document_title: Zootopia

question_text: what animal is the police chief in zootopia

text: Zootopia

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a world populated by anthropomorphic mammals, Judy Hopps from rural Bunnyburrow fulfills her childhood dream of becoming a police officer in urban Zootopia. Despite being the academy valedictorian, Judy is delegated to parking duty by Chief Bogo, who doubts her potential because she is a rabbit. On her first day, she is hustled by a con artist fox duo, Nick Wilde and Finnick.

text: The next day, Judy abandons parking duty to arrest Duke Weaselton, a weasel who stole a bag of crocus bulbs known as Midnicampum holicithias. Bogo reprimands her, but Mrs. Otterton enters Bogo's office pleading for someone to find her husband Emmitt, one of fourteen predators who are missing. When Judy volunteers and Assistant Mayor Dawn Bellwether praises the assignment, Bogo gives her 48 hours to find Otterton on the condition that she resign if she fails.

text: After determining Nick was a suspect seen in Otterton's last known sighting, Judy blackmails him into assisting her by covertly recording his confession to tax evasion with her carrot pen. They track Otterton to a limousine owned by crime boss Mr. Big, who reveals Otterton went "savage" – reverted to a feral state – and attacked his chauffeur Manchas. At his home, Manchas mentions Otterton yelled about "night howlers" before the attack. Moments later, Manchas himself turns savage and chases the pair. Judy saves Nick by trapping Manchas and calls the ZPD for help, but when they arrive, Manchas has vanished. Bogo demands Judy's resignation, but Nick reminds Bogo that Judy still has ten hours to solve the case. Judy learns from Nick that he was bullied as a child when he tried to join the Ranger Scouts, who stereotyped him as untrustworthy for being a fox.

text: At City Hall, Bellwether offers Judy and Nick access to the city's traffic cameras. They discover Manchas was captured by wolves, who Judy surmises are the "night howlers". They locate the missing predators — all gone savage — imprisoned at Cliffside Asylum, where Mayor Leodore Lionheart hides them from the public while a scientist tries to determine the cause of their behavior. Lionheart and those involved are arrested for false imprisonment and Bellwether becomes the new mayor.

text: Judy, praised for solving the case, has become friends with Nick and asks him to join the ZPD as her partner. However, she upsets him at a press conference by suggesting a predatory biological cause for the recent savage behavior, and her comments cause tension between predators and prey throughout the city. Feeling guilty for the results of her words, Judy quits her job.

text: Back in Bunnyburrow, Judy learns that the night howlers are actually toxic flowers that have severe psychotropic effects on mammals. After returning to Zootopia and reconciling with Nick, the pair confront Weaselton, who tells them the bulbs he stole were for a ram named Doug. They find Doug in a laboratory hidden in the city subway, developing a drug made from night howlers, which he has been shooting at predators with a dart gun.

text: Judy and Nick obtain the serum as evidence, but before they can reach the ZPD, Bellwether confronts them in the Natural History Museum and takes the evidence, revealing herself as the mastermind behind a prey-supremacist conspiracy. Judy and Nick are trapped after Nick refuses to abandon an injured Judy. Bellwether shoots a serum pellet at Nick to make him kill Judy, and summons the ZPD for help, but Judy and Nick have replaced the serum pellets in Bellwether's gun with blueberries. Enraged, Bellwether threatens to frame the pair for the attacks, but Judy has recorded Bellwether's confession. Bogo and the ZPD arrive and Bellwether is arrested.

text: Lionheart publicly denies knowledge of Bellwether's plot and states that his imprisonment of the savage predators was a "wrong thing for the right reason". With the cause of the epidemic identified, the savage animals are cured and Judy rejoins the ZPD. Nick graduates from the Zootopia Police Academy as the city's first fox police officer and becomes Judy's partner.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ginnifer Goodwin as Officer Judy Hopps, an optimistic rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is a newly appointed member of the Zootopia Police Department assigned to the 1st Precinct.[14]

Della Saba voices a younger Judy Hopps.

Jason Bateman as Nick Wilde, a red fox who is a small-time con artist.[14][15]

Kath Soucie voices a younger Nick Wilde.

Idris Elba as Chief Bogo, an African buffalo who is the police chief of the Zootopia Police Department's 1st Precinct.[16]
Jenny Slate as Dawn Bellwether, a diminutive sheep who is the assistant mayor of Zootopia.[16]
Nate Torrence as Officer Benjamin Clawhauser, an obese cheetah who works as a dispatcher and desk sergeant for the Zootopia Police Department's 1st Precinct.[16]
Bonnie Hunt as Bonnie Hopps, a European rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is the mother of Judy Hopps.[16]
Don Lake as Stu Hopps, a European rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is the father of Judy Hopps and a known carrot farmer.[16]
Tommy Chong as Yax, a laid-back domestic yak who is the owner of the naturist club Mystic Springs Oasis in Sahara Square.[16]
J. K. Simmons as Leodore Lionheart, a lion who is the noble, but pompous Mayor of Zootopia.[16]
Octavia Spencer as Mrs. Otterton, a concerned North American river otter whose husband Emmitt Otterton has gone missing.[16]
Alan Tudyk as Duke Weaselton, a small-time least weasel crook who is also known for selling bootleg DVDs.[16] The name is a reference to the Duke of Weselton from Frozen, whom Tudyk also voices.[17]
Shakira as Gazelle, a Thomson's gazelle who is a famous pop star.[18] Shakira also voices Gazelle in the Spanish dub.
Raymond S. Persi as Flash, the "fastest" three-toed sloth in the DMV (short for Department of Mammal Vehicles).[16]

Persi also voices Officer Higgins, a hippopotamus who is an elite member of the Zootopia Police Department's 1st Precinct.[19]

Maurice LaMarche as Mr. Big, an Arctic shrew who is the most fearsome crime boss in Tundratown and is served by a group of polar bears.[20]
Phil Johnston as Gideon Grey, a red fox from Bunnyburrow who used to bully the young rabbits and sheep when he was young. As an adult, he has made amends with those he picked on and became a much-respected baker.[21]

Johnston also voices an angry offscreen character who states that his taxes pay Judy's salary upon being given a parking ticket by her.[22]

Fuschia! as Major Friedkin,[23][24] a polar bear who works at the Zootopia Police Academy as drill instructor.[21]
John DiMaggio as Jerry Jumbeaux Jr., an ill-tempered African elephant who owns an ice cream parlor called Jumbeaux's Café which is frequented by elephants and other larger mammals.[16]

DiMaggio also voices Woolter and Jesse (a pun on the show Breaking Bad's main protagonists), two tough rams who are Doug's assistants;[25] a moose that gets a parking ticket from Judy; and the pig reporter who asks Judy "Why? Why is this happening?"[26]

Katie Lowes as Dr. Madge Honey Badger, a honey badger who helps Mayor Lionheart find the source of the "savaged animals".[16]
Gita Reddy as Nangi, an Indian elephant who works as a yoga instructor at Mystic Springs Oasis.[21]
Jesse Corti as Manchas, a black jaguar from Zootopia's Rainforest District who is a chauffeur for Zootopia's biggest limo company and is the personal chauffeur to Mr. Big.[16]
Tom Lister Jr. as Finnick, a fennec fox who is Nick’s partner in crime.[16]
Josh Dallas as an unnamed frantic domestic pig who is the owner of the "Flora and Fauna" flower shop that is robbed by Duke Weaselton and frantically asks Judy for help.[27] He later appears as a protestor at Gazelle's peace rally arguing with a female leopard.[28]
Leah Latham as Fru Fru, the daughter of Mr. Big who disapproves of her father doing his criminal business during her wedding. She befriends Judy after Judy saves her from a runaway doughnut shop sign in Little Rodentia and later names her unborn child after her.[27]
Rich Moore as Doug, an emotionless ram chemist and sniper with puffy wool who works for Assistant Mayor Bellwether.[27]

Moore also voices a gray wolf that is a security guard at Cliffside Asylum.

Peter Mansbridge as Peter Moosebridge, a moose co-anchor of the ZNN News.[29] The moose is used in the standard version of the film, released in the United States, Italy, France, Canada, Russia, and Mexico. In the UK version, the moose is named as Moosos Alexander, voiced by radio journalist Vassos Alexander (though the UK home release used his US name and voice).[30] In other countries, the anchor is a different animal voiced by a different person.[31] David Campbell voices a koala newscaster named David Koalabell in the Australian and New Zealand versions.[32] The Brazilian version uses a jaguar named Boi Chá who is voiced by Ricardo Boechat. The Japanese version uses a tanuki named Michael Tanuyama who is voiced by Kazumasa Kōra. The Chinese version uses an unnamed giant panda who is also voiced by Mansbridge.[31][33]
Byron Howard as Bucky Oryx-Antlerson, a greater kudu who is the neighbor of Judy Hopps.[27]

Howard also voices Travis, Gideon Grey's black-footed ferret friend.[34]

Jared Bush as Pronk Oryx-Antlerson, a gemsbok who is the neighbor of Judy Hopps.[27]
Mark "Rhino" Smith as Officer McHorn, a black rhinoceros police officer who is part of the Zootopia Police Department.[35]
Josie Trinidad as Mrs. Dharma Armadillo,[36] a nine-banded armadillo who is the landlady of the Grand Pangolin Apartments that Judy Hopps moves into.
John Lavelle as the unnamed construction mouse foreman of Little Rodentia's construction crew who receives the Pawpsicle sticks from Nick and Finnick.[21]
Kristen Bell as Priscilla, a three-toed sloth who is Flash's co-worker at the DMV.[27]

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Development of the film that would come to be called Zootopia began when Byron Howard pitched six story ideas to Disney Animation chief creative officer and executive producer John Lasseter, of which three involved animal characters: an all-animal adaptation of The Three Musketeers, a 1960s-themed story about a "mad doctor cat...who turned children into animals," and a "bounty hunter pug in space."[37] The common thread running through these ideas was that Howard wanted to do a film similar to Disney’s Robin Hood, which also featured animals in anthropomorphic roles.[38] According to Howard, Zootopia emerged from his desire to create something different from other animal anthropomorphic films, where animals either live in the natural world or in the human world. His concept, in which animals live in a modern world designed by animals for animals, was well received by Lasseter, who responded by embracing and lifting Howard "in the air like a baby Simba."[39] Lasseter suggested that Howard should try combining the 1960s theme with the animal characters, especially the space pug.[37] This led Howard to develop and pitch Savage Seas, an international spy film centered on an arctic hare named "Jack Savage" who was somewhat like James Bond.[37][40] It was around this time that screenwriter Jared Bush was hired to work on the film; he was excited to work on a spy film because his own father and grandfather had worked for the Central Intelligence Agency.[37]

text: Howard and Bush continued to develop the film with the assistance of the Disney Story Trust, the studio's top creative personnel who meet regularly to review and discuss all projects in development.[40] The most delightful part of the spy film turned out to be its first act, set in a city created by and for animals.[37] To focus on the all-animal city, Howard eventually dropped the 1960s setting, along with the espionage and international aspects, which caused the film to evolve into a contemporary police procedural in which Nick Wilde was the lead role and Judy Hopps was essentially his sidekick.[37][40][41] For a while, "the filmmakers were very committed" to that version of the story,[40] but then in November 2014, the filmmakers realized the film's plot would be more engaging if they reversed the roles to instead focus on Hopps as opposed to Wilde.[41] The change in perspective caused several characters to be dropped, including two characters known as "The Gerbil Jerks" who were described as "trust-fund gerbils that had nothing better to do than harass Nick."[42]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter initially reported that Howard was directing the film and that Jason Bateman had been cast, but little else about the film was known at the time.[15] Zootopia was first officially announced in August 2013 at the D23 Expo, with a March 2016 release date.[38][44]

text: Research for the film took place in Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as in Kenya and the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where animators spent eight months studying various animals' walk cycles as well as fur color.[45][46] 800,000 forms of mammals were created for and featured in the film.[46] To make the characters' fur even more realistic, they also went to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County to closely observe the appearance of fur with a microscope under a variety of lighting.[47][46] The filmmakers drew inspiration for Zootopia's urban design from major cities including New York City, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Paris, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Brasília.[48] To develop a city that could actually be inhabited by talking mammals ranging in size from two inches (5 cm) to 27 feet (8.23 m) and from drastically different climates, the filmmakers consulted Americans with Disabilities Act specialists and HVAC system designers.[49] For assistance with designing motor vehicles appropriate for so many different types and sizes of mammals, the filmmakers consulted with J Mays, former chief creative officer of the Ford Motor Company.[50] During the development process, Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn suggested that Nick should expressly state his disappointment ("Just when I thought someone actually believed in me...") after discovering that Judy still fears him as a predator.[51] In March 2015, it was revealed that Rich Moore (Wreck-It Ralph) had been added as a director of the film, in addition to Jared Bush (Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero) as co-director.[52]

text: Animation[edit]

text: Disney's most recent work on animating fur was for the titular character of the 2008 film Bolt, but the software they had used at the time was not ready for creating the realistic fur of the animals of Zootopia. Therefore, the studio's IT engineers developed the fur-controlling software iGroom, which gave character designers precise control over the brushing, shaping and shading of fur and made it possible to create a variety of eccentric character styles for each animal. The software was also able to control an unseen "imaginary" underlayer that gave fur a degree of plushness not seen before. This feature was used to create characters like Officer Clawhauser, who has a big head that is entirely made of spotted fur. Characters with noteworthy numbers of strands of hair or fur included both of the two lead characters, Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde, who each had around 2.5 million hairs; a giraffe with nine million strands of fur; a gerbil with 480,000 strands; and a rodent with more strands of hair than the 400,000 that were on Elsa's head in Frozen.[46]

text: Zootopia was the second time Disney used the Hyperion renderer, which they had first used on Big Hero 6. A new fur paradigm was added to the renderer to facilitate the creation of realistic images of the animals' dense fur. Nitro, a real-time display application developed since the making of Wreck-It Ralph, was used to make the fur more consistent, intact and subtle much more quickly, as opposed to the previous practice of having to predict how the fur would work while making and looking at silhouettes or poses for the character. The tree-and-plant generator Bonsai, first used in Frozen, was used to make numerous variations of trees with very detailed foliage.[46]

text: Zootopia was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood (together with Moana) while Disney Animation's headquarters in Burbank was being renovated.[53]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On May 6, 2015, Bateman and Ginnifer Goodwin were announced as having been cast, respectively in the roles of Nick Wilde and Judy Hopps.[14] The filmmakers chose Bateman because they wanted an actor who could bring "a funny yet heartfelt side" with "a wily, dry-witted sort of voice." Bateman described his character as "a crafty, sarcastic schemer," remarking on the role's similarity to many other roles he had done since he was 12. He explained that he had said to the directors: "'What kind of voice do you guys want me to do?' And they just looked at me like I was an idiot and said, 'Just do what you do. Just talk.'"[54]

text: Commenting on the casting of Goodwin, Moore said that she brought "very centered sweetness, tremendous heart and a great sense of humor"; he described Judy as "a little Pollyanna mixed with Furiosa." Goodwin stated about her character: "People mistake kindness for naivete or stupidity, and she is a good girl through and through. But she's not a dumb bunny."[54]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Zootopia: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino

Released
March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)

Recorded
November 16–20, 2015

Studio
Eastwood Scoring Stage, Warner Bros., Los Angeles

Genre
Film score

Length
62:34

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Michael Giacchino (score producer)
Chris Montan (executive music)
Tom MacDougall (music supervisor)

Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology

Big Hero 6
(2014) Big Hero 62014
Zootopia
(2016) Zootopia2016
Moana
(2016) Moana2016

Michael Giacchino chronology

Inside Out: Original Soundtrack
(2015) Inside Out: Original Soundtrack2015
Zootopia
(2016) Zootopia2016
Star Trek Beyond
(2016) Star Trek Beyond2016

Singles from Zootopia

"Try Everything"
Released: February 15, 2016

text: The film's score is composed by Michael Giacchino. It marks his first feature-length project for Walt Disney Animation Studios,[55] as he previously scored the Goofy short How to Hook Up Your Home Theater, the two Prep & Landing specials and short film, and the short film The Ballad of Nessie. In addition to her voice role of Gazelle, pop star Shakira also contributed an original song to the film titled "Try Everything," which was written by Sia and Stargate.[18][56] The film's score was recorded by an 80-piece orchestra in November 2015, with Tim Simonec conducting.[57] The soundtrack was released on March 4, 2016 by Walt Disney Records.[58][59]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino, except where noted.

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Artist
Length

1.
"Try Everything"
Sia Furler, Tor Erik Hermansen, Mikkel S. Eriksen
Shakira
3:16

2.
"Stage Fright"

0:39

3.
"Grey's Uh-Mad at Me"

1:44

4.
"Ticket to Write"

1:07

5.
"Foxy Fakeout"

2:08

6.
"Jumbo Pop Hustle"

1:50

7.
"Walk and Stalk"

1:29

8.
"Not a Real Cop"

1:34

9.
"Hopps Goes (After) the Weasel"

2:19

10.
"The Naturalist"

3:09

11.
"Work Slowly and Carry a Big Shtick"

0:44

12.
"Mr. Big"

2:47

13.
"Case of the Manchas"

4:00

14.
"The Nick of Time"

5:02

15.
"World's Worst Animal Shelter"

4:24

16.
"Some of My Best Friends Are Predators"

3:47

17.
"A Bunny Can Go Savage"

1:45

18.
"Weasel Shakedown"

2:04

19.
"Ramifications"

3:58

20.
"Ewe Fell for It"

6:37

21.
"Three-Toe Bandito"

0:43

22.
"Suite from Zootopia"

7:28

Total length:
62:34

text: Release[edit]

text: Release and alternative titles[edit]

text: Zootopia was released in Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D, making it the first Disney animated film shown in domestic IMAX theatres since Treasure Planet (2002).[9][10] The film was retitled for theatrical release across several international territories. In the United Kingdom and other European, Middle Eastern, and North African countries, the film was renamed Zootropolis, a reference to the concept of a 'metropolis' rather than to that of a 'utopia'; all lines that include "Zootopia" were also redubbed.[60][61][62] In China, the state's SAPPRFT granted the film a rare two-week extension to play in theaters in addition to its limited 30-day run, which was to have ended on April 3.[63] In Germany, the film was titled Zoomania due to a children's book by German author Kay Fischer with the same name released in 2010.[64][65]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The first teaser trailer was released online at Walt Disney Animation Studios' YouTube page on June 11, 2015.[66] A second teaser trailer was released online again at Walt Disney Animation Studios' YouTube page on November 23, 2015, featuring a sequence of the film where the main characters encounter a Department of Mammal Vehicles (based on the DMV) run entirely by sloths.[67] The official theatrical trailer for the film was released online at Walt Disney Animation Studios' YouTube page on New Year's Eve 2015.[68] Figures of Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde were released for Disney Infinity 3.0 on March 1, 2016.[69]

text: Digital marketing company Allied Integrated Media was contracted by Disney to reach out to members of the furry fandom on Meetup, encouraging them to post photos of themselves in their fursuits on social media, with the movie hashtag, as a form of viral marketing for the film.[70]

text: Danish Givskud Zoo registered the name Zootopia in 2014, and Disney renamed the film as Zootropolis in most European nations.[71]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Zootopia was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, DVD, and Digital HD platforms on June 7, 2016. It includes some bonus material such as "Scoretopia," an alternate opening, and the music video to Shakira's "Try Everything."[72] The film debuted at the top of the home media sales chart for the week ending on June 12, 2016.[73] In India, the satellite rights were sold to Star Movies.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Zootopia grossed $341.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $682.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.024 billion, against a budget of $150 million.[4][5] On March 18, 2016, the film reached the $500 million mark, becoming the third consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach the milestone after Frozen (2013) and Big Hero 6 (2014).[74][75] On April 5, it became the first film of 2016 to gross over $800 million in ticket sales,[76] and on April 24, became the first ever film of 2016 to cross $900 million.[77] On June 5, the film crossed the $1 billion mark, becoming the second film of 2016 to do so (after the studio's own Captain America: Civil War), the fourth animated film (after Toy Story 3, Frozen, and Minions), the eleventh Disney film (third Disney animated film), and the twenty-sixth film overall to break the milestone.[78]

text: Worldwide, it was the fourth highest-grossing film of 2016 (behind Civil War, Rogue One, and Finding Dory),[79] the second highest-grossing animated film of 2016,[79] the second highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (second highest overall) of all time in its original release (after Frozen),[76] the second highest-grossing original film (behind Avatar),[80] the fifth highest-grossing animated film of all time, and the 28th highest-grossing film of all time. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $294.9 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the 5th most profitable release of 2016.[81]

text: North America[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would open to $60–70 million from 3,827 theaters in its opening weekend.[82][83] It played in 3,100 3D theaters, 365 IMAX theaters, and 325 premium large format screens.[82] It earned $1.7 million from Thursday previews, a record for a non-Pixar Disney animated film,[84] for an animated film opening outside of summer,[85] and seventh biggest all-time for an animated film.[86] Buoyed by good word of mouth, it earned $19.5 million on its opening day, also a record for a non-Pixar Disney animated film (breaking Frozen's record),[84] and the second biggest for a March animated film (behind Ice Age: The Meltdown).[87] In its opening weekend, it scored a better than expected $75.1 million, which was the biggest non-Pixar Disney animated opening (breaking Big Hero 6's record), the biggest opening weekend among Walt Disney Animation Studios films (breaking Frozen's record), the biggest March animated opening (breaking The Lorax's record), the seventh biggest March opening, and the tenth biggest animated opening of all time.[88][89][90] Furthermore, its opening weekend is also the fourth biggest for an original film, behind The Secret Life of Pets, Inside Out, and Avatar.[91][92] It also performed exceptionally well in IMAX, where the film brought in $5.2 million from 366 screens, the second best animated IMAX opening behind only Toy Story 3 ($8.4 million).[89]

text: In its second weekend, it fell gradually by 31% to $51.3 million and recorded one of the best holds for an animated film, more or less on par with Wreck-It Ralph's second weekend drop of 32%, but a bigger drop than The Lego Movie's 27%.[93] It continued to top the box office for the third weekend, earning $37.2 million, falling by 28% from its previous weekend while passing the $200 million mark.[94] This made it the second biggest third weekend for a film that did not open at over $100 million, behind Avatar ($68 million) and ahead of Skyfall ($35 million).[95] The film was overtaken by the superhero film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in its fourth weekend, despite only a marginal decline.[96] It spent a total of 13 consecutive weeks in the top ten, more than any other film except for Avatar (14 weeks) and Frozen (16 weeks) over the last decade.[80]

text: It ended its theatrical run on August 4, 2016, after playing in theaters for a total of 154 days.[5] It became the second highest-grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film (behind Frozen),[97] the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016,[98] and the tenth highest-grossing animated film of all time.[99]

text: Outside North America[edit]

text: Internationally, Zootopia received a scattered release as Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures took advantage of school holidays in various markets. The film opened in a limited number of international markets in the weekend ending February 14, earning $4.5 million in three markets.[100] It expanded to 22 markets in its second weekend, into 36% of its total international markets, and added $31.2 million.[101] It added another $33 million in its third weekend with no new markets.[102] In its fourth weekend, it expanded to 45 countries and grossed $64.7 million, coming in second place at the international box office, behind the Chinese film Ip Man 3.[103] $3.3 million came from IMAX showings.[103] It finally topped the box office in its fifth weekend after a strong second weekend gross in China. It added $89.3 million from 45 countries, an increase of 25% from its previous weekend.[104] It remained in first place for the second time in its sixth weekend,[105] before Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice took the top spot.[106] It passed the $500 million mark in its eighth weekend.[107]

text: In its opening weekend—which varied between markets—the film grossed $3.1 million in Spain and an additional $1.7 million in Belgium and Denmark. In Belgium, it had the biggest ever animated opening for a Disney or Pixar film.[100] It broke opening records for a non-Pixar Disney animated film in China ($23.6 million), France ($8.1 million), Russia ($7.8 million), Germany ($6.6 million), Hong Kong ($1.5 million), Poland ($1.2 million), and India.[101][103][106][108] It opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland with $7.5 million, Mexico with $4.6 million, Australia with $3.2 million, Brazil with $2.6 million, and in Italy, on a non-holiday weekend with $3.1 million.[101][105][106] The film had number-one openings in Austria, Switzerland, Portugal, and South Africa.[103] In the UK and Ireland, with significant competition from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and the animated family film Kung Fu Panda 3, the film had a £5.31 million ($7.6 million) opening weekend from 579 theaters, including £1.74 million ($2.5 million) worth of previews, debuting in second place behind Dawn of Justice and falling just short of Walt Disney Animation Studios' best opening in the UK.[109][110] It fell just 24% in its second weekend.[111]

text: Zootopia's largest markets overseas are China ($235.6 million), followed by Japan ($70.1 million), Russia and the CIS ($39.2 million), Germany ($34.2 million), the UK ($34.2 million), France ($31.9 million), and South Korea ($31.6 million).[112][113][114] In China, it is the highest-grossing Disney film in local currency (¥1.530 billion), surpassing Avengers: Age of Ultron (¥1.464 billion), as well as the seventh highest-grossing film of all time.[115][116] In Russia, it is the second highest-grossing film of all time in local currency (₽2.3 billion), behind only Avatar (₽3.6 billion).[117] It topped the Russian and German box office for three weekends,[118][119] and the Chinese and Korean box office for two weekends.[120][121]

text: In China, where it was locally known as Crazy Animal City (疯狂动物城),[62] the film exceeded expectations[122] and was considered Hollywood's biggest breakout success in China since 2015's Jurassic World made $229 million.[123] It had an opening day of $3.4 million on its way to $23.6 million for its three-day opening weekend, debuting in second place and scoring the biggest non-sequel animated opening, as well as the second biggest three-day opening and IMAX opening for an animated film, behind Kung Fu Panda 3.[103] In its ninth day of release (a Saturday), it recorded the biggest single-day gross ever for an animated film, with $25 million (compared to $10.6 million on its first Saturday), and passed the lifetime total of Big Hero 6 to become the highest-grossing Disney animated film in China.[124][125] In its second weekend, it grossed $60 million,[126] an enormous increase of 139% from its previous weekend, and crossed the $100 million mark to become the third animated film in China to do so, after Kung Fu Panda 3 and Monkey King: Hero Is Back. This also marked the single best weekend for an animated film.[104] In mid-March, the combined total of Kung Fu Panda 3 and Zootopia alone broke 2014's record of $286 million in box office grosses for American animated features in China.[127] In its third weekend, it grossed $40 million for a total of $175 million, making it the highest-grossing animated film of all time in China.[128] On March 27, its seventeenth day of release, it passed the $200 million mark, becoming the first animated film, the second Disney film, and the sixth Hollywood film overall to pass that milestone.[106] It became the highest-grossing animated film of all time and the second highest-grossing film of 2016, behind only The Mermaid.[129]

text: It opened in Japan on April 23[130] and earned $4 million in its opening weekend, debuting at second place in the box office, behind Detective Conan: The Darkest Nightmare,[131][132] and had the third biggest Walt Disney Animation Studios debut in that market, behind Frozen and Big Hero 6.[77] Deadline.com pointed out that the average opening number might have been due to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, which could have affected moviegoers.[77] In a rare achievement, it topped the box office in its third weekend after two weeks at No. 2.[133] In the following two weekends, it continued to increase its ticket sales,[134] and topped the box office there for four consecutive weekends.[135][136] After four straight wins, it was finally overtaken by the R-rated superhero film Deadpool.[137] It was the No. 1 western/Hollywood film for eight consecutive weekends.[138] The Hollywood Reporter cited that strong word of mouth, audiences watching both the English and Japanese versions, and 3D and 4DX screenings, as well as a popular Japanese version of the "Try Everything" song by Dream Ami, all helped boost Zootopia's performance.[135] Its strong run in the market aided the film to propel past the $1 billion mark worldwide.[139] It remained in top three for 11 consecutive weekends and has grossed a total of $70.1 million there.[140][141][142]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 256 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The brilliantly well-rounded Zootopia offers a thoughtful, inclusive message that's as rich and timely as its sumptuously state-of-the-art animation – all while remaining fast and funny enough to keep younger viewers entertained."[11] It was the site's second highest-rated film of 2016 behind Moonlight.[143] On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 78 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[144] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[145][84]

text: Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times considered the movie "funny, smart, [and] thought-provoking."[146] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that Zootopia "may be the most subversive movie of" 2016, giving the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and praising its timely message about the harm of prejudice in the face of the prevailing xenophobic political rhetoric at the time of the film's release, and the film's humor.[12] Peter Debruge at Variety opined that Zootopia "plays directly to the studio's strengths."[147] IGN reviewer Eric Goldman gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 'Amazing' score, saying "Zootopia is a wonderful example of how Disney, at its best, can mix its past and present together in a very cool, compelling way. It takes the classic animation trope of animals walking, talking and acting like humans, but gives it a modern spin both in terms of its humor and animation style ... and also in its themes, which are meaningful and fascinatingly topical."[148]

text: Writing in British Sunday newspaper The Observer, reviewer Mark Kermode found the film to be a "very funny, and very likable holiday treat." He added, "The ensuing drama is nominally a tale of predators succumbing to their animal instincts while frightened prey fear their neighbours. In fact, it's a delightfully well-orchestrated parable about trust and tolerance versus panic and prejudice. An encouragingly upbeat celebration of love and diversity in times of hate and uncertainty. If that all sounds overly on-message, then fear not – the jokes are funny, the characters engaging, and the animation packed with delicious visual detail," before concluding, "[…] this is proper family fun with genuine cross-generational appeal. Hooray!"[149]

text: In the UK daily newspaper The Daily Telegraph, Robbie Collin noted, "The lion doesn't just lie down with the lamb, they run for City Hall on a joint ticket. It's the diversity dream come true. Or is it? […] Think Busytown by way of Chinatown. It's almost certain to be the most existentially probing talking animal cartoon of the year." Collin added, "Like Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy in 48 Hrs., albeit considerably cuter, Judy and Nick make a hilariously strained but effective double act – not least thanks to Goodwin and Bateman's tremendous vocal work, which trips along with the effortless swing and snap of great bebop."[150]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com, despite generally liking the film (three out of four stars), had trouble with the film's central metaphor that conflicted with its message, stating that "[Zootopia] is constantly asking its characters to look past species stereotypes, and not use species-ist language or repeat hurtful assumptions.... This all seems clever and noble until you realize that all the stereotypes about various animals are to some extent true, in particular the most basic one: carnivores eat herbivores because it's in their nature." He ended his review pointing out that "if [Zootopia] were a bit vaguer, or perhaps dumber and less pleased with itself, it might have been a classic, albeit of a very different, less reputable sort. As-is, it's a goodhearted, handsomely executed film that doesn't add up in the way it wants to."[151]

text: Also in The Daily Telegraph, Rosa Prince singled out the film's lead character, Judy Hopps, as a welcome change for Disney animated feature film heroines, such as the Disney Princess franchise. She found that unlike those characters' focus on romance or family loyalty, Hopps' focus is on her dream career as a police officer and serving her city.[152]

text: Some were critical of the message about universal prejudices of all sorts interpreted as an allegory of American racism. Nico Lang of Consequence of Sound felt that Disney delivered a kids' version of Crash [153] while others criticized the use of prey and predator species. [154] [155] [156] [157]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2016,[158] and won the Academy Award, Golden Globe, Critics' Choice Movie Award and Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Film, as well as receiving a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film.[159][160]

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: On March 21, 2017, a copyright infringement lawsuit was filed against Disney by Esplanade Productions, a company owned by Gary L. Goldman, the co-screenwriter of Total Recall. The lawsuit claims that Goldman (in 2000 and 2009) pitched a concept to Disney for a live-action film titled Looney, which was about a socially awkward animator who creates a self-inspired TV cartoon called Zootopia. Disney twice rejected the pitch, but Goldman accused the company of copying the name, themes, settings, and character tropes. Filed with the lawsuit was a graphic of early concept artwork of characters that are claimed to appear similar to major characters from the film, including Nick Wilde, Judy Hopps, Flash, and Chief Bogo. A Disney spokesperson described the lawsuit as being "ridden with patently false allegations."[161] After months of back-and-forth deliberation between the two parties, U.S. District Judge Michael W. Fitzgerald dismissed the infringement claims on November 8, 2017. As stated in the final review, "...Goldman's effort to make the plots of Looney and Zootopia seem similar were strained. All the purported similarities between the two works were themes, not plot points or sequences of events, that were too general to be protected by copyright law."[162][163]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: A card game based on the film called Zootopia: Suspect Search was released,[164] as well as a game for mobile phones titled Zootopia Crime Files.[165]

text: Future[edit]

text: In June 2016, Howard and Moore were in the talks about a possibility of a Zootopia sequel.[166][167][168] In the same month, in an interview about challenges and ideas for Zootopia 2, Ginnifer Goodwin revealed that she wishes to reprise her role as Judy Hopps in a sequel.[169]


document_title: FIFA World Cup hosts

question_text: what year did the us host the world cup of soccer

question_tokens: what year did the us host the world cup of soccer

root

text: FIFA World Cup hosts

text: List of hosts[edit]

text:
Year

Host

Continent

Winner

1930
 Uruguay

South America

 Uruguay

1934
 Italy

Europe

 Italy

1938
 France

Europe

 Italy

1942

Cancelled because of World War II *1

1946

Cancelled because of World War II

1950
 Brazil

South America

 Uruguay

1954
  Switzerland

Europe

 Germany

1958
 Sweden

Europe

 Brazil

1962
 Chile

South America

 Brazil

1966
 England

Europe

 England

1970
 Mexico

North America

 Brazil

1974
 Germany

Europe

 Germany

1978
 Argentina

South America

 Argentina

1982
 Spain

Europe

 Italy

1986
 Mexico

North America

 Argentina

1990
 Italy

Europe

 Germany

1994
 United States

North America

 Brazil

1998
 France

Europe

 France

2002
 Japan South Korea

Asia

 Brazil

2006
 Germany

Europe

 Italy

2010
 South Africa

Africa

 Spain

2014
 Brazil

South America

 Germany

2018
 Russia

Europe

 France

2022
 Qatar

Asia

2026
 Canada Mexico  United States

North America

2030
TBD

2034
TBD

2038
TBD

tag: table

text: 1. In the year 1942, Germany was expected to be the host country, but because of the World War II, the World Cup was cancelled.

tag: ul

text: Results of hosts[edit]

text: Except 1934, host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stages. The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa in 2010.  denotes the best result in the team's history,  - the best result at the time of the competition (improved later).

tag: p

text:
No.

Year

Host nation

Finish

1

1930

 Uruguay

Champions

2

1934

 Italy

Champions

3

1938

 France

Quarter-final‡

—

1942

 Germany (expected)

Tournament is canceled due to World War II

—

1946

Tournament canceled, during the World War II

4

1950

 Brazil

Runners-up

5

1954

  Switzerland

Quarter-final†

6

1958

 Sweden

Runners-up

7

1962

 Chile

Third place

8

1966

 England

Champions

9

1970

 Mexico

Quarter-final†

10

1974

 West Germany

Champions

11

1978

 Argentina

Champions

12

1982

 Spain

Round 2 (Top 12)  (Format was different from other cups.)

13

1986

 Mexico

Quarter-final†

14

1990

 Italy

Third place

15

1994

 United States

Round of 16

16

1998

 France

Champions

17

2002

 South Korea

Fourth place

 Japan

Round of 16†

18

2006

 Germany

Third place

19

2010

 South Africa

Group stage

20

2014

 Brazil

Fourth place

21

2018

 Russia

Quarter-final

22

2022

 Qatar

TBD[note 1]

23

2026

 Canada

TBD

 Mexico

TBD

 United States

TBD

text: 1930 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Hungary
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Spain
 Sweden
 Uruguay

text: Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first-ever World Cup host, a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay. The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew, followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy. Then both Italy and Spain withdrew, in favour of the only remaining candidate, Uruguay. The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona, Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision, and Uruguay was chosen without a vote.[citation needed]

text: Results:

text:
Uruguay
 Italy withdrew
 Spain withdrew
 Sweden withdrew
 Netherlands withdrew
 Hungary withdrew

tag: ol

text: Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay. For that reason, the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario.

text: 1934 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Italy
 Sweden

text: Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote, allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup. The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm, Sweden and Zürich, Switzerland on 14 May 1932. The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932.

text: Results:

text:
Italy
 Sweden withdrew

text: 1938 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 France
 Germany

text: Without any nations withdrawing their bids, the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin, Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host. Electing France took only one ballot, as France had more than half of the votes in the first round.[4]

text: Results:

text:
France, 19 votes
 Argentina, 3 votes
 Germany, 1 vote

text: Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946[edit]

text: Bids for 1942:

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Germany

text: Cancelled FIFA election of the host for the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939.

text: Bids for 1946:

text: 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text: 1950 bid[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Brazil

text: Brazil, Argentina, and Germany had officially bid for the 1942 World Cup, but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II. The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949, but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950.

text: Result:

text: Brazil

text: 1954 bid[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Switzerland

text: The 1954 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946, the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup, in Luxembourg City. On 27 July, the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals by three years, deciding it should take place in 1954.

text: Result:

text: Switzerland

text: 1958 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Sweden

text: Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament.[5] Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals.[5] Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950.[6]

text: Result:

text: Sweden

text: 1962 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Chile
 West Germany

text: West Germany withdrew before the vote, which took place in Lisbon, Portugal on 10 June 1956, leaving two remaining bids. In one round of voting, Chile won over Argentina.

text: Results:

text:
Chile, 31 votes
 Argentina, 12 votes
 West Germany withdrew

text: 1966 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
England
 West Germany
 Spain

text: Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress, held in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960. Again, there was only one round of voting, with England defeating West Germany.

text: Results:

text:
England, 34 votes
 West Germany, 27 votes
 Spain withdrew

text: 1970 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Australia
 Colombia
 Japan
 Mexico
 Peru

text: The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo, Japan on 8 October 1964. One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina.

text: Results:

text:
Mexico, 56 votes
 Argentina, 32 votes
 Australia withdrew
 Colombia withdrew
 Japan withdrew
 Peru withdrew

text: 1974, 1978, 1982 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text: Three hosts for the 1974, 1978, and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London, England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress. Spain and West Germany, both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups, agreed to give one another a hosting job. Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process, essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot. Mexico, who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior, agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position.

text: 1974 results[edit]

text:
West Germany
 Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties
 Italy withdrew
 Netherlands withdrew

text: 1978 results[edit]

text:
Argentina
 Colombia withdrew
 Mexico withdrew, as they had won hosting for 1970

text: 1982 results[edit]

text:
Spain
 West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties
 Italy withdrew

text: 1986 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bid:

text: Colombia

text: Host voting, handled by the then-FIFA Executive Committee (or Exco), met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid.

text: Result:

text: Colombia

text: However, Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup for financial problems on 5 November 1982, less than four years before the event was to start. A call for bids was sent out again, and FIFA received intent from three nations:

text:
Canada
 Mexico
 United States

text: In Zürich on 20 May 1983, Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee, for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history (except those nations who bid unopposed).

text: Results:

text:
Mexico unanimous vote
 United States 0 votes
 Canada 0 votes

text: 1990 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Austria
 England
 France
 Greece
 Iran
 Italy
 Soviet Union
 West Germany
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

text: Except Italy and the Soviet Union, all nations withdrew before the vote, which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984. Once again, only one round of voting was required, as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union.

text: Results:

text:
Italy, 11 votes
 Soviet Union, 5 votes
 Austria withdrew
 England withdrew
 France withdrew
 Greece withdrew
 Iran withdrew
 West Germany withdrew
 Yugoslavia withdrew

text: 1994 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Brazil
 Morocco
 United States
 Chile

text: Despite having three nations bidding, voting only took one round. The vote was held in Zürich (for the third straight time) on 4 July 1988. The United States gained a majority of votes of the Exco members.

text: Results:

text:
United States, 10 votes
 Morocco, 7 votes
 Brazil, 2 votes
 Chile withdrew

text: 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
England
 France
 Germany
 Morocco
  Switzerland

text: This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992. Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco.

text: Result:

text:
France, 12 votes
 Morocco, 7 votes
  Switzerland withdrew
 England withdrew
 Germany withdrew

text: 2002 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
South Korea/ Japan
 Mexico

text: On 31 May 1996, the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time. A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea, and the bid was "voted by acclamation", an oral vote without ballots. The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved, edging out Mexico.

text: Results:

text:
South Korea/ Japan (joint bid, voted by acclamation)
 Mexico

text: The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan (the final was held in Japan). Initially, the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process. But just before the vote, they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event. However, the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems. FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again, and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids.[7]

text: 2006 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Brazil
 England
 Germany
 Morocco
 South Africa

text: On 6 July 2000, the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich. Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote, and the field was narrowed to four. This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required. Three votes were eventually needed. Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes, and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention (see below).

text:
Results

Nation

Vote

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

 Germany

10

11

12

 South Africa

6

11

11

 England

5

2

Eliminated

 Morocco

2

Eliminated

Eliminated

Total votes

23

24

23

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice. The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa, who had been favorites to win. New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey, who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation, abstained from voting at the last minute. If he had voted for the South African bid, the tally would have been 12–12, giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter, who, it was widely believed, would then have voted for South Africa.[8]

text: Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday, the night before the vote, promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany. He argued that the pressure from all sides including "an attempt to bribe" him had become too much for him.[9]

text: On 4 August 2000, consequently, FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations. This was until October 2007, during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy (see below).[10][11]

text: 2010 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Egypt
 Morocco
 Nigeria
 South Africa
 Tunisia /  Libya

text: The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation (the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup,[7] the first World Cup to be held in Africa. On 7 July 2001, during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires, a decision was ratified, which was that the rotation will begin in Africa.[12] On 23 September 2002, FIFA's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations, would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[13]

text: In January 2003, Nigeria entered the bidding process, but withdrew their bid in September.[14][15] In March 2003, Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work.[16] Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin, Ghana, and Togo.

text: After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future, Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004. On 15 May 2004 in Zürich (the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there), South Africa, after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding, defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host, 14 votes to 10. Egypt received no votes.

text:
Results

Nation

Vote

Round 1

 South Africa

14

 Morocco

10

 Egypt

0

 Tunisia /  Libya

Withdrew

 Nigeria

Withdrew

Total votes

24

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On 28 May 2015, media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high-ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US$10 million in bribes to then-FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members.[17]

text: On 4 June 2015, FIFA executive Chuck Blazer, having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities, confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups. Blazer stated, "I and others on the FIFA executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup."[18][19]

text: On 6 June 2015, The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes, but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead.[20]

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Argentina
 Brazil
 Colombia

text: FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America. FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept,[21] but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision, after which it was dropped.

text: Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup,[22] but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup.[23] Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup. CONMEBOL, the South American Football Federation, indicated their preference for Brazil as a host.[24] Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006, as by that time, Colombia, Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn, and Venezuela was not allowed to bid.

text: Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup (when Colombia was selected as host, but later withdrew for financial problems). The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision.[25]

text: Result:

text:
2014 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes)

Bidders

Votes

Round 1

Round 2

 Brazil

N/A

N/A

 Argentina

Withdrew

 Colombia

Withdrew

text: 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups[edit]

text:
2018 Bids:

 Belgium /  Netherlands
 England
 Spain /  Portugal
 Russia

2022 Bids:

 Australia
 Japan
 South Korea
 Qatar
 United States

text:
Wikinews has related news:
 FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups

text: FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy, implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection. The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup, provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups. For the 2018 World Cup bidding process, this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed.

text: For the 2022 World Cup bidding process, this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed.[26][27] Also, FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more (after they were banned in 2002), because there was only one organizing committee per joint bid, unlike Korea–Japan, which had two different organizing committees.[28] Countries that announced their interest included Australia, England, Indonesia, Japan, Qatar, Russia, South Korea, United States, the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands.[26][29][30]

text: The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010. Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup. Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan. Also, the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup.[31]

text:
2018 Results

Nation

Vote

Round 1

Round 2

 Russia

9

13

 Spain /  Portugal

7

7

 Netherlands /  Belgium

4

2

 England

2

Eliminated

Total votes

22

22

text:
2022 results

Nation

Vote

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

 Qatar

11

10

11

14

 United States

3

5

6

8

 South Korea

4

5

5

Eliminated

 Japan

3

2

Eliminated

Eliminated

 Australia

1

Eliminated

Eliminated

Eliminated

Total votes

22

22

22

22

text: 2026 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Bids:

text:
Canada /  Mexico /  USA
 Morocco

text: Under FIFA rules as of 2016, the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe (UEFA) or Asia (AFC),[32][33] leaving an African (CAF) bid, a North American (CONCACAF) bid, a South American (CONMEBOL) bid or an Oceanian (OFC) bid as other possible options.[34] In March 2017, FIFA's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that "Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) had been excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively."[35]

text: The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015, with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[36][37] On 10 June 2015, FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed.[38][39] However, following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016, a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four-phase process.[40]

text: On 14 October 2016, FIFA said it would accept a tournament-sharing bid by CONCACAF members Canada, Mexico and the United States.[41]

text: On 10 April 2017, Canada, the United States, and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host, with three-quarters of the games to be played in the U.S., including the final.[42]

text: On 11 August 2017, Morocco officially announced a bid to host.[43]

text: Therefore, the official 2026 FIFA World Cup bids were from two  football confederations. The first one was from CONCACAF, which was triple bid by Canada, United States and Mexico,[41][44][45][46] and the second one was from CAF with a bid by Morocco.[47][48]

text: The host was announced on 13 June 2018 at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow, Russia.[49] The United Bid from Canada, Mexico and the United States was selected over the Morocco bid by 134 votes to 65 with 1 selecting neither and 3 abstentions. This will be the first World Cup to be hosted by more than two countries. Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca, should selected, will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments. On the other hand, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men's and women's World Cups, after Sweden (Men's: 1958/Women's: 1995), United States (Men's: 1994/Women's: 1999, 2003), Germany (Men's: 1974, 2006/Women's: 2011), and France (Men's: 1934, 1998/Women's: 2019). The United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each.

text:
2026 Results

Nation

Vote

Round 1

 Canada /  Mexico /  United States

134

 Morocco

65

None of the Bids

1

Total votes

200

text: 2030 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed. The first bid has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina.[50] The second bid has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England.[51] Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022.[35][51] Also in June 2017, UEFA's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe (UEFA) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup.[52]

text: The Uruguay–Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final, and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay. The Uruguay-Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017. A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017.[53] Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts.[54] On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host.[55] CONMEBOL, the South American confederation, confirmed the joint three-way bid in September 2017.[56]

text: English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could bid for 2030, provided the bidding process is made more transparent.[57] "England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48-nation event in its entirety, while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option."[51] In June 2017, UEFA stated that "it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England."[58] Moreover, a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association.[59]

text: On 17 June 2018, the Royal Moroccan Football Federation announced its co-bidding for the 2030 World Cup. There are two possible joint bids one with the Tunisia and the Algeria or the other with two UEFA members Spain and Portugal.[60][61]

text: On 17 June 2018, the English Football Association announced that they are in talks with home nations over a UK-wide bid to host 2030 World Cup.[62]

text: On 10 July 2018, Egypt's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host.[63]

text: Confirmed bid:

text:
CONMEBOL:
 Uruguay /  Argentina /  Paraguay: Uruguay–Argentina–Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid[64][65][66][50][58][67]

text: Potential bid:

text:
UEFA:
 United Kingdom ( England/ Scotland/ Northern Ireland/ Wales ): United Kingdom 2030 FIFA World Cup bid[57][51][58][68][62][67]
 Spain:[69]

text:
CAF:
 Morocco/ Tunisia/ Algeria: Morocco 2030 FIFA World Cup bid[60]
 Egypt[63]

text:
CAF/UEFA:
 Morocco/ Spain/ Portugal[70]

text: 2034 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011, when the Football Association of Singapore's then-President, Zainudin Nordin, said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting.[71] In 2013, Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President, Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan, recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup. Under FIFA rules as of 2017, the 2030 World Cup cannot be held in Asia (AFC) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022.[35][51] Therefore, the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034.[72][73][74][75][76]

text: Later, Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034. In February 2017, ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon, Myanmar.[77]

text: In July 2017, Joko Driyono, the Vice-President of Indonesia's Football Association, during the meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South-East Asian nations in the bid. Driyono added that, for geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format (48 teams), at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches.[78][76]

text: In September 2017, the Football Association of Thailand's Deputy CEO, Benjamin Tan, at the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) Council meeting, confirmed that his Association has "put in their interest to bid and co-host" the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia.[76][71] On the same occasion, the General Secretary of the AFF, Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad, confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid.[74][75]

text: Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup;[79] its national team was the first from Asia to do so and it became one of the fewest World Cup teams to qualify without playing a match because of opponents' withdrawals.[80] The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies. A loss to Hungary made Indonesia the only national team in World Cup history to have played a single match.[80] Far from ever hosting the World Cup, no other Southeast Asian country has ever played at the tournament. As of June 2018, Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 164th place.[81]

text: China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated "that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034."[82]

text: Egypt is considering the possibility of bidding to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup the country’s Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Sobhy said on Tuesday.[83]

text: Expressed interest in bidding:

text:
AFC:
 Indonesia[74][75][76] and  Thailand[74][75][76]
 China[82]
CAF:
 Zimbabwe[84]
 Egypt[85]

text: Total bids by country[edit]

text: World Cup-winning bids are bolded. Planned but not-yet-official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included.

text:
Country

Bids

Years

 Germany

6

1938, 1962,[a] 1966,[a] 1974,[a] 1982,[a] 2006

 Morocco

1994, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2026, 2030[b][c]

 Spain

1930, 1966, 1974, 1982, 2018,[d] 2030[c]

 Argentina

5

1938, 1962, 1970, 1978, 2030[e]

 Mexico

1970, 1978, 1986,[f] 2002, 2026[g]

 Brazil

4

1950, 1994, 2006, 2014

 England

1966, 1990, 2006, 2018

 United States

1986, 1994, 2022, 2026[g]

 Italy

3

1930, 1934, 1990

 Japan

1970, 2002,[h] 2022

 Australia

2

1970, 2022

 Canada

1986, 2026[g]

 Chile

1962, 2014

 Colombia

1986,[f] 2014

 Egypt

2010, 2030

 France

1938, 1998

 Netherlands

1930, 2018[i]

 Portugal

2018,[d] 2930[c]

 Russia

1990,[j] 2018

 South Africa

2006, 2010

 South Korea

2002,[h] 2022

  Switzerland

1954, 1998

 Sweden

1934, 1958

 Tunisia

2010[k], 2030[b]

 Uruguay

1930, 2030[e]

 Algeria

1

2030[b]

 Belgium

2018[i]

 Greece

1990

 Hungary

1930

 Iran

1990

 Libya

2010[k]

 Paraguay

2030[e]

 Qatar

2022

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bid by West Germany, which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany.

^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria.

^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Morocco, Spain and Portugal.

^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Portugal and Spain.

^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.

^ Jump up to: a b Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup, but withdrew from hosting for economic concerns. After a second bidding, Mexico was selected as the replacement host.

^ Jump up to: a b c Joint bid by Canada, Mexico and the United States.

^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Japan and South Korea.

^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands.

Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union, which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia.

^ Jump up to: a b Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia.

text: Host country performances[edit]

text: It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup, with the host team usually performing above average.[86] Of the eight countries that have won the tournament, only Brazil and Spain have not been champions while hosting, and England has their only title as hosts.

text: Further, Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament, and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner-up in home soil.[87] The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments, and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home. Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage.[88]

text:
#

Performance

Team

Year

Pld

W

D

L

Win%

GF

GA

GD

GD/M

GF/M

1

Champion

 Uruguay
1930

4

4

0

0

100%

15

3

12

3

3.8

2

Champion

 France
1998

7

6

1

0

93%

15

2

13

1.9

2.1

3

Champion

 England
1966

6

5

1

0

92%

11

3

8

1.3

1.8

4

Champion

 Italy
1934

5

4

1

0

90%

12

3

9

1.8

2.4

5

Champion

 West Germany
1974

7

6

0

1

86%

13

4

9

1.3

1.9

6

Champion

 Argentina
1978

7

5

1

1

79%

15

4

9

1.3

2.1

7

Runner-up

 Brazil
1950

6

4

1

1

75%

22

6

16

2.7

3.7

8

Runner-up

 Sweden
1958

6

4

1

1

75%

12

7

5

0.8

2

9

Third place

 Italy
1990

7

6

1

0

93%

10

2

8

1.1

1.4

10

Third place

 Germany
2006

7

5

1

1

79%

14

6

8

1.1

2

11

Third place

 Chile
1962

6

4

0

2

67%

10

8

2

0.33

1.3

12

Fourth place

 South Korea
2002

7

3

2

2

57%

8

6

2

0.3

1.1

13

Fourth place

 Brazil
2014

7

3

2

2

57%

11

14

−3

−0.4

1.57

14

Quarter-final

 Russia
2018

5

2

2

1

60%

11

7

4

0.8

2.2

15

Quarter-final

 Mexico
1986

5

3

2

0

80%

6

2

4

0.8

1.2

16

Quarter-final

 Mexico
1970

4

2

1

1

63%

6

4

2

0.5

1.5

17

Quarter-final

  Switzerland
1954

4

2

0

2

50%

11

11

0

0

2.8

18

Quarter-final

 France
1938

2

1

0

1

50%

4

4

0

0

2

19

Second round

 Spain
1982

5

1

2

2

40%

4

5

−1

−0.2

0.8

20

Round of 16

 Japan
2002

4

2

1

1

63%

5

3

2

0.5

1.25

21

Round of 16

 United States
1994

4

1

1

2

38%

3

4

−1

−0.3

0.8

22

Group stage

 South Africa
2010

3

1

1

1

50%

3

5

−2

−0.7

1

text: Win% → Every draw counted as a half win. Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Qatar will debut in the competition in 2022, so its result will also be its best result in history.


document_title: Allotropes of carbon

question_text: which of the allotrope of carbon is a constituent of a lead pencil

text: Allotropes of carbon

text: Diamond[edit]

text: Diamond is a well known allotrope of carbon. The hardness and high dispersion of light of diamond make it useful for both industrial applications and jewelry. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive and makes it hold polish and luster extremely well. No known naturally occurring substance can cut (or even scratch) a diamond, except another diamond.

text: The market for industrial-grade diamonds operates much differently from its gem-grade counterpart. Industrial diamonds are valued mostly for their hardness and heat conductivity, making many of the gemological characteristics of diamond, including clarity and color, mostly irrelevant. This helps explain why 80% of mined diamonds (equal to about 100 million carats or 20 tonnes annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones and known as bort, are destined for industrial use. In addition to mined diamonds, synthetic diamonds found industrial applications almost immediately after their invention in the 1950s; another 400 million carats (80 tonnes) of synthetic diamonds are produced annually for industrial use which is nearly four times the mass of natural diamonds mined over the same period.

text: The dominant industrial use of diamond is in cutting, drilling (drill bits), grinding (diamond edged cutters), and polishing. Most uses of diamonds in these technologies do not require large diamonds; in fact, most diamonds that are not gem-quality can find an industrial use. Diamonds are embedded in drill tips or saw blades, or ground into a powder for use in grinding and polishing applications (due to its extraordinary hardness). Specialized applications include use in laboratories as containment for high pressure experiments (see diamond anvil), high-performance bearings, and limited use in specialized windows.

text: With the continuing advances being made in the production of synthetic diamond, future applications are beginning to become feasible. Garnering much excitement is the possible use of diamond as a semiconductor suitable to build microchips from, or the use of diamond as a heat sink in electronics. Significant research efforts in Japan, Europe, and the United States are under way to capitalize on the potential offered by diamond's unique material properties, combined with increased quality and quantity of supply starting to become available from synthetic diamond manufacturers.

text: Each carbon atom in a diamond is covalently bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedron. These tetrahedrons together form a 3-dimensional network of six-membered carbon rings (similar to cyclohexane), in the chair conformation, allowing for zero bond angle strain. This stable network of covalent bonds and hexagonal rings, is the reason that diamond is so strong. Although graphite is the most stable allotrope of carbon under standard laboratory conditions (273 or 298 K, 1 atm), a recent computational study indicated that under idealized conditions (T = 0, p = 0), diamond is the most stable allotrope by 1.1 kJ/mol compared to graphite.[2]

text: Graphite[edit]

text: Graphite, named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γράφειν (graphein, "to draw/write", for its use in pencils) is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor. Thus, it can be used in, for instance, electrical arc lamp electrodes. Likewise, under standard conditions, graphite is the most stable form of carbon. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds.

text: Graphite conducts electricity, due to delocalization of the pi bond electrons above and below the planes of the carbon atoms. These electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted along the plane of the layers. In diamond, all four outer electrons of each carbon atom are 'localised' between the atoms in covalent bonding. The movement of electrons is restricted and diamond does not conduct an electric current. In graphite, each carbon atom uses only 3 of its 4 outer energy level electrons in covalently bonding to three other carbon atoms in a plane. Each carbon atom contributes one electron to a delocalised system of electrons that is also a part of the chemical bonding. The delocalised electrons are free to move throughout the plane. For this reason, graphite conducts electricity along the planes of carbon atoms, but does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane.

text: Graphite powder is used as a dry lubricant. Although it might be thought that this industrially important property is due entirely to the loose interlamellar coupling between sheets in the structure, in fact in a vacuum environment (such as in technologies for use in space), graphite was found to be a very poor lubricant. This fact led to the discovery that graphite's lubricity is due to adsorbed air and water between the layers, unlike other layered dry lubricants such as molybdenum disulfide. Recent studies suggest that an effect called superlubricity can also account for this effect.

text: When a large number of crystallographic defects bind these planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes what is known as pyrolytic carbon, a useful material in blood-contacting implants such as prosthetic heart valves.

text: Graphite is the most stable allotrope of carbon. Contrary to popular belief, high-purity graphite does not readily burn, even at elevated temperatures.[3] For this reason, it is used in nuclear reactors and for high-temperature crucibles for melting metals.[4] At very high temperatures and pressures (roughly 2000 °C and 5 GPa), it can be transformed into diamond.[citation needed]

text: Natural and crystalline graphites are not often used in pure form as structural materials due to their shear-planes, brittleness and inconsistent mechanical properties.

text: In its pure glassy (isotropic) synthetic forms, pyrolytic graphite and carbon fiber graphite are extremely strong, heat-resistant (to 3000 °C) materials, used in reentry shields for missile nosecones, solid rocket engines, high temperature reactors, brake shoes and electric motor brushes.

text: Intumescent or expandable graphites are used in fire seals, fitted around the perimeter of a fire door. During a fire the graphite intumesces (expands and chars) to resist fire penetration and prevent the spread of fumes. A typical start expansion temperature (SET) is between 150 and 300 °C.

text: Density: graphite's specific gravity is 2.3, which makes it lighter than diamonds.

text: Chemical activity: it is slightly more reactive than diamond. This is because the reactants are able to penetrate between the hexagonal layers of carbon atoms in graphite. It is unaffected by ordinary solvents, dilute acids, or fused alkalis. However, chromic acid oxidises it to carbon dioxide.

text: Graphene[edit]

text: A single layer of graphite is called graphene and has extraordinary electrical, thermal, and physical properties. It can be produced by epitaxy on an insulating or conducting substrate or by mechanical exfoliation (repeated peeling) from graphite. Its applications may include replacing silicon in high-performance electronic devices.

text: Amorphous carbon[edit]

text: Amorphous carbon is the name used for carbon that does not have any crystalline structure. As with all glassy materials, some short-range order can be observed, but there is no long-range pattern of atomic positions. While entirely amorphous carbon can be produced, most amorphous carbon actually contains microscopic crystals of graphite-like,[5] or even diamond-like carbon.[6]

text: Coal and soot or carbon black are informally called amorphous carbon. However, they are products of pyrolysis (the process of decomposing a substance by the action of heat), which does not produce true amorphous carbon under normal conditions.

text: Nanocarbons[edit]

text: Buckminsterfullerenes[edit]

text:
Part of a series of articles on

Nanomaterials

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Synthesis
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Applications
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Other fullerenes

Buckminsterfullerene
C70 fullerene
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In popular culture
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Quantum dots
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 Nanotechnology portal

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text: The buckminsterfullerenes, or usually just fullerenes or buckyballs for short, were discovered in 1985 by a team of scientists from Rice University and the University of Sussex, three of whom were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. They are named for the resemblance of their allotropic structure to the geodesic structures devised by the scientist and architect Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller. Fullerenes are molecules of varying sizes composed entirely of carbon, which take the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube.

text: As of the early twenty-first century, the chemical and physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential medicinal use — binding specific antibiotics to the structure to target resistant bacteria and even target certain cancer cells such as melanoma.

text: Carbon nanotubes[edit]

text: Carbon nanotubes, also called buckytubes, are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications (e.g., nano-electronics, optics, materials applications, etc.). They exhibit extraordinary strength, unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat. Inorganic nanotubes have also been synthesized. A nanotube is a member of the fullerene structural family, which also includes buckyballs. Whereas buckyballs are spherical in shape, a nanotube is cylindrical, with at least one end typically capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure. Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers (approximately 50,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair), while they can be up to several centimeters in length. There are two main types of nanotubes: single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs).

text: Carbon nanobuds[edit]

text: Carbon nanobuds are a newly discovered allotrope of carbon in which fullerene like "buds" are covalently attached to the outer sidewalls of the carbon nanotubes. This hybrid material has useful properties of both fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. For instance, they have been found to be exceptionally good field emitters.

text: Glassy carbon[edit]

text: Glassy carbon or vitreous carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high-temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.

text: It was first produced by Bernard Redfern in the mid-1950s at the laboratories of The Carborundum Company, Manchester, UK. He had set out to develop a polymer matrix to mirror a diamond structure and discovered a resole (phenolic) resin that would, with special preparation, set without a catalyst. Using this resin the first glassy carbon was produced.

text: The preparation of glassy carbon involves subjecting the organic precursors to a series of heat treatments at temperatures up to 3000 °C. Unlike many non-graphitizing carbons, they are impermeable to gases and are chemically extremely inert, especially those prepared at very high temperatures. It has been demonstrated that the rates of oxidation of certain glassy carbons in oxygen, carbon dioxide or water vapour are lower than those of any other carbon. They are also highly resistant to attack by acids. Thus, while normal graphite is reduced to a powder by a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids at room temperature, glassy carbon is unaffected by such treatment, even after several months.

text: Atomic and diatomic carbon[edit]

text: Under certain conditions, carbon can be found in its atomic form. It is formed by passing large electric currents through carbon under very low pressures. It is extremely unstable, but it is an intermittent product used in the creation of carbenes.[7]

text: Diatomic carbon can also be found under certain conditions. It is often detected via spectroscopy in extraterrestrial bodies, including comets and certain stars.[8][9]

text: Carbon nanofoam[edit]

text: Carbon nanofoam is the fifth known allotrope of carbon, discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web.

text: Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern. This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerenes, in which carbon sheets are given positive curvature by the inclusion of pentagons.

text: The large-scale structure of carbon nanofoam is similar to that of an aerogel, but with 1% of the density of previously produced carbon aerogels – only a few times the density of air at sea level. Unlike carbon aerogels, carbon nanofoam is a poor electrical conductor.

text: Carbide-derived carbon[edit]

text: Carbide-derived carbon (CDC) is a family of carbon materials with different surface geometries and carbon ordering that are produced via selective removal of metals from metal carbide precursors, such as TiC, SiC, Ti3AlC2, Mo2C, etc. This synthesis is accomplished using chlorine treatment, hydrothermal synthesis, or high-temperature selective metal desorption under vacuum. Depending on the synthesis method, carbide precursor, and reaction parameters, multiple carbon allotropes can be achieved, including endohedral particles composed of predominantly amorphous carbon, carbon nanotubes, epitaxial graphene, nanocrystalline diamond, onion-like carbon, and graphitic ribbons, barrels, and horns. These structures exhibit high porosity and specific surface areas, with highly tunable pore diameters, making them promising materials for supercapacitor-based energy storage, water filtration and capacitive desalinization, catalyst support, and cytokine removal.[10]

text: Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond)[edit]

text: Lonsdaleite is a hexagonal allotrope of the carbon allotrope diamond, believed to form from graphite present in meteorites upon their impact to Earth. The great heat and stress of the impact transforms the graphite into diamond, but retains graphite's hexagonal crystal lattice. Hexagonal diamond has also been synthesized in the laboratory, by compressing and heating graphite either in a static press or using explosives. It can also be produced by the thermal decomposition of a polymer, poly(hydridocarbyne), at atmospheric pressure, under inert gas atmosphere (e.g. argon, nitrogen), starting at temperature 110 °C (230 °F).[11][12][13]

text: Linear acetylenic carbon (LAC)[edit]

text: A one-dimensional carbon polymer with the structure -(C:::C)n-.

text: Other possible forms[edit]

text:
Chaoite is a mineral believed to have been formed in meteorite impacts. It has been described as slightly harder than graphite with a reflection colour of grey to white. However, the existence of carbyne phases is disputed – see the entry on chaoite for details.
Metallic carbon: Theoretical studies have shown that there are regions in the phase diagram, at extremely high pressures, where carbon has metallic character.[14]
bcc-carbon: At ultrahigh pressures of above 1000 GPa, diamond is predicted to transform into the so-called C8 structure, a body-centered cubic structure with 8 atoms in the unit cell. This cubic carbon phase might have importance in astrophysics. Its structure is known in one of the metastable phases of silicon and is similar to cubane.[15] Superdense and superhard material resembling this phase has been synthesized and published in 1979 [16] and 2008.[17][18] The structure of this phase was proposed in 2012 as carbon sodalite.[19]

text:
bct-carbon: Body-centered tetragonal carbon proposed by theorists in 2010[20][21]
M-carbon: Monoclinic C-centered carbon was first thought to have been created in 1963 by compressing graphite at room temperature. Its structure was theorized in 2006,[22] then in 2009 it was related[23] to those experimental observations. Many structural candidates, including bct-carbon, were proposed to be equally compatible with experimental data available at the time, until in 2012 it was theoretically proven that this structure is kinetically likeliest to form from graphite.[24][25] High-resolution data appeared shortly after, demonstrating that among all structure candidates only M-carbon is compatible with experiment.[26][27]
Q-carbon: Ferromagnetic carbon discovered in 2015.[28]
T-carbon: Every carbon atom in diamond is replaced with a carbon tetrahedron (hence 'T-carbon'). This was proposed by theorists in 2011.[29]
There is an evidence that white dwarf stars have a core of crystallized carbon and oxygen nuclei. The largest of these found in the universe so far, BPM 37093, is located 50 light-years (4.7×1014 km) away in the constellation Centaurus. A news release from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics described the 2,500-mile (4,000 km)-wide stellar core as a diamond,[30] and it was named as Lucy, after the Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds";[31] however, it is more likely an exotic form of carbon.

text: Prismane C8 is a theoretically-predicted metastable carbon allotrope comprising an atomic cluster of eight carbon atoms, with the shape of an elongated triangular bipyramid—a six-atom triangular prism with two more atoms above and below its bases.[32]

text:
The Laves graph or K4 crystal is a theoretically-predicted three-dimensional crystalline metastable carbon structure in which each carbon atom is bonded to three others, at 120° angles (like graphite), but where the bond planes of adjacent layers lie at an angle of 70.5°, rather than coinciding[33][34]
Penta-graphene
Haeckelites Ordered arrangements of pentagons, hexagons, and heptagons which can either be flat or tubular.
Phagraphene Graphene allotrope with distorted Dirac cones.

text: Variability of carbon[edit]

text: The system of carbon allotropes spans an astounding range of extremes, considering that they are all merely structural formations of the same element.

text: Between diamond and graphite:

text:
Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system but graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system.
Diamond is clear and transparent, but graphite is black and opaque.
Diamond is the hardest mineral known (10 on the Mohs scale), but graphite is one of the softest (1–2 on Mohs scale).
Diamond is the ultimate abrasive, but graphite is soft and is a very good lubricant.
Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator, but graphene is an excellent conductor.
Diamond is an excellent thermal conductor, but some forms of graphite are used for thermal insulation (for example heat shields and firebreaks).
At standard temperature and pressure, graphite is the thermodynamically stable form. Thus diamonds do not exist forever. The conversion from diamond to graphite, however, has a very high activation energy and is therefore extremely slow.

text: Despite the hardness of diamonds, the chemical bonds that hold the carbon atoms in diamonds together are actually weaker than those that hold together graphite. The difference is that in diamond, the bonds form an inflexible three-dimensional lattice. In graphite, the atoms are tightly bonded into sheets, but the sheets can slide easily over each other, making graphite soft.[35]


document_title: Keys of Heaven

question_text: in the catholic church what does the crossed keys symbolise

text: Keys of Heaven

text: In ecclesiastical heraldry, papal coats of arms (those of individual popes) and those of the Holy See and Vatican City State include an image of crossed keys to represent the metaphorical keys of the office of Saint Peter, the keys of heaven, or the keys of the kingdom of Heaven, that, according to Roman Catholic teaching,[1] Jesus promised to Saint Peter, empowering him to take binding actions.[2] In the Gospel of Matthew 16:19, Jesus says to Peter, "I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on Earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on Earth shall be loosed in heaven."

text: The keys of heaven or keys of Saint Peter are seen as a symbol of papal authority: "Behold he [Peter] received the keys of the kingdom of heaven, the power of binding and loosing is committed to him, the care of the whole Church and its government is given to him [cura ei totius Ecclesiae et principatus committitur (Epist., lib. V, ep. xx, in P.L., LXXVII, 745)]".[3]

text: Saint Peter is often depicted in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox paintings and other artwork as holding a key or a set of keys. The general layout of St Peter's Basilica also is roughly key-shaped; evocative of the keys entrusted to Saint Peter. Since the 16th century a symbolical pair of keys is created for every pope and buried on death with him.

text: Bible verses associated with Peter[4][5] and his position of authority: Is. 22:20-23; Matt. 10:2; Matt. 16:18-19; Luke 22:32; John 21:17; Acts 2:14; Acts 10:46; Gal. 1:18.

text: Bible verses associated with the transfer of powers from Pope to Pope: Acts 1:20; 6:6; 13:3; 8:18; 9:17; 1 Tim. 4:14; 5:22; 2 Tim. 1:6.