document_title: Nashville (2012 TV series)

question_text: where do they film the tv show nashville

text: Nashville (2012 TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired
Network

1
21
October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)
May 22, 2013 (2013-05-22)
ABC

2
22
September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)
May 14, 2014 (2014-05-14)

3
22
September 24, 2014 (2014-09-24)
May 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)

4
21
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
May 25, 2016 (2016-05-25)

5
22
January 5, 2017 (2017-01-05)
August 10, 2017 (2017-08-10)
CMT

text: In the first episode, the series focuses on the rivalry of Rayna Jaymes and Juliette Barnes. Rayna Jaymes is the established "Queen of Country Music". However, her latest album is not selling well and her tour is playing to half empty venues. Her record label suggests that she open for Juliette Barnes, the young and sexy best selling singer of bubble gum country pop. However, Juliette, seeing Rayna as privileged, purposefully alienates her. Rayna, who dislikes Juliette's style of music, rejects a joint tour out of hand. The two women come into conflict as each tries to get guitarist Deacon Claybourne, Rayna's bandmate and former lover, to sign on to their tour. Rayna's life is further complicated when her estranged father, millionaire businessman Lamar Wyatt, convinces her husband, Teddy Conrad, to run for Mayor of Nashville.

text: For later episodes through season four, the series follows the lives of country music musicians, focusing on three female leads: country superstar Rayna Jaymes, rising problematic star Juliette Barnes, and newcomer singer-songwriter Scarlett O'Connor.

text: From mid-season five, the series follows the lives of country music musicians, focusing on two female leads: rising star Maddie Conrad, and fading star Juliette Barnes, as well as focusing on recurring characters.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text: The show features an ensemble cast. For the first season, nine actors received the star billing: Connie Britton as Rayna Jaymes, a 40-year-old country music superstar singer whose stardom is beginning to fade; Hayden Panettiere as Juliette Barnes, a bubblegum country pop singer and former teen star sensation who is determined to replace Rayna as the top superstar of country music; Clare Bowen as Scarlett O'Connor, a poet and songwriter Deacon's niece, and musician partner with Gunnar. Works at the Bluebird Cafe which is where she is first noticed and performs; Eric Close as Theodore 'Teddy' Conrad, Rayna's husband who, after a business failure, is now living on his wife's income. He runs for mayor with help from his father-in-law and wins election, later divorcing Rayna; Charles Esten as Deacon Claybourne, songwriter, lead guitar player, Rayna's former lover and biological father of her oldest child.;[8] Jonathan Jackson as Avery Barkley, an aspiring musician with a bad-boy streak. He and Scarlett are in a relationship when the series begins, but soon separate; Sam Palladio as Gunnar Scott, a kind-hearted aspiring musician who dates Scarlett in season one, and dates Zoey in season two; Robert Wisdom as Coleman Carlisle, a one-time mayoral candidate, and later Deputy Mayor, close friend of Rayna, and serves as Deacon's sobriety sponsor; and Powers Boothe as Lamar Wyatt, Rayna's father and a wealthy, powerful and controlling patriarch and local politician who disapproves of his daughter's career as a country singer.

text: Powers Boothe and Robert Wisdom were reduced to recurring status, in the second season for creative reasons.[9] After recurring basic in season one, three actors were promoted to the regular cast in the second season: Chris Carmack as Will Lexington, a rising country star struggling with the realization that he might be gay, as well as Scarlett and Gunnar's new neighbor;[10] Lennon Stella as Maddie Conrad, Rayna's older daughter, legal daughter to Teddy, and biological daughter to Deacon; and Maisy Stella as Daphne Conrad, Rayna and Teddy's younger daughter. For the third season, two actors were upped to regulars: Will Chase as Luke Wheeler, the biggest male country artist and a love interest for Rayna; and Oliver Hudson as Jeff Fordham, a record company executive who clashes with Rayna and Juliette. For season four, Hudson was downgraded to recurring status and then his character was killed off while Aubrey Peeples, introduced in season two as reality competition second-place winner (and later Will's wife) Layla Grant, was promoted to regular.[11][12]

text: Aubrey Peeples and Will Chase were dropped from the cast after season four by the series' new showrunners. However, Chase made a guest appearance.[13] Connie Britton left the show in season five.[2] Rachel Bilson was announced to have joined the cast on March 9, 2017 as a series regular. Bilson plays Alyssa Greene, a Silicon Valley marketing expert brought in to take Highway 65 to the next level, who hates country music.[14][15] Adding another series regular, it was announced that, after appearing in almost every episode in the first half of season five, Cameron Scoggins, who plays Zach Welles, a wealthy tech-billionaire would be upgraded to series regular.

text: Recurring[edit]

text: In addition to main cast, several actors appearing in Nashville in a supporting roles. The most notable are Judith Hoag as Tandy Hampton, Rayna's sister, the daughter and protégé of Lamar Wyatt, who plays referee to Rayna and Lamar; Sylvia Jefferies as Jolene Barnes (season 1, 3, and 5), Juliette's overprotective and overbearing mother; a drug addict who later commits a murder-suicide; Chaley Rose as Zoey Dalton (seasons 2, 3, and 4), Scarlett's childhood best friend who moves to Nashville, and starts dating Gunnar; Aubrey Peeples as Layla Grant (seasons 2–4), a runner-up in a singing competition and a new singer in Nashville who is a new rival for Juliette. She gets dropped from the label, after her single tanks, though she strikes up a romance with Will, and they eventually get engaged. She is a participant in a reality show featuring her and Will, and their impending nuptials; Laura Benanti as Sadie Stone (season 3), a country star who is a friend of Rayna's; Brette Taylor as Pam (seasons 3 & 4), as Luke's new backup singer; Derek Hough as Noah West (seasons 3 & 4), an actor who lands a role about a famous country singer; Kimberly Williams-Paisley as Margaret "Peggy" Kenter (seasons 1 & 2), Teddy's former co-worker at the credit union who helped him hide his embezzlement. They begin dating after Teddy and Rayna separate and marry after she lies to Teddy that she is pregnant. She is shot and killed while someone was attempting to kill Teddy; Michiel Huisman as Liam McGuinnis (seasons 1 & 2), Rayna's new music producer, who also has a brief fling with Rayna and Scarlett; Jay Hernandez as Dante Rivas (season 1), Jolene's sober companion and Juliette's lover, who, after attempting to blackmail Juliette, is killed by Jolene in a murder-suicide; Charlie Bewley as Charles Wentworth (season 2), a married confident business man, who owns many radio stations across the country, and has an affair with Juliette; Alexa PenaVega as Kiley (season 3), Gunnar's first love who is now a struggling single mother; Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Beverly O'Connor (seasons 2–4), Scarlett's abusive mother who has a strained relationship with her brother, Deacon; Christina Chang as Megan Vannoy (season 2), Deacon's lawyer at the beginning of season two; Deacon and Megan were in a romantic relationship in season two until Deacon found out that she cheated on him with Teddy.

text: Also appearing in many episodes are several background characters, including Ed Amatrudo as Glenn Goodman (seasons 1–present), Juliette Barnes's protective manager and father-figure, often tasked with cleaning up the messes that Juliette leaves behind; David Alford as Bucky Dawes (seasons 1–present), Rayna's long-time seasoned and caring manager; Todd Truly as Marshall Evans (season 1; 11 episodes), former president and CEO of Edgehill Republic Records. In the beginning of season two he gets fired by the board of Edgehill Records and is replaced by Jeff Fordham; Kourtney Hansen as Emily (seasons 1–present), Juliette's assistant; J. Karen Thomas as Audrey Carlisle (season 1), Coleman's wife; and Derek Krantz as Brent McKinney (season 2), an openly gay marketing and public relations employee who works for Jeff's record company who once dated Will; Kyle Dean Massey as Kevin Bicks (season 3-5), an openly gay country music singer-songwriter.

text: For the fifth season, folk-Americana singer Rhiannon Giddens and indie-pop singer Bridgit Mendler joined the cast as Hallie Jordan and Ashley Wilkenson. Giddens held a major recurring role. Joseph David-Jones as Clay, Maddie's boyfriend and musician, Christian Coulson as a music video director, and the possible father of Scarlett's baby, and Kaitlin Doubleday as Jessie Caine, a musician who returns to town to focus on her career and take back the son who was taken from her, all joined the cast in major recurring roles. Cameron Scoggins, a wealthy tech-entrepreneur who helps Rayna out with struggling Highway 65, was originally cast in a recurring role, but was upgraded to a series regular. Other recurring roles include Linds Edwards as Carl Hockeny, Rayna's stalker, Ben Taylor as Flynn Burnett, a love interest for Daphne, and Jeff Nordling as Brad Maitland, a charming-narcissistic owner of the most successful record label in Nashville. Katrina Norman joined the second half of the season as Polly, a stunning road manager.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and filming[edit]

text: The series was created by Callie Khouri, who won an Academy Award for Thelma & Louise. Khouri lived in Nashville from 1978 to 1982.[16] In an interview for The New York Times she said "This is a place that can be mocked and made fun of, and sometimes it deserves it, like any place. But it also is an incredibly beautiful, cosmopolitan city, and I wanted to show that to the world. I want to represent it in a way that everybody who lives here would find completely realistic."[16] Nashville was the first television series in Khouri's career, after working for two decades as a film writer and director creating strong female characters.[17]

text: The production began in 2011. In October 2011, ABC bought the original concept from Khouri.[18] Documentary filmmaker R. J. Cutler also joined the project as executive producer alongside Khouri.[18] Nashville was produced by Lionsgate Television with ABC Studios. ABC ordered the pilot on January 27, 2012.[19][20] The pilot episode was filmed in March 2012 and directed by series producer R. J. Cutler.[21] The series was picked up by ABC on May 11, 2012, and premiered on the network on October 10, 2012 as part of its 2012–13 television season.[22] Dee Johnson joined the series as executive producer and showrunner as of fourth episode, replacing Jim Parriott.[23][24] On November 12, 2012, the series was picked up for a full season run,[25] which was shortened by one episode by the producers (due to production difficulties) rather than the network.[26]

text: A number of television critics characterized Nashville as "Dallas in Tennessee."[27][28] The original concept was focused on the backdrop of the real country music world.[18] ABC's promotional campaign for the series premiere was primarily focused on the rivalry between a young and ruthless country pop diva (Panettiere) and a past-her-peak superstar (Britton).[16] Nashville was filmed on location and on soundstages in Nashville. The Bluebird Cafe, an important local performance arena, is a frequent setting; the show's art department, headed by production designer Jeff Knipp, precisely replicated its exterior and interior in a Nashville sound stage.[29] After weeks of rumors that production would move elsewhere, it was announced that season two would also be filmed on location in Nashville.[30] Nashville budget hovered in the neighborhood of $4 million per episode in season one.[31]

text: Casting[edit]

text: British actor Sam Palladio was the first regular member to be cast, being announced on February 14, 2012.[32] Australian actress and singer Clare Bowen was the next addition to the pilot, as Scarlett O'Connor, on February 17, 2012.[33] On February 22, General Hospital cast member Jonathan Jackson joined the cast in the role of Avery Barkley.[34][35][36] On February 23, Emmy Award winner Powers Boothe joined the cast as Lamar Wyatt, father of lead character.[37] On February 29, it was announced that Hayden Panettiere had landed the role of Juliette Barnes, originally planned as the primary antagonist of the series.[38][39] On March 1, 2012 Robert Wisdom was cast as Coleman Carlisle, one of the supporting regular characters.[40] On March 5 Eric Close joined the ensemble cast as Teddy Conrad, Rayna's husband.[41] On March 6, it was announced that Connie Britton would play leading role of Rayna Jaymes, 40-year-old fading country superstar.[42][43][44] Britton also serves as an co-executive producer of the series. On March 13, 2012, Charles Esten joined the cast in the final regular role of Deacon Claybourne, Rayna's bandmate and former lover.[45]

text: Britton stated that her character, Rayna was based on several country singers, including Faith Hill, Reba McEntire, and Bonnie Raitt.[46] Panettiere denied that her character resembled Taylor Swift,[46] and stated that Juliette was instead based on herself—a young woman in the entertainment industry—and Carrie Underwood.[47][48]

text: Alongside the nine regular cast members during the first season, several actors were cast in recurring roles. Judith Hoag appeared in the series as Tandy Hampton, Rayna's sister.[49] Sylvia Jefferies played the role of Jolene Barnes, Juliette's mother.[50] On August 29, 2012, it was announced that Kimberly Williams-Paisley joined the cast as Margaret "Peggy" Kenter.[51] J. D. Souther, Rya Kihlstedt, Tilky Montgomery Jones, Wyclef Jean, Susan Misner and Michiel Huisman also had major recurring roles during the first season.

text: For the second season, Chris Carmack, who recurred in six episodes of season one as Will Lexington, the rising country star struggling with the realization that he might be gay, as well as Lennon Stella and Maisy Stella as Rayna's daughters, were promoted to regulars.[52] Aubrey Peeples and Chaley Rose joined the cast in major recurring roles as Layla Grant, a runner-up in a singing competition and a new singer in Nashville who is a new rival for Juliette, and Zoey, Scarlett's childhood best friend who moves to Nashville.[53][54] Oliver Hudson was cast as Jeff Fordham, the new CEO of Edgehill.[55][56] Christina Chang also joined the cast as Megan Vannoy, love interest for Deacon, and Will Chase as Luke Wheeler, love interest for Rayna and currently the biggest male country artist.[57][58] Charlie Bewley also appeared in the multiple-episodes arc as Charles Wentworth, a married business man, who had an affair with Juliette.[59]

text: For the third season, Will Chase and Oliver Hudson were promoted to regulars after recurring performances in season two.[60] Tony Award winner Laura Benanti was cast in the recurring role of country star Sadie Stone.[61] Singer Brette Taylor was cast as Pam York, Luke's new backup singer, and Alexa PenaVega for a multi-episode arc as Kiley, Gunnar's first love.[62][63][64] Dancing with the Stars' Derek Hough also joined the cast for a multi-episode arc as Noah West.[65] Grammy winner, Christina Aguilera joined the show later in season three as pop superstar Jade St. John for a multi-episode arc.[66] on May 31, 2015 it was announced Eric Close would not be returning for the fourth season, his character was sent to prison.[67] On July 22, 2015, it was announced that Aubrey Peeples was promoted to regular, and Oliver Hudson moved from regular to recurring.[68] On October 13, 2015, it was announced that Panettiere was taking medical leave from the series for treatment for postpartum depression, which her character was also suffering from.[69] In June 2016, it was announced that Aubrey Peeples and Will Chase would not continue on the series after its shift to CMT. They were the first two cast members to be cut as producers tried to bring down production costs.[70][71] Britton chose to leave the series halfway through the fifth season. Later series regulars included Rachel Bilson, as Alyssa Greene who joined halfway through season five, and Cameron Scoggins as Zach Welles, who was promoted to a series regular halfway through the season. Kaitlin Doubleday was added to the main cast partway through the fifth season, as Jessie Caine, a mother and singer who returns to the scene.[15][72]

text: Music[edit]

text: Creative executive producer Callie Khouri's husband T-Bone Burnett was the show's executive music producer and composer for the first season. When departing the series, his manager cited commitments to other projects,[73] although Burnett later stated that he was also upset with television executives' treatment of his wife.[74] His assistant and the managing producer Buddy Miller took over for Burnett in season two.[73]

text: On October 2, 2012, it was announced that Big Machine Records will release all covers and original songs from the series. Some songs are written by John Paul White of The Civil Wars, Hillary Lindsey, and Elvis Costello.[75] On November 13, 2012, Big Machine announced the release of The Music of Nashville: Season 1 Volume 1 Original Soundtrack on December 11, 2012.[76]

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 1 Volume 2 was released on May 7, 2013.[77] The Music of Nashville, Season 1: The Complete Collection, a four-disc set, was released in the UK on September 23, 2013. This set includes the songs that were digitally released as singles in North America but not in the UK. Despite the title, it omits three of Connie Britton's songs ("Already Gone," "American Beauty" and "Stompin' Grounds") as well as Sam Palladio and David Clayton Rogers' cover of "I'm A Lonesome Fugitive." The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 1 was released by Big Machine on December 10, 2013.

text: An album of the music performed on the TV concert special Nashville: On the Record by many of the cast and the songwriters was released to digital download on April 22, the day before the special aired on ABC. The following compilation albums have also been released to download:

text:
Clare Bowen As Scarlett O'Connor: Season One (April 29, 2014; featuring 13 tracks)[78]
Hayden Panettiere As Juliette Barnes: Season One (May 6, 2014; featuring 16 tracks, including two versions each of "Undermine" and "Consider Me")[79]
Hayden Panettiere As Juliette Barnes: Season Two (May 13, 2014; featuring 9 tracks)[80]
Clare Bowen As Scarlett O'Connor: Season Two (May 13, 2014; featuring 9 tracks)[81]
The Nashville Cast Featuring Lennon & Maisy Stella As Maddie & Daphne Conrad (November 20, 2015; featuring 11 tracks)[82]

tag: ul

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 2, Volume 2 was released on May 6, 2014.

text: Christmas With Nashville, an album featuring seasonal music performed by most of the main cast, was released on November 4, 2014.[83] Unlike the other albums, the music was not heard on the series (with the exception of "Baby, It's Cold Outside," performed by Britton and Will Chase).

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 1 was released on December 9, 2014.

text: Nashville: On the Record 2 aired on March 25, 2015, featuring most of the main cast plus Deana Carter and Reba McEntire.[84] An album of the music performed (other than McEntire's) was released to digital download.[85] One of the most intriguing features of this album was Charles Esten's songwriting debut with Deana Carter on "I Know How To Love You Now" which he performed live during the season three premiere.

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 3, Volume 2 was released on May 12, 2015.

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 1 was released on December 4, 2015.[86]

text: Nashville: On the Record 3 (Live), featuring performances from many of the cast in concert, was released on December 16, 2015 to digital download.[87]

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 4, Volume 2 was released on May 13, 2016[88]

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 5, Volume 1 was released on March 10, 2017.

text: The Music of Nashville: Season 5, Volume 2 was released on June 1, 2017.

text: Tours[edit]

text: After successful American tours in 2014 and 2015, dates in the United Kingdom and Ireland were announced along with further US performances in 2016.[89] More UK performances followed in 2017.[90] Another U.S. tour will come in the summer of 2017.

text: Cancellation and move to CMT[edit]

text: On May 12, 2016 ABC cancelled the country music drama after a season of flagging ratings.[91] The cancellation came as a surprise due to the fact that the network had named new show runners Marshall Herskovitz and Ed Zwick prior to the cancellation, and previous network president Paul Lee had stated that "Nashville has a lot more story to tell" during the TCA winter press tour.[92] Amidst the cancellation, Lionsgate TV was so confident in its efforts to find a new home for Nashville that the studio opted to forgo the happily-ever-after alternative series ending it had planned in order to give closure to fans, and go instead with a cliffhanger ending in the season 4 finale.[93] Fans began to doubt the efforts of Lionsgate when actress and executive producer Connie Britton began to embark on what seemed to be a swan song of night time talk shows.[citation needed]

text: Over 174,000 signatures were received on a #BringBackNashville petition. The night of the season finale Lionsgate tweeted "#Nashies What a cliffhanger! But we won't leave you hanging. There's more story to be told. #BringBackNashville." The producing partner had already been fielding offers from four or five networks. As the negotiations began to draw to a close, it was rumored that the announcement would be made during the high-profile CMT Music Awards. When no announcement was made, fans began to doubt the show's return. On June 10, 2016, CMT released a press statement stating that a deal had been made with CMT and Hulu. CMT would air a full season of 22 episodes, and Hulu would make them available the next day as well as carry the entirety of the shows backlog.[94] The pick-up was assisted by $11 million in economic incentives: $8.5 million comes via the State of Tennessee Film Office, $1 million from the City of Nashville, $1 million from the Nashville Convention & Visitor Corp, and $500,000 from Ryman Hospitality.[95] It was announced on June 29, 2016 that all cast members with the exception of Will Chase and Aubrey Peeples would return for season 5.

text: Aftershow[edit]

text: On January 4, 2017, CMT announced that there would be a Nashville aftershow entitled NashChat. Nashchat will air live across social media platforms immediately following every new episode. It will be interactive with the fans, and will feature a cast member appearing each week.[4] The host of Nashchat is a co-host of the morning radio show The Bobby Bones Show, Amy Brown.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
18–49 rating
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)
18–49 rating

1
Wednesday
10:00 p.m.
21
October 10, 2012
8.93[96]
2.8[97]
May 22, 2013
6.02[98]
1.9[99]
2012–2013
No. 64
6.86[100]

2
22
September 25, 2013
6.50[101]
2.0[101]
May 14, 2014
5.24[102]
1.3[102]
2013–2014
No. 62
7.00[103]

3
22

September 24, 2014

5.80[104]
1.5[104]

May 13, 2015

4.65[105]
1.2[105]
2014–2015
No. 54
7.44[106]

4
21
September 23, 2015
4.91[107]
1.2[107]
May 25, 2016
4.19[108]
0.9[108]
2015–2016
No. 70
6.21[109]

5
Thursday 9:00 p.m. (1,3–22)
Thursday 10:00 p.m. (2)
22
January 5, 2017
1.74[110]
0.5[110]
August 10, 2017
0.68[111]
0.2[111]
2017

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Rotten Tomatoes: Audience Score
Metacritic

1
92% (48 reviews)[112]
89% (118 reviews)[112]
85 (32 reviews)[113]

2
100% (5 reviews)[114]
83% (110 reviews)[114]
N/A

3
100% (5 reviews)[115]
91% (101 reviews)[115]
N/A

4
86% (7 reviews)[116]
90% (61 reviews)[116]
N/A

5
86% (6 reviews)[117]
30% (149 reviews)[117]
84 (4 reviews)[118]

text: Nashville has received generally positive reviews.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season received critical acclaim. Metacritic gave the show a rating of 84 out of 100 or "universal acclaim" based on 32 reviews.[113] As of October 2014, season one has a rating of 92% based on 48 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes.[112] Season one was called one of the most exciting new series of the season.[119] The consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads "Nashville promotes catchy pop-western tunes and plays to non-fans of the genre with its sharp atmosphere and its stellar narratives." Alan Sepinwell stated that the series was "a smart mix of soap opera, music and political intrigue."[120] The series drew more soap comparison, with David Hiltbrand drawing comparisons to hit-soap, Dynasty, and praising the dynamic of leads Rayna, and Juliette.[121] Britton received critical acclaim for her performance.[122][123]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The second season received favorable reviews, with a rating of 100% based on five reviews, higher than season one.[114]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Season three also earned positive reviews.[115] Critics praised the season's continuing good quality, with Rolling Stone saying "It's nice to call Nashville - and to have Nashville - home."[124] Fans scored the season at a 91%, down one percent from the freshman season.[125]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The fourth season opened to positive reviews, scoring a 100% on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics praised Hayden Panettiere's performance, with Lindsay MacDonald stating "First of all, a round of applause for Hayden Panettiere and her amazing range. She portrayed the full spectrum of emotion, from flirty to bitchy to carefree to decimated. She might be all over the board, but she owns every single scene.", and the general consensus praising the show's soap elements, and the general music focus. Kaitlin Thomas from TV.com claimed that the series was "the greatest modern soap the world has ever seen.".[126] Fans were generally positive, with the season earning a 92% rating, based on 57 reviews, up from season three.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: The season five premiere was well received. Most critics praised the season premiere, stating "The original tenor of the series is one of the things that made it so appealing in the first place. Add to this that the tempo of the narrative is ideal, and episodes never drag.", with Gwen Ihnat from the A.V. Club criticizing the series, stating "Nashville now almost always bums me out, even more so because it used to be a show I once looked forward to every week. But I haven't felt that way in quite a while now."[127]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: In June 2012, Nashville was one of five honorees in the Most Exciting New Series category at the Critics' Choice Television Awards, voted by journalists who had seen the television pilots for the 2012–13 season. The pilot episode received critical acclaim,[113] specifically praising Callie Khouri's writing, casting, and the performances of Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere.[113][128][129][130] At the 70th Golden Globe Awards, Britton was nominated for Best Actress and Panettiere was nominated for Best Supporting Actress, while the series was nominated for Favorite New TV Drama at the 39th People's Choice Awards and Best New Series at the 65th Writers Guild of America Awards; Britton was also nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards. At the 71st Golden Globe Awards, Panettiere received a second nomination for Best Supporting Actress. At the 6th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Panettiere was nominated for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and Jonathan Jackson was nominated for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.[131]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2012
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Most Exciting New Series
Nashville
Won
[131]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite New TV Drama
Nashville
Nominated
[132]

Satellite Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Connie Britton
Nominated
[133]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Powers Boothe
Nominated

Best Television Series – Drama
Nashville
Nominated

2013
American Cinema Editors
Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television
Nashville
Nominated
[134]

Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Connie Britton
Nominated
[135]

Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Network TV Drama
Nashville
Nominated
[136]

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series
Connie Britton
Nominated
[137]

Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics
Sarah Buxton & Kate York
("Nothing in This World Will Ever Break My Heart Again")
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Drama
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated
[138]

Choice TV Show: Drama
Nashville
Nominated

Writers Guild of America Awards
New Series
Nashville
Nominated
[139]

2014
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated
[140]

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic TV Actress
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated
[141]

2015
CMT Artists of the Year
International Impact Award
Nashville
Won
[142]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Drama
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated
[143]

Choice TV Show: Drama
Nashville
Nominated

2016
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
Jonathan Jackson
Nominated
[144]

Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Hayden Panettiere
Nominated

GLAAD Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
Nashville
Nominated
[145]

Voice Awards
Strengthening Families through Hope and Help - Television Productions
Nashville
Won
[146]

2017
Academy of Country Music
Tex Ritter Film Award
Nashville
Won
[147]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Hulu acquired the streaming rights to all seasons of the show for the United States for its subscription tiers.[148] Later, AXS TV secured a deal for off-network cable rights for the series and currently airs repeats.[149] During the transition from ABC to CMT Hulu acquired the exclusive streaming rights to Nashville's catalogue this was a part of a $30 million deal between Hulu and CMT. Episodes are also being aired after they first air on CMT on TVLand, and Nick at Nite.[150] Reruns have also started to air on VH1 and MTV.[151]

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
DVD release date

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

1
21
September 17, 2013 (2013-09-17)[152]
July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15)[153]
April 23, 2014 (2014-04-23)[154]

2
22
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)[155]
July 7, 2014 (2014-07-07)[156]
April 15, 2015[157]

3
22
September 1, 2015 (2015-09-01)[158]
October 12, 2015[159]
December 9, 2015[160]

4
21
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)[161]
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)[162]
November 30, 2016


document_title: Minister of Defence (India)

question_text: who is the defence minister of india currently

root

text: Minister of Defence (India)

text:
Minister of Defence

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Nirmala Sitharaman

Ministry of Defence

Appointer
President on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
Baldev Singh

Formation
2 September 1946

tag: table

text: The Minister of Defence is the head of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. They are often assisted by a Minister of State for Defence and less-commonly, the lower-ranked Deputy Minister of Defence. The defence minister additionally serves as President of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, and as Chancellor of the Defence Institute of Advanced Technology and of the National Defence University.

tag: p

text: The first defence minister of independent India was Baldev Singh, who served in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet during 1947–52. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister of India is the second woman since Indira Gandhi to hold this major post.

text: List of Defence Ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

1
Baldev Singh
(1902-1961)

2 September 1946
1952
Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru

2
Kailash Nath Katju
(1887-1968)

1955
1957

3
V. K. Krishna Menon
(1896-1974)

1957
1962

4
Yashwantrao Chavan
(1913-1984)

1962
1966
Jawaharlal Nehru
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

5
Swaran Singh
(1907-1994)

1966
1970
Indira Gandhi

6
Jagjivan Ram
(1908-1986)

1970
1974

(5)
Swaran Singh
(1907-1994)

1974
1975

7
Indira Gandhi
(1917-1984)

1975
1975

8
Bansi Lal
(1927-2006)

21 December 1975
24 March 1977

(6)
Jagjivan Ram
(1908-1986)

24 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

9
Chidambaram Subramaniam
(1910-2000)

28 July 1979
14 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

(7)
Indira Gandhi
(1917-1984)

14 January 1980
1982
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

10
R. Venkataraman
(1910-2009)

1982
1984

11
Shankarrao Chavan
(1920-2004)

1984
1984
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi

12
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921-2004)

1984
1985
Rajiv Gandhi

13
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944-1991)

1985
1987

14
V. P. Singh
(1931-2008)

1987
1987

15
K. C. Pant
(1931-2012)

1987
1989

(14)
V. P. Singh(1931-2008)

2 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal
(National Front)

Himself

16
Chandra Shekhar
(1927-2007)

10 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party
(National Front)

Himself

17
Sharad Pawar
(1940–)

21 June 1991
6 March 1993
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

(12)
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921-2004)

6 March 1993
16 May 1996

18
Pramod Mahajan
(1949-2006)

16 May 1996
1 June 1996
Bharatiya Janata Party

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

19
Mulayam Singh Yadav
(1939-)

1 June 1996
19 March 1998
Samajwadi Party
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral

20
George Fernandes
(1930–)

19 March 1998
16 March 2001
Samata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

21
Jaswant Singh
(1938-)

16 March 2001
21 October 2001
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

(20)
George Fernandes
(1930–)

21 October 2001
22 May 2004
Samata Party
Janata Dal
(National Democratic Alliance)

22
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–)

22 May 2004
24 October 2006
Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance)

Manmohan Singh

23
A.K. Antony
(1940–)

24 October 2006
26 May 2014

24
Arun Jaitley
(1952–)

26 May 2014
9 November 2014
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Narendra Modi

25
Manohar Parrikar
(1955–)

9 November 2014
13 March 2017

(24)
Arun Jaitley
(1952–)

13 March 2017
3 September 2017

26
Nirmala Sitharaman
(1959–)

3 September 2017
Incumbent


document_title: Ark of the Covenant

question_text: when was the ark of the covenant lost

question_tokens: when was the ark of the covenant lost

text: Ark of the Covenant

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: Construction and description[edit]

text: According to the Book of Exodus, God instructed Moses on Mount Sinai during his 40-day stay upon the mountain within the thick cloud and darkness where God was[4][5] and he was shown the pattern for the tabernacle and furnishings of the Ark to be made of shittim wood to house the Tablets of Stone. Moses instructed Bezalel and Oholiab to construct the Ark.[6][7] In Deuteronomy, however, the Ark is said to have been built specifically by Moses himself without reference of Bezalel or Oholiab.[8]

text: The Book of Exodus gives detailed instructions on how the Ark is to be constructed. It is to be 2½ cubits in length, 1½ in breadth, and 1½ in height (approximately 131×79×79 cm or 52×31×31 in). Then it is to be gilded entirely with gold, and a crown or molding of gold is to be put around it. Four rings of gold are to be attached to its four corners, two on each side—and through these rings staves of shittim-wood overlaid with gold for carrying the Ark are to be inserted; and these are not to be removed.[9] A golden lid, the kapporet (traditionally "mercy seat" in Christian translations) which is covered with 2 golden cherubim, is to be placed above the Ark. Instructions missing from the biblical account include the thickness of the mercy seat, but instruct that the cherubim cover be beaten out the ends of it and details concerning the cherubim except that they form the space that God will appear. The Ark is finally to be placed under the veil of the covering.

text: Mobile vanguard[edit]

text: The biblical account continues that, after its creation by Moses, the Ark was carried by the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the desert. Whenever the Israelites camped, the Ark was placed in a separate room in a sacred tent, called the Tabernacle.

text: When the Israelites, led by Joshua toward the Promised Land, arrived at the banks of the Jordan river, the Ark was carried in the lead preceding the people and was the signal for their advance.[10][11] During the crossing, the river grew dry as soon as the feet of the priests carrying the Ark touched its waters, and remained so until the priests—with the Ark—left the river after the people had passed over.[12][13][14][15] As memorials, twelve stones were taken from the Jordan at the place where the priests had stood.[16]

text: In the Battle of Jericho, the Ark was carried round the city once a day for seven days, preceded by the armed men and seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns.[17] On the seventh day, the seven priests sounding the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the Ark compassed the city seven times and, with a great shout, Jericho's wall fell down flat and the people took the city.[18] After the defeat at Ai, Joshua lamented before the Ark.[19] When Joshua read the Law to the people between Mount Gerizim and Mount Ebal, they stood on each side of the Ark. We next hear of the Ark in Bethel where it was being cared for by the priest Phineas the grandson of Aaron (where 'Bethel' is translated 'the House of God' in the King James Version).[20] According to this verse it was consulted by the people of Israel when they were planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. Later, however, the Ark was kept at Shiloh, another religious centre some 16 km north of Bethel, at the time of the prophet Samuel's apprenticeship,[21] where it was cared for by Hophni and Phinehas, two sons of Eli.[22]

text: Capture by the Philistines[edit]

text: A few years later the elders of Israel decided to take the Ark out onto the battlefield to assist them against the Philistines, after being defeated at the battle of Eben-Ezer.[23] They were, however, heavily defeated with the loss of 30,000 men. The Ark was captured by the Philistines and Hophni and Phinehas were killed. The news of its capture was at once taken to Shiloh by a messenger "with his clothes rent, and with earth upon his head." The old priest, Eli, fell dead when he heard it; and his daughter-in-law, bearing a son at the time the news of the capture of the Ark was received, named him Ichabod — explained as "The glory has departed Israel" in reference to the loss of the Ark.[24] The mother of the child Ichabod died at his birth.[25]

text: The Philistines took the Ark to several places in their country, and at each place misfortune befell them.[26] At Ashdod it was placed in the temple of Dagon. The next morning Dagon was found prostrate, bowed down, before it; and on being restored to his place, he was on the following morning again found prostrate and broken. The people of Ashdod were smitten with tumors; a plague of mice was sent over the land.[27] The affliction of boils was also visited upon the people of Gath and of Ekron, whither the Ark was successively removed.[28]

text: After the Ark had been among them for seven months, the Philistines, on the advice of their diviners, returned it to the Israelites, accompanying its return with an offering consisting of golden images of the tumors and mice wherewith they had been afflicted. The Ark was set up in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and the Beth-shemites offered sacrifices and burnt offerings.[29] Out of curiosity the men of Beth-shemesh gazed at the Ark; and as a punishment, seventy of them (fifty thousand and seventy in some translations) were smitten by the Lord.[30] The Bethshemites sent to Kirjath-jearim, or Baal-Judah, to have the Ark removed;[31] and it was taken to the house of Abinadab, whose son Eleazar was sanctified to keep it. Kirjath-jearim remained the abode of the Ark for twenty years. Under Saul, the Ark was with the army before he first met the Philistines, but the king was too impatient to consult it before engaging in battle. In 1 Chronicles 13:3 it is stated that the people were not accustomed to consulting the Ark in the days of Saul.[32]

text: In the days of King David[edit]

text: At the beginning of his reign over the United Monarchy, King David removed the Ark from Kirjath-jearim amid great rejoicing. On the way to Zion, Uzzah, one of the drivers of the cart that carried the Ark, put out his hand to steady the Ark, and was struck dead by God for touching it. The place was subsequently named "Perez-Uzzah", literally "Outburst Against Uzzah",[33] as a result. David, in fear, carried the Ark aside into the house of Obed-edom the Gittite, instead of carrying it on to Zion, and there it stayed three months.[34][35]

text: On hearing that God had blessed Obed-edom because of the presence of the Ark in his house, David had the Ark brought to Zion by the Levites, while he himself, "girded with a linen ephod ... danced before the Lord with all his might" and in the sight of all the public gathered in Jerusalem - a performance that caused him to be scornfully rebuked by his first wife, Saul's daughter Michal.[36][37][38] In Zion, David put the Ark in the tabernacle he had prepared for it, offered sacrifices, distributed food, and blessed the people and his own household.[39][40][41]

text: The Levites were appointed to minister before the Ark.[42] David's plan of building a temple for the Ark was stopped at the advice of God.[43][44][45][46] The Ark was with the army during the siege of Rabbah;[47] and when David fled from Jerusalem at the time of Absalom's conspiracy, the Ark was carried along with him until he ordered Zadok the priest to return it to Jerusalem.[48]

text: In Solomon's Temple[edit]

text: When Abiathar was dismissed from the priesthood by King Solomon for having taken part in Adonijah's conspiracy against David, his life was spared because he had formerly borne the Ark.[49] Solomon worshipped before the Ark after his dream in which God promised him wisdom.[50]

text: During the construction of Solomon's Temple, a special inner room, named Kodesh Hakodashim (Eng. Holy of Holies), was prepared to receive and house the Ark;[51] and when the Temple was dedicated, the Ark—containing the original tablets of the Ten Commandments—was placed therein.[52] When the priests emerged from the holy place after placing the Ark there, the Temple was filled with a cloud, "for the glory of the Lord had filled the house of the Lord".[53][54][55]

text: When Solomon married Pharaoh's daughter, he caused her to dwell in a house outside Zion, as Zion was consecrated because of its containing the Ark.[56] King Josiah also had the Ark returned to the Temple,[57] from which it appears to have been removed by one of his predecessors (cf. 2 Chron. 33-34 and 2 Kings 21-23).

text: The Babylonian Conquest and aftermath[edit]

text: In 587 BC, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and Solomon's Temple. There is no record of what became of the Ark in the Books of Kings and Chronicles. An ancient Greek version of the biblical third Book of Ezra, 1 Esdras, suggests that Babylonians took away the vessels of the ark of God, but does not mention taking away the Ark:[58]

text: And they took all the holy vessels of the Lord, both great and small, with the vessels of the ark of God, and the king's treasures, and carried them away into Babylon

text: In Rabbinic literature, the final disposition of the Ark is disputed. Some rabbis hold that it must have been carried off to Babylon, while others hold that it must have been hidden lest it be carried off into Babylon and never brought back.[59] A late 2nd-century rabbinic work known as the Tosefta states the opinions of these rabbis that Josiah, the king of Judah, stored away the Ark, along with the jar of manna, and a jar containing the holy anointing oil, the rod of Aaron which budded and a chest given to Israel by the Philistines.[60] This was said to have been done in order to prevent their being carried off into Babylon as had already happened to the other vessels. Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Shimon, in the same rabbinic work, state that the Ark was, in fact, taken into Babylon. Rabbi Yehudah, dissenting, says that the Ark was stored away in its own place, meaning, somewhere on the Temple Mount.

text: References in Scripture[edit]

text: Tanakh[edit]

text: The Ark is first mentioned in the Book of Exodus, and then numerous times in Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Psalms and Jeremiah.

text: In the Book of Jeremiah, it is referenced by Jeremiah, who, speaking in the days of Josiah,[61] prophesied a future time, possibly the end of days, when the Ark will no longer be talked about or be made again:

text: And it shall be that when you multiply and become fruitful in the land, in those days - the word of the LORD - they will no longer say, 'The Ark of the Covenant of the LORD' and it will not come to mind; they will not mention it, and will not recall it, and it will not be used any more.

text: Rashi comments on this verse that "The entire people will be so imbued with the spirit of sanctity that God's Presence will rest upon them collectively, as if the congregation itself was the Ark of the Covenant."[62]

text: Second Book of Maccabees[edit]

text: According to Second Maccabees, at the beginning of chapter 2:[63]

text: The records show that it was the prophet Jeremiah who ... prompted by a divine message ... gave orders that the Tent of Meeting and the ark should go with him. Then he went away to the mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land. When he reached the mountain, Jeremiah found a cave-dwelling; he carried the tent, the ark, and the incense-altar into it, then blocked up the entrance. Some of his companions came to mark out the way, but were unable to find it. When Jeremiah learnt of this he reprimanded them. "The place shall remain unknown", he said, "until God finally gathers his people together and shows mercy to them. The Lord will bring these things to light again, and the glory of the Lord will appear with the cloud, as it was seen both in the time of Moses and when Solomon prayed that the shrine might be worthily consecrated."

text: The "mountain from the top of which Moses saw God's promised land" would be Mount Nebo, located in what is now Jordan.

text: The Ark in Islamic sources[edit]

text: Chapter 2 (Sura 2) of the Quran (Verse 248), is believed to refer to the Ark:

text: And their prophet said to them, "Indeed, a sign of his kingship is that the chest (tābūt) will come to you in which is assurance (sakīnatun) from your Lord and a remnant of what the family of Moses (Mūsā) and the family of Aaron (Hārūn) had left, carried by the angels. Indeed in that is a sign for you, if you are believers."[64][65]

text: The Arabic word sakīna (variously translated "peace of reassurance" or "spirit of tranquility") is related to the post-Biblical Hebrew shekhinah, meaning "dwelling or presence of God".

text: The Islamic scholar Al Baidawi mentioned that the sakina could be Tawrat, the Books of Moses.[66] According to Al-Jalalan, the relics in the Ark were the fragments of the two tablets, rods, robes, shoes, mitres of Moses and the vase of manna.[66] Al-Tha'alibi, in Qisas Al-Anbiya (The Stories of the Prophets), has given an earlier and later history of the Ark.

text: According to Uri Rubin the Ark of the Covenant has a religious basis in Islam, and Islam gives it special significance.[67]

text: Possible locations[edit]

text: Since its disappearance from the Biblical narrative, there has been a number of claims of having discovered or of having possession of the Ark, and several possible places have been suggested for its location.

text: Mount Nebo[edit]

text: 2 Maccabees 2:4-10, written around 100 BC, says that the prophet Jeremiah, "being warned by God" before the Babylonian invasion, took the Ark, the Tabernacle, and the Altar of Incense, and buried them in a cave on Mount Nebo, informing those of his followers who wished to find the place that it should remain unknown "until the time that God should gather His people again together, and receive them unto mercy."[68] Mount Nebo is also described in the Bible (Deuteronomy 34) as the site from which Moses views the Promised Land, and apparently also is his final burial place. Mount Nebo is approximately 47 km (29 miles) slightly south of due east from Jerusalem, near the east bank of the Jordan River.

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church claims to possess the Ark of the Covenant, or Tabot, in Axum. The object is currently kept under guard in a treasury near the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. Replicas of the Axum tabot are kept in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo church, each with its own dedication to a particular saint; the most popular of these include Mary, George and Michael.[69]

text: The Kebra Nagast was composed to legitimise the Solomonic dynasty, which ruled the Ethiopian Empire following its establishment in 1270. It narrates how the real Ark of the Covenant was brought to Ethiopia by Menelik I with divine assistance, while a forgery was left in the Temple in Jerusalem. Although the Kebra Nagast is the best-known account of this belief, it predates the document. Abu al-Makarim, writing in the last quarter of the twelfth century, makes one early reference to this belief that they possessed the Ark. "The Abyssinians possess also the Ark of the Covenant", he wrote, and, after a description of the object, describes how the liturgy is celebrated upon the Ark four times a year, "on the feast of the great nativity, on the feast of the glorious Baptism, on the feast of the holy Resurrection, and on the feast of the illuminating Cross."[70]

text: In his 1992 book The Sign and the Seal, British writer Graham Hancock suggests, contrary to the Kebra Nagast, that the ark spent several years in Egypt before it came to Ethiopia via the Nile River, where it was kept in the islands of Lake Tana for about four hundred years and finally taken to Axum.[71] Archaeologist John Holladay of the University of Toronto called Hancock's theory "garbage and hogwash," while Edward Ullendorff, a former Professor of Ethiopian Studies at the University of London, said he "wasted a lot of time reading it."[72]

text: On 25 June 2009, the patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Ethiopia, Abune Paulos, said he would announce to the world the next day the unveiling of the Ark of the Covenant, which he said had been kept safe and secure in a church in Axum, Ethiopia.[73] The following day, on 26 June 2009, the patriarch announced that he would not unveil the Ark after all, but that instead he could attest to its current status.[74]

text: Southern Africa[edit]

text: The Lemba people of South Africa and Zimbabwe have claimed that their ancestors carried the Ark south, calling it the ngoma lungundu or "voice of God", eventually hiding it in a deep cave in the Dumghe mountains, their spiritual home.[75][76]

text: On 14 April 2008, in a UK Channel 4 documentary, Tudor Parfitt, taking a literalist approach to the Biblical story, described his research into this claim. He says that the object described by the Lemba has attributes similar to the Ark. It was of similar size, was carried on poles by priests, was not allowed to touch the ground, was revered as a voice of their God, and was used as a weapon of great power, sweeping enemies aside.[77]

text: In his book The Lost Ark of the Covenant (2008), Parfitt also suggests that the Ark was taken to Arabia following the events depicted in the Second Book of Maccabees, and cites Arabic sources which maintain it was brought in distant times to Yemen. One Lemba clan, the Buba, which was supposed to have brought the Ark to Africa, have a genetic signature called the Cohen Modal Haplotype. This suggests a male Semitic link to the Levant. Lemba tradition maintains that the Ark spent some time in Sena in Yemen. Later, it was taken across the sea to East Africa and may have been taken inland at the time of the Great Zimbabwe civilization. According to their oral traditions, some time after the arrival of the Lemba with the Ark, it self-destructed. Using a core from the original, the Lemba priests constructed a new one. This replica was discovered in a cave by a Swedish German missionary named Harald von Sicard in the 1940s and eventually found its way to the Museum of Human Science in Harare.[76] Parfitt had this artifact radio-carbon dated to about 1350, which coincided with the sudden end of the Great Zimbabwe civilization.[78]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Chartres Cathedral, France[edit]

text: French author Louis Charpentier claimed that the Ark was taken to the Chartres Cathedral by the Knights Templar.[79][80]

text: Rennes-le-Château, then to the United States[edit]

text: One author has theorised that the Ark was taken from Jerusalem to the village of Rennes-le-Château in Southern France. Karen Ralls has cited Freemason Patrick Byrne, who believes the Ark was moved from Rennes-le-Château at the outbreak of World War I to the United States.[81]

text: Rome[edit]

text: The Ark of the Covenant was said to have been kept in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, surviving the pillages of Rome by Genseric and Alaric I but lost when the basilica burned.[82][83]

text: "Rabbi Eliezer ben José stated that he saw in Rome the mercy-seat of the temple. There was a bloodstain on it. On inquiry he was told that it was a stain from the blood which the high priest sprinkled thereon on the Day of Atonement."[84]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 2003, author Graham Phillips hypothetically concluded that the Ark was taken to Mount Sinai in the Valley of Edom by the Maccabees. Phillips claims it remained there until the 1180s, when Ralph de Sudeley, the leader of the Templars found the Maccabean treasure at Jebel al-Madhbah, and returned home to his estate at Herdewyke in Warwickshire, England taking the treasure with him.[85]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: During the turn of the 20th century British Israelites carried out some excavations of the Hill of Tara in Ireland looking for the Ark of the Covenant—the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland campaigned successfully to have them stopped before they destroyed the hill.[86]

text: Egypt[edit]

text: Tutankhamun's tomb[edit]

text: In 1922 in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, the royal tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun (KV62) was opened by Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon. Among the artifacts was a processional ark, listed as Shrine 261, the Anubis Shrine. Almost immediately after publication of the photographs[87] of this sensational archaeological find, some claimed that the Anubis Shrine could be the Ark of the Covenant. John M. Lundquist, author of The Temple of Jerusalem: Past, Present, and Future (2008), discounts this idea. The Anubis Shrine measures 95 centimetres (37 in) long, 37 centimetres (15 in) wide, and 54.3 centimetres (21.4 in) high in the shape of a pylon. The Biblical Ark of the Covenant is approximately 133 centimetres (52 in) long, 80 centimetres (31 in) wide, and 80 centimetres (31 in) high in the shape of a rectangular chest.

text: Lundquist observes that the Anubis Shrine is not strictly analogous to the Ark of the Covenant; it can only be said that the it is "ark-like", constructed of wood, gessoed and gilded, stored within a sacred tomb, "guarding" the treasury of the tomb (and not the primary focus of that environment), that it contains compartments within it that store and hold sacred objects, that it has a figure of Anubis on its lid, and that it was carried by two staves permanently inserted into rings at its base and borne by eight priests in the funerary procession to Tutankhamun's tomb. Its value is the insight it provides to the ancient culture of Egypt.[88]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The Ark of the Covenant is the main plot device in Steven Spielberg's 1981 adventure film Raiders of the Lost Ark, which depicts it as located by Indiana Jones in the Egyptian city of Tanis in 1936. It is mentioned briefly in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) and appears in a cameo in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008).[89]

text: In the Danish family film The Lost Treasure of the Knights Templar from 2006, the main part of the treasure found in the end is the Ark of the Covenant. The power of the Ark comes from charged static electricity from different metal plates like a giant battery.[90]

text: It appears in the video game Assassin's Creed (2007),[91] where Robert de Sablé found a "Piece of the Eden" and Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad planned to stop him, but he couldn't.[92] It's also mentioned in Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China (2015)[93] and in the film Assassin's Creed (2016).[94]

text: Yom HaAliyah[edit]

text: Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day) (Hebrew: יום העלייה) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant.


document_title: Telephone numbers in India

question_text: who provides fixed line telephone services with numbers starting with 5

text: Telephone numbers in India

text: Fixed (landline) numbers[edit]

text: Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) codes are assigned to each city/town/village, with the larger Metro cities having shorter area codes (STD codes), which are from 2 to 8 digits long. For example,

text:
11 - New Delhi, Delhi
22 - Mumbai, Maharashtra
33 - Kolkata, West Bengal
44 - Chennai, Tamil Nadu
20 - Pune, Maharashtra
40 - Hyderabad, Telangana
79 - Ahmedabad, Gujarat
80 - Bangalore, Karnataka

text: Tier-2 Cities in India have STD code with 3 digits. For example,

text:
120 - Ghaziabad/Noida, Uttar Pradesh
'"124 - Gurgaon, Haryana
135 - Dehradun, Uttarakhand
141 - Jaipur, Rajasthan
161 - Ludhiana, Punjab
175 - Patiala, Punjab
181 - Jalandhar, Punjab
231 - Kolhapur, Maharashtra
240 - Aurangabad, Maharashtra
484 - Kochi, Kerala
551 - Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
562 - Agra, Uttar Pradesh
581 - Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
591 - Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh
612 - Patna, Bihar
641 - Bhagalpur, Bihar
657 - Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
870 - Warangal, Telangana

text: Kanpur and Lucknow were the two cities between which the first STD call of the country was made.[citation needed]

text: The total length of all phone numbers (STD code and the phone number) in India is constant at 10 digits, for example 7513200000 signifies a STD code i.e. 751 Gwalior & the phone number 3200000.

text: Land line numbers are at most 8 digits long (usually in major metros).

text: Due to the availability of multiple operators offering fixed line services (either over wire or wireless), there is an operator-code for each telephone number, which is the first digit in the phone number. These are[1]

text:
BSNL - Numbers start with a '2'
MTNL - Numbers start with a '2'
Reliance Communications - Numbers start with a '3'
Bharti Airtel - Numbers start with a '4'
MTS India - Numbers start with a '5'
Datacom Solutions - Numbers start with a '6'
Tata Indicom - Numbers start with a '7'

text: Thus, a number formatted as 020-30303030 means a fixed-line Reliance number in Pune, while 011-20000198 is an MTNL fixed line in Delhi and 033-45229320 is a fixed-line Airtel number in Kolkata, and 07582-221434 is a BSNL number from Sagar, Madhya Pradesh.

text: No prefix is required to call from one landline to another in the same STD area. A prefix of "0+STD code" is required to dial from a landline phone in one STD code area to another. A prefix of "0+STD code" is required to dial from a mobile phone in India to any landline number, irrespective of STD area.

text: For example, to dial a landline number in Indore, one would have to dial

text:
from a landline in Indore: the phone number
from a landline in Mumbai: 0731 and then the phone number
from any mobile phone in India: 0731 and then the phone number
from outside India: Country Code 91 then 731 and then the phone number

text: Before 10 March 2009, as per Department of Telecommunications memorandum dated 9 February 2009.[2][3] there were some exceptions to this general rule for STD areas falling close to each other (within a radius of 200 kilometre), where "0" can be replaced with "95" e.g. to dial Delhi from Gurgaon, one dials 9511+landline number.

text: Mobile Numbers

text: A typical mobile number in India is "+91-XXXX-NNNNNN". Where the first four digits indicate a operator's code, while the remaining six digits are unique to the subscribers. However, with portability in place, the first four digits may not indicate a particular operator.

text: Short code[edit]

text: There are many companies in the Indian market who rent keywords, on a monthly basis, whose characters, on a typical mobile phone keypad, represent short codes. Short codes are five digits in length and have to start with the digit '5' like 58888 as of 2007. Previously, they were four-digit in number and could be of any combination, like 8888 or 7827. The current five digits can be extended by three digits further representing 3 additional characters. Messages sent to these Short Codes are commonly referred to as Premium Rate SMS Messages and cost from per message depending on the operator as well as the service and the company.p

text: Telemarketing[edit]

text: Telemarketers have been issued 10-digit telephone numbers starting with 140 (140XXXXXXX) by the Department of Telecommunications on TRAI's request.[4][5]


document_title: List of the verified oldest people

question_text: who is the oldest person to ever lived

question_tokens: who is the oldest person to ever lived

text: List of the verified oldest people

text: This is a list of the 100 verified oldest people. The oldest verified person on record is French woman Jeanne Calment (1875–1997), who lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days. There are seven verified living supercentenarians on this list, the oldest of whom is Japanese woman Nabi Tajima, aged 7004428720000000000♠117 years, 138 days.

text: 100 verified oldest people[edit]

text:
Deceased   Living
†^ denotes age at death, or, if living, age as of 20 December 2017

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Birth date
Death date
Age [†]
Place of death or residence

1
Jeanne Calment[1]
F
000000001875-02-21-000021 February 1875
000000001997-08-04-00004 August 1997
122 years, 164 days
France

2
Sarah Knauss[2]
F
000000001880-09-24-000024 September 1880
000000001999-12-30-000030 December 1999
119 years, 97 days
United States

3
Lucy Hannah[3]
F
000000001875-07-16-000016 July 1875
000000001993-03-21-000021 March 1993
117 years, 248 days
United States

4
Marie-Louise Meilleur[4]
F
000000001880-08-29-000029 August 1880
000000001998-04-16-000016 April 1998
117 years, 230 days
Canada

5
Violet Brown[5]
F
000000001900-03-10-000010 March 1900
000000002017-09-15-000015 September 2017
117 years, 189 days
Jamaica

6
Nabi Tajima[5]
F
000000001900-08-04-00004 August 1900
Living[5]
7004428720000000000♠117 years, 138 days
Japan

7
Emma Morano[5][6]
F
000000001899-11-29-000029 November 1899
000000002017-04-15-000015 April 2017
117 years, 137 days
Italy

8
Misao Okawa[5]
F
000000001898-03-05-00005 March 1898
000000002015-04-01-00001 April 2015
117 years, 27 days
Japan

9
María Capovilla[7]
F
000000001889-09-14-000014 September 1889
000000002006-08-27-000027 August 2006
116 years, 347 days
Ecuador

10
Susannah Mushatt Jones[5]
F
000000001899-07-06-00006 July 1899
000000002016-05-12-000012 May 2016
116 years, 311 days
United States

11
Gertrude Weaver[5]
F
000000001898-07-04-00004 July 1898
000000002015-04-06-00006 April 2015
116 years, 276 days
United States

12
Chiyo Miyako[5]
F
000000001901-05-02-00002 May 1901
Living[5]
7004426010000000000♠116 years, 232 days
Japan

13
Tane Ikai[8]
F
000000001879-01-18-000018 January 1879
000000001995-07-12-000012 July 1995
116 years, 175 days
Japan

14
Elizabeth Bolden[9]
F
000000001890-08-15-000015 August 1890
000000002006-12-11-000011 December 2006
116 years, 118 days
United States

15
Besse Cooper[5]
F
000000001896-08-26-000026 August 1896
000000002012-12-04-00004 December 2012
116 years, 100 days
United States

16
Jiroemon Kimura[5]
M
000000001897-04-19-000019 April 1897
000000002013-06-12-000012 June 2013
116 years, 54 days
Japan

17
Ana María Vela Rubio[5]
F
000000001901-10-29-000029 October 1901
000000002017-12-15-000015 December 2017
116 years, 47 days
Spain

18
Jeralean Talley[5]
F
000000001899-05-23-000023 May 1899
000000002015-06-17-000017 June 2015
116 years, 25 days
United States

19
Maggie Barnes[10]
F
000000001882-03-06-00006 March 1882
000000001998-01-19-000019 January 1998
115 years, 319 days
United States

20
Dina Manfredini[5]
F
000000001897-04-04-00004 April 1897
000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012
115 years, 257 days
United States[a]

21
Christian Mortensen[11]
M
000000001882-08-16-000016 August 1882
000000001998-04-25-000025 April 1998
115 years, 252 days
United States[b]

22
Charlotte Hughes[12]
F
000000001877-08-01-00001 August 1877
000000001993-03-17-000017 March 1993
115 years, 228 days
United Kingdom

23
Edna Parker[13]
F
000000001893-04-20-000020 April 1893
000000002008-11-26-000026 November 2008
115 years, 220 days
United States

24
Giuseppina Projetto[5]
F
000000001902-05-30-000030 May 1902
Living[5]
7004422080000000000♠115 years, 204 days
Italy

25
Mary Ann Rhodes[14]
F
000000001882-08-12-000012 August 1882
000000001998-03-03-00003 March 1998
115 years, 203 days
Canada

26
Anonymous of Tokyo[5]
F
000000001900-03-15-000015 March 1900
000000002015-09-27-000027 September 2015
115 years, 196 days
Japan

27
Margaret Skeete[15]
F
000000001878-10-27-000027 October 1878
000000001994-05-07-00007 May 1994
115 years, 192 days
United States

28
Bernice Madigan[16]
F
000000001899-07-24-000024 July 1899
000000002015-01-03-00003 January 2015
115 years, 163 days
United States

29
Gertrude Baines[17]
F
000000001894-04-06-00006 April 1894
000000002009-09-11-000011 September 2009
115 years, 158 days
United States

30
Emiliano Mercado del Toro[11]
M
000000001891-08-21-000021 August 1891
000000002007-01-24-000024 January 2007
115 years, 156 days
Puerto Rico

31
Bettie Wilson[18]
F
000000001890-09-13-000013 September 1890
000000002006-02-13-000013 February 2006
115 years, 153 days
United States

32
Julie Winnefred Bertrand[19]
F
000000001891-09-16-000016 September 1891
000000002007-01-18-000018 January 2007
115 years, 124 days
Canada

33
Maria de Jesus[20]
F
000000001893-09-10-000010 September 1893
000000002009-01-02-00002 January 2009
115 years, 114 days
Portugal

34
Marie Josephine Gaudette[5][21]
F
000000001902-03-25-000025 March 1902
000000002017-07-13-000013 July 2017
115 years, 110 days
Italy[c]

35
Susie Gibson[22]
F
000000001890-10-31-000031 October 1890
000000002006-02-16-000016 February 2006
115 years, 108 days
United States

36
Augusta Holtz[23]
F
000000001871-08-03-00003 August 1871
000000001986-10-21-000021 October 1986
115 years, 79 days
United States[d]

37
Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper[24]
F
000000001890-06-29-000029 June 1890
000000002005-08-30-000030 August 2005
115 years, 62 days
Netherlands

38
Maude Farris-Luse[25]
F
000000001887-01-21-000021 January 1887
000000002002-03-18-000018 March 2002
115 years, 56 days
United States

39
Marie Brémont[26]
F
000000001886-04-25-000025 April 1886
000000002001-06-06-00006 June 2001
115 years, 42 days
France

40
Koto Okubo[27]
F
000000001897-12-24-000024 December 1897
000000002013-01-12-000012 January 2013
115 years, 19 days
Japan

41
Antonia Gerena Rivera[5]
F
000000001900-05-19-000019 May 1900
000000002015-06-02-00002 June 2015
115 years, 14 days
United States[e]

42
Chiyono Hasegawa[28]
F
000000001896-11-20-000020 November 1896
000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011
115 years, 12 days
Japan

43
Annie Jennings[29]
F
000000001884-11-12-000012 November 1884
000000001999-11-20-000020 November 1999
115 years, 8 days
United Kingdom

44
Eva Morris[30]
F
000000001885-11-08-00008 November 1885
000000002000-11-02-00002 November 2000
114 years, 360 days
United Kingdom

45
Kama Chinen[31]
F
000000001895-05-10-000010 May 1895
000000002010-05-02-00002 May 2010
114 years, 357 days
Japan

46
Kane Tanaka[5]
F
000000001903-01-02-00002 January 1903
Living[5]
7004419910000000000♠114 years, 352 days
Japan

47
Maria Gomes Valentim[32]
F
000000001896-07-09-00009 July 1896
000000002011-06-21-000021 June 2011
114 years, 347 days
Brazil

48
Mary Bidwell[33]
F
000000001881-05-19-000019 May 1881
000000001996-04-25-000025 April 1996
114 years, 342 days
United States

49
Mary Josephine Ray[34]
F
000000001895-05-17-000017 May 1895
000000002010-03-07-00007 March 2010
114 years, 294 days
United States[f]

50
Goldie Steinberg[5][35][36]
F
000000001900-10-30-000030 October 1900
000000002015-08-16-000016 August 2015
114 years, 290 days
United States[g]

51
Kiyoko Ishiguro[5]
F
000000001901-03-04-00004 March 1901
000000002015-12-05-00005 December 2015
114 years, 276 days
Japan

52
Maria Giuseppa Robucci[5]
F
20 March 1903
Living[5]
7004419140000000000♠114 years, 275 days
Italy

53
Maria do Couto Maia-Lopes[11]
F
000000001890-10-24-000024 October 1890
000000002005-07-25-000025 July 2005
114 years, 274 days
Portugal

Eudoxie Baboul[5]
F
000000001901-10-01-00001 October 1901
000000002016-07-01-00001 July 2016
114 years, 274 days
France (French Guiana)

55
Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan[37]
F
000000001889-08-31-000031 August 1889
000000002004-05-29-000029 May 2004
114 years, 272 days
Puerto Rico

56
Yukie Hino[5]
F
000000001902-04-17-000017 April 1902
000000002017-01-13-000013 January 2017
114 years, 271 days
Japan

57
Eugénie Blanchard[38]
F
000000001896-02-16-000016 February 1896
000000002010-11-04-00004 November 2010
114 years, 261 days
France (Saint Barthélemy)

58
Venere Pizzinato-Papo[39]
F
000000001896-11-23-000023 November 1896
000000002011-08-02-00002 August 2011
114 years, 252 days
Italy[h]

59
Neva Morris[40]
F
000000001895-08-03-00003 August 1895
000000002010-04-06-00006 April 2010
114 years, 246 days
United States

60
Iso Nakamura[5]
F
23 April 1903
Living[5]
7004418800000000000♠114 years, 241 days
Japan

61
Hide Ohira[11]
F
000000001880-09-15-000015 September 1880
000000001995-05-09-00009 May 1995
114 years, 236 days
Japan

62
Blanche Cobb[41][42]
F
000000001900-09-08-00008 September 1900
000000002015-05-01-00001 May 2015
114 years, 235 days
United States

63
Ethel Lang[5]
F
000000001900-05-27-000027 May 1900
000000002015-01-15-000015 January 2015
114 years, 233 days
United Kingdom

64
Mathew Beard[11]
M
000000001870-07-09-00009 July 1870
000000001985-02-16-000016 February 1985
114 years, 222 days
United States

65
Yone Minagawa[43]
F
000000001893-01-04-00004 January 1893
000000002007-08-13-000013 August 2007
114 years, 221 days
Japan

66
María Antonia Castro[44]
F
000000001881-06-10-000010 June 1881
000000001996-01-16-000016 January 1996
114 years, 220 days
Spain

67
Carrie Lazenby[11]
F
000000001882-02-09-00009 February 1882
000000001996-09-14-000014 September 1996
114 years, 218 days
United States

Ura Koyama[45]
F
000000001890-08-30-000030 August 1890
000000002005-04-05-00005 April 2005
114 years, 218 days
Japan

69
Myrtle Dorsey[46]
F
000000001885-11-22-000022 November 1885
000000002000-06-25-000025 June 2000
114 years, 216 days
United States

70
Anna Eliza Williams[47]
F
000000001873-06-02-00002 June 1873
000000001987-12-27-000027 December 1987
114 years, 208 days
United Kingdom

71
Walter Breuning[11]
M
000000001896-09-21-000021 September 1896
000000002011-04-14-000014 April 2011
114 years, 205 days
United States

72
Eunice Sanborn[48]
F
000000001896-07-20-000020 July 1896
000000002011-01-31-000031 January 2011
114 years, 195 days
United States

73
Grace Clawson[49]
F
000000001887-11-15-000015 November 1887
000000002002-05-28-000028 May 2002
114 years, 194 days
United States[i]

74
Mitsue Toyoda[5]
F
000000001902-02-15-000015 February 1902
000000002016-08-25-000025 August 2016
114 years, 192 days
Japan

75
Tase Matsunaga[50]
F
000000001884-05-11-000011 May 1884
000000001998-11-18-000018 November 1998
114 years, 191 days
Japan

76
Yukichi Chuganji[11]
M
000000001889-03-23-000023 March 1889
000000002003-09-28-000028 September 2003
114 years, 189 days
Japan

77
Kame Nakamura[51]
F
000000001898-03-08-00008 March 1898
000000002012-09-12-000012 September 2012
114 years, 188 days
Japan

78
Lydie Vellard[11]
F
000000001875-03-18-000018 March 1875
000000001989-09-17-000017 September 1989
114 years, 183 days
France

Wilhelmina Kott[52]
F
000000001880-03-07-00007 March 1880
000000001994-09-06-00006 September 1994
114 years, 183 days
United States

Adelina Domingues[53]
F
000000001888-02-19-000019 February 1888
000000002002-08-21-000021 August 2002
114 years, 183 days
United States[j]

81
Mitoyo Kawate[54]
F
000000001889-05-15-000015 May 1889
000000002003-11-13-000013 November 2003
114 years, 182 days
Japan

82
Charlotte Benkner[55]
F
000000001889-11-16-000016 November 1889
000000002004-05-14-000014 May 2004
114 years, 180 days
United States[k]

Camille Loiseau[56]
F
000000001892-02-13-000013 February 1892
000000002006-08-12-000012 August 2006
114 years, 180 days
France

84
Anne Primout[57]
F
000000001890-10-05-00005 October 1890
000000002005-03-26-000026 March 2005
114 years, 172 days
France[l]

85
Ettie Mae Greene[58]
F
000000001877-09-08-00008 September 1877
000000001992-02-26-000026 February 1992
114 years, 171 days
United States

86
Dominga Velasco[5]
F
000000001901-05-12-000012 May 1901
000000002015-10-11-000011 October 2015
114 years, 152 days
United States[m]

87
Toshie Yorimitsu[5]
F
000000001901-09-30-000030 September 1901
000000002016-02-28-000028 February 2016
114 years, 151 days
Japan

88
Irene Frank[11]
F
000000001881-10-01-00001 October 1881
000000001996-02-28-000028 February 1996
114 years, 150 days
United States

89
Christina Cock[59]
F
000000001887-12-25-000025 December 1887
000000002002-05-22-000022 May 2002
114 years, 148 days
Australia[n]

90
Olivia Patricia Thomas[60]
F
000000001895-06-29-000029 June 1895
000000002009-11-16-000016 November 2009
114 years, 140 days
United States

91
Tae Ito[5]
F
000000001903-07-11-000011 July 1903
000000002017-11-13-000013 November 2017
114 years, 125 days
Japan

Delphine Gibson[5]
F
17 August 1903
Living[5]
7004417640000000000♠114 years, 125 days
United States

93
Anna Henderson[61]
F
000000001900-03-05-00005 March 1900
000000002014-07-01-00001 July 2014
114 years, 118 days
United States

94
Emma Verona Johnston[62]
F
000000001890-08-06-00006 August 1890
000000002004-12-01-00001 December 2004
114 years, 117 days
United States

Mamie Rearden[63]
F
000000001898-09-07-00007 September 1898
000000002013-01-02-00002 January 2013
114 years, 117 days
United States

96
Bettie Chatmon[11]
F
000000001884-04-30-000030 April 1884
000000001998-08-16-000016 August 1998
114 years, 108 days
United States

97
Odie Matthews[11]
F
000000001878-12-28-000028 December 1878
000000001993-04-14-000014 April 1993
114 years, 107 days
United States

98
Chiyo Shiraishi[5]
F
000000001895-08-06-00006 August 1895
000000002009-11-19-000019 November 2009
114 years, 105 days
Japan

99
Asa Takii[64]
F
000000001884-04-28-000028 April 1884
000000001998-07-31-000031 July 1998
114 years, 94 days
Japan

100
Florence Knapp[65]
F
000000001873-10-10-000010 October 1873
000000001988-01-11-000011 January 1988
114 years, 93 days
United States

Elena Slough[66]
F
000000001889-07-04-00004 July 1889
000000002003-10-05-00005 October 2003
114 years, 93 days
United States

text:
a^ Manfredini was born in Italy.
b^ Mortensen was born in Denmark.
c^ Gaudette was born in the United States.
d^ Holtz was born in the German Empire; her birthplace is now in Poland.
e^ Gerena was born in Puerto Rico.
f^ Ray was born in Canada.
g^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev, then part of the Russian Empire. It is now the capital of Moldova.
h^ Pizzinato-Papo was born in Ala, which was then part of Austria-Hungary; it is now located in Italy.
i^ Clawson was born in the United Kingdom.
j^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde, at that time a colony of Portugal.
k^ Benkner was born in Germany.
l^ Primout was born in French Algeria; it is now Algeria.
m^ Velasco was born in Mexico.
n^ Cock was born in the former British colony Victoria, which is now part of Australia.


document_title: Auxin

question_text: where is the auxin hormone made in a plant stem

text: Auxin

text: Overview[edit]

text: Auxins were the first of the major plant hormones to be discovered. They derive their name from the Greek word αυξειν (auxein – "to grow/increase"). Auxin (namely IAA) is present in all parts of a plant, although in very different concentrations. The concentration in each position is crucial developmental information, so it is subject to tight regulation through both metabolism and transport. The result is the auxin creates "patterns" of auxin concentration maxima and minima in the plant body, which in turn guide further development of respective cells, and ultimately of the plant as a whole.

text: The (dynamic and environment responsive) pattern of auxin distribution within the plant is a key factor for plant growth, its reaction to its environment, and specifically for development of plant organs[5][6] (such as leaves or flowers). It is achieved through very complex and well coordinated active transport of auxin molecules from cell to cell throughout the plant body — by the so-called polar auxin transport.[5] Thus, a plant can (as a whole) react to external conditions and adjust to them, without requiring a nervous system. Auxins typically act in concert with, or in opposition to, other plant hormones. For example, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in certain plant tissues determines initiation of root versus shoot buds.

text: On the molecular level, all auxins are compounds with an aromatic ring and a carboxylic acid group.[3] The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA),[1] which generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most potent native auxin. And as native auxin, its stability is controlled in many ways in plants, from synthesis, through possible conjugation to degradation of its molecules, always according to the requirements of the situation. However, molecules of IAA are chemically labile in aqueous solution, so it is not used commercially as a plant growth regulator.

text:
Five naturally occurring (endogenous) auxins in plants include indole-3-acetic acid, 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid, and indole-3-propionic acid.[1][2] However, most of the knowledge described so far in auxin biology and as described in the article below, apply basically to IAA; the other three endogenous auxins seems to have rather marginal importance for intact plants in natural environments. Alongside endogenous auxins, scientists and manufacturers have developed many synthetic compounds with auxinic activity.
Synthetic auxin analogs include 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),[1] and many others.

text: Some synthetic auxins, such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), are used also as herbicides. Broad-leaf plants (dicots), such as dandelions, are much more susceptible to auxins than narrow-leaf plants (monocots) such as grasses and cereal crops, so these synthetic auxins are valuable as synthetic herbicides.

text: Discovery of auxin[edit]

text: Charles Darwin[edit]

text: In 1881, Charles Darwin and his son Francis performed experiments on coleoptiles, the sheaths enclosing young leaves in germinating grass seedlings. The experiment exposed the coleoptile to light from a unidirectional source, and observed that they bend towards the light.[7] By covering various parts of the coleoptiles with a light-impermeable opaque cap, the Darwins discovered that light is detected by the coleoptile tip, but that bending occurs in the hypocotyl. However the seedlings showed no signs of development towards light if the tip was covered with an opaque cap, or if the tip was removed. The Darwins concluded that the tip of the coleoptile was responsible for sensing light, and proposed that a messenger is transmitted in a downward direction from the tip of the coleoptile, causing it to bend.[8]

text: Peter Boysen-Jensen[edit]

text: In 1913, Danish scientist Peter Boysen-Jensen demonstrated that the signal was not transfixed but mobile. He separated the tip from the remainder of the coleoptile by a cube of gelatine which prevented cellular contact, but allowed chemicals to pass through. The seedlings responded normally bending towards the light. However, when the tip was separated by an impermeable substance, there was no curvature of the stem.[9]

text: Frits Went[edit]

text: In 1928, the Dutch botanist Frits Warmolt Went showed that a chemical messenger diffuses from coleoptile tips. Went's experiment identified how a growth promoting chemical causes a coleoptile to grow towards light. Went cut the tips of the coleoptiles and placed them in the dark, putting a few tips on agar blocks that he predicted would absorb the growth-promoting chemical. On control coleoptiles, he placed a block that lacked the chemical. On others, he placed blocks containing the chemical, either centred on top of the coleoptile to distribute the chemical evenly or offset to increase the concentration on one side.[8]

text: When the growth-promoting chemical was distributed evenly the coleoptile grew straight. If the chemical was distributed unevenly, the coleoptile curved away from the side with the cube, as if growing towards light, even though it was grown in the dark. Went later proposed that the messenger substance is a growth-promoting hormone, which he named auxin, that becomes asymmetrically distributed in the bending region. Went concluded that auxin is at a higher concentration on the shaded side, promoting cell elongation, which results in a coleoptiles bending towards the light.[9]

text: Hormonal activity[edit]

text: Auxins help development at all levels in plants, from the cellular level, through organs, and ultimately to the whole plant.

text: Molecular mechanisms[edit]

text: Auxin molecules present in cells may trigger responses directly through stimulation or inhibition of the expression of sets of certain genes[10] or by means independent of gene expression. Auxin transcriptionally activates four different families of early genes (aka primary response genes), so-called because the components required for the activation are preexisting, leading to a rapid response.[11] The families are glutathione S-transferases, auxin homeostasis proteins like GH3, SAUR genes of currently unknown function, and the Aux/IAA repressors.[12]

text: Aux/IAA, ARF, TIR1, SCF auxin regulatory pathways[edit]

text: The Aux/IAA repressors provide an example of one of the pathways leading to auxin induced changes of gene expression. This pathway involves the protein families TIR1 (transport inhibitor response1), ARF (auxin response factor), Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors, and the ubiquitin ligase complex that is a part of the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway.[13][14] ARF proteins have DNA binding domains and can bind promoter regions of genes and activate or repress gene expression. Aux/IAA proteins can bind ARF proteins sitting on gene promoters and prevent them from doing their job.

text: TIR1 proteins are F-box proteins that have three different domains giving them the ability to bind to three different ligands: an SCFTIR1 ubiquitin ligase complex (using the F-box domain), auxin[15] (so TIR1 proteins are auxin receptors), and Aux/IAA proteins (via a degron domain). Upon binding of auxin, a TIR1 protein's degron domain has increased affinity for Aux/IAA repressor proteins, which when bound to TIR1 and its SCF complex undergo ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a proteasome. The degradation of Aux/IAA proteins frees ARF proteins to activate or repress genes at whose promoters they are bound.[16]

text: Within a plant, elaboration of the Aux/IAA repressor pathway takes place via diversification of the TIR1, ARF, and Aux/IAA protein families. Each family may contain many similar-acting proteins, differing in qualities such as degree of affinity for partner proteins, amount of activation or repression of target gene transcription, or domains of expression (e.g. different plant tissues might express different members of the family, or different environmental stresses might activate expression of different members). Such elaboration permits the plant to use auxin in a variety of ways depending on the needs of the tissue and plant.

text: Other auxin regulatory pathways[edit]

text: Another protein, auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1), is a putative receptor for a different signaling pathway, but its role is as yet unclear. Electrophysiological experiments with protoplasts and anti-ABP1 antibodies suggest ABP1 may have a function at the plasma membrane, and cells can possibly use ABP1 proteins to respond to auxin through means faster and independent of gene expression.

text: On a cellular level[edit]

text: On the cellular level, auxin is essential for cell growth, affecting both cell division and cellular expansion. Auxin concentration level, together with other local factors, contributes to cell differentiation and specification of the cell fate.

text: Depending on the specific tissue, auxin may promote axial elongation (as in shoots), lateral expansion (as in root swelling), or isodiametric expansion (as in fruit growth). In some cases (coleoptile growth), auxin-promoted cellular expansion occurs in the absence of cell division. In other cases, auxin-promoted cell division and cell expansion may be closely sequenced within the same tissue (root initiation, fruit growth). In a living plant, auxins and other plant hormones nearly always appear to interact to determine patterns of plant development.

text: Organ patterns[edit]

text: Growth and division of plant cells together result in growth of tissue, and specific tissue growth contributes to the development of plant organs.

text: Growth of cells contributes to the plant's size, unevenly localized growth produces bending, turning and directionalization of organs- for example, stems turning toward light sources (phototropism), roots growing in response to gravity (gravitropism), and other tropisms originated because cells on one side grow faster than the cells on the other side of the organ. So, precise control of auxin distribution between different cells has paramount importance to the resulting form of plant growth and organization.

text: Auxin transport and the uneven distribution of auxin[edit]

text: To cause growth in the required domains, auxins must of necessity be active preferentially in them. Local auxin maxima can be formed by active biosynthesis in certain cells of tissues, for example via tryptophan-dependent pathways,[17] but auxins are not synthesized in all cells (even if cells retain the potential ability to do so, only under specific conditions will auxin synthesis be activated in them). For that purpose, auxins have to be not only translocated toward those sites where they are needed, but also they must have an established mechanism to detect those sites. For that purpose, auxins have to be translocated toward those sites where they are needed. Translocation is driven throughout the plant body, primarily from peaks of shoots to peaks of roots (from up to down).

text: For long distances, relocation occurs via the stream of fluid in phloem vessels, but, for short-distance transport, a unique system of coordinated polar transport directly from cell to cell is exploited. This short-distance, active transport exhibits some morphogenetic properties.

text: This process, polar auxin transport, is directional, very strictly regulated, and based in uneven distribution of auxin efflux carriers on the plasma membrane, which send auxins in the proper direction. While PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins are vital in transporting auxin in a polar manner,[6][18] the family of AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX/LAX) genes encodes for non-polar auxin influx carriers.[19]

text: The regulation of PIN protein localisation in a cell determines the direction of auxin transport from cell, and concentrated effort of many cells creates peaks of auxin, or auxin maxima (regions having cells with higher auxin – a maximum).[6] Proper and timely auxin maxima within developing roots and shoots are necessary to organise the development of the organ.[5][20][21] Surrounding auxin maxima are cells with low auxin troughs, or auxin minima. For example, in the Arabidopsis fruit, auxin minima have been shown to be important for its tissue development.[22]

text: Organization of the plant[edit]

text: As auxins contribute to organ shaping,[5][6] they are also fundamentally required for proper development of the plant itself.[5] Without hormonal regulation and organization, plants would be merely proliferating heaps of similar cells. Auxin employment begins in the embryo of the plant, where directional distribution of auxin ushers in subsequent growth and development of primary growth poles, then forms buds of future organs. Next, it helps to coordinate proper development of the arising organs, such as roots, cotyledons and leaves and mediates long distance signals between them, contributing so to the overall architecture of the plant.[5] Throughout the plant's life, auxin helps the plant maintain the polarity of growth,[5] and actually "recognize" where it has its branches (or any organ) connected.

text: An important principle of plant organization based upon auxin distribution is apical dominance, which means the auxin produced by the apical bud (or growing tip) diffuses (and is transported) downwards and inhibits the development of ulterior lateral bud growth, which would otherwise compete with the apical tip for light and nutrients. Removing the apical tip and its suppressively acting auxin allows the lower dormant lateral buds to develop, and the buds between the leaf stalk and stem produce new shoots which compete to become the lead growth. The process is actually quite complex, because auxin transported downwards from the lead shoot tip has to interact with several other plant hormones (such as strigolactones or cytokinins) in the process on various positions along the growth axis in plant body to achieve this phenomenon. This plant behavior is used in pruning by horticulturists.

text: Finally, the sum of auxin arriving from stems to roots influences the degree of root growth. If shoot tips are removed, the plant does not react just by outgrowth of lateral buds — which are supposed to replace to original lead. It also follows that smaller amount of auxin arriving to the roots results in slower growth of roots and the nutrients are subsequently in higher degree invested in the upper part of the plant, which hence starts to grow faster.

text: Effects[edit]

text: Auxin participates in phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism and other developmental changes. The uneven distribution of auxin, due to environmental cues, such as unidirectional light or gravity force, results in uneven plant tissue growth, and generally, auxin governs the form and shape of plant body, direction and strength of growth of all organs, and their mutual interaction.[6]

text: Auxin stimulates cell elongation by stimulating wall-loosening factors, such as elastins, to loosen cell walls. The effect is stronger if gibberellins are also present. Auxin also stimulates cell division if cytokinins are present. When auxin and cytokinin are applied to callus, rooting can be generated if the auxin concentration is higher than cytokinin concentration. Xylem tissues can be generated when the auxin concentration is equal to the cytokinins.

text: Auxin also induces sugar and mineral accumulation at the site of application.

text: Wound response[edit]

text: Auxin induces the formation and organization of phloem and xylem. When the plant is wounded, the auxin may induce the cell differentiation and regeneration of the vascular tissues.[23]

text: Root growth and development[edit]

text: Auxins promote root initiation.[24] Auxin induces both growth of pre-existing roots and adventitious root formation, i.e., branching of the roots. As more native auxin is transported down the stem to the roots, the overall development of the roots is stimulated. If the source of auxin is removed, such as by trimming the tips of stems, the roots are less stimulated accordingly, and growth of stem is supported instead.

text: In horticulture, auxins, especially NAA and IBA, are commonly applied to stimulate root initiation when rooting cuttings of plants. However, high concentrations of auxin inhibit root elongation and instead enhance adventitious root formation. Removal of the root tip can lead to inhibition of secondary root formation.

text: Apical dominance[edit]

text: Auxin induces shoot apical dominance; the axillary buds are inhibited by auxin, as a high concentration of auxin directly stimulates ethylene synthesis in axillary buds, causing inhibition of their growth and potentiation of apical dominance. When the apex of the plant is removed, the inhibitory effect is removed and the growth of lateral buds is enhanced. Auxin is sent to the part of the plant facing away from the light, where it promotes cell elongation, thus causing the plant to bend towards the light.[25]

text: Fruit growth and development[edit]

text: Auxin is required for fruit growth and development and delays fruit senescence. When seeds are removed from strawberries, fruit growth is stopped; exogenous auxin stimulates the growth in fruits with seeds removed. For fruit with unfertilized seeds, exogenous auxin results in parthenocarpy ("virgin-fruit" growth).

text: Fruits form abnormal morphologies when auxin transport is disturbed.[26] In Arabidopsis fruits, auxin controls the release of seeds from the fruit (pod). The valve margins are a specialised tissue in pods that regulates when pod will open (dehiscence). Auxin must be removed from the valve margin cells to allow the valve margins to form. This process requires modification of the auxin transporters (PIN proteins).[22]

text: Flowering[edit]

text: Auxin plays also a minor role in the initiation of flowering and development of reproductive organs. In low concentrations, it can delay the senescence of flowers. A number of plant mutants have been described that affect flowering and have deficiencies in either auxin synthesis or transport. In maize, one example is bif2 barren inflorescence2.[27]

text: Ethylene biosynthesis[edit]

text: In low concentrations, auxin can inhibit ethylene formation and transport of precursor in plants; however, high concentrations can induce the synthesis of ethylene.[28] Therefore, the high concentration can induce femaleness of flowers in some species.[citation needed]

text: Auxin inhibits abscission prior to formation of abscission layer, and thus inhibits senescence of leaves.

text: Synthetic auxins[edit]

text: In the course of research on auxin biology, many compounds with noticeable auxin activity were synthesized. Many of them had been found to have economical potential for man-controlled growth and development of plants in agronomy. Synthetic auxins include the following compounds:

text:
Gallery of synthetic auxins

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); active herbicide and main auxin in laboratory use

α-Naphthalene acetic acid (α-NAA); often part of commercial rooting powders

2-Methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (dicamba); active herbicide

4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (tordon or picloram); active herbicide

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)

text: Auxins are toxic to plants in large concentrations; they are most toxic to dicots and less so to monocots. Because of this property, synthetic auxin herbicides, including 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, have been developed and used for weed control.

text: However, some exogenously synthesized auxins, especially 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), are also commonly applied to stimulate root growth when taking cuttings of plants or for different agricultural purposes such as the prevention of fruit drop in orchards.

text: Used in high doses, auxin stimulates the production of ethylene. Excess ethylene (also native plant hormone) can inhibit elongation growth, cause leaves to fall (abscission), and even kill the plant. Some synthetic auxins, such as 2,4-D and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) were marketed also as herbicides. Dicots, such as dandelions, are much more susceptible to auxins than monocots, such as grasses and cereal crops. So, these synthetic auxins are valuable as synthetic herbicides. 2,4-D was the first widely used herbicide, and it is still so.[29] 2,4-D was first commercialized by the Sherwin-Williams company, and saw use in the late 1940s. It is easy and inexpensive to manufacture.

text: The defoliant Agent Orange, used extensively by British forces in the Malayan Emergency and American forces in the Vietnam War, was a mix of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. The compound 2,4-D is still in use and is thought to be safe, but 2,4,5-T was more or less banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1979. The dioxin TCDD is an unavoidable contaminant produced in the manufacture of 2,4,5-T. As a result of the integral dioxin contamination, 2,4,5-T has been implicated in leukemia, miscarriages, birth defects, liver damage, and other diseases.