document_title: I Will Always Love You

question_text: who played the saxophone in i will always love you

text: I Will Always Love You

text: Dolly Parton original version[edit]

text: Background and composition[edit]

text:
"I Will Always Love You"

An 18 second sample of Parton's 1982 recording of "I Will Always Love You".

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership.[8][9] She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973.[2] "I Will Always Love You" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, Jolene (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.[10] In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, and the 1996 film It's My Party. The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards.

text: Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song "speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect – because of the initiative of the woman".[1] According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto/Adagio)[11] Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton's manager Danny Nozel said that "one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people don't know that Dolly Parton wrote [the track]".[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: During its original release in 1974, "I Will Always Love You" reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974.[13]

text: When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs — making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song.[1] After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995, "I Will Always Love You" re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15.[14] Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema.

text: When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded.[15] Parton refused. She recalls:

text: I said, 'I'm really sorry,' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it's like, Oh, my God … Elvis Presley.' And other people were saying, 'You're nuts. It's Elvis Presley.' ...I said, 'I can't do that. Something in my heart says, 'Don't do that. And I just didn't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he didn't. Then when Whitney [Houston's version] came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland.[16]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: In Curtis W. Ellison's book Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven (1995), he stated: "In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market."[1] Ken Knight, author of The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable-TV "Guy-Flicks" of the '80s (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing "I Will Always Love You" and "make it memorable".[17] Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to "soften the blow" of Parton and Wagoner's split.[18]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: 7" vinyl[2]

text:
"I Will Always Love You" – 2:53
"Lonely Comin' Down" – 3:09

tag: ol

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
Dolly Parton – vocals, guitar
Jimmy Colvard – guitar
Chip Young – guitar
Stu Basore – pedal steel guitar
Bobby Dyson – bass
Larrie Londin – drums
Ralph Gallant – drums
Buck Trent – banjo
Bobby Thompson – banjo
Mack Magaha – fiddle
Johnny Gimble – fiddle
Hargus "Pig" Robbins – piano
Dolores Edgin – background vocals
Hershel Winginton – background vocals
Joe Babcock – background vocals
June Page – background vocals

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Weekly Chart (1974)
Peak
position

Canada Country Tracks (RPM) [19]
4

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
1

Weekly Chart (1982)

Australia (Kent Music Report)[20]
72

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[19]
8

Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[19]
2

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[19]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[21]
53

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[22]
17

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
1

Weekly Chart (1995)

Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[19]
22

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[14]
15

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After Whitney Houston's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a 'feud' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors speaking glowingly of one another in interviews.[23][24] Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this.

text: When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.

text: In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston's death in February 2012, Parton said:

text: Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, 'Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.'[25]

text: Whitney Houston cover version[edit]

text:
"I Will Always Love You"

US CD single

Single by Whitney Houston

from the album The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album

B-side

"Jesus Loves Me"
"Do You Hear What I Hear?"

Released
November 3, 1992 (1992-11-03)

Format

CD single
cassette single
7" single
12" single

Recorded
Spring 1992

Genre
Pop

Length
4:31

Label
Arista

Songwriter(s)
Dolly Parton

Producer(s)
David Foster

Whitney Houston singles chronology

"We Didn't Know"
(1992)
"I Will Always Love You"
(1992)
"I'm Every Woman"
(1993)

"We Didn't Know"
(1992)
"I Will Always Love You"
(1992)
"I'm Every Woman"
(1993)

Audio sample

file
help

The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album track listing

"I Will Always Love You"
(1)
"I Have Nothing"
(2)

Music video

"I Will Always Love You" on YouTube

text: Background[edit]

text: In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of "I Will Always Love You" for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard, her film debut. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin's "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" as the lead single from The Bodyguard. However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes, Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested "I Will Always Love You", playing her Linda Ronstadt's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise.[26][27] Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as an R&B ballad. Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox.

text: Houston's version appears at No. 9 on NME's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list.[28] In 2004, Houston's version of "I Will Always Love You" finished at #65 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.[29] It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian's list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002.[30] In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on Billboard's list of the Top 50 'Love' Songs of All Time.[31]

text: A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live '99, and on the 2014 CD/DVD release of Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances, a 1994 performance of the song was included as well.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100, which at the time was a record.[33][34] It became Houston's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the "Greatest Love of All" in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album.

text: It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, and became Houston's tenth number one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other Billboard charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks.[35][36][37] It became Arista Records' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record-equaling five weeks; Ray Charles' "I Can't Stop Loving You" in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts.[38]

text: The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston's "I Will Always Love You" was also the year-end single of 1993 in the US.[39] Similarly, in the UK, Houston's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year-end review two years in a row.[40] In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993.[41][42]

text: Houston's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia,[43] five weeks in Austria,[44] seven weeks for Belgium,[45] eight weeks in France,[46] six weeks in Germany,[47] eight weeks in Ireland,[48] two weeks in Italy,[49] six weeks in Netherlands,[50] 11 weeks in New Zealand,[51] nine weeks in Norway,[52] one week in Spain, six weeks in Sweden,[53] eight weeks in Switzerland,[54] and ten weeks in the United Kingdom.[55] Houston's 10-week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart.[56][57][58] It is the only single to have topped the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks.[34][43][55]

text: Only a few hours after Houston's death on February 11, 2012, "I Will Always Love You" topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since "The Twist" by Chubby Checker.[59] It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25, 2012, with over 195,000 copies downloaded.[60] In the United Kingdom, the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston's death.[61]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: Houston's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts, making it the best-selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams' "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You". It broke its own record in the following three weeks, peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27, 1992. The January 9, 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era. This record was broken by Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997/Something About the Way You Look Tonight", which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997.[62] "I Will Always Love You" was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 12, 1993, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history.[63][64] According to Nielsen SoundScan, as of 2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best-selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John's single in 1997.[65]

text: In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best-selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993.[66][67][68] It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany.[69] In Japan, "I Will Always Love You" sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best-selling single by a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts.[70][71]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Houston's version was later called her "signature song". Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a "magnificent rendition", commenting

text: Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop-gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full-out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.[72]

text: Writing for USA Today on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones IV called it a "tour-de-force", and added "[Houston] gives a 3 1⁄2-star [out of four] performance. Where Dolly Parton's original 'I Will Always Love You' was plaintive and tear- stained, Houston's is gospel-infused and dramatic."[73] Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated: "Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it – until the finale, when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart-rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival."[74] Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston's version "is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird."[75] Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston's cover "repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self-approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton's song is lost in the mire".[76]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: "I Will Always Love You" won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year-end charts simultaneously, becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince's "When Doves Cry" in 1984. In addition, it received Favorite Pop/Rock Single and Favorite Soul/R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards, which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories, and the third overall in AMA history behind "Endless Love" by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and "Beat It" by Michael Jackson in 1984. "I Will Always Love You" won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units.[77]

text: In 2015, "I Will Always Love You" was named the #1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955-2015.[78]

text:
Year
Awards ceremony
Award description(s)
Results

1993
The 19th People's Choice Awards
Favorite New Music Video[79]
Won

The 7th Soul Train Music Awards
Best R&B/Soul Single, Female[80]
Won

The 7th Japan Gold Disc Awards
Song of the Year (International)[81]
Won

The 2nd MTV Movie Awards
Best Song from a Movie[82][83]
Won

The 4th Billboard Music Awards
#1 Hot 100 Single (Hot 100 Single of the Year)[84][85]
Won

#1 Hot R&B Single (R&B Single of the Year)[84][85]
Won

Special Award: Single Most Weeks at No. 1 (14 weeks)[84][85]
Won

No. 1 World Single[84][85]
Won

No. 1 Hot 100 Singles Sales[84]
Won

No. 1 Hot R&B Singles Sales[84]
Won

1994
The 21st American Music Awards
Favorite Pop/Rock Single[86]
Won

Favorite Soul/R&B Single[86]
Won

36th Grammy Awards
Record of the Year[87]
Won

Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female[87]
Won

The 8th Soul Train Music Awards
Best R&B Song of the Year[88][89]
Won

The 8th Japan Gold Disc Awards
Special Award[81]
Won

text: Music video[edit]

text: The single's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard. The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her, singing of her love. The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer. At the time of the video's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes.[90]

text: Formats and track listings[edit]

text:
'UK / Europe 12" vinyl single[91][92]

A "I Will Always Love You" ― 4:31
B1 "Jesus Loves Me" ― 5:11
B2 "Do You Hear What I Hear?" ― 3:31

UK / Europe / US 7" vinyl single[93][94][95]

A "I Will Always Love You" ― 4:31
B "Jesus Loves Me" ― 5:11

US / Europe Maxi-CD single[96][97]

"I Will Always Love You" ― 4:31
"Jesus Loves Me" ― 5:11
"Do You Hear What I Hear?" ― 3:31

Maxi-CD singles (1999 Remixes)

"I Will Always Love You" (Hex Hector Radio Edit) ― 4:50
"I Will Always Love You" (Hex Hector 12" Club Mix) ― 9:51
"I Will Always Love You" (Hex Hector Anthem Dub Mix) – 5:44

text: Credits and personnel[edit]

text:
Performed by Whitney Houston
Produced and arranged by David Foster
Vocal arrangement – Whitney Houston
Directed by Rickey Minor
Keyboards – David Foster
Sax solo – Kirk Whalum
Drums – Ricky Lawson
Guitars – Dean Parks, Michael Landau
Bass – Neil Stubenhaus
Synth programmers – Tony Smith, Claude Gaudette
String arrangements – Ronn Huff
Recording engineers – Bill Schnee, Dave Reitzas, Peter J. Yianilos
Mixing engineer – Dave Reitzas

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Weekly chart (1992–93)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[43]
1

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[44]
1

Belgium (VRT Top 30)[45]
1

Canada (RPM)[98]
1

Europe (European Hot 100)[99]
1

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[100]
2

France (SNEP)[46]
1

Germany (Media Control Charts)[47]
1

Ireland (IRMA)[48]
1

Italy (Musica e dischi)[49]
1

Japan (Oricon Charts)[101][102]
5

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[50]
1

New Zealand (RIANZ)[51]
1

Norway (VG-lista)[52]
1

Spain (AFYVE)[103]
1

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[53]
1

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[54]
1

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[104]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[105]
1

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[106]
1

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[107]
1

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[108]
1

US Rhythmic (Billboard)[109]
1

Weekly chart (2012)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[110]
8

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[111]
10

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[112]
6

Denmark (Tracklisten)[113]
10

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[114]
17

France (SNEP)[115]
2

Japan (Japan Hot 100)[112]
5

Ireland (IRMA)[116]
13

Israel (Media Forest)[117]
3

Italy (FIMI)[118]
7

Luxembourg (Billboard)[119]
4

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[120]
17

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[121]
5

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[122]
7

Norway (VG-lista)[123]
12

Portugal (Billboard)[124]
2

Russia (Russia Top 10)[125]
3

Scotland (The Official Charts Company)[126]
19

South Korea International Singles (Gaon)[127]
23

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[128]
2

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[129]
56

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[130]
3

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[131]
10

US Billboard Hot 100[132]
3

Weekly chart (2013)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[133]
132

Weekly chart (2014)
Peak
position

France (SNEP)[134]
68

Weekly chart (2015)

France (SNEP)[135]
83

Weekly chart (2016)
Position

France (SNEP)[136]
182

Year-end chart (1992)
Position

Australian Singles Chart[41]
17

Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks[137]
97

Dutch Top 40[138]
61

Italian Singles Chart[139]
7

UK Singles Chart[40]
1

Year-end chart (1993)
Position

Australian Singles Chart[42]
2

Austrian Singles Chart[140]
8

Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)[141]
16

Canadian Singles Chart[142]
1

Canadian Adult Contemporary Singles[143]
7

Dutch Top 40[144]
13

Dutch Single Top 100[145]
5

Finnish Singles Chart[146]
5

Japanese Singles Chart[147]
31

New Zealand Singles Chart[148]
2

Swiss Singles Chart[149]
7

UK Singles Chart[40]
9

US Billboard Hot 100[150]
1

US Adult Contemporary[151]
18

US Hot Pop Singles[152]
1

US Hot R&B Singles[153]
1

Year-end chart (2012)
Position

Spanish Singles Chart[154]
49

Decade-end chart (1990–1999)
Position

Dutch Top 40[155]
14

UK Singles Chart[40]
10

US Billboard Hot 100[156]
7

All-time chart (2015)
Rank

US Billboard Hot 100[157]
51

text: Billboard Magazine Hot 100 Anniversary Charts[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Category
Position
Source

1998
Billboard 40 Years of the Top 40
The Top 10 Remakes
No. 2
[158]

The Top 10 "Love" Songs
No. 2
[158]

Billboard The Hot 100 of the Hot 100: Top Songs of Four Decades
No. 6
[159]

The Top 10 Soundtrack Songs
No. 1
[160]

Song with the Most Weeks at No. 1 (14 weeks)
No. 2
[160]

2008
Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary
The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs
No. 68
[161]

The All-Time Top R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
No. 27
[162]

Hot 100 Song of the Year – 1993
No. 1
[163]

2013
Billboard Hot 100 55th Anniversary
The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Songs
No. 49
[164]

The All-Time Top R&B/Hip-Hop Songs
No. 27
[165]

Hot 100 Song of the Year – 1993
No. 1
[166]

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[167]
4× Platinum
280,000[168]

Austria (IFPI Austria)[169]
Gold
25,000*

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[170]
Gold
30,000^

France (SNEP)[171]
Gold
332,000[172]

Germany (BVMI)[173]
Platinum
500,000^

Italy (FIMI)[174]
Platinum
15,000*

Japan

810,080[71]

Japan (RIAJ)[175]
Platinum
250,000^

Netherlands (NVPI)[176]
Platinum
75,000^

New Zealand (RMNZ)[177]
Platinum
10,000*

Mexico (AMPROFON)[178]
Gold
30,000

Sweden (GLF)[179]
Platinum
50,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[180]
2× Platinum
1,638,000[181]

United States (RIAA)[182]
6× Platinum
5,166,000[183]

Digital

Japan (RIAJ)[175]
Platinum
250,000^

United States (RIAA)[182]
2× Platinum
2,016,000[65]

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: Tributes[edit]

text: Since Houston's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer's version of the song.

text: Beyoncé[edit]

text: In 2012, following Whitney Houston's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort.[184][185] She began the performance of her song "Halo" singing the first verse of "I Will Always Love You" a cappella.[185][186]

text: Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of "I Will Always Love You" prior to the performance of "Halo" as the final song of the tour.[187]

text: Jennifer Hudson[edit]

text: Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston in 2010. On February 12, 2012, Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,

text: I was brought to tears again last night, as I'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang "I Will Always Love You" on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you.[188][189]

text: Jessica Sanchez[edit]

text: On March 7, 2012, on the eleventh season of American Idol, during the Top 13 week, Jessica Sanchez performed a rendition of the song. She received a standing ovation for her performance. She performed the song again on the season finale, where she would finish as the eventual runner-up.

text: Edyta Górniak[edit]

text: During the festival TOP trends in 2012, Edyta Górniak performed "I Will Always Love You" as a tribute to Whitney Houston on May 26.

text: Will Ferrell[edit]

text: At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang "I Will Always Love You" to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary:[190]

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
In 2002, English pop singer Rik Waller took his own version of "I Will Always Love You" into the Top Ten in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 6.[191] It was the first single released from his debut studio album From Now... following him taking part in the Pop Idol series.
Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole included the song on their album Great Women of Country (2014).
"Forever Country", released in September 2016, is a medley of the song along with "Take Me Home, Country Roads" and "On the Road Again".[192]


document_title: List of alcohol laws of the United States

question_text: what time can you sell alcohol in virginia

root

text: Table[edit]

text: Alabama–Hawaii[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery store sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Alabama

Yes

Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties. Private clubs, which require a membership fee and a membership card, have no day or time restrictions.

Yes

No

21

21 No exceptions to the law

13.9% ABV cap on beerBeer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces (0.75 l)ABV > 14.9% wine sold in state storesAlcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances. Twenty-six of Alabama's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol. However, possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties. Of the 26 "dry" counties, 23 have at least one "wet" city; these are considered "moist" dry counties. Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities. State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to "go wet" if a referendum is passed by 50% of voters.  State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.
Distilled spirits (liquor) are purchasable in either state-owned retail liquor stores, known as ABC Stores, or privately owned retail liquor stores.
Privately owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays, public (federal & state) holidays, and later hours than state-owned liquor stores.

Alaska

No

8 a.m. – 5 a.m.,[10] except election days (liquor stores may not open until polls close)

No (although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well)

21

21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes, and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent [11]

Most communities have more restrictive laws, ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession.[12]  Sellers/servers may not, for any reason, give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost.  Sellers/servers may drink while on duty, but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises, so an impaired server could be arrested.[10]

Arizona

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days a week—no election day nor holiday restrictions [13]

Yes

21

21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for religious[14] and medical purposes[15]

Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off-premises liquor license, including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores. Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises. Drive-through liquor stores are allowed. Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 (95% alcohol) is legal. A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations, many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law, up to and including total prohibition. "Beer busts" (all the beer/liquor one can drink for a set price) in bars are illegal. Persons 18 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol. Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 50 ounces of beer, 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time.[16] DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation. A person convicted of a DUI (even first offense) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year. Arizona has an 'Impaired to the Slightest Degree' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than .08%.

Arkansas

No

7 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Restaurants)7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Class A license)10 a.m. – 5 a.m. (Class B license)

7 a.m. – 1 a.m.(Generally prohibited on Sundays, but exceptions can be made through local option.)

Yes

No

21

21 No exceptions to the law

Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas, but private clubs can serve even in dry areas.No sales on Christmas Day.

California

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m.

Yes

21

21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency.[17]

Relatively unrestricted; beer, wine and liquor available at grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and warehouse clubs. No statewide holiday restrictions. Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol (duty-free). Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60% ABV is illegal (B&P 23403).[18]You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age.City and county governments can set different sale hours.18-, 19- and 20-year-old wine and beer production students can taste—but not consume—what they are making and studying.[19]

Colorado

No

7 a.m. – 2 a.m.

Beer, wine, and liquor: 8 a.m. – midnight
3.2 beer: 5 a.m.-midnight

3.2 only*

No*

21

21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious, medical, and educational purposes.[20]

Spirituous, vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores only. Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day. Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1, 2008. Liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores may have only one location, while 3.2% beer may be sold in gas stations, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2% beer for both on and off-premises consumption. A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer, wine, and spirits.  As an example, a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer, wine, and spirits.

Connecticut

No

9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Thurs.)9 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Fri.–Sat.)11 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Sun.)

8 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.)    10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun.)

Yes

No

21 Exception: No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older[21]

21 Exception: Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for medical and religious purposes, and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent.[21]

Sunday off-premises sales allowed as of May 20, 2012;[22][23] Sunday on-premises sales subject to local ordinances.
Beer can be purchased at grocery/convenience stores. Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores.
No off-premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day.
Open container law applies only to drivers, not passengers.

Delaware

No

9 a.m. – 1 a.m.

9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)noon–8 p.m. (Sun.) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance.

No

21

21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious purposes.[24][25]

For off-premises consumption, alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store, taproom, or a brew pub that has an off-premises license. Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21, no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason, even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets. No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter or Christmas.[26]

District of Columbia

No

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun.–Thu.,
8 a.m. – 3 a.m. Fri.–Sat.
[27]

Liquor Stores:
9 a.m. – midnight daily*
Grocery Stores:
9 a.m.-12 a.m. daily
[27]

Yes

No

21

21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency.[28][29]

*Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16, 2013.[30]
No singles sold, but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption.[31]
Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC, but as of  2005[update] none are
The day before a federal or district holiday, on-premises retailers may sell/serve from 8 a.m.-3 a.m. On New Yer's Eve, on-premises retailers may sell/serve until 4 a.m. on January 1.[27]

Florida

No

State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m., unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later (FS 562.14(1)) ; such as for Sunday morning; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays. Miami-Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day.

Yes

No

21

21 Exception: 18 for educational purposes[32]

Sale, processing, or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal. (FSS 565.07)
No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon.  FS 564.05
Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer, low-alcohol liquors, and wine. Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store. As of July 1, 2015, the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers, or growlers, has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces, in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes.

Georgia

No

Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction.  No alcohol sales on Christmas Day.

Yes

No

21

21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent, and for religious and medical purposes.[33]

14% ABV cap on beer.
Sunday off-premises sales from 12:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum.[34]
In general, one may not be drunk in public.  Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public, most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property, with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell. A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly.

Hawaii

No

Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m., but some hold a special 'cabaret license' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m.[35]

6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County  6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii counties

Yes

21

21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes[36]

tag: table

text: Idaho–Massachusetts[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Store Sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Idaho

No

Yes

6:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. in some counties

Yes

No

Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16% ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores, or contracted stores.

Illinois

No

Depending on local government; 24-hour bars are permitted in Cicero; a handful of 21- to 22-hour bars exist in Cook County, and the Metro East. In Rock Island County, many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day.

Yes

Opening/closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities.

Indiana

No

7 a.m. – 3 a.m.

7 a.m. – 3 a.m.Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday.

Yes

Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations, but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores (IC 7.1-5-10-11).
Minors, including babies, are not allowed to enter a liquor store.
Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off-premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty (40) years of age. (See IC 7.1-5-10-23).
Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor. (IC 7.1-5-1-3)

Iowa

No

Yes

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Mon–Sat8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun[37]

Yes

If a controlled substance is detected in a person's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle, they can be charged and potentially convicted of  operating while intoxicated (OWI) even if they were not "impaired" by that substance.

Kansas

Yes

9 a.m. - 2 a.m. (in counties which allow on-premises sales)

9 a.m. - 11 p.m. (Mon–Sat) (in counties which allow off-premises sales)noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. (Sun) (in communities which allow Sunday off-premises sales)

3.2 only

No

Kansas's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States. Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948, and continued to prohibit on-premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987. Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005. Today, 29 counties still do not permit the on-premises sale of alcohol. 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30% of revenue from food sales to allow on-premises sale of alcohol. Only 17 counties allow general on-premises sales. Not all communities which allow off-premises sales allow sales on Sunday. Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter. The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight. Other liquor sales only are allowed at state-licensed retail liquor stores. Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles, public intoxication laws, and requirements for prospective on-premises or off-premises licensees.

Kentucky

No

6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday

1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays

Yes

No

Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants. Sales 2–4 a.m. only in Louisville. As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law, but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance (as of early 2006, such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro, though these cities have since changed local ordinances).
Alcohol sale restriction and wet/dry (both by drink and package) allowed by both county and city local option.
Approximately 39 counties in the state (mostly eastern and southern counties) are dry, all alcohol sale and possession prohibited; 22 "moist" counties (with "wet" cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry); 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries.  Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas (Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Bowling Green).  Note:  Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville, KY beginning at 10:00 am. Bowling Green, KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry-out beer, wine, and liquor.
Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24, 2013. Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition, the other being South Carolina.

Louisiana

No

No state imposed restrictions on on-premises hours.  "24 hour" bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish.  Some municipalities and parishes (including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish) require on-premises service to stop at 2:00 am.

No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales.

Yes

21

Exceptions to state law include:[38]
For an established religious purpose;When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.

Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, and convenience stores. Local municipalities may not restrict this. As a result,  dedicated "liquor stores" are mostly specialty stores in larger cities, and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines, and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection.
Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an "unbreakable container" (no glass) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it. Otherwise, it depends on the locality. Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out. However, many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages (for example, cans of beer) on the street. Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited. One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol. Also, it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child.
Drive-thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common, but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container, if you have put the straw in the cup [39]

Maine

No

Yes

6 a.m. to 1 a.m. (Mon–Sun)

Yes [40]

21

21

ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week, may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday, and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday. Bars and restaurants may serve until 1:15 a.m. On New Year's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments.  When St. Patrick's Day falls on a Sunday, bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day.[41]  Wholesaling through state-licensed monopoly.[42]  Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum; 56 towns have done so.[43][44]

Maryland

Variable by locality

Variable by locality

Variable by locality

Variable by locality

Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas.  In the counties of Montgomery, Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards, there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law.  Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas.  The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county.  There are no dry counties, but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local-option basis.

Massachusetts

No

8:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m. by state law, although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11:00 a.m. and after 11:00 p.m.[45] Not before 11:00 a.m. on Sunday.[46]

8:00 a.m. – 11:00 p.m., or 8:00 a.m. – 11:30 p.m. on the day before a holiday.[47] Not before 10:00 am on Sunday.

Yes.[48][49]

21

21

As of January 2016, no individual, partnership, or corporation may have more than seven off-premises licences in the state, nor more than two in any city, nor more than one in any town.  No individual, partnership, or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license, although one may devolve thereupon.[47]As of 2012-10-29, a Massachusetts driver's license, Massachusetts Liquor ID card, RMV-issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card, passport (issued by the US or a US-recognized foreign entity), US-issued Passport Card, and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law. Out of state or Canadian driver's licenses/ ID's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age (and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason).[50] On-premises regulations: No discounts at specific times (i.e. no "Happy Hour" discounts) or for specific individuals, no fixed-price open bar or all-you-can-drink (except at private functions), no more than two drinks per individual at any one time, no pitchers for fewer than two people, no drinking contests, no drinks as prizes, no free drinks.[51]Off-premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May (Memorial Day), Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday.[46]Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days (subject to local exceptions).[46]"Malt beverages" defined as having not more than 12% alcohol by weight.[52]

text: Michigan–New Mexico[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Store Sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Michigan

No

Yes

7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension

7 a.m.-2 a.m. (Mon-Sat)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension
,[53]

Yes

21

21

The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11:59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12:00 p.m. on December 25. On-premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4:00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales. State does not operate retail outlets; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.[54] State owns liquor until purchased and distributor acts as a delivery service for cases sold to retailers.

Minnesota

No (but see note)

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days

8:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. (Mon–Sat);
11:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. (Sun)[55]

3.2% Only

No

Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off-sale licenses. Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week. Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores; they are permitted, but not required, to exclude privately owned stores.[56] Off-premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1, 2017.[55]

Mississippi

No

Yes

Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale

Yes

No

ABW > 5% wine and sparkling wine sold in state-contracted stores which are open from 10:00 am until 10:00 pm (Closed Sundays) statewide. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%, ABV < ~6.3%) sold in convenience stores/supermarkets. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%) may be consumed by persons age 18-20 with parental supervision. Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8% ABW/10% ABV on April 9, 2012.  The bill went into effect on July 1, 2012.[57]
No sales on Christmas Day. No state open container laws. Complimentary alcohol  all day and night in coastal casinos.In most counties, alcohol cannot be sold on Sundays. There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages, though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales.

Missouri

No

Most establishments:
(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00pm
Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis:
(Daily) 6:00am–3:00am

(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00am
Sales permitted until 3:00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.

Yes

One of the most alcohol-permissive states, perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana:
No open container law.[58]
No state public intoxication law.
Liquor control law[59] covers all beverages containing more than 0.5% alcohol, without further particularities based on percentage.[60]
Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off-premises alcohol sales.[61]
No dry jurisdictions.
State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law.
Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.
Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3:00am in Kansas City,[62] Jackson County,[63] North Kansas City,[63] St. Louis,[64] and St. Louis County.[65]
Grocery stores, drug stores, and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours.[66]
Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City's Power & Light District.[67]
Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children.[68]
Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use, without any further state limitation, state taxation, or state license.[69] (Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use.[70][71][72][73][74])
Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage: liquor, which is any beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol except "non-intoxicating beer"; and "non-intoxicating beer,"[75] which is beer containing between 0.5% and 3.2% alcohol.  Liquor laws[76] apply to all liquor, and special laws apply to "non-intoxicating beer."[75]

Montana

No

Yes

Closing 2am

No alcohol sales between 2 am and 8 am

Yes

Distilled spirits cannot be sold in grocery stores

21

Minors can consume alcohol purchased by a parent or guardian in a private location.[77]

ABV > 16% wine sold in state-contracted stores, ABV < 16% may be sold in grocery stores. Some local ordinances restrict alcohol sales on Sundays. State run liquor stores are closed on Sundays.

Nebraska

No

6 a.m. – 1 a.m.  Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on-premises sales to 2 a.m. with two-thirds approval of city or county councils.[78]

Yes

No on- or off-premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays. All beer, wine, and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m.

Nevada

No

24 hours

Yes

There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age. The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80%.[79]
State law also renders public intoxication legal, and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence.[80] Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca.[81]

New Hampshire

No

Yes

6 a.m. – 1 a.m.

6 a.m. – 11:45 p.m.

Yes

No

Liquor sold in state-run stores, many found at highway rest areas.14% ABV cap on beer.  State is wholesaler of wine. State taxes beer $0.30/gal at the wholesale level.

New Jersey

No

Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance.  Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City, Brigantine, Absecon, Elwood, Pomona, Smithville, Galloway, and Mullica (All in Atlantic County) serve 24 hours. There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state, including Ocean City.

9 a.m.-10 p.m. for liquor. Beer and wine can be sold at any time  on-premise sales are permitted in that municipality. This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM, however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine. Cities of the first class (e.g. Jersey City and Newark) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales.[82]

Rarely

21

21 (unless provided by parent or guardian in private)

Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state.
Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores,  New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses, so with only a few exceptions, most supermarkets/convenience stores/gas stations/pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages. In addition, liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store.
The ability of a "liquor store" to sell other items, such as convenience store fare, is determined by municipality. Many towns permit beer/wine/liquor stores to sell non-alcohol items including convenience store items at the same register. In such towns, grocery stores including chains may theoretically apply for and receive a liquor license if the company does not already have two in the state.
Bars are allowed to off-sale packaged goods.
With the exception of Jersey City and Newark, all municipalities MUST allow off-sales of beer and wine at any time on-sales are permitted. However, since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores, this right is rarely exercised.
Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off-sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine.

New Mexico

No

7 a.m. – 2 a.m., except Sundays, for establishments with full dispenser license.[83]
7 a.m. – 11 p.m., except Sundays, for restaurants with beer and wine license.

7 a.m. – midnight except Sundays[84]

Yes

New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on-premises: a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol, or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only. An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale (on or off premises) on Sundays from noon until midnight. Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas, regardless of the day it falls on,[85] and a Sunday permit allowing of sale (on or off premises) until 2:00 a.m. January 1, if December 31 falls on a Sunday.[86] Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district.[87]  Selling, serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison,[88] except when "a parent, legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property, other than licensed premises, under the control of the parent, legal guardian or adult spouse",[89] or for religious purposes.

text: New York–South Dakota[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Store Sales

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Beer

Wine

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

New York

No

8 a.m. – 4 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 4 a.m. (Sun)  Some counties have more restrictive hours.

Beer: 24 hours  Wine & spirits: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon–Sat)  Noon – 9 p.m. (Sun).

Yes

No

21

Off-premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores, and beer is not sold at liquor stores; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores. Exchanges for returned items are permitted (at store owners' discretion).[90]
Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30, 2006.
Twelve dry towns, mostly in western region of state.
Many counties have more restrictive off-premises hours, such as bans on beer sales overnight (hours vary).
All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner, who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it—effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state.
New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public.
Distilled spirits may not be sold within 200 feet of a school, church, synagogue or other place of worship.

North Carolina

No

Yes

7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)

Beer and wine: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)  Liquor: 9 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat)

Yes

No

21

15% ABV cap on beer, 16% cap on unfortified wine, 24% cap on fortified wine.[91]  No "happy hour," "buy one get one free," or "ladies night" style specials allowed.[92]

North Dakota

No

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)

8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)

No

21

No off-sale on Thanksgiving Day. No Christmas Day on-sale, nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m.

Ohio

No

Yes

5:30 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.

5:30 a.m. – 1 a.m.

Yes, under 21% ABV

21

21 or older, unrestricted under supervision of individual's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse[93]

12% ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31, 2016.[94]  21% ABV cap on wine. Some counties have more restrictive off-premises hours. The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission.  Normal proof spirits (>21% ABV) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores.  Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits (diluted by water to 21% ABV) under a more readily obtained permit. No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty-one years of age, except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales, and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel, restaurant, club, or night club.  .[95]
Beverages with less than 0.5% ABV can be sold/given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes, or the underage person is accompanied by a parent, spouse who is not an underage person, or legal guardian.[96]

Oklahoma

No

7 a.m. – 2 a.m.

Liquor stores: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon – Sat)
Sunday sales vary by county.
Grocery stores: 6 a.m. - 2 a.m. seven days a week including holidays.

Yes

No

21

Consumption by those under 21 is not prohibited in private settings, where supervised by a parent or guardian.

As of October 1, 2018, strong beer (up to 9% ABV) and wine (up to 15% ABV) can be sold in grocery and convenience stores, and can be sold refrigerated. Prior to this date, only 3.2% ABV beer could be sold in these outlets, and liquor stores could only sell strong beer and wine at room temperature. Distilled spirits are only available in package liquor stores. State law prohibits public intoxication, many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication.

Oregon

No

Yes

7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.

7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.[97]

Yes

No

21

Liquor, all of which is state-owned prior to sale to consumers, is sold in private liquor stores. These stores are approved by Oregon's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state's behalf.[98]

Pennsylvania

No

Yes

Restaurants, and bars: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  11 a.m. - 2 a.m. (Sun)[99]  Clubs: 7 a.m. – 3 a.m.[100]

Beverage Centers and State Run Stores:
9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 5 p.m .  (Sun)[101]
Grocery Stores:
7 a.m. - 10       p.m. (Mon -
Sat)
9 a.m. - 10pm
(Sun)

Yes*

No

21

Spirits can only be sold at state-operated stores. All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state-operated liquor store alone. Beer is not sold at state-operated liquor stores.
Beer (but not wine) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity.  Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater. The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016.
*Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores (at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores) (six and 12 packs/192oz max. purchase (two six packs)) with Liquor Control Board–issued licenses
Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 (selected locations) and beverage outlets (owner's option) until 2005.
Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year, and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants.[102]  Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage.

Rhode Island

No

9 am – 1 a.m. (Mon – Sat)  Noon – 1 a.m. (Sun)

9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)  10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun)[103]

No

21

21

All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores.  Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state-recognized holiday.

South Carolina

No

Yes

Liquor: 10 AM - 2 AM. Beer and Wine: Local Option.

Beer and low-alcohol wine: 24 hours  Liquor: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. (Mon – Sat.)

Yes

No

21

14% ABW (17.5% ABV) cap on beerWine > 16% ABV sold in liquor storesNo hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays. No off-premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday, except in Aiken, Greenville, Pendleton, Spartanburg, Horry County, Colleton County, Richland County, Charleston County/city, Beaufort County, York County,[104] and Newberry County.[105]

South Dakota

No

Yes

21

14% ABV cap on beer

text: Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
State

Alcoholic beverage control state

Alcohol sale hours

Grocery Stores

Age

Notes

Beer

Wine

Distilled spirits

On-premises

Off-premises

Wine

Beer

Distilled Spirits

Purchasing

Consumption

Tennessee

No

Mon-Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission.

Beer: By municipality.Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon–Sat[106]

Yes

No

21

Wine may be sold in grocery stores. As of January 2018, sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on-premises in restaurants on Sundays. Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays, and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off-premises consumption.There are no liquor sales in OFF Premise Grocery Stores as of 8/2018.[107] Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, and the Fourth of July. Beer above 8% ABW /10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores. Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers.[108] It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis. While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside, many do not allow drinks from outside.

Texas

No

Monday-Friday: 7am-midnightSaturday: 7am-1amSunday: Noon to 12 midnight.Some cities/counties permit sale until 2am (with license).

Beer/Non-hard liquor: 7 a.m. to midnight (Mon.-Fri.)7 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. (Sat.)Noon to midnight (Sun.) Hard Liquor:10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon.-Sat.)

Yes

No

21

No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer/wine only.Wet/dry issues determined by city/county election.Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday.An alcoholic beverage served (on-premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer. Eleven Texas counties are completely dry.[109] In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld.[110] Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse. (Section 106.04) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer. (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention.

Utah

Yes

Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. for beer. Bars may serve liquor from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m.

Varies by state liquor store hours

3.2 only

No

21

ABV > 4.0+% sold in state-controlled stores only. 3.2% ABW (4.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores. State-controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week. Restaurants must buy from the state-controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices. No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food. Sales of kegs prohibited. Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited.

Vermont

No

Yes

8 a.m. – 2 a.m.

6 a.m. – midnight

Yes

No

21

ABV > 16% beer and ABV > 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores[111]). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16%.

Virginia

No

Yes

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees.

6 a.m. – 11:59 p.m. except local blue law.

Yes

No

21

Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine. Off-premises sales no later than 12 midnight. Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am-9pm Monday-Saturday and from 12pm-6pm on Sunday.

Washington

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours.)

Yes

21

Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000-sq-ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state. 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area.

West Virginia

No

Yes

Beer/Wine: Mon-Sat:7 am-2 am, Sun:1 pm-2 am
Liquor: Mon-Sat:8 am-Midnight, Sun: Prohibited

Mon-Fri:7 am-3:30 am, Sat: 7A-3:00A, Sun:1 pm-3 am

Yes

21

12% ABV Cap on Beer.  75% ABV spirits Permitted.  Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations.  State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population. All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.

Wisconsin

No

6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sunday–Thursday, 2:30 a.m. Friday–Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day.

6 a.m. – midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m. – 9 p.m. for liquor and wine

By local ordinance

21

Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents/guardians/spouses. Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales. Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer. Law changed effective 12/7/2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m.
Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law.

Wyoming

No

Yes

6.00 a.m. – 2.00 a.m.

Yes[112]

21

Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice

Puerto Rico

No

No territory-wide mandated last call

No territory-wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2:00 weekends.

Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores.

18

Minimum drinking age is 18.Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities.


document_title: His Last Vow

question_text: who did sherlock shoot at the end of season 3

text: His Last Vow

text: Plot[edit]

text: John Watson, whose wife Mary is now visibly pregnant, finds an unkempt Sherlock Holmes living in a crack house under the influence of drugs. John attempts to force him to rehabilitate, but Sherlock insists that he was undercover for a case. Mycroft confronts Sherlock about the drug use and realises that Sherlock is investigating Charles Augustus Magnussen, a newspaper owner who blackmails people. Sherlock has been enlisted by Lady Elizabeth Smallwood to negotiate the return of stolen letters written by Smallwood's husband. Mycroft warns Sherlock not to go after Magnussen, which Sherlock ignores.

tag: p

text: John is also surprised to discover that Sherlock is in a relationship with Mary's bridesmaid, Janine. Sherlock tells John that he is dating her because she is Magnussen's personal assistant, and he uses their relationship to assist him with breaking into Magnussen's office in London. Inside, Sherlock and John find an incapacitated Janine, and Sherlock happens upon Mary holding Magnussen at gunpoint. Mary shoots Sherlock, who harnesses all his mental powers to stay conscious. He is taken to hospital. In his mind palace, Sherlock fades away, at the same time in the real world Sherlock dies on the operating table in pre-op preparation. In the mind palace, Moriarty convinces Sherlock that he's letting John down by dying, which convinces the mind palace Sherlock to wake up and escape. At this time, in the real world, Sherlock's heart begins to beat again. The surgeons attempt to help revive him, by giving him oxygen. Sherlock wakes up in surgery and mouths "Mary". Mary comes into the hospital and is met by John, who says that Sherlock had survived surgery. Mary visits the dazed and severely injured Sherlock and warns him not to denounce her. John nonetheless begins to suspect something after he finds that Sherlock replaced John's chair in the Baker Street flat and left a bottle of Mary's perfume on the table next to it.

text: Sherlock breaks out from the hospital and arranges a meeting with Mary. Using a ruse, Sherlock exposes Mary's secret life as an assassin to John, and all three return to Baker Street to talk it out. She tells them about her past, and that Magnussen has information on her that would put her in jail for the rest of her life. Sherlock deduces that she intentionally shot him in a non-lethal spot and called an ambulance. Sherlock tells John that he observes John's addiction to danger and that John was most probably attracted to Mary because of her hidden past. Mary gives John a memory stick containing information on her, marked with her true initials A. G. R. A., telling him the contents will destroy his love for her. After not viewing the memory stick for a few months, John decides to destroy it without reading it and realises he loves Mary unconditionally. The couple spend Christmas with the Holmes brothers at their parents' home, where Sherlock takes the opportunity to drug everyone but John so that they can steal Mycroft's laptop. Sherlock takes a hesitant John to meet Magnussen at his estate, Appledore, which he believes contains Magnussen's blackmail archive. During their confrontation, Magnussen explains his purpose in putting pressure on Mary was to arrive at Mycroft via John and Sherlock. He also reveals that he was behind the kidnapping of John, as seen in "The Empty Hearse".

text: Sherlock offers to trade Magnussen's information on Mary for the state secrets contained in Mycroft's laptop. However, Magnussen is aware that Sherlock is setting him up in a trap. Magnussen then explains Sherlock's plan to John: security services looking for the laptop using a GPS tracker it contains will raid Appledore and, upon finding the laptop, will have a legal reason to search the blackmail vaults. Magnussen, with visible joy, reveals that the plan will not work because Appledore's vaults don't physically exist, but are stored in his mind palace. By giving Magnussen the laptop, Sherlock and John are now guilty of attempting to sell government secrets and can be imprisoned for high treason, whereas Magnussen remains legally untouchable. When Mycroft and the police arrive, Sherlock coldly shoots Magnussen in the head, having realised that this is the only way to free his friends and everyone else from his power.

text: Mycroft convinces the government to spare Sherlock a trial and, as an alternative punishment, press him into a highly dangerous mission in Eastern Europe. He is, however, recalled within minutes when TV screens all over Great Britain are hacked to broadcast a loop of a static image of Jim Moriarty asking "Did you miss me?" A post-credits scene shows a very much alive Moriarty asking if the audience missed him as well.

text: Sources and allusions[edit]

text: The plot is primarily drawn from the original short story "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton", the eponymous Milverton being a blackmailer adapted into the character of Magnussen. In both stories, "Appledore" is the name of the antagonist's vaults, and, in both, Holmes becomes engaged to an employee of the villain to gain access.[5] Both stories culminate with Milverton/Magnussen's death, although in the original story Milverton is killed by one of his victims.

text: The title of "His Last Vow" is a play on the title of "His Last Bow",[5] the final Sherlock Holmes story chronologically.[6] The title is not explained within the episode, but is a reference to dialogue from the previous episode, "The Sign of Three", in which Sherlock makes his last vow to always be there for John and Mary Watson. The plot of the episode is unrelated to the short story, although there are allusions present. The original story sees the detective having retired to keep bees in a Sussex cottage and, in the episode, Janine mentions that she is planning to buy a Sussex cottage from which she will remove some beehives. In the closing dialogue of the episode, a story Mycroft told Sherlock about "the East wind" during their childhood, is similar to a speech from the original story.[7]

text: Mary reveals her true identity in what Sherlock calls "the empty house", an alleyway hidden behind what are apparently the fronts of two houses in Leinster Gardens, in the "house", Mary thinks Sherlock has tricked her by positioning a dummy of himself at the end of the alley: in "The Adventure of the Empty House" a dummy is used to fool assassin Colonel Sebastian Moran in an empty house.[8] The letters A. G. R. A. seen on the memory stick appear to be Mary Watson's actual initials. In The Sign of Four, the first original Holmes story to feature Mary Morstan, the Agra Treasure is a main focal point and cause of dispute.[7] In the same story Bill Wiggins, a drug addict in "His Last Vow", is one of the Baker Street Irregulars.[5] The opening sequence, in which John travels to a drug den to retrieve the son of a family friend and finds Sherlock as well, is derived from the opening of "The Man with the Twisted Lip".[9]

text: According to Gatiss, Mycroft's line, "As my colleague is fond of remarking, this country sometimes needs a blunt instrument" is a reference to a comment by M describing James Bond, and is intended to suggest that the two series share the same reality.[10]

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In July 2013, it was announced that Danish actor Lars Mikkelsen would star as the main villain of the third series of Sherlock.[11] Mikkelsen first appeared in a non-speaking cameo appearance at the end of "The Empty Hearse". The portrayal of Magnussen was described by Steven Moffat as "terrifying".[12] Mikkelsen was suggested for the role by producer Sue Vertue and recorded an audition video for the production team in which he urinated in his barn. Mikkelsen was starring in a film set in East London at the time and had picked up a London accent, so he had to "re-Dane-ify" his accent.[13]

text: Moffat and Vertue's son, Louis Moffat, played a young Sherlock in two scenes and Benedict Cumberbatch's real-life parents, Timothy Carlton and Wanda Ventham, reprised their roles as Sherlock's parents from "The Empty Hearse". Steven Moffat has commented that Sherlock "runs on nepotism".[14]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Steven Moffat confirmed that the cliffhanger, the return of Moriarty, had been planned as far back as series two, when he discussed the plan for Moriarty's character with actor Andrew Scott.[15] However, he joked that he was as surprised as the viewers to see Moriarty return, noting that it is impossible to fake shooting oneself in the head.[16] Scott appeared in a short post-credits scene talking to the camera, both firsts for the show. Moffat has commented that viewers will have to wait "years" to see the resolution of the cliffhanger.[16]

text: Gatiss and Moffat had considered adapting the character of Charles Augustus Milverton for some time, considering him to be a "brilliantly realised" villain.[17] Moffat viewed Magnussen as Sherlock's "intellectual mirror" and a "unique baddy", and stated that he fell in love with him.[18] The character of Magnussen was originally conceived as an American retaining the name of Milverton, but Moffat changed both his nationality and name when Mikkelsen was cast. He found the name Magnussen on a website of Danish names, looking for one that resembled Milverton, the name of the original character from Doyle's short story.[13] Gatiss noted that the character is a "fascinating new place to go" due to his differences from Moriarty.[17] When Mikkelsen received the script, he stated that his first impression was that it was "the best script I've ever read".[19] Contrasting Magnussen to Moriarty, Cumberbatch stated that he was "so chilling because of how real he is, how normal he is", and that he is "not driven by a mad, chaotic joker's energy that Moriarty has".[18]

text: On the introduction of young Sherlock, Moffat noted that it was the logical course to take after the introduction of the Holmes parents: "Once you've got the parents in and you've got the sibling rivalry and stuff, people start to think, 'well what was young Sherlock like?' You just want those things, you want to see those things, it's part of updating it."[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Director Nick Hurran had previously worked with Steven Moffat on several episodes of Doctor Who, including the fiftieth anniversary special.

text: Filming for "His Last Vow" began on 29 July 2013.[21] Some filming was in Cardiff,[22] and part in Leinster Gardens, where houses 23 and 24 were shown to be mere façades.[23] Scenes set at 'Appledore', Magnussen's house, were filmed at Swinhay House in Gloucestershire, owned by Sir David McMurtry, boss of Renishaw engineering.[24]

text: The post-credits scene—depicting Moriarty (Andrew Scott) saying "Miss me?" to the camera—was originally longer, but was cut at Gatiss's recommendation to tease the audience.[16]

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: The last Sherlock episode of series 3,[25] "His Last Vow" was first broadcast on BBC One on Sunday 12 January 2014 between 8:30pm and 10:00pm GMT.[26] Overnight, the episode was watched by 8.77 million viewers,[27] a 31.9% share, which was down from 9.2 million (33.8%) for the opening episode of the series, "The Empty Hearse".[28] However, when final ratings were factored, it increased to 11.38 million, the same as "The Sign of Three", but still down from "The Empty Hearse".[29] The episode was later repeated on the digital channel BBC Three on Friday, 17 January 2014 from 9pm GMT.[30]

text: The British Board of Film Classification gave the episode a 12 certificate, for "moderate violence, drug references and one use of strong language".[31] The episode was released in the UK on DVD[32] and Blu-ray Disc[33] with the other episodes in the series ("The Empty Hearse" and "The Sign of Three") on 20 January 2014.[33][32]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: "His Last Vow" received critical acclaim, with Louisa Mellor of Den of Geek saying that the episode was "as good a finale as Sherlock's ever had", with a very strong plot.[34] Mark Jefferies of The Mirror called the episode "easily the best yet in this run", with a "fascinating" plot. He also praised Mikkelsen as "brilliant".[35] Josh Wilding, also writing for The Mirror, said the episode "was in many ways the best episode of Sherlock yet" and called it "simply one of the greatest TV shows of all-time", giving it 5/5.[36] Caroline Frost of the Huffington Post called it a "fitting finale to the series, with writers and actors all saving their best for last", despite the third series' "patchy" performances.[37] Serana Davies of The Telegraph called the episode "the best of the lot" and gave 4 out of 5 stars, calling Moffat "the superior Sherlock writer". Although her review was mainly positive, she questioned whether the programme had become "a little vain, rather a show-off".[38] Lucy Mangan of The Guardian said the episode was "perfect", and a "ceaseless flow of wit, invention and intelligence",[25] a sentiment echoed by Ellen Jones of The Independent, who stated that it contained "intelligence, humour and obscure fanboy references galore" which "delivered the goods". She went on to state that it is "enough detail in this episode to justifying watching it again and again, once weekly, until series four".[39] Chris Harvey of The Telegraph praised the "beautifully done" conclusion of the episode featuring Moriarty, saying it was "very playful, very neat. And very unexpected".[40] Sandipan Deb, writing in Indian newspaper Mint, was positive about the episode, calling it "the best" episode in the series, and praised its "stunning twists and turns, its thrilling upending of what we have known about the characters for a lifetime, an emotional depth not seen before, and its clever throwaway references to the Canon".[41] Deb also praised the "uber-cool cinematic technique", singling out the moment when Sherlock has been shot and falls to the floor as an "extraordinary leap of the imagination and cinematic bravura".[41] However, it was stated that the writers were "influenced by the zoned-out Holmes films directed by Guy Ritchie".[41]

text: However, Neela Debnath, also of The Independent, said that the episode was "trying far too hard and is coming across a tad foolish", and consequently "failed to hit new heights". Despite this, she did praise Mikkelsen as Magnussen, calling his performance "sterling".[42] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly took issue with Sherlock killing Magnussen at the end, instead of outsmarting him, viewing it as out of character: "He [Sherlock] had the smarts to brainstorm more inspired solutions to the problem of Magnusson [sic], and the seasoning to resist a degrading one".[43] An article in the Daily Mail penned by Tom Kelly, claimed that the episode was symptomatic of the BBC's "left-wing bias", arguing the episode's villain, Charles Augustus Magnussen, was portrayed as a capitalist, foreign-born newspaper baron, with similarities to Rupert Murdoch.[44] Media commentator Roy Greenslade contextualised the criticism by suggesting the BBC, rather than Sherlock, is the Daily Mail's "real enemy".[45] The episode angered fans[citation needed] as it had removed the woman who, in Doyle's story, had shot Milverton.[46] After the airing of "His Last Vow", Moffat and Gatiss said in an interview with Empire Cinemas:

text: Moffat: Also, if you read [The Adventure Of] Charles Augustus Milverton, Dr. Watson in the opening paragraph tells you that he's about to tell you a porkie. He says, 'I even now must be very reticent.' I think what Doyle is hinting at is that Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson sat in Baker Street and said, 'Right, we're going to have to go and kill him, aren't we? That's the only way we can do this.' So they break in, kill him, and then Dr. Watson writes up a version of the story that puts the murder [on someone else].

text: Gatiss: They're hiding in their burglar masks behind the curtain, and this random woman comes and shoots Milverton in the face and then grinds her heel into his face. It's odd, isn't it? So I mean really, it's just an extrapolation of saying, 'Well, he probably did it, I think.'

text: Moffat: If Sherlock Holmes decided that somebody should die, he would kill them. I don't think he'd have any problem with that.

text: Gavia Baker-Whitelaw, writing in The Daily Dot, said that the removal of a female character was "An unfortunate occurrence that neatly fits in with Moffat's track record with female characters in both Doctor Who and Sherlock", Baker-Whitelaw goes on to question whether Mary could have killed Mikkelsen, instead of "playing right into the hands of fans who believe Moffat is a misogynist who writes all of his female characters into the same corner", and questions whether Moffat is indeed a misogynist.[46]

text: Steven Moffat's writing, said Emma Dibdin of Digital Spy, is "a few degrees colder than his colleagues'", which helped the episode go back to the "cerebral, mystery-driven tone some viewers have been left craving".[48] Paul Jones, of the Radio Times, praised Moffat's "grand, filmic episode",[49] whilst Daniel Krupa, writing for IGN, said the episode was a reminder of "just how brilliant Sherlock [...] can be".[50]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: "His Last Vow" was nominated for several Emmy Awards and several Critics' Choice Television Awards. At the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards, the episode was nominated in four categories. At the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, "His Last Vow" won seven Emmys, the most for any TV programme.

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees[a]
Result

Critics' Choice Television Awards[51][52]
19 June 2014
Best Movie
"His Last Vow"
Nominated

Best Actor in a Miniseries/Movie
Benedict Cumberbatch
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries/Movie
Martin Freeman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries/Movie
Amanda Abbington
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards[53][54]
25 August 2014
Outstanding Television Movie
Mark Gatiss, Steven Moffat, Beryl Vertue, Sue Vertue and Rebecca Eaton
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
Benedict Cumberbatch
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
Martin Freeman
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Nick Hurran
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special
Steven Moffat
Won

Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie, or a Special
Julia Duff & Kate Rhodes James
Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie
Neville Kidd
Won

Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Sarah Arthur & Ceri Walford
Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Original Dramatic Score)
David Arnold & Michael Price
Won

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie
Yan Miles
Won

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Doug Sinclair, Stuart McCowan, Jon Joyce, Paul McFadden & Sue Harding
Won

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or Movie
John Mooney, Howard Bargroff, Doug Sinclair & Peter Gleaves
Nominated

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ When recipients or nominees are given as a person, they were credited specifically for their contribution to "His Last Vow".


document_title: Coccus

question_text: the term coccus describes a bacterial shape that is

text: Coccus

text: A coccus (plural cocci) is any bacterium that has a spherical, ovoid, or generally round shape.[1] It is one of the three distinct bacterial shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spiral-shaped cells.

text: Cocci is an English loanword of a modern or neo-Latin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος) meaning "berry".[2]

text: Arrangements[edit]

text: Cocci may occur as single cells or remain attached following cell division. Those that remain attached can be classified based on cellular arrangement:[1]

text:
Diplococci are pairs of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Streptococci are chains of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes).
Staphylococci are irregular (grape-like) clusters of cocci (e.g. Staphylococcus aureus).
Tetrads are clusters of four cocci arranged within the same plane (e.g. Micrococcus sp.).
Sarcina is a genus of bacteria that are found in cuboidal arrangements of eight cocci.

tag: ul


document_title: Five-hole

question_text: where did the term five hole come from

question_tokens: where did the term five hole come from

text: Five-hole

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The "five-hole" is a nickname for the space between a goaltender's legs in ice hockey. If a player scores by shooting the puck into the goal between the goaltender's legs, he is said to have scored "through the five-hole," or to have "gone five-hole." This expression comes from Canadian five pin bowling.

text: Origin[edit]

text: When a goaltender stands in the net in the ready position, there are five open areas (and two closed) that the goalie must cover. They are:

text: 1. Glove side, high: this area is defined by the goaltender's arm and catcher on the bottom, mask on the inside, and the post and top of the goal on the outside.

text: 2. Glove side, low: this area is defined by the goaltender's arm and catcher on the top, the ice on the bottom, and the outside post of the goal. During a butterfly-style save, this area is closed off completely and the catcher is typically stacked on top of the leg pad as the leg is extended to cover the post.

text: 3. Stick side, high: this area is defined by the goal post, top of the goal, and the goalie's arm and blocker. The top half of the goaltender's stick is held in this area, but is not commonly used for stopping the puck.

text: 4. Stick side, low: this area is the lower half of the stick side, defined by the blocker and arm, the ice, and the outer post of the goal. During a butterfly save this area is also covered by the leg pad with the blocker stacked on top to protect against low shots. When a goaltender is standing, the paddle of their stick is used to cover this area and to deflect the puck away from the net.

text: 5. 'Five Hole': the fifth area is between the goalie's leg pads and skates. This area is protected by the blade of the stick at all times, and is closed up by the upper leg pads when the goalie is in the butterfly position.

text: 6. Between the blocker and the leg pad or body

text: 7. Between the glove and the leg pad or body.[1]


document_title: Vir Chakra

question_text: what is the ribbon colour of vir chakra

question_tokens: what is the ribbon colour of vir chakra

text: Vir Chakra

text: Origin[edit]

text: Established by the President of India on 26 January 1950 (with effect from 15 August 1947). The statutes were amended 12 January 1952 to readjust the order of wearing as new decorations were established.

text: Appearance[edit]

text: The medal is 1-3/8 inch circular silver medal. A five pointed star, with the chakra in the center, and, on this, the domed gilded state emblem. The decoration is named on the rim and suspended from a swiveling straight-bar suspender. The decoration is almost always named and dated on the edge. Around a plain center, two legends separated by lotus flowers; above Vir Chakra in Hindi and in English. The ribbon is 32 mm, half dark blue and half orange-saffron. Dark blue 16 mm, saffron 16 mm.[4]

text: The award carries with it a cash allowance and, in some cases, a lump sum cash award. This has been a rather controversial issue throughout the life of the decoration. From 1 February 1999, the central government set a monthly stipend of Rs. 850 for recipients of the award. In addition, many states have established individual pension rewards for the recipients of the decoration.

text: List of Vir Chakra recipients[edit]

text: Some of the notable Vir Chakra awardees include:[5]

text:
Rank
Name
Branch
Award Date
Awarded for

Subedar
Nadikerianda Bheemaiah
Indian Army
1947
Kashmir War

2nd Lieutenant
R Kanikasamy
Indian Army
1947
Kashmir War

Capt
Harbaksh Singh
Indian Army
1 May 1948
Operation Polo

Hony Lt
Gopal Singh Gusain
Indian Army
1962
Operation Leg Horn at Nuranang

L Hav
Narender Dutt
Indian Army (Bengal Sappers)
18 Nov 1962
Operation Leg Horn

Hav.
Ishwar Singh
Indian Army
15 March 1948
Operation Polo

Flt Lt
Vonthibettu Prabhakara Hegde
Indian Air Force
26-Jan-1950
Kashmir operations

Gp Capt
Zafar Ali Shah
Indian Air Force
20 Nov 1950
Kashmir operations

Wg Cdr
Krishan Kant Saini
Indian Air Force
18 Nov 1962
Operation Leg Horn

Lt Gen
Zorawar Chand Bakshi
Indian Army
05 Aug 1965
Operation Ablaze

Wg Cdr
Trevor Keelor
Indian Air Force
03 Sep 1965
Operation Riddle

Air Cmde
Alfred Tyrone Cooke
Indian Air Force
07 Sep 1965
Operation Riddle

Air Mrshl
Denzil Keelor
Indian Air Force
19 Sep 1965
Operation Riddle

Lt Gen
Mohammad Ahmad Zaki
Indian Army
20 Sep 1965
Operation Riddle

Capt
Achhar Singh Kaila
Indian Army
24 Nov 1965
Operation Riddle

2 Lt
Gopal Krishan Duggal
Indian Army
17 Nov 1965
Operation Riddle

Adm
Laxminarayan Ramdass
Indian Navy
01 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Subedar
Gurdev Singh Hans
Indian Army
04 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Maj
Nanjappa K P
Indian Army
05 Dec 1971
Battle of Daudkandi

Wg Cdr
Kukke Suresh
Indian Air Force
05 Dec 1971
Battle of Longewala

Lt Col
Raj Singh
Indian Army
15 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily [6]

Lieutenant
K.S. Brar
Indian Army
16 Dec 1971
Battle of Jamalpur

Flt. Lt. (Now Gp. Captain)
Mahabir P. Premi
Indian Air Force
17 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Major
PK Sharma
Indian Army
06 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Captain
Jatinder Kumar
Indian Army
06 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Col
Gopal Krishan Trivedy
Indian Army
11 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Lt Col
Satish Nambiar
Indian Army
11 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Capt.
Gurbux Singh Bhatti
Indian Army
16 Dec 1971
Battle of Basantar

Air Cmde
Jasjit Singh
Indian Air Force
17 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Grenadier
Rafiq Khan
Indian Army
19 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Vice Adm
Arun Prakash
Indian Navy
21 Dec 1971
Operation Cactus Lily

Squadron Leader
M A Ganapathy
Indian Air force
1972
Boyra Encounter (1971)

Air Commodore
Kuldeep Singh Sahota
Indian Air Force
26 Jan 1972
1971 Pakistan war

Flight Lieutenant
Andre Rudolf Da Costa
Indian Air Force
26 Jan 1972
1971 Pakistan war

Flight Lieutenant
Lawrence Frederic Pereira
Indian Air Force
26 Jan 1972
Operation Cactus Lilly

Rifle Man
Kuldeep Singh
Indian Army
24 May 1988
Operation Savage (Sikkim)

Capt
Ashish Sonal
Indian Army
26 Jan 1991
Indian Peace Keeping Force

H/capt
Swaran Singh
Indian Army
28 Apr 1990
Operation Pawan

Capt
Sunil Khokhar
Indian Army
01 Jan 1996
Kashmir operations

Sub
Randhir Singh
Indian Army
01 Jan 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War

Sqn Ldr
Ajay Ahuja
Indian Air Force
01 Jan 1999
Operation Safed Sagar, Kargil War

Maj
Gautam Shashikumar Khot
Indian Army, Army Aviation Corps
26 Jan 1950
Operation Vijay, Kargil War[7]

Capt
R Jery Prem Raj
Indian Army
07 Jul 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War[8]

Hav
Sish Ram Gill
Indian Army
15 Aug 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War

Capt
Jintu Gogoi
Indian Army
30 Jun 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War

Subedar
Bhawarlal Bhakar
Indian Army
Jun 1999
Battle of Tololing, Kargil War

Havaldar
Yashvir Singh Tomar
Indian Army
Jun 1999
Battle of Tololing, Kargil War

Lt Colonel
Ramakrishnan Vishwanathan
Indian Army, 18 grenadiers
Jun 1999
Battle of Tololing, Kargil War

Captain
Amol Kalia
Indian Army, 12 J&K Light Infantry
Jun 1999
Batalik sector, Kargil War

Captain
Haneef Uddin
Indian Army, 11 Rajputana Rifles
Jun 1999
Batalik sector, Kargil War

Captain
Sumit Roy
Indian Army, 18 Garhwal Rifles
Jun 1999
Batalik sector, Kargil War

Havaldar
Madan lal
Indian Army
5 Jul 1999
Battle of Tiger Hill, Kargil War

Capt
Vijayant Thapar
Indian Army
15 Aug 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War

Major
Mariappan Saravanan
Indian Army
15 Aug 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War

Col
Lalit Rai
Indian Army
15 Aug 1999
Operation Vijay (1999), Kargil War

Lt. Col.
Yogesh Kumar Joshi
Indian Army
15 Aug 1999
Operation Vijay (1999), Kargil War [9]

Col
M. B. Ravindranath
Indian Army
15 August, 1999
Operation Vijay, Kargil War[10]

Capt
Baleyada Muthanna Cariappa
Indian Army
2000
Operation Vijay, Kargil War

Havildar
Chuni Lal
Indian Army
30 Aug 2000
Operation Vijay, Kargil War