document_title: List of most-viewed YouTube videos

question_text: what's the most viewed youtube video of all time

question_tokens: what 's the most viewed youtube video of all time

text: List of most-viewed YouTube videos

text: Top videos

text: The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube, with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views, as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube.[A]

text:
Rank
Video name
Uploader / artist
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

1.
"Despacito"[7]
Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee
4.26
January 12, 2017
[B]

2.
"See You Again"[12]
Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth
3.20
April 6, 2015
[C]

3.
"Gangnam Style"[19]
Psy
2.99
July 15, 2012
[D]

4.
"Sorry"[23]
Justin Bieber
2.82
October 22, 2015

5.
"Uptown Funk"[24]
Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
2.75
November 19, 2014

6.
"Shape of You"[25]
Ed Sheeran
2.66
January 30, 2017

7.
"Masha and the Bear: Recipe for Disaster"[26]
Get Movies
2.59
January 31, 2012
[E]

8.
"Shake It Off"[27]
Taylor Swift
2.43
August 18, 2014

9.
"Bailando"[28]
Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona
2.41
April 11, 2014

10.
"Sugar"[29]
Maroon 5
2.39
January 14, 2015

11.
"Roar"[30]
Katy Perry
2.33
September 5, 2013

12.
"Lean On"[31]
Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
2.21
March 22, 2015

13.
"Blank Space"[32]
Taylor Swift
2.21
November 10, 2014

14.
"Dark Horse"[33]
Katy Perry featuring Juicy J
2.16
February 20, 2014

15.
"All About That Bass"[34]
Meghan Trainor
2.15
June 11, 2014

16.
"Hello"[35]
Adele
2.11
October 22, 2015
[F]

17.
"Wheels on the Bus"[37]
LittleBabyBum
2.01
August 9, 2014

18.
"Counting Stars"[38]
OneRepublic
2.00
May 31, 2013

19.
"Chantaje"[39]
Shakira featuring Maluma
1.95
November 18, 2016

20.
"Closer (Lyric video)"[40]
The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey
1.93
July 29, 2016
[G]

21.
"Thinking Out Loud"[41]
Ed Sheeran
1.90
October 7, 2014

22.
"This Is What You Came For"[42]
Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna
1.83
June 16, 2016

23.
"What Do You Mean?"[43]
Justin Bieber
1.83
August 30, 2015

24.
"Baby"[44]
Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris
1.74
February 19, 2010
[H]

25.
"Work from Home"[47]
Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ign
1.73
February 26, 2016

26.
"Chandelier"[48]
Sia
1.72
May 6, 2014

27.
"Let Her Go"[49]
Passenger
1.65
July 25, 2012

28.
"Rockabye"[50]
Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie
1.64
October 21, 2016

29.
"Love Me Like You Do"[51]
Ellie Goulding
1.60
January 22, 2015

30.
"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[52]
Shakira featuring Freshlyground
1.59
June 4, 2010

31.
"We Don't Talk Anymore"[53]
Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez
1.56
August 2, 2016

32.
"Worth It"[54]
Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink
1.49
March 28, 2015

33.
"Love the Way You Lie"[55]
Eminem featuring Rihanna
1.43
August 5, 2010

34.
"Treat You Better"[56]
Shawn Mendes
1.42
July 12, 2016

35.
"Ay Vamos"[57]
J Balvin
1.42
August 29, 2014

36.
"Watch Me (Whip/Nae Nae)"[58]
Silentó
1.40
June 25, 2015

37.
"Rude"[59]
Magic!
1.40
December 5, 2013

38.
"Wake Me Up"[60]
Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc
1.40
July 29, 2013

39.
"Party Rock Anthem"[61]
LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock
1.38
March 8, 2011

40.
"Faded"[62]
Alan Walker
1.37
December 3, 2015

41.
"Hotline Bling"[63]
Drake
1.32
October 26, 2015

42.
"Vente Pa' Ca"[64]
Ricky Martin featuring Maluma
1.30
September 22, 2016

43.
"Johny Johny Yes Papa"[65]
ChuChu TV
1.30
November 14, 2014
[I]

44.
"Propuesta Indecente"[67]
Romeo Santos
1.29
September 9, 2013

45.
"Love Yourself"[68]
Justin Bieber
1.26
November 14, 2015

46.
"Starboy"[69]
The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk
1.25
September 28, 2016

47.
"Hasta el Amanecer"[70]
Nicky Jam
1.24
January 14, 2016

48.
"The Lazy Song"[71]
Bruno Mars
1.23
April 15, 2011

49.
"Let It Go"[72]
Idina Menzel
1.23
January 30, 2014
[J]

50.
"Mi Gente"[74]
J Balvin and Willy William
1.23
June 29, 2017

51.
"All of Me"[75]
John Legend
1.22
October 2, 2013

52.
"Rolling in the Deep"[76]
Adele
1.21
November 30, 2010

53.
"Burn"[77]
Ellie Goulding
1.18
July 7, 2013

54.
"Side to Side"[78]
Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj
1.18
August 29, 2016

55.
"Summer"[79]
Calvin Harris
1.18
April 6, 2014

56.
"How Deep Is Your Love"[80]
Calvin Harris featuring Disciples
1.17
August 6, 2015

57.
"Reggaetón Lento (Bailemos)"[81]
CNCO
1.16
October 7, 2016

58.
"Picky"[82]
Joey Montana
1.16
June 29, 2015

59.
"Hey Mama"[83]
David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj, Bebe Rexha and Afrojack
1.16
May 19, 2015

60.
"Bad Blood"[84]
Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar
1.15
May 17, 2015

61.
"The Hills"[85]
The Weeknd
1.15
May 27, 2015

62.
"On the Floor"[86]
Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull
1.14
March 3, 2011

63.
"Felices los 4"[87]
Maluma
1.13
April 21, 2017

64.
"Thrift Shop"[88]
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz
1.13
August 29, 2012

65.
"The Gummy Bear Song"[89]
icanrockyourworld
1.13
October 9, 2007
[K]

66.
"Stressed Out"[90]
Twenty One Pilots
1.13
April 27, 2015

67.
"Gentleman"[91]
Psy
1.13
April 13, 2013

68.
"Diamonds"[92]
Rihanna
1.10
November 8, 2012

69.
"Shaky Shaky"[93]
Daddy Yankee
1.09
July 14, 2016

70.
"El Perdón"[94]
Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias
1.08
March 23, 2015

71.
"Animals"[95]
Martin Garrix
1.08
June 17, 2013

72.
"Andas en Mi Cabeza"[96]
Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee
1.08
April 20, 2016

73.
"El Perdedor"[97]
Maluma
1.07
April 22, 2016

74.
"Problem"[98]
Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea
1.07
May 30, 2014

75.
"Firework"[99]
Katy Perry
1.06
October 28, 2010

76.
"La Bicicleta"[100]
Carlos Vives and Shakira
1.05
July 8, 2016

77.
"El Pollito Pio"[101]
pulcinopiotv
1.05
November 29, 2012

78.
"Bang Bang"[102]
Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj
1.04
August 25, 2014

79.
"That's What I Like"[103]
Bruno Mars
1.03
March 2, 2017

80.
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[104]
Katy Perry
1.03
June 12, 2011

81.
"Not Afraid"[105]
Eminem
1.02
June 4, 2010

82.
"Call Me Maybe"[106]
Carly Rae Jepsen
1.01
March 1, 2012

83.
"Just the Way You Are"[107]
Bruno Mars
1.01
September 8, 2010

84.
"La Gozadera"[108]
Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony
1.00
June 5, 2015

85.
"La Mordidita"[109]
Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel
1.00
June 12, 2015

86.
"Happy"[110]
Pharrell Williams
0.99
November 21, 2013

87.
"Where Are Ü Now"[111]
Jack Ü and Justin Bieber
0.98
June 29, 2015

88.
"Timber"[112]
Pitbull featuring Kesha
0.98
November 25, 2013

89.
"Ahora Dice"[113]
Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin, Ozuna and Arcángel
0.98
March 19, 2017

90.
"Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge"[114]
Ryan ToysReview
0.98
April 13, 2016

91.
"Masha and the Bear: Bon appétit!"[115]
Get Movies
0.97
September 21, 2012

92.
"Someone like You"[116]
Adele
0.97
September 29, 2011

93.
"6 AM"[117]
J Balvin featuring Farruko
0.96
April 4, 2014

94.
"Darte un Beso"[118]
Prince Royce
0.96
August 20, 2013

95.
"Somebody That I Used to Know"[119]
Gotye featuring Kimbra
0.96
July 5, 2011

96.
"Work"[120]
Rihanna featuring Drake
0.96
February 22, 2016

97.
"El Amante"[121]
Nicky Jam
0.95
January 15, 2017

98.
"Danza Kuduro"[122]
Don Omar featuring Lucenzo
0.95
August 11, 2010

99.
"Cheap Thrills (Lyric video)"[123]
Sia featuring Sean Paul
0.94
February 11, 2016

100.
"I'm Not the Only One"[124]
Sam Smith
0.93
August 1, 2014

As of November 8, 2017

text: By year of release

text: The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year, with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views, as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube.[L]

text: As of November 2017, Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with five, while Taylor Swift and Adele have three. Only Linkin Park (2007), Gummibär/icanrockyourworld (2007) and Taylor Swift (2014) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year, with both the English and French versions of Gummibär's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007.

text:
Year
Video name
Uploader
Views (billions)
Upload date
Notes

2005
[M]
"Life Goes On"[125]
fhearnoiz
0.09
September 22, 2005

"Hurt"[126]
beachbuggy
0.08
December 12, 2005

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[127]
Frozentoast
0.06
September 18, 2005

"Tarzan Boy"[128]
nailofgilead
0.06
November 2, 2005

"Me at the zoo"[129]
jawed
0.04
April 23, 2005
[N]

Combined views (2005)
0.33
[130][131]

2006
[O]
"Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado"[132]
Galinha Pintadinha
0.45
December 28, 2006

"Ella y Yo"[133]
JosephIngma
0.32
April 27, 2006

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
0.30
April 6, 2006
[P]

"I Write Sins Not Tragedies"[135]
Fueled By Ramen
0.21
July 18, 2006

"If you are happy"[136]
Alicia Kids!
0.18
September 5, 2006

Combined views (2006)
1.46
[137][138]

2007
[Q]
"The Gummy Bear Song"[89]
icanrockyourworld
1.12
October 9, 2007

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[139]
HDCYT
0.85
May 22, 2007
[R]

"Numb"[140]
Linkin Park
0.69
March 4, 2007

"What I've Done"[141]
0.32
April 3, 2007

"Je m'appelle Funny Bear"[142]
icanrockyourworld
0.29
October 15, 2007

Combined views (2007)
3.27
[137][138]

2008
"Hot n Cold"[143]
KatyPerryVEVO
0.73
October 13, 2008

"Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha"[144]
Galinha Pintadinha
0.48
September 15, 2008

"Viva la Vida"[145]
Coldplay Official
0.45
August 4, 2008

"Bohemian Rhapsody"[146]
Queen Official
0.44
August 1, 2008

"Colgando en tus manos"[147]
Carlos Baute
0.36
October 29, 2008

Combined views (2008)
2.46
[137]

2009
"November Rain"[148]
GunsNRosesVEVO
0.89
December 24, 2009

"Bad Romance"[149]
LadyGagaVEVO
0.87
November 23, 2009
[S]

"You Belong with Me"[150]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
0.77
June 16, 2009

"Axel F"[151]
CrazyFrogVEVO
0.73
June 16, 2009

"Chop Suey!"[152]
systemofadownVEVO
0.63
October 2, 2009

Combined views (2009)
3.89
[137]

2010
"Baby"[44]
JustinBieberVEVO
1.74
February 19, 2010
[T]

"Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)"[52]
shakiraVEVO
1.58
June 4, 2010

"Love the Way You Lie"[55]
EminemVEVO
1.42
August 5, 2010

"Rolling in the Deep"[76]
AdeleVEVO
1.20
November 30, 2010

"Firework"[99]
KatyPerryVEVO
1.06
October 28, 2010

Combined views (2010)
7.00
[137]

2011
"Party Rock Anthem"[61]
LMFAOVEVO
1.37
March 8, 2011

"The Lazy Song"[71]
Bruno Mars
1.23
April 15, 2011

"On the Floor"[86]
JenniferLopezVEVO
1.14
March 3, 2011

"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)"[104]
KatyPerryVEVO
1.02
June 12, 2011

"Someone like You"[116]
AdeleVEVO
0.96
September 29, 2011

Combined views (2011)
5.72
[137]

2012
"Gangnam Style"[19]
officialpsy
2.98
July 15, 2012
[U]

"Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша"[26]
Get Movies
2.57
January 31, 2012

"Let Her Go"[49]
Passenger
1.64
July 25, 2012

"Thrift Shop"[88]
Macklemore LCC
1.13
August 29, 2012

"Diamonds"[92]
RihannaVEVO
1.09
November 8, 2012

Combined views (2012)
9.41
[137]

2013
"Roar"[30]
KatyPerryVEVO
2.32
September 5, 2013

"Counting Stars"[38]
OneRepublicVEVO
1.99
May 31, 2013

"Wake Me Up"[60]
AviciiVEVO
1.40
July 29, 2013

"Rude"[59]
ournameismagicVEVO
1.40
December 5, 2013

"Propuesta Indecente"[67]
RomeoSantosVEVO
1.29
September 9, 2013

Combined views (2013)
8.40
[137]

2014
"Uptown Funk"[24]
MarkRonsonVEVO
2.73
November 19, 2014

"Shake It Off"[27]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2.42
August 18, 2014

"Bailando"[28]
EnriqueIglesiasVEVO
2.40
April 11, 2014

"Blank Space"[32]
TaylorSwiftVEVO
2.20
November 10, 2014

"Dark Horse"[33]
KatyPerryVEVO
2.15
February 20, 2014

Combined views (2014)
11.90
[137]

2015
"See You Again"[12]
Wiz Khalifa
3.18
April 6, 2015
[V]

"Sorry"[23]
JustinBieberVEVO
2.81
October 22, 2015

"Sugar"[29]
Maroon5VEVO
2.38
January 14, 2015

"Lean On"[31]
majorlazer
2.20
March 22, 2015

"Hello"[35]
AdeleVEVO
2.10
October 22, 2015

Combined views (2015)
12.67
[137]

2016
"Chantaje"[39]
shakiraVEVO
1.92
November 18, 2016

"Closer (Lyric video)"[40]
ChainsmokersVEVO
1.91
July 29, 2016

"This Is What You Came For"[42]
CalvinHarrisVEVO
1.82
June 16, 2016

"Work from Home"[47]
FifthHarmonyVEVO
1.72
February 26, 2016

"Rockabye"[50]
Clean Bandit
1.61
October 21, 2016

Combined views (2016)
8.98
[137]

2017
"Despacito"[7]
LuisFonsiVEVO
4.26
January 12, 2017
[W]

"Shape of You"[25]
Ed Sheeran
2.66
January 30, 2017

"Mi Gente"[74]
jbalvinVEVO
1.23
June 29, 2017

"Felices los 4"[87]
MalumaVEVO
1.13
April 21, 2017

"That's What I Like"[103]
Bruno Mars
1.03
March 1, 2017

Combined views (2017)
10.31
[137]

As of October 28, 2017

text: Historical most viewed videos

text: The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube's most viewed video, from October 2005 to the present.

text:
Video name
Uploader
Views*
Upload date
Date achieved
Days held
Ref(s)
Notes

"Despacito"[7]
LuisFonsiVEVO
2,993,700,000
Jan 12, 2017
Aug 4, 2017
97
[153]
[X]

"See You Again"[12]
Wiz Khalifa
2,894,000,000
Apr 6, 2015
Jul 10, 2017
25
[155]

"Gangnam Style"[19]
officialpsy
803,700,000
Jul 15, 2012
Nov 24, 2012
1,689
[20]
[Y]

"Baby"[44]
JustinBieberVEVO
245,400,000
Feb 19, 2010
Jul 16, 2010
862
[45]
[Z]

"Bad Romance"[149]
LadyGagaVEVO
178,400,000
Nov 23, 2009
Apr 14, 2010
93
[159]
[AA]

"Charlie Bit My Finger"[139]
HDCYT
128,900,000
May 22, 2007
Oct 25, 2009
171
[162]

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
118,900,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 2, 2009
176
[163]

"Girlfriend"[164]
RCARecords
92,600,000
Feb 27, 2007
Jul 17, 2008
289
[165]

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
78,400,000
Apr 6, 2006
Mar 15, 2008
124
[166]

"Music Is My Hot Hot Sex"[167]
CLARUSBARTEL72
76,600,000
Apr 9, 2007
Feb 29, 2008
15
[168]
[AB]

"Evolution of Dance"[134]
Judson Laipply
10,600,000
Apr 6, 2006
May 19, 2006
651
[171]
[AC]

"Pokemon Theme Music Video"[172]
Smosh
4,300,000
Nov 28, 2005
Mar 12, 2006
68
[173]
[AD]

"Myspace - The Movie"[176]
eggtea
2,700,000
Jan 31, 2006
Feb 18, 2006
22
[177]

"Phony Photo Booth"[178]
mugenized
3,400,000
Dec 1, 2005
Jan 21, 2006
28
[179]
[AE]

"The Chronic of Narnia Rap"[180]
youtubedude
2,300,000
Dec 18, 2005
Jan 9, 2006
12
[181]

"Ronaldinho: Touch of Gold"[182]
Nikesoccer
255,000
Oct 21, 2005
Oct 31, 2005
70
[183]
[AF]

"I/O Brush"[186]
larfus
247,000
Oct 5, 2005
Oct 29, 2005
2
[187]

As of November 9, 2017

text: *The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube's most viewed video.

text: Timeline of Most Viewed Videos (Oct 2005 - Nov 2017)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2005 - Jun 2006)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Apr 2006 - Jan 2010)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Oct 2009 - Jan 2013)

text: № 1 Most Viewed Video (Jan 2012 - Nov 2017)


document_title: Red Sparrow

question_text: who was the actual mole in red sparrow

question_tokens: who was the actual mole in red sparrow

root

text: Red Sparrow

text: Plot[edit]

text: In modern-day Russia, Dominika Egorova is a famed Russian ballerina who supports her ill mother. Following a career-ending injury, Dominika is approached by her uncle, Ivan, the Deputy Director of SVR. She is tasked with seducing Dimitry Ustinov, a Russian gangster, in exchange for her mother's continued medical care. As Ustinov rapes her, he is killed by Sergei Matorin, an SVR operative authorized by Ivan. Ivan offers Dominika a choice to begin working for the SVR, or be executed so there are no witnesses to Ustinov's death.

tag: p

text: Nate Nash is a CIA operative working in Moscow. While meeting with an asset in Gorky Park, they are confronted by the police. Nash creates a diversion to ensure his asset, a mole in Russian ranks code-named Marble, escapes unidentified. Nash is reassigned back to the U.S. but insists that he is the only individual whom Marble will work with. Since he cannot return to Russia, he is assigned to Budapest, where he will regain contact with Marble.

text: Dominika is sent to State School 4, a specialist training schools for 'Sparrows', SVR operatives capable of seducing their targets. Dominika excels in her training, despite some friction with her trainers, and she is assigned to Budapest. Meanwhile the SVR has been tracking Nash, and hopes to find out the identity of Marble. Dominika's assignment is to gain the trust of Nash, and reveal his contact.

text: Upon her arrival in Budapest, Dominika lives with Marta Yelenova, another Sparrow. Her boss in Budapest is Maxim Volontov. Dominika quickly makes contact with Nash, who correctly determines that she is a Russian intelligence operative. Dominika reveals her true identity to him, as well as her motive to find out Marble's identity. Dominika inspects Marta's room, and realizes that she is working to gather information from Stephanie Boucher, the chief of staff to a U.S. Senator. Dominika claims to her uncle that she is helping in Marta's effort to gather information from Boucher.

text: Dominika offers to work for Nash as a double agent. She carries out Marta's assignment to meet Boucher, and covertly exchanges the supplied information for CIA-supplied floppy disks. On leaving the meeting place, Boucher sees American agents and is spooked. She unintentionally steps into traffic and is killed. Russian agents observing Boucher realize that the mission had been compromised. Dominika and Volontov are required to immediately return to Moscow. She is tortured and interrogated for days. Dominika returns to Budapest, and informs Nash that she wishes to defect with her mother to America.

text: After spending the night with Nash, Dominika awakes to find him being tortured by Matorin, who is attempting to discover the identity of Marble. She initially helps Matorin torture Nash, but turns on the executioner and kills him. She wakes in a hospital where General Vladimir Korchnoi reveals that he is Marble. He explains that he was initially patriotic, but grew to feel that Russia was corrupt. He fears he will be caught soon, and instead of dying in vain, instructs Dominika to reveal his identity to Ivan. She could then replace him as a mole and further their work by passing information to the CIA. But when Dominika contacts her superiors to reveal the identity of the mole, she frames her uncle Ivan rather than betray Korchnoi. Ivan is killed by the Russian side during a spy swap, and Dominika is congratulated for her work by her Russian superiors.

text: Back home in Russia, Dominika lives with her mother, and receives a phone call from an unknown person who plays Grieg’s piano concerto that she had listened to during her love affair with Nash.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Lawrence as Dominika Egorova, a former ballerina who is now a "Sparrow"[6]
Joel Edgerton as Nate Nash, a CIA operative[6]
Matthias Schoenaerts as Ivan Vladimirovich Egorov,[7][6] Dominika’s uncle
Charlotte Rampling as Matron, the Headmistress of Sparrow School[8]
Mary-Louise Parker as Stephanie Boucher, a US Senator's Chief of Staff
Ciarán Hinds as Colonel Zakharov
Joely Richardson as Nina Egorova, Dominika’s mother
Bill Camp as Marty Gable, Nash's superior
Jeremy Irons as General Vladimir Andreievich Korchnoi[6]
Thekla Reuten as Marta Yelenova, a fellow Sparrow
Douglas Hodge as Maxim Volontov
Sakina Jaffrey as Trish Forsyth[9]
Sergei Polunin as Konstantin, Dominika's former dance partner
Sasha Frolova as Anya[7]
Sebastian Hülk as Sergei Matorin, a Russian operative and torture expert
Kristof Konrad as Dimitri Ustinov[10]
Hugh Quarshie as Simon Benford
Sergej Onopko as Simionov, a Russian operative and executioner

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After Jason Matthews' book Red Sparrow was published in 2013, 20th Century Fox purchased the film rights, and signed Francis Lawrence to direct.[11] Matthews said the idea of "sparrows" and a "sparrow school" was based on State School 4 in the Soviet Union, though Russian "sexpionage" is now done by women contracted outside of spy agencies.[12][13] The Russian concept of kompromat was also influential.[12] Lawrence worked on adapting Matthews' book in 2015, and has said that at the time, he had reservations about the timeliness of a Cold War story.[14]

text: Screenwriter Justin Haythe reduced the number of narrators and shifting perspectives in the novel, concentrating on Dominika.[11] Russian President Vladimir Putin, who appears in the novel, was also cut from the adaptation, due to Lawrence's belief that it would be a distraction to have an actor play the highly public figure.[15]

text: Matthews, who said he based his book on his experiences in the CIA,[16] was also hired as technical advisor, to supervise the accuracy of the depiction of espionage.[11] He had the Gorky Park scene rewritten to depict espionage methods more accurately.[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Francis Lawrence presented the screenplay to Jennifer Lawrence, who accepted the part.[17] Jennifer stated she admired the character and Francis' direction, with her sole point of hesitation being the "really sexual" nature of the character.[14] Francis Lawrence then met with her personally to discuss the nude scenes.[16] In 2014, Jennifer had private nude photos stolen in the iCloud leaks. However, Lawrence drew a distinction between the film and the leak based on her consent to the film, as opposed to the leak.[17] Lawrence explained: "The insecurity and fear of being judged for getting nude, what I went through, should that dictate decisions I make for the rest of my life?"[16][18]

text: Matthews advised Lawrence that double agents from Russia feel "a dread of discovery, a dread of being arrested, a dread of going to prison."[13] Lawrence also studied ballet for four months.[19] Kurt Froman of the New York City Ballet coached her, as she had never studied ballet before, and spent four hours with her each day for five days per week.[20]

text: As a former member of the CIA, Matthews coached actor Joel Edgerton. Edgerton said it was difficult to consider having "an interpersonal dating-style relationship ... [and] That fact that you would have to report any of those kinds of interactions with your bosses."[16] Matthias Schoenaerts and Jeremy Irons joined the cast by December 2016.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography started in Budapest and Dunaújváros in Hungary on January 5, 2017.[21][22][23] Other filming locations include Festetics Mansion in Dég, Hungary;[24] Bratislava, Slovakia;[25] and Vienna, Austria.[26] On May 3, 2017, Jennifer Lawrence was spotted shooting some scenes at London's Heathrow Airport.[27]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In post-production, Francis offered Jennifer Lawrence the opportunity to view a cut of the film ahead of the studio and producers, so that she might request the deletion of any nude or sexual scenes. She declined to request any deletions.[17] However, the film was edited for the United Kingdom release to remove a violent sequence and secure a 15 certificate from the British Board of Film Classification.[28]

text: For the soundtrack, the 1868 Piano Concerto by Edvard Grieg was used.[29] James Newton Howard wrote the score, recorded in October 2017, citing Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Requiem and Igor Stravinsky's The Firebird as influences. He commenced work before seeing a cut of the film.[30]

text:
2. Adagio

Grieg's piano concerto
Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: Release[edit]

text: Red Sparrow was originally scheduled to be released by 20th Century Fox on November 10, 2017, but in April 2017 it was announced that the film's release would be pushed back to March 2, 2018, because it was seen as a less competitive one.[1][31] The studio's adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express was moved into Red Sparrow's November slot. The first trailer for the film was released on September 14, 2017.[32] The film premiered on February 15, 2018 at Newseum,[33] and began a U.S. theatrical release on March 2.[20]

text: Overseas, Red Sparrow screened at FEST in Belgrade on February 28, 2018.[34] It was released in the United Kingdom on March 1, 2018.[15][35]

text: Red Sparrow was released on digital streaming platforms on May 15, 2018.[36] It was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray,[37] Blu-ray and DVD on May 22, 2018.[38]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  June 24, 2018[update], Red Sparrow has grossed $46.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $104.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $151.3 million, against a production budget of $69 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Red Sparrow was released alongside Death Wish, and was projected to gross $20–24 million from 3,056 theaters in its opening weekend.[39] It made $6 million on its first day (including $1.2 million from Thursday night previews) and $17 million over the weekend, finishing second, behind holdover Black Panther. Deadline Hollywood noted the opening was underwhelming given the film's $69 million budget, and that Lawrence's salary of $15–20 million was too much to spend on one star.[40] It fell 51% in its second weekend to $8.15 million, finishing fourth.[41]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 47%, based on 237 reviews, and an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Red Sparrow aims for smart, sexy spy thriller territory, but Jennifer Lawrence's committed performance isn't enough to compensate for thin characters and a convoluted story."[42] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[43] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film to be "preposterously entertaining" and credited its success to Lawrence's performance, writing that "like all great stars, [Lawrence] can slip into a role as if sliding into another skin, unburdened by hesitation or self-doubt."[44] IndieWire's Eric Kohn, who graded the film a B, noted the performances of Lawrence and Rampling, stating that "the considerable talent on display is [the film's] constant saving grace." However, he also found that the film "doesn't know when to stop, sagging into bland torture scenes and an underwhelming final showdown."[45] Giving the film a B-, The A.V. Club's Jesse Hassenger noted its methodical nature, with its minimal action and character exploration, and remarked that Francis Lawrence "brings to this material what he brought to The Hunger Games: a sense of style that feels constrained by obligations to hit a certain number of plot points."[46]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap criticized the derivative story and the lack of chemistry between Lawrence and Edgerton, calling the film "neither intelligent enough to be involving nor fun enough to be trashy."[47] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars and said, "Half of the Red Sparrow audience will spend at least part of the running time fighting off memories of Salt and Atomic Blonde and the Black Widow storyline from The Avengers. The other half, meantime, will wonder when spy movies became quite so punishing."[48] Simran Hans of The Guardian found the film to be sexist, writing that "it busies itself with the grim surface pleasures of ogling its central character as she is degraded in every way possible."[49]


document_title: List of Test cricket hat-tricks

question_text: first indian cricketer to take hattrick in test cricket

text: List of Test cricket hat-tricks

text: Test hat-tricks[edit]

text:
Key

Symbol
Meaning

Bowler
The name of the bowler

For
The team for which the bowler was playing

Against
The team against which the bowler was playing

Inn.
The innings (first or second) in which the hat-trick was achieved

Test
The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams

Dismissals
The three players dismissed by the bowler

Venue
The venue where the hat-trick was achieved

Date
The date on which the hat-trick was achieved

Ref.
Reference

text:
List of Test cricket hat-tricks

No.
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
Test
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.

1
Spofforth, FredFred Spofforth
 Australia
 England
1
1/1

Vernon Royle (b)
Francis MacKinnon (b)
Tom Emmett (c Tom Horan)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
2 January 1879
[12]

2
Bates, BillyBilly Bates
 England
 Australia
1
2/3

Percy McDonnell (b)
George Giffen (c and b)
George Bonnor (c Walter Read)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
20 January 1883
[13]

3
Briggs, JohnnyJohnny Briggs
 England
 Australia
2
2/3

Walter Giffen (b)
Jack Blackham (lbw)
Sydney Callaway (c W. G. Grace)

Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2 February 1892
[14]

4
Lohmann, GeorgeGeorge Lohmann
 England
 South Africa
2
1/3

Frederick Cook (b)
Bonnor Middleton (b)
Joseph Willoughby (c Tom Hayward)

St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
14 February 1896
[15]

5
Hearne, JackJack Hearne
 England
 Australia
2
3/5

Clem Hill (b)
Syd Gregory (c Archie MacLaren)
Monty Noble (c Ranjitsinhji)

Headingley, Leeds
30 June 1899
[16]

6
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
 Australia
 England
2
2/5

John Gunn (c Sammy Jones)
Arthur Jones (c Joe Darling)
Sydney Barnes (c and b)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
4 January 1902
[17]

7
Trumble, HughHugh Trumble
 Australia
 England
2
5/5

Bernard Bosanquet (c Algy Gehrs)
Plum Warner (c and b)
Dick Lilley (lbw)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
8 March 1904
[18]

8
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
 Australia
 South Africa
1
1/3

Rolland Beaumont (b)
Sid Pegler (lbw)
Tommy Ward (lbw)

Old Trafford, Manchester
28 May 1912
[19]

9
Matthews, JimmyJimmy Matthews
 Australia
 South Africa
2
1/3

Herbie Taylor (b)
Reggie Schwarz (c and b)
Tommy Ward (c and b)

Old Trafford, Manchester
28 May 1912
[19]

10
Allom, MauriceMaurice Allom
 England
 New Zealand
1
1/4

Tom Lowry (lbw)
Ken James (c Tich Cornford)
Ted Badcock (b)

Lancaster Park, Christchurch
10 January 1930
[20]

11
Goddard, TomTom Goddard
 England
 South Africa
1
1/5

Dudley Nourse (c and b)
Norman Gordon (st Leslie Ames)
Billy Wade (b)

Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
26 December 1938
[21]

12
Loader, PeterPeter Loader
 England
 West Indies
1
4/5

John Goddard (b)
Sonny Ramadhin (c Fred Trueman)
Roy Gilchrist (b)

Headingley, Leeds
25 July 1957
[22]

13
Kline, LindsayLindsay Kline
 Australia
 South Africa
2
2/5

Eddie Fuller (c Richie Benaud)
Hugh Tayfield (lbw)
Neil Adcock (c Bob Simpson)

Newlands, Cape Town
3 January 1958
[23]

14
Hall, WesWes Hall
 West Indies
 Pakistan
1
3/3

Mushtaq Mohammed (lbw)
Fazal Mahmood (c Garfield Sobers)
Nasim-ul-Ghani (b)

Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore
29 March 1959
[24]

15
Griffin, GeoffGeoff Griffin
 South Africa
 England
1
2/5

M. J. K. Smith (c John Waite)
Peter Walker (b)
Fred Trueman (b)

Lord's, London
24 June 1960
[25]

16
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs
 West Indies
 Australia
1
4/5

Ken Mackay (lbw)
Wally Grout (c Garfield Sobers)
Frank Misson (b)

Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
30 January 1961
[26]

17
Petherick, PeterPeter Petherick
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
1
1/3

Javed Miandad (c Richard Hadlee)
Wasim Raja (c and b)
Intikhab Alam (c Geoff Howarth)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
9 October 1976
[27]

18
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh
 West Indies
 Australia
1 & 2
1/5

Tony Dodemaide (c Viv Richards)
Mike Veletta (c Carl Hooper)
Graeme Wood (lbw)

Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane
18–20 November 1988
[28]

19
Hughes, MervMerv Hughes
 Australia
 West Indies
1 & 2
2/5

Curtly Ambrose (c Ian Healy)
Patrick Patterson (c Tony Dodemaide)
Gordon Greenidge (lbw)

WACA, Perth
3–4 December 1988
[29]

20
Fleming, DamienDamien Fleming
 Australia
 Pakistan
2
2/3

Aamer Malik (c Michael Bevan)
Inzamam-ul-Haq (lbw)
Saleem Malik (c Ian Healy)

Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi
9 October 1994
[30]

21
Warne, ShaneShane Warne
 Australia
 England
2
2/5

Phil DeFreitas (lbw)
Darren Gough (c Ian Healy)
Devon Malcolm (c David Boon)

Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
29 December 1994
[31]

22
Cork, DominicDominic Cork
 England
 West Indies
2
4/6

Richie Richardson (b)
Junior Murray (lbw)
Carl Hooper (lbw)

Old Trafford, Manchester
30 July 1995
[32]

23
Gough, DarrenDarren Gough
 England
 Australia
1
5/5

Ian Healy (c Warren Hegg)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Colin Miller (b)

Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2 January 1999
[33]

24
Wasim Akram
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1
3/4

Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Niroshan Bandaratilleke (b)
Pramodya Wickramasinghe (b)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
6 March 1999
[34]

25
Wasim Akram
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
2
4/4

Avishka Gunawardene (c Shahid Afridi)
Chaminda Vaas (b)
Mahela Jayawardene (c Wajahatullah Wasti)

Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
14 March 1999
[35]

26
Nuwan Zoysa
 Sri Lanka
 Zimbabwe
1
2/3

Trevor Gripper (lbw)
Murray Goodwin (c Romesh Kaluwitharana)
Neil Johnson (lbw)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
26 November 1999
[36]

27
Abdul Razzaq
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1
2/3

Romesh Kaluwitharana (c Moin Khan)
Rangana Herath (lbw)
Ravi Pushpakumara (lbw)

Galle International Stadium, Galle
21 June 2000
[37]

28
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath
 Australia
 West Indies
1
2/5

Sherwin Campbell (c Ricky Ponting)
Brian Lara (c Stuart MacGill)
Jimmy Adams (c Justin Langer)

WACA, Perth
1 December 2000
[38]

29
Harbhajan Singh
 India
 Australia
1
2/3

Ricky Ponting (lbw)
Adam Gilchrist (lbw)
Shane Warne (c Sadagoppan Ramesh)

Eden Gardens, Calcutta
11 March 2001
[39]

30
Mohammad Sami
 Pakistan
 Sri Lanka
1
3/3

Charitha Buddhika (lbw)
Nuwan Zoysa (lbw)
Muttiah Muralitharan (b)

Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
8 March 2002
[40]

31
Lawson, JermaineJermaine Lawson
 West Indies
 Australia
1 & 2
3/4

Brett Lee (b)
Stuart MacGill (b)
Justin Langer (lbw)

Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
2–5 May 2003
[41]

32
Alok Kapali
 Bangladesh
 Pakistan
1
2/3

Shabbir Ahmed (c Mashrafe Mortaza)
Danish Kaneria (lbw)
Umar Gul (lbw)

Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
29 August 2003
[42]

33
Blignaut, AndyAndy Blignaut
 Zimbabwe
 Bangladesh
2
1/2

Hannan Sarkar (lbw)
Mohammad Ashraful (c sub (Travis Friend))
Mushfiqur Rahman (c Tatenda Taibu)

Harare Sports Club, Harare
22 February 2004
[43]

34
Hoggard, MatthewMatthew Hoggard
 England
 West Indies
2
3/4

Ramnaresh Sarwan (c Ashley Giles)
Shivnarine Chanderpaul (lbw)
Ryan Hinds (c Andrew Flintoff)

Kensington Oval, Barbados
3 April 2004
[44]

35
Franklin, JamesJames Franklin
 New Zealand
 Bangladesh
1
1/2

Manjural Islam Rana (c Brendon McCullum)
Mohammad Rafique (c Scott Styris)
Tapash Baisya (b)

Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka
20 October 2004
[45]

36
Irfan Pathan
 India
 Pakistan
1
3/3

Salman Butt (c Rahul Dravid)
Younis Khan (lbw)
Mohammad Yousuf (b)

National Stadium, Karachi
29 January 2006
[46]

37
Sidebottom, RyanRyan Sidebottom
 England
 New Zealand
2
1 /3

Stephen Fleming (c Alastair Cook)
Mathew Sinclair (c Alastair Cook)
Jacob Oram (lbw)

Seddon Park, Hamilton
8 March 2008
[47]

38
Siddle, PeterPeter Siddle
 Australia
 England
1
1/5

Alastair Cook (c Shane Watson)
Matt Prior (b)
Stuart Broad (lbw)

Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane
25 November 2010
[48]

39
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
 India
1
2/4

Mahendra Singh Dhoni (c James Anderson)
Harbhajan Singh (lbw)
Praveen Kumar (b)

Trent Bridge, Nottinghamshire
30 July 2011
[49]

40
Gazi, SohagSohag Gazi
 Bangladesh
 New Zealand
2
1/2

Corey Anderson (lbw)
BJ Watling (c Mushfiqur Rahim)
Doug Bracewell (c Shakib Al Hasan)

Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium, Chittagong
13 October 2013
[50]

41
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
 Sri Lanka
1
2/2

Kumar Sangakkara (c Ian Bell)
Dinesh Chandimal (c Alastair Cook)
Shaminda Eranga (c Matt Prior)

Headingley, Leeds
20 June 2014
[51]

42
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
 Australia
1
2/3

Adam Voges (c Dimuth Karunaratne)
Peter Nevill (lbw)
Mitchell Starc (lbw)

Galle International Stadium, Galle
5 August 2016
[52]

43
Ali, MoeenMoeen Ali
 England
 South Africa
2
3/4

Dean Elgar (c Ben Stokes)
Kagiso Rabada (c Ben Stokes)
Morné Morkel (lbw)

The Oval, London
31 July 2017
[53]

text: By team[edit]

text: England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat-tricks to date, 25 of 43 (58.14%).[5]

text:
Test hat-tricks by team

Team
Hat-tricks

 England
14

 Australia
11

 Pakistan
4

 West Indies
4

 Bangladesh
2

 India
2

 Sri Lanka
2

 New Zealand
2

 South Africa
1

 Zimbabwe
1


document_title: Snifter

question_text: what glass do you drink brandy out of

question_tokens: what glass do you drink brandy out of

text: Snifter

text: Look up snifter in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: A snifter (also called brandy snifter, brandy bowl, cognac glass, or balloon) is a type of stemware, a short-stemmed glass whose vessel has a wide bottom and a relatively narrow top. It is mostly used to serve aged brown spirits such as bourbon, brandy, and whisky.

text: Design[edit]

text: The large surface area of the contained liquid helps evaporate it, the narrow top traps the aroma inside the glass, while the rounded bottom allows the glass to be cupped in the hand, thus warming the liquor. Most snifters will hold 180–240 mL (6–8 US fl oz), but are almost always filled to only a small part of their capacity. Most snifters are designed so that when placed sideways on a level surface, they will hold just the proper amount before spilling.[1]

text: A variant is called a pipe glass or pipe snifter, used for port and brandy.

text: Usage with beers[edit]

text: The attributes that have made the snifter a popular glass for brandy have also made it a preferred glass for some styles of beer,[2] mainly those that feature complex aromas and have an ABV measure of 8% or higher, such as the imperial stout, baltic porter, barley wine, and double India pale ale.[3]


document_title: Weather front

question_text: which type of weather front is typically associated with low pressure

text: Weather front

text: Bergeron classification of air masses[edit]

text: The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification. Air mass classifications are indicated by three letters. The first letter describes its moisture properties, with c used for continental air masses (dry) and m for maritime air masses (moist). The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region: T for tropical, P for polar, A for arctic or Antarctic, M for monsoon, E for equatorial, and S for superior air (dry air formed by significant upward motion in the atmosphere). The third letter designates the stability of the atmosphere. If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w.[3] Fronts separate air masses of different types or origins, and are located along troughs of lower pressure.[4]

text: Surface weather analysis[edit]

text: A surface weather analysis is a special type of weather map which provides a view of weather elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.[5] Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as sea-level pressure, temperature, and cloud cover onto a geographical map to help find synoptic scale features such as weather fronts. Surface weather analyses have special symbols which show frontal systems, cloud cover, precipitation, or other important information. For example, an H may represent high pressure, implying fair weather. An L on the other hand may represent low pressure, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Low pressure also creates surface winds deriving from high pressure zones. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. In addition, areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.[5]

text: Front Types[edit]

text: There are two different meanings used within meteorology to describe weather around a frontal zone. The term "anafront" describes boundaries which show instability, meaning air rises rapidly along and over the boundary to cause significant weather changes. A "katafront" is weaker, bringing smaller changes in temperature and moisture, as well as limited rainfall.[6]

text: Cold front[edit]

text: A cold front is located at the leading edge of the temperature drop off, which in an isotherm analysis shows up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient, and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough. Cold fronts often bring heavy thunderstorms, rain and hail. Cold fronts can produce sharper changes in weather and move up to twice as quickly as warm fronts, since cold air is denser than warm air and rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary. On weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangle-shaped pips pointing in the direction of travel, and it is placed at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.[2] Cold fronts come in association with a low-pressure area. The concept of colder, dense air "wedging" under the less dense warmer air is often used to depict how air is lifted along a frontal boundary. The cold air wedging underneath warmer air creates the strongest winds just above the ground surface, a phenomenon often associated with property-damaging wind gusts. This lift would then form a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms if enough moisture were present. However, this concept isn't an accurate description of the physical processes;[7] upward motion is not produced because of warm air "ramping up" cold, dense air, rather, frontogenetical circulation is behind the upward forcing.

text: Warm front[edit]

text: Warm fronts are at the leading edge of a homogeneous warm air mass, which is located on the equatorward edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lie within broader troughs of low pressure than cold fronts. A warm front moves more slowly than the cold front which usually follows because cold air is denser and harder to remove from the Earth's surface.[2] This also forces temperature differences across warm fronts to be broader in scale. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly stratiform, and rainfall gradually increases as the front approaches. Fog can also occur preceding a warm frontal passage. Clearing and warming is usually rapid after frontal passage. If the warm air mass is unstable, thunderstorms may be embedded among the stratiform clouds ahead of the front, and after frontal passage thundershowers may continue. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of semicircles pointing in the direction of travel.[2]

text: Occluded front[edit]

text: An occluded front is formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front,[8] and usually forms around mature low-pressure areas.[2] The cold and warm fronts curve naturally poleward into the point of occlusion, which is also known as the triple point.[9] It lies within a sharp trough, but the air mass behind the boundary can be either warm or cold. In a cold occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cool air ahead of the warm front and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is warmer than the cold air ahead of the warm front and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air.[2]

text: A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Within the occlusion of the front, a circulation of air brings warm air upward and sends drafts of cold air downward, or vice versa depending on the occlusion the front is experiencing. Precipitations and clouds are associated with the trowal, the projection on the Earth's surface of the tongue of warm air aloft formed during the occlusion process of the depression.[10]

text: Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.[2] The trowal is indicated by a series of blue and red junction lines.

text: Stationary front[edit]

text: A stationary front is a non-moving (or stalled) boundary between two air masses, neither of which is strong enough to replace the other. They tend to remain essentially in the same area for extended periods of time, usually moving in waves.[11] There is normally a broad temperature gradient behind the boundary with more widely spaced isotherm packing.

text: A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, but usually clouds and prolonged precipitation are found there. Stationary fronts either dissipate after several days or devolve into shear lines, but they can transform into a cold or warm front if conditions aloft change. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing in opposite directions, indicating no significant movement.

text: When stationary fronts become smaller in scale, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes significantly over a relatively short distance, they become known as shearlines.[12] A shearline is depicted as a line of red dots and dashes.[2] Stationary fronts may bring snow or rain for a long period of time.

text: Dry line[edit]

text: A similar phenomenon to a weather front is the dry line, which is the boundary between air masses with significant moisture differences. When the westerlies increase on the north side of surface highs, areas of lowered pressure will form downwind of north–south oriented mountain chains, leading to the formation of a lee trough. Near the surface during daylight hours, warm moist air is denser than dry air of greater temperature, and thus the warm moist air wedges under the drier air like a cold front. At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the dry air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when a triple point is formed with a cold front.[13] A weaker form of the dry line seen more commonly is the lee trough, which displays weaker differences in moisture. When moisture pools along the boundary during the warm season, it can be the focus of diurnal thunderstorms.[14]

text: The dry line may occur anywhere on earth in regions intermediate between desert areas and warm seas. The southern plains west of the Mississippi River in the United States are a particularly favored location. The dry line normally moves eastward during the day and westward at night. A dry line is depicted on National Weather Service (NWS) surface analyses as an orange line with scallops facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the pips indicated do not necessarily reflect the direction of motion.[15]

text: Squall line[edit]

text: Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[16] Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.[17]

text: These features are often depicted in the warm season across the United States on surface analyses and lie within surface troughs. If outflow boundaries or squall lines form over arid regions, a haboob may result.[18] Squall lines are depicted on NWS surface analyses as an alternating pattern of two red dots and a dash labelled SQLN or SQUALL LINE, while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of OUTFLOW BOUNDARY.

text: Precipitation produced[edit]

text: Fronts are the principal cause of significant weather. Convective precipitation (showers, thundershowers, and related unstable weather) is caused by air being lifted and condensing into clouds by the movement of the cold front or cold occlusion under a mass of warmer, moist air. If the temperature differences of the two air masses involved are large and the turbulence is extreme because of wind shear and the presence of a strong jet stream, "roll clouds" and tornadoes may occur.[19]

text: In the warm season, lee troughs, breezes, outflow boundaries and occlusions can lead to convection if enough moisture is available. Orographic precipitation is precipitation created through the lifting action of air moving over terrain such as mountains and hills, which is most common behind cold fronts that move into mountainous areas. It may sometimes occur in advance of warm fronts moving northward to the east of mountainous terrain. However, precipitation along warm fronts is relatively steady, as in rain or drizzle. Fog, sometimes extensive and dense, often occurs in pre-warm-frontal areas.[20] Although, not all fronts produce precipitation or even clouds because moisture must be present in the air mass which is being lifted.[1]

text: Movement[edit]

text: Fronts are generally guided by winds aloft, but do not move as quickly. Cold fronts and occluded fronts in the Northern Hemisphere usually travel from the northwest to southeast, while warm fronts move more poleward with time. In the Northern Hemisphere a warm front moves from southwest to northeast. In the Southern Hemisphere, the reverse is true; a cold front usually moves from southwest to northeast, and a warm front moves from northwest to southeast. Movement is largely caused by the pressure gradient force (horizontal differences in atmospheric pressure) and the Coriolis effect, which is caused by Earth's spinning about its axis. Frontal zones can be slowed down by geographic features like mountains and large bodies of warm water.[2]


document_title: List of A Different World characters

question_text: who played whitley gilbert's mom on a different world

question_tokens: who played whitley gilbert 's mom on a different world

text: List of A Different World characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Denise Huxtable[edit]

text:
Portrayer
Seasons
No. of
episodes

Lisa Bonet
1
23

text: A native of Brooklyn; Denise Huxtable is the daughter of Hillman alumni Cliff and Clair. She enrolled in Hillman and was roommates with Maggie Lauten and Jaleesa Vinson during her sophomore year. Denise was a poor student who often procrastinated and struggled to manage her time and money. She disliked Whitley Gilbert and endured Dwayne Wayne's crush on her. She left Hillman at the end of her sophomore year to travel to Africa. There, she met and married Lt. Martin Kendall of the U.S. Navy and became the stepmother of Olivia Kendall. She only reappears once on season 3 to give Dwayne closure on his crush.

text: Note: Denise originated as a regular character on The Cosby Show, on which she was featured on a regular basis during seasons 1–3 and 6–7, and on a recurring basis during seasons 4 and 5. She left "A Different World" after season 1.[1]

text: Dwayne Wayne[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Dwayne Cleofis Wayne. (Discuss) (October 2017)

text:
Portrayer
Seasons
No. of
episodes

Kadeem Hardison
All 6
136

text: Dwayne Cleofis Wayne is a mathematics major at Hillman. A native of Brooklyn, he achieved a perfect score on the math portion of the SAT. He is best known for his flip up eyeglasses/shades and making unsuccessful advances on numerous women throughout his freshman year. He had a crush on Denise and unsuccessfully ran for the title of "Miss Hillman" at her urging to highlight the sexism of the pageant. His best friend/roommate is Ronald Johnson. He dated Suzanne Taylor although the two broke up because she was not ready to get serious. Although he dated several women across the series, he was most involved in an on-again-off-again relationship with Whitley Gilbert across the series. After working at a summer internship in Japan, he began a relationship with Kinu Owens. However, he broke up with her once he realized he was still in love with Whitley. He graduated from Hillman as valedictorian of Class of 1991 and engaged to Whitley. He became a mathematics professor at Hillman but his engagement with Whitley was broken off when he almost cheated on her. However, during her relationship with Byron Douglas III, the two slept together and he interrupted Whitley and Byron's wedding ceremony to declare his love for her. Whitley left Byron at the altar for Dwayne and the two quickly married. They honeymooned in Los Angeles, which coincided with the 1992 riots following the verdict in the Rodney King trial. At the end of the series, Whitley became pregnant with their first child and he designed a new video game for Kinishewa with Ron. The couple decided to move to Japan for his work. In a reunion special, it was revealed that while at Kinishewa, Dwayne invented the flip cell phone, inspired by his flip glasses. Dwayne would've been in an interracial relationship with Maggie Lauren if actress Marisa Tomei didn't leave the show after season one.

text: Whitley Gilbert-Wayne[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Whitley Gilbert. (Discuss) (August 2017)

text:
Portrayer
Seasons
No. of
episodes

Jasmine Guy
All 6
144

text: Whitley Gilbert-Wayne is Art History and French major at Hillman.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] A native of Richmond (Virginia), she is daughter of Hillman alumni Mercer and Marion Gilbert. She began the series with a snobbish, prissy attitude and disliked by many of the characters although following Denise's departure after season 1, the show was retooled to feature her in the lead.[10] As a consequence, Whitley's character was mellowed out and she was paired romantically with Dwayne, with whom she had an on again-off again relationship. Whitley originally went to college to land a husband although she quickly realized she enjoyed art history and stayed at Hillman for a fifth year to take business courses. After graduation, she was engaged to Dwayne and had a part-time job at E.H. Wright Industries as an assistant art buyer and as a dorm director at Hillman. After learning that Dwayne went on a date with another woman, Whitley broke off their engagement although the two reunited when Whitley cheated on her fiance Byron Douglas III with Dwayne. Still, she was ready to marry Byron until Dwayne interrupted her wedding and declared his love for her. The two eloped and spent their honeymoon in Los Angeles, which coincided with the 1992 riots following the verdict in the Rodney King trial. After being laid off at E.H. Wright Industries, Whitley was employed in a series of odd jobs. At the end of the series, she moves with Dwayne to Japan and is pregnant with the couple's first child.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6

Maggie Lauten
Marisa Tomei
Main

Jaleesa Vinson-Taylor
Dawnn Lewis
Main

Stevie Rallen
Loretta Devine
Main

Ronald "Ron" Martin Johnson
Darryl M. Bell
Recurring
Main

Coach Walter Oakes
Sinbad
Recurring
Main

Leticia "Lettie" Bostic
Mary Alice
Main

Kimberly Reese
Charnele Brown

Main

Winifred "Freddie" Brooks
Cree Summer

Main

Colonel Bradford Taylor
Glynn Turman

Main

Vernon Gaines
Lou Myers

Recurring
Main

Gina Deveaux
Ajai Sanders

Recurring
Main

Lena James
Jada Pinkett

Recurring
Main

Charmaine Tyesha Brown
Karen Malina White

Main

text: Maggie Lauten (Marisa Tomei): A "military brat" and journalism major, she is one of the few white students at predominantly African American Hillman. She transferred to Hillman at the start of the sophomore year and was roommates with Denise Huxtable and Jaleesa Vinson. Maggie was a sweet-natured, although occasionally ditzy, girl. If Maggie would have stayed on the show after season one, Debbie Allen (the show's producer from seasons 2-6) would have given her a black boyfriend and there would have been an episode where Dwayne brings her home for Thanksgiving dinner and Dwayne's parents disapproves of his interracial relationship. Due to Marisa Tomei leaving the show after the first season, the story never happened.

text: Jaleesa Vinson-Taylor (Dawnn Lewis): native of Camden (New Jersey), sister of Danielle and Yvonne Vinson, ex-wife of Lamar Collins, enrolled at Hillman at age 25, a business management major, roommate of Denise and Maggie during sophomore year, worked part-time at the Hillman library, assistant dorm director of Gilbert Hall, vacationed in Greece with Maggie during the summer of 1988, roommate of Freddie during junior and senior years, worked a summer installing cable television, entered into serious relationship with Walter, co-dorm director of Gilbert Hall, engaged to Walter, couple halts wedding at the altar and mutually separates, graduated (Class of 1990), accepted an entry-level corporate position, off-campus roommate of Whitley, married Colonel Bradford Taylor (in a surprise elopement), stepmother of Suzanne and Terrence, started a temporary employment agency, gave birth to daughter Imani, disappeared after season five.

text: Stevie Rallen (Loretta Devine): mother of J.T., graduate student dorm director of Gilbert Hall, replaced by Lettie Bostic

text: Ronald Marlon Johnson, Jr. (Darryl M. Bell): native of Detroit (Michigan), son of Ron Johnson Sr. and brother of Rachel Johnson, roommate and best friend of Dwayne, involved in serious relationship with Millie, member of the ROTC pledged Kappa Lambda Nu Fraternity and successfully "crossed over", dated numerous women during most of his college career, worked summers as a salesman for his father's automobile dealership, falsely implied that Dwayne's campaign for student body president was endorsed by former presidential candidate Jesse Jackson, member of the Hillman ROTC, managed/performed in the band X-Pression, graduated after nine semesters (January 1992), victim of a bias incident at Virginia A&M University (on the weekend of Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 1992), band breaks up, employed as spokesman for a phone sex hotline, employed as a car salesman (independent of his father), unemployed, criticized Kimberly's interracial relationship with Matthew (but later admitted he was jealous), entered into serious relationship with Kimberly (after pursuing her for months), antagonist of Shazza, cheated on Kimberly with Freddie (while Freddie was involved with Shazza), broke up with Kimberly, entered into serious relationship with Freddie, manager and co-owner of "The Place Where The Blues Will Be Played" with Mr. Gaines, provided the concept which inspired Dwayne's new video game for Kinishewa, chosen to be godfather of Dwayne and Whitley's unborn child.

text: Walter Oakes (Sinbad): graduate student, football/baseball/basketball/track coach, dorm director of all-male residence hall, involved in serious relationship with Jaleesa, co-dorm director of Gilbert Hall, engaged to Jaleesa, couple halts wedding at the altar and mutually separates, moves to Philadelphia to manage community center.

text: Leticia "Lettie" Bostic (Mary Alice): enrolled in Hillman, dropped out of Hillman a few credits short of her degree, moved to Paris, met Pablo Picasso, spied for the Allies during World War II, rejected marriage proposal from South African freedom fighter Marcus Mpepo, replaced Stevie as dorm director of Gilbert Hall decades later in 1988, chastises Kimberly for engaging in unprotected sex, disappeared after season two.

text: Winifred "Freddie" Brooks (Cree Summer):[11] native of New Mexico, daughter of Joni Brooks, cousin of Matthew, roommate of Jaleesa during freshman and sophomore years, has unrequited feelings for Dwayne, was a student activist throughout her undergraduate career, dated Garth Parks (who almost rapes her), dated Ernest Bennett, roommate of Kimberly during junior and senior years, lost her virginity in a one-time sexual encounter with Ron, entered into serious relationship with Shazza Zulu, graduated (Class of 1992), enrolled in Hillman Law School, co-dorm director of Height Hall, cheated on Shazza with Ron (while Ron was involved with Kimberly), broke up with Shazza on Thanksgiving Day 1992, entered into serious relationship with Ron, earned law review membership and completed first year of law school.

text: Kimberly Reese (Charnele Brown):[12] native of Columbus (Ohio), daughter of Clinton Reese, roommate (and best friend) of Whitley during freshman and sophomore years, a biology major, employed by Mr. Gaines at The Pit part-time throughout her undergraduate career, involved in serious relationship with Robert (had a pregnancy "false alarm"), rejected a much-needed scholarship because of the sponsoring corporation's investments in apartheid-controlled South Africa, employed at funeral home part-time, roommate of Freddie during junior and senior years, involved in serious relationship with Matthew, pledged Alpha Delta Rho Sorority and successfully "crossed over", performed in the band X-Pression, graduated (Class of 1992), entered into serious relationship with Ron (after being pursued for months), enrolled in Hillman Medical School, co-dorm director of Height Hall, broke up with Ron, entered into serious relationship with fellow medical student Spencer Boyer, completed first year of medical school, engaged to Spencer (after turning down numerous proposals from him).

text: Colonel Bradford Taylor (Glynn Turman): served in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War, retired with the rank of colonel, ex-husband of Johanna, father of Suzanne and Terrence, professor of mathematics at Hillman (nicknamed "Dr. War" because of his reputation as a demanding professor), commander of the Hillman ROTC, became Dwayne's primary mentor, was distraught when his former student Zelmer Collier was deployed to the Persian Gulf just before the start of Operation Desert Storm, rejected membership in an all-white country club after being criticized by Terrence, married Jalessa Vinson (in a surprise elopement), brother-in-law of Danielle Vinson, became a father for the third time when Jaleesa gave birth to daughter Imani.

text: Vernon Gaines (Lou Myers): met Lena Horne during World War II; husband of Velma and father of Darnell; uncle of Faith, Hope, Charity and Henrietta; owner and manager of The Pit; employer of Byron Douglas III; employer and father figure of Kimberly; co-owner of apartment building with Velma; frequent critic of his ne'er-do-well son; temporary employer of Whitley; employer of both Lena and Charmaine; co-owner of "The Place Where The Blues Will Be Played" with Ron; reunited with Lena Horne in 1993.

text: Gina Deveaux (Ajai Sanders): family emigrated to the U.S. from Martinique, pledged Alpha Delta Rho Sorority and successfully "crossed over", dated Dion (who physically abused her), pressed charges against Dion and broke up with him, roommate of Lena and Charmaine at the start of junior year, involved in incident that led Charmaine to falsely accuse Terrell of sexual harassment, placed on academic probation, moved off-campus into house (with Lena, Charmaine, Terrell and Dorian), rejected Dion again after he violated probation and contacted her, completed junior year and still enrolled at Hillman.

text: Lena James (Jada Pinkett): native of Baltimore (Maryland), daughter of Grover James, originally an engineering major but later journalism major, named after singer Lena Horne, ended high school relationship with Piccolo, employed by Mr. Gaines at The Pit part-time, developed a brief crush on Dwayne, roommate of Gina and Charmaine at the start of sophomore year, entered into serious (yet celibate) relationship with Dorian, rejected Piccolo's attempt to reconcile, moved off-campus into house (with Gina, Charmaine, Terrell and Dorian), completed sophomore year and still enrolled at Hillman.

text: Charmaine Brown (Karen Malina White): native of Brooklyn (New York), best friend of Claire Huxtable's distant cousin Pam Tucker, began dating Lance Rodman in high school, visited Hillman with Lance during her senior year of high school, roommate of Gina and Lena at the start of her freshman year at Hillman, amazed and annoyed others with her rapid pattern of speech, employed by Mr. Gaines at The Pit part-time, mistakenly accused Terrell of sexual harassment, relationship with Lance ended when he broke up with her by telephone, failed French midterm after she and Terrell were caught cheating, harassed by local residents (along with Terrell), moved off-campus into house (with Gina, Lena, Terrell and Dorian), completed freshman year and still enrolled at Hillman. [Note: Charmaine originated as a recurring character on The Cosby Show. She was featured during seasons 7 and 8 of that series.]

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Millicent ("Millie") (Marie-Alise Recasner): Whitley's confidante and only friend for much of season one, involved in serious relationship with Ron, disappeared after season one (last name unrevealed).
Barnabus Foster (Roscoe Lee Browne): Hillman alumnus and friend of Cliff and Clair Huxtable, professor of English at Hillman (originated as a recurring character on The Cosby Show).
Clair Huxtable (Phylicia Rashād): active Hillman alumna, wife of Cliff, daughter-in-law of Russell, mother of Denise, partner in New York law firm, mother-in-law of Martin Kendall (originated as a leading character on The Cosby Show).
Dean Hughes (Rosalind Cash): Hillman dean of students during seasons two through four (character originated on The Cosby Show)
Marion Gilbert (Diahann Carroll): wealthy socialite and Hillman alumna, crowned Miss Hillman as an undergraduate, mother of Whitley and ex-wife of Mercer, aunt of Liza and Courtney, antagonist of Adele Wayne, mother-in-law of Dwayne. She also sits on the Hillman College's board of trustees.
Julian Day (Dominic Hoffman): exchange student from Georgetown University, entered into serious relationship with Whitley, broke up with Whitley, engaged to marry another woman (Shelby), plans to move to Paris.
Adele Wayne (Patti LaBelle): homemaker, wife of Woodson and mother of Dwayne, antagonist of Marion Gilbert, mother-in-law of Whitley
Ernest Bennett (Rueben Grundy): briefly dated Freddie Brooks.
Mbubunni (Ron Mokwena): international student from apartheid-controlled South Africa, disappeared after season four.
Velma Gaines (Bebe Drake, Ann Weldon): homemaker; wife of Vernon and mother of Darnell; aunt by marriage of Faith, Hope, Charity and Henrietta; co-owner of apartment building with Vernon; frequent apologist for her ne'er-do-well son
Terrence Taylor (Cory Tyler): "military brat", son of Bradford and Johanna Taylor, brother of Suzanne, criticized his father's decision to join an all-white country club, converted to Islam, unsuccessfully attempted to romance Freddie, decided to major in dance (to the initial dismay of his father), pledged Kappa Lambda Nu Fraternity and successfully "crossed over", stepson of Jaleesa, half-brother of Bradford and Jaleesa's baby daughter Imani, disappeared after season five
Kinu Owens (Alisa Gyse Dickens): student at Avery College, worked as summer intern with Kinishewa, entered into serious relationship with Dwayne, broke up with Dwayne because of his lingering feelings for Whitley, graduated, married to another man, employed as an executive with Kinishewa in Tokyo
Matthew (Andrew Lowery):[13] cousin of Freddie, visiting student from Avery College, briefly involved in serious relationship with Kimberly
Shazza Zulu (Gary Dourdan): born Sylvester Simon, matriculated at Hillman for at least six years, changed his name to Shazza Zulu, converted a failing term paper into a book criticizing other African-American men, publicly criticized Kimberly's interracial relationship with Matthew, heavily involved in community activism, entered into serious relationship with Freddie, antagonist of Ron, broke up with Freddie on Thanksgiving Day 1992 (after she cheated on him with Ron), unsuccessfully attempted to renew his relationship with Freddie just prior to Christmas 1992
Byron Douglas III (Joe Morton): son of Byron Douglas II and Imogene Douglas, brother of Troy, enrolled at Hillman, employed by Mr. Gaines at The Pit part-time, graduated, owner of restaurant chain years later, announced candidacy for the Virginia state senate, entered into serious relationship with Whitley, forgives Whitley after she cheats on him with Dwayne, elected to the Virginia state senate, engaged to Whitley, rejected during the wedding ceremony by Whitley (who married Dwayne immediately thereafter)
Terrell Walker (Patrick Y. Malone): native of Brooklyn (New York), achieved a combined score of 1500 (out of 1600) on the SAT, roommate of Dorian at the start of freshman year, falsely accused of sexual harassment by Charmaine, failed French midterm after he and Charmaine were caught cheating, harassed by local residents (along with Charmaine), almost expelled for carrying a gun on campus, moved off-campus into house (with Gina, Lena, Charmaine, and Dorian), completed freshman year and still enrolled at Hillman
Dorian Heywood (Bumper Robinson): born-again Christian, star player on the Hillman basketball team, roommate of Terrell at the start of freshman year, entered into serious (yet celibate) relationship with Lena, uncharacteristically entered into physical altercation with Piccolo over Lena, moved off-campus into house (with Gina, Lena, Charmaine, and Terrell), completed freshman year and still enrolled at Hillman
Spencer Boyer (Michael Ralph): emigrated to the U.S. from Jamaica, enrolled at Hillman Medical School, entered into serious relationship with Kimberly, completed first year of medical school, engaged to Kimberly (after numerous proposals from him were turned down)
Dorothy Dandridge Davenport (Jenifer Lewis): Hillman dean of students during season six. Known for placing unruly students "on her list!"


document_title: Roman Fever

question_text: who wrote the letter that mrs. ansley believed was from mr. slade twenty years earlier

text: Roman Fever

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Grace Ansley and Alida Slade are middle-aged American women visiting Rome with their daughters, Barbara Ansley and Jenny Slade. The women live in Manhattan, New York, and have been friends since they met in Rome twenty-five years ago. A youthful and romantic rivalry led Mrs. Slade to nurture feelings of jealousy and hatred against Mrs. Ansley. For her part, Mrs. Ansley looks down on Mrs. Slade, who she feels has led "a sad life."

text: In the opening pages of the story, the two women compare their daughters and reflect on each other's lives. Eventually, Alida reveals a secret about a letter written to Grace on a visit to Rome many years ago. The letter was purportedly from Alida's fiancé, Delphin, inviting Grace to a rendezvous at the Colosseum. In fact, Alida forged the letter in an attempt to send Grace on a fruitless outing and expose her "delicate throat" to the "deathly cold." Mrs. Ansley is upset at this revelation, but explains that she was not left alone at the Colosseum; she responded to the letter, and Delphin arrived to meet her. Mrs. Ansley then says that she feels sorry for Mrs. Slade, repeating her earlier thoughts. Mrs. Slade states that, while she was "beaten there," Mrs. Ansley ought not to feel sorry for her, because she "had [Delphin] for twenty-five years" while Mrs. Ansley had "nothing but that one letter that he didn't write." Mrs. Ansley responds, in the last sentence of the story, "I had Barbara," implying that Barbara is Delphin's daughter.

text: Setting[edit]

text: The story takes place in the afternoon through sunset, in the city of Rome, at a restaurant overlooking the Forum. Two wealthy, middle-aged, widowed women are visiting Rome with their two unmarried daughters. The setting illustrates the power and class from which the women hail, but the Old Rome context, such as the Colosseum, insinuates Roman Empire-style intrigue. The movement from afternoon to sunset indicates the devastation that both women will receive as the story progresses. The story's flashbacks take place in both Rome and New York City.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Knitting is one several figurative motifs in "Roman Fever."  It is introduced through Barbara's mocking suggestion that she and Jenny "leave the young things," an ironic reference to their mothers, "to their knitting.”  Jenny objects that the women are "not actually knitting" (Wharton's emphasis).  To which Barbara replies, "Well, I mean figuratively. [3]

text: Critic Kathleen Wheeler argues that the search for truth is one of the story's primary themes. And while many readers are initially attracted to the story's surprise ending, Wheeler suggests that the story has levels of complexity that are often overlooked on first reading.  "[T]he truth, like the past," Wheeler writes, "is shrouded in mystery."  Rather than focusing on the answers provided by Grace's and Alida's revelations in the story's concluding pages, Wheeler foregrounds the way in which "Wharton forces upon the reader numerous unanswerable questions."[4]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Alida Slade: Middle-aged widow of Delphin Slade. Because such much of her identity is wrapped up in her relationship to her husband, "it was a big drop from being the wife of Delphin Slade to being his widow."

text: Delphin Slade:  "[A] famous corporation lawyer," and the late husband of Alida. Delphin's "big coup in Wall Street" allowed him to move his family from East 73rd Street to the more fashionable "upper Park Avenue."

text: Grace Ansley: Middle-aged widow of well-to-do Horace Ansley. She is "smaller and paler" than Mrs. Slade and "evidently far less sure than her companion of herself and of her rights in the world."

text: Horace Ansley: Late husband of Grace. He and his wife are variously described as "Museum specimens of old New York. Good-looking, irreproachable, exemplary."

text: Barbara Ansley: Daughter of Grace Ansley. In the opening paragraphs of the story, we hear her "mocking voice in the stairway" as she and Jenny Slade depart.  While the girls' parents contend that they're both "angels," Mrs. Slade suggests that Grace's daughter has "rainbow wings."

text: Jenny Slade: Daughter of Alida Slade. Younger than Barbara, she is "that rare accident, an extremely pretty girl who somehow made youth and prettiness seem as safe as their absence.  Mrs. Slade wishes "that Jenny would fall in love--with the wrong man, even; that she might have to be watched, out-maneuvered, rescued. And instead, it was Jenny who watched her mother, kept her out of drafts, made sure that she had taken her tonic. . . ."

text: Headwaiter: Supervising waiter at the terrace restaurant overlooking the Roman Forum, the Colosseum, and other ancient ruins. After receiving a gratuity from Alida Slade, he invites Alida and Grace to remain at the restaurant to enjoy the view.

text: Son of Alida Slade: Child who "inherited his father's gifts," but "died suddenly in boyhood."

text: Harriet: Deceased great-aunt of Grace. According to a story handed down, Harriet and her sister loved the same man. To get rid of her sister, Harriet supposedly tricked her into exposing herself to Roman fever. She later died of the disease.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Power struggle for those in the upper classes: Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley vie for engagement to Mr. Slade. The eventual Mrs. Slade tries to remove Mrs. Ansley from the picture with a false letter inviting the latter to a night rendezvous. While the plan backfires for Mrs. Slade because her eventual husband actually meets with Mrs. Ansley, Mrs. Slade still marries her beau, but it seems the soon-to-be Mrs. Ansley actually bears Mr. Slade's daughter, Barbara.

text: Betrayal and deception: The two main characters use subterfuge and machination in order to improve their engagement prospects as youths.

text: Grudges: And in their middle age, Mrs. Slade and Mrs. Ansley introduce decades-old surprises, unexpected in characters so similar in proximity, age, and class.

text: Representation of female relationships[edit]

text: Grace feels sorry for Alida, while Alida envies Grace.  The women "visualize each other, each through the wrong end of her little telescope." Only through the sharing of their two perspectives do they begin to see a fuller picture of their past.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Almost universally praised by critics, "Roman Fever" earned a place in An Edith Wharton Treasury (1950)[5] and The Best Short Stories of Edith Wharton (1958)[6].  It is the title story of Roman Fever and Other Stories[7], a collection of Wharton's writing originally published in 1964 and still in print. Widely thought to be one of Wharton's most anthologized stories, "Roman Fever" is the subject of numerous critical studies as outlined in the partial bibliography provided below.

text: Barrett, Dorothea. “Lions, Christians, and Gladiators: Colosseum Imagery in Henry James's Daisy Miller and Edith Wharton's ‘Roman Fever.’” Remember Henry James Conference, March 2014, Florence, Italy. Conference Presentation.

text: Bauer, Dale M. “‘Roman Fever’: A Rune of History.” Edith Wharton’s Brave New Politics. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1994. 145-164.

text: Berkove, Lawrence I. “‘Roman Fever’: A Mortal Malady.” The CEA Critic 56.2 (Winter 1994): 56-60.

text: Bowlby, Rachel. "Edith Wharton's 'Roman Fever,'" University College, London, England, 12 April 2005.  Lecture.

text: ---. “‘I had Barbara’: Women’s Ties and Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever.’” Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 17.3 (Fall 2006): 37-51.

text: Clavaron, Yves. “Rome: Où S’Attrapent la Maladie de L’Amour et la Maladie de la Mort.” Poétique des Lieux. Edited by Pascale Auraix-Jonchière and Alain Montandon. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2004. 77 - 83.

text: Comins, Barbara. “‘Outrageous Trap’: Envy and Jealousy in Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’ and Fitzgerald’s ‘Bernice Bobs Her Hair.’” Edith Wharton Review 17.1 (Spring 2001): 9-12.

text: Edwards, Laura. “‘I Had Barbara’: Wharton’s Portrayl of the Maternal Declaration.” The Maternal Question: Motherhood in Edith Wharton.  A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts.  2005.  23-37. http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/191/1/etd.pdf

text: Ellison, Kristie L., "Make War, Not Love: Exploring Female Equality in Edith Wharton's 'Roman Fever.' Edith Wharton in Washington, Conference Abstract. Edith Wharton Review 32.1-2 (2016): 111.

text: Formichella Elsden, Annamaria  “Roman Fever Revisited.”  Roman Fever: Domesticity and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century American Women’s Writing.  Columbus:  Ohio State U P, 2004. 119 - 132.

text: Gawthrop, Betty. “Roman Fever.”  Masterplots:  Short Story Series. Ed. Frank Magill. Vol. 5. Pasadena:  Salem Press, 1986. 1974-1977.

text: Gill, Linda L. “Structuralism and Edith Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’.” Short Stories in the Classroom. Eds. Carole Hamilton and Peter Kratzke. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1999. 85-93.

text: Griffin, Larry D. “Doubles and Doubling in Edith Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever.’” Texas Wesleyan University, Fort Worth, Texas, February 2, 1990. Lecture.

text: Hefko, Daniel. “Adapting ‘Roman Fever.’” Edith Wharton in Washington, Conference Abstract. Edith Wharton Review 32.1-2 (2016): 115 - 116.

text: Hemm, Ashley, "Countering Traditional Mating Strategies: Female Serial Monogamy in Edith Wharton's 'The Other Two' and 'Roman Fever.'" Edith Wharton in Washington, Conference Abstract. Edith Wharton Review 32.1-2 (2016): 116.

text: Herman, David. "Narration and Knowledge in Edith Wharton's 'Roman Fever.'" Invited presentation for the University of Virginia's Department of English; April 2003.

text: Hoeller, Hildegard. "The Illegitimate Excess of Motherhood in 'The Old Maid,' 'Her Son,' and 'Roman Fever.'" Edith Wharton's Dialogue with Realism and Sentimental Fiction. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. 140-172.

text: Klevay, Robert. “Edith Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever,' Or the Revenge of Daisy Miller.” Critical Insights: Edith Wharton. Ed. Myrto Drizou. Hackensack: Salem Press, 2017. 171 - 185.

text: Koprince, Susan. “Edith Wharton, Henry James, and ‘Roman Fever.’” Journal of the Short Story in English (Autumn 1995): 21-31.

text: Macheski, Cecilia. “Visualizing Material Culture in Ethan Frome and ‘Roman Fever.’” Presentation at the Edith Wharton and History Conference. June 27, 2008. Pittsfield, Mass.

text: Mizener, Arthur. “Roman Fever.” A Handbook of Analyses, Questions, and a Discussion of Technique for Use with Modern Short Stories: The Uses of Imagination. 4th ed.  New York: W. W. Norton, 1979.  71-77.

text: Mortimer, Armine Kotin.  “Romantic Fever: The Second Story as Illegitimate Daughter in Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’.”  Narrative 6.2 (May 1998): 188-198.

text: Osborne, Kristen, and A. Boghani. Roman Fever and Other Stories (Classic Notes). Lexington: GradeSaver LLC. 2014.

text: Pennell, Melissa McFarland. "Roman Fever." Student Companion to Edith Wharton. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2003. 51 - 54.

text: Petry, Alice Hall. “A Twist of Crimson Silk: Edith Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’.” Studies in Short Fiction 24.2 (1987): 163-166.

text: Phelan, James. “Narrative as Rhetoric and Edith Wharton’s 'Roman Fever': Progression, Configuration, and the Ethics of Surprise.” The Blackwell Companion to Rhetoric, ed. Wendy Olmstead and Walter Jost. Malden: Blackwell, 2004. 340 - 354.

text: ---. "Progressing toward Surprise: Edith Wharton's 'Roman Fever.'" Experiencing Fiction: Judgments, Progressions, and the Rhetorical Theory of Narrative.  Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2007.  95 - 108.

text: Price, Alan. “‘Stand Up, Mrs. Ansley, Stand Up’: Positions of Power in ‘Roman Fever.’” Edith Wharton in Florence Conference. June 8, 2012. Conference Presentation.

text: Rehder, Jessie. “On the Uses of Plot.” The Story at Work: An Anthology.” Ed. Jessie Rehder. New York: The Odyssey Press, 1963. 151.

text: Selina, Jamil S.  “Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever.’” The Explicator 65.2 (Winter 2007): 99-101.

text: Shaffer-Koros, Carole M. “Nietzsche, German Culture and Edith Wharton.” Edith Wharton Review 20.2 (Fall 2004): 7-10.

text: ---.  “Roman Fever.” The Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story. Ed. Abby Werlock. New York:  Facts on File, 2000.  370-71.

text: Salzman, Jack, Pamela Wilkinson, et al. “Slade, Alida.” Major Characters in American Fiction. New York: Henry Holt, 1994. 720.

text: Sapora, Carol. “A Stereopticon View of Edith Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’.” NEMLA Conference, 1989. Conference Presentation.

text: Saunders, Judith P. "The Old Maid and 'Roman Fever': Female Mate Choice and Competition Among Women." Reading Edith Wharton Through a Darwinian Lens: Evolutionary Biological Issues in Her Fiction. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2009.  139 - 166.

text: Stoner, Ruth.  “The Perfect Short Story: How Edith Wharton’s 'Roman Fever' Has Crossed the Boundaries of Time.” The Short Story in English: Crossing Boundaries. Eds. Gema Castillo García, Rosa Cabellos Castilla, Juan Antonio Sánchez Jiménez, Vincent Carlisle Espinola. Alcalá de Henares: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 2006. 920-931.

text: Sweeney, Susan Elizabeth. “Edith Wharton’s Case of Roman Fever.” Wretched Exotic: Essays on Edith Wharton in Europe. Ed. Katherine Joslin and Alan Price. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. 313 - 331.

text: Tuttleton, James W., Kristin O. Lauer, Margaret P. Murray, eds. "The World Over." Edith Wharton: The Contemporary Reviews. New York: Cambridge UP, 1992.  531 - 538.

text: Wankey, Stan. “Wharton Hears a WHO.” EastWesterly Review 12 (Summer 2003): <http://www.postmodernvillage.com/eastwest/issue12/12a-0002.html>.

text: Wheeler, Kathleen. “The Attack on Realism: Edith Wharton’s In Morocco and ‘Roman Fever.’” “Modernist” Women Writers and Narrative Art. New York: New York UP, 1994. 77-98.

text: Wright, Sarah Bird. "Roman Fever." Edith Wharton A to Z: The Essential Guide to the Life and Work. New York: Facts on File, 1998.  215.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: KPFA broadcast a radio adaptation of "Roman Fever" in September 1964, starring Pat Franklin and Shirley Medina, adapted and directed by Erik Bauersfeld.[8] Hugh Leonard's one-act adaptation of "Roman Fever" was first staged in Dublin in 1983.[9] Robert Ward's opera adaptation premiered in 1993 at Duke University.[10] Hungarian composer Gyula Fekete's opera Roman Fever premiered in 1996 at Budapest's Merlin Theatre.

text: An extensive accounting of the story's adaptation history can be found by consulting the scholarship of Scott Marshall (1998)[11], Hermione Lee (2008)[12], and Daniel Hefko (2016)[13].


document_title: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

question_text: who is on the top ten most wanted

question_tokens: who is on the top ten most wanted

text: FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives

text: New additions[edit]

text: The Criminal Investigative Division (CID) at FBI Headquarters calls upon all 56 Field Offices to submit candidates for the FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" list.[9] The nominees received are reviewed by Special Agents in the CID and the Office of Public Affairs.[9] The selection of the "proposed" candidate(s) is forwarded to the Assistant Director of the CID for his/her approval and then to the FBI's Director for final approval.[9] This process takes some time which is why James Joseph "Whitey" Bulger, Jr., who was arrested in Santa Monica, California on June 22, 2011,[10] remained on the list until May 9, 2012[11] despite no longer being at large. Osama bin Laden similarly remained on the list for almost a year after his death at the hands of U.S. forces on May 2, 2011.[12]

text: List as of October 25, 2017[edit]

text: Rewards are offered for information leading to capture of fugitives on the list; the reward is $100,000 for all fugitives, with the exception of Jason Derek Brown, which is $200,000.

text: Seven of the ten still at large are believed – or known – to be living outside the United States.

text:
Photo
Name
Date added
Sequence
number
Comments

Robert William Fisher
June 29, 2002
475
Fisher is wanted for the 2001 murder of his wife Mary and their two children, Robert, Jr. and Brittney, and then blowing up the Scottsdale, Arizona house in which they lived. Investigators believe he murdered his family because he felt threatened by his wife's intent to divorce.[13][14]

Alexis Flores
June 2, 2007
487
Flores is wanted for the kidnapping, rape and murder of five-year-old Iriana DeJesus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in July 2000. He was deported to his native Honduras in 2005 after serving a prison term for forgery in Arizona. He was added to the list after deportation when his DNA was matched to the DeJesus crime.[15][16]

Jason Derek Brown
December 8, 2007
489
Brown is wanted for murder and armed robbery in Phoenix, Arizona. Authorities allege that in November 2004, he shot and killed an armored car guard outside a movie theater and fled on a bicycle with $56,000 in a duffel bag. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $200,000 for information leading to his capture.[17][18] Authorities believe he may have fled the country and could be living in France or Thailand.[19]

Eduardo Ravelo
October 21, 2009
493
Ravelo is wanted for his alleged involvement in racketeering activities, conspiracy to launder monetary instruments, and conspiracy to possess heroin, cocaine and marijuana with the intent to distribute. His alleged criminal activities began in 2003.[20] He is believed to be hiding with his wife and children in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico.[21]

William Bradford Bishop, Jr.
April 10, 2014
502
Bishop is wanted for killing his mother, wife and three children in 1976 at his home in Bethesda, Maryland. It is believed that following the murders, he drove to Columbia, North Carolina to dispose of the bodies and ditched his car at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Tennessee and disappeared. He is believed to be hiding in plain sight in Europe or the United States.[22][23]

Yaser Abdel Said
December 4, 2014
504
Said is wanted for the double murder of his daughters in Irving, Texas, on January 1, 2008.[24][25]

Luis Macedo (captured)
May 19, 2016
507
Macedo, a member of the Latin Kings gang in Chicago is wanted in the murder of a 15-year-old boy in Chicago on May 1, 2009. The boy was supposedly murdered because he did not give a gang sign. His body was set on fire, allegedly by his fellow Latin Kings members. Macedo supposedly ordered the attack. He was captured on August 27, 2017 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico without incident.[26]

Bhadreshkumar Chetanbhai Patel
April 18, 2017
514
Patel allegedly stabbed and killed his wife in a doughnut shop in Hanover, Maryland on April 12, 2015. He was last seen taking a shuttle to Penn Station in Newark. According to authorities, he has connections to Canada, India, New Jersey, Kentucky, Georgia and Illinois.[27][28]

Santiago Villalba Mederos
September 25, 2017
515
Villalba Mederos, a member of the violent Eastside Lokotes Sureno gang, is wanted in connection with two separate shootings in Tacoma, Washington, that resulted in the death of a young woman and the serious wounding of her brother, and a month later, the murder of a young man. Mederos was a teenager at the time of the killings.[29]

Alejandro Castillo
October 25, 2017
516
Alejandro Castillo—17 years old at the time of the killing—is wanted in connection with the 2016 murder of a 23-year-old woman, Truc Quan “Sandy” Ly Le, whom he had previously dated. The two became acquainted while working together in a Charlotte restaurant.[30]