document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G

question_text: who does runner up of group g play

question_tokens: who does runner up of group g play

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Draw position

Team

Pot

Confederation

Method ofqualification

Date ofqualification

Finalsappearance

Lastappearance

Previous bestperformance

FIFA Rankings

October 2017[nb 1]

June 2018

G1
 Belgium
1
UEFA
UEFA Group H winners
3 September 2017
13th
2014 (quarter-finals)
Fourth place (1986)
5
3

G2
 Panama
4
CONCACAF
CONCACAF Fifth Round third place
10 October 2017
1st
–
–
49
55

G3
 Tunisia
3
CAF
CAF Third Round Group A winners
11 November 2017
5th
2006 (group stage)
Group stage (1978, 1998, 2002, 2006)
28
21

G4
 England
2
UEFA
UEFA Group F winners
5 October 2017
15th
2014 (group stage)
Winners (1966)
12
12

text: Jump up ^ The rankings of October 2017 were used for seeding for the final draw.

tag: ol

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Pos

Team[ vte ]

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Qualification

1

 Belgium

3

3

0

0

9

2

+7

9

Advance to knockout stage

2

 England

3

2

0

1

8

3

+5

6

3

 Tunisia

3

1

0

2

5

8

−3

3

4

 Panama

3

0

0

3

2

11

−9

0

text: In the round of 16:

text:
The winners of Group G, Belgium, advanced to play the runners-up of Group H, Japan.
The runners-up of Group G, England, advanced to play the winners of Group H, Colombia.

text: Matches[edit]

text: All times listed are local time.[1]

text: Belgium vs Panama[edit]

text: The two teams had never met before this World Cup match.[3] Yannick Carrasco and Dries Mertens forced early saves from goalkeeper Jaime Penedo. Eden Hazard hit the side-netting after pouncing on a loose backpass from Román Torres. Hazard fired wide in the 26th minute and was left hobbling by heavy challenges from Michael Amir Murillo and Torres. Hazard then shook off the blows and forced Penedo into a save with his legs.[4] After a goalless first half, Mertens steered in a right-foot volley from the right of the penalty area to give Belgium the lead.[5] Kevin De Bruyne almost doubled the lead but narrowly missed the target with a 25-yard free-kick that curled away from Penedo's right-hand post. Belgium doubled their lead in the 69th minute after Romelu Lukaku scored with a diving header after a cross from the left by Kevin De Bruyne. Lukaku then added a third with a chipped finish from the left of the penalty area after a through ball from Hazard.[4]

text: Belgium's last victory by two goals or more at the FIFA World Cup was a 3–1 defeat of Uruguay in 1990. It also matched their best win in World Cup history, along with a 3–0 victory over El Salvador in 1970.[6]

text:
Belgium

3–0

 Panama

Mertens  47'
Lukaku  69', 75'

Report

text:
Belgium[8]

Panama[8]

text:
GK
1
Thibaut Courtois

CB
2
Toby Alderweireld

CB
20
Dedryck Boyata

CB
5
Jan Vertonghen
 59'

RM
15
Thomas Meunier
 14'

CM
7
Kevin De Bruyne
 88'

CM
6
Axel Witsel

 90'

LM
11
Yannick Carrasco

 74'

RW
14
Dries Mertens

 83'

LW
10
Eden Hazard (c)

CF
9
Romelu Lukaku

Substitutions:

MF
19
Mousa Dembélé

 74'

MF
16
Thorgan Hazard

 83'

MF
22
Nacer Chadli

 90'

Manager:

 Roberto Martínez

GK
1
Jaime Penedo

RB
2
Michael Amir Murillo
 51'

CB
5
Román Torres (c)

CB
4
Fidel Escobar

LB
15
Erick Davis
 18'

DM
6
Gabriel Gómez

CM
11
Armando Cooper
 49'

CM
20
Aníbal Godoy
 57'

RW
8
Édgar Bárcenas
 45+2'
 63'

LW
21
José Luis Rodríguez

 63'

CF
7
Blas Pérez

 73'

Substitutions:

FW
9
Gabriel Torres

 63'

FW
10
Ismael Díaz

 63'

FW
18
Luis Tejada

 73'

Manager:

 Hernán Darío Gómez

text:
Man of the Match:
Romelu Lukaku (Belgium)[9]
Assistant referees:[8]
Jerson Dos Santos (Angola)
Zakhele Siwela (South Africa)
Fourth official:
Ryuji Sato (Japan)
Reserve assistant referee:
Toru Sagara (Japan)
Video assistant referee:
Bastian Dankert (Germany)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Felix Zwayer (Germany)
Sander van Roekel (Netherlands)
Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)

text: Tunisia vs England[edit]

text: The two teams had met in two matches, including one game at the 1998 FIFA World Cup group stage, an England 2–0 victory.[10]

text: England scored in the 11th minute when Mouez Hassen stopped a John Stones' header from a corner from the left, but could not save a Harry Kane follow-up from close range. Hassen was substituted four minutes later for Farouk Ben Mustapha due to an injury earlier in the game, after he had a collision with Jesse Lingard. Lingard then mishit a volley from Ashley Young's cross to the far post.[11] After 10 minutes, Ferjani Sassi equalised from the penalty spot after Kyle Walker was penalised for an elbow on Fakhreddine Ben Youssef.[12] Kane had an appeal for a penalty waved away within five minutes of the restart as he was seemingly impeded by a pair of Tunisia players at a corner.[13] In the additional time, Harry Maguire flicked a Kieran Trippier corner from the right into the path of Kane, who headed it inside the goal after being left free at the back post.[11][14]

text: England scored more than once for the first time in 10 World Cup matches, since a 2–2 draw against Sweden in 2006. Kane became the first England player to score a brace in a World Cup match since Gary Lineker against Cameroon in 1990.[12]

text:
Tunisia

1–2

 England

Sassi  35' (pen.)

Report

Kane  11', 90+1'

text:
Tunisia[16]

England[16]

text:
GK
22
Mouez Hassen

 16'

RB
11
Dylan Bronn

CB
2
Syam Ben Youssef

CB
4
Yassine Meriah

LB
12
Ali Maâloul

CM
13
Ferjani Sassi

CM
17
Ellyes Skhiri

CM
9
Anice Badri

RF
8
Fakhreddine Ben Youssef

CF
10
Wahbi Khazri (c)

 85'

LF
23
Naïm Sliti

 74'

Substitutions:

GK
1
Farouk Ben Mustapha

 16'

MF
14
Mohamed Amine Ben Amor

 74'

FW
19
Saber Khalifa

 85'

Manager:

Nabil Maâloul

GK
1
Jordan Pickford

CB
2
Kyle Walker
 33'

CB
5
John Stones

CB
6
Harry Maguire

DM
8
Jordan Henderson

CM
20
Dele Alli

 80'

CM
7
Jesse Lingard

 90+3'

RM
12
Kieran Trippier

LM
18
Ashley Young

CF
10
Raheem Sterling

 68'

CF
9
Harry Kane (c)

Substitutions:

FW
19
Marcus Rashford

 68'

MF
21
Ruben Loftus-Cheek

 80'

MF
4
Eric Dier

 90+3'

Manager:

Gareth Southgate

text:
Man of the Match:
Harry Kane (England)[17]
Assistant referees:[16]
Alexander Guzmán (Colombia)
Cristian de la Cruz (Colombia)
Fourth official:
Ricardo Montero (Costa Rica)
Reserve assistant referee:
Hiroshi Yamauchi (Japan)
Video assistant referee:
Sandro Ricci (Brazil)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Gery Vargas (Bolivia)
Emerson de Carvalho (Brazil)
Tiago Martins (Portugal)

text: Belgium vs Tunisia[edit]

text: The two teams had faced each other in three matches, including one game at the 2002 FIFA World Cup group stage, which ended in a 1–1 draw.[10]

text: Just 6 minutes into the game, Syam Ben Youssef's late challenge on Eden Hazard was deemed, with the use of VAR, to have been just inside the area and he stepped up to score the penalty into the bottom-left corner. Ten minutes later, Dries Mertens won possession just inside the Tunisia half before driving forward and passing the ball to Romelu Lukaku. Lukaku then shot a low strike across Farouk Ben Mustapha into the bottom-right corner. Wahbi Khazri's free-kick from the left was met by Dylan Bronn, who flashed a header past Thibaut Courtois. Thomas Meunier found Lukaku inside the area, which he clipped over the onrushing Mustapha. Toby Alderweireld's long pass from defence was taken on the chest by Hazard, who then rounded Mustapha to stroke into an empty net. Michy Batshuayi met Youri Tielemans' cross at the back post with a controlled half-volley to score Belgium's 5th. Khazri scored deep into stoppage time after a swivel in the box.[18][19]

text: Lukaku became the first player since Diego Maradona to score back-to-back braces in consecutive world cup games.[20] Hazard's penalty was Belgium's second quickest goal in a World Cup match (5:59), behind only Léopold Anoul's goal against England in 1954, in the fifth minute.[21] For Tunisia, it has registered as their worst defeat ever in their World Cup history.

text:
Belgium

5–2

 Tunisia

E. Hazard  6' (pen.), 51'
Lukaku  16', 45+3'
Batshuayi  90'

Report

Bronn  18'
Khazri  90+3'

text:
Belgium[23]

Tunisia[23]

text:
GK
1
Thibaut Courtois

CB
2
Toby Alderweireld

CB
20
Dedryck Boyata

CB
5
Jan Vertonghen

RM
15
Thomas Meunier

CM
7
Kevin De Bruyne

CM
6
Axel Witsel

LM
11
Yannick Carrasco

RF
14
Dries Mertens

 86'

CF
9
Romelu Lukaku

 59'

LF
10
Eden Hazard (c)

 68'

Substitutions:

MF
8
Marouane Fellaini

 59'

FW
21
Michy Batshuayi

 68'

MF
17
Youri Tielemans

 86'

Manager:

 Roberto Martínez

GK
1
Farouk Ben Mustapha

RB
11
Dylan Bronn

 24'

CB
2
Syam Ben Youssef

 41'

CB
4
Yassine Meriah

LB
12
Ali Maâloul

CM
7
Saîf-Eddine Khaoui

CM
17
Ellyes Skhiri

CM
13
Ferjani Sassi
 14'
 59'

RF
8
Fakhreddine Ben Youssef

CF
10
Wahbi Khazri (c)

LF
9
Anice Badri

Substitutions:

DF
21
Hamdi Nagguez

 24'

DF
3
Yohan Benalouane

 41'

FW
23
Naïm Sliti

 59'

Manager:

Nabil Maâloul

text:
Man of the Match:
Eden Hazard (Belgium)[24]
Assistant referees:[23]
Corey Rockwell (United States)
Juan Zumba (El Salvador)
Fourth official:
Andrés Cunha (Uruguay)
Reserve assistant referee:
Nicolás Tarán (Uruguay)
Video assistant referee:
Mark Geiger (United States)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Bastian Dankert (Germany)
Joe Fletcher (Canada)
Felix Zwayer (Germany)

text: England vs Panama[edit]

text: The two teams had never met before.[3]

text: John Stones headed in from Kieran Trippier's corner to open the scoring. Harry Kane converted a penalty to make it 2–0 following a foul on Jesse Lingard, who was next to find the net with a curling finish with his right foot from the edge of the area. Stones nodded home the rebound after goalkeeper Jaime Penedo had kept out Raheem Sterling's close-range header. Kane scored his second penalty of the match in the stoppage time of first half, hammering the ball into Penedo's top right corner after referee had spotted a foul on the forward by Fidel Escobar. Kane completed his hat-trick when a deflected shot by Ruben Loftus-Cheek flicked off from his ankle. Felipe Baloy scored Panama's first-ever World Cup goal, with a half-volley from a Ricardo Ávila free-kick.[25] The result ensured that both England and Belgium would advance to the knockout stage, while Tunisia and Panama would be eliminated at the group stage.

text: Gary Lineker was the last England player before Kane to notch more than one goal in consecutive World Cup matches, 32 years ago. At Mexico 1986, Lineker followed up a hat-trick against Poland with a brace against Paraguay.[26] This was England's biggest win at a major tournament. Stones became the first England defender to score two goals in a World Cup match. Kane is the first player to score at least twice in both of his first two World Cup appearances since Grzegorz Lato of Poland in 1974.[27] Kane is the third England player to score a hat-trick in a World Cup match, after Geoff Hurst against Germany in the 1966 final and Gary Lineker against Poland in 1986.[28]

text:
England

6–1

 Panama

Stones  8', 40'
Kane  22' (pen.), 45+1' (pen.), 62'
Lingard  36'

Report

Baloy  78'

text:
England[30]

Panama[30]

text:
GK
1
Jordan Pickford

CB
2
Kyle Walker

CB
5
John Stones

CB
6
Harry Maguire

DM
8
Jordan Henderson

CM
21
Ruben Loftus-Cheek
 24'

CM
7
Jesse Lingard

 63'

RM
12
Kieran Trippier

 70'

LM
18
Ashley Young

CF
10
Raheem Sterling

CF
9
Harry Kane (c)

 63'

Substitutions:

FW
11
Jamie Vardy

 63'

DF
17
Fabian Delph

 63'

DF
3
Danny Rose

 70'

Manager:

Gareth Southgate

GK
1
Jaime Penedo

RB
2
Michael Amir Murillo
 72'

CB
5
Román Torres (c)

CB
4
Fidel Escobar
 44'

LB
15
Erick Davis

DM
6
Gabriel Gómez

 69'

CM
11
Armando Cooper
 10'

CM
20
Aníbal Godoy

 62'

RW
8
Édgar Bárcenas

 69'

LW
21
José Luis Rodríguez

CF
7
Blas Pérez

Substitutions:

MF
19
Ricardo Ávila

 62'

FW
16
Abdiel Arroyo

 69'

DF
23
Felipe Baloy

 69'

Manager:

 Hernán Darío Gómez

text:
Man of the Match:
Harry Kane (England)[31]
Assistant referees:[30]
Redouane Achik (Morocco)
Waleed Ahmed (Sudan)
Fourth official:
Norbert Hauata (Tahiti)
Reserve assistant referee:
Bertrand Brial (New Caledonia)
Video assistant referee:
Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Paweł Gil (Poland)
Sander van Roekel (Netherlands)
Mark Geiger (United States)

text: England vs Belgium[edit]

text: The two teams had met in 21 matches, including two matches at the World Cup, one round of 16 game at the 1990 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 1–0 victory for England, and one group stage game at the 1954 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 4–4 draw.[10] Both teams had already guaranteed to advance to the last 16 before kick off, with the winner securing top spot in the group.

text: Both teams fielded significantly altered line-ups before the game, with media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial, as the winner would be in the half of the draw with the 4 of the top 7 sides in the world.[a][32][33]

text: Jordan Pickford kept out a long-range drive from Youri Tielemans before the goalkeeper was rescued by Gary Cahill's goal-line clearance after the ball squirmed out of his grasp. In the 51st minute, Adnan Januzaj cut in from the right and hit a left foot shot into the top left corner of the net. Jamie Vardy sent Marcus Rashford through on goal in the 66th minute, but the striker's effort was turned wide of the post by a touch from Thibaut Courtois.[34]

text: This 1–0 victory ended Belgium's 82-year winless run against England which dates back to a friendly played in Brussels on 9 May 1936. The scoreline was 3–2 on that occasion.[35] This is the first World Cup match (other than 0–0 draws) in which England failed to score since a 1–0 loss to Portugal in 1986.[36]

text:
England

0–1

 Belgium

Report

Januzaj  51'

text:
England[38]

Belgium[38]

text:
GK
1
Jordan Pickford

CB
16
Phil Jones

CB
5
John Stones

 46'

CB
15
Gary Cahill

DM
4
Eric Dier (c)

CM
21
Ruben Loftus-Cheek

CM
17
Fabian Delph

RW
22
Trent Alexander-Arnold

 79'

LW
3
Danny Rose

CF
19
Marcus Rashford

CF
11
Jamie Vardy

Substitutions:

DF
6
Harry Maguire

 46'

FW
14
Danny Welbeck

 79'

Manager:

Gareth Southgate

GK
1
Thibaut Courtois (c)

CB
23
Leander Dendoncker
 33'

CB
20
Dedryck Boyata

CB
3
Thomas Vermaelen

 74'

RM
22
Nacer Chadli

CM
8
Marouane Fellaini

CM
19
Mousa Dembélé

LM
16
Thorgan Hazard

RF
18
Adnan Januzaj

 86'

CF
21
Michy Batshuayi

LF
17
Youri Tielemans
 19'

Substitutions:

DF
4
Vincent Kompany

 74'

FW
14
Dries Mertens

 86'

Manager:

 Roberto Martínez

text:
Man of the Match:
Adnan Januzaj (Belgium)[39]
Assistant referees:[38]
Jure Praprotnik (Slovenia)
Robert Vukan (Slovenia)
Fourth official:
Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed (United Arab Emirates)
Reserve assistant referee:
Mohamed Al Hammadi (United Arab Emirates)
Video assistant referee:
Artur Soares Dias (Portugal)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Paweł Gil (Poland)
Roberto Díaz Pérez (Spain)
Mauro Vigliano (Argentina)

text: Panama vs Tunisia[edit]

text: The two teams had never met before.[3] Both teams had already been eliminated from the tournament before the match.

text: Panama took the lead in the 33rd minute, after a José Rodríguez shot from outside the penalty area took a deflection off Yassine Meriah and nestle in the back of the net. In the 51st minute, Naïm Sliti found Wahbi Khazri down the right and the latter's low cross was converted by the Fakhreddine Ben Youssef just six yards out. At the 66 minute mark, Khazri finished off a cross from the left by Oussama Haddadi from close range at the back post.[40][41]

text: Tunisia won a World Cup match after 40 years, since their 3–1 victory over Mexico in 1978. Panama became the first nation since Serbia & Montenegro and Togo in 2006 to lose each of their first three World Cup games. Panama's goal means this is the first World Cup tournament in which every side has scored at least two goals in the competition. Meriah's own goal was the 50th in World Cup history.[42]

text:
Panama

1–2

 Tunisia

Meriah  33' (o.g.)

Report

F. Ben Youssef  51'
Khazri  66'

text:
Panama[44]

Tunisia[44]

text:
GK
1
Jaime Penedo

RB
13
Adolfo Machado

CB
5
Román Torres (c)

 56'

CB
4
Fidel Escobar

LB
17
Luis Ovalle

DM
6
Gabriel Gómez
 80'

CM
20
Aníbal Godoy

CM
19
Ricardo Ávila
 78'
 81'

RW
8
Édgar Bárcenas

LW
21
José Luis Rodríguez

CF
9
Gabriel Torres

 46'

Substitutions:

DF
3
Harold Cummings

 46'

FW
18
Luis Tejada
 90+6'
 56'

FW
16
Abdiel Arroyo

 81'

Manager:

 Hernán Darío Gómez

GK
16
Aymen Mathlouthi (c)

RB
21
Hamdi Nagguez

CB
6
Rami Bedoui

CB
4
Yassine Meriah

LB
5
Oussama Haddadi

CM
13
Ferjani Sassi
 44'
 46'

CM
17
Ellyes Skhiri

CM
20
Ghailene Chaalali
 90+3'

RF
8
Fakhreddine Ben Youssef

CF
10
Wahbi Khazri

 89'

LF
23
Naïm Sliti

 77'

Substitutions:

FW
9
Anice Badri
 71'
 46'

MF
15
Ahmed Khalil

 77'

MF
18
Bassem Srarfi

 89'

Manager:

Nabil Maâloul

text:
Man of the Match:
Fakhreddine Ben Youssef (Tunisia)[45]
Assistant referees:[44]
Yaser Tulefat (Bahrain)
Taleb Al Maari (Qatar)
Fourth official:
Mehdi Abid Charef (Algeria)
Reserve assistant referee:
Hiroshi Yamauchi (Japan)
Video assistant referee:
Tiago Martins (Portugal)
Assistant video assistant referees:
Abdulrahman Al-Jassim (Qatar)
Marvin Torrentera (Mexico)
Sandro Ricci (Brazil)

text: Discipline[edit]

text: Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head-to-head records of teams had been tied. These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows:[2]

text:
first yellow card: minus 1 point;
indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points;
direct red card: minus 4 points;
yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points;

text: Only one of the above deductions would be applied to a player in a single match.

text:
Team

Match 1

Match 2

Match 3

Points

 England

1

1

−2

 Tunisia

1

3

−4

 Belgium

3

2

−5

 Panama

5

3

3

−11


document_title: Did I Shave My Legs for This?

question_text: who wrote did i shave my legs for this

question_tokens: who wrote did i shave my legs for this

root

text: Did I Shave My Legs for This?

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."I've Loved Enough to Know"Deana Carter, Chuck Jones3:222."We Danced Anyway"Matraca Berg, Randy Scruggs3:233."Count Me In"Carter, Jones3:244."If This Is Love"Al Anderson, Craig Wiseman2:535."Love Ain't Worth Making"Carter, Scott Poston3:446."Before We Ever Heard Goodbye"Carter, Jones3:457."How Do I Get There"Carter, Chris Farren4:098."Strawberry Wine"Berg, Gary Harrison4:519."That's How You Know It's Love"Stephony Smith4:2710."Did I Shave My Legs for This?"Carter, Rhonda Hart3:1111."To the Other Side"Kim Carnes, Greg Barnhill4:10

tag: table

text: showOriginal UK versionNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Angel Without a Prayer"Carter, Michael Dan Ehmig, Michael Smotherman5:152."Rita Valentine"Carter3:243."I've Loved Enough to Know"Carter, Jones3:224."I Can't Shake You" 3:165."Are You Coming Home Today?"Carter3:596."Did I Shave My Legs for This?"Carter, Hart3:117."Turn Those Wheels Around"Carter, Jones3:158."Graffiti Bridge"Carter, Bob DiPiero3:389."Before We Ever Heard Goodbye"Carter, Jones3:4610."We Share a Wall" 3:2111."Don't Let Go" 2:2612."Just What You Need" 3:22

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: Album[edit]

text: Did I Shave My Legs for This? is Carter's highest-charting album to date and her only album to chart in the top ten on the U.S. Billboard 200.

tag: p

text:
Chart (1996)

PeakPosition

U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums

2

U.S. Billboard 200

10

Canada RPM Country Albums

1

Canada RPM Top Albums

25

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year

Single

Peak chart positions

US Country[9]

US[9]

CAN Country[10]

UK[11]

1995

"Angel Without a Prayer"

—

—

—

116

"Are You Coming Home Today?"

—

—

—

121

1996

"Strawberry Wine"

1

65

1

—

"We Danced Anyway"

1

72

1

—

1997

"Count Me In"

5

—

7

—

"How Do I Get There"

1

—

2

—

"Did I Shave My Legs for This?"

25

85

36

—

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Deana Carter – lead vocals, background vocals
Joe Chemay – bass guitar
Chris DiCroce – background vocals
Dan Dugmore – acoustic guitar, steel guitar
Chris Farren – acoustic guitar, background vocals
Larry Franklin – fiddle, mandolin
John Hobbs – piano, keyboards
Dann Huff – electric guitar
Chuck Jones – acoustic guitar
Greg Morrow – drums, percussion
Steve Nathan – Hammond B-3 organ
Cary Park – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Brent Rowan – electric guitar
Pete Wasner – piano
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
Lonnie Wilson – drums
Glenn Worf – bass guitar

tag: ul

text: Strings performed by the Nashville String Machine, conducted by Carl Gorodetzky and arranged by David Campbell.


document_title: Keith Carradine

question_text: who plays penny's father on big bang

question_tokens: who plays penny 's father on big bang

text: Keith Carradine

text: Early life[edit]

text: Keith Carradine was born in San Mateo, California. He is the son of actress and artist Sonia Sorel (née Henius), and actor John Carradine.[2] His paternal half-brothers are Bruce and David Carradine, his maternal half-brother is Michael Bowen, and his full brothers are Christopher and Robert Carradine. His maternal great-grandfather was biochemist Max Henius, and his maternal great-grandmother was the sister of historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg.[3]

text: Carradine's childhood was difficult. He said that his father drank and his mother “was a manic depressive paranoid schizophrenic catatonic—she had it all.”[4] His parents were divorced in 1957, when he was eight years old. A bitter custody battle led to his father gaining custody of him and his brothers, Christopher and Robert, after the children had spent three months in a home for abused children as wards of the court. Keith said of the experience, "It was like being in jail. There were bars on the windows, and we were only allowed to see our parents through glass doors. It was very sad. We would stand there on either side of the glass door crying."[5] He was raised primarily by his maternal grandmother, and he rarely saw either of his parents.[6] His mother was not permitted to see him for eight years following the custody settlement.[4]

text: After high school, Carradine entertained the thought of becoming a forest ranger but opted to study drama at Colorado State University. He dropped out after one semester and drifted back to California, moving in with his older half-brother, David. David encouraged Keith to pursue an acting career, paid for his acting and vocal lessons, and helped him get an agent.[6]

text: Career[edit]

text: Stage[edit]

text: As a youth, Carradine had opportunities to appear on stage with his father, John Carradine, in the latter's productions of Shakespeare.[7] Thus, he had some background in theater when he was cast in the original Broadway run of Hair (1969), which launched his acting career. In that production he started out in the chorus and worked his way up to the lead roles[8] playing Woof and Claude. He said of his involvement in Hair, "I really didn't plan to audition. I just went along with my brother, David, and his girlfriend at the time, Barbara Hershey, and two of their friends. I was simply going to play the piano for them while they sang, but I'm the one the staff wound up getting interested in."[9]

text: His stage career is further distinguished by his Tony-nominated performance, for Best Actor (Musical) as the title character in the Tony Award-winning musical, the Will Rogers Follies in 1991, for which he also received a Drama Desk nomination. He won the Outer Critics Circle Award for Foxfire with Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy, and appeared as Lawrence in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at the Imperial Theater. In 2008, he appeared as Dr. Farquhar Off-Broadway in Mindgame, a thriller by Antony Horowitz, directed by Ken Russell, who made his New York directorial debut with the production.[10] In March and April 2013, he starred in the Broadway production of Hands on a Hardbody. He was nominated for the Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for his work.

text: Film[edit]

text: Carradine's first notable film appearance was in director Robert Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971). His next film, Emperor of the North Pole (1973), was re-released with a shorter title Emperor of the North. Carradine played a young aspiring hobo. The film was directed by Robert Aldrich and also starred Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine. Carradine then starred in Altman's film Thieves Like Us (1974), then played a principal character, a callow, womanizing folk singer, Tom Frank, in Altman's critically acclaimed film Nashville (1975; see "Music and song writing"). He had difficulty shaking the image of Tom Frank following the popularity of the film. He felt the role gave him the reputation of being "a cad."[11]

text: In 1977, Carradine starred opposite Harvey Keitel in Ridley Scott's The Duellists. Pretty Baby followed in 1978. He has acted in several offbeat films of Altman's protege Alan Rudolph, playing a disarmingly candid madman in Choose Me (1984), an incompetent petty criminal in Trouble in Mind (1985), and an American artist in 1930s Paris in The Moderns (1988).

text: He appeared with brothers David and Robert as the Younger brothers in Walter Hill's film The Long Riders (1980). Keith played Jim Younger in that film. In 1981, he appeared again under Hill's direction in Southern Comfort. In 1994, he had a cameo role as Will Rogers in Rudolph's film about Dorothy Parker, Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle. He co-starred with Daryl Hannah as homicidal sociopath John Netherwood in the thriller The Tie That Binds (1995). In 2011, he starred in Cowboys and Aliens, an American science fiction western film directed by Jon Favreau also starring Daniel Craig, Harrison Ford, and Olivia Wilde. Carradine traveled to Tuscany in 2012 to executive produce and star in John Charles Jopson's Edgar Allan Poe inspired film 'Terroir'. In 2013, he starred in Ain't Them Bodies Saints, which won the 2013 Sundance Film Festival award for cinematography. In 2016 Keith played Edward Dickinson father of Emily Dickinson in A Quiet Passion the biographical film directed and written by Terence Davies about the life of the American poet.

text: In 2016 Carradine returned to star in his fourth Alan Rudolph film Ray Meets Helen alongside actress Sondra Locke.[12]

text: Music and song writing[edit]

text: His brother, David, said in an interview that Keith could play any instrument he wanted, including bagpipes and the French horn.[8] Like David, Keith integrated his musical talents with his acting performances. In 1975, he performed a song he'd written, "I'm Easy", in the movie Nashville. It was a popular hit, and Carradine won a Golden Globe and an Oscar for Best Original Song for the tune. This led to a brief singing career; he signed a contract with Asylum Records and released two albums – I'm Easy (1976) and Lost & Found (1978). In 1984, he appeared in the music video for Madonna's single "Material Girl." In the early 1990s, he played the lead role in the Tony Award-winning musical The Will Rogers Follies.[citation needed]

text: Television[edit]

text: In 1972, Carradine appeared briefly in the first season of the hit television series, Kung Fu, which starred his brother, David. Keith played a younger version of David's character, Kwai Chang Caine. In 1987, he starred in the highly rated CBS miniseries Murder Ordained with JoBeth Williams and Kathy Bates. Other TV appearances include My Father My Son (1988), a television film. In 1983, he appeared as Foxy Funderburke, a murderous pedophile, in the television miniseries Chiefs, based on the Stuart Woods novel of the same name. His performance in Chiefs earned him a nomination for an Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Special" category.[13] Carradine also starred in the ABC sitcom Complete Savages, and he played Wild Bill Hickok in the HBO series Deadwood.

text: Carradine hosted the documentary Wild West Tech series on the History Channel in the 2003–2004 season, before handing the job over to his brother, David. In the 2005 miniseries Into the West, produced by Steven Spielberg and Dreamworks, Carradine played Richard Henry Pratt. During the second and fourth seasons of the Showtime series Dexter, he appeared numerous times as FBI Special Agent Frank Lundy. Carradine is credited with guest starring twice on the suspense-drama Criminal Minds, as the psychopathic serial killer Frank Breitkopf. Other shows he appeared in include The Big Bang Theory (as Penny's father Wyatt), Star Trek: Enterprise ("First Flight" episode) and the Starz series Crash. Carradine also made two guest appearances on NCIS in 2012 and 2014. Also in 2014, he had a recurring role as Lou Solverson in the FX series Fargo, followed by a recurring role as President Conrad Dalton on Madam Secretary. He was promoted to series regular, starting with the show's second season.

text: Video games[edit]

text: In 2012, Carradine lent his voice to the video game Hitman: Absolution, voicing the primary antagonist Blake Dexter.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Keith Carradine met Shelley Plimpton in the Broadway musical Hair. She was married to actor Steve Curry, albeit separated, and she and Carradine became romantically involved. After Carradine left the show and was in California he learned that Shelley was pregnant and had reunited with Curry. He met his daughter, Martha Plimpton, when she was four years old, after Shelley and Steve Curry had divorced. He said of Shelley, "She did a hell of a job raising Martha. I was not there. I was a very young man, absolutely terrified. She just took that in, and then she welcomed me into Martha’s life when I was ready.”[4]

text: Carradine married Sandra Will on February 6, 1982. They were separated in 1993,[14] before Will filed for divorce in 1999.[15] The couple had two children: Cade Richmond Carradine (born July 19, 1982) and Sorel Johannah Carradine (born June 18, 1985).[6] In 2006, Will pleaded guilty to two counts of perjury for lying to a grand jury about her involvement in the Anthony Pellicano wire tap scandal. She hired, then became romantically involved with, Pellicano after her divorce from Carradine. According to FBI documents, Pellicano tapped Keith Carradine's telephone and recorded calls between him and girlfriend Hayley Leslie DuMond at Will's request, along with DuMond's parents.[4] Carradine filed a civil lawsuit against Will and Pellicano which was settled in 2013 before it went to trial.[16]

text: On November 18, 2006, Keith Carradine married actress Hayley DuMond, in Turin, Italy.[17] They met in 1997 when they co-starred in the Burt Reynolds film The Hunter's Moon.[18]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1971
McCabe & Mrs. Miller
Cowboy

1971
A Gunfight
The Young Gunfighter

1973
Emperor of the North Pole
Cigaret

1973
Idaho Transfer
Arthur

1973
Hex
Whizzer

1974
Antoine and Sebastian
John

1974
Thieves Like Us
Bowie

1974
Run, Run, Joe!
Joe

1975
Nashville
Tom Frank
Academy Award for Best Original Song
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

1975
You and Me

1976
Lumière
David

1976
Welcome to L.A.
Carroll Barber

1977
The Duellists
D'Hubert

1978
Pretty Baby
Bellocq

1978
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Our Guests At Heartland

1979
Old Boyfriends
Wayne Van Til

1979
An Almost Perfect Affair
Hal Raymond

1980
The Long Riders
Jim Younger

1981
Southern Comfort
Pfc. Spencer

1984
Choose Me
Mickey

1984
Maria's Lovers
Clarence Butts

1985
Trouble in Mind
Coop

1986
The Inquiry
Tito Valerio Tauro

1988
The Moderns
Nick Hart

1988
Backfire
Reed

1989
Street of No Return
Michael

1989
Cold Feet
Monte Latham

1990
Daddy's Dyin': Who's Got the Will?
Clarence

1990
The Bachelor
Dr. Emil Gräsler

1991
The Ballad of the Sad Cafe
Marvin Macy

1992
Rabbit Ears: Annie Oakley
Storyteller

1992
CrissCross
John Cross

1994
Andre
Harry Whitney

1994
Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle
Will Rogers

1995
The Tie That Binds
John Netherwood

1996
2 Days in the Valley
Detective Creighton

1997
A Thousand Acres
Ty Smith

1998
Standoff
Zeke Clayton

1999
The Hunter's Moon
Turner

1999
Out of the Cold
Dan Scott

2001
Cahoots
Matt

2001
Wooly Boys
Sheriff Hank Dawson

2002
Falcons
Simon

2002
The Angel Doll
Adjult Jerry Barlow

2002
The Outsider
Noah Weaver

2003
The Adventures of Ociee Nash
Papa George Nash

2004
Hair High
JoJo

2004
Balto III: Wings of Change
Duke

2005
Our Very Own
Billy Whitfield

2005
The Californians
Elton Tripp

2007
Elvis and Anabelle
Jimmy

2007
The Death and Life of Bobby Z
Johnson

2007
All Hat
Pete Culpepper

2008
Lake City
Roy

2009
Winter of Frozen Dreams
Det. Lulling

2010
Peacock
Mayor Ray Crill

2011
The Family Tree
Reverend Diggs

2011
Cowboys & Aliens
Sheriff Taggart

2013
Ain't Them Bodies Saints
Skerritt

2014
Terroir
Jonathan Bragg

2016
A Quiet Passion
Edward Dickinson

2018
The Old Man and the Gun

In post-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1971
Bonanza
Ern
Episode: "Bushwacked"

1972
Love, American Style
George Pomerantz
Episode: "Love and the Anniversary"

1972
Man on a String
Danny Brown
Television movie

1972–73
Kung Fu
Middle Caine
2 episodes

1980
A Rumor of War
Lt. Murph McCoy
Television movie

1983
Chiefs
Foxy Funderburke
3 episodes
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie

1984
The Fall Guy
Cook
Episode: "October the 31st"

1984
Scorned and Swindled
John Boslett
Television movie

1985
Blackout
Allen Devlin
Television movie

1986
Half a Lifetime
J.J.
Television movie
Nominated—CableACE Award for Best Actor in a Theatrical or Dramatic Special

1986
A Winner Never Quits
Pete Gray
Television movie

1987
Murder Ordained
Trooper John Rule
Television movie

1987
Eye on the Sparrow
James Lee
Television movie

1988
Stones for Ibarra
Richard Everton
Television movie

1988
My Father, My Son
Lt. Elmo Zumwalt III
Television movie

1989
The Revenge of Al Capone
Michael Rourke
Television movie

1989
Hallmark Hall of Fame
Richard Everton
Episode: "Stones for Ibarra"

1989
Confessional
Liam Devlin
4 episodes

1989
The Forgotten
Captain Tom Watkins
Television movie

1990
Judgment
Pete Guitry
Television movie

1991
Payoff
Peter 'Mac' McAllister
Television movie

1992
Lincoln
William Herndon (voice)
Television movie

1994
In the Best of Families: Marriage,
Pride & Madness
Tom Leary
Television movie

1994
Is There Life Out There?
Brad
Television movie

1995
Trial by Fire
Owen Turner
Television movie

1996
Special Report: Journey to Mars
Capt. Eugene T. Slader
Television movie

1996
Dead Man's Walk
Bigfoot Wallace
3 episodes

1997
Perversions of Science
Arthur Bristol
Episode: "Dream of Doom"

1997
Keeping the Promise
William (Will) Hallowell
Television movie

1997
Last Stand at Saber River
Vern Kidston
Television movie

1997–98
Fast Track
Dr. Richard Beckett
23 episodes

1999
Outreach
Dr. Vincent Shaw
Television movie

1999
Hard Time: Hostage Hotel
Cpl. Arlin Flynn
Television movie

1999
Night Ride Home
Neal Mahler
Television movie

1999
Sirens
Officer Dan Wexler
Television movie

1999
A Song from the Heart
Oliver Comstock
Television movie

2000
Metropolis
Quincy
Television movie

2000
Enslavement
Pierce Butler
Television movie

2000
Baby
John Malone
Television movie

2001
The Diamond of Jeru
John Lacklan
Television movie

2002
American Experience
Narrator
Episode: "Public Enemy Number 1"

2002
Frasier
Carl (voice)
Episode: "Frasier Has Spokane"

2002
Arliss
Lamar Scott
Episode: "What You See Is What You Get"

2002
Street Time
Frank Dugan
3 episodes

2003
Star Trek: Enterprise
Captain A.G. Robinson
Episode: "First Flight"

2003
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series
Jonah Jameson (voice)
5 episodes

2003
Monte Walsh
Chester 'Chet' Rollins
Television movie

2003
Coyote Waits
John McGinnis
Television movie

2003–04
Wild West Tech
Host
13 episodes

2004
Deadwood
Wild Bill Hickok
5 episodes
Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film

2004–05
Complete Savages
Nick Savage
19 episodes

2005
Into the West
Capt. Richard H. Pratt
Episode: "Casualties of War"

2006
Where There's a Will
Sheriff Clifford Laws
Television movie

2007
American Masters
Narrator
Episode: "Novel Reflections: The American Dream"

2007
Criminal Minds
Frank Breitkopf
2 episodes

2007–09
Dexter
Special Agent Frank Lundy
15 episodes

2008
Numbers
Carl McGowan
3 episodes

2008
Crash
Owen
2 episodes

2009
Law & Order
Martin Garvik
Episode: "Take-Out"

2009
Dollhouse
Matthew Harding
3 episodes

2009
Damages
Julian Decker
5 episodes

2010–2016
The Big Bang Theory
Wyatt
3 episodes

2012
Missing
Martin
7 episodes

2014
Raising Hope
Colt Palomino
Episode: "Anniversary Ball"

2014
The Following
Barry
Episode: "Resurrection"

2014
NCIS
Mannheim Gold
Episode: "Rock and a Hard Place"

2014–15
Fargo
Lou Solverson
9 episodes

2014–present
Madam Secretary
President Conrad Dalton
36 episodes

2015
Mike Tyson Mysteries
Jason B. (voice)
Episode: "Jason B. Sucks"

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

2012
Hitman: Absolution
Blake Dexter
voice

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
1975: Winner - Academy Award for Best Original Song
1975: Winner - Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
1983: Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
1991: Nominated - Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical
1998: Honoree - The 16th Annual Golden Boot Awards (along with brothers David and Robert)
2013: Nominated - Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical


document_title: East India Company

question_text: where did the east india company set up its first factory in india

question_tokens: where did the east india company set up its first factory in india

text: East India Company

text: Founding[edit]

text: Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean.[7] Permission was granted, and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonaventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594.[7]

text: In 1596, three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea.[7] Three years later, on 22 September 1599,[8] another group of merchants met and stated their intention "to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies (the which it may please the Lord to prosper), and the sums that they will adventure", committing £30,133.[9] Two days later, on 24 September, "the Adventurers" reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project.[9] Although their first attempt had not been completely successful, they nonetheless sought the Queen's unofficial approval to continue, bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £68,373.

text: The Adventurers convened again a year later.[7] This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies.[10] For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan.[10] Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo (half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company), as well as imprisonment at the "royal pleasure".[11]

text: The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or "committees", who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, which appointed them. Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolph's church in Bishopsgate, before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street.[12]

text: Early voyages to the East Indies[edit]

text: Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601[13] and returned in 1603.[14] In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton.[15]

text: Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company's Ascension, and general or commander of the fourth voyage. Thereafter two ships, Ascension and Union (captained by Richard Rowles) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–08.[15]

text: Initially, the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company's trade for twenty years. The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat, which was established as a trade transit point in 1608.

text: In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.

text: Foothold in India[edit]

text: English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean. The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612, at Suvali in Surat. The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India, with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire, and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission.[16]

text: In 1612, James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir (r. 1605–1627) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas. In return, the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market. This mission was highly successful, and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe:[16]

text: Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure. For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.

text: Eventually, the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies, composed primarily of Indian sepoys. As historian William Dalrymple observes,

text: We still talk about the British conquering India, but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality. It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century, but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office, five windows wide, in London, and managed in India by an unstable sociopath – [Robert] Clive.[5]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations. It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company (VOC) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure EIC ports in China.[17] The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor, and 90 employees[clarification needed] in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

text: In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

text: In 1657, Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company. The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC's status.

text: In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC, King Charles II granted the EIC (in a series of five acts around 1670) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas.[18]

text: William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan, the Mughal governor of Bengal, to obtain a firman, an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire. However, the company's governor in London, Sir Josiah Child, interfered with Hedges's mission, causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations.

text: In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay. After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690, and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb's camp to plead for a pardon. The company's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor, pay a large indemnity, and promise better behaviour in the future. The emperor withdrew his troops and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta.[19]

text: The company eventually came to rule large areas of the Indian subcontinent with its private armies, primarily composed of Indian sepoys, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions.

text: Japan[edit]

text: In 1613, during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate, the British ship Clove, under the command of Captain John Saris, was the first British ship to call on Japan. Saris was the chief factor of the EIC's trading post in Java, and with the assistance of William Adams, a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600, was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu:

text: We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine, Sir Thomas Smythe, Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise, without any hindrance to them or their goods, and to abide, buy, sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations, to tarry here as long as they think good, and to depart at their pleasure.[20]

text: However, unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards, in 1623 the company closed their factory.[21]

text: Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695[edit]

text: In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English patna pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.[22]

text: Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.

text: In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer, then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company, Gayer claims that "it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj-i-Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar's ship, to make them confess where their money was." The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships, to continue their voyage back to India.

text: When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of £1,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.[23]

text:
An 18th-century depiction of Henry Every, with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background

British pirates that fought during the Child's War engaging the Ganj-i-Sawai

Depiction of Captain Every's encounter with the Mughal Emperor's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj-i-Sawai

text: Forming a complete monopoly[edit]

text: Trade monopoly[edit]

text: The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses, and to obtain political power. The company developed a lobby in the English parliament. Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company (pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company), who wanted to establish private trading firms in India, a deregulating act was passed in 1694.[24]

text: This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new "parallel" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of £2 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.[24]

text: It quickly became evident that, in practice, the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition. The companies merged in 1708, by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state. Under this arrangement, the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £3,200,000, in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years, after which the situation was to be reviewed. The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.[24]

text: In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

text: At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of £1 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.[25]

text: The war took place on Indian soil, between the company troops and the French forces. In 1757, the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt-Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty. The opinion asserted that, while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both, only the property of the former was vested in the Crown.[25]

text: With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

text: On the 1 March 1801, the debts of the East India Company to £5,393,989 their effects to £15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793, from £4,988,300 to £7,602,041.

text: Saltpetre trade[edit]

text: Sir John Banks, a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company, began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy, an interest he kept up for most of his life. He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades.

text: He became a Director and later, as Governor of the East India Company in 1672, he arranged a contract which included a loan of £20,000 and £30,000 worth of saltpetre—also known as potassium nitrate, a primary ingredient in gunpowder—for the King "at the price it shall sell by the candle"—that is by auction—where bidding could continue as long as an inch-long candle remained alight.[26]

text: Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £37,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.[27]

text: Basis for the monopoly[edit]

text: Colonial monopoly[edit]

text: The Seven Years' War (1756–63) resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories. Robert Clive, the Governor General, led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix, the commander of the French forces in India, and recaptured Fort St George from the French. The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762.[28][better source needed]

text: By the Treaty of Paris, France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondichéry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.

text: East India Company Army and Navy[edit]

text: In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines.[29] The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force, and was used as an instrument of geo-political power and expansion, rather than its original purpose as a guard force, and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent. As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal, Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry, cavalry, artillery and horse artillery units. The navy also grew significantly, vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels, called East Indiamen, it also included warships.

text: Expansion and Conquest[edit]

text: The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.[30]

text: It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion. Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, Bihar, and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, resulting in the conquest of Bengal. This victory estranged the British and the Mughals, since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally.

text: With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

text: Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore, offered much resistance to the British forces. Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War, the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799, in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed.

text: The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi, Oudh, Rajputana, and Punjab, where the company's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes. The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company, during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern.

text: A cholera pandemic began in Bengal, then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic.[32] Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10% of the East India Company's officers survived to take the final voyage home.[33]

text: In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company.[34] The three independent armies of the company's Presidencies, with some locally raised irregular forces, expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857.[35] First recruited from mercenaries and low-caste volunteers, the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high-caste Hindus and landowning Muslims.

text: Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.

text: During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the East India Company's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations, including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius.

text: There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim, castes and ethnic groups. The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain. These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873.[36]

text: Opium trade[edit]

text: In the 18th century, Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so, in 1773, the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal, India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation. The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947.[37] As the opium trade was illegal in China, Company ships could not carry opium to China. So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China.[38]

text: Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports, reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor, the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine, Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year. The proceeds of the drug-smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company's factory at Canton and by 1825, most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade.

text: The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy. The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners.

text: In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839–42). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations.[37] The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share.[39] A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.[37]

text: Regulation of the company's affairs[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Writers[edit]

text: The company employed many junior clerks, known as "writers", to record the details of accounting, managerial decisions, and activities related to the company, such as minutes of meetings, copies of Company orders and contracts, and filings of reports and copies of ship's logs. Several well-known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships, such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England.

text: Financial troubles[edit]

text: Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. The Bengal famine of 1770, in which one-third of the local population died, caused distress in Britain. Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British-administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity.

text: At the same time, there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe. The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help. This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773, which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies, and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay.

text: When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act, they boycotted the company tea. Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act, it also validated the Townshend Acts, setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future. The arrival of tax-exempt Company tea, undercutting the local merchants, triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution.

text: Regulating Acts of Parliament[edit]

text: East India Company Act 1773[edit]

text: By the Regulating Act of 1773 (later known as the East India Company Act 1773), the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms; this clearly established Parliament's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company. The Act recognised the company's political functions and clearly established that the "acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right".

text: Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the company at £40,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.[40] His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.[41]

text: Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.[41]

text: East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act)[edit]

text: The East India Company Act 1784 (Pitt's India Act) had two key aspects:

text:
Relationship to the British government: the bill differentiated the East India Company's political functions from its commercial activities. In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly. To accomplish this, the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India, usually referred to as the Board of Control. The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary of State, and four Privy Councillors, nominated by the King. The act specified that the Secretary of State "shall preside at, and be President of the said Board".
Internal Administration of British India: the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor-generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon.

text: Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.

text: Act of 1786[edit]

text: The Act of 1786 (26 Geo. 3 c. 16) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor-General be enlarged to empower him, in special cases, to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility. The Act enabled the offices of the Governor-General and the Commander-in-Chief to be jointly held by the same official.

text: This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company. After this point, the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the company's Indian territories.[42]

text: East India Company Act 1793 (Charter Act)[edit]

text: The company's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793. In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades, the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure, and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company's activities.

text: East India Company Act 1813 (Charter Act)[edit]

text: The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company's gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company's finances. The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

text:
asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company;
renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years, but

deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China
required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts

opened India to missionaries

text: Government of India Act 1833[edit]

text: The Industrial Revolution in Britain, the consequent search for markets, and the rise of laissez-faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. 4 c. 85). The Act:

text:
removed the company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions
renewed for another twenty years the company's political and administrative authority
invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company. As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma,[43] "The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs."
carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor-General in Council with, full power and authority to superintend and, control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters
initiated a machinery for the codification of laws
provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion, place of birth, descent or colour
vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown[44]

text: British influence continued to expand; in 1845, Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar. The company had at various stages extended its influence to China, the Philippines, and Java. It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian-grown opium to China. China's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War (1839–1842).

text: English Education Act 1835[edit]

text: The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India.

text: Government of India Act 1853[edit]

text: This Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 95) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise. It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system.[45]

text: Under the act, for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general's council were separated. It also added six additional members to the governor general's executive committee.[46]

text: Indian Rebellion and disestablishment[edit]

text: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Indian Mutiny) resulted in widespread devastation in India: many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur.[47] In the aftermath of the Rebellion, under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858, the British Government nationalised the company. The Crown took over its Indian possessions, its administrative powers and machinery, and its armed forces.

text: The company remained in existence in vestigial form, continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government (and the supply of Saint Helena) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect, on 1 January 1874. This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874, after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock.[48] The Times commented on 8 April 1873:[49]

text: It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted, and such as none, surely, is likely to attempt in the years to come.

text: Establishments in Britain[edit]

text: The company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726–9; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796–1800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861–62. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.

text: In 1607, the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford. By 1614, the yard having become too small, an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall: the new yard was fully operational by 1617. It was sold in 1656, although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners.

text: In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

text: The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for "writers" (i.e. clerks) in the company's service. It was initially located in Hertford Castle, but moved in 1809 to purpose-built premises at Hertford Heath, Hertfordshire. In 1858 the college closed; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school, now Haileybury and Imperial Service College.

text: The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe, near Croydon, Surrey, to train young officers for service in the company's armies in India. It was based in Addiscombe Place, an early 18th-century mansion. The government took it over in 1858, and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College. In 1861 it was closed, and the site was subsequently redeveloped.

text: In 1818, the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House, Hackney, London, a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838, and thereafter by Dr William Williams. The arrangement outlasted the company itself, continuing until 1870, when the India Office opened its own asylum, the Royal India Asylum, at Hanwell, Middlesex.[50]

text: The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company. The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James's Square, London.[51]

text: Legacy and criticisms[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)

text: The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent, with both positive and harmful effects. Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857, it stimulated the growth of the British Empire. Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857, and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India.

text: The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange-flavoured tea, which led to the development of Earl Grey tea.[52]

text: The East India Company introduced a system of merit-based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service.[53]

text: Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty.[5] Famines, such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries, became more widespread, chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain.[54][55]

text: Symbols[edit]

text: Flags[edit]

text:
Historical depictions

Downman (1685)

Lens (1700)

National Geographic (1917)

Rees (1820)

Laurie (1842)

text:
Modern depictions

1600–1707

1707–1801

1801–1874

text: The English East India Company flag changed with history, with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom, and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes.

text: From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag—consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross—representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

text: Regarding the field of the flag, there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes. Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes, with some images showing the top stripe's being red and others showing the top stripe being white.

text: At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag. Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes.[56]

text: Coat of arms[edit]

text: The East India Company's original coat of arms was granted in 1600. The arms was as follows:

text: "Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert." The shield had as a crest: "A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Harms).[57]

text: The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: "Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or." The crest was: "A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper." The supporters were: "Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules." The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ (Latin: Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England).[57]

text: Merchant mark[edit]

text:
HEIC Merchant's mark on East India Company Coin: 1791 Half Pice

HEIC Merchant's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp (1852)

text: When the East India Company was chartered in 1600, it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant's mark which often included the mystical "Sign of Four" and served as a trademark. The East India Company's merchant mark consisted of a "Sign of Four" atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials "EIC". This mark was a central motif of the East India Company's coinage[58] and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps.[59]

text: Ships[edit]

text: Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply "Indiamen".[60]

text: During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

text: In addition, the company had its own navy, the Bombay Marine, equipped with warships such as Grappler. These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions, such as the Invasion of Java.

text: At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and ((ship|Ocean|1788 EIC ship|2}}, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena.

text: East India Company (EIC)'s ships were well built, with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports. The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake. Other examples include:

text:
HMS Calcutta (1795)
HMS Glatton (1795)
HMS Hindostan (1795)
HMS Hindostan (1804)
HMS Malabar (1804)
HMS Buffalo (1813)

text: Records[edit]

text: Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues.[61] Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600–1834;[62] and of some of the company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.[63]


document_title: BBC Goal of the Season

question_text: who won goal of the season on match of the day

text: BBC Goal of the Season

text: In English football, the Goal of the Season is an annual competition and award given on BBC's Match of the Day, in honour of the most spectacular goal scored that season. It is typically contested between the winners of the preceding ten Goals of the Month, although the goal can and has come from any game in the regular season, including international qualifiers and friendlies—potentially from the opening league games of the season to the end of the European season UEFA Champions League final. In several instances, the goal has come in the final game of the domestic season, the FA Cup Final, the most recent example of which is Steven Gerrard's last minute goal in 2006. However, in 1980-81 for example the superb goal scored by Ricky Villa in the FA Cup Final replay for Tottenham Hotspur against Manchester City could not be considered as voting had already taken place.[1]

text: In general, the winning goal has occurred for an English side within the domestic English league or cups, although these are not particular rules—Kenny Dalglish's goal in 1982–83 for Scotland being an example. The goal usually comes from competitions to which the BBC holds television rights and which are shown under the Match of the Day banner—at present Premier League highlights and FA Cup live matches and highlights —although some have come from the equivalent Sportscene broadcast by BBC Scotland. Due to the lack of BBC European club football coverage, held predominantly by ITV and Sky, no goal of the season has ever been scored in European club competition despite many contenders.

text: Due to a transfer of broadcast rights, the entries for the 2001–02, 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons were decided on ITV's The Premiership, which have been subsequently recognised by the BBC. When the BBC previously could not show league footage from 1988–89 to 1991–92, the winning goal in each season was scored in the FA Cup which they held the rights to. League rights holder ITV had its own competition during these seasons for Goal of the Season, broadcast on the Saint and Greavsie show. Previously the channels had shared league and cup rights (showing different matches to each other) and for many years ITV broadcast its own Golden Goals competition as an equivalent of Goal of the Season. From 2013–14 season onwards, the Goal of the Season has been chosen by a Twitter poll and the BBC Sport website. Jack Wilshere is the first player to win Goal of the Season in consecutive seasons (2013–14 and 2014–15) since the start of the Premier League.[2] The 1987-88 competition was unique in that all 10 goals shortlisted were scored by Liverpool players.[3] As of 2015-16, this is the only occasion where the contenders were made up entirely of goals scored by players for one club.

text: For several years in the late 2000s, the winner was not subject to public vote due to the 2007 Phone-in scandals. The winning goal was instead decided by pundits in the studio.

text: 2014–15 Goal of the Season controversy[edit]

text: On 24 May 2015, the final day of the 2014–15 season, Match of the Day held an online vote at around 11 pm GMT for the Goal of the Season award. Users were able to vote via the BBC website or via Twitter. The poll was quickly skewed by Arsenal supporters, many from the Far East, resulting in Jack Wilshere winning the award for his final day strike against West Bromwich Albion, despite not being the favourite.[4] Host Gary Lineker expressed surprise as he read out the winner, and pundit Alan Shearer suggested that Charlie Adam should have won the award for his 66-yard effort against Chelsea; fellow pundit Danny Murphy felt former Fulham teammate Bobby Zamora should have won.

text: The incident was labelled a "shambles" by Pete Smith of The Stoke Sentinel[5] who thought that Stoke City's Adam should have won, and a "concerted campaign by Arsenal fans" by Alan Pattullo of The Scotsman,[6] who also believed that the Scottish midfielder was deserving of the award. Mark Brus of Caught Offside also criticized the choice stating that a goal in a meaningless game should not have won Goal of the Season and that Juan Mata's acrobatic effort against Liverpool was worthy of the award.[7]

text: The following season, before the final episode of that season's Match of the Day, the programme's producers changed the rules to prevent a similar situation. The Goal of the Season award has since been decided by the pundits on the show, who will choose the winner based on the top three goals voted for by the public.[8]

text: List of winners[edit]

text:
Season

Scorer

Nationality

For

Against

Stadium

Competition

Date

Commentator

Notes

1970–71

Ernie Hunt

 England

Coventry City

Everton

Highfield Road

First Division

3 October 1970

Barry Davies

[10]

1971–72

Ronnie Radford

 England

Hereford United

Newcastle United

Edgar Street

FA Cup

5 February 1972

John Motson

[11]

1972–73

Peter Osgood

 England

Chelsea

Arsenal

Stamford Bridge

FA Cup

17 March 1973

David Coleman

1973–74

Alan Mullery

 England

Fulham

Leicester City

Craven Cottage

FA Cup

26 January 1974

John Motson

[12]

1974–75

Mickey Walsh

 Ireland

Blackpool

Sunderland

Bloomfield Road

Second Division

1 February 1975

Barry Davies

[13]

1975–76

Gerry Francis

 England

Queens Park Rangers

Liverpool

Loftus Road

First Division

16 August 1975

John Motson

[14]

1976–77

Terry McDermott

 England

Liverpool

Everton

Maine Road

FA Cup

23 April 1977

John Motson

[15]

1977–78

Archie Gemmill

 Scotland

Nottingham Forest

Arsenal

City Ground

First Division

21 January 1978

David Coleman

1978–79

Ray Kennedy

 England

Liverpool

Derby County

Baseball Ground

First Division

24 February 1979

John Motson

1979–80

Justin Fashanu

 England

Norwich City

Liverpool

Carrow Road

First Division

9 February 1980

Barry Davies

[16]

1980–81

Tony Morley

 England

Aston Villa

Everton

Goodison Park

First Division

7 February 1981

John Motson

[17]

1981–82

Cyrille Regis

 England

West Bromwich Albion

Norwich City

The Hawthorns

FA Cup

13 February 1982

Alan Parry

[18][19]

1982–83

Kenny Dalglish

 Scotland

Scotland

Belgium

Heysel Stadium, Brussels

Euro 1984 qualifying

15 December 1982

Tony Gubba

1983–84

Danny Wallace

 England

Southampton

Liverpool

The Dell

First Division

16 March 1984

Barry Davies

[20]

1984–85

Graeme Sharp

 Scotland

Everton

Liverpool

Anfield

First Division

20 October 1984

John Motson

[21]

1985–86

Bryan Robson

 England

England

Israel

Tel Aviv

Friendly

26 February 1986

Barry Davies

1986–87

Keith Houchen

 England

Coventry City

Tottenham Hotspur

Wembley Stadium

FA Cup

16 May 1987

John Motson

1987–88

John Aldridge

 Ireland

Liverpool

Nottingham Forest

Hillsborough

FA Cup

9 April 1988

John Motson

1988–89

John Aldridge

 Ireland

Liverpool

Everton

Wembley Stadium

FA Cup

20 May 1989

John Motson

1989–90

Ian Wright

 England

Crystal Palace

Manchester United

Wembley Stadium

FA Cup

12 May 1990

John Motson

1990–91

Paul Gascoigne

 England

Tottenham Hotspur

Arsenal

Wembley Stadium

FA Cup

14 April 1991

Barry Davies

1991–92

Mickey Thomas

 Wales

Wrexham

Arsenal

Racecourse Ground

FA Cup

4 January 1992

Tony Gubba

[22]

1992–93

Dalian Atkinson

 England

Aston Villa

Wimbledon

Selhurst Park

Premier League

3 October 1992

Clive Tyldesley

[23]

1993–94

Rod Wallace

 England

Leeds United

Tottenham Hotspur

Elland Road

Premier League

17 April 1994

Gerald Sinstadt

[24]

1994–95

Matthew Le Tissier

 England

Southampton

Blackburn Rovers

Ewood Park

Premier League

10 December 1994

Clive Tyldesley

[25][26]

1995–96

Tony Yeboah

 Ghana

Leeds United

Wimbledon

Selhurst Park

Premier League

23 September 1995

Barry Davies

[24]

1996–97

Trevor Sinclair

 England

Queens Park Rangers

Barnsley

Loftus Road

FA Cup

25 January 1997

John Motson

[14]

1997–98

Dennis Bergkamp

 Netherlands

Arsenal

Leicester City

Filbert Street

Premier League

27 August 1997

Tony Gubba

[27]

1998–99

Ryan Giggs

 Wales

Manchester United

Arsenal

Villa Park

FA Cup

14 April 1999

Jon Champion

[27]

1999–2000

Paolo Di Canio

 Italy

West Ham United

Wimbledon

Upton Park

Premier League

26 March 2000

Simon Brotherton

[28]

2000–01

Shaun Bartlett

 South Africa

Charlton Athletic

Leicester City

The Valley

Premier League

1 April 2001

Jon Champion

[29]

2001–02

Dennis Bergkamp

 Netherlands

Arsenal

Newcastle United

St James' Park

Premier League

2 March 2002

Guy Mowbray

[23]

2002–03

Thierry Henry

 France

Arsenal

Tottenham Hotspur

Highbury

Premier League

16 November 2002

Clive Tyldesley

[30]

2003–04

Dietmar Hamann

 Germany

Liverpool

Portsmouth

Anfield

Premier League

17 March 2004

Clive Tyldesley

[31]

2004–05

Wayne Rooney

 England

Manchester United

Middlesbrough

Old Trafford

FA Cup

29 January 2005

John Motson

[32]

2005–06

Steven Gerrard

 England

Liverpool

West Ham United

Millennium Stadium

FA Cup

13 May 2006

John Motson

[33]

2006–07

Wayne Rooney

 England

Manchester United

Bolton Wanderers

Old Trafford

Premier League

17 March 2007

Steve Wilson

[34]

2007–08

Emmanuel Adebayor

 Togo

Arsenal

Tottenham Hotspur

White Hart Lane

Premier League

15 September 2007

John Motson

[35]

2008–09

Glen Johnson

 England

Portsmouth

Hull City

Fratton Park

Premier League

22 November 2008

Simon Brotherton

[36]

2009–10

Maynor Figueroa

 Honduras

Wigan Athletic

Stoke City

Britannia Stadium

Premier League

12 December 2009

Tony Gubba

[37]

2010–11

Wayne Rooney

 England

Manchester United

Manchester City

Old Trafford

Premier League

12 February 2011

Steve Wilson

[38]

2011–12

Papiss Cissé

 Senegal

Newcastle United

Chelsea

Stamford Bridge

Premier League

2 May 2012

Steve Wilson

[39]

2012–13

Robin van Persie

 Netherlands

Manchester United

Aston Villa

Old Trafford

Premier League

22 April 2013

Guy Mowbray

[9]

2013–14

Jack Wilshere

 England

Arsenal

Norwich City

Emirates Stadium

Premier League

19 October 2013

Jonathan Pearce

[40]

2014–15

Jack Wilshere

 England

Arsenal

West Bromwich Albion

Emirates Stadium

Premier League

24 May 2015

John Motson

[9]

2015–16

Dele Alli

 England

Tottenham Hotspur

Crystal Palace

Selhurst Park

Premier League

23 January 2016

Alan Green

[41]

2016–17

Emre Can

 Germany

Liverpool

Watford

Vicarage Road

Premier League

1 May 2017

Martin Fisher

[42]

2017–18

Jamie Vardy

 England

Leicester City

West Bromwich Albion

The Hawthorns

Premier League

10 March 2018

John Roder

[43]