document_title: Batting average

question_text: which batsman has the highest average score in test match

text: Batting average

text: Cricket[edit]

text: In cricket, a player's batting average is the total number of runs that they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. Since the number of runs a player scores and how often they get out are primarily measures of their own playing ability, and largely independent of their teammates, batting average is a good metric for an individual player's skill as a batter. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively. If all the batter's innings were completed (i.e. they were out every innings), this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings (i.e. some innings they finished not out), this number is an estimate of the unknown average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players' relative skills since the 18th century.

text: Most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the desirable range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short and make up for it with keeping skill. Until a substantial increase in scores in the 21st century due to improved bats and smaller grounds among other factors, players who sustained an average above 50 through a career were considered exceptional, and before the development of the heavy roller in the 1870s (which allowed for a flatter, safer cricket pitch) an average of 25 was considered very good.[2]

text:
All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30.
15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers.
A small number of players have averaged less than 5 for a complete career, though a player with such an average is a liability unless an exceptional bowler as Alf Valentine, B. S. Chandrasekhar or Glenn McGrath were.

text: Career records for batting average are usually subject to a minimum qualification of 20 innings played or completed, in order to exclude batsmen who have not played enough games for their skill to be reliably assessed. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australia's Sir Donald Bradman, with 99.94. Given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only five other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradman's average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest athlete in any sport.[3]

text: Batting averages in One Day International (ODI) cricket tend to be lower than in Test cricket,[4] because of the need to score runs more quickly and take riskier strokes and the lesser emphasis on building a large innings. It should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played.

text: If a batter has been dismissed in every single innings, then their total number of runs scored divided by the number of times they have been out gives exactly the average number of runs they score per innings. However, for a batter with innings which have finished not out, this statistic is only an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings – the true average number of runs they score per innings is unknown as it is not known how many runs they would have scored if they could have completed all their not out innings. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average.[5]

text: Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. For example, Phil Tufnell, who was noted for his poor batting,[6] has an apparently respectable ODI average of 15 (from 20 games), despite a highest score of only 5 not out, as he scored an overall total of 15 runs from 10 innings, but was out only once.[7]

text: A different, and more recently developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batter scores (number of runs from 100 balls) – so it does not supplant the role of batting average. It is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batter scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket.

text: Leading Test batting averages[edit]

text: (Source: Cricinfo Statsguru)

text:
Rank
Batter
Tests
Innings
N.O.
Runs
Highest
Ave
Career dates

1
 Don Bradman
52
80
10
6996
334
99.94
1928–48

2
 Adam Voges
20
31
7
1485
269*
61.87
2015–16

3
 Steve Smith
64
117
16
6199
239
61.37
2010–Present

4
 Graeme Pollock
23
41
4
2256
274
60.97
1963–70

5
 George Headley
22
40
4
2190
270*
60.83
1930–54

6
 Herbert Sutcliffe
54
84
9
4555
194
60.73
1924–35

7
 Eddie Paynter
20
31
5
1540
243
59.23
1931–39

8
 Ken Barrington
82
131
15
6806
256
58.67
1955–68

9
 Everton Weekes
48
81
5
4455
207
58.61
1948–58

10
 Wally Hammond
85
140
16
7249
336*
58.45
1927–47

text: Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed.

text: * denotes not out.

text: Baseball[edit]

text:
A
V
G
=

H

A
B

{\displaystyle AVG={\frac {H}{AB}}}

text: In baseball, the batting average (BA) is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three decimal places and read without the decimal: A player with a batting average of .300 is "batting three-hundred." If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the .001 measurement. In this context, a .001 is considered a "point," such that a .235 batter is 5 points higher than a .230 batter.

text: Henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball. In the late 19th century he adapted the concept behind the cricket batting average to devise a similar statistic for baseball. Rather than simply copy cricket's formulation of runs scored divided by outs, he realized that hits divided by at bats would provide a better measure of individual batting ability. This is because while in cricket, scoring runs is almost entirely dependent on one's own batting skill, in baseball it is largely dependent on having other good hitters on one's team. Chadwick noted that hits are independent of teammates' skills, so used this as the basis for the baseball batting average. His reason for using at bats rather than outs is less obvious, but it leads to the intuitive idea of the batting average being a percentage reflecting how often a batter gets on base, whereas in contrary, hits divided by outs is not as simple to interpret in real terms.

text: In modern times, a season batting average higher than .300 is considered to be excellent, and an average higher than .400 a nearly unachievable goal. The last player to do so, with enough plate appearances to qualify for the batting championship, was Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox, who hit .406 in 1941, though the best modern players either threaten to or actually do achieve it occasionally, if only for brief periods of time. There have been numerous attempts to explain the disappearance of the .400 hitter, with one of the more rigorous discussions of this question appearing in Stephen Jay Gould's 1996 book Full House.

text: Ty Cobb holds the record for highest career batting average with .366, 9 points higher than Rogers Hornsby who has the second highest average in history at .358. The record for lowest career batting average for a player with more than 2,500 at-bats belongs to Bill Bergen, a catcher who played from 1901 to 1911 and recorded a .170 average in 3,028 career at-bats. The modern-era record for highest batting average for a season is held by Napoleon Lajoie, who hit .426 in 1901, the first year of play for the American League. The modern-era record for lowest batting average for a player that qualified for the batting title is held by Rob Deer, who hit .179 in 1991. While finishing six plate appearances short of qualifying for the batting title, Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox hit .159 for the 2011 season, twenty points (and 11.2%) lower than the record. The highest batting average for a rookie was .408 in 1911 by Shoeless Joe Jackson.

text: For non-pitchers, a batting average below .230 is often considered poor, and one below .200 is usually unacceptable. This latter level is sometimes referred to as "The Mendoza Line", named for Mario Mendoza (a lifetime .215 hitter), a stellar defensive shortstop whose defensive capabilities just barely made up for his offensive shortcomings. The league batting average in Major League Baseball for 2016 was .255,[8] and the all-time league average is between .260 and .275.

text: In rare instances, MLB players have concluded their careers with a perfect batting average of 1.000. John Paciorek had three hits in all three of his turns at bat. Esteban Yan went two-for-two, including a home run. Hal Deviney's two hits in his only plate appearances included a triple, while Steve Biras, Mike Hopkins, Chet Kehn, Jason Roach and Fred Schemanske also went two-for-two. A few dozen others have hit safely in their one and only career at-bat.

text: Sabermetrics, the study of baseball statistics, considers batting average a weak measure of performance because it does not correlate as well as other measures to runs scored, thereby causing it to have little predictive value. Batting average does not take into account walks or power, whereas other statistics such as on-base percentage and slugging percentage have been specifically designed to measure such concepts. Adding these statistics together form a player's On-base plus slugging or "OPS". This is commonly seen as a much better, though not perfect, indicator of a player's overall batting ability as it is a measure of hitting for average, hitting for power and drawing bases on balls.

text: In 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls as hits. The result of this was skyrocketed batting averages, including some near .500, and the experiment was abandoned the following season.

text: Qualifications for the batting title[edit]

text: The Major League Baseball batting averages championships (often referred to as "the batting title") is awarded annually to the player in each league who has the highest batting average. Ty Cobb holds the MLB (and American League) record for most batting titles, officially winning 11 in his pro career.[9] The National League record of 8 batting titles is shared by Honus Wagner and Tony Gwynn. Most of Cobb's career and all of Wagner's career took place in what is known as the Dead-Ball Era, which was characterized by higher batting averages and much less power, whereas Gwynn's career took place in the Live-Ball Era.

text: To determine which players are eligible to win the batting title, the following conditions have been used over the sport's history:[10]

text:
Pre-1920 – A player generally is required to appear in at least 100 or more games when the schedule was 154 games, and 90 games when the schedule was 140 games. An exception to the rule was made for Ty Cobb in 1914, who appeared in 98 games but had a big lead and was also a favorite of League President Ban Johnson.
1920–1949 – A player had to appear in 100 games to qualify in the National League; the AL used 100 games from 1920–1935, and 400 at-bats from 1936–1949. The NL was advised to adopt 400 at-bats for the 1945 season, but League President Ford Frick refused, feeling that 100 games should stand for the benefit of catchers and injured players. (Taffy Wright is often erroneously said to have been cheated out of the 1938 batting title; he batted .350 in exactly 100 games, with 263 ABs. Jimmie Foxx hit .349, in 149 games and 565 AB. But since the AL requirement that year was 400 at-bats, Foxx's batting title is undisputed.)
1950–1956 – A player needed 2.6 at-bats per team game originally scheduled. (With the 154-game schedule of the time, that meant a rounded-off 400 at-bats.) From 1951–1954, if the player with the highest average in a league failed to meet the minimum at-bat requirement, the remaining at-bats until qualification (e.g., 5, if the player finished the season with 395 ABs) were hypothetically considered hitless at-bats; if his recalculated batting average still topped the league, he was awarded the title. This standard applied in the AL from 1936–1956.
1957 to the present – A player has needed 3.1 plate appearances per team game originally scheduled; thus, players were no longer penalized for walking so frequently, nor did they benefit from walking so rarely. (In 1954, for example, Ted Williams batted .345 but had only 386 ABs, while topping the AL with 136 walks. Williams thus lost the batting title to Cleveland's Bobby Ávila, who hit .341 in 555 ABs.) In the 154-game schedule, the required number of plate appearances was 477, and since the era of the 162-game schedule, the requisite number of PAs has been 502. (Adjustments to this 502 PA figure have been made during strike-shortened seasons, such as 1972, 1981, 1994, and 1995.)

text: From 1967 to the present, if the player with the highest average in a league fails to meet the minimum plate-appearance requirement, the remaining at-bats until qualification (e.g., 5 ABs, if the player finished the season with 497 plate appearances) are hypothetically considered hitless at-bats; if his recalculated batting average still tops the league, he is awarded the title. This is officially called Rule 10.22(a), but it is also known as the Tony Gwynn rule because the Padres' legend won the batting crown in 1996 with a .353 average on just 498 plate appearances (i.e., was four shy). Gwynn was awarded the title since he would have led the league even if he'd gone 0-for-4 in those missing plate appearances. His average would have dropped to .349, five points better than second-place Ellis Burks' .344.[11] In 2012, a one-time amendment to the rule was made to disqualify Melky Cabrera from the title. Cabrera requested that he be disqualified after serving a suspension that season for a positive testosterone test. He had batted .346 with 501 plate appearances, and the original rule would have awarded him the title over San Francisco Giants teammate Buster Posey, who won batting .336.[12][13]

text: All-time leaders[edit]

text:
#
Player
Avg[14]
Team(s)
Year(s)

1
Ty Cobb
.366
Philadelphia (AL), Detroit (AL)
1905-1928

2
Rogers Hornsby
.358
St. Louis (NL), New York (NL), Boston (NL), Chicago (NL), St. Louis (NL), St. Louis (AL)
1915–37

3
Shoeless Joe Jackson
.356
Philadelphia (AL), Cleveland (AL), Chicago (AL)
1908-20

4
Lefty O'Doul
.349
New York (AL), Boston (AL), New York (NL), Philadelphia (NL), Brooklyn
1919–23, 1928–34

5
Ed Delahanty
.346
Philadelphia (NL), Cleveland (PL), Philadelphia (NL), Washington
1888–1903

6
Tris Speaker
.345
Boston (AL), Cleveland, Washington (AL), Philadelphia (AL)
1907–28

7
Billy Hamilton
.34442
Kansas City (AA), Philadelphia (NL), Boston (NL)
1888–1901

8
Ted Williams
.34441
Boston (AL)
1939–42, 1946–60

9
Dan Brouthers
.34212
Troy, Buffalo, Detroit (NL), Boston (NL), Boston (PL), Brooklyn (NL), Baltimore (NL), Louisville, Philadelphia (NL), New York (NL)
1879–96, 1904

10
Babe Ruth
.34206
Boston (AL), New York (AL), Boston (NL)
1914–36

text: Note: Batting averages are normally rounded to 3 decimal places. Extra detail here is used for tie-breaker.

text: Other contexts[edit]

text: Following from usage in cricket and baseball, batting average has come to be used for other statistical measures of performance and in the general usage on how a person did in a wide variety of actions.

text: An example is the Internet Archive, which uses the term in ranking downloads. Its "batting average" indicates the correlation between views of a description page of a downloadable item, and the number of actual downloads of the item. This avoids the effect of popular downloads by volume swamping potentially more focused and useful downloads, producing an arguably more useful ranking.


document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: voices that seth macfarlane does on family guy

root

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

tag: p

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2006.

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various women
57
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
14
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Since 2005, Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

tag: table

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
15
Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

tag: ul

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[17]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[18]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[19]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[20]


document_title: Wrath of the Titans

question_text: who plays hades in wrath of the titans

question_tokens: who plays hades in wrath of the titans

text: Wrath of the Titans

text: Plot[edit]

text: Perseus (Sam Worthington), a son of Zeus (Liam Neeson), lives as a fisherman after the death of his wife, Io (portrayed by Gemma Arterton in the previous film), with his young son, Helius (John Bell). Zeus visits Perseus and asks for his help, saying that humans are not praying to the gods and as a result the gods are losing their power and becoming mortal. They can no longer sustain the walls of Tartarus which are crumbling, and the imprisoned Titan Kronos will soon be free. Perseus, valuing his family's safety, refuses to get involved.

text: Zeus meets his brothers Hades (Ralph Fiennes) and Poseidon (Danny Huston), and his son Ares (Édgar Ramírez) in Tartarus. He asks Hades's help in rebuilding Tartarus's walls, but Hades rejects the offer and attacks Zeus. Ares betrays Zeus, imprisoning him and stealing his thunderbolt. Hades and Ares plan to make a deal with Kronos: in exchange for remaining immortal, they will drain Zeus's divine power to revive Kronos. The walls of Tartarus break, unleashing monsters onto the world.

text: After killing a Chimera that attacked his village, Perseus travels to meet his father. He instead finds a dying Poseidon who informs him of the circumstances and tells him to find his Demigod son Agenor (Toby Kebbell) who will lead him to Hephaestus, who knows the way into Tartarus. Poseidon then gives Perseus his trident and succumbs to the injuries he sustained when meeting Hades. Perseus, Andromeda (Rosamund Pike), and Agenor set out to find Hephaestus on a hidden island. Agenor explains that Hephaestus created three weapons which Zeus, Hades, and Poseidon wield: Zeus's thunderbolt, Hades's pitchfork, and Poseidon's trident, and that these weapons can jointly form the Spear of Trium, the only weapon that can defeat Kronos. After an encounter with Cyclopes, the travelers eventually meet the now mortal Hephaestus (Bill Nighy) and reach the entrance of a labyrinth leading to Tartarus. Hephaestus sacrifices himself during an attack by Ares to enable Perseus, Andromeda, and Agenor to enter the labyrinth.

text: The group eventually enters Tartarus. Meanwhile, Zeus has been almost entirely drained of power as Kronos awakens. Zeus apologizes to Hades for banishing him to the underworld and asks his forgiveness, as he has forgiven Hades for his actions. Hades decides to help Zeus and stop Kronos in contrast to Ares, who still wants to proceed to the former's revival. Perseus arrives and frees Zeus. Ares wounds Zeus with Hades' pitchfork, allowing Perseus to obtain it before he and the others escape Tartarus with Zeus.

text: Aiming to retrieve Zeus' thunderbolt from Ares in order to defeat Kronos, Perseus challenges him to a duel. Ares accepts. Meanwhile, Andromeda's army is overwhelmed by the Makhai. Hades revives Zeus and together they defeat the creatures. Kronos appears and begins to attack Andromeda's army. Zeus and Hades hold off Kronos while Perseus duels Ares eventually killing him with the thunderbolt. Combining the gods' weapons into the Spear of Trium, Perseus destroys Kronos, traveling to his heart and throwing the spear into it.

text: Zeus reconciles with Perseus and then dies of his wounds. Hades tells Perseus that now he is powerless and leaves. Perseus kisses Andromeda. Helius tells his father that he wants to return to his life as a fisherman, but Perseus tells him they can't. Perseus encourages Helius to be proud of himself, as his son and the grandson of Zeus. The film ends with Perseus giving his sword to Helius.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sam Worthington as Perseus, the demigod son of Zeus, who defeated the Kraken and saved humanity; Zeus enlists Perseus' help in order to defeat the Titan Kronos.
Liam Neeson as Zeus, the god of the sky and ruler of Mount Olympus, Perseus' father.
Ralph Fiennes as Hades, the god of the underworld, who makes a deal with Kronos.
Rosamund Pike as Andromeda, who was saved by Perseus when she was a princess; now crowned Queen of Argos, she joins Perseus in his quest to defeat Kronos.  Pike replaced Alexa Davalos in the role, due to a schedule conflict.
Bill Nighy as Hephaestus, the fallen god, forger of the gods' weapons.
Édgar Ramírez as Ares, the god of war, who betrays his father Zeus to join Hades.
Danny Huston as Poseidon, the god of the sea, Agenor's father.
Toby Kebbell as Agenor, the demigod son of Poseidon; he joins Perseus in his quest to defeat Kronos.
John Bell as Helius, the young son of Perseus.
Lily James as Korrina, a female soldier from Argos.
Sinead Cusack as Clea, Helius' teacher and guardian in Perseus' absence.
Martin Bayfield as the Cyclops Elder, who leads Perseus and his group to Hephaestus.
Spencer Wilding as Minotaur, the ferocious creature who guards the labyrinth.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Talks of a sequel to Clash of the Titans began as early as March 2010. Tamer Hassan, who played Ares in the first film, stated at the film's world premiere that, "They want this one to do well so they can go ahead with the sequel, Return of the Gods".[7] In April 2010 it was reported that director Louis Leterrier would not return to direct, but would be an executive producer on the second installment. The report also stated that Sam Worthington was on board and that Greg Berlanti would write the story.[8]

text: In June 2010, Warner Bros. hired screenwriters  David Leslie Johnson and Dan Mazeau to write the screenplay, with Basil Iwanyk returning as the producer.[9] Rather than being converted to 3D, it was announced that the sequel would be filmed in 3D.[9] In August 2010, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Jonathan Liebesman had signed a deal to direct the sequel.[10]

text: In September 2010, director Jonathan Liebesman confirmed that Sam Worthington, Gemma Arterton, Ralph Fiennes, and Liam Neeson would be returning.[11][12] However, Arterton did not reprise her role for unknown reasons, leaving her character, Io, dead in the film. In December 2010, Neeson revealed that the film would be titled Wrath of the Titans and that filming was expected to begin next March.[13]

text: In January 2011, it was reported that Édgar Ramírez and Toby Kebbell were in negotiations to play Ares and Agenor respectively. It was also reported that Bill Nighy was being courted to play Hephaestus. Additionally, Hayley Atwell was on the shortlist of actresses screen testing for the role of Andromeda, played in the previous film by Alexa Davalos who left due to a scheduling conflict. Other actresses being considered for Andromeda included Georgina Haig, Janet Montgomery, Dominique McElligott, and Clémence Poésy.[14]

text: In February 2011, it was reported that Rosamund Pike was near a deal for the part.[15] Also in February, Liebesman announced that Wrath of the Titans would be converted to 3D rather than shot in 3D as previously reported despite the negative criticism the first Clash of the Titans received for its use of post-conversion 3D. Liebesman explained, "I think what you have to remember is the first film was neither shot nor edited with 3D in mind. It was shot as a 2D movie and edited as a 2D film, and they decided to convert it with six or seven weeks to go until release, which is insane; the technology was not there. That's why we're conceiving it from the start, from the ground up, in 3D, editing in 3D for 3D." Liebesman also stated the reason behind the conversion was because he wants to shoot on film, which will give the film's imagery better texture than he would get shooting digitally.[16]

text: Principal photography began on March 23, 2011. Filming took place in studios outside London and later shot on location in Surrey, South Wales and in the Canary Islands on the island of Tenerife and Torres del Paine National Park in Chilean Patagonia.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: Wrath of the Titans premiered on Monday, March 26, 2012 at the AMC Lincoln Square Theater in New York City.[18]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Wrath of the Titans was released on Blu-ray, 3D Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on June 26, 2012.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text:
"There's a lesson here: It might be better to burn out then fade away, as Neil Young famously sang, but not in the film business. If Wrath of the Titans ultimately flops, then, it will do so in the exact form today's Hollywood prefers: safely, quietly, without much of a fuss.
—Robert Levin of The Atlantic regarding the film's box office prospects and results.[20]

tag: div

text: Wrath of the Titans earned $83.6 million in North America and $221.6 million internationally for a worldwide total of $305.2 million, less than the $493 million grossed by its predecessor.[5] The film was co-financed by Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures for $150 million, about $25 million more than it cost to produce the original.[21] It debuted day-and-date in 61 markets worldwide sans Japan and delivered a global opening of $110.3 million.[22][23]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released in a total of 3,545 theaters with 2,900 3D locations (4,400 3D screens), and 290 IMAX locations.[23] Initially, it was projected open around with $35–40 million.[24] It opened Friday, March 30, 2012 with $1 million from midnight screenings in 1,490 theaters.[23] The film went on to earn $34.2 million in North America over the weekend, finishing in second place behind The Hunger Games which was playing its second weekend.[25] The opening is over half of the original's $61.2 million debut. It played well in IMAX representing $4.7 million of the total weekend's gross. Not surprisingly, the follow-up attracted a large male contingent on its opening weekend with 66%. Roughly 65% of the moviegoers – about 55% of whom were over the age of 25 – saw the film in 3D.[21]

text: Dan Fellman, Warner Bros. president of domestic distribution, said the comparison between the opening of the first and second film was not fair because the original opened on Good Friday, when more teenagers were out on spring break. He lamented on the film's poor box office performance saying, "we made a decision to open a week before the holiday this time and generate positive word-of-mouth since we had issues with the last one regarding the 3-D conversion, we're gonna get there – we're just gonna get there in a different way."[21] However, despite not opening on a holiday weekend, the film had the advantage of playing a week before Easter in which the company could avail the spring break, which was staggered over the next two weeks. However, all this didn't necessarily aid the film's further box office performance. Warner Bros. said they didn't expect the sequel to reach the same level.[24]

text: Outside North America, the film had a more successful opening but this success later dwindled due to poor word of mouth and eventually was unable to topple the first film's final $332 million international gross. It opened in first place – dethroning The Hunger Games — with $76.1 million from 14,600 screens (9,766 of which were in 3D) in 60 territories. It debuted in first place in 46 markets, notably in nine of the top 12 international territories including Korea ($4.3 million), France ($3.1 million) and Italy ($1.8 million). Its biggest opening territories were Russia and the CIS ($12.8 million, representing 18% of the total weekend foreign take), Mexico ($5.2 millio) and Brazil ($4.1 million). The film was ranked No. 1 in 11 markets across Latin America.[22] Also internationally, it had an IMAX opening of $4 million from 176 screens – or $22,000 per site – with Russia contributing about $55,000 per-screen at 19 IMAX locations.[22]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 26% of 166 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Its 3D effects are an improvement over its predecessor's, but in nearly every other respect, Wrath of the Titans fails to improve upon the stilted acting, wooden dialogue, and chaos-driven plot of the franchise's first installment".[26] Metacritic assigned the film an average score of 37 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[27] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, slightly better than the first film's "B" grade.[21]

text: The film earned a Razzie Award nomination for Neeson as Worst Supporting Actor.[28] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called it, "A relentlessly mechanical piece of work that will not or cannot take the imaginative leaps to yield even fleeting moments of awe, wonder or charm".[29] Roger Ebert, who gave the first film three stars, awarded Wrath with only two, remarking "It lacks a comprehensible story, and you won't need your CliffsNotes on the Greek myths. You get an idea of who the major players are, and then they spend a modest amount of time shouting laughable dialogue at one another while being all but forced off the screen by special effects.".[30] Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times criticized, "Directed this time out by Jonathan Liebesman, the film lacks inspiration or zest in storytelling, performance or action. This is pure product, a movie desperately without energy or enthusiasm of any kind".[31] However, there have been some positive reviews. Andrew Barker of Variety noted that, "The [Clash of the Titans] franchise has matured ever so slightly with Wrath of the Titans, hewing incrementally more faithfully to its Greek origins and trimming the fat in essential places".[32] Richard Corliss of Time magazine wrote, "Wrath [of the Titans] radiates the straight-forward, straight-faced pleasures of the mytho-muscular epics, like Hercules and Jason and the Argonauts, produced in Europe a half-century ago".[33] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly commented, "For a movie that's basically all warmed-over pseudo-mythology and special effects, Wrath of the Titans is certainly more fun, in its solemnly junky way, than John Carter. It may also be a little more fun than its cheeseball predecessor, the 2010 remake of Clash of the Titans".[34]

text: Cancelled sequel[edit]

text: Following the film's release, a second sequel, called Revenge of the Titans, was in the pipeline. However, due to Wrath's disappointing critical reception and box office returns, the project was later shelved. In May 2013, Worthington stated he did not think a third film would be made.[35] In December 2013, producer Basil Iwanyk confirmed the sequel was not happening due to a lack of fresh ideas for the script.[6]


document_title: MacBook Air

question_text: when did the fifth generation macbook air come out

text: MacBook Air

text: History[edit]

text: Steve Jobs introduced the first MacBook Air during a speech at his keynote at the 2008 Macworld conference on January 15, 2008.[6] The first-generation MacBook Air was a 13.3"-only model, initially promoted as the world's thinnest notebook.[7] It featured a custom[8] Intel Merom CPU and Intel GMA graphics. In late 2008, the CPU was updated to a faster, non-custom Penryn CPU and integrated Nvidia GeForce graphics while the hard drive capacity was increased and the micro-DVI video port was replaced by the Mini DisplayPort.[9] A mid-2009 refresh, introduced alongside the MacBook Pro family, featured a slightly higher-capacity battery, and a faster Penryn CPU.[10]

text: On October 20, 2010, Apple released a redesigned 13.3" model, with improved enclosure, screen resolution, battery, and flash storage instead of a hard drive. In addition, a new 11.6" model was introduced, offering reduced cost, weight, battery life, and performance relative to the 13.3" model, but better performance than typical netbooks of the time.[11][12][13][14]

text: On July 20, 2011, Apple released updates to the 11.6" and 13.3" models of the MacBook Air, which also became Apple's entry-level laptops due to lowered prices and the discontinuation of the white MacBook around the same time.[5] The mid-2011 MacBook Airs were powered by the new Sandy Bridge 1.6 or 1.7 GHz dual-core Intel Core i5, or 1.8 GHz dual-core Intel Core i7 processors, that came with an Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor, and with a backlit keyboard, two USB 2.0 ports, FaceTime camera, a standard of 2 GB of RAM (configurable up to 4 GB), Thunderbolt which shares function with Mini DisplayPort and Bluetooth was upgraded to v4.0.[15][16] Maximum SSD flash memory storage options were increased up to 256 GB. Both 11" and 13" models had an analog audio output/headphone minijack (that also supports an iPhone/iPod touch headset with microphone), but only the 13" model had an integrated SDXC-capable SD Card slot. These models use a less expensive "Eagle Ridge" Thunderbolt controller that provides two Thunderbolt channels (2 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional), compared to the MacBook Pro which uses a "Light Ridge" controller that provides four Thunderbolt channels (4 × 10 Gbit/s bidirectional). A USB ethernet adapter was immediately available upon release and a Thunderbolt-to-Firewire 800 adapter became available in mid-year 2012.

text: On June 11, 2012, Apple released an updated model in the same form factor as the prior model. The new model is powered by the new Ivy Bridge dual-core Intel Core i5 and i7 processors, doubles the RAM and SSD speeds, has the new USB 3 ports (with USB 2 capability) in place of the USB 2 ports and the new MagSafe 2 charging port.[17] The camera was upgraded to 720p FaceTime HD.

text: On June 10, 2013, Apple released another update in the same form factor as the 2012 model during the company's Worldwide Developer Conference (WWDC). The 11" and 13" models have a minimum standard 4 GB RAM, with a maximum configuration of 8 GB. Both models are powered by the Haswell ULT 1.3 GHz dual-core Intel Core i5 processors, with Turbo Boost up to 2.6 GHz, while a 1.7 GHz Dual-Core i7, with Turbo Boost up to 3.3 GHz, option is also available. Each model's storage standard is 128 GB SSD, upgradeable to 256 GB and 512 GB SSD. Due to Haswell CPUs, battery life has considerably improved from the previous generation, and the mid-2013 models are capable of 9 hours on the 11" model and 12 hours on the 13" model; a team of reviewers exceeded expected battery life ratings during their test.[18]

text: While Apple's MacBook lines have been affected towards consumer trend to smartphones,[19] they still managed to ship 2.8M Macs in Q2 2012, notably Air, compared to 500K total Ultrabooks,[20][21] despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11" and 13" models of it.[22] Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56% of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. [23]

text: Design[edit]

text: The MacBook Air features an anti-glare LED backlit display and a full-size keyboard, as well as a large trackpad that responds to multi-touch gestures such as pinching, swiping, and rotating.[24] Since the release of Snow Leopard, the Air's trackpad has supported handwriting recognition of Chinese characters.[25]

text: On the 11" Air, the left side of the computer has a MagSafe power connector, a USB port, a headphone jack, and a microphone.[24] The right side of the computer has a USB port and a Mini DisplayPort, now sharing Thunderbolt function beginning with the 2011 model. On top of the screen bezel there is a webcam, first dubbed iSight and now the FaceTime camera.

text: The MacBook Air was the first subcompact laptop offered by Apple since the full-featured 12" PowerBook G4 was discontinued in 2006. It was also Apple's first computer with an optional solid-state drive.[26] ArsTechnica found "moderate" performance improvements of the 64GB[note 1] solid-state drive of the first-generation Air over the standard 80 GB hard drive in tests. On October 14, 2008, new models were announced with improved capacities of 128 GB SSD and 120 GB hard drive. For the late-2010 MacBook Air and later models, only flash storage is available, with the standard options currently being 128 GB and 256 GB.[27]

text: The CPU in the first-generation MacBook Air was a custom Intel Core 2 Duo Merom that was 40% of the size of the standard chip package.[28] For models of late 2008, the CPU was replaced with a low-voltage Penryn chip with 6MB of cache, running on a 1066 MHz bus.[29]

text: MacBook Air components are officially non-user-replaceable, though third-parties do sell upgrade kits for the SSDs. The flash memory and battery are enclosed within the casing, with RAM soldered onto the motherboard. The flash memory, difficult to access, has a 128MB cache[30] and a mSATA connection (updated to a proprietary PCIe interface) to the motherboard.[31]

text: Apple incorporated several features in the design of the MacBook Air, such as the reduction of lead to make it more environmentally friendly. The MacBook Air contains no BFRs and PVC wiring, meets Energy Star 5.0 requirements, has a recyclable enclosure, and is rated EPEAT Gold. Its display is made from arsenic-free glass, and contains no mercury.[7][32] To reduce the computer's size and weight, several features were sacrificed. It was Apple's first notebook since the PowerBook 2400c without a built-in removable media drive.[33] It also omits a FireWire port, Ethernet port, line-in, media card slots (except the 13" 2010 through 2015 models, which have an SD card slot), and a Kensington Security Slot.[34]

text: To gain optical drive features, users could either purchase an external USB SuperDrive or other brand, or the bundled Remote Disc software, only for browsing or software installation to access the drive of another computer wirelessly[35] that has the program installed.[36][37] It can also be used to reinstall the system software from the included installation DVD. Remote Disc supports NetBooting, so the Air can boot from its installation DVD in another computer's drive, which requires Remote Install Mac OS X to be running on that computer. The software does not allow playback or information of DVDs, CDs or installing Windows.[35] For these features, an external USB drive is required.[35] More recent versions of OS X replaced the installation DVD with a USB flash drive containing the software, eliminating remote installation.

text: The 2010 models include two speakers for stereo sound while earlier versions have one speaker located under the keyboard. The 2011 model replaces DisplayPort with a Thunderbolt 1 port, and also has a 1280×720 FaceTime HD Camera, replacing the previous 640×480 iSight camera. The 2012 model replaces USB 2 with USB 3, and uses the MagSafe 2 instead of the MagSafe connector for charging. The 2015 model updated the Thunderbolt port to Thunderbolt 2.

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Discontinued

Current

text:
[hide]Table of models

Model
Early 2008
(February)[38]

Late 2008
(October)[9]

Mid 2009
(June)[39]

Late 2010
(October)[40][41]

Mid 2011
(July)[42][43]

Mid 2012
(June)[44][45]

Mid 2013
(June)[46][47]

Early 2014
(April)[48]

Early 2015
(March)[49]

Mid 2017
(June)[50]

Model identifier
MacBookAir1,1
MacBookAir2,1
MacBookAir3,1 (11"), MacBookAir3,2 (13")
MacBookAir4,1 (11"), MacBookAir4,2 (13")
MacBookAir5,1 (11"), MacBookAir5,2 (13")
MacBookAir6,1 (11"), MacBookAir6,2 (13")
MacBookAir7,1 (11"), MacBookAir7,2 (13")

Model number (on underside)
A1237
A1304
A1370 (11"), A1369 (13")
A1465 (11"), A1466 (13")
A1466 (13")

Part number (Order number)
MB003LL/A
MB543LL/A, MB940LL/A
MC233LL/A, MC234LL/A
MC504LL/A, MC505LL/A, MC506LL/A, MC503LL/A
MC968LL/A, MC969LL/A, MC965LL/A, MC966LL/A
MD223LL/A, MD224LL/A, MD231LL/A, MD232LL/A
MD711LL/A, MD712LL/A, MD760LL/A, MD761LL/A
MD711LL/B, MD712LL/B, MD760LL/B, MD761LL/B
MJVM2LL/A, MJVP2LL/A, MJVE2LL/A, MJVG2LL/A, MMGF2LL/A (2016, 8 GB, 128 GB SSD), MMGG2LL/A (2016, 8 GB, 256 GB SSD)
MQD32LL/A (128 GB SSD), MQD42LL/A (256 GB SSD)

Display
(glossy)
N/A
11.6", native 1366 × 768 (16:9). Lower resolutions supported
N/A

13.3", native 1280 × 800 pixels (16:10). Lower resolutions supported
13.3", native 1440 × 900 (16:10). Lower resolutions supported

Graphics
(Shared with system memory)
Intel GMA X3100 using 144 MB of DDR2 SDRAM with Micro-DVI output
Nvidia GeForce 9400M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output
Nvidia GeForce 320M using 256 MB of DDR3 SDRAM with Mini DisplayPort output
Intel HD Graphics 3000 processor using 256 MB (11" base model) or 384 MB (all other models) of DDR3 SDRAM
Intel HD Graphics 4000 processor with up to 1 GB DDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory
Intel HD Graphics 5000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory
Intel HD Graphics 6000 processor with up to 1.5 GB LPDDR3 SDRAM shared from main memory

Front side bus/DMI
800 MHz
1066 MHz
800 MHz (11"), 1066 MHz (13")
Intel Direct Media Interface
2.5 GT/s
Intel Direct Media Interface
5.0 GT/s

Processor
1.6 GHz (L7500) or 1.8 GHz (L7700) Intel Core 2 Duo with 4 MB on-chip L2 cache
1.6 GHz (SL9300) or 1.86 GHz (SL9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
1.86 GHz (SL9400) or 2.13 GHz (SL9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
(11") 1.4 GHz (SU9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 1.6 GHz (SU9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 3 MB on-chip L2 cache
(13")1.86 GHz (SL9400) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
Optional 2.13 GHz (SL9600) Intel Core 2 Duo with 6 MB on-chip L2 cache
(11") 1.6 GHz (i5-2467M) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(13") 1.7 GHz (i5-2557M) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(Higher-End 11" & 13") Optional 1.8 GHz (i7-2677M) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache
(11") 1.7 GHz (i5-3317U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(13") 1.8 GHz (i5-3427U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
(Higher-End 11" & 13") Optional 2.0 GHz (i7-3667U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache
1.3 GHz (i5-4250U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 1.7 GHz (i7-4650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache
1.4 GHz (i5-4260U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 1.7 GHz (i7-4650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache
1.6 GHz (i5-5250U) dual-core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 2.2 GHz (i7-5650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache
1.8 GHz (i5-5350U) dual core Intel Core i5 with 3 MB shared L3 cache
Optional 2.2 GHz (i7-5650U) dual-core Intel Core i7 with 4 MB shared L3 cache

Memory
2 GB of 667 MHz DDR2 SDRAM
2 GB[note 2] of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM
2 GB of 1066 MHz DDR3 SDRAM
Optional 4 GB
2 GB (11" base model; Optional 4 GB) or 4 GB of 1333 MHz DDR3 SDRAM (all other models)
4 GB of 1600 MHz DDR3L SDRAM Optional 8 GB
4 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM Optional 8 GB (8 GB standard for the 13" version since April 19, 2016) (Optional 16GB)
8 GB of 1600 MHz LPDDR3 SDRAM

Storage
80 GB 4200-rpm 1.8-inch PATA HDD or 64 GB SSD
120 GB 4200-rpm 1.8-inch SATA HDD or 128 GB SSD
64 (MC505LL/A) or 128 GB (MC506LL/A) (11"), 128 (MC503LL/A) or 256 GB (MC504LL/A) (13") SSD
64 GB (11") SSD
128 GB (11") SSD Optional 256 GB upgrade128 or 256 GB (13") SSD
64 GB or 128 GB SSD (11") Optional 256 GB or 512 GB upgrade
128 or 256 GB SSD (13") Optional 512 GB upgrade
128 GB or 256 GB PCIe-based SSD Optional 512 GB upgrade

Video Camera
iSight (640 × 480)
FaceTime HD (720p)

Power Connector
MagSafe
MagSafe 2

Connectivity
Internal 802.11 a/b/g and draft-n
Internal 802.11 a/b/g/n (AirPort)
Internal Dual-Band 802.11 a/b/g/n (AirPort, Broadcom BCM43224 300 Mbit/s)
Internal 802.11ac a/b/g/n/ac compatible (AirPort, Broadcom BCM4360-based 867Mbit/s)

Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
Bluetooth 4.0

Built-in infrared (IR) receiver for Apple Remote
N/A

Optional Apple USB Ethernet Adapter (Year 2008)
Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter
Optional Apple USB Ethernet 100 Mbit Adapter Optional Apple Thunderbolt to Gigabit Ethernet Adapter
Optional Apple Thunderbolt to FireWire 800 Adapter

Latest possible OS X version
Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion"
(Unofficially, can run OS X 10.8 using MacPostFactor)
OS X 10.11 "El Capitan"
(Unofficially, can run macOS 10.12 "Sierra" without wi-fi using Sierra Patcher)
macOS 10.13 "High Sierra"

Battery
(removable lithium-ion polymer)
N/A
35-watt-hour (11")
38-watt-hour (11")
N/A

37-watt-hour (13")
40-watt-hour (13")
50-watt-hour (13")
54-watt-hour (13")

Battery cycle count [51]
300
500
1000

Unit weight
N/A
2.38 lb (1.08 kg) (11")
N/A

3.0 lb (1.36 kg)
2.96 lb (1.34 kg) (13")

Dimensions
N/A
11.8 in (30 cm) wide × 7.56 in (19.2 cm) deep × 0.11 in (0.3 cm) to 0.68 in (1.7 cm) high (11")
N/A

12.8 in (33 cm) wide × 8.94 in (23 cm) deep × 0.16 in (0.4 cm) to 0.76 in (1.9 cm) high (13")
12.8 in (33 cm) wide × 8.94 in (22.7 cm) deep × 0.11 in (0.3 cm) to 0.68 in (1.7 cm) high (13")

Peripheral connections
1× USB 2.0
2× USB 2.0
2× USB 3.0

1× 3.5 mm headphone jack

Micro-DVI video port
DVI-D/VGA adapter included
1× Mini DisplayPort video port
1× Thunderbolt port
1× Thunderbolt 2 port

N/A
1× SDXC card slot (13" only)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Comparison with iPad and netbooks[edit]

text: Although the 11" Air is only slightly lighter than the 13" Air, the biggest difference is the footprint which gives each model a distinct category; the 13” Air is much closer in size to most other conventional laptops, while the 11” Air is almost small enough to fit in a space that can hold an iPad.[52][53]

text: The 11" MacBook Air carried the desirable essential attributes of a netbook, but without the drawbacks of a slower processor and less capable operating system,[54] albeit at a higher price.[55][56][57][58][59] At the low end, Apple introduced the iPad—a different form factor than the netbook, but with improved computing capabilities and lower production cost. Both of these led to a decline in netbook sales, and most PC manufacturers have consequently discontinued their netbook lines in response.[60] Capitalizing on the success of the MacBook Air,[61] Intel promoted Ultrabook as a new high-mobility standard, which has been hailed by some analysts as succeeding where netbooks failed.[62][63][64]

text: Ultrabook competition[edit]

text: Intel developed a set of specifications for the Ultrabook, a higher-end type of subnotebook produced by various PC manufacturers and usually running Windows. Competing directly with the Air, the Ultrabook is intended to reduce size and weight, and extend battery life without compromising performance.[65][66][67]

text: Through July 1, 2013, the MacBook Air took in 56 percent of all Ultrabook sales in the United States, despite being one of the higher-priced competitors. [23] Apple had previously dominated the premium PC market, in 2009 having a 91 percent market share for PCs priced at more than $1,000, according to NPD, and Ultrabooks were an attempt by other PC manufacturers to move in on Apple's turf.[68] While Apple's MacBook lines were not immune to this consumer trend towards mobile devices,[19] they still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority of which were the MacBook Air) compared to 500,000 total Ultrabooks,[20][21] despite there being dozens of Ultrabooks from various manufacturers on the market while Apple only offered 11" and 13" models of the Macbook Air.[22] Forrester Research analyst Frank Gillett attributes Apple's increased success in the enterprise market to the 2010 MacBook Air and the iPad.[69]

text: While several Ultrabooks were able to claim individual distinctions such as being the lightest or thinnest, the MacBook Air was regarded by reviewers as the best all-around Ultrabook in regard to "OS X experience, full keyboard, superior trackpad, Thunderbolt connector and the higher-quality, all-aluminum unibody construction".[70]

text: The Microsoft Surface Pro has a similar size and price to the 11" MacBook Air;[71][72] Apple CEO Tim Cook has criticized the Surface Pro and other Ultrabook hybrids running the touch-based Windows 8, that attempt to combine laptop and tablet functionality in one device, saying that such devices were confusing like trying to "combine a fridge and a toaster".[73][74]

text: When released in October 2010, the 13" model's screen resolution was higher than the average 1366x768 screens of similar sized laptops. However, by mid-2013, with many premium Ultrabooks having high resolution screens (1080p or greater) as standard or upgrades, the MacBook Air has been increasingly criticized for sticking with a low-resolution screen. Many in the tech community had expected Apple to release a MacBook Air with Retina Display by mid-2013, similar to the MacBook Pro Retina which came out in 2012.[75] The October 2013 refresh of the 13" MacBook Pro Retina, with a slimmer chassis and a lower price point, was mentioned as a potential MacBook Air alternative as the battery life is not much shorter while not being considerably bulkier.[4][76] Apple released an entry-level version of the 13" MacBook Pro on October 27, 2016, which was specifically targeted towards MacBook Air users.[77]

text: "Thinnest laptop"[edit]

text: At the launch of the first MacBook Air in January 2008, Apple claimed it to be the thinnest laptop in the world. While this was true of laptops on sale at the time, the 2003 Sharp Actius MM10 Muramasas was thinner at some points than the Macbook Air, being 0.54 inches (14 mm) thick at its minimum.[78] It, like the MacBook Air, was a tapered design, with a maximum height of 0.78 inches (19.8 mm) —slightly thicker than the MacBook Air — shown above as 0.76 inches (19.3 mm).[79] The Sony Vaio X505, released in 2004, had a minimum thickness of 0.38 inches (10 mm) and a maximum of 0.8 inches (20.3 mm).[80]

text: Since the release of the first MacBook Air, other thinner laptops have been released, such as the Dell Adamo,[81] launched in March 2009, which is a constant 0.65 inches (17 mm) thick. Apple subsequently removed "The world's thinnest notebook" from their marketing materials.

text: The 11.6" MacBook Air, introduced in October 2010, is only slightly larger and heavier (when closed) than the iPad 2. The 11.6" Air has been regarded as thin and light compared to other ultraportables, such as the Sony VAIO Z and the 11" Samsung Series 9.[82]

text: As of 2013, several Ultrabooks such as the Sony VAIO Pro have managed smaller dimensions than the MacBook Air by using carbon fiber construction.[83][84][85]

text: Issues[edit]

text: Following its introduction, the MacBook Air was greeted with a mixed reception. The portability of the MacBook Air was praised in reviews, but the compromise in features was criticized.[86][87][88] The full-sized keyboard, weight, thinness, and Multi-Touch trackpad were appreciated in reviews, while the limited configuration options and ports, slow speed (in non-SSD models), non-user-replaceable battery, small hard drive, and price were criticized.[86][87] The flip-down hatch on the side of the original MacBook Air is a tight fit for some headphone plugs and USB devices, requiring users to purchase an extension cable. Apple removed the flip-down hatch on the late 2010 model in favor of open connection ports, as is the case with most other laptops.[89][90]

text: Most of these problems have been dismissed by now, following many revisions and speed enhancements, and with the addition of more portability and ports.[citation needed]

text: Since the release of the first-generation product, some MacBook Air users have complained of CPU lockup caused by overheating. Apple released a software update in early March 2008 to fix the problem with mixed results: the deactivation of one CPU core was corrected; however, the runaway kernel problem remained for some users.[91] The problem is aggravated by system-intensive tasks such as video playback or video chatting.[92]

text: Due to a more mature manufacturing process, the CPUs in the second-generation MacBook Air perform better under load, as the first generation chips ran at a higher temperature—the processor needed to be throttled to avoid overheating and this further degraded performance.[93]

text: On October 17, 2013, Apple announced a replacement program for the 64 GB and 128 GB MacBook Air flash storage drives that are installed in Air systems purchased between June 2012 and June 2013.[94]

text: Timeline of the MacBook family


document_title: High School Football National Championship

question_text: who won the national championship in high school football

text: Selectors[edit]

text:
Selector
Years

National Sports News Service (NSNS)
1910–1916, 1918–1943, 1946–1999

Louisiana Sports Association (LSA)
1938–39

USA TODAY (USA)
1982–present

National Prep Poll (NPP)
1987–present

MaxPreps Freeman Computer Rankings (Freeman)
2004–present

MaxPreps Composite Rankings (MPComposite)
2013–present

High School Football America Top 25 (Algorithm)
2012–present

text: National Champions by year[edit]

text:
Year
Champion(s)
Record
Coach
Selector(s)

1910
Oak Park, IL
10–2
Robert Zuppke
NSNS

1911
Oak Park, IL
10–0
Robert Zuppke
NSNS

1912
Oak Park, IL
10–0
Robert Zuppke
NSNS

1913
Oak Park, IL
10–1
Glenn Thistlewaite
NSNS

1914
Everett, MA
13–0
Cleo O'Donnell
NSNS

1915
Detroit, MI, Central
11–0–1
Edbert C. Buss
NSNS

Everett, MA
11–0–1
Cleo O'Donnell
NSNS

1916
San Diego High School San Diego, CA
Scott, Toledo, Ohio

12-0-0
10-0-0

Nibs Price
Tom Merrell

NSNS
NSNS

1917
No Known Champion

1918
Harrisburg, PA, Tech
9–0
Paul Smith
NSNS

1919
Harrisburg, PA, Tech
12–0
Paul Smith
NSNS

1920
Everett, WA
9–0–1
Enoch Bagshaw
NSNS

Oak Park, IL
9–0–1
Glenn Thistlewaite
NSNS

1921
Jacksonville, FL, Duval
8–0
Unknown
NSNS

1922
Toledo, OH, Scott
9–0
Dr. William A. Neill
NSNS

1923
East Cleveland, OH, Shaw
9–1
John Snavely
NSNS

Toledo, OH, Scott
10–0
Dr. William A. Neill
NSNS

1924
Toledo, OH, Waite
10–0
Joe C. Collins
NSNS

1925
Pine Bluff, AR
16–0
Foy Hammons
NSNS

1926
Tuscaloosa, AL
9–0
Paul Burnum
NSNS

1927
Waco, TX
14–0
Paul Tyson
NSNS

1928
Medford, OR
9–0
Prink Callison
NSNS

1929
Tuscaloosa, AL
9–0
Paul Burnum
NSNS

1930
Phoenix, AZ, Union
13–0
R.R. Robinson
NSNS

1931
Ashland, KY
10–0
Paul Jenkins
NSNS

1932
Toledo, OH, Waite
12–0
Donald McCallister
NSNS

1933
Oklahoma City, OK, Capitol Hill
12–0
Jim Lookabaugh
NSNS

1934
Canton, OH, McKinley
11–0
Jimmy Aiken
NSNS

1935
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Paul Brown
NSNS

1936
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Paul Brown
NSNS

1937
Chicago, IL, Austin
10–0
William Heiland
NSNS

1938
Louisville, KY, Manual
10–0
Ray Baer
LSA,[2] NSNS

1939
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Paul Brown
NSNS

Pine Bluff, AR
11–0–1
Allen Dunaway
LSA[2]

1940
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Paul Brown
NSNS

1941
Chicago, IL, Leo
11–0
Whitey Cronin
NSNS

1942
Miami, FL
9–0
Lyles Alley
NSNS

1943
Miami, FL
9–0
Tom Moore
NSNS

1944
No Award Made

1945
No Award Made

1946
Little Rock, AR, Senior
14–0
Raymond Burnett
NSNS

1947
East Chicago, IN, Roosevelt
9–0
Unknown
NSNS

Lynn, MA, Classical
11–1
Bill Joyce [1]
NSNS

1948
Waco, TX
14–0
Carl Price
NSNS

1949
Wichita Falls, TX
14–0
Joe Golding
NSNS

1950
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Chuck Mather
NSNS

1951
Weymouth, MA
9–0
Harry Arlanson [2]
NSNS

1952
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Chuck Mather
NSNS

1953
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Chuck Mather
NSNS

1954
Vallejo, CA
9–0
Bob Patterson
NSNS

1955
San Diego, CA
12–0
Duane Maley
NSNS

1956
Abilene, TX
14–0
Charles Moser
NSNS

1957
Little Rock, AR, Central
12–0
Wilson Matthews
NSNS

Downey HS, Downey, California
11–0

NSNS

1958
Oak Ridge, TN, Oak Ridge
10–0
Jack Armstrong
NSNS

1959
Massillon, OH, Washington
10–0
Leo Strang
NSNS

1960
Miami, Fla.
8-0-2
Ottis Mooney
NSNS

1961
Massillon, OH, Washington
11–0
Leo Strang
NSNS

1962
Valdosta, GA
12–0
Wright Bazemore
NSNS

1963
Chicago, IL, St. Rita
9–0
Edward Buckley
NSNS

1964
Coral Gables, FL
12–0
Nick Kotys
NSNS

1965
Miami, FL
12–0
Robert Carlton
NSNS

1966
Pico Rivera, CA, El Rancho
13–0
Ernest Johnson
NSNS

1967
Austin, TX, Reagan
14–0
Travis Raven
NSNS

Coral Gables, FL
13–0
Nick Kotys
NSNS

1968
Austin, TX, Reagan
15–0
Travis Raven
NSNS

Coral Gables, FL
12–1
Nick Kotys
NSNS

1969
Coral Gables, FL
11–0
Nick Kotys
NSNS

Valdosta, GA
12–0–1
Wright Bazemore
NSNS

1970
Reagan, Austin, Texas
14–1
Travis Raven
NSNS

1971
Valdosta, GA
13–0
Wright Bazemore
NSNS

1972
Bristol, TN
13–0
John Cropp
NSNS

1973
Chattanooga, TN, Baylor
13–0
E. B. "Red" Etter
NSNS

1974
Thomasville, GA
12–1
Jim Hughes
NSNS

1975
Los Angeles, CA, Loyola
13–0
Marty Shaughnessy
NSNS

1976
Moeller, Cincinnati, Oh
12-0
Gerry Faust
NSNS

Warner Robins, Warner Robins, Ga.
13-0
Robert Davis
NSNS

1977
Cincinnati, OH, Moeller
12–0
Gerry Faust
NSNS

1978
Annandale, VA
14–0
Bob Hardage
NSNS

1979
Cincinnati, OH, Moeller
12–0
Gerry Faust
NSNS

1980
Cincinnati, OH, Moeller
13–0
Gerry Faust
NSNS

1981
Warner Robins, GA
15–0
Robert Davis
NSNS

1982
Cincinnati, OH, Moeller
13–0
Steve Klonne[3]
NSNS, USA

1983
Berwick Area, PA
13–0
George Curry
NSNS, USA

1984
Valdosta, GA
15–0
Nick Hyder
NSNS, USA

1985
East St. Louis, IL
14–0
Bob Shannon
NSNS, USA

1986
Valdosta, GA
15–0
Nick Hyder
NSNS, USA

1987
Fontana, CA
14–0
Dick Bruich
NPP

Pittsburgh, PA, North Hills
13–0
Jack McCurry
USA

Plano, TX
16–0
Gerald Brence
NSNS

1988
Pensacola, FL, Pine Forest
14–0
Carl Madison
NSNS, USA

Prichard, AL, Vigor
13–0
Harold Clark
NPP

1989
Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius
13–0
Chuck Kyle
USA

Odessa, TX, Permian
16–0
Gary Gaines
NPP, NSNS

1990
Houston, Texas Aldine High School
15–0
Bill Smith
NPP

Lawton, OK, Eisenhower
14–0
Tim Reynolds
USA

Ruston, LA
14–0
Jimmy "Chick" Childress
NSNS

1991
Indianapolis, IN, Ben Davis
14–0
Dick Dullaghan
NPP, NSNS

LaGrange, GA
15–0
Gary Guthrie
USA

1992
Berwick Area, PA
15–0
George Curry
USA

Valdosta, GA
14–0
Nick Hyder
NPP, NSNS

1993
Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius
14–0
Chuck Kyle
NPP, NSNS, USA

1994
Concord, CA, De La Salle
13–0
Bob Ladouceur
NPP, NSNS

Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei
14–0
Bruce Rollinson
USA

1995
Berwick Area, PA
15–0
George Curry
USA

Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius
14–0
Chuck Kyle
NPP, NSNS

1996
Hampton, VA
14–0
Mike Smith
NPP, NSNS

Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei
14–0
Bruce Rollinson
USA

1997
Canton, OH, McKinley
14–0
Thom McDaniels
USA

Hampton, VA
13–0
Mike Smith
NPP, NSNS

1998
Concord, CA, De La Salle
12–0
Bob Ladouceur
NPP, NSNS, USA

1999
Concord, CA, De La Salle
12–0
Bob Ladouceur
NSNS

Midland, TX, Lee
15–0
John Parchman
USA

Shreveport, LA, Evangel Christian
15–0
Dennis Dunn
NPP

2000
Concord, CA, De La Salle
13–0
Bob Ladouceur
NPP, USA

2001
Concord, CA, De La Salle
12–0
Bob Ladouceur
NPP, USA

2002
Concord, CA, De La Salle
13–0
Bob Ladouceur
NPP, USA

2003
Concord, CA, De La Salle
13–0
Bob Ladouceur
NPP, USA

2004
Southlake, TX, Carroll
16–0
Todd Dodge
NPP, USA

2005
Lakeland, FL
15–0
Bill Castle
USA

Southlake, TX, Carroll
16–0
Todd Dodge
NPP, Freeman

2006
Lakeland, FL
15–0
Bill Castle
NPP

Southlake, TX, Carroll
16–0
Todd Dodge
USA, Freeman

2007
Cincinnati, OH, St. Xavier
15–0
Steve Specht
NPP, Freeman

Miami, FL, Northwestern
15–0
Billy Rolle
USA

2008
Fort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas
15–0
George Smith
NPP, USA, Freeman

2009
Ramsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep
12–0
Greg Toal
NPP, USA, Freeman

2010
Fort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas
15–0
George Smith
NPP

South Panola, MS
15–0
Lance Pogue
USA, Freeman

2011
Ramsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep
11–0
Greg Toal
NPP, USA, Freeman

2012
River Ridge, LA, John Curtis Christian
14–0
J.T. Curtis
NPP, USA

2013
Miami, FL, Booker T. Washington
16-0
Jason Negro
NPP, USA

2014
Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman
15–0
Tony Sanchez
NPP, USA

2015
Katy, TX
16-0
Gary Joseph
NPP

Moultrie, GA, Colquitt County
15–0
Rush Propst
High School Football America, Prep Force

Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman
15–0
Kenny Sanchez
USA

2016
Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman
15–0
Kenny Sanchez
NPP, USA, Freeman, High School Football America

2017
Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei
15-0
Bruce Rollinson
NPP, USA, High School Football America

text: National Championships by school (multiple winners only)[edit]

text:
School
Championships
Years

Massillon, OH, Washington
9
1935, 1936, 1939, 1940, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1959, 1961

Concord, CA, De La Salle
7
1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003

Valdosta, GA
6
1962, 1969, 1971, 1984, 1986, 1992

Miami, FL
5
1942, 1943, 1960, 1962,1965

Cincinnati, OH, Moeller
5
1976, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1982

Oak Park, IL
5
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1920

Coral Gables, FL
4
1964, 1967, 1968, 1969

Austin, TX, Reagan
3
1967, 1968, 1970

Berwick, PA
3
1983, 1992, 1995

Cleveland, OH, St. Ignatius
3
1989, 1993, 1995

Southlake, TX, Carroll
3
2004, 2005, 2006

Las Vegas, NV, Bishop Gorman
3
2014, 2015, 2016

Santa Ana, CA, Mater Dei
3
1994, 1996, 2017

Canton, OH, McKinley
2
1934, 1997

Everett, MA
2
1914, 1915

Fort Lauderdale, FL, St. Thomas Aquinas
2
2008, 2010

Lakeland, FL
2
2005, 2006

Little Rock, AR, Central
2
1946, 1957

Odessa, TX, Permian
2
1972, 1989

Pine Bluff, AR
2
1925, 1939

Ramsey, NJ, Don Bosco Prep
2
2009, 2011

San Diego High School, San Diego, CA
2
1916, 1955

Toledo, OH, Scott
2
1922, 1923

Toledo, OH, Waite
2
1924, 1932

Tuscaloosa, AL
2
1926, 1929

Waco, TX,
2
1927, 1948

Warner Robins, GA
2
1976, 1981