document_title: List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine cast members

question_text: who played alexander on star trek deep space nine

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Avery Brooks as Benjamin Sisko, commanding officer of space station Deep Space Nine until his disappearance in 2375.
René Auberjonois as Odo, chief of security until 2375.
Nicole de Boer as Ezri Dax, station's counselor.
Michael Dorn as Worf, strategic operations officer and later Federation Ambassador to the Klingon Empire.
Terry Farrell as Jadzia Dax, chief science officer until her death in 2374.
Cirroc Lofton as Jake Sisko, son of Benjamin Sisko.
Colm Meaney as Miles O'Brien, chief operations officer and later Starfleet Academy professor.
Armin Shimerman as Quark, bar owner.
Alexander Siddig as Julian Bashir, chief medical officer.
Nana Visitor as Kira Nerys, first officer and later commanding officer of Deep Space Nine.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Cecily Adams as Ishka, mother to Quark & Rom and a Ferengi entrepreneur.
Marc Alaimo as Dukat, Cardassian officer, leader of the Cardassian Union, a leader of the Dominion, and later a Bajoran religious leader.
Philip Anglim as Bareil Antos, Bajoran religious leader until his death in 2371.
Adrienne Barbeau as Kimara Cretak, Romulan liaison to Deep Space Nine.
Majel Barrett as Lwaxana Troi, Federation Ambassador.
Felecia M. Bell as Jennifer Sisko, Benjamin Sisko's deceased wife and mother of Jake Sisko.
Casey Biggs as Damar, Cardassian officer, a leader of the Dominion, and later the leader of the Cardassian resistance until his death in 2375.
Rosalind Chao as Keiko O'Brien, botanist, teacher, and wife of Miles O'Brien.
Jeffrey Combs as Weyoun, a Dominion leader, and Brunt, liquidator with the Ferengi Commerce Authority.
John Colicos as Kor, Klingon warrior and friend of Jadzia Dax.
James Darren as Vic Fontaine, a holographic entertainer.
Paul Dooley as Enabran Tain, former head of the Obsidian Order.
Aron Eisenberg as Nog, Quark's nephew, student, Starfleet cadet, and later operations officer.
Louise Fletcher as Winn Adami, Bajoran religious leader and later Kai of Bajor.
Max Grodénchik as Rom, Quark's brother, bar employee, and later a maintenance engineer until he was appointed Grand Nagus in 2375.
Hana Hatae as Molly O'Brien, daughter of Miles O'Brien and Keiko O'Brien.
J. G. Hertzler as Martok, Klingon liaison to Deep Space Nine, and later leader of the Klingon Empire.
Barry Jenner as William Ross, Field Commander of Starfleet forces during the Dominion War.
Salome Jens as the Female Changeling, leader of the Dominion until her incarceration in 2375.
Penny Johnson Jerald as Kasidy Yates, freighter captain and wife of Benjamin Sisko.
Deborah Lacey as Sarah Sisko, mother of Benjamin Sisko.
Kenneth Marshall as Michael Eddington, security officer and later Maquis rebel until his death in 2373.
Chase Masterson as Leeta, a Dabo girl and Rom's wife.
Julianna McCarthy as Mila, housekeeper to Enabran Tain.
Natalia Nogulich as Alynna Nechayev, flag officer in charge of Cardassian affairs.
Robert O'Reilly as Gowron, leader of the Klingon Empire until his death in 2375.
Brock Peters as Joseph Sisko, restaurant owner and father of Benjamin Sisko.
Duncan Regehr as Shakaar Edon, resistance leader, farmer, and later First Minister of Bajor.
Andrew Robinson as Elim Garak, tailor and former member of the Obsidian Order.
William Sadler as Luther Sloan, an operative of Section 31.
Camille Saviola as Opaka Sulan, Kai of Bajor until her death, resurrection and marooning on a penal colony.
Wallace Shawn as Zek, Grand Nagus until his retirement in 2375.
Mark Allen Shepherd as Morn, freighter captain and bar patron.
James Sloyan as Mora Pol, a Bajoran scientist who studied Odo.
Melanie Smith as Tora Ziyal, daughter of Dukat, and an artist until her death in 2374.
Tiny Ron Taylor as Maihar'du, attendant to Grand Nagus Zek.
Marc Worden as Alexander Rozhenko, a Klingon officer and Worf's son.

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Actor

Character

Season

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

Main Cast

Avery Brooks

Benjamin Sisko

Main

René Auberjonois

Odo

Main

Terry Farrell

Jadzia Dax

Main

Cirroc Lofton

Jake Sisko

Main

Colm Meaney

Miles O'Brien

Main

Armin Shimerman

Quark

Main

Alexander Siddig

Julian Bashir

Main

Nana Visitor

Kira Nerys

Main

Michael Dorn

Worf

Main

Nicole de Boer

Ezri Dax

Main

Recurring Cast

Marc Alaimo

Dukat

Recurring

Rosalind Chao

Keiko O'Brien

Recurring

Aron Eisenberg

Nog

Recurring

Max Grodénchik

Rom

Recurring

Hana Hatae

Molly O'Brien

Recurring

Andrew Robinson

Elim Garak

Recurring

Mark Allen Shepherd

Morn

Recurring

Philip Anglim

Bareil Antos

Guest

Recurring

Guest

Majel Barrett

Lwaxana Troi

Guest

Guest

Felecia M. Bell

Jennifer Sisko

Guest

Guest

Louise Fletcher

Winn Adami

Guest

Recurring

Recurring

Camille Saviola

Opaka Sulan

Recurring

Guest

Guest

Wallace Shawn

Zek

Guest

Guest

Recurring

Tiny Ron Taylor

Maihar'du

Guest

Guest

Recurring

John Colicos

Kor

Guest

Guest

Guest

Paul Dooley

Enabran Tain

Guest

Recurring

Guest

Julianna McCarthy

Mila

Guest

Recurring

Natalia Nogulich

Alynna Nechayev

Guest

James Sloyan

Mora Pol

Guest

Guest

Salome Jens

Female Changeling

Recurring

Guest

Recurring

Penny Johnson Jerald

Kasidy Yates

Recurring

Chase Masterson

Leeta

Recurring

Kenneth Marshall

Michael Eddington

Recurring

Robert O'Reilly

Gowron

Recurring

Recurring

Duncan Regehr

Shakaar Edon

Guest

Jeffrey Combs

Brunt

Recurring

Weyoun

Guest

Recurring

Casey Biggs

Damar

Guest

Recurring

J. G. Hertzler

Martok

Recurring

Brock Peters

Joseph Sisko

Recurring

Recurring

Melanie Smith

Tora Ziyal

Recurring

Cecily Adams

Ishkaf

Recurring

James Darren

Vic Fontaine

Recurring

Barry Jenner

William Ross

Recurring

William Sadler

Luther Sloan

Recurring

Marc Worden

Alexander Rozhenko

Recurring

Adrienne Barbeau

Kimara Cretak

Recurring

Deborah Lacey

Sarah Sisko

Recurring


question_text: who is the chief of police of los angeles

root

text:
Chief of the City of Los Angeles Police Department

Seal of the LAPD

Flag of the Chief of the LAPD

Incumbent
Charles L. Beck
since November 9, 2009 (2009-11-09)

Los Angeles Police Department

Style
Chief of Police

Member of
Los Angeles City Council

Seat
Los Angeles County, California, U.S.

Appointer
Mayor of Los Angeles

Inaugural holder
Jacob F. Gerkens

Formation
December 18, 1876

Salary
$307,291

Website
[1]

tag: table

text: The Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the head of the Los Angeles Police Department.

tag: p

text: List of police chiefs[edit]

text:
Chief
Term began
Term ended
Notes

Jacob F. Gerkens
December 18, 1876
December 26, 1877
[1]

Emil Harris
December 27, 1877
December 5, 1878
[2]

Henry King
December 5, 1878
December 11, 1880
[3]

George E. Gard
December 12, 1880
December 10, 1881
[4]

Henry King
December 11, 1881
June 30, 1883
[5]

Thomas J. Cuddy
July 1, 1883
January 1, 1885
[6]

Edward McCarthy
January 2, 1885
May 12, 1885
[7]

John Horner
May 13, 1885
December 22, 1885
[8]

James W. Davis
December 22, 1885
December 8, 1886
[9]

John K. Skinner
December 13, 1886
August 29, 1887
[10]

P.M. Darcy
September 5, 1887
January 22, 1888
[11]

Thomas J. Cuddy
January 23, 1888
September 4, 1888
[6]

L.G. Loomis
September 5, 1888
September 30, 1888
[12]

Hubert H. Benedict
October 1, 1888
January 1, 1889
[13]

Terrence Cooney
January 1, 1889
April 1, 1889
[14]

James E. Burns
April 1, 1889
July 17, 1889
[15]

John M. Glass
July 17, 1889
January 1, 1900
[16]

Charles Elton
January 1, 1900
April 5, 1904
[17]

William A. Hammell
April 6, 1904
October 31, 1905
[18]

Walter H. Auble
November 1, 1905
November 20, 1906
[19]

Edward Kern
November 20, 1906
January 5, 1909
[20]

Thomas Broadhead
January 5, 1909
April 12, 1909
[21]

Edward F. Dishman
April 13, 1909
January 15, 1910
[22]

Alexander Galloway
February 14, 1910
December 27, 1910
[23]

Charles E. Sebastian
January 3, 1911
July 16, 1915
[24]

Clarence E. Snively
July 17, 1915
October 15, 1916
[25]

John L. Butler
October 16, 1916
July 16, 1919
[26]

George K. Home
July 17, 1919
September 30, 1920
[27]

Alexander W. Murray
October 1, 1920
October 31, 1920
[28]

Lyle Pendegast
November 1, 1920
July 4, 1921
[29]

Charles A. Jones
July 5, 1921
January 3, 1922
[30]

James W. Everington
January 4, 1922
April 21, 1922
[31]

Louis D. Oaks
April 22, 1922
August 1, 1923
[32]

August Vollmer
August 1, 1923
August 1, 1924
[33]

R. Lee Heath
August 1, 1924
March 31, 1926
[34]

James E. Davis
April 1, 1926
December 29, 1929
[35]

Roy E. Steckel
December 30, 1929
August 9, 1933
[36]

James E. Davis
August 10, 1933
November 18, 1938
[37]

David A. Davidson
November 19, 1938
June 23, 1939
[38]

Arthur C. Hohmann
June 24, 1939
June 5, 1941
[39]

Clemence B. Horrall
June 16, 1941
June 28, 1949
[40]

William A. Worton
June 30, 1949
August 9, 1950
[41]

William H. Parker
August 9, 1950
July 16, 1966
[42][43]

Thad F. Brown
July 18, 1966
February 17, 1967
[44]

Thomas Reddin
February 18, 1967
May 5, 1969
[45]

Roger E. Murdock
May 6, 1969
August 28, 1969
[46] Interim Chief

Edward M. Davis
August 29, 1969
January 16, 1978
[47][48]

Robert F. Rock
January 16, 1978
March 28, 1978
[49] Interim Chief

Daryl F. Gates
March 28, 1978
June 27, 1992
[50][51][52]

Willie L. Williams
June 30, 1992
May 17, 1997
[53][54]

Bayan Lewis
May 18, 1997
August 12, 1997
[55]

Bernard C. Parks
August 12, 1997
May 4, 2002
[56][57]

Martin H. Pomeroy
May 7, 2002
October 26, 2002
[58] Interim Chief

William J. Bratton
October 27, 2002
October 31, 2009
[59][60]

Michael P. Downing
November 1, 2009
November 17, 2009
[61] Interim Chief

Charles L. Beck
November 17, 2009
Incumbent
[62][63]


document_title: List of Sword Art Online: Alicization episodes

question_text: sword art online alicization episode 2 release date

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Sword Art Online: Alicization (2018)[edit]

text: Story arc 6: Alicization[edit]

text:
No.

Series No.

Official English title[5]Original Japanese title

Director

Writer

Original air date[6]

Refs.

150"Underworld""Andāwārudo" (アンダーワールド)Manabu OnoTsuyoshi TobitaYukito KizawaOctober 7, 2018[nb 1][7]
Inside an unknown VR environment, Kirito spends his days as a child with his friends Eugeo and Alice. One day the three explore a cave in the outskirts of the Human Territory and get lost, ending up at the boundary with the Dark Territory. In the occasion, Alice trips and falls with her hand touching the Dark Territory and is sentenced by the Integrity Knights to execution. Kirito attempts to stop Alice from being taken away, while Eugeo stands motionless despite Kirito's pleas. Soon after, Kirito awakens in the real world with no memory of what happened. Later in Gun Gale Online, Sinon, Kirito, Asuna, Silica, Lisbeth and Klein confront a mysterious squad that flees after one of them is taken down. After the battle, Sinon thanks the others for joining her against them and back to the real world at Agil's café, she invites Kirito and Asuna to join her in the upcoming edition of the BoB tournament to which they agree. In the occasion, Kirito reveals that he is working part-time for the Rath Company as a tester for a new Full-Dive technology known as "Soul Translator", or STR, and feels uneasy when he hears Alice's name. On their way home, Kirito and Asuna are attacked by Johnny Black, who succeeds in injecting Kirito with a poison syringe.
251"The Demon Tree""Akuma no Ki" (悪魔の樹)Takashi SakumaYukito KizawaOctober 14, 2018[8]
Kirito awakens back in Underworld, but he does not remember how he got there. He then meets Eugeo, but they have no memories of each other. After helping Eugeo with his daily task of cutting the Demon Tree, Kirito is taken to Eugeo's village, where he discovers that he can actually use his sword skills from back in SAO, and after getting shelter at the local church, he decides that he must learn more about his circumstances before looking for a way to return to the real world.
352"The End Mountains""Hate no Sanmyaku" (果ての山脈)Shunsuke IshikawaKo NekotaOctober 21, 2018[9]
While cutting the Demon Tree, Eugeo explains to Kirito the reason why Alice was taken prisoner by the Integrity Knights. In the occasion, he also reveals the sword he retrieved from the End Mountains, and they attempt to cut the tree with it, but they discover that they are not skilled enough to use it yet. Later at night, Kirito has a conversation with Selka, Alice's younger sister and reveals to her what he heard from Eugeo about Alice. The next day, Selka disappears and both Kirito and Eugeo realize that she must have set to the End Mountains as well. At the mountains, they find that Selka was captured by goblins. As the goblins prepare to attack Kirito and Eugeo, Eugeo gets paralyzed by fear.
453"Departure""Tabidachi" (旅立ち)Michiru ItabisashiKo NekotaOctober 28, 2018[10]
Kirito makes Eugeo regain his composure and they fight the goblins together. While facing the goblin leader, Eugeo is gravely wounded and both he and Kirito remember their past together. An enraged Kirito then kills the goblin leader and convinces the others to retreat. After the battle, Kirito frees Selka and she uses her magic to transfer a part of Kirito's own energy to Eugeo in order to save his life. In the occasion, he has a vision of a woman, telling him that she is waiting for he and Eugeo atop the Central Cathedral. After Eugeo recovers, Kirito, having gained enough skill points to use the sword from the battle, deals a heavy blow on the Demon Tree, and Eugeo asks him to teach him swordsmanship. After completing his training, Eugeo uses the sword to finally cut down the Demon Tree, and the village holds a celebration for his feat. In the occasion, Eugeo is allowed to choose his next occupation, and he decides to become a swordsman. Kirito and Eugeo then depart to Central, hoping to find Alice and bring her back home.
554"Ocean Turtle""Ōshan Tātoru" (オーシャン・タートル)Kōji KobayashiYukito KizawaNovember 4, 2018[11]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Sword Art Online: Alicization premiered with a special one-hour episode, with pre-screenings in several countries on September 15, 2018.

tag: ol


document_title: I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You

question_text: who wrote i aint never loved a man

question_tokens: who wrote i aint never loved a man

text: I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 1967, Rolling Stone chided the album for "the lack of versatility on the part of the sidemen. The drums weren't hard enough, the guitar was weak, and the production lacked polish."[5] In 2002, though, they placed the album at No. 1 on their "Women in Rock: 50 Essential Albums" list. In 2003, the album was ranked No. 83 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Q magazine (1/03, p. 54) included the album in their list of the "100 Greatest Albums Ever". Q (7/93, p. 106) also gave the album 4 stars and said "[the album] came out in May 1967 and was number 2 in America within weeks ... now it stands untainted by time. She seemed so much a force of nature it's strange to recall that this was actually her tenth album ..."

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Respect"Otis Redding2:292."Drown in My Own Tears"Henry Glover4:073."I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)"Ronnie Shannon2:514."Soul Serenade"King Curtis, Luther Dixon2:395."Don't Let Me Lose This Dream"Aretha Franklin, Ted White2:236."Baby Baby Baby"Aretha Franklin, Carolyn Franklin2:54

text: Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7."Dr. Feelgood"Aretha Franklin, Ted White3:238."Good Times"Sam Cooke2:109."Do Right Woman, Do Right Man"Dan Penn, Chips Moman3:1610."Save Me"Aretha Franklin, Carolyn Franklin, King Curtis2:2111."A Change Is Gonna Come"Sam Cooke4:20

text: show1995 reissue bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length12."Respect" (Stereo version)Otis Redding2:2813."I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)" (Stereo version)Ronnie Shannon2:4714."Do Right Woman, Do Right Man" (Stereo version)Dan Penn, Chips Moman3:14

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Aretha Franklin – piano, vocals
Spooner Oldham – keyboards, piano
Jimmy Johnson, Chips Moman – guitar
Tommy Cogbill – bass guitar
Gene Chrisman, Roger Hawkins – drums
Melvin Lastie – trumpet
Charles Chalmers, King Curtis – tenor saxophone
Willie Bridges	– baritone saxophone
Carolyn Franklin – background vocals
Erma Franklin - background vocals
Cissy Houston – background vocals

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text:
Produced by Rick Hall (FAME Studios, Muscle Shoals, AL)
Engineered by Tom Dowd


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

question_text: who has best 3 point percentage in nba

question_tokens: who has best 3 point percentage in nba

text: Three-point field goals made leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular-season three-point field goals made.

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†

Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

§

1st time eligible for Hall of Fame in 2019[4]

text:
Rank

Name

Position(s)

Team(s) played for (years)[5]

Total 3-point field  goals made

Total 3-point field  goals attempted

3-point field goalpercentage

1

Ray Allen*

SG

Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003) Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)

2,973

7,429

.400

2

Reggie Miller*

SG

Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)

2,560

6,486

.395

3

Jason Terry^

SG/PG

Atlanta Hawks (1999–2004)Dallas Mavericks (2004–2012)Boston Celtics (2012–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Houston Rockets (2014–2016)Milwaukee Bucks (2016-2018)

2,282

6,010

.380

4

Kyle Korver^

SG/SF

Philadelphia 76ers (2003–2007)Utah Jazz (2007–2010)Chicago Bulls (2010–2012)Atlanta Hawks (2012–2017)Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)

2,213

5,130

.431

5

Jamal Crawford^

SG/PG

Chicago Bulls (2000–2004)New York Knicks (2004–2008)Golden State Warriors (2008–2009)Atlanta Hawks (2009–2011)Portland Trail Blazers (2011–2012)Los Angeles Clippers (2012–2017)Minnesota Timberwolves (2017–2018)

2,153

6,175

.349

6

Paul Pierce†

SF

Boston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)

2,143

5,816

.368

7

Stephen Curry^

PG

Golden State Warriors (2009–present)

2,129

4,880

.436

8

Vince Carter^

SG/SF

Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)

2,106

5,650

.373

9

Jason Kidd*

PG

Dallas Mavericks (1994–1996, 2008–2012)Phoenix Suns (1996–2001)New Jersey Nets (2001–2008)New York Knicks (2012–2013)

1,988

5,701

.349

10

Joe Johnson^

SG/SF

Boston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)

1,978

5,331

.371

11

Dirk Nowitzki^

PF

Dallas Mavericks (1999–present)

1,918

5,005

.383

12

J. R. Smith^

SG

New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2004–2006)Denver Nuggets (2006–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2015)Cleveland Cavaliers (2015–present)

1,917

5,128

.374

13

Chauncey Billups

PG/SG

Boston Celtics (1997–1998)Toronto Raptors (1998)Denver Nuggets (1999, 2008–2011)Minnesota Timberwolves (2000–2002)Detroit Pistons (2002–2008, 2013–2014)New York Knicks (2011)Los Angeles Clippers (2011–2013)

1,830

4,725

.387

14

Kobe Bryant†

SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)

1,827

5,546

.330

15

Rashard Lewis

SF/PF

Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2007)Orlando Magic (2007–2010)Washington Wizards (2010–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)

1,787

4,625

.386

16

Peja Stojaković

SF

Sacramento Kings (1999–2006)  Indiana Pacers (2006)  New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2006–2010)  Toronto Raptors (2010–2011)  Dallas Mavericks (2011)

1,760

4,392

.401

17

Dale Ellis

SF/SG

Dallas Mavericks (1983–1986)Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1991, 1997–1999)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1992, 1999–2000)San Antonio Spurs (1992–1994)Denver Nuggets (1994–1997)Charlotte Hornets (2000)

1,719

4,266

.403

18

Steve Nash*

PG

Phoenix Suns (1996–1998, 2004–2012)Dallas Mavericks (1999–2004)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2014)

1,685

3,939

.428

19

James Harden^

SG

Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)Houston Rockets (2012–present)

1,647

4,523

.364

20

LeBron James^

SF

Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)

1,616

4,701

.344

21

Jason Richardson§

SG

Golden State Warriors (2001–2007)Charlotte Bobcats (2007–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2010)Orlando Magic (2010–2012)Philadelphia 76ers (2012–2015)

1,608

4,344

.370

22

Mike Miller

SF/SG

Orlando Magic (2000–2003)Memphis Grizzlies (2003–2008, 2013–2014)Minnesota Timberwolves (2008–2009)Washington Wizards (2009–2010)Miami Heat (2010–2013)Cleveland Cavaliers (2014–2015)Denver Nuggets (2015–2017)

1,590

3,910

.407

23

Glen Rice

SF

Miami Heat (1989–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1995–1998)Los Angeles Lakers (1999–2000)New York Knicks (2000–2001)Houston Rockets (2001–2003)Los Angeles Clippers (2003–2004)

1,559

3,896

.400

24

Klay Thompson^

SG

Golden State Warriors (2011–present)

1,557

3,691

.422

25

Eddie Jones

SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1994–1999)Charlotte Hornets (1999–2000)Miami Heat (2000–2005, 2007)Memphis Grizzlies (2005–2007)Dallas Mavericks (2007–2008)

1,546

4,147

.373

26

Tim Hardaway

PG

Golden State Warriors (1989–1993, 1994–1996)Miami Heat (1996–2001)Dallas Mavericks (2001–2002)Denver Nuggets (2002)Indiana Pacers (2003)

1,542

4,345

.355

27

Nick Van Exel

PG

Los Angeles Lakers (1993–1998)Denver Nuggets (1999–2002)Dallas Mavericks (2002–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2004)Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2005)San Antonio Spurs (2005–2006)

1,528

4,278

.357

28

Mike Bibby

PG

Vancouver Grizzlies (1999–2001)Sacramento Kings (2001–2008)Atlanta Hawks (2008–2011)Washington Wizards (2011)Miami Heat (2011)New York Knicks (2011–2012)

1,517

3,999

.379

29

Manu Ginóbili†

SG

San Antonio Spurs (2002–2018)

1,495

4,055

.369

30

J. J. Redick^

SG

Orlando Magic (2006–2013)Milwaukee Bucks (2013) Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2017) Philadelphia 76ers (2017–present)

1,464

3,524

.415

31

Michael Finley

SF

Phoenix Suns (1995–1996)Dallas Mavericks (1996–2005)San Antonio Spurs (2005–2010)Boston Celtics (2010)

1,454

3,880

.375

32

Kevin Durant^

SF/SG

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)

1,433

3,734

.384

33

Wesley Matthews^

SG

Utah Jazz (2009–2010)Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2015)Dallas Mavericks (2015–present)

1,405

3,667

.383

34

Brent Barry

SG

Los Angeles Clippers (1995–1998)Miami Heat (1998)Chicago Bulls (1999)Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2004)San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)Houston Rockets (2008–2009)

1,395

3,442

.405

35

Antoine Walker

PF

Boston Celtics (1996–2003, 2005)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Atlanta Hawks (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)

1,386

4,264

.325

36

Kyle Lowry^

PG

Memphis Grizzlies (2006–2009)Houston Rockets (2009–2012)Toronto Raptors (2012–present)

1,375

3,717

.370

37

Dan Majerle

SG/SF

Phoenix Suns (1988–1995, 2001–2002)Cleveland Cavaliers (1995–1996)Miami Heat (1996–2001)

1,360

3,798

.358

38

Carmelo Anthony^

SF

Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)

1,341

3,861

.347

39

Baron Davis

PG

Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002)New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005)Golden State Warriors (2005–2008)Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011)Cleveland Cavaliers (2011)New York Knicks (2012)

1,332

4,159

.320

40

Mitch Richmond*

SG

Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)

1,326

3,419

.388

41

Ryan Anderson^

PF

New Jersey Nets (2008–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2012)New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans (2012–2016)Houston Rockets (2016–present)

1,315

3,446

.382

42

Trevor Ariza^

SF

New York Knicks (2004–2006)Orlando Magic (2006–2007)Los Angeles Lakers (2007–2009)Houston Rockets (2009–2010, 2014–2018)New Orleans Hornets (2010–2012)Washington Wizards (2012–2014)Phoenix Suns (2018–present)

1,313

3,721

.353

43

Allan Houston

SG

Detroit Pistons (1993–1996)New York Knicks (1996–2005)

1,305

3,247

.402

44

Mike Dunleavy Jr.

SF/SG

Golden State Warriors (2002–2007)Indiana Pacers (2007–2011)Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2013)Chicago Bulls (2013–2016)Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017) Atlanta Hawks (2017)

1,304

3,460

.377

45

Terry Porter

PG

Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1995)Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–1998)Miami Heat (1999)San Antonio Spurs (1999–2002)

1,297

3,360

.386

46

Mookie Blaylock

PG

New Jersey Nets (1989–1992)Atlanta Hawks (1992–1999)Golden State Warriors (1999–2002)

1,283

3,816

.336

47

Damian Lillard^

PG

Portland Trail Blazers (2012–present)

1,269

3,447

.368

48

Vernon Maxwell

SG

San Antonio Spurs (1988–1990, 1996–1997)Houston Rockets (1990–1995)Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1996, 2000)Orlando Magic (1998)Charlotte Hornets (1998)Sacramento Kings (1999)Seattle SuperSonics (1999–2000)Dallas Mavericks (2001)

1,256

3,931

.320

49

Clifford Robinson

PF/SF

Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)

1,253

3,515

.356

50

Stephen Jackson

SG/SF

New Jersey Nets (2000–2001)San Antonio Spurs (2001–2003, 2012–2013)Atlanta Hawks (2003–2004)Indiana Pacers (2004–2007)Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2011)Milwaukee Bucks (2011–2012)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)

1,252

3,763

.333

text: Progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of 3-point scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
Team abbreviations

Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
HOU
Houston Rockets
ORL
Orlando Magic
SEA
Seattle SuperSonics

CHA
Charlotte Bobcats
IND
Indiana Pacers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
TOR
Toronto Raptors

CHI
Chicago Bulls
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
MIA
Miami Heat
SAC
Sacramento Kings
WAS
Washington Wizards

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

GSW
Golden State Warriors
NYK
New York Knicks
SDC
San Diego Clippers

text:
Progressive 3-point leaders

Season

Year-by-year leader

3P

Active player leader

3P

Career record

3P

Single-season record

3P

Season

1979–80
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
Brian Taylor000SDC
90
1979–80

1980–81
Mike Bratz000CLE
57
134
134
1980–81

1981–82
Don Buse000IND
73
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
Joe Hassett000GSW
193
1981–82

1982–83
Mike Dunleavy000 SAS
67
194
194
1982–83

1983–84
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
Darrell Griffith000UTA
154
Darrell Griffith000UTA
91
1983–84

1984–85
92
246
Darrell Griffith000UTA
246
92
1984–85

1985–86
Larry Bird*000BOS
82
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
Larry Bird*000BOS
267
1985–86

1986–87
90
357
357
1986–87

1987–88
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
455
455
Danny Ainge000BOS
148
1987–88

1988–89
Michael Adams000DEN
166
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Dale Ellis000SEA
472
Michael Adams000DEN
166
1988–89

1989–90
158
568
568
1989–90

1990–91
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
Michael Adams000DEN 1990–91000WSB 1991–92
658
Michael Adams000DEN 1990–91000WSB 1991–92
658
Vernon Maxwell000HOU
172
1990–91

1991–92
162
783
783
1991–92

1992–93
Reggie Miller*000INDDan Majerle000PHO
167
Dale Ellis000 SAS 1992–94000 DEN 1994–97
882
Dale Ellis000 SAS 1992–94000 DEN 1994–97
882
1992–93

1993–94
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1,013
1,013
Dan Majerle000PHO
192
1993–94

1994–95
John Starks000NYK
217
1,119
1,119
John Starks000NYK
217
1994–95

1995–96
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1,269
1,269
Dennis Scott000ORL
267
1995–96

1996–97
Reggie Miller*000IND
229
1,461
1,461
1996–97

1997–98
Wesley Person000CLE
192
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
Reggie Miller*000IND
1,596
1997–98

1998–99
Dee Brown000TOR
135
1,702
1,702
1998–99

1999–00
Gary Payton*000SEA
177
1,867
1,867
1999–00

2000–01
Antoine Walker000BOS
221
2,037
2,037
2000–01

2001–02
Ray Allen*000MIL
229
2,217
2,217
2001–02

2002–03
201
2,330
2,330
2002–03

2003–04
Peja Stojaković000SAC
240
2,464
2,464
2003–04

2004–05
Quentin Richardson0PHOKyle Korver^00PHI
226
2,560
2,560
2004–05

2005–06
Ray Allen*000SEA
269
Ray Allen*000SEA 2005–07000BOS 2007–12000MIA 2012–14
1,755
Ray Allen*000SEA
269
2005–06

2006–07
Gilbert Arenas00WAS Raja Bell00PHO
205
1,920
2006–07

2007–08
Jason Richardson§000CHA
243
2,100
2007–08

2008–09
Rashard Lewis000ORL
220
2,299
2008–09

2009–10
Aaron Brooks^000HOU
209
2,444
2009–10

2010–11
Dorell Wright†000GSW
194
2,612
Ray Allen*000BOS 2010–12000MIA 2012–14
2,612
2010–11

2011–12
Ryan Anderson^000ORL
166
2,718
2,718
2011–12

2012–13
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2,857
2,857
Stephen Curry^000GSW
272
2012–13

2013–14
261
2,973
2,973
2013–14

2014–15
286
Jason Terry^000HOU 2014–16000MIL 2016–18
2,076
286
2014–15

2015–16
402
2,169
402
2015–16

2016–17
324
2,242
2016–17

2017–18
James Harden^000HOU
265
2,282
2017–18

Season
Year-by-year leader
3P
Active player leader
3P
Career record
3P
Single-season record
3P
Season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The National Basketball Association did not record 3-point field goals until the 1979–80 season

Jump up ^ "NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for 3-Pt Field Goals". Basketball-Reference.com. Sports-Reference. Retrieved 24 March 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years.

^ Jump up to: a b "2019 Hall of Fame Candidates". Retrieved August 18, 2018.

Jump up ^ American Basketball Association (ABA) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: epl all time top scorer in one season

question_tokens: epl all time top scorer in one season

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3

Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]

Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[4]
Most home points in a season: 55, joint record:[5]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]

Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)[7]
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[8]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[9]
Most points in a season while being relegated:

42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[10]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[10]

Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[11]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in total: 629, Manchester United[12]
Most wins in a season (38 games): 32, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[13]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]

Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[7]

Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)

Most away wins in a season (19 games): 16, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[7][14][15]

Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)

Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[16][2]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[17]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[18][16]

Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)

Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[19]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Most defeats in total: 351, Everton[20]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[21]
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[22]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:

Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[23][24][25]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)[26][27][28]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[28][29][30][31][32]
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18)[33]
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)

Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[27][34]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[35]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[36]
Most defeats in a season (42 games or 38 games): 29, joint record:

Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)[37]

Most home defeats in a season (19 games): 14, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[38]
Most away defeats in a season (19 games): 17, Burnley (2009–10)[39]
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[40]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in total: 287, Everton[20]
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:

Manchester City (1993–94)[41]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]

Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:

Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)[41]
Sunderland (2014–15)[41]

Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:

Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[41]
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)[41]
Manchester United (2016–17)[41]

Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98, 2016–17)[41]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:

Manchester City (2008–09)[41]
Manchester United (2012–13)[41]
Chelsea (2016–17)[41]

Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:

Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96, 2014–15)[41]
Barnsley (1997–98)[41]
Chelsea (1997–98)[41]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[41]
Everton (2000–01)[41]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[41]
Portsmouth (2005–06, 2007–08)[41]
Burnley (2009–10)[41]
Liverpool (2011–12)[41]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[41]

Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:

Norwich City (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Manchester City (2009–10)[41]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[42]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[43]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Worst goal difference in a season: –69, Derby County (2007–08)[46]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[47]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[48]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[49]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43

Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[49]

Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[49]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[49]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8

Middlesbrough (1995–96)[49]
Southampton (1998–99)[49]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[49]
Derby County (2007–08)[49]

Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[49]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[49]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[50]
Most goals scored in total: 1,924, Manchester United[20]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,267, Tottenham Hotspur[20]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[51]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[52][53]
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)[54]
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)[54]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)[55]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[56]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[57]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[58]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[59]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[60]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[61]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[62]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[63]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[64]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[65]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[66]

text:
Rank
Name
Goals
Games
Goals per game
Playing position
First goal
Last goal

1
 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2
 Wayne Rooney
208
491
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3
 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4
 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5
 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6
 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7
 Jermain Defoe
162
492
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8
 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9
 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10
 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]

Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 32, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[69]
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 24, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[70]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[71]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:

20-team league:[69]

Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)

22-team league:[citation needed]

Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[72]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[73]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[74]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[75]

Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[76]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[77]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[78]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[79]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[80]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[66]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[83]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[84]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[85]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:

Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[86]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[87]

Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[88]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[89]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists (career)

Rank
Player
Assists

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 James Milner
78

9
 Teddy Sheringham
76

10
 David Silva
75

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[91]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[92]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[93]

Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[94]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets (career)

Rank
Player
Clean
sheets

1
 Petr Čech
201

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[95]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[96]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):

Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[97]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[98]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[99]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[100]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[101]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[55]

Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne

Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[67]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[102]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[103]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[104]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[105]

text:
Player
Date
Team
Age
Opposition

1
James Vaughan
10 April 2005
Everton
16 years, 270 days
Crystal Palace

2
James Milner
26 December 2002
Leeds United
16 years, 346 days
Sunderland

3
Wayne Rooney
19 October 2002
Everton
16 years, 351 days
Arsenal

4
Cesc Fàbregas
25 August 2004
Arsenal
17 years, 114 days
Blackburn Rovers

5
Michael Owen
6 May 1997
Liverpool
17 years, 144 days
Wimbledon

6
Andy Turner
5 September 1992
Tottenham
17 years, 166 days
Everton

7
Federico Macheda
5 April 2009
Manchester United
17 years, 226 days
Aston Villa

8
Raheem Sterling
20 October 2012
Liverpool
17 years, 317 days
Reading

9
Mikael Forssell
20 February 1999
Chelsea
17 years, 342 days
Nottingham Forest

10
Danny Cadamarteri
20 September 1997
Everton
17 years, 344 days
Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[106]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[106]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)

Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[107]

Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season

Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3

Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[108]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[109]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[110]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[111]

Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[112]
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[113]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[114]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[116]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[117]

Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:

Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[118]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[119]

Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:

Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[120]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[121]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[122]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[123]

text:
Pos.
Club
Seasons
Pld
Win
Draw
Loss
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Relegated
Avg
Pts
Best
Pos.

1
Manchester United
26
1000
629
215
156
1924
875
1049
2102
13
6
3
1

80.85
1

2
Arsenal
26
1000
544
253
203
1772
962
810
1885
3
6
5
7

72.50
1

3
Chelsea
26
1000
537
248
215
1707
963
744
1859
5
4
4
2

71.50
1

4
Liverpool
26
1000
499
255
246
1685
1024
661
1752

3
5
7

67.38
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur
26
1000
423
255
322
1480
1267
213
1524

1
2
2

58.62
2

6
Everton
26
1000
362
287
351
1303
1265
38
1373

1

52.81
4

7
Manchester City
21
810
359
194
257
1279
952
327
1271
3
2
2
1
2
60.52
1

8
Newcastle United
23
882
334
225
323
1207
1187
20
1227

2
2
1
2
53.35
2

9
Aston Villa
24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

10
West Ham United
22
844
275
221
348
1012
1214
−202
1046

2
47.55
5

11
Blackburn Rovers
18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton
19
734
229
202
303
892
1022
−130
889

1
46.79
6

13
Leeds United
12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough
15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[124]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland
16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham
13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers
13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City
12
460
142
129
189
572
670
−98
555
1

3
46.25
1

19
West Bromwich Albion
12
456
112
128
216
475
696
−221
464

4
38.67
8

20
Stoke City
10
380
116
109
155
398
525
−127
457

1
45.70
9

21
Coventry City
9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday
8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon
8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Crystal Palace
9
350
97
89
164
374
511
−137
380

4
42.22
10

25
Charlton Athletic
8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

26
Norwich City
8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

27
Wigan Athletic
8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Swansea City
7
266
82
66
118
306
383
−77
312

1
44.57
8

29
Queens Park Rangers
7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

30
Birmingham City
7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

31
Portsmouth
7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[125]

1
41.86
8

32
Derby County
7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.14
8

33
Nottingham Forest
5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town
5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Watford
5
190
45
43
102
188
318
−130
178

2
35.60
13

36
Hull City
5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

37
Burnley
4
152
40
37
75
145
229
−84
157

2
39.25
7

38
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

39
Sheffield United
3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

40
Bournemouth
3
114
34
30
50
145
195
−50
132

44.00
9

41
Reading
3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

42
Oldham Athletic
2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

43
Bradford City
2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Brighton & Hove Albion
1
38
9
13
16
34
54
–20
40

40
15

45
Blackpool
1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

46
Huddersfield Town
1
38
9
10
19
28
58
–30
37

37
16

47
Barnsley
1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

48
Cardiff City
1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

49
Swindon Town
1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

text: League or status at 2018–19:

text:
2018–19 Premier League

2018–19 EFL Championship

2018–19 EFL League One

2018–19 EFL League Two

Defunct: by a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[126][127]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[128]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[129]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018)[130]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006) (8 games)[131]


document_title: Acid rain

question_text: when was the term acid rain first used

question_tokens: when was the term acid rain first used

text: Acid rain

text: Definition

text: "Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloudwater, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components. Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline. "Clean" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5.7, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:

text: Carbonic acid then can ionize in water forming low concentrations of hydronium and carbonate ions:

text: However, unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH (acidity level). A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning.[1] Acid deposition as an environmental issue (discussed later in the article) would include additional acids other than H2CO3.

text: History

text: The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles.[2] Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased.[3][4] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.[5]

text: Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon.[6] The term "acid rain" was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith.[7] Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake. Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it.[8][9]

text: Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas.[3] Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia[10][11] and areas downwind from them. These areas all burn sulfur-containing coal to generate heat and electricity.[12]

text: The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread. The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation.[13][14] Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition (simply because of their higher rainfall). An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia.

text: In the United States

text: The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley. In 1972, a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic. The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook.[16] The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain. Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils.[17] The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering. Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species. In 1980, a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook, New Hampshire, and observed the change in species’ behaviors. There was a decrease in species diversity, an increase in community dominants, and a decrease in the food web complexity.[18]

text: In 1980, the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act.[19] This Act established an 18-year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective. It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was, and to determine long-term trends, and established a network for dry deposition. It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, historical buildings, monuments, and building materials. It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs.

text: From the start, policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts, or to disparage those of their opponents.[19] For the U.S. Government's scientific enterprise, a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists, program managers and the public.[20]

text: In 1981, the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain.[21] President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain[22] until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US. Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau’s enforcement of anti-pollution regulation.[23] In 1982, US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to sit on National Science Board.[24] Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to sit on a panel to draft a report on acid rain. In 1983, the panel of scientists came up with a draft report, which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought.[25] White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer’s suggestions of the report, which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain.[26] The panelists revealed rejections against Singer’s positions and submitted the report to Nirenberg in April. In May 1983, the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions. There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report. Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published.[27]

text: In 1991, DENR provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States. It reported that 5% of New England Lakes were acidic, with sulfates being the most common problem. They noted that 2% of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout, and 6% of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow. Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems, nitrogen saturation, decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil, episodic acidification, regional haze, and damage to historical monuments.

text: Meanwhile, in 1989, the U.S. Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act. Title IV of these amendments established the Acid Rain Program, a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO2 emissions from power plants. It was implemented in two phases. Phase I began in 1995, and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of the largest power plants to a combined total of 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide. One power plant in New England (Merrimack) was in Phase I. Four other plants (Newington, Mount Tom, Brayton Point, and Salem Harbor) were added under other provisions of the program. Phase II began in 2000, and affects most of the power plants in the country.

text: During the 1990s, research continued. On March 10, 2005, the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). This rule provides states with a solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another. CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO2 and NOx in the eastern United States. When fully implemented, CAIR will reduce SO2 emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70% and NOx emissions by over 60% from 2003 levels.[28]

text: Overall, the program's cap and trade program has been successful in achieving its goals. Since the 1990s, SO2 emissions have dropped 40%, and according to the Pacific Research Institute, acid rain levels have dropped 65% since 1976.[29][30] Conventional regulation was used in the European Union, which saw a decrease of over 70% in SO2 emissions during the same time period.[31]

text: In 2007, total SO2 emissions were 8.9 million tons, achieving the program's long-term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline.[32]

text: In 2007 the EPA estimated that by 2010, the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers would be $1 billion to $2 billion a year, only one fourth of what was originally predicted.[29] Forbes says: In 2010, by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration’s Clean Air Interstate Rule, SO2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons. [33]

text: The term Citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 and a campaign by the Audubon Society to measure Acid rain. Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled 'Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective' a first use of the term 'citizen science' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989.[34][35] Quoting from the Wilson Center report: "The new form of engagement in science received the name "citizen science". The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989, describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid-rain awareness raising campaign. The volunteers collected samples, checked for acidity, and reported back to the organization. The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon."[34][35]

text: Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification

text: The most important gas which leads to acidification is sulfur dioxide. Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur containing compounds. 70 Tg(S) per year in the form of SO2 comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry, 2.8 Tg(S) from wildfires and 7–8 Tg(S) per year from volcanoes.[36]

text: Natural phenomena

text: The principal natural phenomena that contribute acid-producing gases to the atmosphere are emissions from volcanoes. Thus, for example, fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog, with acidity as high as a pH of 2, clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements. Acid-producing gasses are also created by biological processes that occur on the land, in wetlands, and in the oceans. The major biological source of sulfur containing compounds is dimethyl sulfide.

text: Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life, and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning.

text: Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe.[13]

text: Soils of coniferous forests are naturally very acidic due to the shedding of needles, and the results of this phenomenon should not be confused with acid rain.

text: Human activity

text: The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain. The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. In the past, factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally; thus, factories now have taller smoke funnels. However, dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage.

text: Chemical processes

text: Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid.[37]

text: Gas phase chemistry

text: In the gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized by reaction with the hydroxyl radical via an intermolecular reaction:[5]

text: which is followed by:

text: In the presence of water, sulfur trioxide (SO3) is converted rapidly to sulfuric acid:

text: Nitrogen dioxide reacts with OH to form nitric acid:

text: Chemistry in cloud droplets

text: When clouds are present, the loss rate of SO2 is faster than can be explained by gas phase chemistry alone. This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets.

text: Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then, like carbon dioxide, hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions:

text: There are a large number of aqueous reactions that oxidize sulfur from S(IV) to S(VI), leading to the formation of sulfuric acid. The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets).[5]

text: Acid deposition

text: Wet deposition

text: Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on.) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition.

text: Dry deposition

text: Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition.[38] This occurs when particles and gases stick to the ground, plants or other surfaces.

text: Adverse effects

text: Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health.

text: Surface waters and aquatic animals

text: Both the lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals. At pHs lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pHs can kill adult fish. As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced. Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species, including the brook trout in some lakes, streams, and creeks in geographically sensitive areas, such as the Adirondack Mountains of the United States.[39] However, the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity (i.e., depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed) is variable. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) website states: "Of the lakes and streams surveyed, acid rain caused acidity in 75% of the acidic lakes and about 50% of the acidic streams".[39]

text: Soils

text: Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed.[40] The enzymes of these microbes are denatured (changed in shape so they no longer function) by the acid. The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins such as aluminium, and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium.[41]

text: Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations, such as calcium and magnesium, are leached by acid rain thereby affecting sensitive species, such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum).[42][43]

text: Forests and other vegetation

text: Adverse effects may be indirectly related to acid rain, like the acid's effects on soil (see above) or high concentration of gaseous precursors to acid rain. High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain.

text: Other plants can also be damaged by acid rain, but the effect on food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers to replace lost nutrients. In cultivated areas, limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable, but this tactic is largely unusable in the case of wilderness lands. When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce, these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death.[44][45]

text: Ocean acidification

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)

text: Acid rain has a much less harmful effect on the oceans. However, acid rain can cause the oceans acidity to rise, making it more difficult for different coastal species to create their exoskeletons that they need to survive. These coastal species link together as part of the ocean's food chain and without them being a source for other marine life to feed off of more marine life will die.[46]

text: Coral's limestone skeletal is sensitive to pH drop, because the calcium carbonate, core component of the limestone dissolves in acidic (low pH) solutions.

text: Human health effects

text: Acid rain does not directly affect human health. The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects. However, the particulates responsible for acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) do have an adverse effect. Increased amounts of fine particulate matter in the air do contribute to heart and lung problems including asthma and bronchitis.[47]

text: Other adverse effects

text: Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues, especially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate. Acids in the rain react with the calcium compounds in the stones to create gypsum, which then flakes off.

text: The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones, where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible. Acid rain also increases the corrosion rate of metals, in particular iron, steel, copper and bronze.[48][49]

text: Affected areas

text: Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia,[50] the eastern third of the United States,[51] and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan.[52]

text: Prevention methods

text: Technical solutions

text: Many coal-firing power stations use flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) to remove sulfur-containing gases from their stack gases. For a typical coal-fired power station, FGD will remove 95% or more of the SO2 in the flue gases. An example of FGD is the wet scrubber which is commonly used. A wet scrubber is basically a reaction tower equipped with a fan that extracts hot smoke stack gases from a power plant into the tower. Lime or limestone in slurry form is also injected into the tower to mix with the stack gases and combine with the sulfur dioxide present. The calcium carbonate of the limestone produces pH-neutral calcium sulfate that is physically removed from the scrubber. That is, the scrubber turns sulfur pollution into industrial sulfates.

text: In some areas the sulfates are sold to chemical companies as gypsum when the purity of calcium sulfate is high. In others, they are placed in landfill. However, the effects of acid rain can last for generations, as the effects of pH level change can stimulate the continued leaching of undesirable chemicals into otherwise pristine water sources, killing off vulnerable insect and fish species and blocking efforts to restore native life.

text: Fluidized bed combustion also reduces the amount of sulfur emitted by power production.

text: Vehicle emissions control reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles.

text: International treaties

text: A number of international treaties on the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed for example, the 1985 Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Canada and the US signed the Air Quality Agreement in 1991. Most European countries and Canada have signed the treaties.

text: Emissions trading

text: In this regulatory scheme, every current polluting facility is given or may purchase on an open market an emissions allowance for each unit of a designated pollutant it emits. Operators can then install pollution control equipment, and sell portions of their emissions allowances they no longer need for their own operations, thereby recovering some of the capital cost of their investment in such equipment. The intention is to give operators economic incentives to install pollution controls.

text: The first emissions trading market was established in the United States by enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program established by the Act[53] is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the primary causes of acid rain. To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution.


document_title: Articulatory phonetics

question_text: speech sounds made with restricted airflow are known as

text: Articulatory phonetics

text: Components[edit]

text: The vocal tract can be viewed through an aerodynamic-biomechanic model that includes three main components:

text:
air cavities
pistons
air valves

text: Air cavities are containers of air molecules of specific volumes and masses. The main air cavities present in the articulatory system are the supraglottal cavity and the subglottal cavity. They are so-named because the glottis, the openable space between the vocal folds internal to the larynx, separates the two cavities. The supraglottal cavity or the orinasal cavity is divided into an oral subcavity (the cavity from the glottis to the lips excluding the nasal cavity) and a nasal subcavity (the cavity from the velopharyngeal port, which can be closed by raising the velum). The subglottal cavity consists of the trachea and the lungs. The atmosphere external to the articulatory stem may also be considered an air cavity whose potential connecting points with respect to the body are the nostrils and the lips.

text: Pistons are initiators. The term initiator refers to the fact that they are used to initiate a change in the volumes of air cavities, and, by Boyle's Law, the corresponding air pressure of the cavity. The term initiation refers to the change. Since changes in air pressures between connected cavities lead to airflow between the cavities, initiation is also referred to as an airstream mechanism. The three pistons present in the articulatory system are the larynx, the tongue body, and the physiological structures used to manipulate lung volume (in particular, the floor and the walls of the chest). The lung pistons are used to initiate a pulmonic airstream (found in all human languages). The larynx is used to initiate the glottalic airstream mechanism by changing the volume of the supraglottal and subglottal cavities via vertical movement of the larynx (with a closed glottis). Ejectives and implosives are made with this airstream mechanism. The tongue body creates a velaric airsteam by changing the pressure within the oral cavity: the tongue body changes the mouth subcavity. Click consonants use the velaric airstream mechanism. Pistons are controlled by various muscles.

text: Valves regulate airflow between cavities. Airflow occurs when an air valve is open and there is a pressure difference between the connecting cavities. When an air valve is closed, there is no airflow. The air valves are the vocal folds (the glottis), which regulate between the supraglottal and subglottal cavities, the velopharyngeal port, which regulates between the oral and nasal cavities, the tongue, which regulates between the oral cavity and the atmosphere, and the lips, which also regulate between the oral cavity and the atmosphere. Like the pistons, the air valves are also controlled by various muscles.

text: Initiation[edit]

text: To produce any kind of sound, there must be movement of air. To produce sounds that people today can interpret as words, the movement of air must pass through the vocal chords, up through the throat and, into the mouth or nose to then leave the body. Different sounds are formed by different positions of the mouth—or, as linguists call it, "the oral cavity" (to distinguish it from the nasal cavity).

text: The two classes of sounds[edit]

text: Sounds of all languages fall under two categories: Consonants and Vowels.

text: Consonants[edit]

text: Consonants are produced with some form of restriction or closing in the vocal tract that hinders the airflow from the lungs. Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow has been restricted. This is also known as the place of articulation.

text: Places of articulation[edit]

text: Movement of the tongue and lips can create these constrictions and by forming the oral cavity in different ways, different sounds can be produced.

text: Bilabial[edit]

text: Bilabial sounds are produced with both lips, such as (b), (m), and (p).

text: Labiodental[edit]

text: [f] and [v] are articulated by placing the upper teeth against the lower lip.

text: Interdental[edit]

text: [θ] and [ð] are both spelled as "th" (θ as in think) (ð as in the). They are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between the teeth.

text: Alveolar[edit]

text: [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] are produced in many ways where the tongue is raised towards the alveolar ridge.

text: [t, d, n] the tip of the tongue is raised and touches the ridge.

text: [s, z] the sides of the front of the tongue are raised, but the tip is lowered so that air escapes over it.

text: [l] the tip of the tongue is raised while the rest of the tongue remains down, permitting air to escape over its sides. Hence, [l] is called a lateral sound (âm biên).

text: [r] [IPA ɹ] curl the tip of tongue back behind the alveolar ridge, or bunch up the top of the tongue behind the ridge, the air escapes through the central part of the mouth. It is a central liquid.

text: Palatal[edit]

text: [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] [j] are produced by raising the front part of the tongue to the palate.

text: Velar[edit]

text: [k] [ɡ] [ŋ] are produced by raising the back part of the tongue to the soft palate or the velum.

text: Uvular[edit]

text: [ʀ] [q] [ԍ] these sounds are produced by raising the back of the tongue to the uvula. The 'r' in French and German may be an uvular trill (symbolized by [ʀ]). The uvular sounds [q] and [ԍ] occur in Arabic. These do not normally occur in English.

text: Glottal[edit]

text: [h] [ʔ] the sound [h] is from the flow of air coming from an open glottis, past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h]. if the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal chords the sound upon release of the chords is called a glottal stop [ʔ].

text: Vowels[edit]

text:
Nasal vowel / Oral vowel
Previous Vowel / Later Vowel
Rounded vowel / Unrounded vowel
Open vowel / Close vowel

text: Airflow[edit]

text: For all practical purposes, temperature can be treated as constant in the articulatory system. Thus, Boyle's Law can usefully be written as the following two equations.

text: What the above equations express is that given an initial pressure P1 and volume V1 at time 1 the product of these two values will be equal to the product of the pressure P2 and volume V2 at a later time 2. This means that if there is an increase in the volume of cavity, there will be a corresponding decrease in pressure of that same cavity, and vice versa. In other words, volume and pressure are inversely proportional (or negatively correlated) to each other. As applied to a description of the subglottal cavity, when the lung pistons contract the lungs, the volume of the subglottal cavity decreases while the subglottal air pressure increases. Conversely, if the lungs are expanded, the pressure decreases.

text: A situation can be considered where (1) the vocal fold valve is closed separating the supraglottal cavity from the subglottal cavity, (2) the mouth is open and, therefore, supraglottal air pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, and (3) the lungs are contracted resulting in a subglottal pressure that has increased to a pressure that is greater than atmospheric pressure. If the vocal fold valve is subsequently opened, the previously two separate cavities become one unified cavity although the cavities will still be aerodynamically isolated because the glottic valve between them is relatively small and constrictive. Pascal's Law states that the pressure within a system must be equal throughout the system. When the subglottal pressure is greater than supraglottal pressure, there is a pressure inequality in the unified cavity. Since pressure is a force applied to a surface area by definition and a force is the product of mass and acceleration according to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the pressure inequality will be resolved by having part of the mass in air molecules found in the subglottal cavity move to the supraglottal cavity. This movement of mass is airflow. The airflow will continue until a pressure equilibrium is reached. Similarly, in an ejective consonant with a glottalic airstream mechanism, the lips or the tongue (i.e., the buccal or lingual valve) are initially closed and the closed glottis (the laryngeal piston) is raised decreasing the oral cavity volume behind the valve closure and increasing the pressure compared to the volume and pressure at a resting state. When the closed valve is opened, airflow will result from the cavity behind the initial closure outward until intraoral pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. That is, air will flow from a cavity of higher pressure to a cavity of lower pressure until the equilibrium point; the pressure as potential energy is, thus, converted into airflow as kinetic energy.

text: Sound sources[edit]

text: Sound sources refer to the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. There are two main types of sound sources in the articulatory system: periodic (or more precisely semi-periodic) and aperiodic. A periodic sound source is vocal fold vibration produced at the glottis found in vowels and voiced consonants. A less common periodic sound source is the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.

text: Periodic sources[edit]

text:
Non-vocal fold vibration: 20–40 hertz (cycles per second)
Vocal fold vibration

Lower limit: 70–80 Hz modal (bass), 30–40 Hz creaky
Upper limit: 1170 Hz (soprano)

text: Vocal fold vibration[edit]

text:
larynx:

cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
interarytenoid muscles (fold adduction)
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (fold abduction)
lateral cricoarytenoid muscle (fold shortening/stiffening)
thyroarytenoid muscle (medial compression/fold stiffening, internal to folds)
cricothyroid muscle (fold lengthening)
hyoid bone
sternothyroid muscle (lowers thyroid)
sternohyoid muscle (lowers hyoid)
stylohyoid muscle (raises hyoid)
digastric muscle (raises hyoid)

text: Experimental techniques[edit]

text:
Plethysmography
Electromyography
Photoglottography
Electrolaryngography
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) / Real-time MRI [4]
Radiography
Medical ultrasonography
Electromagnetic articulography
Aerometry
Endoscopy
Videokymography

text: Palatography[edit]

text: In order to understand how sounds are made, experimental procedures are often adopted. Palatography is one of the oldest instrumental phonetic techniques used to record data regarding articulators.[5] In traditional, static palatography, a speaker's palate is coated with a dark powder. The speaker then produces a word, usually with a single consonant. The tongue wipes away some of the powder at the place of articulation. The experimenter can then use a mirror to photograph the entire upper surface of the speaker's mouth. This photograph, in which the place of articulation can be seen as the area where the powder has been removed, is called a palatogram.[6]

text: Technology has since made possible electropalatography (or EPG). In order to collect EPG data, the speaker is fitted with a special prosthetic palate, which contains a number of electrodes. The way in which the electrodes are "contacted" by the tongue during speech provides phoneticians with important information, such as how much of the palate is contacted in different speech sounds, or which regions of the palate are contacted, or what the duration of the contact is.


document_title: Health and Safety Authority

question_text: what is the role of the health and safety authority

text: Health and Safety Authority

text:
Health and Safety Authority
State Agency of the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation overviewFormed
1989Jurisdiction
IrelandHeadquarters
The Metropolitan Building, James Joyce Street, Dublin 1, D01 K0Y8State Agency of the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation executives
Martin O' Halloran, Chief ExecutiveTom Coughlan, ChairmanKey document
Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989Website
HSA website

text: The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) is the national body in Ireland with responsibility for occupational health and safety. Its role is to secure health and safety at work. It is an Irish state-sponsored body, established under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989 and reports to the Minister for Jobs,  Enterprise and Innovation.

text: The Authority consults widely with employers, employees and their respective organisations. To help develop sound policies and good workplace practices, the Authority works with various Advisory Committees and Task Forces etc. which focus on specific occupations and hazards.

text: The HSA has overall responsibility for the administration and enforcement of health and safety at work in Ireland.  The HSA monitors compliance with legislation at the workplace and can take enforcement action (up to and including prosecutions).

text: The HSA are the national centre for information and advice to employers, employees and self-employed on all aspects of workplace health and safety.  The Authority also promotes education, training and research in the field.

text: Occupational safety and health policy at national level is determined by a twelve-member, tripartite Board, with nominees from the social partners and other interests concerned with safety and health in the workplace. The appointment of the Board of the Authority is a function of the Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989.

text: It operates from eight offices across Ireland: the Dublin headquarters and offices in Kilkenny, Athlone, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Sligo and Waterford.