document_title: García (surname)

question_text: where does my last name garcia come from

text: García (surname)

text:
García (Castillian), Gartzia (Basque)

Family name

Pronunciation
[ɡaɾˈθi.a] (Spain) or [ɡaɾˈsi.a] (Latin America)

Region of origin
Spain

Related names
Garci, Garza, Garcia, Garcés, Garcicea, Garciandia, Gassie, Gassion, Gaztea

Footnotes: Frequency Comparisons:[1]

text: Garcia or García is a Basque origin surname common throughout Spain, Portugal, parts of France, the Americas, and the Philippines. It is a surname of patronymic origin; García was a very common first name in early medieval Iberian Peninsula.

text: It is attested since the high Middle Ages north and south of the Pyrenees (Basque Culture Territories), with the surname (sometimes first name too) thriving especially on the Kingdom of Navarre and spreading out to Castile and other Spanish regions.

text: Alfonso Irigoyen believed it to derive from the Basque adjective garze(a) meaning "young", whose modern form is gaztea or gaztia.[2][3] Ramón Menéndez Pidal and Antonio Tovar suggests it may come from the Basque word (H)artz, meaning "(the) Bear".[4][5][6][7][2] A third etymology suggests it may derive from the Basque words "Gazte Hartz", meaning "(the) young bear".[citation needed] Variant forms of the name include Garcicea, Gartzi, Gartzia, Gartze, Garsea, and Gastea.[8] The original Basque form with an affricate sibilant (/ts/, Basque spelling /tz/) evolved in Spanish to the current form.

text: There are Gasconic cognates of Garcia like Gassie and Gassion[9] (Béarn, Gassio 14th century,[10] real name of Edith Piaf, born Edith Gassion).

text: Other theories suggest that García is of Germanic origin and may derive from wars meaning young warrior [11] or the Visigothic words garxa and garcha meaning graceful prince.[12]

text: García is the most common surname in Spain (where 3.32% of population is named García)[13] and also the second most common surname in Mexico and Cuba.

text: In the 1990 United States Census, Garcia was the 18th most reported surname, accounting for 0.25% of the population.[14] It has become a common surname in the United States, and is now the 8th most common surname in the U.S.[15]

text: Quite rare before the 1st World War in France, except in the French Pays Basque,[16] Garcia is now the 14th most common surname in France (the 8th one for the number of birth between 1966 and 1990), due to an important Spanish immigration.[17][18] It ranked 2nd in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur after the number of births 1966–1990.[19]

text: García is also the third most common surname amongst Spanish in the United Kingdom.

text: People[edit]

text:
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
V
W
X
Y

text: Fictional characters

text: A[edit]

text:
Aaron Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Adam Garcia (born 1973), Australian actor
Adrián García (born 1978), Chilean tennis player
Adrian García Arias (born 1975), Mexican footballer
Aimee Garcia (born 1978), Mexican American actress
Alan García (born 1949), Politician and former President of Peru from 1985–1990; 2006–2011
Alejandro García (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Alfredo García-Baró (born 1972), Cuban sprinter
Alfredo García Green (born 1953), Mexican politician
Amadeo García (1887–1947), Spanish football manager
Anastasio Somoza García (1896–1956), President of Nicaragua
Andrés García (born 1941), Mexican actor
Andy García (born 1956), Cuban American actor
Anier García (born 1976), Cuban athlete in the 2000 Summer Olympics
Anthony Garcia, New Zealand professional wrestler of Yugoslavian and Irish descent
Antonio García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: B[edit]

text:
Bangs Garcia (born 1987), Filipina actress
Bartolomé García del Nodal (1574–1622), Spanish explorer
Bianca Garcia, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Boniek García (born 1984), Honduran footballer
Bonnie Garcia, Representative of California's 80th Assembly District
Borja Garcia (born 1982), Spanish race car driver
Brianna Garcia (born 1983), American professional wrestler

text: C[edit]

text:
Calixto García (1839–1898), Cuban military leader
Cancio Garcia (1937–2013), Filipino lawyer and judge
Candelario Garcia (1944–2013), United States Army Medal of Honor recipient
Carlos Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Carmelo Garcia, American politician from New Jersey
Caroline Garcia (born 1993), French professional tennis player
Cédric Garcia (born 1982), French-Spanish rugby player
Ceferino Garcia (1912–1981), Filipino boxer
Charles Patrick Garcia (born 1961), Panamanian-American author, Hispanic leader, businessman
Charly García (born 1951), Argentine musician
Cheska Garcia, Filipino actress
Christian Garcia Major League Baseball pitcher
Concha García Campoy (1958–2013), Spanish radio and television journalist
Cristina García (disambiguation), multiple people
Cristino Garcia (1914–1946), Spanish fighter with the French Resistance during World War II

text: D[edit]

text:
Danay Garcia, Cuban actress
Daniel García (disambiguation), multiple people
Danna García (born 1978), Colombian actress and singer
Dean Garcia, British studio musician, former member of rock band Curve
Diana Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Diego Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Domingo García (Dominic de la Calzada) (1019–1109), Spanish saint
Dora García (born 1965), Spanish artist

text: E[edit]

text:
Eddie Garcia (born 1929), Filipino film actor and director
Eduardo García de Enterría (1923–2013), Spanish jurist
Eric Garcia (born 1972), Spanish American author
Erica Garcia (born 1978), Argentinean musician and actress
Esmeralda de Jesus Garcia (born 1959), Brazilian track and field athlete
Esther Herranz García (born 1969), Spanish politician, Member of the European Parliament

text: F[edit]

text:
Federico García Lorca (1898–1936), Spanish poet and dramatist
Fernando García (disambiguation), multiple people
Fernando Soto-Hay y Garcia
Francisco García (disambiguation), multiple people
Frank Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Freddie Garcia (born 1952), Mexican-American soccer player
Freddy García (born 1976), Venezuelan-American baseball player
Freddy García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: G[edit]

text:
Gabriel García (disambiguation), multiple people
Gael García Bernal (born 1978), Mexican actor
Gary Garcia, half of the musical duo Buckner & Garcia
Genaro García (1977–2013), Mexican boxer
St. Gonsalo Garcia (1556–1597), Portuguese-Indian Roman Catholic saint
Gonzalo Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Gustavo C. Garcia (1915–1964), Mexican-American civil rights activist

text: H[edit]

text:
Héctor García (disambiguation), multiple people
Humberto García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: I[edit]

text:
Iolanda García Sàez, Spanish ski mountaineer
Inez Garcia, feminist cause célèbre
Iratxe García, Spanish politician, Member of the European Parliament
Isaac García (born 1968), Mexican long-distance runner
Iván García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: J[edit]

text:
Jacques Garcia, French designer
Jaime García (born 1986), Mexican baseball player
Jaime García (equestrian) (1910–1959), Spanish horse rider
Jean Garcia, Filipino telenovela actress
Jason Garcia, American professional baseball player
Jean-Louis Garcia (born 1962), French soccer player
Jeff Garcia (born 1970), NFL and former Canadian football player of Irish and Mexican descent
Jennica Garcia, Filipino actress
Jerry Garcia (1942–1995), American rock-and-roll musician (Grateful Dead)
Jesús García (1881–1907), Mexican railroad brakeman and national hero
Jesús García (disambiguation), multiple people
JoAnna Garcia (born 1979), American actress
Joaquín Torres García (1874-1949), Uruguayan artist with global influence in 20th Century Art
John Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Johnny García, Mexican football (soccer) player
Jorge Garcia (born 1979), Hispanic American actor
José García (disambiguation), multiple people
Joseph Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Juan Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Juanín García (born 1977), Spanish handball player
Julio García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: L[edit]

text:
Léa Garcia (born 1933), Brazilian actress
Lilian Garcia (born 1973), Spanish-American singer and former WWE ring announcer
Luis García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: M[edit]

text:
Mannie Garcia, freelance photojournalist
Manolo García, Spanish singer and painter
Manolo García (make-up artist), Spanish make-up artist
Manuel García (disambiguation), multiple people
Marcario Garcia (1920–1972), Mexican-born United States Medal of Honor winner
Marcela Bovio García (born 1979), Mexican singer, lead vocalist of the metal band Stream of Passion
Marcelino García Toral (born 1965), Spanish football coach
Marcelino García (cyclist) (born 1971), Spanish professional road bicycle racer
Marcelo García (disambiguation), multiple people
Maria Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Marilinda Garcia, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Martín García (disambiguation), multiple people
Marvín García (disambiguation), multiple people
Mayra García (born 1972), Mexican beach volleyball player
Maricris Garcia, Filipino singer
Mayte Jannell Garcia (born 1973), Puerto Rican-American dancer
Miguel García (disambiguation), multiple people
Michael Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Mireia García (born 1981), Spanish butterfly swimmer

text: N[edit]

text:
Néstor García (disambiguation), multiple people
Nick Garcia (born 1979), Mexican American soccer player
Nicole Garcia, French actress, film director and writer
Nina García (born 1967), Colombian fashion journalist and critic

text: O[edit]

text:
Odalys Garcia (born 1975), Cuban-American actress and television show host
Orlando Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people

text: P[edit]

text:
Pablo Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Patrick Garcia (born 1981), Filipino actor
Pedro Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Pete Garcia, Athletic director of Florida International University
Pierre-Emmanuel Garcia (born 1983), French rugby player
Pilar "Ailyn" Giménez García (born 1982), Spanish singer, lead vocalist of the gothic metal band Sirenia

text: R[edit]

text:
Rafael García (disambiguation), multiple people
Ramón García (disambiguation), multiple people
Raúl García (disambiguation), multiple people
Renaud Garcia-Fons (born 1962), French upright-bass player and composer
Ricardo Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Richard Garcia (born 1981), Australian soccer player
Robert Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Roberto García (disambiguation), multiple people
Rodrigo García (disambiguation), multiple people
Rómulo García (1927–2005), Archbishop of Bahía Blanca, Argentina
Rosman García (born 1979), Venezuelan-American baseball player
Ruben Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people
Rudi García (born 1964), French football manager

text: S[edit]

text:
Salvador García (disambiguation), multiple people
Sara García (1895–1980), Mexican actress
Sergent Garcia, stage name of Bruno Garcia (born 1964), French solo artist
Sergio García (born 1980), Spanish golfer
Sunny Garcia (born 1970), Hawaiian surfer

text: T[edit]

text:
Tanya Garcia (born 1981), Filipino actress
Tony Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people

text: V[edit]

text:
Vanessa García (born 1984), Puerto Rican freestyle swimmer
Victor Garcia (disambiguation), multiple people

text: W[edit]

text: Willis García (born 1970), Venezuelan judoka

text: X[edit]

text: Xavier García (disambiguation), multiple people

text: Y[edit]

text:
Yohan García (born 1982), Cuban swimmer
Yordanis García (born 1988), Cuban decathlete
Yusmely García (born 1983), Venezuelan hurdler

text: Fictional characters[edit]

text:
Isabella Garcia-Shapiro in Phineas and Ferb
Juan García Cortes, in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
Penelope Garcia in the crime drama Criminal Minds
Robert Garcia, video game character in the Art of Fighting and King of Fighters series
Mariana García, video game character in The Walking Dead: A New Frontier. Appears in the first episode; Episode 1: Ties That Bind Part one


document_title: Army–Navy Game

question_text: where was the army navy game this year

question_tokens: where was the army navy game this year

root

text: Army–Navy Game

text: Series history[edit]

text: Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]

tag: p

text: This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.

text: Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.

text: The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.

text: At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.

text: The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]

text: The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.

text: The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.

text: Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.

text: Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]

text: Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.

text: The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]

text: Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.

text: Future venues[edit]

text: All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]

text: Total games by venue and geography[edit]

text:
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)
41
16
22
3
1936
1979

Franklin Field
18
11
7
0
1899
1935

Veterans Stadium
17
11
5
1
1980
2001

Lincoln Financial Field
11
1
10
0
2003
2017

Polo Grounds
9
5
3
1
1913
1927

Giants Stadium
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

M&T Bank Stadium
4
1
3
0
2000
2016

The Plain
2
0
2
0
1890
1892

Worden Field
2
1
1
0
1891
1893

Municipal Stadium (Baltimore)
2
2
0
0
1924
1944

Yankee Stadium
2
2
0
0
1930
1931

Osborne Field
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Soldier Field
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Thompson Stadium
1
0
1
0
1942
1942

Michie Stadium
1
0
1
0
1943
1943

Rose Bowl
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

FedExField
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

tag: table

text:
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York City
11
7
3
1
1913
1931

Baltimore
6
3
3
0
1924
2016

East Rutherford, New Jersey
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

West Point, New York
3
0
3
0
1890
1943

Annapolis, Maryland
3
1
2
0
1891
1942

Princeton, New Jersey
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Chicago
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Pasadena, California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

Landover, Maryland
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

text:
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Pennsylvania
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York
14
7
6
1
1890
1943

Maryland
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

New Jersey
5
1
3
1
1905
2002

Illinois
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text:
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA
19
8
9
2
1890
2002

Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Army victories
Navy victories
Ties

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series

1890
Navy
24–0
"The Plain" USMA
West Point, New York
Navy 1–0

1891
Army
32–16
Worden Field USNA
Annapolis, Maryland
Tied 1–1

1892
Navy
12–4
"The Plain"
West Point, New York
Navy 2–1

1893
Navy
6–4
Worden Field
Annapolis, Maryland
Navy 3–1

1899
Army
17–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 3–2

1900
Navy
11–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–2

1901
Army
11–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–3

1902
Army
22–8
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 4–4

1903
Army
40–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 5–4

1904
Army
11–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–4

1905
Tie
6–6
Osborne Field
Princeton, New Jersey
Army 6–4–1

1906
Navy
10–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–5–1

1907
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 6–6–1

1908
Army
6–4
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 7–6–1

1910
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 7–7–1

1911
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 8–7–1

1912
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 9–7–1

1913
Army
22–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 9–8–1

1914
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 9–9–1

1915
Army
14–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 10–9–1

1916
Army
15–7
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–9–1

1919
Navy
6–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–10–1

1920
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 11–11–1

1921
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 12–11–1

1922
Army
17–14
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 12–12–1

1923
Tie
0–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 12–12–2

1924
Army
12–0
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 13–12–2

1925
Army
10–3
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 14–12–2

1926
Tie
21–21
Soldier Field
Chicago
Army 14–12–3

1927
Army
14–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 15–12–3

1930
Army
6–0
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 16–12–3

1931
Army
17–7
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 17–12–3

1932
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 18–12–3

1933
Army
12–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–12–3

1934
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–13–3

1935
Army
28–6
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 20–13–3

1936
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 20–14–3

1937
Army
6–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 21–14–3

1938
Army
14–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–14–3

1939
Navy
10–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–15–3

1940
Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–16–3

1941
#11 Navy
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–17–3

1942
Navy
14–0
Thompson Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland
Army 22–18–3

1943
#6 Navy
13–0
Michie Stadium
West Point, New York
Army 22–19–3

1944
#1 Army
23–7
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 23–19–3

1945
#1 Army
32–13
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 24–19–3

1946
#1 Army
21–18
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 25–19–3

1947
#12 Army
21–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–3

1948
Tie
21–21
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–4

1949
#4 Army
38–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–19–4

1950
Navy
14–2
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–20–4

1951
Navy
42–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–21–4

1952
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–22–4

1953
#18 Army
20–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–22–4

1954
#6 Navy
27–20
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–23–4

1955
Army
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–4

1956
Tie
7–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–5

1957
#8 Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–24–5

1958
#5 Army
22–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–24–5

1959
Navy
43–12
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–25–5

1960
#7 Navy
17–12
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–26–5

1961
Navy
13–7
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–27–5

1962
Navy
34–14
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–28–5

1963
#2 Navy
21–15
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–29–5

1964
Army
11–8
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–5

1965
Tie
7–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–6

1966
Army
20–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–29–6

1967
Navy
19–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–30–6

1968
Army
21–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 33–30–6

1969
Army
27–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–30–6

1970
Navy
11–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–31–6

1971
Army
24–23
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 35–31–6

1972
Army
23–15
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–31–6

1973
Navy
51–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–32–6

1974
Navy
19–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–33–6

1975
Navy
30–6
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–34–6

1976
Navy
38–10
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–35–6

1977
Army
17–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–35–6

1978
Navy
28–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–36–6

1979
Navy
31–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 37–37–6

1980
Navy
33–6
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–6

1981
Tie
3–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–7

1982
Navy
24–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 39–37–7

1983
Navy
42–13
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Navy 40–37–7

1984
Army
28–11
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 40–38–7

1985
Navy
17–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–38–7

1986
Army
27–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–39–7

1987
Army
17–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–40–7

1988
Army
20–15
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 41–41–7

1989
Navy
19–17
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Navy 42–41–7

1990
Army
30–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 42–42–7

1991
Navy
24–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 43–42–7

1992
Army
25–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 43–43–7

1993
Army
16–14
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 44–43–7

1994
Army
22–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 45–43–7

1995
Army
14–13
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 46–43–7

1996
#23 Army
28–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 47–43–7

1997
Navy
39–7
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 47–44–7

1998
Army
34–30
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–44–7

1999
Navy
19–9
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–45–7

2000
Navy
30–28
PSINet Stadium
Baltimore
Army 48–46–7

2001
Army
26–17
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 49–46–7

2002
Navy
58–12
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 49–47–7

2003
Navy
34–6
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Army 49–48–7

2004
Navy
42–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Tied 49–49–7

2005
Navy
42–23
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 50–49–7

2006
Navy
26–14
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 51–49–7

2007
Navy
38–3
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 52–49–7

2008
Navy
34–0
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 53–49–7

2009
Navy
17–3
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 54–49–7

2010
Navy
31–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 55–49–7

2011
Navy
27–21
FedExField
Landover, Maryland
Navy 56–49–7

2012
Navy
17–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 57–49–7

2013
Navy
34–7
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 58–49–7

2014
Navy
17–10
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 59–49–7

2015
#21 Navy
21–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–49–7

2016
Army
21–17
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 60–50–7

2017
Army
14–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–51–7

2018

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2019

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2020

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2021

MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey

2022

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

text: Notable games[edit]

text: Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]

text: On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]

text: In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]

text: In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]

text: On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]


document_title: United States twenty-dollar bill

question_text: who appeared on the $20 bill in 1875

question_tokens: who appeared on the $ 20 bill in 1875

text: United States twenty-dollar bill

text: Pre–Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.
1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.
1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.
1865: A national bank note with "The Battle of Lexington" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.
1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.
1875: As above, except with a different reverse.
1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.
1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.
1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.
1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.
1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.
1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.
1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.

tag: ul

text: Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928. Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson's election as president, it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson. (Cleveland's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year). According to the U.S. Treasury, "Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence."[4]

text: The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony; as president, he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank.[5][6] In his farewell address to the nation, he cautioned the public about paper money.[7]

text:
1914: Began as a large-sized note, a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face, and, on the back, a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left, and a steamship approaching from the right.
1918: A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front, and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note.
1928: Switched to a small-sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse. The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver (at the bearer's discretion) at any Federal Reserve Bank.
1933: With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard, the bill is no longer redeemable in gold, but rather in "lawful money", meaning silver.
1942: A special emergency series, with brown serial numbers and "HAWAII" overprinted on both the front and the back, is issued. These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion.
1948: The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself, including the addition of the Truman Balcony, as well as the passage of time. Most notably, the trees are larger.
1950: Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly, presumably for aesthetic reasons.
1963: "Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand" is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait, and the legal tender designation is shortened to "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" (eliminating "and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank.") Also, "In God We Trust" is added above the White House on the reverse. These two acts (one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing, and the other authorizing the national motto) are coincidental, even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign. Also, several design elements are rearranged, less perceptibly than the change in 1950, mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations.
1969: The new treasury seal appears on all denominations, including the $20.
1977: A new type of serial-number press results in a slightly different font. The old presses are gradually retired, and old-style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination.
1992: Anti-counterfeiting features are added: microprinting around the portrait, and a plastic strip embedded in the paper. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in April 1992.[8]
September 24, 1998: Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view. A larger, off-center portrait of Jackson was used on the front, and several anti-counterfeiting features were added, including color-shifting ink, microprinting, and a watermark. The plastic strip now reads "USA 20" and glows green under a black light.[9] The bills were first printed in June 1998.[10]
October 9, 2003:[11] The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow, and no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait (background images of eagles, etc. were also added to the front); the back is the same view of the White House, but without the oval around it. Ninety faint "20"s are scattered on the back in yellow as a "EURion constellation" to prevent photocopying. The first issue's series date is 2004 with Marin-Snow signatures. The bills were first printed in April 2003.[12]

text: Proposal for a woman's portrait[edit]

text: In a campaign called "Women on 20s", selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill. The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020, the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote.[13] Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, and Wilma Mankiller, the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation.[14][15][16]

text: On May 12, 2015, Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that "grassroots" poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman, followed by Roosevelt, Parks and Mankiller.[17]

text: On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[18] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[19]

text: On April 20, 2016, Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill, while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill, with Jackson appearing on the reverse.[20][21][22] Lew simultaneously announced that the five- and ten-dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade.[20][22]

text: On August 31, 2017, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill, explaining "People have been on the bills for a long period of time. This is something we’ll consider; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on."[23]


document_title: Charles Foster Kane

question_text: the snow globe that charlie drops after he says rosebud originally came from

text: Charles Foster Kane

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: The general consensus is that William Randolph Hearst is the primary—but not the only—inspiration behind Charles Foster Kane (Welles himself is considered the other main inspiration).

text: In the film, Kane is given the line "You provide the prose poems; I'll provide the war," undeniably similar to "You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war," a quote widely attributed to Hearst. Also, an overhead shot of Hearst's ranch is shown in the film as Xanadu, the lavish estate where Kane resides.

text: In addition, Kane's unsuccessful attempt to make his second wife an opera star parallels Hearst's effort to make his mistress Davies a serious dramatic movie actress despite critics' complaints that she was miscast and better in light comedy roles. The connection with Hearst is strengthened by the fact that Welles's co-writer, Herman J. Mankiewicz, was a frequent guest of Davies at Hearst Castle.

text: Some biographies of Welles posit that Welles himself was a source of inspiration for the character. Some of the character's dialogue on how to run a newspaper are direct quotes from Welles's comments on how to make a motion picture (though this was his first). Mankiewicz included dialogue about Kane's voracious appetite, also meant to echo Welles's character.

text: In recent years, Kane has been compared unfavorably to contemporary media figures such as Rupert Murdoch[1] and Ted Turner.[2]

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Citizen Kane explores the life of the titular character, who is born of humble origins in the fictional settlement of Little Salem, Colorado, in 1862.[citation needed] A mine given to his parents–to settle a bill for room and board—happens to be rich in gold, making the family suddenly wealthy. In 1871, Kane's mother puts him under the guardianship of a New York City banker named Walter Parks Thatcher, who raises him in luxury until he becomes an adult. Kane resents Thatcher for ripping him away from his family, and spends most of his adult life rebelling against him. He attends prestigious colleges such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Cornell—and gets himself expelled from all of them.

text: As an adult, Kane takes control of a Thatcher-owned newspaper called the New York Daily Inquirer,[3] thinking that "it might be fun to run a newspaper". His first act as the paper's new owner is to publish a "declaration of principles" stating his duty to be truthful to his readers. However, he almost immediately begins using yellow journalism tactics to blow stories out of proportion, encourage a war with Spain, and thwart Thatcher's political goals and business interest—including ones in which Kane holds stock. Kane also hires staff members away from the rival Chronicle newspaper, regarding them as collectibles. To finance the fledgling Inquirer, Kane uses his personal resources; this would allow him to operate it, even at a million dollar annual loss, for decades.

text: Kane eventually marries Emily Monroe Norton, the niece of a President of the United States.[4] The marriage sours as Kane's wealth and power feed his megalomaniacal ego. As his popularity and fortune increases, Kane runs for Governor of New York against reputedly corrupt boss J. W. Gettys. An election victory is almost certain until Gettys reveals evidence of Kane's affair with a young "singer" named Susan Alexander. Gettys blackmails Kane, meeting with him and his wife at Susan's apartment. Kane refuses to drop out of the race despite Gettys' leverage. The scandal goes public and Kane loses the election decisively. Furthermore, his best friend, Jedediah Leland, becomes profoundly disillusioned at Kane's arrogance–his intentional humiliation of his family, and his treatment of the electorate as personal property–and insists on a transfer to Kane's Chicago paper.

text: Emily divorces Kane in 1916, and dies two years later in a car crash with their son. Kane marries Susan and forces her into a doomed and humiliating career as an opera singer. Leland, now a drama critic for the Chicago Inquirer, refuses to toe the company line by praising Alexander's performances. Leland becomes too drunk at the difficult task of writing a truthful review against Kane's wishes, and falls into a stupor. Kane visits the paper's newsroom and finishes the review with Leland's negative tone intact, intending to prove that he still has integrity; he then fires Leland. In retaliation, Leland refuses his severance package and mails back the torn-up check with the original copy of Kane's "declaration of principles", implying that Kane has long ago lost any integrity he might have had. Kane angrily tears up the declaration.

text: After Susan attempts suicide, Kane releases her from her disastrous operatic career and retires to Xanadu, his gigantic Gothic chateau in Florida. Susan is unable to stand the monotonous routine inside the cavernous mansion and Kane's increasingly domineering nature, and eventually leaves him. The business downturns of the Great Depression—as well as Kane's excessive spending habits on the crumbling and unfinished Xanadu—costs Kane the control of his media empire, which he is forced to sell to Thatcher. Kane, however, still has considerable wealth. He returns to Xanadu and becomes a recluse, living alone and remaining estranged from all his friends. Kane dies of old age in 1941, uttering the cryptic word "Rosebud".

text: Reporter Jerry Thompson is assigned to track down the meaning of "Rosebud" shortly after Kane's highly publicized death. Despite interviewing all of Kane's living acquaintances, he never finds it. In truth, the word "Rosebud" was written on the sled Kane was given by his parents as a little boy, and left behind at his mother's boarding house when he was sent away to live with Thatcher. It is implied in the film that Kane finds the sled in a warehouse around the time he first meets Susan. The sled is burned in an incinerator after Kane's death, along with other possessions seen as trash by Xanadu's departing staff. It symbolises the innocence and love stolen from Kane when he was taken from his parents.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Susan Alexander[edit]

text: Susan Alexander Kane (Dorothy Comingore) was Kane's second wife. She is evidently low class and did not recognize Kane when they first met in the mid-1910s. While Gettys found evidence that implicated Susan as Kane's mistress, the film does not make it clear whether or not she really was. However, a mere two weeks after his first wife divorced him in 1916, Kane married Susan.

text: Susan was an aspiring opera singer when she and Kane first met, but is not particularly talented. Despite this, Kane tried to force her into a career as an opera singer, even building an opera house specifically for her, but he was unsuccessful. Susan is the last of Kane's friends to leave him as well as the original owner of the snow globe he drops after saying "rosebud". As of 1941, she is still living and running a nightclub ("El Rancho") in Atlantic City, which is where she is interviewed by Jerry Thompson.

text: Jedediah Leland[edit]

text: Jedediah Leland (Joseph Cotten) was a close friend of Kane and is generally acknowledged to represent the morality and idealism Kane himself loses as the film progresses. According to Mr. Bernstein, he came from a wealthy family that lost all their money and met Kane in college. In 1941 Jedediah lives in a nursing home in Manhattan, where he is interviewed by Jerry Thompson.

text: Walter Thatcher[edit]

text: Walter Parks Thatcher (George Coulouris) is a banker described by the opening newsreel as a "grand old man of Wall Street". He became Kane's legal guardian in 1871, but Kane resented him and used the Inquirer to harass him. In a scene in the newsreel set around 1925, Thatcher tells a congressional investigation that Kane is a Communist. When Thatcher asks Kane what he would have liked to have been, Kane replies "everything you hate". Clearly getting on in years during Kane's youth, Thatcher was still alive in 1929 and was dead by 1941.

text: Mr. Bernstein[edit]

text: Mr. Bernstein (Everett Sloane) is a business executive and now Chairman of the Board of Directors of Kane's business interests. Having served as Kane's personal assistant since at least when he took over the Inquirer, Bernstein proved the most loyal to the man. For instance, Bernstein willingly participated in indulging Kane's obsession in his wife's operatic career despite the fact that it was ill-considered by everyone else. However, he is not without scruples such as when he advised his employer not to make insincere promises in his Declaration of Principles.

text: Wealth and empire[edit]

text: Apart from the New York Inquirer, Kane publishes similar Inquirer newspapers in Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and other major American cities. The "News on the March" newsreel at the beginning of the film also claims that Kane controls two newspaper syndicates and a radio network; it also mentions that Kane has other business interests in real estate, logging, shipping, and food retailing. However, Kane's empire largely collapses at the onset of the Great Depression, and he is forced to sell his remaining holdings to Thatcher. Kane has enough wealth to build Chicago's opera house, as well as his unfinished mansion, Xanadu.

text: The mansion contains Kane's vast collection of classical sculptures and art, and the newsreel claims that portions of Xanadu were taken from other famous palaces overseas.


document_title: Defined contribution plan

question_text: who bears the investment risk in a defined contribution plan

text: Defined contribution plan

text: Overview[edit]

text: In a defined contribution plan, fixed contributions are paid into an individual account by employers and employees. The contributions are then invested, for example in the stock market, and the returns on the investment (which may be positive or negative) are credited to the individual's account. On retirement, the member's account is used to provide retirement benefits, sometimes through the purchase of an annuity which then provides a regular income. Defined contribution plans have become widespread all over the world in recent years and are now the dominant form of plan in the private sector in many countries.

text: For example, the number of defined contribution plans in the US has been steadily increasing, as more and more employers see pension contributions as a large expense avoidable by disbanding the defined benefit plan and instead offering a defined contribution plan.

text: Money contributed can either be from employee salary deferral or from employer contributions. The portability of defined contribution plans is legally no different from the portability of defined benefit plans. However, because of the cost of administration and ease of determining the plan sponsor's liability for defined contribution plans (no actuary is needed to calculate the lump sum equivalent unlike for defined benefit plans), in practice, defined contribution plans have become generally portable.

text: In a defined contribution plan, investment risk and investment rewards are assumed by each individual/employee/retiree and not by the sponsor/employer. This risk could be substantial. Based on simulations from security returns over the twentieth century across 16 countries, there is considerable variation in retirement plan fund ratios across both time and country. Those countries keenest on individual DC accounts have the highest retirement plan fund ratios but all investors in all countries face considerable downside risk.

text: Some countries such as France, Italy and Spain face a ten percent probability of having a real replacement ratio of 0.25, 0.20 and 0.17 respectively.[3] In addition, DC scheme participants do not necessarily purchase annuities with their savings upon retirement and bear the risk of outliving their assets.

text: The "cost" of a defined contribution plan is readily calculated, but the benefit from a defined contribution plan depends upon the account balance at the time an employee is looking to use the assets. So, for this arrangement, the contribution is known but the benefit is unknown (until calculated).

text: Despite the fact that the participant in a defined contribution plan typically has control over investment decisions, the plan sponsor retains a significant degree of fiduciary responsibility over investment of plan assets, including the selection of investment options and administrative providers.

text: By country[edit]

text: Defined contribution plans are common in the United States, and exist in various other countries, including: the UK’s personal retirement plans and proposed National Employment Savings Trust (NEST), Germany’s Riester plans, Australia’s Superannuation system, and New Zealand’s KiwiSaver scheme. Individual retirement savings plans also exist in Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Greece, Finland, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, Slovenia and Spain.

text: United States[edit]

text: Examples of defined contribution plans in the USA include Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and 401(k) plans. In such plans, the employee is responsible, to one degree or another, for selecting the types of investments toward which the funds in the retirement plan are allocated. This may range from choosing one of a small number of pre-determined mutual funds to selecting individual stocks or other securities. Most self-directed retirement plans are characterized by certain tax advantages, and some provide for a portion of the employee's contributions to be matched by the employer. In exchange, the funds in such plans may not be withdrawn by the investor prior to reaching a certain age—typically the year the employee reaches 59.5 years old—(with a small number of exceptions) without incurring a substantial penalty.

text: In the United States, the legal definition of a defined contribution plan is a plan providing for an individual account for each participant, and for benefits based solely on the amount contributed to the account, plus or minus income, gains, expenses and losses allocated to the account (see 26 U.S.C. § 414(i)).

text: Defined contribution plans are subject to IRS limits on how much can be contributed, known as the section 415 limit. In 2013, the total deferral amount, including employee contribution plus employer contribution, is limited to $51,000 or 100% of compensation, whichever is less. The employee-only limit in 2018 is $18,500 with a $6,000 catch-up. These numbers continue to be increased each year and are indexed to compensate for the effects of inflation.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the UK the shift from defined benefit to defined contribution retirement plans has elevated significantly, to the point where many large DB plans are no longer open to new employees. This momentum has been employer-driven and is considered a response to a combination of factors such as pension underfunding,[4] declined long-term interest rates and the move to more market-based accounting. The focus is now on managing pension fund assets in relation to liabilities instead of market benchmarks. The Pensions Policy Institute estimates that in 2013 there were approximately 8 million private sector workers building up DC benefits, compared to approximately 1 million building up DB benefits.[5] However, one point of concern with these schemes is that employers often contribute less than what they would under final salary plans. According to the National Association of Pension Funds (NAPF), employers contribute on average 11% of salary into final salary schemes, compared to only 6% to money purchase.[6] This indicates that individuals will have to save more of their own income into a retirement fund in order to accomplish a satisfactory retirement income. Companies such as Aon Hewitt, Mercer and Aviva recognise these challenges and have identified the need to help new generations of workers with their retirement funding plans.

text: Budget 2014: All tax restrictions on retired people's access to their registered retirement pots are removed, ending the requirement to buy an annuity. The taxable part of the registered retirement pot is taken as cash on retirement to be charged at normal income tax rate(s). The increase in total registered retirement savings that people can take as a lump sum to £30,000.

text: Japan[edit]

text: Defined contribution schemes have existed in Japan since October 2001, and as of March 2012 cover more than 4 million workers at about 16,400 companies.[7]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The Central Provident Fund (CPF) is Singapore's national pension fund. It is a defined contribution plan, contributed by employers and employees. With over 3 million members, it ranks among the world’s largest defined contribution (DC) schemes.[8] The CPF Board, a statutory authority established by legislation, runs this national pension fund.[9]

text: India[edit]

text: Central Government employees in India who joined after January 1, 2006 participate in National Pension Scheme which is defined contribution plan run by Pension Fund Regulatory Authority of India. Earlier employees were under Defined Benefit Plan.

text: All Government and Private sector organizations had to offer Provident Fund (PF) which is a type of Defined Contribution Plan. The NPS which was started in 2006 is a recent option given to all Central Government employees. The % of contribution made by the employer and employees are mandated by the regulations. Additionally employees are given the ability to opt for an additional contribution if they so desire. All contributions are managed by the PF authority. PF authority choose the investment vehicle, however the beneficiaries are given a standard % of returns on their contribution. Some large private sector organizations have also formed their Trust to manage the contributions received from its employees.