document_title: List of countries and dependencies by area

question_text: what are the 5 biggest countries in the world

text: Map[edit]

text: Countries and dependencies by area[edit]

text:
Rank
Sovereign state/dependency
Total in km2 (mi2)
Land in km2 (mi2)
Water in km2 (mi2)
% water
Notes

 –
 World
7014510072000000000♠510,072,000(196,940,000)
7014148940000000000♠148,940,000(57,510,000)
7014361132000000000♠361,132,000(139,434,000)
70.8

7000100000000000000♠1
 Russia
7013170982460000000♠17,098,246(6,601,670)
7013163777420000000♠16,377,742(6,323,482)
7011720500000000000♠720,500(278,200)
4.21
Largest country in the world (10.995% of the world's land mass); its Asian portion makes it the largest country in Asia, and its European portion of roughly 3,960,000 km2 (1,530,000 sq mi) makes it the largest country in Europe.[Note 2]

 –
 Antarctica
7013140000000000000♠14,000,000(5,400,000)
7013140000000000000♠14,000,000(5,400,000)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
13,720,000 km2 (5,300,000 sq mi) (98%) of land area is covered by ice. Though not itself a country, areas are claimed by a number of countries.[Note 3]

7000200000000000000♠2
 Canada
7012998467000000000♠9,984,670(3,855,100)
7012909350700000000♠9,093,507(3,511,023)
7011891163000000000♠891,163(344,080)
8.93
Largest country in the Western Hemisphere by total area (second largest by land area, after United States), with the largest surface area of water. Total area and water area figures include area covered by freshwater only, and do not include internal waters (non-freshwater) of about  1,600,000 km2, or territorial waters of 200,000 km2.[4][5]

7000300000000000000♠3
 China
7012959696100000000♠9,596,961(3,705,407)
7012932641000000000♠9,326,410(3,600,950)
7011270550000000000♠270,550(104,460)
2.82
Second largest country in Asia (though the largest located wholly within the continent), and second largest country in the world by land area. Excludes Taiwan, disputed territories with India, and disputed islands in the South China Sea. Figures for total area and water area also exclude all coastal and territorial waters.[Note 4]

7000400000000000000♠4
 United States
7012952506700000000♠9,525,067(3,677,649)[7] –7012983351700000000♠9,833,517(3,796,742)
7012914759300000000♠9,147,593(3,531,905) –7012914764300000000♠9,147,643(3,531,925)[7]
7011377424000000000♠377,424(145,724)[7] –7011685924000000000♠685,924(264,837)
3.96–6.97
Largest country in the Western Hemisphere by land area (second largest by total area, after Canada). Secondary figures for total area and water area denote the inclusion of all coastal and territorial waters into the statistical area.[Note 4]

7000500000000000000♠5
 Brazil
7012851576700000000♠8,515,767(3,287,956)
7012846041500000000♠8,460,415(3,266,584)
7010553520000000000♠55,352(21,372)
0.65
The largest Portuguese-speaking country, the largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest contiguous territory in the Americas.[11]

7000600000000000000♠6
 Australia
7012769202400000000♠7,692,024(2,969,907)
7012763356500000000♠7,633,565(2,947,336)
7010584590000000000♠58,459(22,571)
0.76
The largest country in Oceania, the largest country without land borders, and the largest country completely in the Southern Hemisphere.[Note 5]

7000700000000000000♠7
 India
7012328726300000000♠3,287,263(1,269,219)
7012297319000000000♠2,973,190(1,147,960)
7011314073000000000♠314,073(121,264)
9.55
Third largest country in Asia, largest country in South Asia, and the largest Hindi-speaking country, and the largest Tamil-speaking country. [Note 6]

7000800000000000000♠8
 Argentina
7012278040000000000♠2,780,400(1,073,500)
7012273669000000000♠2,736,690(1,056,640)
7010437100000000000♠43,710(16,880)
1.57
The largest Spanish-speaking country and second largest country in South America.[Note 7]

7000900000000000000♠9
 Kazakhstan
7012272490000000000♠2,724,900(1,052,100)
7012269970000000000♠2,699,700(1,042,400)
7010252000000000000♠25,200(9,700)
0.92
Largest landlocked country.[16] Second largest Russian-speaking country. Largest "-stan" country.

7001100000000000000♠10
 Algeria
7012238174100000000♠2,381,741(919,595)
7012238174100000000♠2,381,741(919,595)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
The largest Arabic-speaking and Berber-speaking country, largest country in Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. [Note 8]

7001110000000000000♠11
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
7012234485800000000♠2,344,858(905,355)
7012226704800000000♠2,267,048(875,312)
7010778100000000000♠77,810(30,040)
3.32
The largest French-speaking country. Largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd largest country in Africa, has the largest French-speaking city i.e. Kinshasa.

 –
 Denmark
7012222009300000000♠2,220,093(857,183)
7012222007200000000♠2,220,072(857,175)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
0
UN figure does not includes entire Kingdom of Denmark area. Largest member state of European Union.

 –
 Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark)
7012216608600000000♠2,166,086(836,330)
7012216608600000000♠2,166,086(836,330)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Part of the Kingdom of Denmark.[Note 9] Largest non-continental island in world.

7001120000000000000♠12
 Saudi Arabia
7012214969000000000♠2,149,690(830,000)
7012214969000000000♠2,149,690(830,000)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Largest country in the Middle East.

7001130000000000000♠13
 Mexico
7012196437500000000♠1,964,375(758,449)
7012194394500000000♠1,943,945(750,561)
7010204300000000000♠20,430(7,890)
1.04
Second largest Spanish-speaking country and third largest country in North America. Largest Amerindian-culture country. It also has the largest Spanish speaking city i.e. Mexico City.

7001140000000000000♠14
 Indonesia
7012191093100000000♠1,910,931(737,815)
7012181156900000000♠1,811,569(699,451)
7010930000000000000♠93,000(36,000)
4.87
The largest country in South-east Asia. The largest archipelagic state and island state in the world by area and population.[18]

7001150000000000000♠15
 Sudan
7012186148400000000♠1,861,484(718,723)
not determined
not determined
not determined[Note 10]
Formerly the largest country in Africa. It is now the 3rd largest country in Africa.[Note 11]

7001160000000000000♠16
 Libya
7012175954000000000♠1,759,540(679,360)
7012175954000000000♠1,759,540(679,360)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001170000000000000♠17
 Iran
7012164819500000000♠1,648,195(636,372)
7012153159500000000♠1,531,595(591,352)
7011116600000000000♠116,600(45,000)
7.07
[Note 12]

7001180000000000000♠18
 Mongolia
7012156411000000000♠1,564,110(603,910)
7012155355600000000♠1,553,556(599,831)
7010105600000000000♠10,560(4,080)
0.68
Largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea.

7001190000000000000♠19
 Peru
7012128521600000000♠1,285,216(496,225)
7012127999600000000♠1,279,996(494,209)
7009522000000000000♠5,220(2,020)
0.41
Third largest Spanish-speaking country and third largest country in South America.

7001200000000000000♠20
 Chad
7012128400000000000♠1,284,000(496,000)
7012125920000000000♠1,259,200(486,200)
7010248000000000000♠24,800(9,600)
1.93
Third largest landlocked country and largest outside of Asia.

7001210000000000000♠21
 Niger
7012126700000000000♠1,267,000(489,000)
7012126670000000000♠1,266,700(489,100)
7008300000000000000♠300(120)
0.02

7001220000000000000♠22
 Angola
7012124670000000000♠1,246,700(481,400)
7012124670000000000♠1,246,700(481,400)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001230000000000000♠23
 Mali
7012124019200000000♠1,240,192(478,841)
7012122019000000000♠1,220,190(471,120)
7010200020000000000♠20,002(7,723)
1.61

7001240000000000000♠24
 South Africa
7012122103700000000♠1,221,037(471,445)
7012121447000000000♠1,214,470(468,910)
7009462000000000000♠4,620(1,780)
0.38

7001250000000000000♠25
 Colombia
7012114174800000000♠1,141,748(440,831)
7012103870000000000♠1,038,700(401,000)
7011100210000000000♠100,210(38,690)
8.8

7001260000000000000♠26
 Ethiopia
7012110430000000000♠1,104,300(426,400)
7012100000000000000♠1,000,000(390,000)
7011104300000000000♠104,300(40,300)
0.7
[Note 13]

7001270000000000000♠27
 Bolivia
7012109858100000000♠1,098,581(424,164)
7012108330100000000♠1,083,301(418,265)
7010152800000000000♠15,280(5,900)
1.39

7001280000000000000♠28
 Mauritania
7012103070000000000♠1,030,700(398,000)
7012102552000000000♠1,025,520(395,960)
7009448000000000000♠4,480(1,730)
0.44

7001290000000000000♠29
 Egypt
7012100245000000000♠1,002,450(387,050)
7011995450000000000♠995,450(384,350)
7009600000000000000♠6,000(2,300)
0.6

7001300000000000000♠30
 Tanzania
7011945087000000000♠945,087(364,900)
7011885800000000000♠885,800(342,000)
7010615000000000000♠61,500(23,700)
6.49

7001310000000000000♠31
 Nigeria
7011923768000000000♠923,768(356,669)
7011910768000000000♠910,768(351,649)
7010130000000000000♠13,000(5,000)
1.41

7001320000000000000♠32
 Venezuela
7011916445000000000♠916,445(353,841)
7011882050000000000♠882,050(340,560)
7010300000000000000♠30,000(12,000)
3.29

7001330000000000000♠33
 Pakistan
7011881912000000000♠881,912(340,508)
7011881912000000000♠881,912(340,508)
7010252200000000000♠25,220(9,740)
2.86
[Note 14]

7001340000000000000♠34
 Namibia
7011825615000000000♠825,615(318,772)
7011823290000000000♠823,290(317,870)
7009242500000000000♠2,425(936)
0.12

7001350000000000000♠35
 Mozambique
7011801590000000000♠801,590(309,500)
7011786380000000000♠786,380(303,620)
7010130000000000000♠13,000(5,000)
1.63

7001360000000000000♠36
 Turkey
7011783562000000000♠783,562(302,535)
7011769632000000000♠769,632(297,157)
7010139300000000000♠13,930(5,380)
1.78
Transcontinental country located between Asia and Europe.

7001370000000000000♠37
 Chile
7011756102000000000♠756,102(291,933)
7011743812000000000♠743,812(287,187)
7010122900000000000♠12,290(4,750)
1.63
[Note 15]

7001380000000000000♠38
 Zambia
7011752612000000000♠752,612(290,585)
7011743398000000000♠743,398(287,028)
7009922000000000000♠9,220(3,560)
1.23

7001390000000000000♠39
 Myanmar
7011676578000000000♠676,578(261,228)
7011653508000000000♠653,508(252,321)
7010230700000000000♠23,070(8,910)
3.41

7001400000000000000♠40
 Afghanistan
7011652230000000000♠652,230(251,830)
7011652230000000000♠652,230(251,830)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001410000000000000♠41
 South Sudan
7011644329000000000♠644,329(248,777)
not determined
not determined
not determined[Note 10]
[Note 16]

7001420000000000000♠42
 France
7011640679000000000♠640,679(247,368)
7011640427000000000♠640,427(247,270)
7009337400000000000♠3,374(1,303)
0.52
Figures include metropolitan France (in Europe) as well as the five overseas regions. This does not include New Caledonia (an autonomous sui generis collectivity), the five autonomous overseas collectivities, and the two uninhabited territories (the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Clipperton Island) which are listed individually, although also part of the French Republic.[Note 17] Largest member state of European Union and third largest country in Europe.

7001430000000000000♠43
 Somalia
7011637657000000000♠637,657(246,201)
7011627337000000000♠627,337(242,216)
7010103200000000000♠10,320(3,980)
1.62
[Note 18]

7001440000000000000♠44
 Central African Republic
7011622984000000000♠622,984(240,535)
7011622984000000000♠622,984(240,535)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001450000000000000♠45
 Ukraine
7011603500000000000♠603,500(233,000)
7011579300000000000♠579,300(223,700)
7010242000000000000♠24,200(9,300)
4.01
Second largest country in Europe and largest country wholly in Europe.[Note 19]

7001460000000000000♠46
 Madagascar
7011587041000000000♠587,041(226,658)
7011581540000000000♠581,540(224,530)
7009550100000000000♠5,501(2,124)
0.94

7001470000000000000♠47
 Botswana
7011581730000000000♠581,730(224,610)
7011566730000000000♠566,730(218,820)
7010150000000000000♠15,000(5,800)
2.58
[Note 20]

7001480000000000000♠48
 Kenya
7011580367000000000♠580,367(224,081)
7011569140000000000♠569,140(219,750)
7010112270000000000♠11,227(4,335)
1.93

7001490000000000000♠49
 Yemen
7011527968000000000♠527,968(203,850)
7011527968000000000♠527,968(203,850)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001500000000000000♠50
 Thailand
7011513120000000000♠513,120(198,120)
7011510890000000000♠510,890(197,260)
7009223000000000000♠2,230(860)
0.43

7001510000000000000♠51
 Spain
7011505992000000000♠505,992(195,365)
7011498980000000000♠498,980(192,660)
7009639000000000000♠6,390(2,470)
1.26

Largest country in Southern Europe and second largest member state of European Union.

7001520000000000000♠52
 Turkmenistan
7011488100000000000♠488,100(188,500)
7011469930000000000♠469,930(181,440)
7010181700000000000♠18,170(7,020)
3.72

7001530000000000000♠53
 Cameroon
7011475442000000000♠475,442(183,569)
7011472710000000000♠472,710(182,510)
7009273000000000000♠2,730(1,050)
0.57

7001540000000000000♠54
 Papua New Guinea
7011462840000000000♠462,840(178,700)
7011452860000000000♠452,860(174,850)
7009998000000000000♠9,980(3,850)
2.16

7001550000000000000♠55
 Sweden
7011450295000000000♠450,295(173,860)
7011410335000000000♠410,335(158,431)
7010399600000000000♠39,960(15,430)
8.87
Largest country in Northern Europe. Third largest member state of European Union.

7001560000000000000♠56
 Uzbekistan
7011447400000000000♠447,400(172,700)
7011425400000000000♠425,400(164,200)
7010220000000000000♠22,000(8,500)
4.92

7001570000000000000♠57
 Morocco
7011446550000000000♠446,550(172,410)
7011446300000000000♠446,300(172,300)
7008250000000000000♠250(97)
0.06
[Note 21]

7001580000000000000♠58
 Iraq
7011438317000000000♠438,317(169,235)
7011437367000000000♠437,367(168,868)
7008950000000000000♠950(370)
0.22
[Note 22]

7001590000000000000♠59
 Paraguay
7011406752000000000♠406,752(157,048)
7011397302000000000♠397,302(153,399)
7009945000000000000♠9,450(3,650)
2.32

7001600000000000000♠60
 Zimbabwe
7011390757000000000♠390,757(150,872)
7011386847000000000♠386,847(149,362)
7009391000000000000♠3,910(1,510)
1

7001610000000000000♠61
 Japan
7011377973000000000♠377,973(145,936)
7011364543000000000♠364,543(140,751)
7010134300000000000♠13,430(5,190)
3.55
Largest island country in East Asia.[Note 23]

7001620000000000000♠62
 Germany
7011357114000000000♠357,114(137,882)
7011348672000000000♠348,672(134,623)
7009835000000000000♠8,350(3,220)
2.34
Largest country in Central Europe. Before the 1990 German reunification, West Germany was 248,577 (95,976) and East Germany was 108,333 (41,828).

7001630000000000000♠63
 Republic of the Congo
7011342000000000000♠342,000(132,000)
7011341500000000000♠341,500(131,900)
7008500000000000000♠500(190)
0.15

7001640000000000000♠64
 Finland
7011338424000000000♠338,424(130,666)
7011303815000000000♠303,815(117,304)
7010343300000000000♠34,330(13,250)
10.15
[Note 24]

7001650000000000000♠65
 Vietnam
7011331212000000000♠331,212(127,882)
7011310070000000000♠310,070(119,720)
7010211400000000000♠21,140(8,160)
6.38

7001660000000000000♠66
 Malaysia
7011330803000000000♠330,803(127,724)
7011329613000000000♠329,613(127,264)
7009119000000000000♠1,190(460)
0.35

7001670000000000000♠67
 Norway
7011323802000000000♠323,802(125,021)
7011304282000000000♠304,282(117,484)
7010195200000000000♠19,520(7,540)
6.03
[Note 25]

7001680000000000000♠68
 Ivory Coast
7011322463000000000♠322,463(124,504)
7011318003000000000♠318,003(122,782)
7009446000000000000♠4,460(1,720)
1.38

7001690000000000000♠69
 Poland
7011312696000000000♠312,696(120,733)
7011311888000000000♠311,888(120,421)
7008791000000000000♠791(305)
3.07

7001700000000000000♠70
 Oman
7011309500000000000♠309,500(119,500)
7011309500000000000♠309,500(119,500)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001710000000000000♠71
 Italy
7011301336000000000♠301,336(116,346)
7011294140000000000♠294,140(113,570)
7009720000000000000♠7,200(2,800)
2.39

7001720000000000000♠72
 Philippines
7011300000000000000♠300,000(120,000)
7011298170000000000♠298,170(115,120)
7009183000000000000♠1,830(710)
0.61

7001730000000000000♠73
 Ecuador
7011276841000000000♠276,841(106,889)
7011256369000000000♠256,369(98,985)
7009672000000000000♠6,720(2,590)
2.37
[Note 26]

7001740000000000000♠74
 Burkina Faso
7011274222000000000♠274,222(105,878)
7011273602000000000♠273,602(105,638)
7008620000000000000♠620(240)
0.23
[Note 27]

7001750000000000000♠75
 New Zealand
7011270467000000000♠270,467(104,428)
7011262443000000000♠262,443(101,330)
7009439500000000000♠4,395(1,697)
1.65
[Note 28]

7001760000000000000♠76
 Gabon
7011267668000000000♠267,668(103,347)
7011257667000000000♠257,667(99,486)
7010100000000000000♠10,000(3,900)
3.74

 –
 Western Sahara
7011266000000000000♠266,000(103,000)
7011266000000000000♠266,000(103,000)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Disputed territory.[Note 29]

7001770000000000000♠77
 Guinea
7011245857000000000♠245,857(94,926)
7011245717000000000♠245,717(94,872)
7008140000000000000♠140(54)
0.06

7001780000000000000♠78
 United Kingdom
7011242495000000000♠242,495(93,628)
7011241930000000000♠241,930(93,410)
7009168000000000000♠1,680(650)
0.69

Largest island country in Europe and Western Hemisphere.
[Note 30]

7001790000000000000♠79
 Uganda
7011241550000000000♠241,550(93,260)
7011197100000000000♠197,100(76,100)
7010439380000000000♠43,938(16,965)
18.23

7001800000000000000♠80
 Ghana
7011238533000000000♠238,533(92,098)
7011227533000000000♠227,533(87,851)
7010110000000000000♠11,000(4,200)
4.61

7001810000000000000♠81
 Romania
7011238397000000000♠238,397(92,046)
7011231291000000000♠231,291(89,302)
7009710000000000000♠7,100(2,700)
2.97

7001820000000000000♠82
 Laos
7011236800000000000♠236,800(91,400)
7011230800000000000♠230,800(89,100)
7009600000000000000♠6,000(2,300)
2.53

7001830000000000000♠83
 Guyana
7011214969000000000♠214,969(83,000)
7011196849000000000♠196,849(76,004)
7010181200000000000♠18,120(7,000)
8.43

7001840000000000000♠84
 Belarus
7011207600000000000♠207,600(80,200)
7011202900000000000♠202,900(78,300)
7009470000000000000♠4,700(1,800)
2.26
Largest landlocked country in Europe.

7001850000000000000♠85
 Kyrgyzstan
7011199951000000000♠199,951(77,202)
7011191801000000000♠191,801(74,055)
7009815000000000000♠8,150(3,150)
4.08

7001860000000000000♠86
 Senegal
7011196722000000000♠196,722(75,955)
7011192530000000000♠192,530(74,340)
7009419200000000000♠4,192(1,619)
2.13

7001870000000000000♠87
 Syria
7011185180000000000♠185,180(71,500)
7011183630000000000♠183,630(70,900)
7009155000000000000♠1,550(600)
0.84
[Note 31]

7001880000000000000♠88
 Cambodia
7011181035000000000♠181,035(69,898)
7011176515000000000♠176,515(68,153)
7009452000000000000♠4,520(1,750)
2.5

7001890000000000000♠89
 Uruguay
7011176215000000000♠176,215(68,037)
7011175015000000000♠175,015(67,574)
7009120000000000000♠1,200(460)
0.68

 –
 Somaliland
7011176120000000000♠176,120(68,000)

[Note 32]

7001900000000000000♠90
 Suriname
7011163820000000000♠163,820(63,250)
7011156000000000000♠156,000(60,000)
7009782000000000000♠7,820(3,020)
4.77
Smallest country in South America.

7001910000000000000♠91
 Tunisia
7011163610000000000♠163,610(63,170)
7011155360000000000♠155,360(59,980)
7009825000000000000♠8,250(3,190)
5.04

7001920000000000000♠92
 Bangladesh
7011147570000000000♠147,570(56,980)
7011130168000000000♠130,168(50,258)
7010138300000000000♠13,830(5,340)
9.6
[Note 33]

7001930000000000000♠93
 Nepal
7011147181000000000♠147,181(56,827)
7011143351000000000♠143,351(55,348)
7009383000000000000♠3,830(1,480)
2.6
Largest country in the Himalayan range

7001940000000000000♠94
 Tajikistan
7011143100000000000♠143,100(55,300)
7011141510000000000♠141,510(54,640)
7009259000000000000♠2,590(1,000)
1.81

7001950000000000000♠95
 Greece
7011131990000000000♠131,990(50,960)
7011130647000000000♠130,647(50,443)
7009131000000000000♠1,310(510)
0.99

7001960000000000000♠96
 Nicaragua
7011130373000000000♠130,373(50,337)
7011119990000000000♠119,990(46,330)
7010103800000000000♠10,380(4,010)
7.96
Largest country in Central America.

7001970000000000000♠97
 North Korea
7011120540000000000♠120,540(46,540)
7011120538000000000♠120,538(46,540)
7006200000000000000♠2(0.77)
0.11

7001980000000000000♠98
 Malawi
7011118484000000000♠118,484(45,747)
7010940800000000000♠94,080(36,320)
7010244040000000000♠24,404(9,422)
20.6

7001990000000000000♠99
 Eritrea
7011117600000000000♠117,600(45,400)
7011101000000000000♠101,000(39,000)
7010166000000000000♠16,600(6,400)
14.12

7002100000000000000♠100
 Benin
7011114763000000000♠114,763(44,310)
7011114305000000000♠114,305(44,133)
7008457569000000000♠457.569(176.668)
0.40
[Note 34]

7002101000000000000♠101
 Honduras
7011112492000000000♠112,492(43,433)
7011111890000000000♠111,890(43,200)
7008200000000000000♠200(77)
0.18

7002102000000000000♠102
 Liberia
7011111369000000000♠111,369(43,000)
7010963200000000000♠96,320(37,190)
7010150490000000000♠15,049(5,810)
13.51

7002103000000000000♠103
 Bulgaria
7011110879000000000♠110,879(42,811)
7011108489000000000♠108,489(41,888)
7009239000000000000♠2,390(920)
2.16

7002104000000000000♠104
 Cuba
7011109884000000000♠109,884(42,426)
7011109820000000000♠109,820(42,400)
7009104000000000000♠1,040(400)
0.94
Largest country in Caribbean

7002105000000000000♠105
 Guatemala
7011108889000000000♠108,889(42,042)
7011107159000000000♠107,159(41,374)
7009173000000000000♠1,730(670)
1.59

7002106000000000000♠106
 Iceland
7011103000000000000♠103,000(40,000)
7011100250000000000♠100,250(38,710)
7009275000000000000♠2,750(1,060)
2.67

7002107000000000000♠107
 South Korea
7011100210000000000♠100,210(38,690)
7010999090000000000♠99,909(38,575)
7008301000000000000♠301(116)
0.3

7002108000000000000♠108
 Hungary
7010930280000000000♠93,028(35,918)
7010896080000000000♠89,608(34,598)
7009342000000000000♠3,420(1,320)
3.68

7002109000000000000♠109
 Portugal
7010920900000000000♠92,090(35,560)
7010914700000000000♠91,470(35,320)
7008620000000000000♠620(240)
0.67

7002110000000000000♠110
 Jordan
7010893420000000000♠89,342(34,495)
7010888020000000000♠88,802(34,287)
7008540000000000000♠540(210)
0.6

7002111000000000000♠111
 Serbia
7010883610000000000♠88,361(34,116)
7010882460000000000♠88,246(34,072)
7008115000000000000♠115(44)
0.13
The largest Serbo-Croatian-speaking country. [Note 35]

7002112000000000000♠112
 Azerbaijan
7010866000000000000♠86,600(33,400)
7010861000000000000♠86,100(33,200)
7008500000000000000♠500(190)
0.13
Largest country in Caucasus.[Note 36]

7002113000000000000♠113
 Austria
7010838710000000000♠83,871(32,383)
7010824450000000000♠82,445(31,832)
7009142600000000000♠1,426(551)
1.7

7002114000000000000♠114
 United Arab Emirates
7010836000000000000♠83,600(32,300)
7010836000000000000♠83,600(32,300)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002115000000000000♠115
 Czech Republic
7010788650000000000♠78,865(30,450)
7010772470000000000♠77,247(29,825)
7009162000000000000♠1,620(630)
2.05

7002116000000000000♠116
 Panama
7010754170000000000♠75,417(29,119)
7010743400000000000♠74,340(28,700)
7009108000000000000♠1,080(420)
1.43

7002117000000000000♠117
 Sierra Leone
7010717400000000000♠71,740(27,700)
7010716200000000000♠71,620(27,650)
7008120000000000000♠120(46)
0.17

7002118000000000000♠118
 Ireland
7010702730000000000♠70,273(27,133)
7010688830000000000♠68,883(26,596)
7009139000000000000♠1,390(540)
1.98
The figure shown is for the Republic of Ireland, the island of Ireland is 84,421 km2 or 32,595 sq mi[29]

7002119000000000000♠119
 Georgia
7010697000000000000♠69,700(26,900)
7010697000000000000♠69,700(26,900)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 37]

7002120000000000000♠120
 Sri Lanka
7010656100000000000♠65,610(25,330)
7010627320000000000♠62,732(24,221)
7009287800000000000♠2,878(1,111)
4.4

7002121000000000000♠121
 Lithuania
7010653000000000000♠65,300(25,200)
7010626800000000000♠62,680(24,200)
7009262000000000000♠2,620(1,010)
4.01

7002122000000000000♠122
 Latvia
7010645590000000000♠64,559(24,926)
7010622490000000000♠62,249(24,034)
7009234000000000000♠2,340(900)
3.62

 –
 Svalbard (Norway)
7010620450000000000♠62,045(23,956)
7010620450000000000♠62,045(23,956)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 38]

7002123000000000000♠123
 Togo
7010567850000000000♠56,785(21,925)
7010543850000000000♠54,385(20,998)
7009240000000000000♠2,400(930)
4.23

7002124000000000000♠124
 Croatia
7010565940000000000♠56,594(21,851)
7010559740000000000♠55,974(21,612)
7008620000000000000♠620(240)
1.1

7002125000000000000♠125
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7010512090000000000♠51,209(19,772)
7010511870000000000♠51,187(19,763)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.02

7002126000000000000♠126
 Costa Rica
7010511000000000000♠51,100(19,700)
7010510600000000000♠51,060(19,710)
7007400000000000000♠40(15)
0.08

7002127000000000000♠127
 Slovakia
7010490370000000000♠49,037(18,933)
7010481050000000000♠48,105(18,573)
7008930000000000000♠930(360)
1.9

7002128000000000000♠128
 Dominican Republic
7010486710000000000♠48,671(18,792)
7010483200000000000♠48,320(18,660)
7008350000000000000♠350(140)
0.72

7002129000000000000♠129
 Estonia
7010452270000000000♠45,227(17,462)
7010423880000000000♠42,388(16,366)
7009284000000000000♠2,840(1,100)
6.28

7002130000000000000♠130
 Denmark
7010430940000000000♠43,094(16,639)
7010424340000000000♠42,434(16,384)
7008660000000000000♠660(250)
1.53
Metropolitan Denmark only, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[Note 39]

7002131000000000000♠131
 Netherlands
7010418500000000000♠41,850(16,160)
7010338930000000000♠33,893(13,086)
7009765000000000000♠7,650(2,950)
18.41
Includes the special municipalities, but excludes other countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, shown separately.[Note 40]

7002132000000000000♠132
 Switzerland
7010412840000000000♠41,284(15,940)
7010399970000000000♠39,997(15,443)
7009128000000000000♠1,280(490)
3.1
[Note 41]

7002133000000000000♠133
 Bhutan
7010383940000000000♠38,394(14,824)
7010383940000000000♠38,394(14,824)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002134000000000000♠134
 Taiwan
7010361930000000000♠36,193(13,974)
7010322600000000000♠32,260(12,460)
7009372000000000000♠3,720(1,440)
10.34
Between 1945 and 1949, the Republic of China included Mainland China, Mongolia, Taiwan and other areas, totaling 11,418,174 km2 (4,408,582 sq mi).[Note 42]

7002135000000000000♠135
 Guinea-Bissau
7010361250000000000♠36,125(13,948)
7010281200000000000♠28,120(10,860)
7009800500000000000♠8,005(3,091)
22.16

7002136000000000000♠136
 Moldova
7010338460000000000♠33,846(13,068)
7010328910000000000♠32,891(12,699)
7008960000000000000♠960(370)
2.84
[Note 43]

7002137000000000000♠137
 Belgium
7010305280000000000♠30,528(11,787)
7010302780000000000♠30,278(11,690)
7008250000000000000♠250(97)
0.82

7002138000000000000♠138
 Lesotho
7010303550000000000♠30,355(11,720)
7010303550000000000♠30,355(11,720)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002139000000000000♠139
 Armenia
7010297430000000000♠29,743(11,484)
7010283420000000000♠28,342(10,943)
7009140100000000000♠1,401(541)
4.71

7002140000000000000♠140
 Solomon Islands
7010288960000000000♠28,896(11,157)
7010279860000000000♠27,986(10,805)
7008910000000000000♠910(350)
3.15

7002141000000000000♠141
 Albania
7010287480000000000♠28,748(11,100)
7010273980000000000♠27,398(10,578)
7009135000000000000♠1,350(520)
4.7

7002142000000000000♠142
 Equatorial Guinea
7010280510000000000♠28,051(10,831)
7010280510000000000♠28,051(10,831)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002143000000000000♠143
 Burundi
7010278340000000000♠27,834(10,747)
7010256800000000000♠25,680(9,920)
7009215000000000000♠2,150(830)
7.73

7002144000000000000♠144
 Haiti
7010277500000000000♠27,750(10,710)
7010275600000000000♠27,560(10,640)
7008190000000000000♠190(73)
0.68

7002145000000000000♠145
 Rwanda
7010263380000000000♠26,338(10,169)
7010246680000000000♠24,668(9,524)
7009167000000000000♠1,670(640)
6.34

7002146000000000000♠146
 Macedonia
7010257130000000000♠25,713(9,928)
7010254330000000000♠25,433(9,820)
7008280000000000000♠280(110)
1.09

7002147000000000000♠147
 Djibouti
7010232000000000000♠23,200(9,000)
7010231800000000000♠23,180(8,950)
7007200000000000000♠20(7.7)
0.09

7002148000000000000♠148
 Belize
7010229660000000000♠22,966(8,867)
7010228060000000000♠22,806(8,805)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
0.7

7002149000000000000♠149
 El Salvador
7010210410000000000♠21,041(8,124)
7010207210000000000♠20,721(8,000)
7008320000000000000♠320(120)
1.52
Smallest country in continental North America.

7002150000000000000♠150
 Israel
7010207700000000000♠20,770(8,020)
7010203300000000000♠20,330(7,850)
7008440000000000000♠440(170)
2.12
[Note 44]

7002151000000000000♠151
 Slovenia
7010202730000000000♠20,273(7,827)
7010201510000000000♠20,151(7,780)
7008122000000000000♠122(47)
0.6

 –
 New Caledonia (France)
7010185750000000000♠18,575(7,172)
7010182750000000000♠18,275(7,056)
7008300000000000000♠300(120)
1.62

7002152000000000000♠152
 Fiji
7010182720000000000♠18,272(7,055)
7010182740000000000♠18,274(7,056)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002153000000000000♠153
 Kuwait
7010178180000000000♠17,818(6,880)
7010178180000000000♠17,818(6,880)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002154000000000000♠154
 Swaziland
7010173640000000000♠17,364(6,704)
7010172040000000000♠17,204(6,643)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
0.92

7002155000000000000♠155
 East Timor
7010149190000000000♠14,919(5,760)
7010149190000000000♠14,919(5,760)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002156000000000000♠156
 Bahamas
7010139430000000000♠13,943(5,383)
7010100100000000000♠10,010(3,860)
7009387000000000000♠3,870(1,490)
27.88

7002157000000000000♠157
 Montenegro
7010138120000000000♠13,812(5,333)
7010134520000000000♠13,452(5,194)
7008360000000000000♠360(140)
2.61

7002158000000000000♠158
 Vanuatu
7010121890000000000♠12,189(4,706)
7010121890000000000♠12,189(4,706)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)
7010121730000000000♠12,173(4,700)
7010121730000000000♠12,173(4,700)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002159000000000000♠159
 Qatar
7010115860000000000♠11,586(4,473)
7010115860000000000♠11,586(4,473)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Artsakh
7010114580000000000♠11,458(4,424)
7010114580000000000♠11,458(4,424)
7009120000000000000♠1,200(460)
1
[Note 45] 5.000 km2. Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh by regions  11,5 km2.

7002160000000000000♠160
 The Gambia
7010112950000000000♠11,295(4,361)
7010100000000000000♠10,000(3,900)
7009129500000000000♠1,295(500)
11.47
Smallest country in continental Africa.

7002161000000000000♠161
 Jamaica
7010109910000000000♠10,991(4,244)
7010108310000000000♠10,831(4,182)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
1.46

 –
 Kosovo
7010108870000000000♠10,887(4,203)

[Note 46]

7002162000000000000♠162
 Lebanon
7010104520000000000♠10,452(4,036)
7010102300000000000♠10,230(3,950)
7008170000000000000♠170(66)
1.63
Second smallest country in continental Asia.

7002163000000000000♠163
 Cyprus
7009925100000000000♠9,251(3,572)
7009924100000000000♠9,241(3,568)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.11
[Note 47]

 –
 Puerto Rico (United States)
7009910400000000000♠9,104(3,515)
7009910400000000000♠9,104(3,515)
7009305400000000000♠3,054(1,179)
35.2
An American territory, it is the third largest island of the United States after the Big Island of Hawaii and Kodiak Island of Alaska. Also the smallest part of Hispanic America.

 –
 Abkhazia
7009866000000000000♠8,660(3,340)

[Note 48]

 –
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France)
7009774700000000000♠7,747(2,991)
7009766800000000000♠7,668(2,961)
7007798000000000000♠79.8(30.8)
1.03
Excludes claim on Adélie Land in Antarctica.[Note 49]

 –
 United States Minor Outlying Islands
7009695941000000000♠6,959.41(2,687.04)
7007342000000000000♠34.2(13.2)
7009693700000000000♠6,937(2,678)
7001996800000000000♠99.68

7002164000000000000♠164
 State of Palestine
7009602000000000000♠6,020(2,320)
7009564000000000000♠5,640(2,180)
7008220000000000000♠220(85)
3.9
[Note 50]

7002165000000000000♠165
 Brunei
7009576500000000000♠5,765(2,226)
7009526500000000000♠5,265(2,033)
7008500000000000000♠500(190)
8.67

7002166000000000000♠166
 Trinidad and Tobago
7009513000000000000♠5,130(1,980)
7009512800000000000♠5,128(1,980)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 French Polynesia (France)
7009416700000000000♠4,167(1,609)
7009382700000000000♠3,827(1,478)
7008340000000000000♠340(130)
8.16

 –
 Transnistria
7009416300000000000♠4,163(1,607)

[Note 51]

7002167000000000000♠167
 Cape Verde
7009403300000000000♠4,033(1,557)
7009403300000000000♠4,033(1,557)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)
7009390300000000000♠3,903(1,507)
7009390300000000000♠3,903(1,507)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

 –
 South Ossetia
7009390000000000000♠3,900(1,500)

[Note 52]

 –
 Northern Cyprus
7009335500000000000♠3,355(1,295)

[Note 53]

7002168000000000000♠168
 Samoa
7009284200000000000♠2,842(1,097)
7009282100000000000♠2,821(1,089)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.35

 –
 Hong Kong (China)
7009275500000000000♠2,755(1,064)
7009110600000000000♠1,106(427)
7009164900000000000♠1,649(637) [36]
59.8

7002169000000000000♠169
 Luxembourg
7009258600000000000♠2,586(998)
7009258600000000000♠2,586(998)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
Bir Tawil (Terra nullius)
7009206000000000000♠2,060(800)
7009206000000000000♠2,060(800)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002170000000000000♠170
 Mauritius
7009204000000000000♠2,040(790)
7009203000000000000♠2,030(780)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.49
[Note 54]

7002171000000000000♠171
 Comoros
7009186200000000000♠1,862(719)
7009186200000000000♠1,862(719)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 55]

 –
 Åland Islands (Finland)
7009158000000000000♠1,580(610)

[Note 56]

 –
 Faroe Islands (Denmark)
7009139300000000000♠1,393(538)
7009139300000000000♠1,393(538)
Negligible
Negligible
[Note 57]

7002172000000000000♠172
 São Tomé and Príncipe
7008964000000000000♠964(372)
7008964000000000000♠964(372)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)
7008948000000000000♠948(366)
7008430000000000000♠430(170)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

7002173000000000000♠173
 Kiribati
7008811000000000000♠811(313)
7008811000000000000♠811(313)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 58]

7002174000000000000♠174
 Bahrain
7008765000000000000♠765(295)
7008765000000000000♠765(295)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002175000000000000♠175
 Dominica
7008751000000000000♠751(290)
7008751000000000000♠751(290)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002176000000000000♠176
 Tonga
7008747000000000000♠747(288)
7008717000000000000♠717(277)
7007300000000000000♠30(12)
4.02

7002177000000000000♠177
 Singapore
7008716000000000000♠716(276)
7008687000000000000♠687(265)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
1.43

7002178000000000000♠178
 Federated States of Micronesia
7008702000000000000♠702(271)
7008702000000000000♠702(271)
Negligible
Negligible

7002179000000000000♠179
 Saint Lucia
7008616000000000000♠616(238)
7008606000000000000♠606(234)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
1.62
[Note 59]

 –
 Isle of Man (United Kingdom)
7008572000000000000♠572(221)
7008572000000000000♠572(221)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Guam (United States)
7008549000000000000♠549(212)
7008544000000000000♠544(210)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002180000000000000♠180
 Andorra
7008468000000000000♠468(181)
7008468000000000000♠468(181)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Northern Mariana Islands (United States)
7008464000000000000♠464(179)
7008464000000000000♠464(179)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002181000000000000♠181
 Palau
7008459000000000000♠459(177)
7008459000000000000♠459(177)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002182000000000000♠182
 Seychelles
7008452000000000000♠452(175)
7008455000000000000♠455(176)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in Africa.

 –
 Curaçao (Netherlands)
7008444000000000000♠444(171)
7008444000000000000♠444(171)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 40]

7002183000000000000♠183
 Antigua and Barbuda
7008442000000000000♠442(171)
7008442600000000000♠442.6(170.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002184000000000000♠184
 Barbados
7008430000000000000♠430(170)
7008431000000000000♠431(166)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia)
7008412000000000000♠412(159)
7008412000000000000♠412(159)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

7002185000000000000♠185
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7008389000000000000♠389(150)
7008389000000000000♠389(150)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Jan Mayen (Norway)
7008377000000000000♠377(146)
7008377000000000000♠377(146)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)
7008347000000000000♠347(134)
7008346000000000000♠346(134)
7009156400000000000♠1,564(604)
81.88

7002186000000000000♠186
 Grenada
7008344000000000000♠344(133)
7008344000000000000♠344(133)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002187000000000000♠187
 Malta
7008316000000000000♠316(122)
7008316000000000000♠316(122)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
7008308000000000000♠308(119)
7008308000000000000♠308(119)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 60]

7002188000000000000♠188
 Maldives
7008300000000000000♠300(120)
7008298000000000000♠298(115)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in Asia.

 –
 Bonaire (Netherlands)
7008294000000000000♠294(114)
7008294000000000000♠294(114)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)
7008264000000000000♠264(102)
7008264000000000000♠264(102)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002189000000000000♠189
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7008261000000000000♠261(101)
7008261000000000000♠261(101)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere.

 –
 Niue (New Zealand)
7008260000000000000♠260(100)
7008260000000000000♠260(100)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 61]

 –
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (United Kingdom)
7008253800000000000♠253.8(98.0)
not determined
not determined
not determined
There is a salt lake and some wetlands of unknown area.

 –
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)
7008242000000000000♠242(93)
7008242000000000000♠242(93)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Cook Islands (New Zealand)
7008236000000000000♠236(91)
7008236000000000000♠236(91)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 62]

 –
 American Samoa (United States)
7008199000000000000♠199(77)
7008199000000000000♠199(77)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002190000000000000♠190
 Marshall Islands
7008181000000000000♠181(70)
7008181000000000000♠181(70)
7010116730000000000♠11,673(4,507)
98.47

 –
 Aruba (Netherlands)
7008180000000000000♠180(69)
7008180000000000000♠180(69)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002191000000000000♠191
 Liechtenstein
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
7008151000000000000♠151(58)
7008151000000000000♠151(58)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Wallis and Futuna (France)
7008142000000000000♠142(55)
7008142000000000000♠142(55)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Christmas Island (Australia)
7008135000000000000♠135(52)
7008135000000000000♠135(52)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 63]

 –
 Jersey (United Kingdom)
7008116000000000000♠116(45)
7008116000000000000♠116(45)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Montserrat (United Kingdom)
7008102000000000000♠102(39)
7008102000000000000♠102(39)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Anguilla (United Kingdom)
7007910000000000000♠91(35)
7007910000000000000♠91(35)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Guernsey (United Kingdom)
7007780000000000000♠78(30)
7007780000000000000♠78(30)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002192000000000000♠192
 San Marino
7007610000000000000♠61(24)
7007610000000000000♠61(24)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)
7007600000000000000♠60(23)
7007600000000000000♠60(23)
7010543400000000000♠54,340(20,980)
99.89
[Note 64]

 –
 Saint Martin (France)
7007540000000000000♠54(21)
7007544000000000000♠54.4(21.0)
Negligible
Negligible
[Note 16]

 –
 Bermuda (United Kingdom)
7007540000000000000♠54(21)
7007540000000000000♠54(21)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Bouvet Island (Norway)
7007490000000000000♠49(19)
7007490000000000000♠49(19)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

 –
 Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom)
7007470000000000000♠47(18)
7007470000000000000♠47(18)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 65]

 –
 Norfolk Island (Australia)
7007360000000000000♠36(14)
7007360000000000000♠36(14)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Sint Maarten (Netherlands)
7007340000000000000♠34(13)
7007340000000000000♠34(13)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 40]

 –
 Macau (China)
7007313000000000000♠31.3(12.1)
7007282000000000000♠28.2(10.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 66]

7002193000000000000♠193
 Tuvalu
7007260000000000000♠26(10)
7007260000000000000♠26(10)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest Commonwealth realm.

7002194000000000000♠194
 Nauru
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest island country, smallest republic and smallest country that is not a city-state

 –
 Saint Barthélemy (France)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
not determined
not determined
not determined
[Note 16]

 –
 Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
not determined
not determined
not determined

 –
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
7007140000000000000♠14(5.4)
7007140000000000000♠14(5.4)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 63]

 –
 Saba (Netherlands)
7007130000000000000♠13(5.0)
not determined
not determined
not determined

 –
 Tokelau (New Zealand)
7007120000000000000♠12(4.6)
7007120000000000000♠12(4.6)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
7006600000000000000♠6(2.3)
7006650000000000000♠6.5(2.5)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
British Overseas territory

 –
 Clipperton Island (France)
7006600000000000000♠6(2.3)
7006200000000000000♠2(0.77)
7006400000000000000♠4(1.5)
66.67

 –
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Australia)
7006500000000000000♠5(1.9)
7006500000000000000♠5(1.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
  Spratly Islands  (disputed)
<5(<1.9)
<5(<1.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Coral Sea Islands (Australia)
<3(<1.2)
<3(<1.2)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002195000000000000♠195
 Monaco
7006202000000000000♠2.02(0.78)
7006202000000000000♠2.02(0.78)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country with a coastline.

7002196000000000000♠196
 Vatican City
7005440000000000000♠0.44(0.17)
7005440000000000000♠0.44(0.17)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in Europe and the world.

text: Graphical charts[edit]

text: The charts below are based on the CIA World Factbook[37] as of February 15, 2005.

text: Sovereign states with areas greater than 100,000 km2 are shown in green. In addition, non-sovereign territories are included for purposes of comparison, and are shown in gray. Areas include inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Claims to parts of Antarctica by various countries are not included.

text: Countries greater than 1.5 million km2[edit]

text: Countries less than 1.5 million km2[edit]


document_title: Katha Upanishad

question_text: what is the metaphor for self used in the katha upanishad

root

text: Katha Upanishad

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Katha (Sanskrit: कठ) literally means "distress".[13] Katha is also the name of a sage, credited as the founder of a branch of the Krishna Yajur-veda, as well as the term for a female pupil or follower of Kathas school of Yajurveda.[13] Paul Deussen notes that the Katha Upanishad uses words that symbolically embed and creatively have multiple meanings. For example, a closely pronounced word Katha (Sanskrit: कथा) literally means "story, legend, conversation, speech, tale".[13] All of these related meanings are relevant to the Katha Upanishad.

tag: p

text: Nachiketa, the boy and a central character in the Katha Upanishad legend, similarly, has closely related words with roots and meanings relevant to the text. Paul Deussen[2] suggests Na kṣiti and Na aksiyete, which are word plays of and pronounced similar to Nachiketa, means "non-decay, or what does not decay", a meaning that is relevant to second boon portion of the Nachiketa story. Similarly, Na jiti is another word play and means "that which cannot be vanquished", which is contextually relevant to the Nachiketa's third boon.[2] Both Whitney and Deussen independently suggest yet another variation to Nachiketa, with etymological roots that is relevant to Katha Upanishad: the word Na-ciketa also means "I do not know, or he does not know".[14] Some of these Sanskrit word plays are incorporated within the Upanishad's text.[15]

text: Like Taittiriya Upanishad of Yajurveda, each section of the Katha Upanishad is called a Valli (वल्ली), which literally means a medicinal vine-like climbing plant that grows independently yet is attached to a main tree. Paul Deussen states that this symbolic terminology is apt and likely reflects the root and nature of the Upanishads in Black Yajur veda, which too is largely independent of the liturgical Yajur Veda, and is attached to the main text.[16]

text: Chronology[edit]

text: The chronology of Katha Upanishad is unclear and contested by scholars.[4] All opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.[4][10]

text: Buddhism scholars such as Richard King date Katha Upanishad's composition roughly to the 5th century BCE, chronologically placing it after the first Buddhist Pali canons.[17][18]

text: Hinduism scholars such as Stephen Phillips[4] note the disagreement between modern scholars. Phillips dates Katha Upanishad as having been composed after Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Isha, Taittiriya, Aitareya and Kena, but before Mundaka, Prasna, Mandukya, Svetasvatara and Maitri Upanishads, as well as before the earliest Buddhist Pali and Jaina canons.[4]

text: Ranade[19] posits a view similar to Phillips, with slightly different ordering, placing Katha's chronological composition in the fourth group of ancient Upanishads along with Mundaka and Svetasvatara. Paul Deussen too considers Katha Upanishad to be a post-prose, yet earlier stage Upanishad composed about the time Kena and Isha Upanishads were, because of the poetic, mathematical metric structure of its hymns.[20] Winternitz considers the Kathaka Upanishad as pre-Buddhist, pre-Jaina literature.[20][21]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The Katha Upanishad has two chapters, each with three sections (valli), thus a total of six sections. The first section has 29 verses, the second section 25 verses, and the third presents 17. The second chapter opens with the fourth section of the Katha Upanishad and has 15 verses, while the fifth valli also has 15 verses. The final section has 17 verses.[2]

text: The first chapter with the first three vallis is considered older, because the third section ends with a structure in Sanskrit that is typically found at closing of other Upanishads, and also because the central ideas are repeated though expanded in the last three sections, that is the second chapter.[2] This, however, does not imply a significant gap between the two chapters, both chapters are considered ancient, and from 1st millennium BCE.[2]

text: The origin of the story of the little boy named Nachiketa, contained in Katha Upanishad is of a much older origin.[15] Nachiketa is mentioned in the verses of chapter 3.11 of Taittiriya Brahmana, both as a similar story,[15] and as the name of one of five fire arrangements for rituals, along with Savitra, Caturhotra, Vaisvasrja and Aruna Agni.[2][22]

text: The style and structure suggests that some of the verses in Katha Upanishad, such as 1.1.8, 1.1.16-1.1.18, 1.1.28 among others, are non-philosophical, do not fit with the rest of the text, and are likely to be later insertion and interpolations.[2][15][23]

text: Content[edit]

text:
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text: The son questions his father - First Valli[edit]

text: The Upanishad opens with the story of Vajasravasa, also called Aruni Auddalaki Gautama,[24] who gives away all his worldly possessions. However, his son Nachiketa (Sanskrit: नचिकेता) sees the charitable sacrifice as a farce, because all those worldly things have already been used to exhaustion, and are of no value to the recipients. The cows given away, for example, were so old that they had 'drank-their-last-water' (पीतोदकाः), 'eaten-their-last-grass' (जग्धतृणाः), 'don't give milk' (दुग्धदोहाः), 'who are barren' (निरिन्द्रियाः).[25] Concerned, the son asks his father,

text:
"Dear father, to whom will you give me away?"
He said it a second, and then a third time.
The father, seized by anger, replied: "To Death, I give you away."

text: Nachiketa does not die, but accepts his father's gifting him to Death, by visiting the abode of Yama - the deity of death in Indian mythology. Nachiketa arrives, but Yama is not in his abode. Nachiketa as guest goes hungry for three nights, states verse 9 of the first Valli of Katha Upanishad. Yama arrives and is apologetic for this dishonor to the guest, so he offers Nachiketa three wishes.[28]

text: Nachiketa' first wish is that Yama discharge him from the abode of death, back to his family, and that his father be calm, well-disposed, not resentful and same as he was before when he returns. Yama grants the first wish immediately, states verse 1.1.11 of Katha Upanishad.[28]

text: For his second wish, Nachiketa prefaces his request with the statement that heaven is a place where there is no fear, no anxiety, no old age, no hunger, no thirst, no sorrow.[28] He then asks Yama, in verse 1.1.13 of Katha Upanishad to be instructed as to the proper execution of fire ritual that enables a human being to secure heaven. Yama responds by detailing the fire ritual, including how the bricks should be arranged, and how the fire represents the building of the world. Nachiketa remembers what Yama tells him, repeats the ritual, a feat which pleases Yama, and he declares that this fire ritual will thereafter be called the "Nachiketa fires".[29] Yama adds that along with "three Nachiketa fires", anyone who respects three bonds (with mother, father and teacher), does three kinds of karma (rituals, studies and charity), and understands the knowledge therein, becomes free of sorrow.[29]

text: Nachiketa then asks for his third wish, asking Yama in verse 1.1.20, about the doubt that human beings have about "what happens after a person dies? Does he continue to exist in another form? or not?"[29] The remaining verse of first Valli of Katha Upanishad is expression of reluctance by Yama in giving a straight "yes or no" answer. Yama states that even gods doubt and are uncertain about that question, and urges Nachiketa to pick another wish.[30][31] Nachiketa says that if gods doubt that, then he "Yama" as deity of death ought to be the only one who knows the answer. Yama offers him all sorts of worldly wealth and pleasures instead, but Nachiketa says human life is short, asks Yama to keep the worldly wealth and pleasures to himself, declares that pompous wealth, lust and pleasures are fleeting and vain, then insists on knowing the nature of Atman (Soul) and sticks to his question, "what happens after death?"[30][32]

text: The theory of good versus dear - Second Valli[edit]

text: Yama begins his teaching by distinguishing between preya (प्रेय, प्रिय, dear, pleasant),[33] and shreya (श्रेय, good, beneficial excellence).[34][35][36]

text:
Different is the good and different is the dear,
they both, having different aims, fetter you men;
He, who chooses for himself the good, comes to wellbeing,
he, who chooses the dear, loses the goal.

The good and the dear approach the man,
The wise man, pondering over both, distinguishes them;
The wise one chooses the good over the dear,
The fool, acquisitive and craving, chooses the dear.

text: The verses 1.2.4 through 1.2.6 of Katha Upanishad then characterizes Knowledge/Wisdom as the pursuit of good, and Ignorance/Delusion as the pursuit of pleasant.[36] The verses 1.2.7 through 1.2.11 of Katha Upanishad state Knowledge/Wisdom and the pursuit of good is difficult yet eternal, while Ignorance/Delusion and the pursuit of the pleasant is easy yet transient. Knowledge requires effort, and often not comprehended by man even when he reads it or hears it or by internal argument.[37] The pursuit of Knowledge and the good, can be taught,[38] learnt and thus realized.[39]

text: A similar discussion and distinction between the pleasant and the beneficial is found in ancient Greek philosophy, such as in Phaedrus by Plato.[40]

text: Atman exists, the theory of Yoga and the essence of Vedas - Second Valli[edit]

text: Katha Upanishad, in verses 1.2.12 asserts Atman – Soul, Self – exists, though it is invisible and full of mystery.[41] It is ancient, and recognizable by Yoga (meditation on one's self), states Katha Upanishad. This is one of the earliest mentions of Yoga in ancient Sanskrit literature, in the context of Self-development and meditation.

text:
तं दुर्दर्शं गूढमनुप्रविष्टं
गुहाहितं गह्वरेष्ठं पुराणम् ।
अध्यात्मयोगाधिगमेन देवं
मत्वा धीरो हर्षशोकौ जहाति ॥ १२ ॥

He (the Atman), difficult to be seen, full of mystery,
the Ancient, primaeval one, concealed deep within,
He who, by yoga means of meditation on his self, comprehends Atman within him as God,
He leaves joy and sorrow far behind.

—Katha Upanishad, 1.2.12[42][43]

text: In verses 1.2.14 through 1.2.22, the Katha Upanishad asserts that the essence of Veda is to make man liberated and free, look past what has happened and what has not happened, free from the past and the future, refocus his attention past Ignorance to Knowledge, to the means of blissful existence beyond joy and sorrow. This is achievable through realization of Atman-Brahman, asserts Katha Upanishad, and this essence is reminded in the Vedas through the word Om (ॐ, Aum), state verses 1.2.15-1.2.16.[44] That syllable, Aum, is in Brahman, means Brahman, means the Highest, means the Blissful within.[43][44]

text: Yama, as the spokesman in the second Valli of the Katha Upanishad asserts that man must not fear anyone, anything, not even death, because the true essence of man, his Atman is neither born nor dies, he is eternal, he is Brahman. These passages have been widely studied, and inspired Emerson among others,[8][45]

text:
The seer (Atman, Self) is not born, nor does he die,
He does not originate from anybody, nor does he become anybody,
Eternal, ancient one, he remains eternal,
he is not killed, even though the body is killed.

If the killer thinks that he kills,
if the killed thinks that he is killed,
they do not understand;
for this one does not kill, nor is that one killed.

The Self (Atman), smaller than small, greater than great,
is hidden in the heart of each creature,
Free from avarice, free from grief, peaceful and content,
he sees the supreme glory of Atman.

text: In final verses of the second Valli, the Katha Upanishad asserts that Atman-knowledge, or Self-realization, is not attained by instruction, not arguments nor reasoning from scriptures. It is comprehended by oneself through meditation and introspection. It is not attained by those who do not abstain from misconduct, not those who are restless nor composed, not those whose mind is not calm and tranquil, but only those who live ethically, are composed, tranquil, internally peaceful, search within and examine their own nature.[47][48] Similar ideas are repeated in the Mundaka Upanishad in chapter 3.2, another classic ancient scripture of Hinduism.[48]

text: The parable of the chariot - Third Valli[edit]

text: The third Valli of Katha Upanishad presents the parable of the chariot, to highlight how Atman, body, mind, senses and empirical reality relate to a human being.[49][50]

text:
Know that the Atman is the rider in the chariot,
and the body is the chariot,
Know that the Buddhi (intelligence, ability to reason) is the charioteer,
and Manas (mind) is the reins.

The senses are called the horses,
the objects of the senses are their paths,
Formed out of the union of the Atman, the senses and the mind,
him they call the "enjoyer".

text: The Katha Upanishad asserts that one who does not use his powers of reasoning, whose senses are unruly and mind unbridled, his life drifts in chaos and confusion, his existence entangled in samsara. Those who use their intelligence, have their senses calm and under reason, they live a life of bliss and liberation, which is the highest place of Vishnu.[51] Whitney clarifies that "Vishnu" appears in Vedas as a form of Sun, and "Vishnu's highest place" is a Vedic phrase that means "zenith".[52] Madhvacharya, the Dvaita Vedanta scholar interprets this term differently, and bases his theistic interpretation of Katha Upanishad by stating that the term refers to the deity Vishnu.[53]

text: This metaphorical parable of chariot is found in multiple ancient Indian texts, and is called the Ratha Kalpana. A similar simile is found in ancient Greek literature, such as the Parmenides, Xenophon's prologue of Prodikos, and in the Platonic dialogue Phaedrus.[49]

text: The nature of Atman, need for ethics and the hierarchy of Reality - Third Valli[edit]

text: The Katha Upanishad, in verses 1.3.10 through 1.3.12 presents a hierarchy of Reality from the perspective of a human being. It asserts that Artha (objects, means of life) are above Indriya (senses), that Manas (mind) is above Artha in this hierarchy, above the Manas is Buddhi (intellect, his ability to reason), above the Buddhi is Atman (his Soul, great Self).[49][52] Beyond the Atman, states Katha Upanishad, is the Avyaktam (unmanifested Reality), and Purusha (cosmic soul) is beyond the Avyaktam, and beyond the Purusha, there is nothing - for it is the goal, for it is the highest road.[49] At the basic level of life, the interaction is between Artha and Indriya (sensory organs); while at the highest level, man becomes aware of and holistically realizes the entire hierarchy. The Soul is hidden in all beings, asserts the Katha Upanishad; it does not show itself, but its awareness is felt by seers with agrya sukshma (subtle, more self-evident conscious, keen thinkers).[52][54]

text: In verse 1.3.13, Katha Upanishad states that Prajna (conscious man) should heed to the ethical precept of self-examination and self-restraint, restraining his speech and mind by the application of his Buddhi (power to reason). Man should, asserts Katha Upanishad, holistically unify his tempered senses and mind with his intellect, all these with his Atman (Soul, great Self), and unify his "great Self" with the Self of the rest, the tranquility of Oneness with the Avyaktam and "cosmic soul".[52][54] Self (Atman) is soundless, touchless, formless, tasteless, scentless, without beginning, without end, imperishable, beyond great, blissful, and when one reveres one's own Self, he is liberated.[55] Such Self-realization is not easy according to Katha Upanishad,[56]

text:
उत्तिष्ठत जाग्रत
प्राप्य वरान्निबोधत ।
क्षुरस्य धारा निशिता दुरत्यया
दुर्गं पथस्तत्कवयो वदन्ति ॥ १४ ॥[57]

Rise, awake!
Having obtained these boons, understand them!
Like the Razor's sharp edge is difficult to traverse,
The path to one's Self is difficult.

—Katha Upanishad, 1.3.14[55][56]

text: Paul Deussen states that verses 1.3.10 to 1.3.13 of Katha Upanishad is one of the earliest mentions of the elements of Yoga theory, and the recommendation of Yoga as a path to the highest goal of man, that is a life of spiritual freedom and liberation.[58] This theory is significantly expanded upon in the second chapter of Katha Upanishad, particularly in the sixth Valli.[58]

text: The theory of Atman, Oneness and Plurality - Fourth Valli[edit]

text: The fourth Valli starts by asserting that inner knowledge is that of unity, eternal calmness and spiritual Oneness, while the external knowledge is that of plurality, perishable "running around" and sensory objects.[59][60] The Katha Upanishad in fifteen verses of the fourth Valli, as well as those the fifth Valli, explains what is Atman, how it can be known, the nature of Atman, and why it ought to be known. For definition, it deploys an epistemic combination of "positive assertions" as well as "exposition by elimination", the latter repeated with,[61]

text: किमत्र परिशिष्यते । एतद्वै तत् ॥ ४ ॥[62]

text: What is left here? Truly, this is that (Atman).

text: Atman, asserts Katha Upanishad, is the subject of Self-knowledge, the bearer of spiritual reality, that which is all-prevading, inside every being, that unifies all human beings as well as all creatures, the concealed, eternal, immortal, pure bliss. It exists and active when man is in awake-state, it exists and active when man is in dream-state.[59][61] The empirical reality is the "honey" for the Atman,[60] with the honey metaphor repeating "fruit of numerous karma flowers in the valley of life" doctrine found in other Upanishads, such as in the second chapter of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. To know Atman, look inward and introspect; to know objects, look outward and examine, states Katha Upanishad. Everything that changes is not Atman, that which was, is, will be and never changes is Atman.[59] Just like a baby is concealed inside a mother's womb when conceived, Atman is concealed inside every creature, states verse 2.4.8 of Katha Upanishad.[61]

text: Soul is the lord of the past, the lord of the now, and the lord of the future.[59] Soul is eternal, never born, never dies, part of that which existed before the universe was formed from "brooding heat".[61] Sun rests in it, gods rest in it, all nature rests in it, it is everywhere, it is in everything.[63] To understand the eternal nature of one's Soul is to feel calmness, inner peace, patience and freedom regardless of the circumstances one is in, affections or threats one faces, praises or insults one is subjected to. Anyone who runs after sensory-impressions, gets lost among them just like water flows randomly after rainfall on mountains, state verses 2.4.14 and 2.4.15 of the Katha Upanishad; and those who know their Soul and act according to its Dharma[64] remain pure like pure water remains pure when poured into pure water.[61][65]

text: There is no plurality and separateness between the essence (Atman) of I and others, between the essence of nature and spirit, asserts Katha Upanishad in verses 2.4.10 and 2.4.11.[59][65] The soul-driven individual ignores the superficial individuality of others, and accepts their essential identity.[65] Paul Deussen suggests that verses 2.4.6 and 2.4.7 posit a nondualistic (Advaita) position, where both Purusha and Prakrti are only Atman. This position contrasts with one of the fundamental premises of the dualistic schools of Hinduism.[66] Shankara agrees with this interpretation. Ramanuja doesn't and offers a theistic dualism based interpretation instead.[67]

text: Life is highest joy, and what happens after death - Fifth Valli[edit]

text: Katha Upanishad's fifth Valli is an eschatological treatise. It begins by stating that human body is like a Pura (Sanskrit: पुर, town, city) with eleven gates[68] that connect him to the universe. The individual, asserts Katha Upanishad, who understands and reveres this town of eternal, non-changing spirit, is never crooked-minded, is always free.[69][70] The Soul dwells in swan, in atmosphere, in man, in Varasad (wide spaces), in eternal law, everywhere in the universe; it is born of water, it is born of kine, it is born of Ṛta (right, truth, ethics, morals, eternal law), it is born of stone (mountains) as the great Ṛta, as ought to be. This Soul is worshipped by all the gods. Body dies, Soul doesn't.[70]

text: In verses 2.5.6 and 2.5.7, the Katha Upanishad discusses what happens to the soul after death, stating a variant of the premise of Karma theory that underlies major Indian religions,[71]

text:
योनिमन्ये प्रपद्यन्ते शरीरत्वाय देहिनः ।
स्थाणुमन्येऽनुसंयन्ति यथाकर्म यथाश्रुतम् ॥ ७ ॥[72]

Some of these souls enter into the womb, in order to embody again into organic beings,
others assemble unto what is Sthānu (immovable things),
according to their karma, according to their shrutam (श्रुतम्, knowledge, learning).

text: The Soul is always awake and active, while one is asleep, shaping wishful dreams. It is one with Brahman. It is everywhere, within and without, it is immortal. This universal, oneness theme is explained by the Katha Upanishad by three similes, which Paul Deussen calls as excellent.[70] Just like one light exists and penetrates the cosmic space, enveloping and clinging to everything and every form individually, the "one inner Self" of beings exists and dwells in all beings, clings to every form and remains still without, states the Katha Upanishad.[70] Just like one air exists and penetrates the world, enveloping and clinging to everything and every being individually, the "one inner Self" of beings exists and dwells in all beings, clings to every form and remains still without.[69] Just like the Sun exists and its nature is not contaminated by the impurities seen by the eyes, the "one inner Self" of beings exists and its nature is pure, never contaminated by the sorrows and blemishes of the external world.[70][71] Parts of the ideas in these first two similes of Katha Upanishad are of far more ancient origins, and found for example in Book 6, Chapter 47 of Rig veda.[69]

text: That individual is perennially happy, asserts Katha Upanishad, who realizes the Atman is within him, that he himself is the Master, that the inner Self of all beings and his own Self are "one form manifold", and none other.[71][73] Life is spirit, full of joy. Meaning is Atman, full of perennial peace. "Truly, this is that", once deeply felt and understood by man, is inexpressible highest joy. It is he who realizes this who shines, his splendour shines everything with and by (Anu), the whole world shines by such joy unleashed, such splendour manifested.[74]

text: The theory of Yoga - Sixth Valli[edit]

text: The sixth Valli continues the discussion of Karma and rebirth theory, sections of which Max Muller states is possibly interpolated and inserted in a later period. The first five verses of the last section of the Upanishad assert that those who do not know or do not understand Atman return to the world of creation, and those who do are free, liberated.[75][76] Some unaware of Brahman's essence are naturally inclined to fear God and its manifestation such as nature (fire, lightning, sun), state verses 2.6.2 and 2.6.3 of Katha Upanishad.[75] Those who are aware of Brahman's essence, are awakened to the knowledge, fear no one and nothing, become immortal as with Brahman.[77]

text: The Katha Upanishad, in verses 2.6.6 through 2.6.13 recommends a path to Self-knowledge, and this path it calls Yoga.[78]

text:
यदा पञ्चावतिष्ठन्ते ज्ञानानि मनसा सह ।
बुद्धिश्च न विचेष्टते तामाहुः परमां गतिम् ॥ १० ॥
तां योगमिति मन्यन्ते स्थिरामिन्द्रियधारणाम् ।
अप्रमत्तस्तदा भवति योगो हि प्रभवाप्ययौ ॥ ११ ॥[79]

Only when Manas (mind) with thoughts and the five senses stand still,
and when Buddhi (intellect, power to reason) does not waver, that they call the highest path.
That is what one calls Yoga, the stillness of the senses, concentration of the mind,
It is not thoughtless heedless sluggishness, Yoga is creation and dissolution.

—Katha Upanishad, 2.6.10-11[76][80]

text: Realize you are perfect now and here - Sixth Valli[edit]

text: The Katha Upanishad concludes its philosophical presentation in verses 14-15 of the sixth Valli. The state of perfection, according to the last section of the Upanishad, explains Paul Deussen, consists "not in the attainment of a future or yonder world, but it is already just now and here for one who is Self-realized, who knows his Self (Soul) as Brahman (Cosmic Soul)". This teaching is also presented in the other ancient scriptures of Hinduism, such as Brihadaranyaka Upanishad's Chapter 4.4.6.[80][81]

text: The verse 15 of the sixth Valli declares that the Upanishad concludes its teaching therein.[81] Yet, the Valli contains three additional verses in modern era manuscripts. Scholars suggest[81][82] that these remaining verses 2.6.16 – 2.6.18 are possibly modern additions as appendix and have been interpolated, because of the declaration of Upanishad's end in verse 15, and because these additional three verses are structured in prose-like manner, rather than poetic metric-perfection of much of the Katha Upanishad.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Charles Johnston has called Katha Upanishad as one of the highest spiritual texts, with layers of metaphors embedded therein. To Johnston, the three nights and three boons in the first Valli of Katha Upanishad, for example, are among the text's many layers, with the three connoting the past, the present and the future.[83]

text: The Irish poet William Butler Yeats dedicated several essays and sonnets to themes in Katha Upanishad and related ancient Upanishads of India.[84] George William Russell similarly esteemed the Katha and other Upanishads.[85][86] The American poet Ralph Waldo Emerson held Katha Upanishad highly, and wrote several poems and essays paralleling the themes in it.[87][88]

text: The various themes contained in Katha Upanishad have been subject of many scholarly works. For example, Elizabeth Schiltz[89] has compared "the parable of the chariot" in Katha Upanishad and Platonic dialogue "Phaedrus", noting the "remarkable similarities give rise to a great many tantalizing historical and literary questions", and adding the comment, "each provides an image of the self as the chariot, they each offer a complex moral psychology, and point toward an effective justification of the best life".[89] Radhakrishnan notes that Katha Upanishad's discussion of "good versus pleasant" is evidence of ethical theories and philosophical longings of ancient human beings in India by 1st millennium BCE, much like those in Greek city states in Europe.[90]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A verse in the Upanishad inspired the title and the epigraph of W. Somerset Maugham's 1944 novel The Razor’s Edge, later adapted, twice, into films of the same title (see articles on 1946 and 1984 films). The epigraph reads, "The sharp edge of a razor is difficult to pass over; thus the wise say the path to Salvation is hard." taken from a verse in the Katha-Upanishad – 1.3.14. Maugham had visited India in 1938 and met Ramana Maharishi at his ashram in Tamil Nadu.[91][92]


document_title: Nike, Inc.

question_text: when did nike become a publicly traded company

question_tokens: when did nike become a publicly traded company

text: Nike, Inc.

text: Origins and history

text: Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports (BRS), was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger (now ASICS), making most sales at track meets out of Knight's automobile.[9]

text: According to Otis Davis, a student athlete whom Bowerman coached at the University of Oregon, who later went on to win two gold medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics, Bowerman made the first pair of Nike shoes for him, contradicting a claim that they were made for Phil Knight. Says Davis, "I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I don't care what all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me. People don't believe me. In fact, I didn't like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight. But I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine."[10]

text: In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000. By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California next to a beauty salon, so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars. In 1967, due to rapidly increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[11]

text: By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end. BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson.[12] The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18, 1971, and was registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on January 22, 1974.[13]

text: In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, as its first advertising agency. The following year, the agency created the first "brand ad" for Nike, called "There is no finish line", in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U.S. athletic shoe market, and the company went public in December of that year.[14]

text: Together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nike's primary ad agency. It was agency co-founder Dan Wieden who coined the now-famous slogan "Just Do It" for a 1988 Nike ad campaign, which was chosen by Advertising Age as one of the top five ad slogans of the 20th century and enshrined in the Smithsonian Institution.[15] Walt Stack was featured in Nike's first "Just Do It" advertisement, which debuted on July 1, 1988.[16] Wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to "Let's do it", the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed.[17]

text: Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its product line to encompass many sports and regions throughout the world.[18] In 1990, Nike moved into its eight-building World Headquarters campus in Beaverton, Oregon.[19] The first Nike retail store, dubbed Niketown, opened in downtown Portland in November of that year.[20]

text: Phil Knight announced in mid-2015 that he is planning to step down as chairman of Nike in 2016.[21]

text: Acquisitions

text: Nike has acquired several apparel and footwear companies over the course of its history, some of which have since been sold. Its first acquisition was the upscale footwear company Cole Haan in 1988,[22] followed by the purchase of Bauer Hockey in 1994. In 2002, Nike bought surf apparel company Hurley International from founder Bob Hurley.[23] In 2003, Nike paid US$309 million to acquire Converse, makers of the Chuck Taylor All-Stars line of sneakers.[24] The company acquired Starter in 2004[25] and Umbro, known as the manufacturers of the England national football team's kit, in 2008.[26]

text: In order to refocus on its core business lines, Nike began divesting of some of its subsidiaries in the 2000s.[27] It sold Starter in 2007[25] and Bauer Hockey in 2008.[28] The company sold Umbro in 2012 [29] and Cole Haan in 2013.[30] As of 2013, Nike owns two key subsidiaries: Converse Inc. and Hurley International.[31][32]

text: Finance

text: Nike Inc. will buy back $8 billion of Nike's class B stock in 4 years after the current $5 billion buyback program is completed in second quarter of fiscal 2013. Up to September 2012, Nike Inc. has bought back $10 billion of stock.[33]

text: Nike was made a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2013, when it replaced Alcoa.[34]

text: On December 19, 2013, Nike Inc.'s quarterly profit rose due to a 13 percent increase in global orders for merchandise since April of that year. Future orders of shoes or clothes for delivery between December and April, rose to $10.4 billion. Nike shares (NKE) rose 0.6 percent to $78.75 in extended trading.[35]

text: In November 2015, Nike announced it would initiate a $12 billion share buyback, as well as a two-for-one stock split, with shares to begin trading at the decreased price on December 24.[36] The split will be the seventh in company history.

text: Products

text: Sports equipment

text: Nike produces a wide range of sports equipment. Their first products were track running shoes. They currently also make shoes, jerseys, shorts, cleats,[37] baselayers, etc. for a wide range of sports, including track and field, baseball, ice hockey, tennis, association football (soccer), lacrosse, basketball, and cricket. Nike Air Max is a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. in 1987. Additional product lines were introduced later, such as Air Huarache, which debuted in 1992. The most recent additions to their line are the Nike 6.0, Nike NYX, and Nike SB shoes, designed for skateboarding. Nike has recently introduced cricket shoes called Air Zoom Yorker, designed to be 30% lighter than their competitors'.[38] In 2008, Nike introduced the Air Jordan XX3, a high-performance basketball shoe designed with the environment in mind.

text: Nike sells an assortment of products, including shoes and apparel for sports activities like association football,[39] basketball, running, combat sports, tennis, American football, athletics, golf, and cross training for men, women, and children. Nike also sells shoes for outdoor activities such as tennis, golf, skateboarding, association football, baseball, American football, cycling, volleyball, wrestling, cheerleading, aquatic activities, auto racing, and other athletic and recreational uses. Nike recently teamed up with Apple Inc. to produce the Nike+ product that monitors a runner's performance via a radio device in the shoe that links to the iPod nano. While the product generates useful statistics, it has been criticized by researchers who were able to identify users' RFID devices from 60 feet (18 m) away using small, concealable intelligence motes in a wireless sensor network.[40][41]

text: In 2004, Nike launched the SPARQ Training Program/Division.[42] Some of Nike's newest shoes contain Flywire and Lunarlite Foam to reduce weight.[43] The Air Zoom Vomero running shoe, introduced in 2006 and currently in its 11th generation, featured a combination of groundbreaking innovations including a full-length air cushioned sole,[44] an external heel counter, a crashpad in the heel for shock absorption, and Fit Frame technology for a stable fit.[45]

text: Street fashions

text: This section relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Nike brand, with its distinct V-shaped logo, quickly became regarded as a status symbol[46] in modern urban fashion and hip-hop fashion[47] due to its association with success in sport.[48] Beginning in the 1980s, various items of Nike clothing became staples of mainstream American youth fashion, especially tracksuits, shell suits, baseball caps, Air Jordans, and Air Max running shoes[49] with thick, air cushioned rubber soles and contrasting blue, yellow, green, white, or red trim.[50] Limited edition sneakers and prototypes with a regional early release were known as Quickstrikes,[51] and became highly desirable items[52] for teenage members of the sneakerhead subculture.[53]

text: By the 1990s and 2000s, American and European teenagers[54] associated with the preppy[55] or popular clique[56] began combining these sneakers,[57] leggings, sweatpants, crop tops,[58] and tracksuits with regular casual chic[59] street clothes[60] such as jeans, skirts, leg warmers, slouch socks, and bomber jackets. Particularly popular[61][not in citation given] were the unisex spandex Nike Tempo compression shorts[62] worn for cycling and running, which had a mesh lining, waterproofing, and, later in the 2000s, a zip pocket for a Walkman or MP3 player.[63]

text: From the late 2000s into the 2010s, Nike Elite basketball socks began to be worn as everyday clothes by hip-hop fans and young children.[64] Originally plain white or black, these socks had special shock absorbing cushioning in the sole[65] plus a moisture wicking upper weave.[66] Later, Nike Elite socks became available in bright colors inspired by throwback basketball uniforms,[67] often with contrasting bold abstract designs, images of celebrities,[68] and freehand digital print[69] to capitalise upon the emerging nostalgia for 1990s fashion.

text: In 2015, a new self-lacing shoe was introduced. Called the Nike Mag, it had a preliminary limited release, only available by auction with all proceeds going to the Michael J. Fox Foundation.[70] This was done again in 2016.[71]

text: Nike have introduced a premium line, focused more on streetwear than sports wear called NikeLab[72]

text: In March 2017, Nike announced its launch of a plus-size clothing line, which will feature new sizes 1X through 3X on more than 200 products.[73] Another significant development at this time was the Chuck Taylor All-Star Modern, an update of the classic basketball sneaker that incorporated the circular knit upper and cushioned foam sole of Nike's Air Jordans.[74]

text: Headquarters

text: Nike's world headquarters are surrounded by the city of Beaverton but are within unincorporated Washington County. The city attempted to forcibly annex Nike's headquarters, which led to a lawsuit by Nike, and lobbying by the company that ultimately ended in Oregon Senate Bill 887 of 2005. Under that bill's terms, Beaverton is specifically barred from forcibly annexing the land that Nike and Columbia Sportswear occupy in Washington County for 35 years, while Electro Scientific Industries and Tektronix receive the same protection for 30 years.[75] Nike is planning to build a 3.2 million square foot expansion to its World Headquarters in Beaverton.[76] The design will target LEED Platinum certification and will be highlighted by natural daylight, and a gray water treatment center.[76]

text: Controversy

text: Nike has contracted with more than 700 shops around the world and has offices located in 45 countries outside the United States.[77] Most of the factories are located in Asia, including Indonesia, China, Taiwan, India,[78] Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, Philippines, and Malaysia.[79] Nike is hesitant to disclose information about the contract companies it works with. However, due to harsh criticism from some organizations like CorpWatch, Nike has disclosed information about its contract factories in its Corporate Governance Report.

text: Sweatshops

text: Nike has been criticized for contracting with factories (known as Nike sweatshops) in countries such as China, Vietnam, Indonesia and Mexico. Vietnam Labor Watch, an activist group, has documented that factories contracted by Nike have violated minimum wage and overtime laws in Vietnam as late as 1996, although Nike claims that this practice has been stopped.[80] The company has been subject to much critical coverage of the often poor working conditions and exploitation of cheap overseas labor employed in the free trade zones where their goods are typically manufactured. Sources for this criticism include Naomi Klein's book No Logo and Michael Moore documentaries.

text: Campaigns have been taken up by many colleges and universities, especially anti-globalisation groups, as well as several anti-sweatshop groups such as the United Students Against Sweatshops.[81]

text: As of July 2011, Nike stated that two-thirds of its factories producing Converse products still do not meet the company's standards for worker treatment. A July 2011 Associated Press article stated that employees at the company's plants in Indonesia reported constant abuse from supervisors.[82]

text: Child labor allegations

text: During the 1990s, Nike faced criticism for the use of child labor in Cambodia and Pakistan in factories it contracted to manufacture soccer balls. Although Nike took action to curb or at least reduce the practice, they continue to contract their production to companies that operate in areas where inadequate regulation and monitoring make it hard to ensure that child labor is not being used.[83]

text: In 2001, a BBC documentary uncovered occurrences of child labor and poor working conditions in a Cambodian factory used by Nike.[84] The documentary focused on six girls, who all worked seven days a week, often 16 hours a day.

text: Strike in China factory

text: In April 2014, one of the biggest strikes in mainland China took place at the Yue Yuen Industrial Holdings Dongguan shoe factory, producing amongst others for Nike. Yue Yuen did underpay an employee by 250 yuan (40.82 US Dollars) per month. The average salary at Yue Yuen is 3000 yuan per month. The factory employs 70,000 people. This practice was in place for nearly 20 years.[85][86][87]

text: Justin Gatlin sponsorship

text: In March 2015, Nike drew criticism after announcing a new sponsorship deal with American sprinter Justin Gatlin who had served two bans for doping. Nike had previously dropped Gatlin after his second failed drug test and resulting long term ban. Critics said that Nike was sending out a bad message by endorsing an athlete who has never been repentant for his actions and still causes widespread discontent within the sport. English sprinter Marlon Devonish described the deal as "a kick in the teeth to the 99% of guys who are clean".[88][89][90][91]

text: Paradise Papers

text: On 5 November 2017, the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Nike is among the corporations that used offshore companies to avoid taxes.[92][93][94]

text: Appleby documents detail how Nike boosted its after-tax profits by, among other maneuvers, transferring ownership of its Swoosh trademark to a Bermudan subsidiary, Nike International Ltd. This transfer allowed the subsidiary to charge royalties to its European headquarters in Hilversum, Netherlands, effectively converting taxable company profits to an account payable in tax-free Bermuda.[95] Although the subsidiary was effectively run by executives at Nike's main offices in Beaverton, Oregon -- to the point where a duplicate of the Bermudan company's seal was needed -- for tax purposes the subsidiary was treated as Bermuda. Its profits were not declared in Europe and came to light only because of a mostly unrelated case in US Tax Court, where papers filed by Nike briefly mention royalties in 2010, 2011 and 2012 totaling $3.86 billion.[95] Under an arrangement with Dutch authorities, the tax break was to expire in 2014, so another reorganization transferred the intellectual property from the Bermudan company to a Dutch commanditaire vennootschap or limited partnership, Nike Innovate CV. Dutch law treats income earned by a CV as if it had been earned by the principals, who owe no tax in the Netherlands if they do not reside there.[95]

text: Environmental record

text: According to the New England-based environmental organization Clean Air-Cool Planet, Nike ranked among the top three companies (out of 56) in a survey of climate-friendly companies in 2007.[96] Nike has also been praised for its Nike Grind program (which closes the product lifecycle) by groups like Climate Counts.[97] One campaign that Nike began for Earth Day 2008 was a commercial that featured basketball star Steve Nash wearing Nike's Trash Talk Shoe, which had been constructed in February 2008 from pieces of leather and synthetic leather waste from factory floors. The Trash Talk Shoe also featured a sole composed of ground-up rubber from a shoe recycling program. Nike claims this is the first performance basketball shoe that has been created from manufacturing waste, but it only produced 5,000 pairs for sale.[98]

text: Another project Nike has begun is called Nike's Reuse-A-Shoe program. This program, started in 1993, is Nike's longest-running program that benefits both the environment and the community by collecting old athletic shoes of any type in order to process and recycle them. The material that is produced is then used to help create sports surfaces such as basketball courts, running tracks, and playgrounds.[99]

text: A project through the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill found workers were exposed to toxic isocyanates and other chemicals in footwear factories in Thailand. In addition to inhalation, dermal exposure was the biggest problem found. This could result in allergic reactions including asthmatic reactions.[100][101]

text: Marketing strategy

text: Nike promotes its products by sponsorship agreements with celebrity athletes, professional teams and college athletic teams.

text: Advertising

text: In 1982, Nike aired its first three national television ads, created by newly formed ad agency Wieden+Kennedy (W+K), during the broadcast of the New York Marathon.[102] The Cannes Advertising Festival has named Nike its Advertiser of the Year in 1994 and 2003, making it the first company to receive that honor twice.[103]

text: Nike also has earned the Emmy Award for best commercial twice since the award was first created in the 1990s. The first was for "The Morning After," a satirical look at what a runner might face on the morning of January 1, 2000 if every dire prediction about the Y2K problem came to fruition.[104] The second was for a 2002 spot called "Move," which featured a series of famous and everyday athletes in a variety of athletic pursuits.[105]

text: Beatles song

text: Nike was criticized for its use of the Beatles song "Revolution" in a 1987 commercial against the wishes of Apple Records, the Beatles' recording company. Nike paid US$250,000 to Capitol Records Inc., which held the North American licensing rights to the recordings, for the right to use the Beatles' rendition for a year.

text: Apple Records sued Nike Inc., Capitol Records Inc., EMI Records Inc. and Wieden+Kennedy for $15 million.[106] Capitol-EMI countered by saying the lawsuit was "groundless" because Capitol had licensed the use of "Revolution" with the "active support and encouragement of Yoko Ono, a shareholder and director of Apple Records."

text: Nike discontinued airing ads featuring "Revolution" in March 1988. Yoko Ono later gave permission to Nike to use John Lennon's "Instant Karma" in another advertisement.

text: New media marketing

text: Nike was an early adopter of internet marketing, email management technologies, and using broadcast and narrowcast communication technologies to create multimedia marketing campaigns.

text: Minor Threat advertisement

text: In late June 2005, Nike received criticism from Ian MacKaye, owner of Dischord Records, guitarist/vocalist for Fugazi and The Evens, and front man of the defunct punk band Minor Threat, for appropriating imagery and text from Minor Threat's 1981 self-titled album's cover art in a flyer promoting Nike Skateboarding's 2005 East Coast demo tour.

text: On June 27, Nike Skateboarding's website issued an apology to Dischord, Minor Threat, and fans of both and announced that they have tried to remove and dispose of all flyers. They stated that the people who designed it were skateboarders and Minor Threat fans themselves who created the advertisement out of respect and appreciation for the band.[107] The dispute was eventually settled out of court between Nike and Minor Threat.

text: Nike 6.0

text: As part of the 6.0 campaign, Nike introduced a new line of T-shirts that include phrases such as "Dope", "Get High" and "Ride Pipe" – sports lingo that is also a double entendre for drug use. Boston Mayor Thomas Menino expressed his objection to the shirts after seeing them in a window display at the city's Niketown and asked the store to remove the display. "What we don't need is a major corporation like Nike, which tries to appeal to the younger generation, out there giving credence to the drug issue," Menino told The Boston Herald. A company official stated the shirts were meant to pay homage to extreme sports, and that Nike does not condone the illegal use of drugs.[108] Nike was forced to replace the shirt line.[109]

text: NBA uniform and apparel deal

text: In June 2015, Nike signed an 8-year deal with the NBA to become the official apparel supplier for the league, beginning with the 2017–18 season. The brand takes over for Adidas, who provided the uniforms and apparel for the league since 2006. Unlike previous deals, Nike's logo will appear on NBA game jerseys – a first for the league.[110] The only exception will be the Charlotte Hornets, owned by longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan, which will instead use the Jumpman logo associated with Jordan-related merchandise.[111]

text: Sponsorship

text: Nike pays top athletes in many sports to use their products and promote and advertise their technology and design.

text: Nike's first professional athlete endorser was Romanian tennis player Ilie Năstase. The first track endorser was distance runner Steve Prefontaine. Prefontaine was the prized pupil of the company's co-founder, Bill Bowerman, while he coached at the University of Oregon. Today, the Steve Prefontaine Building is named in his honor at Nike's corporate headquarters.

text: Nike has also sponsored many other successful track and field athletes over the years, such as Carl Lewis, Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Sebastian Coe. The signing of basketball player Michael Jordan in 1984, with his subsequent promotion of Nike over the course of his career, with Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, proved to be one of the biggest boosts to Nike's publicity and sales.

text: Nike has been the official kit sponsor for the Indian cricket team since 2005.[113][114]

text: Nike is a major sponsor of the athletic programs at Penn State University and named its first child care facility after Joe Paterno when it opened in 1990 at the company's headquarters. Nike originally announced it would not remove Paterno's name from the building in the wake of the Penn State sex abuse scandal. After the Freeh Report was released on July 12, 2012, Nike CEO Mark Parker announced the name Joe Paterno would be removed immediately from the child development center. A new name has yet to be announced.[115][116]

text: Nike also sponsored association football players such as Ronaldinho, Ronaldo, Cristiano Ronaldo, Didier Drogba, Neymar, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Thierry Henry, Wayne Rooney, Francesco Totti, Andrés Iniesta and Landon Donovan among others.[117]

text: In 2012, Nike carried a commercial partnership with the Asian Football Confederation.[118]

text: In January 2013, Nike signed Rory McIlroy, the then No 1 golfer in the world to a 10-year sponsorship deal worth $250 million. The deal includes using Nike's range of golf clubs, a move Nick Faldo previously described as "dangerous" for McIlroy's game.[119]

text: On February 21, 2013, Nike announced it suspended its contract with South African athlete Oscar Pistorius, due to his being charged with premeditated murder.[120]

text: In August 2014, Nike announced that they will not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[121] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.[122]

text: Nike is currently sponsoring a group of long-distance runners in an attempt to run a sub-two hour 26.2 mile marathon. The current world record is 2:02:57. Nike is putting together a team of “designers, scientists, coaches, and statisticians” with the goal of having one or more runners break the record by 3 percent in the spring of 2017.[123]

text: Current sponsorships

text: Ties with the University of Oregon

text: The company maintains strong ties, both directly and indirectly (through partnership with Phil Knight), with the University of Oregon. Nike designs the University of Oregon football program's team attire. New unique combinations are issued before every game day.[124] Tinker Hatfield, who also redesigned the university's logo, leads this effort.[125]

text: More recently, the corporation donated $13.5 million towards the renovation and expansion of Hayward Field.[126]

text: Phil Knight has invested substantial personal funds towards developing and maintaining the university's athletic apparatus.[127] His university projects often involve input from Nike designers and executives, such as Tinker Hatfield.[125]

text: Causes

text: In 2012, Nike is listed as a partner of the (PRODUCT)RED campaign together with other brands such as Girl, American Express and Converse. The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is "Fighting For An AIDS Free Generation"). The company's goal is to raise and send funds, for education and medical assistance to those who live in areas heavily effected by AIDS. [128]

text: Program

text: The Nike Community Ambassador Program, allows Nike employees from around the world to go out and give to their community. Over 3,900 employees from various Nike stores have participated in teaching children to be active and healthy. [129]