑː] or [äː]. This type of smoothing is known as the tower–tire, tower–tar and tire–tar mergers.

text:
Triphthongs[50]

As two syllables
Triphthong
Loss of mid-element
Further simplified as
Example

[aɪ.ə]
[aɪə]
[aːə]
[aː]
tire

[ɑʊ.ə]
[ɑʊə]
[ɑːə]
[ɑː]
tower

[əʊ.ə]
[əʊə]
[əːə]
[ɜː]
lower

[eɪ.ə]
[eɪə]
[ɛːə]
[ɛː]
layer

[ɔɪ.ə]
[ɔɪə]
[ɔːə]

loyal

text: BATH vowel[edit]

text: There are differing opinions as regards whether /æ/ in the BATH lexical set can be considered RP. The pronunciations with /ɑː/ are invariably accepted as RP.[70] The English Pronouncing Dictionary does not admit /æ/ in BATH words and the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary lists them with a § marker of non-RP status.[71] John Wells wrote in a blog entry on 16 March 2012 that, when growing up in the north of England, he used /ɑː/ in "bath" and "glass", and considers this the only acceptable phoneme in RP.[72] Others have argued that /æ/ is too categorical in the north of England to be excluded. Clive Upton believes that /æ/ in these words must be considered within RP and has called the opposing view "south-centric".[73] Upton's Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English gives both variants for BATH words. A. F. Gupta's survey of mostly middle-class students found that /æ/ was used by almost everyone who was from clearly north of the isogloss for BATH words. She wrote, "There is no justification for the claims by Wells and Mugglestone that this is a sociolinguistic variable in the north, though it is a sociolinguistic variable on the areas on the border [the isogloss between north and south]".[74] In a study of speech in West Yorkshire, K. M. Petyt wrote that "the amount of /ɑː/ usage is too low to correlate meaningfully with the usual factors", having found only two speakers (both having attended boarding schools in the south) who consistently used /ɑː/.[75]

text: Jack Windsor Lewis has noted that the Oxford Dictionary's position has changed several times on whether to include short /æ/ within its prescribed pronunciation.[76] The BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names uses only /ɑː/, but its author, Graham Pointon, has stated on his blog that he finds both variants to be acceptable in place names.[77]

text: Some research has concluded that many people in the North of England have a dislike of the /ɑː/ vowel in BATH words. A. F. Gupta wrote, "Many of the northerners were noticeably hostile to /ɡrɑːs/, describing it as 'comical', 'snobbish', 'pompous' or even 'for morons'."[74] On the subject, K. M. Petyt wrote that several respondents "positively said that they did not prefer the long-vowel form or that they really detested it or even that it was incorrect".[78] Mark Newbrook has assigned this phenomenon the name "conscious rejection", and has cited the BATH vowel as "the main instance of conscious rejection of RP" in his research in West Wirral.[79]

text: French words[edit]

text: John Wells has argued that, as educated British speakers often attempt to pronounce French names in a French way, there is a case for including /ɒ̃/ (as in bon), and /æ̃/ and /ɜ̃:/ (as in vingt-et-un), as marginal members of the RP vowel system.[80] He also argues against including other French vowels on the grounds that very few British speakers succeed in distinguishing the vowels in bon and banc, or in rue and roue.[80]

text: Alternative notation[edit]

text: Not all reference sources use the same system of transcription. In particular:

text:
/æ/ as in trap is also written /a/.[81]
/e/ as in dress is also written /ɛ/.[81][82]
/ʌ/ as in cup is also written /ɐ/.[81]
/ʊ/ as in foot is also written /ɵ/.[81]
/ɜː/ as in nurse is also written /əː/.[81]
/aɪ/ as in price is also written /ʌɪ/.[81]
/aʊ/ as in mouse is also written /ɑʊ/[81]
/eə/ as in square is also written /ɛə/, and is also sometimes treated as a long monophthong /ɛː/.[81]
/eɪ/ as in face is also written /ɛɪ/.[81]
/ɪə/ as in near is also written /ɪː/.[81]
/əʊ/ before /l/ in a closed syllable as in goal is also written /ɔʊ/.[81]
/uː/ as in goose is also written /ʉː/.[81]

text: Most of these variants are used in the transcription devised by Clive Upton for the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993) and now used in many other Oxford University Press dictionaries.

text: The linguist Geoff Lindsey has argued that the system of transcription for RP has become outdated and has proposed a new system as a replacement.[83][84]

text: Historical variation[edit]

text: Like all accents, RP has changed with time. For example, sound recordings and films from the first half of the 20th century demonstrate that it was usual for speakers of RP to pronounce the /æ/ sound, as in land, with a vowel close to [ɛ], so that land would sound similar to a present-day pronunciation of lend. RP is sometimes known as the Queen's English, but recordings show that even Queen Elizabeth II has changed her pronunciation over the past 50 years, no longer using an [ɛ]-like vowel in words like land.[85]

text: Some changes in RP during the 20th century include:

text:
Words such as CLOTH, gone, off, often were pronounced with /ɔː/ instead of /ɒ/, so that often and orphan were homophones (see lot–cloth split). The Queen still uses the older pronunciations,[86] but it is rare to hear them on the BBC any more.
There was a distinction between horse and hoarse with an extra diphthong /ɔə/ appearing in words like hoarse, FORCE, and pour.[87]
The DRESS vowel and the first element of the diphthong in FACE was lowered from mid [e̞] to open-mid [ɛ].[88]
Any final y on a word is now represented as an /i/ – a symbol to cover either the traditional /ɪ/ or the more modern /iː/, the latter of which has been common in the south of England for some time.[89]
Before the Second World War, the vowel of cup was a back vowel close to cardinal [ʌ] but has since shifted forward to a central position so that [ɐ] is more accurate; phonetic transcription of this vowel as ⟨ʌ⟩ is common partly for historical reasons.[90]
In the 1960s, the transcription /əʊ/ started to be used for the GOAT vowel instead of Daniel Jones's /oʊ/, reflecting a change in pronunciation since the beginning of the century.[91]

text: The change in RP may be observed in the home of "BBC English". The BBC accent of the 1950s is distinctly different from today's: a news report from the 1950s is recognisable as such, and a mock-1950s BBC voice is used for comic effect in programmes wishing to satirise 1950s social attitudes such as the Harry Enfield Show and its "Mr. Cholmondley-Warner" sketches.

text: More recently, in speakers born between 1981 and 1993, the vowel /ɒ/ shifted up approaching [ɔ] in quality.[92] The vowels /ʊ/ and /uː/ have undergone fronting and reduction in the amount of lip-rounding[93] (phonetically, this can be transcribed [ʊ̜̈] and [ʉ̜ː], respectively), while /æ/ has become more open [a].[94][95][96]

text: Comparison with other varieties of English[edit]

text:
Like most other varieties of English outside Northern England, RP has undergone the foot–strut split: pairs like put/putt are pronounced differently.[97]
RP is a non-rhotic accent, so /r/ does not occur unless followed immediately by a vowel. Pairs such as father/farther, caught/court and formally/formerly are homophones.[98]
RP has undergone the wine–whine merger so the sequence /hw/ is not present except among those who have acquired this distinction as the result of speech training.[99] The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, based in London, still teaches these two sounds as distinct phonemes. They are also distinct from one another in most of Scotland and Ireland, in the northeast of England, and in the southeastern United States.[99]
Unlike many other varieties of English language in England, there is no h-dropping in words like head or horse.[100]
Unlike most Southern Hemisphere English accents, RP has not undergone the weak-vowel merger, meaning that pairs such as Lenin/Lennon are distinct.[101]
Unlike most North American accents of English, RP has not undergone the Mary–marry–merry, nearer–mirror, or hurry–furry mergers: all these words are distinct from each other.[102]
Unlike many North American accents, RP has not undergone the father–bother or cot–caught mergers.
RP does not have yod-dropping after /n/, /t/, /d/, /z/ and /θ/, but some British people have yod-dropping after /s/ and /l/. Hence, for example, new, tune, dune, resume and enthusiasm are pronounced /njuː/, /tjuːn/, /djuːn/, /rɪˈzjuːm/ and /ɪnˈθjuːziæzm/ rather than /nuː/, /tuːn/, /duːn/, /rɪˈzuːm/ and /ɪnˈθuːziæzm/. This contrasts with many East Anglian and East Midland varieties of English language in England and with many forms of American English, including General American. In words such as pursuit and evolution, both pronunciations (with and without /j/) are heard in RP. There are, however, several words where a yod has been lost with the passage of time: for example, the word suit originally had a yod in RP but this is now extremely rare.
The flapped variant of /t/ and /d/ (as in much of the West Country, Ulster, most North American varieties including General American, Australian English, and the Cape Coloured dialect of South Africa) is not used very often. In traditional RP [ɾ] is an allophone of /r/ (it is used intervocalically, after /θ, ð/ and sometimes even after /b, ɡ/).[103][104]

text: Spoken specimen[edit]

text: The Journal of the International Phonetic Association regularly publishes "Illustrations of the IPA" which present an outline of the phonetics of a particular language or accent. It is usual to base the description on a recording of the traditional story of the North Wind and the Sun. There is an IPA illustration of British English (Received Pronunciation).[105] The audio recording on which the transcriptions are based may be heard here:

text: The speaker (female) is described as having been born in 1953, and educated at Oxford University. To accompany the recording there are three transcriptions: orthographic, phonemic and allophonic.

text: Notable speakers[edit]

text: The following people have been described as RP speakers:

text:
David Attenborough, broadcaster and naturalist[106]
The British Royal Family[107][108]
Helena Bonham Carter, actor[citation needed]
David Cameron, Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom[109]
Judi Dench, actor[110]
Rupert Everett, actor[111]
Chris Huhne, former Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change[112]
Boris Johnson, British Foreign Secretary[111]
Vanessa Kirby, actor[110]
Keira Knightley, actor[citation needed]
Helen Mirren, actor[113]
Carey Mulligan, actor[110]
Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister[citation needed]
Rowan Williams, Former Archbishop of Canterbury[107]
Justin Welby, Archbishop of Canterbury[107]
Kate Winslet, actor[citation needed]


document_title: List of Miami Dolphins seasons

question_text: when was the last time dolphins made playoffs

text: List of Miami Dolphins seasons

text: This is a list of seasons completed by the Miami Dolphins American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Dolphins franchise from 1966 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.

text: Although the Miami Dolphins were not successful before joining the NFL, from 1970 when they played their first season after the AFL–NFL merger until 2001 they were one of the most successful teams in the league, playing in the postseason on 22 occasions over those 32 years and winning 335 and tying two of 528 games for an overall win percentage of 63.6. Early in this period the Dolphins won their only two Super Bowls in consecutive seasons, in the process achieving the only modern-day perfect season in any major professional sports league during only their third year in the NFL. Much of this success was orchestrated by coach Don Shula who joined the team in 1970 and stayed with them until his retirement in 1995.

text: After Shula retired in 1995, the Dolphins remained a force for six years under successors Jimmy Johnson and Dave Wannstedt, but since 2002 and especially since 2004 have fallen on harder times, reaching the postseason only twice in the twelve seasons since. In 2007, they nearly suffered an imperfect season, winning only one game in overtime.

text: For complete team history, see History of the Miami Dolphins.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth
One-Game Playoff Berth

text:
Franchise records according to Pro-Football Reference.com[1]

Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular Season
Post Season Results
Awards
Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

1966
1966
AFL

Eastern
5th
3
11
0

George Wilson

1967
1967
AFL

Eastern
4th
4
10
0

1968
1968
AFL

Eastern
3rd
5
8
1

1969
1969
AFL

Eastern
5th
3
10
1

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 14–21

Don Shula

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
3
1
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chiefs) 27–24 (OT)
Won Conference Championship (Colts) 21–0
Lost Super Bowl VI (vs. Cowboys) 3–24

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
0
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 20–14
Won Conference Championship (at Steelers) 21–17
Won Super Bowl VII (1) (vs. Redskins) 14–7
Don Shula (COY)
Jake Scott (SB MVP)
Earl Morrall (CBPOY)

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bengals) 34–16
Won Conference Championship (Raiders) 27–10
Won Super Bowl VIII (2) (vs. Vikings) 24–7
Dick Anderson (DPOY)
Larry Csonka (SB MVP)
Garo Yepremian (PB MVP)

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 26–28

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
4
0

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
8
0

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
4
0

A. J. Duhe (DROY)

1978
1978
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 9–17

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 14–34
Larry Csonka (CBPOY)

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
4
1
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 38–41 (OT)

1982
1982
NFL
AFC

2nd1
7
2
0
Won First Round (Patriots) 28–13
Won Second Round (Chargers) 34–13
Won Conference Championship (Jets) 14–0
Lost Super Bowl XVII (vs. Redskins) 17–27

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 20–27
Doug Betters (DPOY)

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
East
1st
14
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Seahawks) 31–10
Won Conference Championship (Steelers) 45–28
Lost Super Bowl XIX (vs. 49ers) 16–38
Dan Marino (MVP, OPOY)

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Browns) 24–21
Lost Conference Championship (Patriots) 14–31
Dwight Stephenson (WPMOY)

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1987
1987
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
7
0

Troy Stradford (OROY)

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
East
5th
6
10
0

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 17–16
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 34–44

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Chargers) 31–0
Lost Conference Championship (Bills) 10–29

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Chiefs) 27–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 21–22
Tim Bowens (DROY)
Dan Marino (CBPOY)

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Bills) 22–37

1996
1996
NFL
AFC
East
4th
8
8
0

Jimmy Johnson

1997
1997
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Patriots) 3–17

1998
1998
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bills) 24–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 3–38
Dan Marino (WPMOY)

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Seahawks) 20–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Jaguars) 7–62

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Colts) 23–17 (OT)
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 0–27

Dave Wannstedt

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 3–20

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

Ricky Williams (PB MVP)

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
East
4th
4
12
0

Dave Wannstedt (1–8)
Jim Bates (3–4)

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

Nick Saban

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Jason Taylor (DPOY)

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
East
4th
1
15
0

Jason Taylor (WPMOY)
Cam Cameron

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
East
1st
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Ravens) 9–27
Chad Pennington (CBPOY)
Tony Sparano

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
7
9
0

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
7
9
0

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Brandon Marshall (PB MVP)
Tony Sparano (4–9)
Todd Bowles (2–1)

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
7
9
0

Joe Philbin

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Joe Philbin (1–3)
Dan Campbell (5–7)

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 12–30

Adam Gase

2017
2017
NFL
AFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Totals
445
351
4
All-time regular season record (1960–2017)

20
21
0
All-time postseason record (1960–2017)

465
372
4
All-time regular & postseason record (1960–2017)

text: Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2017 NFL season.

text: 1 Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.


document_title: Mariah Carey albums discography

question_text: when does mariah carey's album come out

question_tokens: when does mariah carey 's album come out

text: Mariah Carey albums discography

text: Studio albums

text:
Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Sales

US[24]

AUS[25]

CAN[26]

FRA[27]

GER[28]

JPN[29]

NL[30]

NZ[31]

SWI[32]

UK[33]

Mariah Carey

Released: June 13, 1990
Label: Columbia (#CK-45202)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

1

6

1

—

24

13

6

4

15

6

US: 9× Platinum[10]
AUS: 2× Platinum[34]
CAN: 7× Platinum[35]
JPN: 3× Platinum[36]
NZ: 4× Platinum[37]
NL: Platinum [38]
SWI: Gold[39]
UK: Platinum[40]

World: 15,000,000[41]

Emotions

Released: September 17, 1991
Label: Columbia (#CK-47980)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

4

8

6

—

46

3

9

6

15

4

US: 4× Platinum[10]
AUS: Platinum[34]
CAN: 4× Platinum[35]
FRA: Gold[42]
JPN: 4× Platinum[36]
NZ: Platinum[43]
NL: Gold [38]
SWI: Gold[44]
UK: Platinum[40]

World: 8,000,000[45]
US: 3,595,000[22]
FRA: 100,000[46]
JPN: 1,000,000[47]

Music Box

Released: August 31, 1993
Label: Columbia (#CK-53205)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

US: Diamond[10]
AUS: 12× Platinum[48]
CAN: 7× Platinum[35]
FRA: Diamond[42]
GER: 2× Platinum[49]
JPN: Million[36]
NZ: 5× Platinum[43]
NL: 5x Platinum [38]
SWI: 4× Platinum[50]
UK: 5× Platinum[40]

World: 28,000,000[12]
US: 7,277,000[51]
FRA: 1,418,100[52]
JPN: 2,200,000[53][54]

Merry Christmas

Released: November 1, 1994
Label: Columbia (#CK-64222)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

3

2

26

44

19

1

4

10

4

32

US: 5× Platinum[10]
AUS: 6× Platinum[55]
CAN: Platinum[35]
GER: Gold[56]
JPN: 2× Million[57]
NZ: 2× Platinum[58]
NL: Platinum [38]
SWI: Gold[50]
UK: Platinum[40]

World: 15,000,000[59]
US: 5,500,000[60]
CAN: 200,000[61]
JPN: 2,500,000[62]

Daydream

Released: October 3, 1995
Label: Columbia
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

US: Diamond[10]
AUS: 5× Platinum[34]
CAN: 7× Platinum[35]
FRA: 2× Platinum[42]
GER: Platinum[49]
JPN: Million[63]
NZ: 5× Platinum[43]
UK: 2× Platinum[40]

World: 20,000,000[16]
US: 7,657,000[51]
FRA: 730,400[64]
JPN: 2,100,000[65]

Butterfly

Released: September 16, 1997
Label: Columbia
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

1

1

1

6

7

1

1

4

3

2

US: 5× Platinum[10]
AUS: 2× Platinum[66]
CAN: 2× Platinum[35]
FRA: 2× Gold[42]
JPN: Million[67]
NZ: Platinum[43]
SWI: Gold[68]
UK: Gold[40]

World: 10,000,000[12]
US: 3,807,000[22]
FRA: 292,000[69]
JPN: 1,000,000[70]

Rainbow

Released: November 2, 1999
Label: Columbia (#63800)
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

2

4

2

1

3

2

4

11

2

8

US: 3× Platinum[10]
AUS: Gold[71]
CAN: 2× Platinum[35]
FRA: Platinum[42]
GER: Platinum[49]
JPN: 4× Platinum[72]
NZ: Platinum[43]
SWI: Gold[73]
UK: Gold[40]

World: 8,000,000[74]
US: 2,968,000[22]
CAN: 300,000[75]
FRA: 413,300[76]

Glitter

Released: September 11, 2001
Label: Virgin
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

7

13

4

5

7

1

12

11

10

10

RIAA: Platinum[10]
IFPI SWI: Gold[77]
RIAJ: Platinum[78]
SNEP: Gold[42]

World: 2,000,000[79]
US: 652,000[22]
FRA: 121,100[46]
JPN: 450,000[80]
UK: 55,080[81]

Charmbracelet

Released: December 3, 2002
Label: Island
Formats: LP, cassette, CD

3

42

30

12

32

4

30

—

9

52

US: Platinum[10]
CAN: Gold[35]
FRA: Gold[42]
JPN: Platinum[82]
SWI: Gold[83]
UK: Gold[40]

World: 3,000,000[84]
US: 1,166,000[22]
FRA: 183,600[46]
UK: 122,010[85]

The Emancipation of Mimi

Released: April 4, 2005
Label: Island
Formats: LP, CD, digital download

1

6

2

4

14

2

8

12

9

7

US: 6× Platinum[10]
AUS: Platinum[86]
CAN: 3× Platinum[35]
FRA: Gold[42]
JPN: Platinum[87]
NZ: Platinum[88]
UK: 2× Platinum[40]

World: 10,000,000[89]
US: 6,080,000[90]
FRA: 169,200[46]
JPN: 259,000[91]
UK: 621,352[85]

E=MC²

Released: April 8, 2008
Label: Island
Formats: LP, CD, digital download

1

2

1

6

7

7

11

10

5

3

US: Platinum[10]
AUS: Gold[92]
CAN: Platinum[35]
JPN: Gold[93]
UK: Gold[40]

World: 2,500,000[94]
US: 1,289,000[22]
FRA: 32,800[95]
JPN: 146,000[96]
UK: 136,986[97]

Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel

Released: September 28, 2009
Label: Island
Formats: LP, CD, digital download

3

6

5

10

27

9

26

25

18

23

US: Gold[10]
UK: Silver[40]

World: 2,000,000[21]
US: 549,000[98]
UK: 80,308[99]

Merry Christmas II You

Released: October 29, 2010
Label: Island
Formats: CD, digital download

4

27

14

82

77

24

52

—

—

101

US: Gold[10]

US: 523,000[22]

Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse

Released: May 23, 2014
Label: Def Jam
Formats: CD, digital download

3

5

8

26

27

25

14

11

16

14

US: 122,000[100]

Caution[101][102]

Scheduled: November 16, 2018
Label: Epic
Formats: CD, digital download

To be released

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released

text: Compilation albums

text:
Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Sales

US[24]

AUS[25]

CAN[26]

FRA[27]

GER[28]

JPN[29]

NL[30]

NZ[31]

SWI[32]

UK[33]

#1's

Released: November 17, 1998
Label: Columbia (#CK-69670)
Formats: LP, CD, cassette

4

6

6

2

10

1

15

13

3

10

US: 5× Platinum[10]
AUS: Platinum[66]
CAN: 3× Platinum[35]
FRA: 2× Platinum[103]
GER: Gold[49]
JPN: 3× Million[104]
NZ: 2× Platinum[37]
UK: 2× Platinum[40]

World: 15,000,000[74]
US: 3,798,000[22]
FRA: 732,400[105]
JPN: 3,250,000[106]

The Ballads

Released: October 17, 2008
Label: Columbia / Legacy
Formats: CD, digital download

10

79

—

39

—

19

5

19

—

13

UK: Gold[40]

US: 160,000[22]

#1 to Infinity

Released: May 15, 2015[107]
Label: Columbia, Epic, Legacy
Formats: LP, CD, digital download

29

18

—

132

—

19

44

25

49

8

UK: Silver[40]

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released

text: Greatest hits albums

text:
Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Sales

US[24]

AUS[25]

CAN[26]

FRA[27]

GER[28]

JPN[29]

NL[30]

NZ[31]

SWI[32]

UK[33]

Greatest Hits

Released: December 4, 2001
Label: Columbia / Virgin
Formats: LP, CD, cassette

52

47

—

3

36

3

37

11

17

7

US: Platinum[10]
AUS: 2× Platinum[108]
FRA: Gold[46]
JPN: Platinum[109]
NZ: Platinum[37]
UK: 2× Platinum[40]

World: 5,000,000[74]
US: 1,167,000[22]
FRA: 137,600[46]
JPN: 217,890[110]

Playlist: The Very Best of Mariah Carey

Released: January 26, 2010[111]
Label: Columbia / Legacy
Formats: CD, digital download

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

The Essential Mariah Carey

Released: January 7, 2011
Label: Columbia / Legacy
Formats: CD, digital download

—

86

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

text: Remix albums

text:
Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Sales

US[24]

AUS[25]

FRA[27]

JPN[29]

NL[30]

NZ[31]

SWI[32]

UK[33]

The Remixes

Released: October 14, 2003
Label: Columbia, Virgin, Island
Formats: CD, cassette

26

78

60

95

99

36

69

35

US: 280,000[22]

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released

text: Extended plays

text:
Title

Album details

Peak chart positions

Certifications

Sales

US[24]

AUS[25]

CAN[26]

FRA[27]

GER[28]

JPN[29]

NL[30]

NZ[31]

SWI[32]

UK[33]

MTV Unplugged

Released: June 2, 1992
Label: Columbia (#CK-52758)
Formats: LP, CD, cassette

3

7

6

22

30

13

1

1

19

3

US: 4× Platinum[10]
AUS: Platinum[34]
CAN: Platinum[35]
FRA: 2× Gold[112]
NZ: 2× Platinum[37]
SWI: Gold[113]
UK: Gold[40]

World: 6,500,000[74]
US: 2,774,000[22]
FRA: 144,700[69]

Valentines[114]

Released: January 1, 2000
Label: Columbia (#A31158)
Formats: CD, cassette

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released

text: Box sets

text:
List of box sets, with details and notes

Title

Details

Notes

12s[115]

Released: 1998
Label: Columbia
Format: Vinyl

Limited edition 10 record box set of 12" remixes.
Features "Someday", "There's Got to Be a Way", "Honey", "My All", "Fantasy", "Anytime You Need a Friend" and "Dreamlover".

3CD Collector's Set[116]

Released: October 5, 2009
Label: Island
Formats: CD, digital download

3-CD boxset containing Charmbracelet, The Emancipation of Mimi and E=MC² and extra space for Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel.


document_title: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

question_text: who has the most twitter followers of all time

text: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

text: This list contains the top 50 accounts with the largest number of followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of February 19, 2018, the most followed person is American singer Katy Perry, with over 108 million followers. Her account was the first to exceed 100 million followers, in June 2017.[2]

text: Top accounts[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession or activity of each user, and their country of origin.[1]

text:
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country

1.
@katyperry
Katy Perry
109
Musician
 United States

2.
@justinbieber
Justin Bieber
105
Musician
 Canada

3.
@BarackObama
Barack Obama
100
Former U.S. President
 United States

4.
@rihanna
Rihanna
86
Musician
 Barbados

5.
@taylorswift13
Taylor Swift
86
Musician
 United States

6.
@ladygaga
Lady Gaga
77
Musician
 United States

7.
@TheEllenShow
Ellen DeGeneres
77
Comedian
 United States

8.
@YouTube
YouTube
71
Social media platform
 United States

9.
@Cristiano
Cristiano Ronaldo
69
Footballer
 Portugal

10.
@jtimberlake
Justin Timberlake
65
Musician and actor
 United States

11.
@twitter
Twitter
62
Social media platform
 United States

12.
@KimKardashian
Kim Kardashian West
59
Reality TV personality
 United States

13.
@ArianaGrande
Ariana Grande
57
Musician
 United States

14.
@britneyspears
Britney Spears
57
Musician
 United States

15.
@selenagomez
Selena Gomez
56
Musician and actress
 United States

16.
@ddlovato
Demi Lovato
55
Musician and actress
 United States

17.
@cnnbrk
CNN Breaking News
54
News
 United States

18.
@shakira
Shakira
51
Musician
 Colombia

19.
@jimmyfallon
Jimmy Fallon
50
Comedian
 United States

20.
@realDonaldTrump
Donald Trump
48
U.S. President
 United States

21.
@JLo
Jennifer Lopez
45
Musician and actress
 United States

22.
@BillGates
Bill Gates
44
Businessman and philanthropist
 United States

23.
@Oprah
Oprah Winfrey
41
Businesswoman
 United States

24.
@nytimes
The New York Times
41
Newspaper
 United States

25.
@BrunoMars
Bruno Mars
41
Musician
 United States

26.
@KingJames
LeBron James
41
Basketball player
 United States

27.
@narendramodi
Narendra Modi
40
Prime Minister of India
 India

28.
@CNN
CNN
39
Television channel
 United States

29.
@MileyCyrus
Miley Cyrus
39
Musician and actress
 United States

30.
@instagram
Instagram
39
Social media platform
 United States

31.
@NiallOfficial
Niall Horan
39
Musician
 Ireland

32.
@neymarjr
Neymar
38
Footballer
 Brazil

33.
@BBCBreaking
BBC Breaking News
37
News
 United Kingdom

34.
@Drake
Drake
37
Rapper
 Canada

35.
@SportsCenter
SportsCenter
35
Television show
 United States

36.
@KevinHart4real
Kevin Hart
35
Comedian
 United States

37.
@espn
ESPN
34
Television channel
 United States

38.
@LilTunechi
Lil Wayne
33
Rapper
 United States

39.
@iamsrk
Shah Rukh Khan
33
Actor
 India

40.
@SrBachchan
Amitabh Bachchan
33
Actor
 India

41.
@wizkhalifa
Wiz Khalifa
33
Rapper
 United States

42.
@Louis_Tomlinson
Louis Tomlinson
33
Musician
 United Kingdom

43.
@Pink
P!nk
32
Musician
 United States

44.
@onedirection
One Direction
32
Band
 UK /  Ireland

45.
@Harry_Styles
Harry Styles
32
Musician
 United Kingdom

46.
@LiamPayne
Liam Payne
32
Musician
 United Kingdom

47.
@BeingSalmanKhan
Salman Khan
31
Actor
 India

48.
@aliciakeys
Alicia Keys
30
Musician
 United States

49.
@KAKA
Kaká
30
Footballer
 Brazil

50.
@realmadrid
Real Madrid C.F.
29
Football club
 Spain

As of February 10, 2018[update]


document_title: Brian's Song

question_text: who played gayle sayers in brian's song

question_tokens: who played gayle sayers in brian 's song

text: Brian's Song

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie begins as Chicago Bears running back Gale Sayers (Williams) arrives at team practice as an errant punt is sent to Sayers. Running back Brian Piccolo (Caan) goes to retrieve the ball, and Sayers flips it to him. Before Sayers meets with coach George Halas (Jack Warden) in his office, Piccolo tells him – as a prank – that Halas has a hearing problem, and Sayers acts strangely at the meeting. Sayers pranks him back by placing mashed potatoes on his seat while Piccolo is singing his alma mater's fight song. During practice, Piccolo struggles while Sayers shines. Sayers and Piccolo are placed as roommates, a rarity during the racial strife at the time. Sayers quickly becomes a standout player, but he injures his knee in a game against the San Francisco 49ers. To aid in Sayers' recovery, Piccolo brings a weight machine to his house. In Sayers' place, Piccolo rushes for 160 yards in a 17–16 win over the Los Angeles Rams, and is given the game ball. Piccolo challenges Sayers to a race across the park, where Sayers stumbles but wins. Piccolo is given the starting fullback position, and both he and Sayers excel. But Piccolo starts to lose weight and his performance declines, so he is sent to a hospital for a diagnosis. Soon after, Halas tells Sayers that Piccolo has cancer. In an emotional speech to his teammates, Sayers states that they will give Piccolo the game ball. After a game against the St. Louis Cardinals, Sayers visits Piccolo's wife, who reveals that Piccolo has to have another surgery for his tumor. After he is awarded the "George S. Halas Most Courageous Player Award", Sayers dedicates his speech to Piccolo, telling the crowd that they had selected the wrong person for the award and saying, "I love Brian Piccolo, and I'd like all of you to love him, too. And tonight, when you hit your knees, please ask God to love him." In a call, Sayers mentions that he gave Piccolo a pint of blood while he was in critical condition. Piccolo dies with his wife by his side. The movie ends with a flashback of Piccolo and Sayers running through the park, while the narrator says that Piccolo died at age 26 and is remembered as he lived, rather than how he died.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
James Caan as Brian Piccolo
Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers
Jack Warden as Coach George Halas
Shelley Fabares as Joy Piccolo
Judy Pace as Linda Sayers
Bernie Casey as J.C. Caroline
David Huddleston as Ed McCaskey
Ron Feinberg as Doug Atkins
Jack Concannon as Himself
Abe Gibron as Himself
Ed O'Bradovich as Himself
Dick Butkus as Himself
Chicago Bears as Themselves

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical theme to Brian's Song, "The Hands of Time", was a popular tune during the early 1970s and has become a standard.[1] The music for the film was by Michel Legrand, with lyrics to the song by Marilyn and Alan Bergman. LeGrand's instrumental version of the theme song charted for eight weeks in 1972, peaking at #56.[5] Nashville pianist Floyd Cramer performed a popular version of "The Hands of Time".

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received acclaim and is often cited as one of the greatest television films ever made, as well as one of the greatest sports films. It holds a 92% "Fresh" score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 12 critics, with a consensus stating "Buoyed by standout performances from James Caan and Billy Dee Williams, Brian's Song is a touching tale of friendship whose central relationship transcendeds its standard sports movie moments."

text: Television critic Matt Zoller Seitz in his 2016 book co-written with Alan Sepinwall titled TV (The Book) named Brian's Song as the fifth greatest American TV-movie of all time, stating that the film was "The dramatic and emotional template for a good number of sports films and male weepies (categories which tend to overlap a bit)", as well as "an influential early example of the interracial buddy movie."[6]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won an Emmy Award for Best Dramatic Program (1971–72). William Blinn won an Emmy for his teleplay, and Jack Warden won for his performance as Coach Halas. Caan and Williams were both nominated for best leading actor.[1]

text:
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result
Ref

Eddie Awards
Best Edited Television Program
Brian's Song
Nominated
[7]

Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television
Buzz Kulik
Won

Emmy Award
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography for Entertainment Programming – For a Special or Feature Length Program Made for Television
Brian's Song
Won

Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama
Jack Warden
Won

Outstanding Single Program – Drama or Comedy
Brian's Song
Won

Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama – Adaptation
Brian's Song
Won

Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Editing
Brian's Song
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Music Composition – For a Special Program
Brian's Song
Nominated

Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama – A Single Program
Buzz Kulik
Nominated

Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
James Caan
Billy Dee Williams
Nominated

Golden Globe Award
Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film
Brian's Song
Nominated

PGA Awards
PGA Hall of Fame – Television Programs
Brian's Song
Won

Peabody Award
Peabody Award
ABC Television
William Blinn
Won

TV Land Award
Blockbuster Movie of the Week
James Caan
Billy Dee Williams
Won

text: Remake[edit]

text: Thirty years after its original airing, a remake was aired in 2001 on ABC's The Wonderful World of Disney starring Mekhi Phifer in Billy Dee Williams' original role as Sayers and Sean Maher as Piccolo, the character originally played by James Caan.[8]


document_title: List of countries by public debt

question_text: what is india's debt to gdp ratio

question_tokens: what is india 's debt to gdp ratio

text: List of countries by public debt

text: Concept[edit]

text: Gross government debt is the most relevant data for discussions of government default and debt ceilings. It is different from external debt, which includes the foreign currency liabilities of non-government entities.

text: The figures here are represented as a percentage of annual gross domestic product. The public debt relative information provided by national sources (CIA) is not always objective and true, given the fact that there is no independent research in these matters. Note that net debt figures are included where gross debt figures are unavailable in the CIA set.

text: List[edit]

text:
Sortable table (not available on mobile)

Country
Net public debt
as % of GDP
(CIA)[1]
Date
Total (gross) government
debt as % of GDP
(IMF)
Net government
debt as % of GDP
(IMF)[2]
Date
Region

 Albania
71.0
2016
72.564
72.564
2014
Europe

 Algeria
16.8
2016
8.764
-16.485
2014
Africa

 Andorra
41.1
2012

Europe

 Angola
57.4
2016
38.043

2014
Africa

 Antigua and Barbuda
89.0
2012
98.692
98.692
2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Argentina
41.6
2012
44.88

2012
South America

 Armenia
53.4
2016
44.222

2014
Europe

 Aruba
67.0
2013

Central America/Caribbean

 Australia
46.1
2016
34.258
16.967
2014
Oceania

 Austria
85.8
2016
86.824
51.114
2014
Europe

 Azerbaijan
31.4
2016
16.353

2014
Europe

 Bahamas
64.4
2016
60.408
60.408
2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Bahrain
72.0
2016
43.763
43.763
2014
Middle East

 Bangladesh
25.9
2016
33.860

Asia

 Barbados
108.9
2016
100.351

2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Belarus
60.7
2016
37.887
0
2012
Europe

 Belgium
106.7
2016
105.600
65.363
2014
Europe

 Belize
86.3
2016
76.314
76.314
2014
Central America/Caribbean

 Benin
40.2
2016
30.867

2014
Africa

 Bhutan
30.0
2016
107.511

2014
Asia

 Bolivia
47.0
2016
32.409
11.970
2014
South America

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
46.5
2016
44.906
38.169
2012
Europe

 Botswana
21.0
2016
14.450

2014
Africa

 Brazil
72.4
2016
71.218
60.107
2016
South America

 Brunei

2.615

2012
Southeast Asia

 Bulgaria
24.0
2016
26.900
-2.538
2014
Europe

 Burkina Faso

28.321

2014
Africa

 Burma

47.524

2012
Southeast Asia

 Burundi
43.4
2016
30.541

2014
Africa

 Cambodia
33.9
2014
29.543

2014
Southeast Asia

 Cameroon
31.1
2016
23.932

2014
Africa

 Canada
98.8
2016
86.515
37.338
2014
North America

 Cape Verde
116.8
2016
112.199
107.691
2014
Africa

 Central African Republic

41.830

2014
Africa

 Chad
35.4
2016
24.983

2014
Africa

 Chile
18.5
2016
13.891
-5.154
2014
South America

 People's Republic of China
20.1
2016
65.68

2016
Asia

 Colombia
50.5
2016
38.015
27.888
2014
South America

 Comoros

19.953
19.953
2014
Africa

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
18.2
2016
19.691

2014
Africa

 Congo, Republic of the
49.3
2016
42.295

2014
Africa

 Costa Rica
62.3
2016
39.758
39.758
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Cote d'Ivoire
50.9
2016
36.414

2014
Africa

 Croatia
88.3
2016
80.926

2014
Europe

 Cuba
32.7
2016

Central America/Caribbean

 Cyprus
98.4
2017
107.106

2014
Europe

 Czech Republic
35.2
2016
41.595

2014
Europe

 Denmark
39.6
2016
50.102
7.626
2012
Europe

 Djibouti
38.6
2012
38.618

2012
Africa

 Dominica
70.0
2012
72.164
72.164
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Dominican Republic
44.0
2016
33.486
33.486
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Ecuador
33.0
2016
18.613

2012
South America

 Egypt
92.6
2016
80.155
68.807
2012
Africa

 El Salvador
64.9
2016
52.193

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Equatorial Guinea
24.3
2016
8.177
8.177
2012
Africa

 Eritrea
119.8
2016
125.785

2012
Africa

 Estonia
9.7
2016
8.498
2.511
2012
Europe

 Ethiopia
54.2
2016
21.551
18.172
2012
Africa

 Fiji
50.2
2016
51.642
46.906
2012
Oceania

 Finland
64.9
2016
53.335
-50.933
2012
Europe

 France
96.5
2016
90.291
84.065
2012
Europe

 Gabon
43.5
2016
21.999

2012
Africa

 Gambia, The

77.179
77.179
2012
Africa

 Georgia
42.4
2016
32.738

2012
Europe

 Germany
69.0
2016
81.964
57.224
2012
Europe

 Ghana
73.7
2016
56.526
53.125
2012
Africa

 Gibraltar
7.5
2008

Europe

 Greece
181.6
2016
158.546
155.378
2012
Europe

 Grenada
110.0
2012
112.567
112.567
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Guatemala
27.4
2013
25.112

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Guinea

42.993
42.993
2012
Africa

 Guinea-Bissau

59.751

2012
Africa

 Guyana
53.1
2016
60.333
57.689
2012
South America

 Haiti
26.5
2015
15.446

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Honduras
47.3
2016
34.676

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Hong Kong
38.4
2016
32.393

2012
East Asia

 Hungary
75.1
2016
79.003
72.772
2012
Europe

 Iceland
56.5
2016
99.083
68.23
2012
Europe

 India
52.3
2016
41.11

2016
Asia

 Indonesia
29.4
2016
24.004

2012
Southeast Asia

 Iran
11.9
2016
10.726
1.214
2012
Middle East

 Iraq

34.191

2012
Middle East

 Ireland
77.9
2016
117.122
102.324
2012
Europe

 Israel
62.2
2016
69.637
69.574
2016
Middle East

 Italy
132.5
2016
126.978
103.208
2012
Europe

 Jamaica
130.1
2016
146.591

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Japan
234.7
2016
237.918
134.325
2012
Asia

 Jordan
90.6
2016
79.586
74.936
2012
Middle East

 Kazakhstan
24.1
2016
12.318
-17.097
2012
Asia

 Kenya
50.4
2016
48.185
43.167
2012
Africa

 Kiribati
8.6
2013

 Korea, North

Asia

 Korea, South
46.1
2016
33.668
32.241
2012
Asia

 Kuwait
23.1
2016
7.290

2012
Middle East

 Kyrgyzstan
69.5
2016
48.935

2012
Asia

 Laos
61.6
2016
53.082

2012
Southeast Asia

 Latvia
38.4
2016
36.417
26.569
2012
Europe

 Lebanon
132.5
2016
139.527
134.18
2012
Middle East

 Lesotho
53.4
2015
41.903
-2.141
2012
Africa

 Liberia
11.8
2016
29.076
-8.254
2012
Africa

 Libya
10.0
2016
0
-95.035
2012
Africa

 Lithuania
41.8
2016
39.586
35.39
2012
Europe

 Luxembourg
21.4
2016
21.138

2012
Europe

 Macedonia
50.5
2016
33.271
29.006
2012
Europe

 Madagascar

38.309

2012
Africa

 Malawi
61.2
2016
54.903
51.15
2012
Africa

 Malaysia
55.1
2016
55.474

2012
Southeast Asia

 Maldives
72.8
2014
77.486

2012
Asia

 Mali
27.3
2016
32.003
26.881
2012
Africa

 Malta
62.6
2016
72.538

2012
Europe

 Marshall Islands
51.3
2013
60.043

2012
Oceania

 Mauritania

79.703

2012
Africa

 Mauritius
66.0
2016
50.29
50.29
2012
Africa

 Mexico
49.7
2016
43.519
37.998
2012
North America

 Moldova
44.8
2016
23.845
23.845
2012
Europe

 Mongolia
72.0
2015

 Montenegro
59.5
2014
51.068
48.778
2012
Europe

 Morocco
77.0
2016
59.587
59.057
2012
Africa

 Mozambique
100.3
2016
46.628

2012
Africa

 Namibia
35.6
2016
26.642
24.411
2012
Africa

   Nepal
30.0
2012
33.129
33.129
2012
Asia

 Netherlands
57.0
2017
71.736
32.502
2012
Europe

 New Zealand
34.0
2016
38.154
26.416
2012
Oceania

 Nicaragua
46.2
2016
52.086

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Niger

31.051
4.25
2012
Africa

 Nigeria
13.2
2016
17.762
13.283
2012
Africa

 Norway
32.2
2016
34.118
-165.508
2012
Europe

 Oman
18.5
2016
6.122

2012
Middle East

 Pakistan
58.5
2016
62.079
58.771
2012
Asia

 Panama
39.3
2016
38.796
38.796
2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Papua New Guinea
39.4
2016

Oceania

 Paraguay
22.4
2016
11.358

2012
South America

 Peru
26.3
2016
19.759
4.456
2012
South America

 Philippines
42.9
2016
41.919

2012
Southeast Asia

 Poland
44.7
2016
55.166
26.742
2012
Europe

 Portugal
126.2
2016
122.985
111.556
2012
Europe

 Qatar
55.6
2016
37.812
31.915
2012
Middle East

 Romania
39.3
2016
37.038

2012
Europe

 Russia
13.7
2016
10.877

2012
Europe

 Rwanda
36.6
2016
28.040

2012
Africa

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
83.0
2013
82.962

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Saint Lucia
77.0
2012
84.761

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
67.0
2013
67.084

2012
Central America/Caribbean

 San Marino
25.8
2013

Europe

 Sao Tome and Principe
89.5
2016
75.503

2012
Africa

 Saudi Arabia
31.0
2016
3.622
-52.725
2012
Middle East

 Senegal
55.6
2016
45.002

2012
Africa

 Serbia
65.7
2017
63.650
56.888
2012
Europe

 Seychelles
59.1
2016
82.528
69.482
2012
Africa

 Sierra Leone
43.3
2016
44.471
0
2012
Africa

 Singapore
110.5
2016
111.017

2012
Southeast Asia

 Slovakia
52.4
2016
52.333

2012
Europe

 Slovenia
78.5
2017
52.610

2012
Europe

 Solomon Islands

18.228
6.737
2012
Oceania

 South Africa
43.3
2016
42.282
35.561
2012
Africa

 Spain
99.6
2015
97.2
71.931
2015
Europe

 Sri Lanka
77.1
2016

Asia

 Sudan
68.8
2016
97.642

2012
Africa

 Suriname

20.464

2012
South America

 Swaziland

19.041
7.607
2012
Africa

 Sweden
41.4
2016
38.020
-17.632
2012
Europe

  Switzerland
34.1
2016
15.70
28.265
2016
Europe

 Syria
57.5
2016

Middle East

 Taiwan
32.7
2016
40.938

2012
East Asia

 Tajikistan
6.5
2013
32.466

2012
Asia

 Tanzania
36.6
2016
41.391

2012
Africa

 Thailand
50.4
2016
36.54

2016
Southeast Asia

 Togo
63.3
2016
46.706

2012
Africa

 Tonga
45.1
2013

 Trinidad and Tobago
61
2016
39.723
29.141
2012
Central America/Caribbean[3]

 Tunisia
57.3
2016
44.466

2012
Africa

 Turkey
32.7
2016
35.01
27.801
2016
Asia/Europe

 Turkmenistan

15.821

2012
Asia

 Tuvalu
41.1
2013
43.727

2012
Oceania

 Uganda
35.4
2016
34.532

2012
Africa

 Ukraine
72
2017
37.422
35.22
2012
Europe

 United Arab Emirates
60.3
2016
17.617
-93.486
2012
Middle East

 United Kingdom
92.2
2016
84.86
82.785
2016
Europe

 United States
73.8
2016
106.71
87.859
2016
North America

 Uruguay
62.8
2016
53.686
36.335
2012
South America

 Uzbekistan
8.3
2015
8.636

2012
Asia

 Vanuatu

20.011

2012
Oceania

 Venezuela
36.7
2016
57.287

2012
South America

 Vietnam
54.9
2016
52.099
49.058
2012
Southeast Asia

 Wallis and Futuna
5.6
2004

Oceania

 Yemen
92.2
2016
46.743
44.781
2012
Middle East

 Zambia
57.2
2016
26.875
23.517
2012
Africa

 Zimbabwe
45.4
2016
60.451

2012
Africa

World
64
2012

—