document_title: Indian rupee

question_text: who prints and supplies the currency notes in india

text: Indian rupee

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word "rupee" was derived from the Sanskrit word रूप्यकम् (rūpyakam) or rupaya (meaning "wrought silver, a coin of silver").[citation needed] [11] Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarupa, other types of coins including gold coins (Suvarṇarūpa), copper coins (Tāmrarūpa) and lead coins (Sīsarūpa) are also mentioned. Rūpa means to form or shape, example, Rūpyarūpa, rūpya — wrought silver, rūpa — form.[12]

text: However, in the region of Bengal, the term taka has always been used to refer to currency.[13] In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta noticed that people in the Bengal Sultanate referred to gold and silver coins as taka instead of the dinar. Today, the currency of Bangladesh is officially known as taka. The word taka in Bengali is also commonly used generically to mean any money, currency, or notes. Thus, colloquially, a person speaking in Bengali may use "taka" to refer to money regardless of what currency it is denominated in. Thus, in the states of West Bengal and Tripura the Indian rupee is officially known টাকা (ṭaka). Whereas, in the states of Assam and Odisha, the Indian rupee is similarly known by names derived from the Sanskrit word ṭaṅka (meaning "money"),[14] টকা (ṭôka) in Assamese and ଟଙ୍କା (taṅkā) in Odia.

text: Large values of rupees are counted in terms of thousands, lakh (100 thousand),10 lakhs (1 million) and crore (10 million), 100 crores (1 billion), 1 Arab (10 billion) or 1000 crores(1 Arab).

text: History[edit]

text: The history of the Indian rupee traces back to Ancient India in circa 6th century BCE, ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,[15] along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters.

text: During his five-year rule from 1540 to 1545, Sultan Sher Shah Suri issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains (or 11.53 grams), which was termed the Rupiya.[16][17] During Babar's time, the brass to silver exchange ratio was roughly 50:2.[18] The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal period, Maratha era as well as in British India.[19] Among the earliest issues of paper rupees include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91).

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
[show]INDIAN SILVER RUPEE VALUE 1850-1900[20]

year
exchange rate
melt value

(pence per Rupee)
(pence per Rupee)

1850
24.3
22.7

1851
24.1
22.7

1852
23.9
22.5

1853
24.1
22.8

1854
23.1
22.8

1855
24.2
22.8

1856
24.2
22.8

1857
24.6
22.9

1858
25.7
22.8

1859
26.0
23.0

1860
26.0
22.9

1861
23.9
22.6

1862
23.9
22.8

1863
23.9
22.8

1864
23.9
22.8

1865
23.8
22.7

1866
23.1
22.7

1867
23.2
22.5

1868
23.2
22.5

1869
23.3
22.5

1870
22.5
22.5

1871
23.1
22.5

1872
22.7
22.4

1873
22.3
22.0

1874
22.1
21.6

1875
21.6
21.1

1876
20.5
19.6

1877
20.8
20.4

1878
19.8
19.5

1879
20.0
19.0

1880
19.9
19.4

1881
19.9
19.2

1882
19.5
19.3

1883
19.5
18.7

1884
19.3
18.8

1885
18.2
18.0

1886
17.4
16.8

1887
16.9
16.6

1888
16.4
15.9

1889
16.5
15.8

1890
18.0
17.7

1891
16.7
16.7

1892
15.0
14.8

1893
14.5
13.2

1894
13.1
10.7

1895
13.6
11.1

1896
14.4
11.5

1897
15.3
10.2

1898
16.0
10.0

1899
16.0
10.2

1900
16.0
10.4

text: Historically, the rupee was a silver coin. This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold, devaluing India's standard currency. This event was known as "the fall of the rupee."

text: India was unaffected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825, which attempted to introduce British sterling coinage to the British colonies. British India, at that time, was controlled by the British East India Company. The silver rupee continued as the currency of India through the British Raj and beyond. In 1835, British India adopted a mono-metallic silver standard based on the rupee; this decision was influenced by a letter written by Lord Liverpool in 1805 extolling the virtues of mono-metallism.

text: Following the Indian Mutiny in 1857, the British government took direct control of British India. Since 1851, gold sovereigns were produced en masse at the Royal Mint in Sydney, New South Wales. In an 1864 attempt to make the British gold sovereign the "imperial coin", the treasuries in Bombay and Calcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns; however, these gold sovereigns never left the vaults. As the British government gave up hope of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, it realised for the same reason it could not replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee (as the British East India Company had desired). Since the silver crisis of 1873, a number of nations adopted the gold standard; however, India remained on the silver standard until it was replaced by a basket of commodities and currencies in the late 20th century.[citation needed]

text: India Council Bill[edit]

text: Around 1875, Briton started paying India for exported goods in India Council Bills (instead of silver).

text: Problems caused by the gold standard[edit]

text: At the onset of the First World War, the cost of gold was very low and therefore the pound sterling had high value. But during the First World War, the value of the pound fell alarmingly due to rising war expenses. At the conclusion of the war, the value of the pound was only a fraction of what it used to be prior to the commencement of the war. It remained low until 1925, when the then Chancellor of the Exchequer ( Finance Minister) of United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, restored it to pre-War levels. As a result, the price of gold fell rapidly. While the rest of Europe purchased large quantities of gold from the United Kingdom, there was little increase in her gold reserves. This dealt a blow to an already deteriorating British economy. The United Kingdom began to look to its possessions as India to compensate for the gold that was sold.[23]

text: In 1939, Dickson H. Leavens wrote in his book SILVER MONEY: "In recent years the increased price of gold, measured in depreciated paper currencies, has attracted to the market (of London) large quantities (of gold) formerly hoarded or held in the form of ornaments in India and China".[25]

text: The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961. Following the independence of British India in 1947 and the accession of the princely states to the new Union, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states (although the Hyderabadi rupee was not demonetised until 1959).[26] Some of the states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee). Other currencies (including the Hyderabadi rupee and the Kutch kori) had different values.

text: The values of the subdivisions of the rupee during British rule (and in the first decade of independence) were:

text:
1 rupee = 16 anna (later 100 naye paise)
1 ardharupee = 8 anna, or  1⁄2 rupee (later 50 naye paise)
1 pavala = 4 anna, or  1⁄4 rupee (later 25 naye paise)
1 beda = 2 anna, or  1⁄8 rupee (later equivalent to 12.5 naye paise)
1 anna =  1⁄16 rupee (later equivalent to 6.25 naye paise)
1 paraka =  1⁄2 anna (later equivalent to 3.125 naye paise)
1 kani (pice) =  1⁄4 anna (later equivalent to 1.5625 naye paise)
1 damari (pie) =  1⁄12 anna (later equivalent to 0.520833 naye paise)
1 rupee = 16 anna
1 Athanni (dheli) =  1⁄2 rupee
1 Chawanni =  1⁄4 rupee
1 Dawanni =  1⁄8 rupee
1 Anna/Ekanni =  1⁄16 rupee
1 Taka/Adhanni =  1⁄32 rupee
Paisa =  1⁄64 rupee
Dhela =  1⁄128 rupee ( 1⁄2 paisa)
Pie =  1⁄3 paisa =  1⁄192 rupee
Damari =  1⁄4 paisa =  1⁄256 rupee.

text: In 1957, the rupee was decimalised and divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for "new paise"); in 1964, the initial "naye" was dropped. Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas respectively, similar to the usage of "two bits" in American English for a quarter-dollar.

text: International use[edit]

text: As the Straits Settlements were originally an outpost of the British East India Company, In 1837, the Indian rupee was made the sole official currency in the Straits Settlements, as it was administered as part of British India. This attempt was resisted by the locals. However, Spanish dollars continued to circulate and 1845 saw the introduction of coinage for the Straits Settlements using a system of 100 cents = 1 dollar, with the dollar equal to the Spanish dollar or Mexican peso. In 1867, administration of the Straits Settlements was separated from India and the Straits dollar was made the standard currency, and attempts to reintroduce the rupee were finally abandoned.[27]

text: After the Partition of India, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with "Pakistan". Previously the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Dubai, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles and Mauritius.

text: The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee – also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR) – as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India (Amendment) Act of 1 May 1959. The creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain on India's foreign reserves from gold smuggling. After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies. Kuwait and Bahrain had already done so in 1961 with Kuwaiti dinar and in 1965 with Bahraini dinar, respectively.[28]

text: The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee; both currencies are accepted in Bhutan. The Nepalese rupee is pegged at ₹0.625; the Indian rupee is accepted in Bhutan and Nepal, except ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes, which are not legal tender in Bhutan and Nepal and are banned by their respective governments, though accepted by many retailers.[29] On 29 January 2014, Zimbabwe added the Indian rupee as a legal tender to be used.[1][30]

text: Coins[edit]

text: Pre-independence issues[edit]

text:
Indian rupee (1862).

Obverse: Crowned bust of Queen Victoria surrounded by name.
Reverse: Face value, country and date surrounded by wreath.

Coin made of 91.7% silver.

text: East India Company, 1835[edit]

text: The three Presidencies established by the British East India Company (Bengal, Bombay and Madras) each issued their own coinages until 1835. All three issued rupees and fractions thereof down to  1⁄8- and  1⁄16-rupee in silver. Madras also issued two-rupee coins.

text: Copper denominations were more varied. Bengal issued one-pie,  1⁄2-, one- and two-paise coins. Bombay issued 1-pie,  1⁄4-,  1⁄2-, 1-, 1 1⁄2-, 2- and 4-paise coins. In Madras there were copper coins for two and four pies and one, two and four paisa, with the first two denominated as  1⁄2 and one dub (or  1⁄96 and  1⁄48) rupee. Madras also issued the Madras fanam until 1815.

text: All three Presidencies issued gold mohurs and fractions of mohurs including  1⁄16,  1⁄2,  1⁄4 in Bengal,  1⁄15 (a gold rupee) and  1⁄3 (pancia) in Bombay and  1⁄4,  1⁄3 and  1⁄2 in Madras.

text: In 1835, a single coinage for the EIC was introduced. It consisted of copper  1⁄12,  1⁄4 and  1⁄2 anna, silver  1⁄4,  1⁄3 and 1 rupee and gold 1 and 2 mohurs. In 1841, silver 2 annas were added, followed by copper  1⁄2 pice in 1853. The coinage of the EIC continued to be issued until 1862, even after the Company had been taken over by the Crown.

text: Regal issues, 1862–1947[edit]

text: In 1862, coins were introduced (known as "regal issues") which bore the portrait of Queen Victoria and the designation "India". Their denominations were  1⁄12 anna,  1⁄2 pice,  1⁄4 and  1⁄2 anna (all in copper), 2 annas,  1⁄4,  1⁄2 and one rupee (silver), and five and ten rupees and one mohur (gold). The gold denominations ceased production in 1891, and no  1⁄2-anna coins were issued after 1877.

text: In 1906, bronze replaced copper for the lowest three denominations; in 1907, a cupro-nickel one-anna coin was introduced. In 1918–1919 cupro-nickel two-, four- and eight-annas were introduced, although the four- and eight-annas coins were only issued until 1921 and did not replace their silver equivalents. In 1918, the Bombay mint also struck gold sovereigns and 15-rupee coins identical in size to the sovereigns as an emergency measure during the First World War.

text: In the early 1940s, several changes were implemented. The  1⁄12 anna and  1⁄2 pice ceased production, the  1⁄4 anna was changed to a bronze, holed coin, cupro-nickel and nickel-brass  1⁄2-anna coins were introduced, nickel-brass was used to produce some one- and two-annas coins, and the silver composition was reduced from 91.7 to 50 percent. The last of the regal issues were cupro-nickel  1⁄4-,  1⁄2- and one-rupee pieces minted in 1946 and 1947, bearing the image of George VI, King and Emperor on the obverse and an Indian tiger on the reverse.

text: Post independence issues[edit]

text: Independent predecimal issues, 1950–1957[edit]

text: India's first coins after independence were issued in 1950 in 1 pice,  1⁄2, one and two annas,  1⁄4,  1⁄2 and one-rupee denominations. The sizes and composition were the same as the final regal issues, except for the one-pice (which was bronze, but not holed).

text: Independent decimal issues, 1957–present[edit]

text: The first decimal-coin issues in India consisted of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 naye paise, and 1 rupee. The 1 naya paisa was bronze; the 2, 5 & 10 naye paise were cupro-nickel, and the 25 naye paise (nicknamed chawanni; 25 naye paise equals 4 annas), 50 naye paise (also called athanni; 50 naye paise equalled 8 old annas) and 1-rupee coins were nickel. In 1964, the word naya(e) was removed from all coins. Between 1957 and 1967, aluminium one-, two-, three-, five- and ten-paise coins were introduced. In 1968 nickel-brass 20-paise coins were introduced, and replaced by aluminium coins in 1982. Between 1972 and 1975, cupro-nickel replaced nickel in the 25- and 50-paise and the 1-rupee coins; in 1982, cupro-nickel two-rupee coins were introduced. In 1988 stainless steel 10-, 25- and 50-paise coins were introduced, followed by 1- and 5-rupee coins in 1992. Five-rupee coins, made from brass, are being minted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

text: Between 2005 and 2008 new, lighter fifty-paise, one-, two- and five-rupee coins were introduced, made from ferritic stainless steel. The move was prompted by the melting-down of older coins, whose face value was less than their scrap value. The demonetisation of the 25-(chawanni) paise coin and all paise coins below it took place, and a new series of coins (50 paise – nicknamed athanni – one, two, five and ten rupees, with the new rupee symbol) were put into circulation in 2011. Coins commonly in circulation are one, two, five and ten rupees.[31][32] Although it is still legal tender, the 50-paise (athanni) coin is rarely seen in circulation.[33]

text:
Circulating Coins [31][34]

Value
Technical parameters
Description
Year of

Diameter
Mass
Composition
Shape
Obverse
Reverse
First minting
Last minting

50 paise
19 mm
3.79 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, the word "PAISE" in English and Hindi, floral motif and year of minting
2011

50 paise
22 mm
3.79 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, hand in a fist
2008

₹1
25 mm
4.85 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India, value
Value, two stalks of wheat
1992
2004

₹1
25 mm
4.95 g
Ferritic
stainless steel

Circular
Unity from diversity,
cross dividing 4 dots

Value, Emblem of India, Year
of minting

2004
2007

₹1
25 mm
4.85 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, hand showing thumb (an expression in the Bharata Natyam Dance)
2007
2011

₹1
22 mm
3.79 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting
2011

₹2
26 mm
6 g
Cupro-Nickel
Eleven Sided
Emblem of India, Value
National integration
1982
2004

₹2
26.75mm
5.8 g
Ferritic
stainless steel

circular
Unity from diversity,
cross dividing 4 dots

Value, Emblem of India, Year
of minting

2005
2007

₹2
27 mm
5.62 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India, year of minting
Value, hand showing two fingers (Hasta Mudra — hand gesture from the dance Bharata Natyam)
2007
2011

₹2
25 mm
4.85 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting
2011

₹5
23 mm
9 g
Cupro-Nickel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value
1992
2006

₹5
23 mm
6 g
Ferritic stainless steel
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, wavy lines
2007
2009

₹5
23 mm
6 g
Brass
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, wavy lines
2009
2011

₹5
23 mm
6 g
Nickel- Brass
Circular
Emblem of India
Value, new rupee sign, floral motif and year of minting
2011

₹10
27 mm
5.62 g
Bimetallic
Circular
Emblem of India and
year of minting

Value with outward radiating pattern of 15 spokes
2006
2010

₹10
27 mm
5.62 g
Bimetallic
Circular
Emblem of India and year of minting
Value with outward radiating pattern of 10 spokes, new rupee sign
2011
present

text: The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint. The ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 coins have been minted since independence. Coins minted with the "hand picture" were minted from 2005 onwards.

text: Minting[edit]

text: The Government of India has the only right to mint the coins and one rupee note. The responsibility for coinage comes under the Coinage Act, 1906 which is amended from time to time. The designing and minting of coins in various denominations is also the responsibility of the Government of India. Coins are minted at the five India Government Mints at Mumbai, Alipore (Kolkata), Saifabad (Hyderabad), Cherlapally (Hyderabad) and NOIDA (UP). The coins are issued for circulation only through the Reserve Bank in terms of the RBI Act.[35]

text: Commemorative coins[edit]

text: After independence, the Government of India mint, minted coins imprinted with Indian statesmen, historical and religious figures. In the years 2010 and 2011 for the first time ever ₹75, ₹150 and ₹1000 coins were minted in India to commemorate the Platinum Jubilee of the Reserve Bank of India, the 150th birth anniversary of the birth of Rabindranath Tagore and 1000 years of the Brihadeeswarar Temple, respectively. In 2012 a ₹60 coin was also issued to commemorate 60 years of the Government of India Mint, Kolkata. ₹100 coin was also released commemorating the 100th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi's return to India.[36] Commemorative coins of ₹125 were released on 4 September 2015 and 6 December 2015 to honour the 125th anniversary of the births of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and B. R. Ambedkar, respectively.[37][38]

text: Banknotes[edit]

text: Pre independence issues[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1861, the government of India introduced its first paper money: ₹10 note in 1864, ₹5 note in 1872, ₹10,000 note in 1899, ₹100 note in 1900, ₹50 note in 1905, ₹500 note in 1907 and ₹1,000 note in 1909. In 1917, ₹1 and ₹2 1⁄2 notes were introduced. The Reserve Bank of India began banknote production in 1938, issuing ₹2, ₹5, ₹10, ₹50, ₹100, ₹1,000 and ₹10,000 notes while the government continued issuing ₹1 note but demonetized the ₹500 and ₹2 1⁄2 notes.

text: Post independence issues[edit]

text: After independence, new designs were introduced to replace the portrait of George VI. The government continued issuing the ₹1 note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations (including the ₹5,000 and ₹10,000 notes introduced in 1949). All pre-independence banknotes were officially demonetised with effect from 28 April 1957.[39][40]

text: During the 1970s, ₹20 and ₹50 notes were introduced; denominations higher than ₹100 were demonetised in 1978. In 1987, the ₹500 note was introduced, followed by the ₹1,000 note in 2000 while ₹1 and ₹2 notes were discontinued in 1995.

text: The design of banknotes is approved by the central government, on the recommendation of the central board of the Reserve Bank of India.[3] Currency notes are printed at the Currency Note Press in Nashik, the Bank Note Press in Dewas, the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran (P) Ltd at Salboni and Mysore and at the Watermark Paper Manufacturing Mill in Hoshangabad. The Mahatma Gandhi Series of banknotes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India as legal tender. The series is so named because the obverse of each note features a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi. Since its introduction in 1996, this series has replaced all issued banknotes of the Lion capital series. The RBI introduced the series in 1996 with ₹10 and ₹500 banknotes. At present, the RBI issues banknotes in denominations from ₹5 to ₹2,000. The printing of ₹5 notes (which had stopped earlier) resumed in 2009.

text: As of January 2012, the new '₹' sign has been incorporated into banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series in denominations of ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1,000.[41][42][43][44] In January 2014 RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all currency notes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015. Now further dead line was extended to 30 June 2016.[45]

text: There had been discussions on the necessity to withdraw notes of higher denominations such as the ₹1000 and ₹500 banknotes, considering their role in perpetuating unaccounted money. This move was taken to further curb the problem of fake currency circulation.[46][47][48] While noting that the withdrawal of high denomination notes can lead to an increase in printing costs for RBI, there was an opinion that these costs should be weighed against the misuse of high-value notes.[49] On 8 November 2016 Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the demonetization of ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series, with a detailed step-down program. This program would stop all usage of ₹500 and ₹1,000 rupee notes by 11 November 2016.[50] Citizens with valid identification will have until 30 December 2016 to exchange the notes for lower tender at any bank or post office, and until 31 March 2017 to exchange them at designated RBI offices by filling in a declaration form.[51]

text: On 8 November 2016, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announced the issuance of new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes in the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of banknotes.[52][53][54] The new ₹2,000 banknote has a magenta base colour, with a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi as well as the Ashoka Pillar Emblem on the front. The denomination also has a motif of the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) on the back, depicting the country's first venture into interplanetary space. The new ₹500 banknote has a stone grey base colour with an image of the Red Fort along with the Indian flag printed on the back. Both the banknotes also have the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo printed on the back. The banknote denominations of ₹200, ₹100 and ₹50 are also expected to be introduced in the new Mahatma Gandhi New Series, in the coming months, intended to replace all banknotes of the previous Mahatma Gandhi Series.[55] On 13 June 2017, RBI introduced new ₹500 notes, but the old ones continue being legal tender. The design is similar to the current notes in the Mahatma Gandhi (New) Series, except they will come with an inset 'A'.

text: Current circulating banknotes[edit]

text: As of 10 November 2016, the current circulating banknotes are in denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50 and ₹100 are of the Mahatma Gandhi Series, while the denominations of ₹50, ₹200, ₹500 and ₹2,000 are of the new Mahatma Gandhi New Series, and the denomination of ₹1 is of the Lion Capital Series.

text:
Current circulating banknotes

Image
Value
Dimensions
Main colour
Description
Date of Issue
Circulation

Obverse
Reverse
Obverse
Reverse
Watermark

₹1
97 × 63 mm
Blue
One-rupee coin
Sagar Samrat oil rig
Pillars of Ashoka
1994 / 2015[56]
Limited

₹5
117 × 63 mm
Green
Mahatma Gandhi
Tractor
Mahatma Gandhi
2002 / 2009
Limited

₹10
137 × 63 mm
Orange-violet
Rhinoceros, elephant, tiger
1996 / 2006
Wide

₹20
147 × 63 mm
Red-orange
Mount Harriet, Port Blair
2001 / 2006
Wide

₹50
135 × 66 mm
Fluorescent Blue
Hampi with Chariot
1997 / 2005/ 2017
Wide

₹100
157 × 73 mm
Blue-green at centre, brown-purple at 2 sides
Himalaya Mountains
1996 / 2005
Wide

₹200
146 × 66 mm
Bright Yellow
Sanchi Stupa
2017
Wide

₹500
150 × 66 mm
Stone Gray
Red Fort
2016
Wide

₹2000
166 × 66 mm
Magenta
Mangalyaan
2016
Wide

For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

text: Convertibility[edit]

text:
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[57]

Rank
Currency
ISO 4217 code
(symbol)
 % daily share
(April 2016)

1

 United States dollar

USD ($)

80.6%

2

 Euro

EUR (€)

37.4%

3

 Japanese yen

JPY (¥)

21.6%

4

 Pound sterling

GBP (£)

12.8%

5

 Australian dollar

AUD (A$)

6.9%

6

 Canadian dollar

CAD (C$)

5.1%

7

 Swiss franc

CHF (Fr)

4.8%

8

 Renminbi

CNY (元)

4.0%

9

 Swedish krona

SEK (kr)

2.2%

10

 New Zealand dollar

NZD (NZ$)

2.1%

11

 Mexican peso

MXN ($)

1.9%

12

 Singapore dollar

SGD (S$)

1.8%

13

 Hong Kong dollar

HKD (HK$)

1.7%

14

 Norwegian krone

NOK (kr)

1.7%

15

 South Korean won

KRW (₩)

1.7%

16

 Turkish lira

TRY (₺)

1.4%

17

 Russian ruble

RUB (₽)

1.1%

18

 Indian rupee

INR (₹)

1.1%

19

 Brazilian real

BRL (R$)

1.0%

20

 South African rand

ZAR (R)

1.0%

Other
7.1%

Total[58]
200.0%

text: Officially, the Indian rupee has a market-determined exchange rate. However, the RBI trades actively in the USD/INR currency market to impact effective exchange rates. Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollar is a de facto controlled exchange rate. This is sometimes called a "managed float". Other rates (such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY) have the volatility typical of floating exchange rates, and often create persistent arbitrage opportunities against the RBI.[59] Unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate. RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to ensure low volatility in exchange rates, and not to influence the rate (or direction) of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.[60]

text: Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees. Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees; Indian nationals can import and export only up to ₹7,500 at a time, and the possession of ₹500 and ₹1,000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited.[61][62]

text: RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to intervention (through active trading) in currency markets. On the current account, there are no currency-conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (although trade barriers exist). On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money into and out of the country and buy securities (subject to quantitative restrictions). Local firms are able to take capital out of the country in order to expand globally. However, local households are restricted in their ability to diversify globally. Because of the expansion of the current and capital accounts, India is increasingly moving towards full de facto convertibility.

text: There is some confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold under any circumstances due to gold's lack of liquidity;[citation needed] therefore, money cannot be changed into gold by the RBI. India follows the same principle as Great Britain and the US.

text: Reserve Bank of India clarifies its position regarding the promissory clause printed on each banknote:

text: "As per Section 26 of Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, the Bank is liable to pay the value of banknote. This is payable on demand by RBI, being the issuer. The Bank's obligation to pay the value of banknote does not arise out of a contract but out of statutory provisions.The promissory clause printed on the banknotes i.e., "I promise to pay the bearer an amount of X" is a statement which means that the banknote is a legal tender for X amount. The obligation on the part of the Bank is to exchange a banknote for coins of an equivalent amount." [63]

text: Chronology[edit]

text:
1991 – India began to lift restrictions on its currency. A number of reforms removed restrictions on current account transactions (including trade, interest payments and remittances and some capital asset-based transactions). Liberalised Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) (a dual-exchange-rate system) introduced partial convertibility of the rupee in March 1992.[64]
1997 – A panel (set up to explore capital account convertibility) recommended that India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but the timetable was abandoned in the wake of the 1997–1998 East Asian financial crisis.
2006 – Prime Minister Manmohan Singh asked the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility.[65]
On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹500 (US$7.80) and ₹1,000 (US$16) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series.[66] The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[67][68]

text: Exchange rates[edit]

text: Historic exchange rates[edit]

text: For almost a century since the Great Recoinage of 1816 until the outbreak of World War I, the Indian rupee sustained parity with the US dollar while pegged to the pound sterling that was exchanged at ₹4 12a 10ps (or 50 old pence per rupee). Effectively, the rupee bought 1s 4d (or ₹15 per sterling) during 1899–1914. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870–1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on gold standard. To meet the Home Charges (i.e., expenditure in England) the colonial government had to remit a larger number of rupees and this necessitated increased taxation, unrest and nationalism.

text: Thereafter, both the rupee and the sterling gradually declined in worth against the US dollar due to deficits in trade, capital and budget. In 1966, the rupee was devalued and pegged to the dollar. The peg to the pound was at ₹13.33 to a pound (approx. 40 rupees to £3), and the pound itself averaged US$2.79.[70]. That means officially speaking the USD to INR rate would be closer to ₹4.78. In 1966, India changed the peg to dollar at ₹7.50.[71]

text:
Indian rupees per currency unit averaged over the year[72][73][74]

Currency
ISO code
1947
1966
1995
1996
2000
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2013
2014
2015
2016

Australian dollar
AUD

27.69
26.07
33.28
34.02
34.60
36.81
38.22
42.00
56.36
54.91
48.21
49.96

Bahraini Dinar
BHD
–
13.35
91.75
91.24
117.78
120.39
120.40
109.59
115.65
128.60
121.60
155.95
164.55
170.6
178.3

Bangladeshi taka
BDT
–
–
0.84
0.84
0.77
0.66
0.63
0.57
0.71
0.66
0.68
0.80
0.88
0.84
0.85

Canadian dollar
CAD

5.90
23.63
26.00
30.28
34.91
41.09
42.92
44.59
52.17
44.39
56.88
49.53
47.94
52.32

Chinese Yuan
CNY
–

5.80

9.93
10.19
10.15

Emirate dirham
AED
–
–

17.47
18.26

Euroa
EUR
–
–
42.41
44.40
41.52
56.38
64.12
68.03
60.59
65.69

70.21
72.60
75.84

Israeli shekelb
ILS
13.33
21.97
11.45
10.76
10.83

17.08
16.57
17.47

Japanese Yenc
JPY
1015.5
1.76
32.66
32.96
41.79
41.87
38.93
35.00
42.27
51.73
52.23
60.07
57.79
53.01
62.36

Kuwaiti Dinar
KWD
–
17.80
115.5
114.5
144.9
153.3
155.5
144.6
161.7
167.7
159.2
206.5
214.3
213.1
222.4

Malaysian Ringgit
MYR
–
2.07
12.97
14.11
11.84
11.91
12.36
11.98
13.02
13.72
14.22
18.59
18.65
16.47
16.37

Maldivian rufiyaa
MVR
1.00
1.33
2.93
2.91

4.58
4.76
5.01
5.23

Pakistani rupee
PKR
1.00
1.33
1.08
0.95
0.80
0.77
0.75
0.67
0.61
0.59
0.53
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.64

Pound sterling
GBP
13.33
17.76
51.14
55.38
68.11
83.06
80.63
76.38
71.33
83.63
70.63
91.08
100.51
98.11
92.00

Russian rubled
RUB
6.60
15.00
7.56
6.69
1.57

1.05
0.99

Saudi riyal
SAR

1.41

17.11
17.88

Singapore dollar
SGD
–
–
23.13
25.16
26.07
26.83
30.93
33.60
34.51
41.27
33.58
46.84
45.86
46.67
48.86

Sri Lankan rupee
LKR

1.33
0.63
0.64
0.58

0.47
0.46
0.45
0.46

Swiss franc
CHF

1.46
27.48

43.95
66.95
66.71
66.70
68.40

U.S. dollar
USD
3.30
7.50
32.45
35.44
44.20
45.34
43.95
39.50
48.76
45.33
45.00
68.80
66.07
66.73
67.19

a Before 1 January 1999, the European Currency Unit (ECU)
b Before 1980, the Israeli pound (ILP)
c 100 Japanese Yen
d Before 1993, the Soviet ruble (SUR)

text: Current exchange rates[edit]

text:
Current INR exchange rates

From Google Finance:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB CNY AED

From Yahoo! Finance:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB CNY AED

From XE:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB CNY AED

From OANDA:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB CNY AED

From fxtop.com:
AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD RUB CNY AED


document_title: Preacher (TV series)

question_text: how many episodes in season 2 of preacher

root

text: Preacher (TV series)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Dominic Cooper as Jesse Custer, a small-town preacher with a criminal past and a newly discovered superpower to command others to do as he says.[6] Dominic Ruggieri portrays 10-year-old Jesse.
Joseph Gilgun as Cassidy, a vice-loving vampire who's proud to join Jesse on his search for God.[7]
Ruth Negga as Tulip O'Hare, Jesse's volatile, hell-raising girlfriend.[8] Ashley Aufderheide portrays 10-year old Tulip.
Lucy Griffiths as Emily Woodrow, a single mother, waitress, church organist, bookkeeper, and Jesse's loyal right hand. (season 1)[9]
W. Earl Brown as Sheriff Hugo Root, Annville's local lawman. (main season 1; guest season 2)[10]
Derek Wilson as Donnie Schenck, Odin Quincannon's right-hand man. (season 1)[11][12]
Ian Colletti as Eugene "Arseface" Root, Jesse's most faithful parishioner, and Sheriff Root's son.[13]
Tom Brooke as Fiore, one of two Adephi angels tasked with watching the half-demon, half-angelic creature named Genesis. (main season 1; guest season 2)[14]
Anatol Yusef as DeBlanc, one of two Adephi angels tasked with watching the half-demon, half-angelic creature named Genesis. (season 1)[15]
Graham McTavish as The Saint of Killers, a supernatural, unstoppable killing machine summoned from Hell to destroy Jesse.[16]
Pip Torrens as Herr Starr, member of the Grail, a powerful, super-secret organization.[17] Starr was briefly introduced in the season 1 episode "The Possibilities", although played by a different actor.[18][19] (cameo season 1; main season 2)
Noah Taylor as Adolf Hitler (season 2)[17]
Julie Ann Emery as Lara Featherstone, one of the Grail's best operatives. (season 2)[17]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jackie Earle Haley as Odin Quincannon, a powerful man in Annville who runs Quincannon Meat & Power, a 125-year-old family run cattle slaughterhouse business.[20] The original pilot featured Elizabeth Perkins as Vyla Quincannon, a female version of the character, but the writers ultimately opted to make Quincannon male as in the comics. (season 1)[21]
Ricky Mabe as Miles Person, the mayor of Annville. (season 1)
Jamie Anne Allman as Betsy Schenck, a masochistic woman who is regularly beaten by her husband, Donnie. (season 1)[11]
Nathan Darrow as John Custer, Jesse's preacher father. (season 1)
Malcolm Barrett as Hoover, one of the Grail's best operatives. (season 2)[17]
Ronald Guttman as Denis, an aged son of Cassidy's who lives in New Orleans. (season 2)[17]
Justin Prentice as Tyler, a prisoner in Hell. (season 2)[17]
Amy Hill as Ms. Mannering, a warden of Hell. (season 2)

text: Production[edit]

text: On November 16, 2013, it was announced that AMC was developing a TV series based on the DC Vertigo comic book series Preacher.[22] On November 18, 2013, it was revealed that Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg were developing the series pilot with Sam Catlin, and that it would be distributed by Sony Pictures Television.[23] On February 6, 2014, AMC ordered a pilot script to be written by Rogen and Goldberg, and confirmed Sam Catlin would serve as showrunner.[24] On December 3, 2014, AMC ordered the pilot, written by Catlin, to be filmed.[25] Comic creators Steve Dillon and Garth Ennis serve as co-executive producers for the series.[1]

tag: p

text: In March 2015, Ruth Negga was cast as Tulip O'Hare, the ex-girlfriend of Jesse Custer, and Joe Gilgun was cast as Cassidy, an Irish vampire and the best friend of Custer.[7] In April 2015, Lucy Griffiths was cast as Emily Woodrow, a character described as a no-nonsense single mother of three who is a waitress, the church organist, bookkeeper and Jesse’s loyal right hand."[9] Also in April, it was confirmed that Dominic Cooper would play Custer.[6] On May 14, 2015, Rogen revealed that filming on the pilot episode of Preacher had started. Rogen additionally revealed that he and Goldberg would be directing the pilot.[24]

text: The series was officially picked up for series with ten episodes on September 9, 2015.[1]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)

2
13
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11)

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg
Story by : Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg & Sam Catlin
Teleplay by : Sam Catlin
May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)
2.38[26]

An entity crosses the galaxy and finds its way to Earth, where it inhabits a preacher in Africa who explodes soon after. The same phenomenon is observed at a Satanic Temple in Russia and in a gathering of Scientologists. Meanwhile, in Texas, Jesse Custer, a preacher with a sordid past, begins to lose his faith in his church and debates leaving. Tulip O'Hare, a mysterious woman from Jesse's violent past, propositions him with a job, but Jesse turns her down. Cassidy, an Irish vampire, lands in Texas after a violent episode on a private jet. Jesse has a run-in with the abusive husband of one of his churchgoers and quickly subdues him and his friends, meeting Cassidy in the process. Jesse heads to the church to ask for a sign to continue. The entity appears in the church and inhabits Jesse. Three days later, Jesse awakens and decides not to leave the church, saying he is not quite done yet.

2
2
"See"
Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg
Sam Catlin
June 5, 2016 (2016-06-05)
2.08[27]

In 1881, a cowboy leaves his home, searching for medicine for his sick daughter. In the present, Jesse baptizes his congregants. One of them, Linus, confesses to Jesse about his urges. Odin Quincannon and his employees tear down a home after purchasing its land. At the church, Jesse takes a drink from Cassidy's flask and passes out due to its potency. DeBlanc and Fiore attempt to extract what's inside Jesse: First with a song, then with a chainsaw. Cassidy interrupts and is shot, but manages to kill them. Tulip continues to nag Jesse about the "job", but he refuses. Jesse uses his new power on Linus. Cassidy buries the bodies of the two men, but are back in their motel room being interrogated by Sheriff Root, who tell him "We're from the Government".

3
3
"The Possibilities"
Scott Winant
Chris Kelley
June 12, 2016 (2016-06-12)
1.75[28]

Tulip meets a woman named Dany in Houston, Texas and receives a piece of paper with the address of the enigmatic Carlos, with Tulip intending Jesse to aid her in confronting and killing the man who ruined their lives. Jesse tests the limits of his newly found abilities of persuasion and finally understands the nature of his abilities when Donnie confronts him with a gun, with Jesse later holding control over him. Cassidy tells Jesse of the possibilities of his abilities, while discovering the true nature of Fiore and DeBlanc; that they are angels from Heaven and that people will die if they do not retrieve what is inside Jesse.

4
4
"Monster Swamp"
Craig Zisk
Sara Goodman
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
1.14[29]

Cassidy tries to tell Jesse about Fiore and DeBlanc, though it falls on deaf ears as Jesse is distracted by the thought of rebooting All Saints Congregational, wanting more visitors. He later converts atheist Odin Quincannon to Christianity, using his power, in front of the entire congregation to achieve that goal. Angry at the death of a woman, Tulip carries out a form of vigilante justice, but the consequences are not as expected as she mistakenly throws Cassidy out of a window, only to discover him to be an immortal vampire.

5
5
"South Will Rise Again"
Michael Slovis
Craig Rosenberg
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
1.43[30]

Eugene asks for Jesse's help with him and his dad after a disturbing message is conveyed to Eugene. Jesse abides and helps him in more ways than one. Fiore and DeBlanc attempt to assuage their reason to be on Earth, but are unable to convey their message. Jesse meets with the angels, who inform him of Genesis and Jesse's powers are not to be used; but Jesse has been abusing them to help those who have come to him after persuading Quincannon at the church. Tulip and Cassidy bond after her learning of Cassidy's secret and Quincannon meets with the Green Acres representatives to unexpected results.

6
6
"Sundowner"
Guillermo Navarro
Nick Towne
July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03)
1.49[31]

Jesse, Fiore, and DeBlanc head to the motel after a scuffle with another angel at the restaurant, which leads to more trouble than they had expected until Cassidy intervenes. Eugene makes new friends at school. Tulip reaches an understanding with Emily and helps with her chores. Eugene comes to Jesse in the church to have him take back the "forgiveness" Jesse bestowed the town. In anger, Jesse tells Eugene to "go to hell," making him disappear.

7
7
"He Gone"
Michael Morris
Mary Laws
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
1.55[32]

In the present, Odin Quincannon asks Jesse to sign over the church, claiming to have won the bet. Jesse lies to the sheriff about whether he knows what happened to Eugene and tears up the floor of the church in a desperate attempt to get Eugene back. Cassidy confronts Jesse about sending Eugene to Hell, and exposes himself to the sunlight, revealing exactly what he is to Jesse. Even though a young Jesse and Tulip have grown close, Jesse's father hands Tulip over to child protective services. That night, Jesse angrily prays that god will kill his father and send him to hell. Later, armed men come to the church and kill Jesse's father as Jesse confesses that he prayed for this to happen.

8
8
"El Valero"
Kate Dennis
Olivia Dufault
July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)
1.65[33]

In the 1980s, Odin Quincannon lost his family in a gondola accident during winter, prompting his spark for Atheism. Jesse fends off Quincannon's attempts to tear down the church, and sees Eugene come back from Hell. Tulip decides to buy a dog. DeBlanc and Fiore are called to the church to extract Genesis in exchange for bringing Eugene back. While Quincannon becomes impatient and plans his assault once again, Donnie figures a way around Jesse's power. Though Genesis is extracted, it manages to escape after an argument with Jesse, Fiore, and DeBlanc happens. Jesse asks for one more chance from Quincannon with a bigger bet than before.

9
9
"Finish the Song"
Michael Slovis
Craig Rosenberg
July 24, 2016 (2016-07-24)
1.57[34]

In 1800s Ratwater, the Butcher of Gettysburg returns to massacre those who killed his family. In the present, Jesse tells Sheriff Root where Eugene is before escaping from the cop car into the night. Fiore and DeBlanc book a trip to Hell. Tulip asks Emily to take care of Cassidy while she takes care of something else; with Emily seeing just what Cassidy really is. Sheriff Root makes a discovery in Fiore and DeBlanc's hotel room. Cassidy and Jesse make amends with the former helping Jesse with using the Heaven's phone to find God.

10
10
"Call and Response"
Sam Catlin
Sam Catlin
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)
1.72[35]

Tulip comes back looking for Jesse, and finds him in an unusual place. Sheriff Root interrogates Cassidy for Eugene's whereabouts. Carlos' betrayal comes to light and revenge comes to the fold. After deliberation, Tulip and Jesse decide what to do with Carlos. While the police move in to where they think Jesse is, Donnie, Tulip, Betsy, and Jesse make preparations for the call to God. Though Quincannon shouts his issues with the existence of God to the crowd, Jesse attempts to make the call with technical issues. God seemingly shows up to answer the crowd's questions, but Jesse has questions of his own. With Genesis, Jesse gets "God" to reveal that the man is an imposter and that God is missing and no one knows where he is. With people's faith shattered from the call, consequences for the townspeople happen in various ways, which leads to the destruction of Annville. While at a diner, Jesse's new plan is to travel and find God.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"On the Road"
Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg
Sam Catlin
June 25, 2017 (2017-06-25)
1.69[36]

Jesse, Tulip, and Cassidy start their journey to find God, which is quickly put on hold after a police car flags them down and they go on a car chase involving multiple police cars. When they stop due to empty gas, Jesse uses Genesis to make the police officers do embarrassing things, but they are abruptly interrupted by the Saint of Killers who begins massacring all of them. Barely getting away, the trio make their way to Mike, a religious scholar that Jesse knows through his father. Mike reveals that a local strip club manager has supposedly seen God frequent the strip club. Mike later kills himself when the Saint of Killers arrives shortly after the trio leave, to avoid telling him where Jesse is. At the strip club, the manager is forced to tell Jesse and Tulip that God only came because he liked the jazz music, after she is shot accidentally by a security guard that Cassidy was fighting. At a motel later that night, Jesse sees the Saint of Killers walking up the road, and learns that Genesis is unable to work on him.

12
2
"Mumbai Sky Tower"
Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg
Sam Catlin
June 26, 2017 (2017-06-26)
1.35[37]

Jesse, Cassidy, and Tulip narrowly escape from the Saint of Killers, learning of Annville's fate in the process. Cassidy then remembers that he saw Fiore on television, now an act at a local Indian-style casino and hotel. It is revealed that after coming back from Hell, Fiore attempted to kill himself after the loss of DeBlanc, but ended up earning a job instead as a novelty act where he kills himself and comes back to life. Upon questioning, Fiore reveals to Jesse and Cassidy that the man hunting them down is the Saint of Killers and that the two angels hired him to kill Genesis/Jesse. Cassidy promises Jesse he can "convince" Fiore to call off the Saint of Killers. While at the casino, Tulip runs into a man from her past and kills him during a fight. At the bar, Jesse comes to the conclusion that he might find God in New Orleans. Leaving the hotel, Jesse tells Fiore to "find peace". Fiore tells the Saint of Killers that the contract is still valid, and then asks the Saint to finally kill him, which he does.

13
3
"Damsels"
Michael Slovis
Sara Goodman
July 3, 2017 (2017-07-03)
1.11[38]

Arriving in New Orleans, Jesse, Tulip and Cassidy search jazz bars looking for God. Jesse is appalled, when a man in a dog costume is presented to them as God to be sexually abused. Eventually, Jesse meets a singer, who is later kidnapped by a mysterious group and saved by Jesse. She reveals that someone previously had told her God was missing, and that the man later turned up dead. The woman is later revealed to be an operative for the mysterious group and confirms Genesis' existence to their boss, Herr Starr. In the meantime, Tulip and Cassidy go to a house owned by Denis, seemingly a friend of Cassidy's. Tulip tells Cassidy that she is hiding from a man named Viktor, whom she previously betrayed. Hoping to end the problem, Tulip allows herself to be found and caught by Viktor's men. Meanwhile in Hell, Eugene is made to relive the memory of the day he became "Arseface" repeatedly, with the memory showing it was not his fault. A dysfunction in Hell eventually pulls him out of the memory and shows him to be in a prison-type location. He learns that his cell's door is unlocked and walks out into a long corridor filled with cells. Calling out for help, Eugene is shocked and terrified to see Adolf Hitler walk out of the cell next to him.

14
4
"Viktor"
Michael Slovis
Craig Rosenberg
July 10, 2017 (2017-07-10)
1.19[39]

In an infomercial, Cassidy recognizes the actor who played the imposter God who spoke to Jesse's congregation. They locate his talent manager who provides them with a demo reel given to him by the people who hired the actor. In the tape, the man is executed in order to get to Heaven. Cassidy reveals to Jesse that Tulip went to Viktor and may be in danger. Tulip is met with an extremely frosty reception from everyone at Viktor's home, before Jesse arrives to save her. After confronting Viktor, Tulip tells Jesse that Viktor is her husband. Meanwhile in Hell, the cells keep breaking down, and in down times, Eugene bonds with Hitler and learns that his worst memory is 1918 Munich, when he met an art gallery owner. The superintendent of the ward meets with Eugene to tell him to act evil, because he is in Hell, and that they will be watching him, sanctioning deviant behavior. Upon returning, Hitler is beaten by a fellow inmate, Tyler, with other inmates joining in. Eugene sees the camera and begins to kick Hitler.

15
5
"Dallas"
Michael Morris
Philip Buiser
July 17, 2017 (2017-07-17)
1.27[40]

In flashbacks, it is shown what happened to Jesse and Tulip after Carlos betrayed them and Tulip lost their unborn child in Dallas. They try to lead a normal life with legal jobs, but fail to get pregnant again. After a while, Tulip secretly resumes her work as a contract criminal. When Jesse finds out that she is back in crime, also learning that she has been taking contraceptive pills all the time, he decides to return to his father's church in order to become a preacher himself, which leads to their breakup. After that Tulip meets Viktor and marries him for his money and power. However, when Dany calls her and tells her that she found Carlos, she leaves Viktor immediately. In the present, Jesse ponders to kill Viktor, while Tulip takes her stepdaughter to Denis' house. However, Cassidy can persuade his friend not to do it, claiming Tulip has never stopped loving him. Instead, Jesse makes Viktor sign the divorce papers. In the evening, the Saint of Killers appears at Viktor's house looking for Jesse and kills Viktor. At gunpoint, his scared daughter, who has been hiding in a closet, tells the murderer that she knows where Jesse is.

16
6
"Sokosha"
David Evans
Mary Laws
July 24, 2017 (2017-07-24)
1.19[41]

When the Saint of Killers turns up at Denis' home, Jesse, Tulip and Cassidy are just able to escape. At a library, they do research on their pursuer and find out that he has lost his soul. Jesse confronts the Saint and makes a deal with him: He will get him a new soul, so he can enter heaven. Tulip, Cassidy and Denis, who turns out to be Cassidy's son, have to stay behind. Searching for a soul at a voodoo shop, Jesse learns that a Japanese company has taken over the soul-dealing business. It is revealed that Jesse comes from a family called L'Angelle, who somehow used to be involved in this. Being unable to find a matching soul in the company's armored truck, Jesse finds out that his own soul does. So he extracts 1% of it and gives it to the Saint just in time. Instead of sending him to Hell, Jesse disarms the Saint of Killers, locks him in the armored truck, and drives it to a place called Angelville, where he sinks it in a swamp.

17
7
"Pig"
Wayne Yip
Olivia Dufault
July 31, 2017 (2017-07-31)
1.25[42]

In Vietnam, Herr Starr investigates the case of a floating pig, which has generated media exposure, and resolves the matter by ruthlessly killing everyone involved. In flashbacks, it is shown how he joined a powerful organization called the Grail, which preserves the lineage of Jesus Christ for the apocalypse and fights relentlessly any conflicting lore. Meanwhile in New Orleans, Jesse, Tulip and Cassidy participate in a game where people get shot at while wearing a bulletproof vest and trick the other players in order to rob their money. Afterwards, Denis tells his father that he is dying from congestive heart failure and wants to be turned into a vampire to survive, but Cassidy declines. While Tulip suffers from nightmares about the Saint of Killers, Jesse has second thoughts about having sacrificed part of his soul for his friends and discusses the matter with a street preacher. Herr Starr is given the information on his phone that his next target is Jesse.

18
8
"Holes"
Maja Vrvilo
Mark Stegemann
August 7, 2017 (2017-08-07)
1.15[43]

In Hell, the superintendent announces that the reason for the power outages is a person who is not supposed to be there and vows to find the culprit. Hitler suspects that it is Eugene and tricks him to help another prisoner. For his good deed, Eugene is thrown into the "Hole", where he is shown a fabricated memory of Tracy not shooting herself, but telling him that she promised herself to God as well as kissing Jesse, so that in the end Eugene still maims himself with the gun. When he returns to the others, Hitler offers to help him escape. Meanwhile in New Orleans, Denis' health deteriorates, and he insists that Cassidy makes him a vampire. Jesse has the audition tape analyzed: the serial number of the gun in the video has been filed off, and there is the reflection of a coffee pot. When Tulip has a new refrigerator installed at the apartment, she follows the holes left by the bullet of the Saint of Killers to the adjacent apartments and finds Lara Featherstone, an agent of Herr Starr who has been surveying Jesse. On a phone call, Cassidy asks someone called Seamus for advice on how to handle Denis and gets told not to do it.

19
9
"Puzzle Piece"
Michael Dowse
Craig Rosenberg
August 14, 2017 (2017-08-14)
0.99[44]

The agents of the Grail discover evidence of Jesse's power, but Herr Starr, uninterested, orders them to kill Jesse. After a whole Grail SWAT team fails, Herr Starr is advised to activate "B.R.A.D." in order to complete the task. During the fight with the soldiers, it is revealed that Cassidy has indeed turned Denis into a vampire. While B.R.A.D. is readied, Herr Starr starts to take an interest in Jesse, after finding out that he is searching for God, and starts reading his file for the first time. B.R.A.D., revealed to be a combat drone, has been activated and is about to blow up Denis' apartment with a missile, when Herr Starr calls the mission off, having found something of interest in Jesse's file. The missile destroys Harry Connick Jr.'s house instead, killing the singer. Herr Starr meets Jesse at a bar and offers help in the quest for God.

20
10
"Dirty Little Secret"
Steph Green
Mary Laws
August 21, 2017 (2017-08-21)
1.03[45]

While Lara Featherstone worms her way into Tulip's confidence in order to make mischief and Cassidy bonds with his son, who appears to have no control over his vampire desires, Jesse repeatedly uses his powers on Herr Starr to make him reveal the true nature of the Grail. He learns that it was the Grail who hired and killed the God imposter. However, it becomes clear that neither the organization, nor the Christian religious leaders know God's whereabouts. Later, Jesse meets the latest descendant of Jesus Christ, an imbecile from inbreeding called Humperdoo, who is clearly unfit to fulfill the role of the new Messiah. Herr Starr suggests that Jesse should use his powers to fill the gap left by God missing, which Jesse declines, relying on his friends. Meanwhile, Tulip is manipulated and led to find the Saint of Killers' weapons, which makes her want to confront Jesse about it.

21
11
"Backdoors"
Norberto Barba
Sara Goodman
August 28, 2017 (2017-08-28)
0.90[46]

In flashbacks, a teenage Jesse is submerged by his grandmother L'Angelle in a pond locked inside a coffin to break his will. In the present, when Jesse and Tulip have the armored truck raised from the swamp, the Saint of Killers seems to have disappeared, leading to tensions within the group. Herr Starr reveals his plan to replace the retarded Messiah with Jesse to his agents. Jesse has an intuition that the man in the dog costume, whom he met briefly when he first started his search for God in New Orleans, might have been the Almighty after all. However, when he returns to that place, the person is no longer there. Tulip tries to have the weapons of the Saint melted down, but finds out they cannot be destroyed; she then sends them to Brazil by mail. After playing a recording of Jesse's prayers to him, including the one where he begged for his father's death, Herr Starr repeats his offer of Jesse taking over God's job, which Jesse declines again. As a consequence, it is revealed that the armored truck has been swapped by the Grail, and the Saint of Killers is released by an operative on Starr's order. In Hell, after having seen Hitler's worst memory of his last day as a good person, Eugene accepts his help to escape and they enter the "Hole" for a backdoor together.

22
12
"On Your Knees"
Michael Slovis
Sam Catlin & Rachel Wagner
September 4, 2017 (2017-09-04)
1.10[47]

In the "Hole" in Hell, Hitler tells Eugene that he has to prove that he does not belong there in order to find the backdoor. After Eugene stands up to his father, Sheriff Root, in one scenario of Tracy's suicide, they can escape through a shaft. In a flashback, it is shown how the Grail secured the cooperation of the Saint of Killers by freeing him of his new soul, thus restoring his powers. Meanwhile, Jesse declares that he does not want to think about God anymore. After his release, the Saint of Killers attacks Jesse and his friends at Denis' apartment, injuring Tulip, Cassidy and Denis in the process, but is stopped by the superintendent from Hell, who threatens to put his family in Hell. As a result, she takes him with her, telling Jesse that he is fortunate to have Herr Starr on his side. Back in Hell, the Saint demands to meet Satan. The ambulance that Jesse uses to take his friends to the hospital belongs to the Grail and brings Tulip and Cassidy to Herr Starr, who reveals his plans for Jesse to them, also telling them that Jesse does not really care for them. After watching the news on TV, in which the Pope announces God's disappearance and the coming of the Messiah (Humperdoo), Jesse draws the conclusion that he has no other choice but to take over God's job. He calls on Herr Starr, who then kneels before him.

23
13
"The End of the Road"
Wayne Yip
Sam Catlin
September 11, 2017 (2017-09-11)
0.97[48]

In a flashback, the teenage Jesse steals money from tourists in Angelville and is bullied by the men who work for his grandmother. When he kills a chicken in a fit of rage, he asks his grandmother to revive the animal. However, she tells him that it comes at a price. In the present, Jesse holds his first filmed speech as the new Messiah in front of a school class, when armed Armenians storm the room and are defeated in hand to hand combat by Jesse. Afterwards, Herr Starr tells him that the attack had been staged and that the video is going viral. Next, Jesse is supposed to appear as a guest in Jimmy Kimmel's talk show, but Jesse claims that this is not what he had intended. In the end, Herr Starr enforces Jesse's cooperation by showing him the vial containing his soul fragment. Cassidy realizes that Denis cannot control his own vampire desires and kills his son by exposing him to sunlight. After Tulip uncovers that Lara Featherstone has been spying on the group, she is shot fatally by her. When Genesis does not work to save Tulip, Jesse − seemingly having lost his powers − prevents Cassidy from turning her into a vampire, leading to her death. Jesse and Cassidy drive her body to Angelville, where the resurrected chicken is still alive. When Eugene and Hitler manage to escape Hell, Hitler bolts immediately. In a motel room with the Man Dog costume, God emerges from the bathroom.

text: Specials[edit]

text: AMC aired a marathon of the first five episodes of Preacher from June 30 to July 1, 2016, with bonus, behind-the-scenes footage within each episode.[49]

text: Talking Preacher[edit]

text: Talking Preacher is a live aftershow hosted by Chris Hardwick which features guests discussing episodes of Preacher. The show uses the same format as Talking Dead, Talking Bad, and Talking Saul, which are also hosted by Hardwick.[50]

text: The first episode of Talking Preacher debuted immediately following the pilot encore on May 29, 2016, with guests Seth Rogen, Evan Goldberg, Dominic Cooper and Sam Catlin, and received 538,000 viewers.[51] The second installment aired following the Preacher season one finale on July 31, 2016, with guests Rogen, Goldberg and Ian Colletti,[52] and received 620,000 viewers.[53]

text: The aftershow returned for the first two episodes of Preacher's second season, with an installment airing directly after the second episode on June 26, 2017, with guests Dominic Cooper, Graham McTavish and Sam Catlin,[54] and received 441,000 viewers.[55] A third episode aired following the second season finale which included guests Dominic Cooper, Sam Catlin, Ian Colletti and Pip Torrens, and received 298,000 viewers.[56]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Season 1 received largely positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the series an approval rating of 90%, based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 7.66/10. The site's critical consensus states, "A thrilling celebration of the bizarre, Preacher boasts enough gore, glee, and guile to make this visually stunning adaptation a must-see for fans of the comic and newcomers alike."[57] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 76 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[58]

text: Eric Goldman of IGN, gave the pilot episode an 8.8/10, praising the "Great mixture of comic and horror elements" and the "Excellent casting", particularly praising Ruth Negga's Tulip.[59]

text: The second season received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 90%, based 22 reviews, with an average rating of 7.58/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Preacher's sophomore season benefits from more focused storytelling, without sacrificing any of its gorgeous, violent, insane fun."[60] On Metacritic, it has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[61]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
May 22, 2016
0.9
2.38[26]
0.8
1.83
1.7
4.21[62]

2
"See"
June 5, 2016
0.8
2.08[27]
0.8
1.71
1.6
3.78[63]

3
"The Possibilities"
June 12, 2016
0.7
1.75[28]
0.7
1.62
1.4
3.38[64]

4
"Monster Swamp"
June 19, 2016
0.4
1.14[29]
0.7
1.38
1.1
2.52[65]

5
"South Will Rise Again"
June 26, 2016
0.5
1.43[30]
0.6
1.48
1.1
2.91[66]

6
"Sundowner"
July 3, 2016
0.5
1.49[31]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"He Gone"
July 10, 2016
0.6
1.55[32]
N/A
1.58
N/A
3.13[67]

8
"El Valero"
July 17, 2016
0.6
1.65[33]
0.7
1.53
1.3
3.18[68]

9
"Finish the Song"
July 24, 2016
0.6
1.57[34]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Call and Response"
July 31, 2016
0.6
1.72[35]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"On the Road"
June 25, 2017
0.6
1.69[36]
0.6
1.41
1.2
3.11[69]

2
"Mumbai Sky Tower"
June 26, 2017
0.4
1.35[37]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

3
"Damsels"
July 3, 2017
0.4
1.11[38]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

4
"Viktor"
July 10, 2017
0.4
1.19[39]
0.5
1.15
0.9
2.34[70]

5
"Dallas"
July 17, 2017
0.4
1.27[40]
0.4
1.12
0.8
2.39[71]

6
"Sokosha"
July 24, 2017
0.4
1.19[41]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Pig"
July 31, 2017
0.5
1.25[42]
0.4
1.18
0.9
2.43[72]

8
"Holes"
August 7, 2017
0.4
1.15[43]
0.4
1.06
0.8
2.21[73]

9
"Puzzle Piece"
August 14, 2017
0.4
0.99[44]
0.4
1.25
0.8
2.25[74]

10
"Dirty Little Secret"
August 21, 2017
0.3
1.03[45]
0.4
1.08
0.7
2.11[75]

11
"Backdoors"
August 28, 2017
0.3
0.90[46]
0.4
1.00
0.7
1.90[76]

12
"On Your Knees"
September 4, 2017
0.3
1.10[47]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

13
"The End of the Road"
September 11, 2017
0.4
0.97[48]
0.4
0.96
0.7
1.94[77]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2016
Hollywood Post Alliance Awards
Outstanding Sound - Television
Richard Yawn, Mark Linden, Tara Paul
Nominated
[78]

2017
American Society of Cinematographers Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Commercial Television
John Grillo
Nominated
[79]

Art Directors Guild Awards
One Hour Contemporary Single-Camera Television Series
David Blass, Mark Zuelzke, Kirsten Oglesby, Derek Jensen, Gregory G. Sandoval, Taura C.C. Rivera, Tyler Standen, Brandon Arrington, Amy Lynn Umezu, Edward McLoughlin
Nominated
[80]

Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Television Series
Preacher
Nominated
[81]


document_title: Card security code

question_text: what is the verification code on a credit card

text: Card security code

text: Description[edit]

text: The codes have different names:

text:
"CID": "Card Id", "Card Identification Number", or "Card Identification Code" – Discover, American Express (four digits on front of card)[a][4]
"CSC" or "Card Security Code" – debit cards,[which?] American Express (three digits on back of card)[4]
"CVC2" or "Card Validation Code" – MasterCard
"CVD" or "Card Verification Data" – Discover, sometimes used as the common acronym for this kind of code
"CVE" or "Elo Verification Code" – Elo in Brazil
"CVN2" or "Card Validation Number 2" – China UnionPay
"CVV2" or "Card Verification Value 2" – Visa

text: Types of codes[edit]

text: There are several types of security codes:

text:
The first code, called CVC1 or CVV1, is encoded on track two of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions. The purpose of the code is to verify that a payment card is actually in the hand of the merchant. This code is automatically retrieved when the magnetic stripe of a card is swiped on a point-of-sale (card present) device and is verified by the issuer. A limitation is that if the entire card has been duplicated and the magnetic stripe copied, then the code is still valid. (See credit card fraud § skimming.)
The second code, and the most cited, is CVV2 or CVC2. This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail, fax, telephone or Internet. In some countries in Western Europe, card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person.[citation needed]
Contactless cards and chip cards may supply their own electronically generated codes, such as iCVV or a dynamic CVV.

text: Location of code[edit]

text: The card security code is typically the last three or four digits printed, not embossed like the card number, on the signature strip on the back of the card. On American Express cards, the card security code is the four digits printed (not embossed) on the front towards the right. The card security code is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat.

text:
American Express cards have a four-digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number.
Diners Club, Discover, JCB, MasterCard, and Visa credit and debit cards have a three-digit card security code. The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card.
New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip.[5] This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing the card.

text: Security benefits[edit]

text: As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for "card not present" payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized.[6] This way, if a database of transactions is compromised, the CVV2 is not included, and the stolen card numbers are less useful. Virtual terminals and payment gateways do not store the CVV2 code, therefore employees and customer service representatives with access to these web-based payment interfaces who otherwise have access to complete card numbers, expiration dates, and other information still lack the CVV2 code.

text: The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation. This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.[7] Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant. However, some merchants in North America, such as Sears and Staples, require the code. For American Express cards, this has been an invariable practice (for "card not present" transactions) in European Union (EU) countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom since the start of 2005. This provides a level of protection to the bank/cardholder, in that a fraudulent merchant or employee cannot simply capture the magnetic stripe details of a card and use them later for "card not present" purchases over the phone, mail order or Internet. To do this, a merchant or its employee would also have to note the CVV2 visually and record it, which is more likely to arouse the cardholder's suspicion.

text: Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.

text: Limitations[edit]

text:
The use of the CSC cannot protect against phishing scams, where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website. The growth in phishing has reduced the real-world effectiveness of the CSC as an anti-fraud device. There is now also a scam where a phisher has already obtained the card account number (perhaps by hacking a merchant database or from a poorly designed receipt) and gives this information to the victims (lulling them into a false sense of security) before asking for the CSC (which is all that the phisher needs).[8]
Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time[6] (after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized), a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction. Payment gateways, however, have responded by adding "periodic bill" features as part of the authorization process.
Some card issuers do not use the CSC. However, transactions without CSC are possibly subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants,[citation needed] and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder.[citation needed]
It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction, hence the card may still be prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers.
It is possible for a fraudster to guess the CSC by using a distributed attack.[9]

text: Generation of CSC[edit]

text: The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number and expiration date (two fields printed on the card) with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result.[10][11]


document_title: Abia State Ministry of Education

question_text: what is the name of abia state commissioner for education

text: Abia State Ministry of Education

text:
Abia State Ministry of EducationMinistry overviewJurisdiction
Government of Abia StateHeadquarters
State Government House, Umuahia, Abia State, NigeriaMinistry executive
Monica Philips, Commissioner

text: The Abia State Ministry of Education is a governing body of the Abia State Government responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies relating to education in Abia State.[1] On 31 October 2012, it was reported in the media that over one hundred illegal schools used for examination malpractices were shut down by the Abia State Government through the Ministry of Education.[2]