document_title: Articles of Confederation

question_text: how many votes did each state get under the articles of confederation

question_tokens: how many votes did each state get under the articles of confederation

text: Articles of Confederation

text: Background and context

text: The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken, particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown. With civil disobedience resulting in coercive, and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament, and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King's protection, any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence.

text: It was an era of constitution writing—most states were busy at the task—and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution, even though other nations did not. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued fiat money, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.[5]

text: To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation, the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "[t]he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations."[6]

text: Beyond improving their existing association, the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.[7]

text: Drafting

text: On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee met repeatedly, and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures.[8] The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777, after a year of debate.[9] Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government, with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states.

text: Ratification

text: The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777. The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process.[10] The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially Virginia, had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union.[11] It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land.[10][12][13]

text: The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:[14]

text:
State
Date

13 !1
 Virginia
000000001777-12-16-0000December 16, 1777

12 !2
 South Carolina
000000001778-02-05-0000February 5, 1778

08 !3
 New York
000000001778-02-06-0000February 6, 1778

11 !4
 Rhode Island
000000001778-02-09-0000February 9, 1778

01 !5
 Connecticut
000000001778-02-12-0000February 12, 1778

03 !6
 Georgia
000000001778-02-26-0000February 26, 1778

06 !7
 New Hampshire
000000001778-03-04-0000March 4, 1778

10 !8
 Pennsylvania
000000001778-03-05-0000March 5, 1778

05 !9
 Massachusetts
000000001778-03-10-0000March 10, 1778

09 !10
 North Carolina
000000001778-04-05-0000April 5, 1778

07 !11
 New Jersey
000000001778-11-19-0000November 19, 1778

02 !12
 Delaware
000000001779-02-01-0000February 1, 1779

04 !13
 Maryland
000000001781-02-02-0000February 2, 1781

text: Article summaries

text: The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble, thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that "the Union shall be perpetual".

text: Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles:

text:
Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'"
Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated."
Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever."
Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed.
Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation (the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years.
Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped militia.
Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below.
Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each.
Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled.

Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant letters of marque and reprisal (documents authorizing privateers) in times of peace; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures, but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge; to set weights and measures (including coins), and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states.
The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final.
Congress shall regulate the post offices; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces.
The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress.
Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit.
Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months.

When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute.
If "Canada" (as the British-held Province of Quebec was also known) accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted.[15] No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states.
Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles.
Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures.

tag: ol

text: Congress under the Articles

text: The Army

text: Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food.[16] Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote:

text: George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress. ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.[17]

text: The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783–84. General Henry Knox, who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union.[18] Knox wrote:

text: The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign. ... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel" or "Cement to the Union".[19]

text: As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution."[19]

text: Once the war had been won, the Continental Army was largely disbanded. A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy, but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.[20]

text: The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.[21]

text: Foreign policy

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a quorum. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington, John Adams, John Hancock, and Benjamin Franklin, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence.[22]

text: Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates, wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth."[23]

text: Furthermore, the 1786 Jay–Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Finally, due to the Confederation's military weakness, it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil — forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay's Treaty in 1795, after the federal Constitution came into force.

text: Taxation and commerce

text: Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures.[24]

text: Congress was denied any powers of taxation: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to John Jay, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions."[25] Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity."[26] He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith."[27] The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them.

text: Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention.

text: Accomplishments

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty.[28]

text: The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River. Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the township (36 square miles), the section (one square mile), and the quarter section (160 acres). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire). Then, when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers.

text: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims, organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. While it didn't happen under the articles, the land north of the Ohio River and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, eventually became the states of: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states.

text: No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec (referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit Frankland (later modified to Franklin), Kentucky, and Vermont to the Union were considered, but none were approved.

text: Presidents of Congress

text: Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congress—referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled—chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.[29]

text: There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779.

text:
President
Term

Samuel Huntington
01 !March 1, 1781 – July 10, 1781

Thomas McKean
02 !July 10, 1781 – November 5, 1781

John Hanson
03 !November 5, 1781 – November 4, 1782

Elias Boudinot
04 !November 4, 1782 – November 3, 1783

Thomas Mifflin
05 !November 3, 1783 – June 3, 1784

Richard Henry Lee
06 !November 30, 1784 – November 4, 1785

John Hancock
07 !November 23, 1785 – June 5, 1786

Nathaniel Gorham
08 !June 6, 1786 – November 3, 1786

Arthur St. Clair
09 !February 2, 1787 – November 4, 1787

Cyrus Griffin
10 !January 22, 1788 – November 15, 1788

text: The U.S. under the Articles

text: The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation, but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.[30][31] Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.[32]

text: By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786–87, Shays' Rebellion, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government.[33]

text: The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.[34]

text: When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.[35]

text: By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.[36]

text: The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis.[37]

text: Signatures

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson, who were the President and Secretary to the Congress.

text: The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification.

text: On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it, and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified. New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland could not, since their states had not ratified. North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent.

text: After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778.

text: The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims. Chevalier de La Luzerne, French Minister to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also “sharply pressed” Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related.[38]

text: On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis.[39] As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills" was "signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.

text: Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time.

text: Signers

text: The signers and the states they represented were:

text:
Connecticut

Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams

Delaware

Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke

Georgia

John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy

Maryland

John Hanson
Daniel Carroll

Massachusetts Bay

John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten

New Hampshire

Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.

New Jersey

John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder

New York

James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris

North Carolina

John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams

Pennsylvania

Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed

Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins

South Carolina

Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.

Virginia

Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee

text: Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

text: Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

text: John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution).

text: Gallery

text: Images of an original draft[clarification needed] of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive.

text:
Preamble through Article V, ¶1

Article V, ¶2 through Article VI

Article VII through Article IX, ¶2

Article IX, ¶2 through ¶5

Article IX, ¶5 through Article XIII, ¶2

Article XIII, ¶2 through signatures

text: Revision and replacement

text: On January 21, 1786, the Virginia Legislature, following James Madison's recommendation, invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis, Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict. At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention, the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a "Grand Convention." Although the states' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, the representatives held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian Forrest McDonald, using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39, describes the change this way:

text: The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.[40]

text: In May 1786, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after Shays' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts.

text: Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry, George Mason, and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution:

text: Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government" proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire" that, in the time-honored way of empires, would oppress the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.[41]

text: Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines.

text: Rakove (1988) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace."[42] The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power.

text: When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.[43]

text: Legitimacy of closing down

text: Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation, John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges."[44]

text: According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously:

text: [T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.

text: On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity:

text: The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

text: The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion. In 1788, James Madison remarked (in Federalist No. 40) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection...has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation." Nevertheless, it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply.[45] Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding.[45]

text: Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule".[46] In contrast, law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.[47]

text: Final months

text: On July 3, 1788, the Congress received New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution".[48]

text: By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October.[49][50] On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end.[51][52] On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.[51]


document_title: Duat

question_text: what was the egyptian guide to the afterlife called

root

text: Duat

text:
Part of a series on

Ancient Egyptian religion

Beliefs[show]

Duat
Ma'at
Mythology
Numerology
Philosophy
Soul

Practices[show]

Funerals
Offering formula
Temples

Deities[show]

Amun
Amunet
Anhur
Anubis
Anuket

Apep
Apis
Aten
Atum
Bastet

Bat
Bes
Four sons of Horus

Geb
Hapy
Hathor
Heka
Hemsut

Heqet
Horus
Isis
Kek
Khepri

Khnum
Khonsu
Maahes
Ma'at

Mafdet
Mehit
Menhit
Meretseger

Meskhenet
Monthu
Min
Mnevis

Mut
Neith
Nekhbet
Nephthys

Nu
Nut
Osiris
Pakhet
Ptah

Qebui
Ra
Ra-Horakhty
Raet-Tawy

Reshep
Satis
Sekhmet
Seker
Selket

Sobek
Sopdu
Set
Seshat
Shu

Tatenen
Taweret
Tefnut
Thoth

Wadjet
Wadj-wer
Wepwawet

Wosret

Texts[show]

Amduat
Books of Breathing

Book of Caverns
Book of the Dead

Book of the Earth
Book of Gates

Book of the Netherworld

Related religions[show]

Atenism
Hermeticism
Kemeticism

 Ancient Egypt portal

v
t
e

tag: table

text: Duat (pronounced "do-aht") (also Tuat and Tuaut or Akert, Amenthes, Amenti, or Neter-khertet) was the realm of the dead in ancient Egyptian mythology. The deity Osiris was believed to be the lord of the underworld since he personified rebirth and life after death, being the first mummy as depicted in the Osiris myth. The underworld was also the residence of various other gods along with Osiris. The Duat was the region through which the sun god Ra traveled from west to east each night, and it was where he battled Apep, who embodied the primordial chaos which the sun had to defeat in order to rise each morning and bring order back to the earth. It was also the place where people's souls went after death for judgement, though that was not the full extent of the afterlife.[1] Burial chambers formed touching-points between the mundane world and the Duat, and the akh, the effectiveness of the dead, could use tombs to travel back and forth from the Duat.[2]

tag: p

text: Each night through the Duat the sun god Ra travelled, signifying revivification as the main goal of the dead. Ra travelled under the world upon his Atet barge from west to east, and was transformed from its aged Atum form into Khepri, the new dawning sun. The dead king, worshiped as a god, was also central to the mythology surrounding the concept of Duat, often depicted as being one with Ra.[3] Along with the sun god the dead king had to travel through the Kingdom of Osiris, the Duat, using the special knowledge he was supposed to possess, which was recorded in the Coffin Texts, that served as a guide to the hereafter not just for the king but for all deceased. According to the Amduat, the underworld consists of twelve regions signifying the twelve hours of the sun god's journey through it, battling Apep in order to bring order back to the earth in the morning; as his rays illuminated the Duat throughout the journey, they revived the dead who occupied the underworld and let them enjoy life after death in that hour of the night when they were in the presence of the sun god, after which they went back to their sleep waiting for the god’s return the following night.[4]

text: Just like the dead king, the rest of the dead journeyed through the various parts of the Duat, not to be unified with the sun god but to be judged. If the deceased was successfully able to pass various demons and challenges, then he or she would reach the weighing of the heart. In this ritual, the heart of the deceased was weighed by Anubis against the feather of Ma'at, which represents truth and justice. Any heart that is heavier than the feather was rejected and eaten by Ammit- the devourer of souls, as these people were denied existence after death in the Duat. The souls that were lighter than the feather would pass this most important test, and would be allowed to travel toward Aaru- the field of reeds, an ideal version of the world they knew of, in which they would plough, sow, and harvest abundant crops.[5]

text: What is known of the Duat derives principally from funerary texts such as the Book of Gates, the Book of Caverns, the Coffin Texts, the Amduat, and the Book of the Dead. Each of these documents fulfilled a different purpose and give a different conception of the Duat, and different texts could be inconsistent with one another. This did not have mean, in the Egyptian understanding, that one who believed in one interpertation should have denied the other, as there was an understanding of multiplicity of approaches. Surviving texts differ in age and origin, and there likely was never a single uniform conception of the Duat, as is the case of many theological concepts in Ancient Egypt.[6]

text: The geography of Duat is similar in outline to the world the Egyptians knew. There are realistic features like rivers, islands, fields, lakes, mounds and caverns, however, there were also fantastic lakes of fire, walls of iron and trees of turquoise. In the Book of Two Ways, one of the Coffin Texts, there is even a map-like image of the Duat.[7] The Book of the Dead and Coffin Texts were intended to guide people who had recently died through the Duat's dangerous landscape and to a life as an akh or an effective spirit in the netherworld. Emphasized in some these texts are mounds and caverns, inhabited by gods, demons or supernatural animals, which threatened the deceased along their journey. The purpose of the books is not to lay out a geography, but to describe a succession of rites of passage which the dead would have to pass to reach eternal life.[8]

text: In spite of the many demon-like inhabitants of the Duat, it is not equivalent to the Abrahamic conceptions of Hell in which souls are condemned with fiery torment; the absolute punishment for the wicked, in Ancient Egyptian thought, was the denial of an afterlife to the deceased, ceasing to exist in akh form. The grotesque spirits of the underworld were not evil, but under the control of the gods, being present as various ordeals that the deceased had to face.[9] The Duat was also a residence for various gods, including Osiris, Anubis, Thoth, Horus, Hathor, and Ma'at, who all appear to the dead soul as it makes its way toward judgement.


document_title: The Great Outdoors (film)

question_text: who starred in the movie the great outdoors

text: The Great Outdoors (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Chicagoan Chester "Chet" Ripley, his wife, Connie, and their two sons, Buckley "Buck" and Ben, are on vacation at a lake resort in Pechoggin, Wisconsin during the summer. All is going as planned until Connie's sister, Kate, Kate's investment broker husband, Roman Craig, and their twin daughters, Mara and Cara, crash the vacation.

text: Ghost stories at the family BBQ include one of a man-eating grizzly bear that Chet met face-to-face when he was younger. Chet says that while he and Connie were honeymooning at the same lake, he was attacked by a giant grizzly bear. When he fired at it with a shotgun, the buckshot shaved the hair off the top of the bear's head and from that day on, it was known as the "Bald-Headed Bear" of Clare County.

text: After Roman pulls Chet around the lake on an impromptu water ski ride with his rented speedboat, tensions between the families erupt. Chet is ready to pack up and go home, even as his teenage son Buck tries to romance a local girl, Cammie. The budding romance goes well until Chet is challenged to eat the Old 96'er (a 96-ounce steak) at a family dinner which causes Buck to break their date. Buck tries to apologize to Cammie for being late, but Cammie refuses to speak to him.

text: Connie and Kate bond at a local bar when the conversation drifts to Kate's challenges of being wealthy. Later, just at the peak of tension between families, it emerges that Roman has made a bad investment and is broke. He has not told Kate and was planning to hit up Chet for the cash.

text: Later, during a thunderstorm, the twins wander off and fall into a mine shaft. Chet and Roman find them, but the claustrophobic Roman is reluctant to descend into the tiny mine shaft. After some encouragement from Chet, Roman summons up all his courage, while Chet goes in search of a rope to pull them out. Upon realizing that the mine is stocked with old dynamite, Roman takes his daughters and climbs out of the shaft on his own.

text: When Chet returns with the rope, he is horrified to discover the "Bald-Headed Bear" lurking in the mine. It chases him back to his house, smashes through the door, and rampages through the house. Wally, the cabin owner, bursts in with a loaded shotgun while Roman tries to hold off the animal with a fire poker and an oar. Chet takes the gun and shoots the bear, blowing the fur off its backside. Roaring, the bear runs out of the house.

text: The next morning, the two families part on good terms. Unbeknownst to Chet, Connie has invited Roman's family to stay with them until they can get back on their feet. Cammie and Buck make up and end their summer romance, as Buck and his family head back to Chicago.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Aykroyd as Roman Craig
John Candy as Chester "Chet" Ripley
Stephanie Faracy as Connie Ripley
Annette Bening as Kate "Katie" Craig
Robert Prosky as Wally
Chris Young as Buckley "Buck" Ripley
Ian Giatti as Ben "Benny" Ripley
Hillary and Rebecca Gordon as Cara and Mara Craig
Lucy Deakins as Cammie

tag: ul

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Bass Lake, California, a small resort town near Yosemite National Park over three weeks in October 1987.[1]

text: Ducey's Bass Lake Lodge, a rustic 1940s resort in Bass Lake, was featured as Wally and Juanita’s Perk’s Pine Lodge. The Loon’s Nest vacation cabin, built as a set, was designed to match the style of Ducey’s existing cabins.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Great Outdoors earned a mixed response from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40% based on 15 reviews.[2]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times reported that the film did not have enough collective energy to light a campfire in her review.[3] Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times called the film as "a crass, blah comedy about summer vacation perils" and said he was surprised the film got made at all. He described the end credits sequence where Aykroyd and Candy dance to Wilson Pickett's "Land of a 1,000 Dances" as the only genuine fun and energy in the entire film.[4] "Imagine that it's raining cats and dogs and you're locked in a north woods cabin for weeks with the people you like least, and you'll pretty much have a feel for what it's like to sit through this movie," said Hal Hinson of The Washington Post.[5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $6,121,115 in its opening weekend and ended up with a North American domestic box office gross of $41,455,230, and a worldwide gross of $43,455,230.[6][7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack for the film was released by Atlantic Records in 1988 and featured many of the songs used in the film.

text: Reboot[edit]

text: On April 27, 2017, Universal Pictures has Kevin Hart starring in a reboot of the film with Michael De Luca producing.[8]


document_title: List of American Idol finalists

question_text: what are the ages of the three finalists on american idol

text: List of American Idol finalists

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Trent Harmon, season fifteen winner
Maddie Poppe, season sixteen winner

text:
Name

Age[1]

Hometown

Season

Place finish

EJay Day

20

Lawrenceville, Georgia

1

9th–10th

Jim Verraros

19

Chicago, Illinois

1

9th–10th

A. J. Gil

17

San Diego, California

1

8th

Ryan Starr

19

Sunland, California

1

7th

Christina Christian

21

Brooklyn, New York

1

6th

R. J. Helton

21

Cumming, Georgia

1

5th

Tamyra Gray

23

Takoma Park, Maryland

1

4th

Nikki McKibbin

23

Grand Prairie, Texas

1

3rd

Justin Guarini

23

Doylestown, Pennsylvania

1

Runner-up

Kelly Clarkson

20

Burleson, Texas

1

Winner

Vanessa Olivarez

22

Atlanta, Georgia

2

12th

Charles Grigsby

24

Oberlin, Ohio

2

11th

Julia DeMato

24

Brookfield, Connecticut

2

10th

Corey Clark

22

Nashville, Tennessee

2

9th

Rickey Smith

23

Keene, Texas

2

8th

Kimberly Caldwell

21

Katy, Texas

2

7th

Carmen Rasmusen

18

Bountiful, Utah

2

6th

Trenyce

23

Memphis, Tennessee

2

5th

Josh Gracin

22

Oceanside, California

2

4th

Kimberley Locke

25

Nashville, Tennessee

2

3rd

Clay Aiken

24

Raleigh, North Carolina

2

Runner-up

Ruben Studdard

25

Birmingham, Alabama

2

Winner

Leah LaBelle

17

Seattle, Washington

3

12th

Matthew Rogers

25

Rancho Cucamonga, California

3

11th

Amy Adams

24

Bakersfield, California

3

10th

Camile Velasco

18

Haiku, Hawaii

3

9th

Jon Peter Lewis

24

Rexburg, Idaho

3

8th

Jennifer Hudson

22

Chicago, Illinois

3

7th

John Stevens

16

East Amherst, New York

3

6th

George Huff

22

New Orleans, Louisiana

3

5th

LaToya London

25

Oakland, California

3

4th

Jasmine Trias

17

Mililani, Hawaii

3

3rd

Diana DeGarmo

16

Snellville, Georgia

3

Runner-up

Fantasia Barrino

19

High Point, North Carolina

3

Winner

Lindsey Cardinale

20

Ponchatoula, Louisiana

4

12th

Mikalah Gordon

17

Las Vegas, Nevada

4

11th

Jessica Sierra

19

Tampa Bay, Florida

4

10th

Nikko Smith

22

Town & Country, Missouri

4

9th

Nadia Turner

28

Miami, Florida

4

8th

Anwar Robinson

25

East Orange, New Jersey

4

7th

Constantine Maroulis

29

New York, New York

4

6th

Scott Savol

28

Shaker Heights, Ohio

4

5th

Anthony Fedorov

19

Trevose, Pennsylvania

4

4th

Vonzell Solomon

21

Fort Myers, Florida

4

3rd

Bo Bice

29

Helena, Alabama

4

Runner-up

Carrie Underwood

21

Checotah, Oklahoma

4

Winner

Melissa McGhee

21

Tampa, Florida

5

12th

Kevin Covais

16

Levittown, New York

5

11th

Lisa Tucker

16

Anaheim, California

5

10th

Mandisa

29

Antioch, Tennessee

5

9th

Bucky Covington

28

Rockingham, North Carolina

5

8th

Ace Young

25

Denver, Colorado

5

7th

Kellie Pickler

19

Albemarle, North Carolina

5

6th

Paris Bennett

17

Fayetteville, Georgia

5

5th

Chris Daughtry

26

McLeansville, North Carolina

5

4th

Elliott Yamin

27

Richmond, Virginia

5

3rd

Katharine McPhee

21

Los Angeles, California

5

Runner-up

Taylor Hicks

29

Birmingham, Alabama

5

Winner

Brandon Rogers

28

North Hollywood, California

6

12th

Stephanie Edwards

19

Savannah, Georgia

6

11th

Chris Sligh

28

Greenville, South Carolina

6

10th

Gina Glocksen

22

Naperville, Illinois

6

9th

Haley Scarnato

24

San Antonio, Texas

6

8th

Sanjaya Malakar

17

Federal Way, Washington

6

7th

Phil Stacey

29

Jacksonville, Florida

6

5th–6th

Chris Richardson

22

Chesapeake, Virginia

6

5th–6th

LaKisha Jones

27

Fort Meade, Maryland

6

4th

Melinda Doolittle

29

Brentwood, Tennessee

6

3rd

Blake Lewis

25

Bothell, Washington

6

Runner-up

Jordin Sparks

17

Glendale, Arizona

6

Winner

David Hernandez

24

Glendale, Arizona

7

12th

Amanda Overmyer

23

Mulberry, Indiana

7

11th

Chikezie

22

Inglewood, California

7

10th

Ramiele Malubay

20

Miramar, Florida

7

9th

Michael Johns

29

Buckhead, Georgia

7

8th

Kristy Lee Cook

24

Selma, Oregon

7

7th

Carly Smithson

24

San Diego, California

7

6th

Brooke White

24

Mesa, Arizona

7

5th

Jason Castro

20

Rockwall, Texas

7

4th

Syesha Mercado

21

Sarasota, Florida

7

3rd

David Archuleta

17

Murray, Utah

7

Runner-up

David Cook

25

Blue Springs, Missouri

7

Winner

Jasmine Murray

16

Starkville, Mississippi

8

12th–13th

Jorge Núñez

21

Carolina, Puerto Rico

8

12th–13th

Alexis Grace

21

Memphis, Tennessee

8

11th

Michael Sarver

27

Jasper, Texas

8

10th

Megan Joy

22

Sandy, Utah

8

9th

Scott MacIntyre

23

Scottsdale, Arizona

8

8th

Lil Rounds

23

Memphis, Tennessee

8

6th–7th

Anoop Desai

21

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

8

6th–7th

Matt Giraud

23

Kalamazoo, Michigan

8

5th

Allison Iraheta

16

Los Angeles, California

8

4th

Danny Gokey

28

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

8

3rd

Adam Lambert

27

San Diego, California

8

Runner-up

Kris Allen

23

Conway, Arkansas

8

Winner

Lacey Brown

24

Amarillo, Texas

9

12th

Paige Miles

24

Naples, Florida

9

11th

Didi Benami

23

Hollywood, California

9

10th

Andrew Garcia

24

Moreno Valley, California

9

8th–9th

Katie Stevens

17

Middlebury, Connecticut

9

8th–9th

Tim Urban

20

Duncanville, Texas

9

7th

Siobhan Magnus

19

Cape Cod, Massachusetts

9

6th

Aaron Kelly

16

Sonestown, Pennsylvania

9

5th

Michael Lynche

26

St. Petersburg, Florida

9

4th

Casey James

27

Fort Worth, Texas

9

3rd

Crystal Bowersox

23

Elliston, Ohio

9

Runner-up

Lee DeWyze

23

Mount Prospect, Illinois

9

Winner

Ashthon Jones

24

Goodlettsville, Tennessee

10

13th

Karen Rodriguez

21

New York, New York

10

12th

Thia Megia

16

Mountain House, Alameda County, California

10

10th–11th

Naima Adedapo

26

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

10

10th–11th

Pia Toscano

22

Howard Beach, New York

10

9th

Paul McDonald

26

Nashville, Tennessee

10

8th

Stefano Langone

21

Kent, Washington

10

7th

Casey Abrams

20

Idyllwild, California

10

6th

Jacob Lusk

23

Compton, California

10

5th

James Durbin

22

Santa Cruz, California

10

4th

Haley Reinhart

20

Wheeling, Illinois

10

3rd

Lauren Alaina

16

Rossville, Georgia

10

Runner-up

Scotty McCreery

17

Garner, North Carolina

10

Winner

Jeremy Rosado

19

Valrico, Florida

11

13th

Jermaine Jones

25

Pine Hill, New Jersey

11

12th

Shannon Magrane

16

Tampa, Florida

11

11th

Erika Van Pelt

26

South Kingstown, Rhode Island

11

10th

Heejun Han

22

Flushing, New York

11

9th

DeAndre Brackensick

17

San Jose, California

11

8th

Colton Dixon

20

Murfreesboro, Tennessee

11

7th

Elise Testone

28

Mount Pleasant, South Carolina

11

6th

Skylar Laine

18

Brandon, Mississippi

11

5th

Hollie Cavanagh

18

McKinney, Texas

11

4th

Joshua Ledet

19

Westlake, Louisiana

11

3rd

Jessica Sanchez

16

San Diego, California

11

Runner-up

Phillip Phillips

21

Leesburg, Georgia

11

Winner

Curtis Finch, Jr.

24

St. Louis, Missouri

12

10th

Paul Jolley

23

Palmersville, Tennessee

12

9th

Devin Velez

18

Chicago, Illinois

12

8th

Burnell Taylor

19

New Orleans, Louisiana

12

7th

Lazaro Arbos

22

Naples, Florida

12

6th

Janelle Arthur

23

Oliver Springs, Tennessee

12

5th

Amber Holcomb

19

Houston, Texas

12

4th

Angie Miller

19

Beverly, Massachusetts

12

3rd

Kree Harrison

22

Woodville, Texas

12

Runner-up

Candice Glover

23

St. Helena Island, South Carolina

12

Winner

Kristen O'Connor

24

Sebastian, Florida

13

13th

Emily Piriz

18

Orlando, Florida

13

12th

Ben Briley

24

Gallatin, Tennessee

13

11th

MK Nobilette

20

San Francisco, California

13

10th

Majesty Rose

21

Goldsboro, North Carolina

13

9th

Malaya Watson

16

Southfield, Michigan

13

8th

Dexter Roberts

22

Fayette, Alabama

13

7th

CJ Harris

23

Jasper, Alabama

13

6th

Sam Woolf

17

Bradenton, Florida

13

5th

Jessica Meuse

23

Slapout, Alabama

13

4th

Alex Preston

20

Mont Vernon, New Hampshire

13

3rd

Jena Irene

17

Farmington Hills, Michigan

13

Runner-up

Caleb Johnson

23

Asheville, North Carolina

13

Winner

Sarina-Joi Crowe

19

Columbia, Tennessee

14

12th

Maddie Walker

17

Ankeny, Iowa

14

10th–11th

Adanna Duru

18

Diamond Bar, California

14

10th–11th

Daniel Seavey

15

Portland, Oregon

14

9th

Qaasim Middleton

19

Brooklyn, New York

14

8th

Joey Cook

23

Woodbridge, Virginia

14

7th

Quentin Alexander

20

New Orleans, Louisiana

14

6th

Tyanna Jones

16

Jacksonville, Florida

14

5th

Rayvon Owen

23

Richmond,  Virginia

14

4th

Jax

19

East Brunswick, New Jersey

14

3rd

Clark Beckham

22

White House, Tennessee

14

Runner-up

Nick Fradiani

29

Guilford, Connecticut

14

Winner

Gianna Isabella

15

Jackson, New Jersey

15

9th–10th

Olivia Rox

17

Agoura Hills, California

15

9th–10th

Lee Jean

16

Bluffton, South Carolina

15

7th–8th

Avalon Young

21

San Diego, California

15

7th–8th

Tristan McIntosh

16

Nashville, Tennessee

15

6th

Sonika Vaid

20

Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts

15

5th

MacKenzie Bourg

23

Lafayette, Louisiana

15

4th

Dalton Rapattoni

20

Dallas, Texas

15

3rd

La'Porsha Renae

22

McComb, Mississippi

15

Runner-up

Trent Harmon

26

Amory, Mississippi

15

Winner

Jonny Brenns

18

St. Augustine, Florida

16

11th-14th

Marcio Donaldson

28

Compton, California

16

11th-14th

Garrett Jacobs

18

Bossier City, Louisiana

16

11th-14th

Mara Justine

15

Galloway Township, New Jersey

16

11th-14th

Dennis Lorenzo

26

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

16

8th-10th

Michelle Sussett

22

Miami, Florida

16

8th-10th

Ada Vox

24

San Antonio, Texas

16

8th-10th

Jurnee

18

Denver, Colorado

16

6th-7th

Catie Turner

17

Langhorne, Pennsylvania

16

6th-7th

Cade Foehner

21

Shelbyville, Texas

16

4th-5th

Michael J. Woodard

20

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

16

4th-5th

Gabby Barrett

17

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

16

3rd

Caleb Lee Hutchinson

19

Dallas, Georgia

16

Runner-Up

Maddie Poppe

20

Clarksville, Iowa

16

Winner

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Contestant's age at the time the season's final round began.


document_title: Hamza (name)

question_text: what does the name hamza mean in arabic

question_tokens: what does the name hamza mean in arabic

text: Hamza (name)

text:
Hamza

Pronunciation
[ˈħæmzæ, ˈħamza, ˈħamze, ˈħɛmzæ, ˈʜæmzɐ, ˈʜɑmzɐ]

Gender
Male

Language(s)
Arabic

Origin

Language(s)
Arabic

Meaning
Strong, steadfast

Other names

Variant form(s)
Humza

text: Hamza (also spelled as Hamzah, Hamzeh or Humza; Arabic: حمزة, standardized transliteration is Ḥamzah) is a masculine given name in the Muslim world, derived from the Arabic word ḥamuza, meaning strong or steadfast. It was borne by one of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's uncles, Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an early Islamic convert renowned for his strength and bravery in battle.

text: Given name[edit]

text:
Hamza Abdullah, American football safety
Hamza Alić, Bosnian shot putter
Hamza Bencherif, footballer
Hamza Çakir, German footballer
Hamza El Din, Oud player, composer and ethnomusicologist
Hamza Dirani, Jordanian racing driver
Hamzah Fansuri, Sufi poet from Sumatra
Hamza al-Ghamdi, Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175
Hamza Hamzaoğlu, former Turkish footballer
Hamzah Haz, former vice-president of Indonesia
Prince Hamzah of Jordan, son of the late King Hussein of Jordan
Hamza Kashgari, Saudi columnist
Hamza Kastrioti, Ottoman military personnel
Hamza Koudri, Algerian footballer
Hamza bin Laden, a son of Osama bin Laden
Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, noted Sahābi and uncle of the Muhammad
Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi, Uzbek poet
Hamza Ruhezamihigo, Rwandan basketball player
Hamzah Shehatta, Saudi poet
Hamza Yerlikaya, Turkish Graeco-Roman style wrestler
Hamza Younés, Tunisian footballer
Humza Yousaf, Scottish politician
Hamza Ali Abbasi, Pakistani actor, model, and film director
Humza Arshad, British-Pakistani actor, writer, comedian and YouTube personality.

text: Surname[edit]

text:
Bur’i Mohamed Hamza, Somali politician
Gamal Hamza, Egyptian footballer
Khidir Hamza, nuclear technician who worked with Saddam Hussein
Tengku Amir Hamzah, Indonesian poet
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, Malaysian politician

text: Derived names[edit]

text: Abu Hamza

text: This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

text: This page lists people with the surname Hamza. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: Given namesSurnamesArabic masculine given namesBosniak masculine given namesTurkish masculine given namesPakistani masculine given names

text: Articles containing Arabic-language textAll set index articles


document_title: List of batsmen who have scored 100 centuries in first-class cricket

question_text: who has scored the most first class centuries

text: In the sport of cricket, a batsman is said to have scored a century when they score 100 or more runs without being dismissed. In first-class cricket, the highest form of the game below international level, a total of 25 players have achieved the feat on a hundred or more occasions.[1]

text: The first cricketer to achieve the feat was W. G. Grace, who completed his hundredth century in 1895. Grace remains the only batsman to have achieved the feat and finish with a batting average below 40.[2]

text: The English County Championship has historically always been the first-class competition in which the most matches are played per season, hence the most conducive competition to prolific runscoring. Of the 25 men to have scored 100 first-class centuries, all have been either natively English or English-qualified except Donald Bradman of Australia, Zaheer Abbas of Pakistan, Glenn Turner of New Zealand and West Indian Viv Richards. Zaheer Abbas (Gloucestershire), Turner (Worcestershire) and Richards (Somerset) all had substantial county careers as overseas players; Bradman, the first non-English batsman to achieve the feat, therefore remains the only batsman to have done so despite never having played for an English county side.

text: Batsmen with a century of centuries[edit]

text:
100s denotes how many centuries the batsman scored in first-class cricket.
Nation denotes the side for which the batsman played Test cricket; the number following indicates the number of centuries scored in Test cricket (in bold) plus the number of other first-class centuries scored for the national side.
100th denotes the season in which the batsman scored his one-hundredth century in first-class cricket.
ItH denotes how many innings it took the batsman to reach his hundredth century in first-class cricket.
Inns denotes how many innings the batsman played.
Runs denotes the number of runs scored by the batsman in his first-class career.
Ave denotes the batsman's career batting average.
♠ denotes the batsman scored their hundredth century in a Test match.

text:
Rank
100s
Player
Nation (100s)
  County (100s)
100th
ItH
Career
Inns
Runs
Ave
Notes

01 !1
199
Hobbs, JackJack Hobbs
 England (15)
Surrey (1 !144)
1923
821
1905–1934
1,315
61,237
50.65
[3]

02 !2
170
Hendren, PatsyPatsy Hendren
 England (07 !7+1)
Middlesex (1 !119)
1928–29
740
1907–1938
1,300
57,611
50.80
[4]

03 !3
167
Hammond, WallyWally Hammond
 England (22+4)
Gloucestershire (113)
1935
680
1923–1950
1,005
50,551
56.10
[5]

04 !4
153
Mead, PhilPhil Mead
 England (04 !4)
Hampshire (138)
1927
892
1905–1936
1,340
55,061
47.67
[6]

05 !5
151
Boycott, GeoffreyGeoffrey Boycott ♠
 England (22+3)
Yorkshire (2 !103)
1977
645
1962–1986
1,014
48,426
56.83
[7]

06 !6
149
Sutcliffe, HerbertHerbert Sutcliffe
 England (16+2)
Yorkshire (1 !112)
1932
700
1919–1945
1,088
50,138
51.95
[3]

07 !7
145
Woolley, FrankFrank Woolley
 England (05 !5+3)
Kent (1 !122)
1929
1,031
1906–1938
1,532
58,969
40.75
[3]

08 !8
136
Hick, GraemeGraeme Hick
 England (06 !6)
Worcestershire (106)
1998
574
1983–2008
871
41,112
52.23
[8]

09 !9
129
Hutton, LenLen Hutton
 England (19+1)
Yorkshire (3 !85)
1951
619
1934–1960
814
40,140
55.51
[9]

10
128
Gooch, GrahamGraham Gooch
 England (20)
Essex (94)
1992–93
820
1973–2000
990
44,846
49.01
[10]

11
126
Grace, W. G.W. G. Grace
 England (02 !2+2)
Gloucestershire (49)
1895
1,113
1865–1908
1,493
54,896
39.55
[3]

12
123
Compton, DenisDenis Compton
 England (17)
Middlesex (2 !67)
1952
552
1936–1964
839
38,942
51.85
[11]

13
122
Graveney, TomTom Graveney
 England (11)
Gloucestershire (50)
Worcestershire (27)
1964
940
1948–1972
1,223
47,793
44.91
[12]

14
117
Bradman, DonaldDonald Bradman
 Australia (29+36)
—
1947–48
295
1927–1949
338
28,067
95.14
[13][14]

15
114
Richards, VivViv Richards
 West Indies (24+23)
Somerset (47)
Glamorgan (10)
1988–89
658
1971–1993
796
36,212
49.40
[15][16]

16
114
Ramprakash, MarkMark Ramprakash
 England (02 !2+3)
Middlesex (3 !46)
Surrey (60)
2008
676
1987–2012
764
35,659
53.14
[17]
[18]

17
108
Zaheer Abbas ♠
 Pakistan (12+17)
Gloucestershire (49)
1982–83
658
1965–1987
768
34,843
51.54
[19][20]

18=
107
Sandham, AndyAndy Sandham
 England (02 !2)
Surrey (3 !83)
1935
871
1911–1938
1,000
41,284
44.82
[21]

18=
107
Cowdrey, ColinColin Cowdrey
 England (22+1)
Kent (3 !58)
1973
1,035
1950–1976
1,130
42,719
42.89
[22]

20
104
Hayward, TomTom Hayward
 England (03 !3)
Surrey (2 !88)
1913
1,076
1893–1914
1,138
43,551
41.79
[23]

21=
103
Turner, GlennGlenn Turner
 New Zealand (07 !7+9)
Worcestershire (72)
1982
779
1964–1983
792
34,346
49.70
[24][25]

21=
103
Edrich, JohnJohn Edrich
 England (12)
Surrey (4 !81)
1977
945
1956–1978
979
39,790
45.47
[26]

23=
102
Ames, LesLes Ames
 England (08 !8+4)
Kent (2 !78)
1950
916
1926–1951
951
37,248
43.51
[27]

23=
102
Tyldesley, ErnestErnest Tyldesley
 England (03 !3+1)
Lancashire (90)
1934
919
1909–1936
961
38,874
45.46
[28]

23=
102
Amiss, DennisDennis Amiss
 England (11+1)
Warwickshire (78)
1986
1,081
1960–1987
1,139
43,423
42.86
[29]