document_title: Abundance of the chemical elements

question_text: what is the most abundant chemical on earth

text: Abundance of the chemical elements

text: Universe[edit]

text:
Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically[3]

Z
Element
Mass fraction (ppm)

1
Hydrogen
739,000

2
Helium
240,000

8
Oxygen
10,400

6
Carbon
4,600

10
Neon
1,340

26
Iron
1,090

7
Nitrogen
960

14
Silicon
650

12
Magnesium
580

16
Sulfur
440

text: The elements – that is, ordinary (baryonic) matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6% of the universe's energy (including the mass contributed by energy, E = mc² ↔ m = E / c²) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars, planets, and living beings. The rest is thought to be made up of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%).[4] These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions, but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood.

text: Most standard (baryonic) matter is found in intergalactic gas, stars, and interstellar clouds, in the form of atoms or ions (plasma), although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings, such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars.

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second.  However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.

text: The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of stars.

text: Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy's disk is composed of heavy elements.

text: These other elements are generated by stellar processes.[5][6][7] In astronomy, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang.  Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity, after the Big Bang.

text: In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

text: Solar system[edit]

text:
Most abundant nuclides in the Solar System[8]

Nuclide

A

Mass fraction in parts per million

Atom fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1
1
705,700
909,964

Helium-4
4
275,200
88,714

Oxygen-16
16
9,592
477

Carbon-12
12
3,032
326

Nitrogen-14
14
1,105
102

Neon-20
20
1,548
100

Other nuclides:
3,879
149

Silicon-28
28
653
30

Magnesium-24
24
513
28

Iron-56
56
1,169
27

Sulfur-32
32
396
16

Helium-3
3
35
15

Hydrogen-2
2
23
15

Neon-22
22
208
12

Magnesium-26
26
79
4

Carbon-13
13
37
4

Magnesium-25
25
69
4

Aluminium-27
27
58
3

Argon-36
36
77
3

Calcium-40
40
60
2

Sodium-23
23
33
2

Iron-54
54
72
2

Silicon-29
29
34
2

Nickel-58
58
49
1

Silicon-30
30
23
1

Iron-57
57
28
1

text:
The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.[3]
Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

text: The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays).

text: Beginning with carbon, elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo-Harkins rule.

text: Relation to nuclear binding energy[edit]

text:
Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve.  Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter.[9]
See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

text:
A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve, and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve. This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy (corresponding to relative stability) of even atomic numbers compared with odd atomic numbers and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.[10]
The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy.[11]

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

text: The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.[12]

text: The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

text:
Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth.[13] The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million (ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb).
show

Atomic Number

Name

Symbol

Mass fraction (ppm)

Atomic fraction (ppb)[13]

8
oxygen
O
297000
482,000,000

12
magnesium
Mg
154000
164,000,000

14
silicon
Si
161000
150,000,000

26
iron
Fe
319000
148,000,000

13
aluminum
Al
15900
15,300,000

20
calcium
Ca
17100
11,100,000

28
nickel
Ni
18220
8,010,000

1
hydrogen
H
260
6,700,000

16
sulfur
S
6350
5,150,000

24
chromium
Cr
4700
2,300,000

11
sodium
Na
1800
2,000,000

6
carbon
C
730
1,600,000

15
phosphorus
P
1210
1,020,000

25
manganese
Mn
1700
800,000

22
titanium
Ti
810
440,000

27
cobalt
Co
880
390,000

19
potassium
K
160
110,000

17
chlorine
Cl
76
56,000

23
vanadium
V
105
53,600

7
nitrogen
N
25
46,000

29
copper
Cu
60
25,000

30
zinc
Zn
40
16,000

9
fluorine
F
10
14,000

21
scandium
Sc
11
6,300

3
lithium
Li
1.10
4,100

38
strontium
Sr
13
3,900

32
germanium
Ge
7.00
2,500

40
zirconium
Zr
7.10
2,000

31
gallium
Ga
3.00
1,000

34
selenium
Se
2.70
890

56
barium
Ba
4.50
850

39
yttrium
Y
2.90
850

33
arsenic
As
1.70
590

5
boron
B
0.20
480

42
molybdenum
Mo
1.70
460

44
ruthenium
Ru
1.30
330

78
platinum
Pt
1.90
250

46
palladium
Pd
1.00
240

58
cerium
Ce
1.13
210

60
neodymium
Nd
0.84
150

4
beryllium
Be
0.05
140

41
niobium
Nb
0.44
120

76
osmium
Os
0.90
120

77
iridium
Ir
0.90
120

37
rubidium
Rb
0.40
120

35
bromine
Br
0.30
97

57
lanthanum
La
0.44
82

66
dysprosium
Dy
0.46
74

64
gadolinium
Gd
0.37
61

52
tellurium
Te
0.30
61

45
rhodium
Rh
0.24
61

50
tin
Sn
0.25
55

62
samarium
Sm
0.27
47

68
erbium
Er
0.30
47

70
ytterbium
Yb
0.30
45

59
praseodymium
Pr
0.17
31

82
lead
Pb
0.23
29

72
hafnium
Hf
0.19
28

74
tungsten
W
0.17
24

79
gold
Au
0.16
21

48
cadmium
Cd
0.08
18

63
europium
Eu
0.10
17

67
holmium
Ho
0.10
16

47
silver
Ag
0.05
12

65
terbium
Tb
0.07
11

51
antimony
Sb
0.05
11

75
rhenium
Re
0.08
10

53
iodine
I
0.05
10

69
thulium
Tm
0.05
7

55
cesium
Cs
0.04
7

71
lutetium
Lu
0.05
7

90
thorium
Th
0.06
6

73
tantalum
Ta
0.03
4

80
mercury
Hg
0.02
3

92
uranium
U
0.02
2

49
indium
In
0.01
2

81
thallium
Tl
0.01
2

83
bismuth
Bi
0.01
1

text: Crust[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.

text: The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust— the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

text: Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

text:
rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);
rare earth elements (lanthanides, La-Lu, and Y; labeled in blue);
major industrial metals (global production >~3×107 kg/year; labeled in red);
precious metals (labeled in purple);
the nine rarest "metals" — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid) — in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth's core.

tag: ol

text: Note that there are two breaks where the unstable (radioactive) elements technetium (atomic number: 43) and promethium (atomic number: 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet both have relatively short half lives (~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared. These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (for example, uranium, thorium, or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes.

text: There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust, and are therefore extremely rare there.

text: The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.

text: Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent "astronomical metals" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.

text: Rare-earth elements[edit]

text: "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements.

text: Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers (58Ce, 60Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore.

text: Mantle[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.

text: The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron, while having much less aluminum and sodium.

text: Core[edit]

text: Due to mass segregation, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[12]

text: Ocean[edit]

text: The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron  (0.00043).

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components.   Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions.

text: According to the abundance curve graph (above right), argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass-fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

text: Urban soils[edit]

text: For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils.

text: Human body[edit]

text:
Elemental abundance in the human body
show

Element
Proportion (by mass)

Oxygen
65

Carbon
18

Hydrogen
10

Nitrogen
3

Calcium
1.5

Phosphorus
1.2

Potassium
0.2

Sulfur
0.2

Chlorine
0.2

Sodium
0.1

Magnesium
0.05

Iron
< 0.05

Cobalt
< 0.05

Copper
< 0.05

Zinc
< 0.05

Iodine
< 0.05

Selenium
< 0.01

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H2O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: hydrogen (H),  carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O),  calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium (K), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg).  CHNOPS for short. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.[15]

text: Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.[16]

text:
Nutritional elements in the periodic table

H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The basic organic elements

  Essential elements

  Essential trace elements

  Deemed essential trace element by U.S., not by European Union

  No evidence for biological action in mammals, maybe toxic, but essential in some lower organisms.(In the case of lanthanum, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides. Thus Ce, Pr, and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La, and the smaller Sm, Eu, and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth.)


document_title: The Predator (film)

question_text: when is the next predator movie coming out

root

text: The Predator (film)

text: Premise[edit]

text: A young boy accidentally triggers the Predators to return to Earth. The universe’s most lethal hunters have genetically upgraded themselves with DNA from other species. Only a crew of former soldiers and a disgruntled science teacher can stop the hunters before anybody becomes their prey.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Boyd Holbrook as Quinn McKenna, Emily’s ex-husband and the father of Rory and a former Marine and Special Forces commando who discovers the existence of the fierce Predators but finds that no one believes they exist. James Franco was originally offered the role but passed on it before Benicio del Toro was cast, who later had to back out due to scheduling conflicts.
Trevante Rhodes as Nebraska Williams,[4] a former Marine who enlists in a special Predator-hunting operation headed up by Quinn, his best friend.[5]
Jacob Tremblay as Rory McKenna, Quinn and Emily's troubled son, who has a form of autism and is bullied in school but becomes a key player in the fight against the Predators due to his preternatural ability to learn languages.
Keegan-Michael Key as Coyle, a man who teams up with Quinn and Williams to fight the Predators.[6]
Olivia Munn as Casey Bracket, a disgruntled science teacher who joins the crew's mission.
Sterling K. Brown as Will Traeger, an agent who jails Quinn but later needs his help with fighting the Predators.[7]
Alfie Allen as Lynch, a former Marine who teams with several other outsiders, including Quinn, to stop the human-hunting Predators in suburbia.[8]
Thomas Jane as Baxley, a military veteran from the Afghanistan and Iraq wars who is suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder.
Augusto Aguilera as Nettles, a Former Blackhawk helicopter pilot who has suffered a traumatic brain injury from a crash. [9]
Yvonne Strahovski as Emily McKenna, Quinn's ex-wife and the mother to Rory.
Jake Busey as the son of Peter Keyes.[10]
Edward James Olmos as a military general.[11][12]
Niall Matter[13] as Sapir

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In June 2014, Fox announced a sequel which Shane Black, who also starred as supporting character Rick Hawkins in Predator, will direct and co-write with Fred Dekker, and John Davis will produce.[14] Davis has said of the film that he thinks it is fresh and reimagines the franchise in a "different, interesting way".[15] In February 2016, Black confirmed the title of the new sequel would be The Predator.[16] Shane Black has referred to the project as an event film which aims to elevate the Predator series: "It's an attempt to 'event-ise' the Predator again... [An attempt to] make it more mysterious."[17][18] Black also expressed that the film would mark a return to the "intimate" scale of the original film and that the film-makers hoped to achieve “the same sense of wonderment and newness that Close Encounters had when that came out.”[18]

text: Black confirmed that the film is set in the present day and the titular character has upgraded armor.[19][20][21] Black has also indicated that the film would be a sequel set in present-day 2018, following the events of Predator and Predator 2, but set prior to the events of the 2010 film Predators.[22][23] He also mentioned that he looked for plot details set up in the previous Predator movies that he could retrospectively link back to with the new film.[24] To that end, Jake Busey was cast as the son of Peter Keyes, a character who was portrayed by Busey's father Gary Busey in Predator 2.[25] In February 2016, the studio revealed a teaser image of the film, confirming the title The Predator.[26]

text: Martin Whist served as the film's production designer,[27] while effects house Amalgamated Dynamics provided the creature effects for The Predator, having done so previously for the first two Alien vs. Predator films.[28]

text: Chief-executive-officer of 20th Century Fox Stacey Snider talked a little about The Predator and her thoughts on Shane Black and Fred Dekker’s script:

text: We’ve got a “Predator” film coming out that is unexpected and utterly fresh. I just imagined that it would take 500 hours to read the script — that it would be interior jungle, exterior more jungle and then fighting happens, but Emma [Watts] went out and recruited Shane Black. From the first page, it didn’t read like a “Predator” film. It’s set in suburbia. There’s a little boy and his dad at the center of the action.[29]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger discussed with Black about returning to the film as his character after the first Predator film.[30] Rapper 50 Cent also spoke of the possibility of being involved in the film but ended up dropping out.[31] By September 2016, Benicio del Toro had signed on to star in the film.[32] The following month, Boyd Holbrook replaced del Toro, who departed due to scheduling issues.[33] In November 2016, Olivia Munn joined the cast.[34] In January 2017, Trevante Rhodes, Keegan-Michael Key, Sterling K. Brown, Thomas Jane and Jacob Tremblay joined the cast.[35][6][7][36][37][38] In February, Alfie Allen and Yvonne Strahovski were added to the cast.[8][39] In March, the last main role was filled by Augusto Aguilera while Jake Busey was also cast in a supporting role.[9][40][41]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming was scheduled to begin in February 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[42] On November 21, 2016, Larry Fong was confirmed to be hired as cinematographer for the film.[43] Black announced that filming began on February 20, 2017.[44] Filming wrapped on June 2, 2017.[45] Additional photography in Vancouver took place in March 2018.[46] Keegan-Michael Key stated that the film's third act was mostly rewritten and reshot during additional photography.[47]

text: Music[edit]

text: Henry Jackman is set to provide the music score for the film.[48]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Predator was originally slated by 20th Century Fox for a March 2, 2018 release date,[49][50] before the date was pulled forward to February 9, 2018.[51] It was then pushed back to August 3, 2018.[52] In February 2018, the released date was pushed back to September 14, 2018.[3] The film will also be released in IMAX theatres.[53] On May 10, 2018, the first trailer was released.


document_title: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)

question_text: who is the present information and broadcasting minister of india

text: Organisation[edit]

text:
Broadcasting

Conditional Access System (CAS)
Community Radio Stations
Prasar Bharati
Doordarshan
Akashvani (All India Radio)
Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited
Uplinking/Downlinking of TV Channels
Content Regulation on Private TV Channels
Direct to Home (DTH)
Internet Protocol Television (IPTV)
Headend-in-the-Sky (HITS)
Digital television transition
Radio And Television Licence Around The World
Broadcasting Authority of India 1977

Information

Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP)
Directorate of Field Publicity
Photo Division
Publications Division
Research Reference & Training Division
Song & Drama Division
Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI)
Press Council of India
Press Information Bureau (PIB)
Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC)

Films

Directorate of Film Festivals (DFAI)
Films Division (FD)
Central Board of Film Certification
Children's Film Society, India
Film and Television Institute of India, Pune (FTII)
Film Certification Appellate Tribunal
National Film Archive of India (NFAI)
Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute (SRFTI)
National Film Development Corporation

text: Mandate[edit]

text: The mandate of the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting are:[3]

text:
News Services through All India Radio (AIR) and Doordarshan (DD) for the people
Development of broadcasting and television.
Import and export of films.
Development and promotion of film industry.
Organisation of film festivals and cultural exchanges for the purpose.
Directorate of Advertising and visual publicity DAVP
Handling of press relations to present the policies of Government of India and to get feed-back on the Government policies.
Administration of the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867 in respect of newspapers.
Dissemination of information about India within and outside the country through publications on matters of national importance.
Research, Reference and Training to assist the media units of the Ministry to meet their responsibilities.
Use of interpersonal communication and traditional folk art forms for information/ publicity campaigns on public interest issues.
International co-operation in the field of information & mass media.

text: Criticism and controversies[edit]

text: The Ministry has often been criticised for the actions of the various bodies under it:

text:
Arbitrary actions taken in the past to ban television channels which ostensibly showed explicit scenes, as well as actions taken to ban general use websites like Yahoo Groups, have been criticised.[4][5]
All India Radio is the only radio broadcaster allowed to broadcast news in India, though this is likely to change with the recommendations of the TRAI.[6]
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting asked the media not to air a controversial documentary by BBC about rape in India.[7]
The ministry has been criticised in its role of the way it has handled the FTII strike.

text: List of I&B Ministers[edit]

text:
Indira Gandhi (1964–1966)
I. K. Gujral (1972–1977)[8]
L. K. Advani (1977–1979)
Vasant Sathe (1980–1984)
H. K. L. Bhagat (1984–1988)
P. A. Sangma (1995–1996)
Sushma Swaraj (1996)
Jaipal Reddy (1996–1998)
Arun Jaitley (2000)
Sushma Swaraj (2000–2003)
Ravi Shankar Prasad (2003–2004)
Dayanidhi Maran (2004–2007)
Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi (2007–2009)
Ambika Soni (2009–2012)
Manish Tewari (2012–2014)
Prakash Javadekar (2014)
Arun Jaitley (2014–2016)
Venkaiah Naidu (2016–2017)
Smriti Irani (2017-Incumbent)

text: List of I&B Ministers of State[edit]

text:
N. K. P. Salve[9]
Ambareesh (2006–2008)
Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (2014–Incumbent)


document_title: Desperados Waiting for a Train

question_text: who wrote the song desperados waiting for a train

text: Desperados Waiting for a Train

text:
"Desperados Waiting for a Train"

Single by The Highwaymen

from the album Highwayman

B-side
"The Twentieth Century Is Almost Over"

Released
September 14, 1985

Genre
Country

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Guy Clark

Producer(s)
Chips Moman

The Highwaymen singles chronology

"String Module Error: Match not found"
(String Module Error: Match not found)
"Desperados Waiting for a Train"
(1985)
"Silver Stallion"
(1990)

"Highwayman"
"Desperados Waiting for a Train"
(1985)
"Silver Stallion"
(1990)

tag: table

text: "Desperados Waiting for a Train" is a song written by Guy Clark and originally recorded by Jerry Jeff Walker for his 1973 album Viva Terlingua. It subsequently appeared on Rita Coolidge's 1974 album Fall into Spring, David Allan Coe's third album, The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy (1974), Tom Rush's album Ladies Love Outlaws the same year, before Clark's own rendition was released on his first LP, 1975's Old No. 1. Clark has stated that the song is about his grandmother's boyfriend named Jack who was a grandfather figure to him.[1]

text: The song was also covered by Slim Pickens in 1981 on his self-titled album (Picc-A-Dilly PIC-3484).

text: The American country music group the Highwaymen released it as a single in September 1985. It was the second single from the album Highwayman. The song reached #15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[2]

text: Nanci Griffith recorded it for her 1998 album Other Voices Too (A Trip Back to Bountiful), accompanied by Clark, Jerry Jeff Walker, Steve Earle, Rodney Crowell, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, and Eric Taylor.

text: Jason Isbell covered the song for Guy Clark's induction into the 2015 Austin City Limits hall of fame ceremony.[3]

text: Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[4]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1985)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[5]
15

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
20


document_title: Life imprisonment in the United States

question_text: how many prisoners in the us have life sentences

text: Life imprisonment in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: In the 1860s, reformation became favored over penitence in American penology, with the role of prisons seen as reforming prisoners, who were imprisoned until reform was achieved. The concepts of parole and indeterminate sentencing were regarded as forward looking in the 1870s for these reasons. However, these ideals were not as successful as had been hoped—crime was not eradicated, reformatories had the same problems as prisons regarding politicization and underfunding, and indeterminate sentencing became undermined by prisoners, who quickly found that it was possible to "beat the system" by pretense, giving a better chance of winning parole. Many were soon back in custody. Similarly, prison authorities could twist it to their advantage by selectively denying parole. But the biggest cause of the reformatories' failure to live up to expectations was that despite the enthusiasm of reformers, and Brockway's call for an end to vengeance in criminal justice, those within the prison environment—both inmates and guards alike—continued to conceive of prison as a place of retribution.[4]

text: Schick's case, and life imprisonment without parole[edit]

text:
In 1954, Master Sergeant Maurice L. Schick was convicted by military court-martial of the murder of eight-year-old Susan Rothschild at Camp Zama in Japan.[5] The soldier admitted the killing stating he had a sudden "uncontrollable urge to kill" choosing his victim "just because she was there".[5]
Schick was sentenced to death. Six years later, the case was forwarded to President Dwight D. Eisenhower for final review. He exercised his right of executive clemency to commute Schick's death sentence to confinement with hard labor for the term of his natural life with the express condition that he "shall never have any rights, privileges, claims or benefits arising under the parole and suspension or remission of sentence laws of the United States".

text: In 1971, Schick began a legal challenge against his whole life sentence. The appeal eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974. It examined the constitutional basis of the punishment: life imprisonment without parole.[6] Had Schick been given an ordinary life sentence, he would have been eligible for parole in 1969.[7] Although Schick's sentence was given only cursory mention, the court concluded a whole life sentence was constitutional.[8] Schick, together with only five other federal prisoners still ineligible for parole at the time, was made eligible for parole by a separate pardon from President Ford either in 1976 or in 1977, and may have died a free man in Palm Beach, Florida, in 2004.[9][10]

text: Despite the Schick opinion's lack of thorough analysis regarding life imprisonment without a chance of parole, an imposing amount of precedent has developed based upon it.[11] After Furman v. Georgia,[12] this has put the constitutionality of the death penalty in question as life imprisonment without parole received increased attention from lawmakers and judges as an alternative to the death penalty.

text: Such penalties predate Schick.[13] One early American case was Ex Parte Wells,[14] who was convicted of murder in 1851 and sentenced to be hanged. On the day of his execution, President Millard Fillmore gave him a conditional pardon commuting his sentence to "imprisonment for life in the penitentiary at Washington". Wells appealed the conditions of his pardon. But the sentence was upheld with no discussion by the majority of the purpose of the substituted punishment.

text: Minors[edit]

text: A few countries worldwide have allowed for minors to be given lifetime sentences that have no provision for eventual release. Countries that allow life imprisonment without a possibility of parole for juveniles include Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Israel, Nigeria, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and the United States. Of these, only the U.S. currently has minors serving such sentences. The University of San Francisco School of Law’s Center for Law & Global Justice conducted international research on the use of the sentence of life without parole for juveniles, and has found no cases outside the U.S. in which the sentence is actually imposed on juveniles.[15] As of 2009, Human Rights Watch has calculated that there are 2,589[16] youth offenders serving life without parole in the U.S.[17]

text: In 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that sentencing minors to automatic sentences of life without a chance of parole for crimes other than those involving a homicide (generally, first-degree murder, and usually with aggravating factors or accompanying felonies) violated the Eighth Amendment's ban on "cruel and unusual punishments", in the case of Graham v. Florida.[18] In finding that the U.S. Constitution prohibits as cruel and unusual punishment a life without parole sentence for a juvenile in a non-homicide case, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that "the overwhelming weight of international opinion against" juvenile life without a chance of parole "provide[s] respected and significant confirmation for our own conclusions".[19] In 2012, the Court considered whether to ban the automatic use of it completely as a sentence for minors, even in cases of aggravated first degree murder (what is usually called felony murder, capital murder, or murder with aggravating circumstances, and for an adult could mean a sentence of death or life without a chance of parole; the planned rape and murder of a young child or the planned murder of more than one person at a time—e.g., a couple in their house—would be two examples) where it is still a possibility. The Court had already judged the death penalty unconstitutional for minors in 2005. In June 2012, the Court ruled that it could never be automatically used as a sentence for a minor (under 18), although the Court left room for it as a sentence that can eventually be given (for now) in certain first-degree murder cases once the judge has taken mitigating circumstances and other factors into account.

text: The U.S. practice of sentencing juveniles to life imprisonment without a possibility of parole violates international standards of justice, as well as treaties to which the U.S. is a party. Each state must ensure that its criminal punishments comply with the United States' international treaty obligations:

text:
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the oversight Committee instructed the U.S. to: "ensure that no such child offender is sentenced to life without parole [and] adopt all appropriate measures to review the situation of persons already serving such sentences".
The United Nations Convention Against Torture; the oversight Committee warned the U.S. that juvenile life sentences without a possibility of parole could constitute "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" for youth.
The oversight body of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination found that juvenile life without a chance of parole is applied disproportionately to black minors, and the U.S. has done nothing to reduce what has become pervasive discrimination. The Committee recommended that the U.S. discontinue the use of this sentence against persons under the age of eighteen at the time the offense was committed, and review the situation of persons already serving such sentences.

text: The United Nations General Assembly has called upon governments to: "abolish by law, as soon as possible...life imprisonment without possibility of release for those below the age of 18 years at the time of the commission of the offense".

text: International standards of justice hold that a juvenile life imprisonment without a possibility of parole is not warranted under any circumstances because juvenile offenders lack the experience, education, intelligence and mental development of adults and must be given a reasonable opportunity to obtain release based on demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation.[20]

text: Use of life imprisonment sentence[edit]

text: Although sentences vary for each state, generally the life imprisonment sentences are mandatory sentences for first degree murder, particularly when the first degree murder is done during the commission of another felony (the felony murder rule), or there are other aggravating circumstances present (such as is common for rapes which precede such murders, or the first degree murder of any law enforcement official or other public servant) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, including states without the death penalty, and as an (or the only) alternative sentence in states that have the death penalty and in federal and military courts. Life imprisonment is also a mandatory punishment in Idaho for aircraft hijacking, in New York for terrorism, in Florida for capital sexual battery (sexual abuse of a child under 12 years old that causes injury to the child) and in Georgia for a second conviction for armed robbery, kidnapping, or rape and other serious violent felonies under Georgia's Seven-deadly-sins law.

text: Life imprisonment is a possible punishment for aggravated mayhem and torture in California. Other specifics about life sentences in the United States continue to vary widely by individual states. Also, it may be given for "drug kingpins" and "habitual criminals". It has been applied in every state except Alaska,[21] as well as in the federal courts.[22] In Alaska, the maximum term of imprisonment is for 99 years, although this is almost always considered to be a theoretical life sentence.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Over 159,000 people were serving life sentences as of 2012, with just under a third—nearly 50,000—serving life without a chance of parole.[1] In 1993 the Times survey found, about 20 percent of all lifers had no chance of parole. By 2004 the number rose to 28 percent.[23]

text: As a result, the U.S. is now housing by far the world's largest and most permanent population of prisoners who are guaranteed to die of old age behind bars. At the Louisiana State Penitentiary, for instance, more than 3,000 of the 5,100 prisoners are serving life with a chance of parole, and most of the remaining 2,100 are serving sentences so long that they cannot be completed in a typical lifetime. About 150 inmates have died there in the last five years.[23] An article for QZ reported that 35% of all the world's prison lifers are in the U.S.

text: Parole and nonviolent offenses[edit]

text: Under the federal criminal code, however, with respect to offenses committed after December 1, 1987, parole has been abolished for all sentences handed down by the federal system, including life sentences, so a life sentence from a federal court will result in imprisonment for the life of the defendant, unless a pardon or reprieve is granted by the President, or if upon appeal, the conviction is quashed.[citation needed]

text: Over 3,200 people nationwide are serving life terms without a chance of parole for nonviolent offenses. Of those prisoners, 80 percent are behind bars for drug-related convictions. Sixty-five percent are African-American, 18 percent are white, and 16 percent are Latino. The ACLU has called these statistics proof of "extreme racial disparities." Some of the crimes that led to life sentences include stealing gas from a truck, shoplifting, etc., but only for those with a pattern of habitual criminal offenses. A large number of those imprisoned for life had no prior criminal history whatsoever, but were given the sentence due to the aggravated nature of their crimes.[24]

text: Three-strikes law[edit]

text: Under some "three-strikes laws", a broad range of crimes ranging from petty theft to murder can serve as the trigger for a mandatory or discretionary life sentence in California. Notably, the U.S. Supreme Court on several occasions has upheld lengthy sentences for petty theft including life with the possibility of parole and 50 years to life, stating that neither sentence conflicted with the ban on "cruel and unusual punishment" in the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[25]

text: Notable examples[edit]

text:
Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab – Attempted to explode a transatlantic flight
John Gotti – Boss of the New York City Gambino crime family
Aaron Hernandez – Former NFL Player for the New England Patriots who was found guilty of first-degree murder. Committed suicide on April 19th, 2017.
Lawrence Horn  – Former record recording executive, contracted the killing of his ex-wife; his disabled son, and the son’s nurse, attempting to gain control of his son’s $1.7 million trust fund
Ted Kaczynski – The Unabomber, whose homemade bombs killed 3 people and injured 23 others
Lee Boyd Malvo – Accomplice of the Beltway Sniper Attacks
Terry Nichols – Main accomplice to Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995
Gary Ridgway – A serial killer who murdered 49 women in and around Seattle
Eric Rudolph – 1996 Olympic bomber, who killed 4 and injured 111 others
Faisal Shahzad – The Times Square Bomber, who attempted to detonate a car bomb in Times Square on May 1, 2010
Ross Ulbricht – Manager of the Silk Road, an online drug-trafficking black market


document_title: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

question_text: who did tom sawyer tricked into painting the fence

text: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Tom Sawyer lives with his Aunt Polly and his half-brother Sid. He skips school to swim and is made to whitewash the fence the next day as punishment. He cleverly persuades his friends to trade him small treasures for the privilege of doing his work.

text: Tom falls in love with Becky Thatcher, a new girl in town, and persuades her to get "engaged" by kissing him. But their romance collapses when she learns Tom has been "engaged" previously to Amy Lawrence. Becky cried for a great deal of time until the other students began to notice, and she became embarrassed. Shortly after Becky shuns him, he accompanies Huckleberry Finn to the graveyard at night, where they witness a trio of body snatchers, Dr. Robinson, Muff Potter, and Injun Joe, getting into a fight in which Robinson is murdered by Injun Joe. Tom and Huckleberry Finn swear a blood oath to not tell anyone about the murder, as they feel that if they do, Injun Joe would murder them.

text: Bored by school, Tom, his best friend Joe Harper, and Huck run away to an island in the Mississippi called Jackson's Island. While enjoying their new-found freedom, they become aware that the community is sounding the river for their bodies. Tom sneaks back home one night to observe the commotion. After a brief moment of remorse at his loved ones' suffering, he is struck by the idea of appearing at his own funeral. The trio later carry out this scheme by making a sensational sudden appearance in the church in the middle of their joint funeral service.

text: Back in school, Tom gets himself back in Becky's favor after he nobly accepts the blame and punishment for a book she has ripped.

text: In court, Joe pins the murder on Muff Potter, but Tom and Huckleberry Finn know he is innocent. At Potter's trial, Tom decides to speak out and Joe escapes through a window before he can be apprehended. Henceforth the boys live in constant fear of Joe's revenge on them for incriminating him.

text: Summer arrives, and Tom and Huck go hunting for buried treasure in a haunted house. After venturing upstairs they hear a noise below. Peering through holes in the floor, they see Injun Joe disguised as a deaf-mute Spaniard; Injun Joe and his companion plan to bury some stolen treasure of their own. From their hiding spot, Tom and Huck wriggle with delight at the prospect of digging it up. By chance the villains discover an even greater gold hoard buried in the hearth and carry it all off to a better secret hiding place. The boys are determined to find where it has gone. One night Huck spots them and follows them. He overhears their plans to attack the wealthy Widow Douglas. By running to fetch help, Huck prevents the crime and becomes an anonymous hero.

text: In the meantime, Tom goes on a picnic to McDougal's Cave with Becky and their classmates. Tom and Becky get separated from the others and wander lost in the extensive cave complex for the next few days. Becky gets extremely dehydrated and starved, so Tom's search for a way out gets even more desperate. He accidentally encounters Injun Joe in the caves one day, but is not seen by his nemesis. Eventually, he finds a way out, and they are joyfully welcomed back by their community. As a preventive measure, Judge Thatcher, Becky's father, has McDougal's Cave sealed off with an iron door, but this traps Injun Joe inside. When Tom hears of the sealing several days later and directs a posse to the cave, they find Injun Joe's corpse just inside the sealed entrance, starved to death.

text: A week later, having deduced from Injun Joe's presence at McDougal's Cave that the villain must have hidden the stolen gold inside, Tom takes Huck to the cave and they find the box of gold, the proceeds of which are invested for them. The Widow Douglas adopts Huck, but he finds the restrictions of a civilized home life painful. He attempts to escape back to his vagrant life. Tom tricks him into thinking that he can later join Tom's new scheme of starting a robber band if he returns to the widow. Reluctantly, Huck agrees and goes back to her.

text: See also List of Tom Sawyer characters.

text: Significance[edit]

text: The novel has elements of humor, satire and social criticism; features that later made Mark Twain one of the most important authors of American literature. Mark Twain describes some autobiographical events in the book. The novel is set around Twain's actual boyhood home of Hannibal, near St. Louis, and many of the places in it are real and today support a tourist industry as a result.[5]

text: Inception[edit]

text: Tom Sawyer is Twain's first attempt to write a novel on his own. He had previously written contemporary autobiographical narratives (The Innocents Abroad or The New Pilgrims' Progress, Roughing It) and two short texts called sketches which parody the youth literature of the time. These are The Story of the Good Boy and The Story of the Wicked Little Boy which are satirical texts of a few pages. In the first, a model child is never rewarded and ends up dying before he can declaim his last words which he has carefully prepared. In the second story, an evil little boy steals and lies, like Tom Sawyer, but finishes rich and successful. Tom appears as a mixture of these little boys, since he is at the same time a scamp and a boy endowed with a certain generosity.

text: By the time he wrote Tom Sawyer, Twain was already a successful author based on the popularity of The Innocents Abroad. He owned a large house in Hartford, Connecticut but needed another success to support himself, with a wife and two daughters. He had collaborated on a novel with Charles Dudley Warner, The Gilded Age published in 1874.[6]

text: He had earlier written an unpublished memoir of his own life on the Mississippi and corresponded with a boyhood friend, Will Bowen, that had evoked many memories and was used as a source of material.

text: Twain named his fictional character after a San Francisco fireman whom he met in June 1863. The real Tom Sawyer was a local hero, famous for rescuing 90 passengers after a shipwreck. The two remained friendly during Twain's three-year stay in San Francisco, often drinking and gambling together.[7]

text: Publication[edit]

text: In November 1875 Twain gave the manuscript to Elisha Bliss of the American Publishing Company, who sent it to True Williams for the illustrations. A little later, Twain had the text also quickly published at Chatto and Windus of London, in June 1876, but without illustration. Pirate editions appeared very quickly in Canada and Germany. The American Publishing Company finally published its edition in December 1876, which was the first illustrated edition of Tom Sawyer.[8]

text: These two editions differ slightly. After completing his manuscript, Twain had a copy made of it. It is this copy which was read and annotated by his friend William Dean Howells. Twain then made his own corrections based on Howells comments which he later incorporated in the original manuscript, but some corrections escaped him. The English edition was based on this corrected copy, while the illustrated American edition was based on the original manuscript. To further complicate matters, Twain was personally concerned with the revision of the proofs of the American edition, which he did not do for the English edition. The American edition is therefore considered the authoritative edition.

text: Critical analysis[edit]

text: A third person narrator describes the experiences of the boys, interspersed with occasional social commentary. In its sequel, Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain changes to a first person narrative which takes moral conflicts more personally and thus makes greater social criticism possible.[9]

text: Sometimes the book is described as racist because black people are called "niggers" in the text. This was common practice at the time and does not necessarily indicate racism. A cleansed version, which no longer contained the word, aroused indignation among some literary critics.[10]

text: Sequels and other works featuring Tom Sawyer[edit]

text:
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894)
Tom Sawyer, Detective (1896)

text: Tom Sawyer, the story's title character, also appears in two other uncompleted sequels: Huck and Tom Among the Indians and Tom Sawyer's Conspiracy. He is also a character in Twain's unfinished Schoolhouse Hill.

text: Adaptations and influences[edit]

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
Tom Sawyer (1917), directed by William Desmond Taylor, starring Jack Pickford as Tom[11]
Tom Sawyer (1930), directed by John Cromwell, starring Jackie Coogan as Tom[12]
Tom Sawyer (1936), Soviet Union version directed by Lazar Frenkel and Gleb Zatvornitsky[13]
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), Technicolor film by the Selznick Studio, starring Tommy Kelly as Tom and directed by Norman Taurog; most notable is the cave sequence designed by William Cameron Menzies[14]
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1960), BBC television series in 6 episodes starring Fred Smith as Tom and Janina Faye as Becky. The series' theme song was "John Gilbert is the Boat", sung by Peggy Seeger[15]
Les aventures de Tom Sawyer (1968), Romanian/French/German television miniseries directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner, starring Roland Demongeot as Tom and Marc Di Napoli as Huck[16]
Aventurile lui Tom Sawyer (1968), Romanian movie directed by Mircea Albulescu.
The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1968), a half-hour live-action/animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions[17]
Las Aventuras de Juliancito (1969), Mexican film[18]
Tom Sawyer (1973), musical adaptation by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman, with Johnny Whitaker in the title role, Jeff East as Huck Finn, Jodie Foster as Becky Thatcher, and Celeste Holm as Aunt Polly.[19]
Tom Sawyer (1973), TV movie version sponsored by Dr Pepper, starring Buddy Ebsen as Muff Potter and filmed in Upper Canada Village[20]
Páni kluci (1976), Czech movie directed by Věra Plívová-Šimková
Huckleberry Finn and His Friends (1979), TV series[21]
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1980), Japanese anime television series by Nippon Animation, part of the World Masterpiece Theater, aired in the United States on HBO
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (Приключения Тома Сойера и Гекльберри Финна), 1981 Soviet Union version directed by Stanislav Govorukhin[22]
Tom Sawyer (1984), Canadian claymation version produced by Hal Roach studios
Tom and Huck (1995), starring Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Tom and Brad Renfro as Huck Finn[23]. The story takes place in contemporary time.
Tom Sawyer (2000), animated adaptation featuring the characters as anthropomorphic animals instead of humans with an all-star voice cast, including country singers Rhett Akins, Mark Wills, Lee Ann Womack, Waylon Jennings, and Hank Williams Jr. as well as Betty White[24]
Thomas Sawyer, as a young adult, is a character in the movie League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, portrayed by Shane West. Here, Tom is a U.S. Secret Service agent who joins the team's fight against Professor Moriarty.
Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn (2014), starring Joel Courtney as Tom and Jake T. Austin as Huck.
Band of Robbers, a 2015 American crime comedy film written and directed by the Nee Brothers[25]

text: Theatrical[edit]

text:
In 1956, We're From Missouri, a musical adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, with book, music, and lyrics by Tom Boyd, was presented by the students at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.
In 1960, Tom Boyd's musical version (re-titled Tom Sawyer) was presented professionally at Theatre Royal Stratford East in London, England, and in 1961 toured provincial theatres in England.[26][27]
In 1981, the play "The Boys in Autumn" was premiered in San Francisco by the American dramatist Bernhard Sabath, in which Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn meet again as old men. Despite good reviews, the play has remained largely unknown.[28]
In 2001, the musical The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Ken Ludwig and Don Schlitz, debuted on Broadway.[29]
In 2015, the Mark Twain House and Museum selected 17-year-old Noah Altshuler (writer of Making the Move), as Mark Twain Playwright in Residence, to create a modern, meta-fictional adaptation of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer for regional and commercial production.[30]

text: Ballet[edit]

text: Tom Sawyer: A Ballet in Three Acts premiered on October 14, 2011, at the Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts in Kansas City, Missouri. The score was by composer Maury Yeston, with choreography by William Whitener, artistic director of the Kansas City Ballet.[31][32] A review in The New York Times observed: "It’s quite likely that this is the first all-new, entirely American three-act ballet: it is based on an American literary classic, has an original score by an American composer and was given its premiere by an American choreographer and company. ... Both the score and the choreography are energetic, robust, warm, deliberately naïve (both ornery and innocent), in ways right for Twain."[33]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, an action-platformer for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released by SeTa in February 1989 in Japan and August that same year in the North America.
Square's Tom Sawyer, a role-playing video game produced by Square. It was released in March 1989 for Japan on the Famicom.

text: Internet[edit]

text: On November 30, 2011, to celebrate Twain’s 176th birthday, the Google Doodle was a scene from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.[34]

text: Song[edit]

text: Canadian rock band Rush published a song entitled Tom Sawyer in 1981, which is inspired by the book.[35]


document_title: Till the Clouds Roll By

question_text: who played sally in till the clouds roll by

text: Till the Clouds Roll By

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Robert Walker as Jerome Kern
June Allyson as Herself/Jane in Leave It to Jane
Lucille Bremer as Sally Hessler
Judy Garland as Marilyn Miller
Kathryn Grayson as Magnolia Hawks in Show Boat/Herself
Van Heflin as James I. Hessler
Lena Horne as Julie LaVerne in Show Boat/Herself
Dorothy Patrick as Eva Kern
Van Johnson as bandleader in Elite Club
Tony Martin as Gaylord Ravenal in Show Boat/Himself
Dinah Shore as Herself
Frank Sinatra as Himself
Gower Champion as Specialty dancer in Roberta
Cyd Charisse as Specialty dancer in Roberta
Angela Lansbury as London specialty
Ray McDonald as Dance Specialty in Oh, Boy! and Leave It to Jane
Virginia O'Brien as Ellie Mae in Show Boat/Herself
Joan Wells as Young Sally Hessler
Harry Hayden as Charles Frohman
Paul Langton as Oscar Hammerstein II
Paul Maxey as Victor Herbert

text: Cast notes

text:
Esther Williams makes a cameo appearance
Sally Forrest and Mary Hatcher make appearances as "chorus girls".[2]
Kathryn Grayson reprised the role of Magnolia Hawks in MGM's film adaptation of Show Boat, released in 1951.[2]

text:
Bruce Cowling

Dorothy Patrick

Dinah Shore

text: Production[edit]

text: The working title for the film was "As the Clouds Roll By".[2] Gene Kelly was originally intended to play Kern, with Gloria deHaven, Jacqueline White, Imogene Carpenter, a stage actress, and Jeanette MacDonald in major parts. None appeared in the film.[2]

text: The first 15 minutes of the film consist of a condensed adaptation of Act I of Show Boat, with the order of some of the songs shifted - "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" is sung after "Life upon the Wicked Stage", and "Ol' Man River" was used as an Act I Finale, dissimilar to the show.[citation needed] "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" as sung by Lena Horne was filmed, like many of her other musical numbers in MGM films, so that it could be easily eliminated by sensitive Southern distributors.[citation needed]

text: When the film started production in the fall of 1945, Judy Garland was signed as Broadway singer-dancer Marilyn Miller, having just returned to California after a long New York honeymoon with her new husband, director Vincente Minnelli.[1] Soon after, Kern returned to New York towards the end of October and died in November 1945.

text: During the six months that it took to shoot the film, producer Arthur Freed had to come up with one director after another. Lemuel Ayers, a set designer, was originally scheduled to make his directorial debut on the film, but was replaced by Busby Berkeley late in August 1945. Meanwhile, Minnelli – who, it was rumored at the time, would be taking over the direction of the film – was shooting Garland's sequences even before the beginning of principal photography, as she was pregnant and expected to give birth in March 1946; her shooting was completed on November 8, 1945. By the time full shooting began in the middle of December, Berkeley had been replaced by Henry Koster, who was also replaced after a short period by Richard Whorf. Whorf ended up receiving the onscreen directorial credit.[1][2] There was a break in production from some time in January 1946 to the middle of March of that year.[2]

text: The film includes two versions of "Ol' Man River" - the first sung by Caleb Peterson and an African-American chorus as part of the Show Boat medley, and the second, a "crooner version" by Frank Sinatra, featured as the grand finale.

text: Barbette consulted on the creation of the film's circus sequence.[5]

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"Cotton Blossom" - MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"Where's the Mate for Me" - Tony Martin
"Make Believe" - Kathryn Grayson/Tony Martin
"Life Upon the Wicked Stage" - Virginia O'Brien/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus Girls
"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" - Lena Horne
"Ol' Man River" - Caleb Peterson/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"Ka-Lu-a" - MGM Studio Orchestra
"How'd You Like to Spoon with Me" - Angela Lansbury/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"They Didn't Believe Me" - Dinah Shore
"Till the Clouds Roll By" - June Allyson/Ray McDonald/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"Leave It to Jane" - MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus/June Allyson/Ray McDonald
"Cleopatterer" - June Allyson/Ray McDonald/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"Leave It to Jane" (Reprise) - MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus/June Allyson/Ray McDonald
"Look for the Silver Lining" - Judy Garland
"Sunny" - Judy Garland/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"Who?" - Judy Garland/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"One More Dance" - Lucille Bremer (Dubbed by Trudy Erwin)
"I Won't Dance" - Van Johnson/Lucille Bremer (dubbed by Trudy Erwin)
"She Didn't Say Yes" - Lee and Lyn Wilde, aka "The Wilde Twins"
"Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" - Cyd Charisse/Gower Champion
"The Last Time I Saw Paris" - Dinah Shore
"The Land Where the Good Songs Go" - Lucille Bremer (dubbed by Trudy Erwin)
"Yesterdays" - MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus
"Long Ago (and Far Away)" - Kathryn Grayson
"A Fine Romance" - Virginia O'Brien
"All the Things You Are" - Tony Martin
"Why Was I Born?" - Lena Horne
"Ol' Man River" (Reprise/Finale) - Frank Sinatra/MGM Studio Orchestra and Chorus

text: Surviving Judy Garland song outtake[edit]

text: A video of an excised musical number survives from this film, although part of the soundtrack has been lost. Judy Garland, as Marilyn Miller, sings "D'Ya Love Me?" to two clowns in a circus setting, representing a scene from the Broadway musical Sunny.[6]

text: Soundtrack album[edit]

text: The film was one of the first motion pictures to have a soundtrack album released concurrent with it arriving in theaters. The soundtrack was produced by MGM Records. It originally contained four 78-rpm records featuring various artists and songs from thegilm and front-cover artwork by Lennie Hayton. Later the album was released on LP.[7]

text: No official authorized version has yet been released on CD, but several unauthorized versions have (Rhino Entertainment currently owns the rights to issue an authorized CD of the soundtrack, under license from Turner Entertainment; in the past, MCA Records and Sony Music Entertainment held such rights). This is due to MGM allowing the film to fall into public domain.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Bosley Crowther, reviewing the film for The New York Times, wrote:[8]

text: "Why did Metro...have to cook up a thoroughly phoney yarn about the struggles of a chirpy young composer to carry the lovely songs of Jerry Kern? And why did it have to do it in such a hackneyed and sentimental way as to grate on the sensibilities of even the most affectionately disposed?"

text: Variety began its review with a similar sentiment: "Why quibble about the story?"[9]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film earned $4,748,000 in the US and Canada box office and $1,976,000 elsewhere, but because of its high cost the profit was only $732,000.[4][10]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated[11]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film is one of several MGM musicals – another being Royal Wedding – that lapsed into public domain on their 28th anniversary due to failure to renew the copyright registration.[12] As such, it is one of the most widely circulated MGM musicals on home video. Warner Home Video gave it its first fully restored DVD release on April 25, 2006.


question_text: where did the film three billboards outside ebbing missouri

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the town of Ebbing, Missouri, Mildred Hayes is grieving the rape and murder of her teenage daughter, Angela, seven months earlier. Angry over the lack of progress in the investigation, Mildred rents three abandoned billboards near her home, and posts on them: "Raped While Dying", "Still No Arrests?", and "How Come, Chief Willoughby?" The billboards upset the townspeople, including Chief Bill Willoughby and Officer Jason Dixon, the latter being a racist and a violent alcoholic. The open secret that Willoughby suffers from terminal pancreatic cancer adds to everyone's disapproval. Mildred and her son Robbie are harassed and threatened, but to Robbie's chagrin, she stays firm about keeping the billboards up.

text: While Willoughby is sympathetic to Mildred's frustration, he finds the billboards an unfair attack on his character. Angered by Mildred's lack of respect for his authority, Dixon threatens businessman Red Welby, who rented Mildred the billboards, and he arrests her friend and coworker, Denise, on trivial marijuana possession charges. Mildred is also visited by her abusive ex-husband Charlie, who blames her for their daughter's death.

text: Willoughby brings Mildred in for questioning after she drills a hole in her dentist's thumb when he threatens her. During the interview, Willoughby coughs up blood. He leaves the hospital against medical advice and spends an idyllic day with his wife Anne and their two daughters, then commits suicide due to his illness. He leaves suicide notes for several people, including Mildred, in which he explains that she was not a factor in his suicide and that he secretly paid to keep the billboards up for another month, amused at the trouble this will bring her and hope that they will keep attention on the murder. Dixon reacts to the news of Willoughby's death by assaulting Welby and throwing him out of a window. This is witnessed by Willoughby's replacement, Abercrombie, who fires Dixon. In the meanwhile, Mildred is threatened by a crop-haired stranger in her store.

text: The billboards are destroyed by arson. Mildred retaliates by tossing Molotov cocktails at the police station, which she believes is unoccupied for the night. However, Dixon is there to read Willoughby's letter to him, which advises him to let go of hate and learn to love, as the only way to realize his wish to become a detective. Dixon escapes with Angela's case file but suffers severe burns. Mildred's acquaintance James witnesses the incident and provides Mildred with an alibi, claiming they were on a date. Dixon is treated for his burns, and he is temporarily confined in the same hospital room as Welby, to whom he apologizes.

text: Discharged from the hospital, Dixon overhears the man who threatened Mildred bragging in a bar of an incident similar to Angela's murder. He notes the Idaho license plate number of the man's vehicle, then provokes a fight by scratching the man's face. At home later, he removes a sample of the man's DNA from under his fingernails. Meanwhile, Mildred goes on a date with James to thank him for the alibi. Charlie enters with his 19-year-old girlfriend Penelope and admits to burning the billboards while intoxicated. After accidentally causing James to leave, Mildred tells Charlie to treat Penelope well and leaves.

text: Though commending him, Abercrombie informs Dixon that the DNA sample does not match DNA found on Angela's body, and that the man was overseas on military duty nine months before. Dixon concludes that the man must be guilty of some other rape, and joins Mildred on a trip to Idaho in order to kill him. On the way, Mildred confesses to Dixon that she set the police station on fire. He indicates that he knew already. They express reservations about their mission but agree to decide what to do along the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Frances McDormand as Mildred Hayes
Woody Harrelson as William 'Bill' Willoughby
Sam Rockwell as Jason Dixon
John Hawkes as Charlie Hayes
Peter Dinklage as James
Abbie Cornish as Anne Willoughby
Caleb Landry Jones as Red Welby
Kerry Condon as Pamela
Darrell Britt-Gibson as Jerome
Lucas Hedges as Robbie Hayes
Željko Ivanek as Desk Sergeant
Amanda Warren as Denise
Kathryn Newton as Angela Hayes
Samara Weaving as Penelope
Clarke Peters as Chief Abercrombie

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: While traveling through the Southern United States in around 1998, Martin McDonagh came across a couple of accusatory billboards about an unsolved crime, which he described as "raging and painful and tragic [sic]". The billboards highlighted the incompetence of police work and deeply affected McDonagh; he said that the image "stayed in my mind [...] kept gnawing at me" and presumed that they were put up by the victim's mother.[5][a] This incident, combined with his desire to create strong female characters, inspired him to write the story for Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri.[5] McDonagh discussed the creative process, saying that it took him about ten years to "[decide] that it was a mother who had taken these things out. It all became fiction [...] based on a couple of actual billboards".[7][8]

text: Casting and filming[edit]

text: The character of Mildred was written with Frances McDormand in mind, and likewise the character of Dixon was written specifically for Rockwell.[9] McDormand initially felt that she was older than the character as it was written, and suggested that Mildred instead be Angela's grandmother; McDonagh disagreed, feeling that it would change the story too much.[9][10] McDormand's husband Joel Coen persuaded her to take the part regardless.[9] McDormand took inspiration for her character from John Wayne; and Rockwell, wanting to make his character "the exact opposite" of Mildred, took inspiration for his character in part from Wayne's co-star in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Lee Marvin.[9]

text: Principal photography began on May 2, 2016, in Sylva, North Carolina,[11] and ran for 33 days.[12] Allison Outdoor Advertising of Sylva built the actual billboards, which were put in a pasture near Black Mountain, North Carolina because that location was better. Most of the time the billboards were covered because people in the area found them upsetting. David Penix of Arden, North Carolina bought the billboards and used the wood for a roof in Douglas Lake in Tennessee, though the messages are no longer in order.[13] Town Pump Tavern in Black Mountain, which had appeared in The World Made Straight, was used as a set and was closed for three days during filming. A pool table and booths were added. The bar's actual sign appeared in the movie.[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score was written by Carter Burwell, who had also supplied the score for McDonagh's films In Bruges and Seven Psychopaths. As well as Burwell's score, the film features songs by ABBA, Joan Baez, The Felice Brothers, the Four Tops, Monsters of Folk and Townes Van Zandt. [15]

text: Release[edit]

text: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri premiered in competition at the 74th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2017.[16] It also had screenings at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival,[17] the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival (where it won the Audience Award),[18] the BFI London Film Festival,[19] and the 2017 Zurich Film Festival.[20] It was also screened at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival.[21]

text: In the United States, the film was released, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, on November 10, 2017, beginning with a limited release, before "going wide" on December 1.[4] The film was released on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD on February 27, 2018.[22] Six Shooter, McDonagh's Academy Award-winning short film, is included as a bonus.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri grossed $54.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $104.1 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $158.6 million.[4]

text: In its limited opening weekend, the film made $322,168 from four theaters for a per-theater average of $80,542, the fourth best of 2017.[23] The film made $1.1 million from 53 theaters in its second weekend and $4.4 million from 614 in its third, finishing a respective 9th and 10th at the box office.[24] In the weekend following its four Golden Globe wins the film was added to 712 theaters (for a total of 1,022) and grossed $2.3 million, and increase of 226% from the previous week's $706,188.[25] The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film's seven Oscar nominations, it made $3.6 million (an increase of 87% over the previous week's $1.9 million), finishing 13th.[26] The weekend of March 9–11, following its two Oscar wins, the film made $705,000, down 45% from the previous week's $1.3 million.[27]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 321 reviews, and an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri deftly balances black comedy against searing drama – and draws unforgettable performances from its veteran cast along the way."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film had a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[29] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[30]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film's performances, stating "It's Mildred's glowering refusal to back down that defines her, and McDormand brilliantly spotlights the conflicted humanity beneath the stony façade," and called Rockwell's performance a "revelation."[31] Steve Pond, writing for TheWrap, praised McDonagh's writing, calling it "Very funny, very violent and surprisingly moving."[32]

text: Some criticized the script for McDonagh's insincere or incorrect portrayal of small town America. The New York Times columnist Wesley Morris called McDonagh's portrayal of America a caricature: "a set of postcards from a Martian lured to America by a cable news ticker and by rumors of how easily flattered and provoked we are."[33] Tim Parks in The New Yorker praised the “magnificently photographed images” but wrote that the plot contained “a thousand cheap coincidences”. He concluded that the film is "empty of emotional intelligence" and "devoid of any remotely honest observation of the society it purports to serve." [34] In her review for The New York Times, Manohla Dargis wrote "[McDonagh's] jokes can be uninterestingly glib with tiny, bloodless pricks that are less about challenging the audience than about obscuring the material's clichés and overriding theatricality."[35]

text: The film was also controversial for its insensitive handling of racial themes, particularly surrounding the redemptive arc of Officer Dixon. In The Daily Beast, blogger Ira Madison III called the treatment of Rockwell's character "altogether offensive...McDonagh's attempts to script the black experience in America are often fumbling and backward and full of outdated tropes."[36] Alyssa Rosenberg noted in The Washington Post that "[Dixon's] redemption doesn’t merely defang his previous venomous bigotry; it softens Mildred’s character development."[37]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri won for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress – Drama (McDormand), Best Supporting Actor (Rockwell), and Best Screenplay, and was nominated for Best Director and Best Original Score.[38] At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received nine nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Actress in a Leading Role (McDormand), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for both Rockwell and Harrelson.[39][40] It won five awards, including Best Film and Outstanding British Film (making it the only film along with The King's Speech to win both awards since the latter category was reintroduced in 1992)[41] while both McDormand and Rockwell won the Lead Actress and Supporting Actor awards respectively.[42] It was nominated for four awards at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning three, including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 90th Academy Awards it received seven nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress for Frances McDormand, Best Original Screenplay for Martin McDonagh and two Best Supporting Actor nominations for both Sam Rockwell and Woody Harrelson. McDormand and Rockwell took home their respective awards.

text: It was named one of the top 10 films of the year by the American Film Institute.[43] At the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival,[17] the film won its top prize, the People's Choice Award.[44] At the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival, it won the Audience Award.[18]

text: Impact[edit]

text: On February 15, 2018, Justice4Grenfell, an advocacy group created in response to the Grenfell Tower fire, hired three vans with electronic screens in a protest against perceived inaction in response to the fire.[45] The vans were driven around London, and displayed messages in the style of the billboards in the film: '71 Dead', 'And Still No Arrests?', 'How Come?'[46]

text: In response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting that took place on February 14, 2018, in Parkland, Florida, activist group Avaaz had three vans circle Florida senator Marco Rubio's offices displaying 'Slaughtered in School', 'And Still No Gun Control?', 'How Come, Marco Rubio?'[47][48]

text: On the night of February 15, 2018, the movement #OccupyJustice set up three billboards and a number of banners in Malta, marking the four-month anniversary of the murder of the journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. The billboards bore the text 'A Journalist Killed. No Justice.', 'A Country Robbed. No Justice.', and 'No Resignations. No Justice.'[49][50] The authorities removed the billboards the following day,[51] stating that they were illegal.[52] The government was criticized for this move,[53][54] and a day after their removal, activists laid down banners with similar text near Auberge de Castille, the Office of the Prime Minister.[52]

text: Outside the Bristol city centre on February 3, 2018, a mural was erected depicting three billboards reading 'Our NHS is dying', 'And still no more funding', and 'How come, Mrs May'. It was installed by the groups People’s Republic of Stokes Croft and Protect Our NHS in response to the alleged privatization of the National Health Service (NHS) and the death of a 15-year-old girl attributed by some to a purported lack of resources by the NHS.[55]

text: On February 22, 2018, the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations, protesting the inaction of the UN's role within the Syrian Civil War, set up three billboards outside the United Nations building in New York that read '500,000 Dead in Syria', 'And still no action?', and 'How come, Security Council'.[56][57]

text: On or around March 1, around the time of the 2018 Oscars, three billboards were taken out in Los Angeles, stating "WE ALL KNEW AND STILL NO ARRESTS", "AND THE OSCAR FOR BIGGEST PEDOPHILE GOES TO..." and "NAME NAMES ON STAGE OR SHUT THE HELL UP!", as an attempt to protest both the Oscars and the #MeToo movement.[58]

text: On March 8, on International Women's Day, three billboards were put in downtown Pristina, Kosovo,[59] to protest the death of two women as a result of domestic violence.[60]

text: Both McDormand and McDonagh have responded positively to the protests, with McDonagh saying "You couldn't ask for anything more than for an angry film to be adopted by protests,"[61][62] and McDormand saying she is “thrilled that activists all over the world have been inspired by the set decoration of the three billboards in Martin’s film.”[63]

text: On March 24, 2018, signs inspired by Three Billboards appeared at March for Our Lives gun safety rallies across the US and around the world.[64][65]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The billboards were later found along the Interstate 10, and had been put by James Fulton, whose daughter Kathy Page was assaulted and killed in 1991.[6]


document_title: Adobe Premiere Pro

question_text: what is the newest version of adobe premiere pro

text: Adobe Premiere Pro

text: History[edit]

text: Premiere Pro is the redesigned successor to Adobe Premiere, and was launched in 2003. Premiere Pro refers to versions released in 2003 and later, whereas Premiere refers to the earlier releases.  Premiere was one of the first computer-based NLEs (non-linear editing system), with its first release on Mac in 1991. Adobe briefly abandoned the Mac platform after version 6 of Premiere. Up until version Premiere Pro 2.0 (CS2), the software packaging featured a galloping horse, in a nod to Eadweard Muybridge's work, "Sallie Gardner at a Gallop".

text: Features[edit]

text: Premiere Pro supports high resolution video editing at up to 10,240 × 8,192[9] resolution, at up to 32-bits per channel color, in both RGB and YUV.  Audio sample-level editing, VST audio plug-in support, and 5.1 surround sound mixing are available.  Premiere Pro's plug-in architecture enables it to import and export formats beyond those supported by QuickTime or DirectShow, supporting a wide variety of video and audio file formats and codecs on both MacOS and Windows.  When used with Cineform's Neo line of plug-ins, it supports 3D editing with the ability to view 3D material using 2D monitors, while making individual left and right eye adjustments.

text: Workflow integration[edit]

text: Advantages over Premiere Elements[edit]

text: An entry-level version, Adobe Premiere Elements is aimed at home users available on Microsoft Windows and macOS. With Premiere Pro aimed at the professional market, it has advantages over Premiere Elements including multiple sequence support, multicamera editing, time remapping, scopes, advanced color correction tools, and advanced audio mixer interface. Premiere Pro also has Encore, for more elaborate DVD and Blu-ray Disc authoring options, and OnLocation for direct-to-disk recording. Encore was discontinued with the release of Adobe Creative Cloud.

text: Release history[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)

text:
Version

Platform

Release date

Significant changes

Codename

Adobe Premiere 1.0

Mac

December 1991[12]

First release of Premiere
QuickTime multimedia and VideoSpigot format support
PICT image support
Supported up to 160 x 120 pixels movie creation
Supported 8-bit audio
Supported output to video tape[13][14]

Demon

Adobe Premiere 2.0

Mac

September 1992[15]

QuickTime video and audio capture support
Title creation
Title, Sequence, and Construction windows
Slow/fast motion support
5 audio and 41 movie/still-image filters
49 special effects
16-bit, 44 kHz audio support
Filmstrip file format introduced
Numbered PICT sequence support
EDL support
Illustrator text import
SMPTE timecode support[15][16]

Adobe Premiere 3.0

Mac

August 1993[17]

99 stereo audio tracks
97 video tracks
Video waveform monitor
Sub-pixel motion and field rendering
Batch digitizing
Full framerate preview from disk
Enhanced title window[17]

Adobe Premiere 1.0

Windows

September 1993[18]

First release of Premiere application for Windows platform
24-bit AVI and QuickTime video format support
Autodesk Animator file support
AVI, AIFF, and WAV audio format support
Still image support (Photoshop, BMP, DIB, PCX, PICT, PCX, and TIFF formats)
Two video tracks, three audio tracks, and one transition and superimpose track
No EDL, titling, and motion and device control available in then current Mac (v3.0) release[19][20][21]

Adobe Premiere 1.1

Windows

February 1994[22]

AdobeCap video capture module
Expanded graphics and audio file support
TARGA and ADPCM file support
Image sequence import support[23][24]

Adobe Premiere 4.0

Mac

July 1994[25]

Support for 97 superimposition tracks plus two A/B tracks
Trim window
Dynamic previewing
Custom filter and transition creation
Time variable filters
Batch capture
Time-lapse capture
NTSC 29.97 frame rate support[25][26][27]

Zambini

Adobe Premiere 4.0

Windows

December 1994[28]

Adobe moves Windows platform release of Premiere directly from v1.1 to v4.0
Premiere 4.0 for Windows matches capabilities of Premiere 4.0 for Macintosh[29]

Adobe Premiere 4.2

Mac

October 1995[30]

CD-ROM Movie Maker Plug-in
Data rate analysis tool
Power Macintosh-native Sound Manager 3.1[31]

TopGun

Adobe Premiere 4.2

Windows

April 1996[32]

32-bit architecture
Long File Names support
Background compiling
Batch movie maker
4K output support
Right-mouse button support
Uninstaller utility[33]

Adobe Premiere 4.2 for Silicon Graphics

UNIX/SGI

July 1997[34]

SGI O2 platform exclusive release
IRIX 6.3 integration
OpenGL accelerated versions of transition and special effects plug-ins
Platform-specific plug-ins by Silicon Graphics for combining 3D and video content[35]

Primo

Adobe Premiere 5.0

Windows and Mac

May 1998[36]

Source/Program editing
Title window editor
Keyframeable audio and video filters
Collapsible tracks
Up to three hour project length support[36][37]

Mustang

Adobe Premiere 5.1

Windows and Mac

October 1998[38]

QuickTime 3.0 support
DPS Perception support
Preview to RAM
"Smart" Preview file Timeline export
Multi-threaded, dual processor support[38]

Adobe Premiere 6.0

Windows and Mac

January 2001[39]

Support for web video and DV formats
OHCI support
Title editor
Storyboard
Audio mixer
Timeline video track keyframes

Jukebox

Adobe Premiere 6.5

Windows and Mac

August 2002

Real-time preview
Adobe Title Designer
Exporting to DVD as MPEG-2

Rockford

Premiere Pro 1.0
(Premiere Pro CS, Adobe Premiere 7.0)

Windows and Mac

August 21, 2003

Full rewrite of code
Deep nest of timelines
New Color Correctors
Sample level audio editing
Audio effects on tracks
5.1 Audio
VST Audio
Initial AAF Support
Editable keyboard shortcuts
Adobe Media Encoder

Columbo

Premiere 7.5 / Premiere Pro 1.5 / CS1

April, 2004

Starsky

Premiere 8.0 / Premiere Pro 2.0 / CS2

2005

Stingray

Premiere Pro CS3

Windows and Mac

2007

Buffy

Premiere Pro CS4

Windows and Mac

2008

Ironside

Premiere Pro CS5

Windows and Mac

2010

Scully

Premiere Pro CS5.5

Windows and Mac

2011

Mulder

Premiere Pro CS6

Windows and Mac

2012

Warp Stabilizer[40]

Premiere Pro CC 2013

Windows and Mac

2013

Premiere Pro CC 2014

Windows and Mac

2014

Premiere Pro CC 2015

Windows and Mac

2015

Premiere Pro CC 2017 (11.0)

Windows and Mac

2016

Premiere Pro CC 2018 (12.0)

Windows and Mac

2017

Premiere Pro CC 2019 (13.0)[41]

Windows and Mac

October 15, 2018

text: Notable films edited on Adobe Premiere Pro[edit]

text:
13 (by Burton Snowboards)[42]
Act of Valor[43]
A Liar's Autobiography[44]
Avatar (daily and basic edits in conjunction with Avid Media Composer)[45]
Captain Abu Raed[6]
Deadpool[46]
Dust to Glory[47]
Gone Girl[5]
Hugo (except VFX work)[48]
In a Heartbeat
Monsters[7]
Red Obsession[49]

Sharknado 2: The Second One[50]
Staten Island Summer[51]
Superman Returns (for the video capture process)[52]
The Social Network (only conforming)[53]
Thunderbirds Are Go[54]
Ticket to Ride (by Warren Miller Entertainment)[55]
TimeScapes[56]
Waiting for Lightning[57]
Wayland's Song[58]
We Will Part[59]
World War II from Space[60]
Nancy[61][better source needed][62]