document_title: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

question_text: when was the international classification of diseases first adopted by the united states

text: Historical synopsis[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1860, during the international statistical congress held in London, Florence Nightingale made a proposal that was to result in the development of the first model of systemic collection of hospital data. In 1893, a French physician, Jacques Bertillon, introduced the Bertillon Classification of Causes of Death at a congress of the International Statistical Institute in Chicago.[5]

text: A number of countries and cities adopted Bertillon's system, which was based on the principle of distinguishing between general diseases and those localized to a particular organ or anatomical site, as used by the City of Paris for classifying deaths. Subsequent revisions represented a synthesis of English, German, and Swiss classifications, expanding from the original 44 titles to 161 titles. In 1898, the American Public Health Association (APHA) recommended that the registrars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States also adopt it. The APHA also recommended revising the system every ten years to ensure the system remained current with medical practice advances. As a result, the first international conference to revise the International Classification of Causes of Death took place in 1900, with revisions occurring every ten years thereafter. At that time, the classification system was contained in one book, which included an Alphabetic Index as well as a Tabular List. The book was small compared with current coding texts.

text: The revisions that followed contained minor changes, until the sixth revision of the classification system. With the sixth revision, the classification system expanded to two volumes. The sixth revision included morbidity and mortality conditions, and its title was modified to reflect the changes: International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD). Prior to the sixth revision, responsibility for ICD revisions fell to the Mixed Commission, a group composed of representatives from the International Statistical Institute and the Health Organization of the League of Nations. In 1948, the WHO assumed responsibility for preparing and publishing the revisions to the ICD every ten years. WHO sponsored the seventh and eighth revisions in 1957 and 1968, respectively. It later become clear that the established ten year interval between revisions was too short.

text: The ICD is currently the most widely used statistical classification system for diseases in the world.[6] In addition, some countries—including Australia, Canada, and the United States—have developed their own adaptations of ICD, with more procedure codes for classification of operative or diagnostic procedures.

text: Versions of ICD[edit]

text: The ICD-6, published in 1949, was the first to be shaped to become suitable for morbidity reporting. Accordingly, the name changed from International List of Causes of Death to International Statistical Classification of Diseases. The combined code section for injuries and their associated accidents was split into two, a chapter for injuries, and a chapter for their external causes. With use for morbidity there was a need for coding mental conditions, and for the first time a section on mental disorders was added .[7][8]

text: The international Conference for the Seventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases was held in Paris under the auspices of WHO in February 1955. In accordance with a recommendation of the WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics, this revision was limited to essential changes and amendments of errors and inconsistencies.[8]

text: The Eighth Revision Conference convened by WHO met in Geneva, from 6 to 12 July 1965. This revision was more radical than the Seventh but left unchanged the basic structure of the Classification and the general philosophy of classifying diseases, whenever possible, according to their etiology rather than a particular manifestation. During the years that the Seventh and Eighth Revisions of the ICD were in force, the use of the ICD for indexing hospital medical records increased rapidly and some countries prepared national adaptations which provided the additional detail needed for this application of the ICD. In the USA, a group of consultants was asked to study the 8th revision of ICD (ICD-8a) for its applicability to various users in the United States. This group recommended that further detail be provided for coding hospital and morbidity data. The American Hospital Association's "Advisory Committee to the Central Office on ICDA" developed the needed adaptation proposals, resulting in the publication of the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted (ICDA). In 1968, the United States Public Health Service published the International Classification of Diseases, Adapted, 8th Revision for use in the United States (ICDA-8a). Beginning in 1968, ICDA-8a served as the basis for coding diagnostic data for both official morbidity [and mortality] statistics in the United States.[8][9]

text: The International Conference for the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, convened by WHO, met in Geneva from 30 September to 6 October 1975. In the discussions leading up to the conference, it had originally been intended that there should be little change other than updating of the classification. This was mainly because of the expense of adapting data processing systems each time the classification was revised.

text: There had been an enormous growth of interest in the ICD and ways had to be found of responding to this, partly by modifying the classification itself and partly by introducing special coding provisions. A number of representations were made by specialist bodies which had become interested in using the ICD for their own statistics. Some subject areas in the classification were regarded as inappropriately arranged and there was considerable pressure for more detail and for adaptation of the classification to make it more relevant for the evaluation of medical care, by classifying conditions to the chapters concerned with the part of the body affected rather than to those dealing with the underlying generalized disease.[5]

text: At the other end of the scale, there were representations from countries and areas where a detailed and sophisticated classification was irrelevant, but which nevertheless needed a classification based on the ICD in order to assess their progress in health care and in the control of disease. A field test with a bi-axial classification approach—one axis (criterion) for anatomy, with another for etiology—showed the impracticability of such approach for routine use.[citation needed]

text: The final proposals presented to and accepted by the Conference in 1978[10] retained the basic structure of the ICD, although with much additional detail at the level of the four digit subcategories, and some optional five digit subdivisions. For the benefit of users not requiring such detail, care was taken to ensure that the categories at the three digit level were appropriate.

text: For the benefit of users wishing to produce statistics and indexes oriented towards medical care, the Ninth Revision included an optional alternative method of classifying diagnostic statements, including information about both an underlying general disease and a manifestation in a particular organ or site. This system became known as the dagger and asterisk system and is retained in the Tenth Revision. A number of other technical innovations were included in the Ninth Revision, aimed at increasing its flexibility for use in a variety of situations.[citation needed]

text: It was eventually replaced by ICD-10, the version currently in use by the WHO and most countries. Given the widespread expansion in the tenth revision, it is not possible to convert ICD-9 data sets directly into ICD-10 data sets, although some tools are available to help guide users.[11] Publication of ICD-9 without IP restrictions in a world with evolving electronic data systems led to a range of products based on ICD-9, such as MeDRA or the Read directory.[8][9]

text: ICPM

text: When ICD-9 was published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) was also developed (1975) and published (1978). The ICPM surgical procedures fascicle was originally created by the United States, based on its adaptations of ICD (called ICDA), which had contained a procedure classification since 1962. ICPM is published separately from the ICD disease classification as a series of supplementary documents called fascicles (bundles or groups of items). Each fascicle contains a classification of modes of laboratory, radiology, surgery, therapy, and other diagnostic procedures. Many countries have adapted and translated the ICPM in parts or as a whole and are using it with amendments since then.[8][9]

text: International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) is an adaption created by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and used in assigning diagnostic and procedure codes associated with inpatient, outpatient, and physician office utilization in the United States. The ICD-9-CM is based on the ICD-9 but provides for additional morbidity detail. It is updated annually on October 1.[12][13]

text: It consists of two or three volumes:

text:
Volumes 1 and 2 contain diagnosis codes. (Volume 1 is a tabular listing, and volume 2 is an index.) Extended for ICD-9-CM
Volume 3 contains procedure codes for surgical, diagnostic, and therapeutic procedures.[14] ICD-9-CM only

text: The NCHS and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services are the U.S. governmental agencies responsible for overseeing all changes and modifications to the ICD-9-CM.

text: Work on ICD-10 began in 1983, and the new revision was endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly in May 1990. The latest version came into use in WHO Member States starting in 1994.[15] The classification system allows more than 155,000 different codes and permits tracking of many new diagnoses and procedures, a significant expansion on the 17,000 codes available in ICD-9.[16] Adoption was relatively swift in most of the world. Several materials are made available online by WHO to facilitate its use, including a manual, training guidelines, a browser, and files for download.[3] Some countries have adapted the international standard, such as the "ICD-10-AM" published in Australia in 1998 (also used in New Zealand),[17] and the "ICD-10-CA" introduced in Canada in 2000.[18]

text: Adoption of ICD-10-CM was slow in the United States. Since 1979, the US had required ICD-9-CM codes[19] for Medicare and Medicaid claims, and most of the rest of the American medical industry followed suit. On 1 January 1999 the ICD-10 (without clinical extensions) was adopted for reporting mortality, but ICD-9-CM was still used for morbidity. Meanwhile, NCHS received permission from the WHO to create a clinical modification of the ICD-10, and has production of all these systems:

text:
ICD-10-CM, for diagnosis codes, replaces volumes 1 and 2. Annual updates are provided.
ICD-10-PCS, for procedure codes, replaces volume 3. Annual updates are provided.

text: On 21 August 2008, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed new code sets to be used for reporting diagnoses and procedures on health care transactions. Under the proposal, the ICD-9-CM code sets would be replaced with the ICD-10-CM code sets, effective 1 October 2013. On 17 April 2012 the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a proposed rule that would delay, from 1 October 2013 to 1 October 2014, the compliance date for the ICD-10-CM and PCS.[20] Once again, Congress delayed implementation date to 1 October 2015, after it was inserted into "Doc Fix" Bill without debate over objections of many.

text: Revisions to ICD-10-CM Include:

text:
Relevant information for ambulatory and managed care encounter.
Expanded injury codes.
New combination codes for diagnosis/symptoms to reduce the number of codes needed to describe a problem fully.
Addition of sixth and seventh digit classification.
Classification specific to laterality.
Classification refinement for increased data granularity.

text: ICD-10-CA is a clinical modification of ICD-10 developed by the Canadian Institute for Health Information for morbidity classification in Canada. ICD-10-CA applies beyond acute hospital care, and includes conditions and situations that are not diseases but represent risk factors to health, such as occupational and environmental factors, lifestyle and psycho-social circumstances.[18]

text: ICD-11 (in development)[edit]

text: The World Health Organization is currently revising the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) towards the ICD-11. The development is taking place on an internet-based workspace, called iCAT (Collaborative Authoring Tool) Platform, somewhat similar to a wiki – yet it requires more structure and peer review process. The WHO collaborates through this platform with all interested parties.

text: The final draft of the ICD-11 system is expected to be submitted to WHO's World Health Assembly (WHA) for official endorsement by 2017.[21] The draft review was completed in April 2015[21] A final version for approval at the WHA is expected in 2018.[21]

text: In ICD-11 each disease entity will have definitions that give key descriptions and guidance on what the meaning of the entity/category is in human-readable terms, to guide users. This is an advancement over ICD-10, which had only title headings. The Definitions have a standard structure according to a template with standard definition templates and further features exemplified in a "Content Model". The Content Model is a structured framework that captures the knowledge that underpins the definition of an ICD entity. The Content Model therefore allows computerization (with links to ontologies and SNOMED CT). Each ICD entity can be seen from different dimensions or "parameters". For example, there are currently 13 defined main parameters in the Content Model (see below) to describe a category in ICD.

text: An external review of the ICD-11 Revision has been completed. The report notes the progress in the ICD Revision, and makes clear recommendations about forward progress in the revision.[22]

text:
ICD Entity Title - Fully Specified Name
Classification Properties - disease, disorder, injury, etc.
Textual Definitions - short standard description
Terms - synonyms, other inclusion and exclusions
Body System/Structure Description - anatomy and physiology
Temporal Properties - acute, chronic or other
Severity of Subtypes Properties - mild, moderate, severe, or other scales
Manifestation Properties - signs, symptoms
Causal Properties - etiology: infectious, external cause, etc.
Functioning Properties - impact on daily life: activities and participation
Specific Condition Properties - relates to pregnancy etc.
Treatment Properties - specific treatment considerations: e.g. resistance
Diagnostic Criteria - operational definitions for assessment

text: ICD-11 invokes a more sophisticated architecture than historical versions, consistent with its generation as a digital resource. The core content of the system, called the Foundation Component, is a semantic network of words and terms, where any given term can have more than one parent. To address the requirement that statistical classifications exhibit mutual exclusiveness (so events are not counted more than once) and exhaustiveness (so there is a place to tally all events), ICD11 supports the serialization of the Foundation Component into an arbitrary number of linearizations, optimized for use cases. The main linearization, presently called the Joint Linearization for Morbidity and Mortality Statistics, is the tabular format with which most traditional users will become familiar. However, other linearizations, for primary care, multiple sub-specialty derivatives, or applications such as clinical decision support are possible. Finally, preliminary work in partnership with the IHTSDO is underway to ensure that the ICD-11 Foundation Component is semantically coherent through development of the Common Ontology, a subset of SNOMED CT which will anchor the Foundation Component to terms defined through description logic.

text: ICD exists in 41 Languages in electronic versions and its expression in multiple languages will be systematically pursued in ICD-11.

text: Usage in the United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the U.S. Public Health Service published The International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Indexing of Hospital Records and Operation Classification (ICDA), completed in 1962 and expanding the ICD-7 in a number of areas to more completely meet the indexing needs of hospitals. The U.S. Public Health Service later published the Eighth Revision, International Classification of Diseases, Adapted for Use in the United States, commonly referred to as ICDA-8, for official national morbidity and mortality statistics. This was followed by the ICD, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, known as ICD-9-CM, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and used by hospitals and other healthcare facilities to better describe the clinical picture of the patient. The diagnosis component of ICD-9-CM is completely consistent with ICD-9 codes, and remains the data standard for reporting morbidity. National adaptations of the ICD-10 progressed to incorporate both clinical code (ICD-10-CM) and procedure code (ICD-10-PCS) with the revisions completed in 2003. In 2009, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced that it would begin using ICD-10 on April 1, 2010, with full compliance by all involved parties by 2013.[16]

text: The years for which causes of death in the United States have been classified by each revision as follows:

text:
ICD-1 – 1900
ICD-2 – 1910
ICD-3 – 1921
ICD-4 – 1930
ICD-5 – 1939

ICD-6 – 1949
ICD-7 – 1958
ICD-8A – 1968
ICD-9 – 1979
ICD-10 – 1999

text: Cause of death on United States death certificates, statistically compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are coded in the ICD, which does not include codes for human and system factors commonly called medical errors.[23][24]

text: Mental health issues[edit]

text: The ICD includes a section classifying mental and behavioral disorders (Chapter V). This has developed alongside the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association and the two manuals seek to use the same codes. The WHO is revising their classifications in these sections as part the development of the ICD-11 (scheduled for 2018), and an "International Advisory Group" has been established to guide this.[25]

text: An international survey of psychiatrists in 66 countries comparing use of the ICD-10 and DSM-IV found that the former was more often used for clinical diagnosis while the latter was more valued for research.[26] The ICD is actually the official system for the US, although many mental health professionals do not realize this due to the dominance of the DSM. A psychologist has stated: "Serious problems with the clinical utility of both the ICD and the DSM are widely acknowledged."[27]


document_title: AP Poll

question_text: when do the ncaa football rankings come out

root

text: AP Poll

text: College football[edit]

text: The football poll is released Sundays at 2pm Eastern time during the football season, unless ranked teams have not finished their games.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The AP college football poll has a long history. The news media began running their own polls of sports writers to determine who was, by popular opinion, the best football team in the country at the end of the season. One of the earliest such polls was the AP College Football Poll, first run in 1934.[3] In 1935, AP sports editor Alan J. Gould declared a three way tie for national champion in football between Minnesota, Princeton, and Southern Methodist. Minnesota fans protested, and a number of Gould's colleagues led by Charles "Cy" Sherman suggested he create a poll of sports editors instead of only using his own list, and the next year the poll was born.[4] It has run continuously from 1936.[5]

text: Due to the long-standing historical ties between individual college football conferences and high-paying bowl games like the Rose Bowl and Orange Bowl, the NCAA had not held a tournament or championship game to determine the champion of what is now the highest division, NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision (the Division I, Football Championship Subdivision and lower divisions do hold championship tournaments). As a result, the public and the media began to acknowledge the leading vote-getter in the final AP Poll as the national champion for that season.

text: While the AP Poll currently lists the Top 25 teams in the nation, from 1936 to 1961 the wire service only ranked 20 teams. From 1962 to 1967 only 10 teams were recognized. From 1968 to 1988, the AP again resumed its Top 20 before expanding to the current 25 teams in 1989.

text: The AP began conducting a preseason poll starting in 1950.[6][7]

text: At the end of the 1947 season the AP released an unofficial post-bowl poll which differed from the regular season final poll.[8] Until the 1968 college football season, the final AP poll of the season was released following the end of the regular season, with the lone exception of the 1965 season. In 1964, Alabama was named the national champion in the final AP Poll following the completion of the regular season, but lost in the Orange Bowl to Texas, leaving Arkansas as the only undefeated, untied team after the Razorbacks defeated Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic. In 1965, the AP's decision to wait to crown its champion paid handsomely, as top-ranked Michigan State lost to UCLA in the Rose Bowl, number two Arkansas lost to LSU in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and fourth-ranked Alabama defeated third-ranked Nebraska in the Orange Bowl, vaulting the Crimson Tide to the top of the AP's final poll (Michigan State was named national champion in the final UPI Coaches Poll, which did not conduct a post-bowl poll).

text: Beginning in the 1968 season, the post bowl game poll became permanent and the AP championship reflected the bowl game results. The UPI did not follow suit with the coaches' poll until the 1974 season.

text: No. 1 vs. No. 2[edit]

text: As of the completion of the 2015 season the number one ranked team has faced the number two ranked team 50 times since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936.[9] The number one team has a record of 28–20–2 against the number two team.[9]

text:
No. 1 vs. No. 2 games

Light blue indicates bowl game

Season
No. 1
Result
No. 2
Site
Event

1943
Notre Dame
35–12
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1943 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1943
Notre Dame
14–13
Iowa Pre-Flight
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN

1944
Army
23–7
Navy
Baltimore Stadium • Baltimore, MD
1944 Army–Navy Game

1945
Army
48–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1945 Army–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1945
Army
32-13
Navy
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium • Philadelphia, PA
1945 Army–Navy Game

1946
Army
0–0
Notre Dame
Yankee Stadium • New York, NY
1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game

1962
USC
42–37
Wisconsin
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1963 Rose Bowl

1963
Oklahoma
7–28
Texas
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1963 Red River Shootout game

1963
Texas
28–6
Navy
Cotton Bowl • Dallas, TX
1964 Cotton Bowl Classic

1966
Notre Dame
10–10
Michigan State
Spartan Stadium • East Lansing, MI
1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game

1968
Purdue
37–22
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1968 Shillelagh Trophy game

1968
Ohio State
27–16
USC
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
1969 Rose Bowl

1969
Texas
15–14
Arkansas
Razorback Stadium • Fayetteville, AR
1969 Texas vs. Arkansas football game

1971
Nebraska
35–31
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Memorial Stadium • Norman, OK
1971 Nebraska vs. Oklahoma football game

1971
Nebraska
38–6
Alabama
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1972 Orange Bowl

1978
Penn State
7–14
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1979 Sugar Bowl

1981
USC
28–24
Oklahoma
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles

1982
Georgia
23–27
Penn State
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1983 Sugar Bowl

1985
Iowa
12–10
Michigan
Kinnick Stadium • Iowa City, IA

1986
Oklahoma
16–28
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL

1986
Miami
10–14
Penn State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1987 Fiesta Bowl

1987
Nebraska
7–17
Oklahoma
Memorial Stadium • Lincoln, NE
1987 Nebraska–Oklahoma football rivalry game

1987
Oklahoma
14–20
Miami
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1988 Orange Bowl

1988
Notre Dame
27–10
USC
Los Angeles Coliseum • Los Angeles
1988 Jeweled Shillelagh game

1989
Notre Dame
24–19
Michigan
Michigan Stadium • Ann Arbor, MI
1989 Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry game

1991
Florida State
16–17
Miami
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1991 Miami vs. Florida State football game

1992
Miami
13–34
Alabama
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
1993 Sugar Bowl

1993
Florida State
24–31
Notre Dame
Notre Dame Stadium • Notre Dame, IN
1993 Florida State vs. Notre Dame football game

1993
Florida State
18–16
Nebraska
Miami Orange Bowl • Miami, FL
1994 Orange Bowl

1995
Nebraska
62–24
Florida
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1996 Fiesta Bowl

1996
Florida
21–24
Florida State
Doak Campbell Stadium • Tallahassee, FL
1996 Florida–Florida State football rivalry game

1998
Tennessee
23–16
Florida State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
1999 Fiesta Bowl

1999
Florida State
46–29
Virginia Tech
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2000 Sugar Bowl

2002
Miami
24–31 2OT
Ohio State
Sun Devil Stadium • Tempe, AZ
2003 Fiesta Bowl

2004
USC
55–19
Oklahoma
Pro Player Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2005 Orange Bowl

2005
USC
38–41
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2006 Rose Bowl

2006
Ohio State
24–7
Texas
Darrell K Royal – Texas Memorial Stadium • Austin, TX

2006
Ohio State
42–39
Michigan
Ohio Stadium • Columbus, OH
2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game

2006
Ohio State
14–41
Florida
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2007 BCS National Championship Game

2007
Ohio State
24–38
LSU
Louisiana Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2008 BCS National Championship Game

2008
Alabama
20–31
Florida
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2008 SEC Championship Game

2008
Florida
24–14
Oklahoma
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2009 BCS National Championship Game

2009
Florida
13–32
Alabama
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
2009 SEC Championship Game

2009
Alabama
37–21
Texas
Rose Bowl Stadium • Pasadena, CA
2010 BCS National Championship Game

2010
Auburn
22–19
Oregon
University of Phoenix Stadium • Glendale, AZ
2011 BCS National Championship Game

2011
LSU
9–6 OT
Alabama
Bryant–Denny Stadium • Tuscaloosa, AL
2011 LSU vs. Alabama football game

2011
LSU
0–21
Alabama
Mercedes-Benz Superdome • New Orleans, LA
2012 BCS National Championship Game

2012
Notre Dame
14–42
Alabama
Sun Life Stadium • Miami Gardens, FL
2013 BCS National Championship Game

2013
Florida State
34–31
Auburn
Rose Bowl · Pasadena, CA
2014 BCS National Championship Game

2015
Clemson
40–45
Alabama
University of Phoenix Stadium · Glendale, AZ
2016 College Football Playoff National Championship

tag: table

text: AP Poll inclusion in the BCS[edit]

text: In 1997, the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) was developed to try to unify the poll results by picking two teams for a "real" national championship game. For the first several years the AP Poll factored in the determination of the BCS rankings, along with other factors including the Coaches Poll and computer-based polls. Because of a series of controversies surrounding the BCS, the AP demanded in December, 2004, that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings,[10] and so the 2004–2005 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used for this purpose.

text: In the 2003 season the BCS system broke down when the final BCS standings ranked the University of Southern California (USC) at No. 3 while the two human polls in the system had ranked USC at No. 1. As a result, USC did not play in the BCS' designated national championship game. After defeating another highly ranked team, Michigan, in its final game, the AP Poll kept USC at No. 1 while the Coaches Poll was contractually obligated to select the winner of the BCS game, Louisiana State University (LSU), as the No. 1 team. The resulting split national title was the very problem that the BCS was created to solve, and has been widely considered an embarrassment.[11]

text: In 2004, a new controversy erupted at the end of the season when Auburn and Utah, who both finished the regular season 12–0, were left out of the BCS title game in favor of Oklahoma who also was 12–0 and had won decisively over Colorado in the Big 12 Championship game. USC went on to a win easily over Oklahoma in the Orange Bowl while Auburn and Utah both won their bowl games, leaving three undefeated teams at the end of the season. Also, in that same year, Texas made up late ground on California (Cal) in the BCS standings and as a result grabbed a high-payout, at-large spot in the Rose Bowl. Previous to that poll, Cal had been ranked ahead of Texas in both human polls and the BCS poll. Going into their final game, the Golden Bears were made aware that while margin of victory did not affect computer rankings, it did affect human polls and just eight voters changing their vote could affect the final standings.[12] Both teams won their game that week, but the Texas coach, Mack Brown, had made a public effort to lobby for his team to be moved higher in the ranking. When the human polls were released, Texas remained behind Cal, but it had closed the gap enough so that the BCS poll (which determines placement) placed Texas above Cal, angering both Cal and its conference, the Pac-10.[13] The final poll positions had been unchanged with Cal at No. 4 AP, No. 4 coaches, and No. 6 computers polls and Texas at No. 6 AP, No. 5 coaches, and No. 4 computer polls.[13] The AP Poll voters were caught in the middle because their vote changes were automatically made public, while the votes of the Coaches poll were kept confidential. Although there had been a more substantial shift in the votes of the Coaches Poll, the only clear targets for the ire of fanatical fans were the voters in the AP Poll. While officials from both Cal and the Pac-10 called for the coaches' votes to be made public, the overtures were turned down and did little to solve the problem of AP voters. Cal went on to lose to Texas Tech in the Holiday Bowl. Texas defeated Michigan in the Rose Bowl.

text: Many members of the press who voted in the AP Poll were upset by the controversy and, at the behest of its members, the AP asked that its poll no longer be used in the BCS rankings. The 2004 season was the last season that the AP Poll was used in the BCS rankings, it was replaced in the BCS equation by the newly created Harris Interactive College Football Poll.[14]

text: Final AP football polls[edit]

text: Other media football polls[edit]

text: The AP Poll is not the only college football poll. The other major poll is the Coaches Poll, which has been sponsored by several organizations: the United Press (1950–1957), the United Press International (1958–1990), USA Today (1991–present), CNN (1991–1996), and ESPN (1997–2005). Having two major polls has led to numerous "split" national titles, where the two polls disagreed on the No. 1 team. This has occurred on eleven different occasions (1954, 1957, 1965, 1970, 1973, 1974, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1997, 2003).

text: College basketball[edit]

text: In Division I men's and women's college basketball, the AP Poll is largely just a tool to compare schools throughout the season and spark debate, as it has no bearing on postseason play. Generally, all top 25 teams in the poll are invited to the men's and women's NCAA basketball tournament, also known as March Madness. The poll is usually released every Monday and voters' ballots are made public.[15]

text: Men's basketball[edit]

text: The AP began compiling a ranking of the top 20 college men's basketball teams during the 1948–1949 season. It has issued this poll continuously since the 1950–1951 season. As of January 2018, UCLA and Duke are tied for the most appearances atop the rankings at 134 times.[16]

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: The women's basketball poll began during the 1976–1977 season, and was initially compiled by Mel Greenberg and published by The Philadelphia Inquirer. At first, it was a poll of coaches conducted via telephone, where coaches identified top teams and a list of the Top 20 team was produced. The initial list of coaches did not include Pat Summitt, who asked to join the group, not to improve her rankings, but because of the lack of media coverage, Summitt believed it would be a good way to stay on top of who the top teams were outside of her own schedule.[17] The contributors continued to be coaches until 1994, when the AP took over administration of the poll from Greenberg, and switched to a panel of writers.[18] In 1994, Tennessee started out as No. 1 in the polls with Connecticut at No. 4. After losses by the No. 2 and No. 3 teams, Tennessee and Connecticut were ranked No. 1 and No. 2, headed into a showdown, scheduled as a special event on Martin Luther King day, the only women's basketball game scheduled on that day. Because of the unusual circumstances, the decision was made to hold off the AP voting for one day, to ensure it would be after the game. Connecticut won the game, and moved into first place in the AP poll, published on Tuesday for the only time. (Connecticut went on to complete an undefeated season.)[19] Over the history of the poll, over 255 coaches have had a team represented in polls.[20]

text: NFL football[edit]

text: Beginning in 2012, the AP began issuing a weekly pro football ranking, the AP Pro32 rankings.[21]


document_title: List of worst Major League Baseball season records

question_text: what's the worst record in major league history

question_tokens: what 's the worst record in major league history

text: Season records[edit]

text: The following teams finished the season with a .300 winning percentage or lower.

text:
NL = National League
AL = American League
AA = American Association
PL = Players' League

tag: ul

text:
Season

Franchise

League

Wins

Losses

Pct.

GB

1899

Cleveland Spiders

NL
20
134
.130
84

1890

Pittsburgh Alleghenys

NL
23
113
.169
66½

1889

Louisville Colonels

AA

27
111
.196
66½

1897

St. Louis Browns

NL
29
102
.221
63½

1886

Washington Nationals

NL
28
92
.233
60

1886

Kansas City Cowboys

NL
30
91
.248
58½

1898

St. Louis Browns

NL
39
111
.260
63½

1895

Louisville Colonels

NL
35
96
.267
52½

1890

Buffalo Bisons

PL
36
96
.273
46½

1894

Louisville Colonels

NL
36
94
.277
54

1896

Louisville Colonels

NL
38
93
.290
53

1887

Indianapolis Hoosiers

NL
37
89
.294
43

1895

St. Louis Browns

NL
39
93
.295
48½

1887

Cleveland Blues

AA
39
92
.298
54

text: Modern era (1900–present)[edit]

text:
Season

Franchise

League

Wins

Losses

Pct.

GB

1916

Philadelphia Athletics

AL
36
117
.235
54½

1935

Boston Braves

NL
38
115
.248
61½

1962

New York Mets

NL
40
120
.250
60½

1904

Washington Senators

AL
38
113
.252
55½

1919

Philadelphia Athletics

AL
36
104
.257
52

2003

Detroit Tigers

AL
43
119
.265
47

1952

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL
42
112
.273
54½

1909

Washington Senators

AL
42
110
.276
56

1942

Philadelphia Phillies

NL
42
109
.278
62½

1939

St. Louis Browns

AL
43
111
.279
64½

1932

Boston Red Sox

AL
43
111
.279
64

1941

Philadelphia Phillies

NL
43
111
.279
57

1915

Philadelphia Athletics

AL
43
109
.283
58½

1928

Philadelphia Phillies

NL
43
109
.283
51

1911

Boston Rustlers

NL
44
107
.291
54

1909

Boston Doves

NL
45
108
.294
65½

1911

St. Louis Browns

AL
45
107
.296
56½

1939

Philadelphia Phillies

NL
45
106
.298
50½

1937

St. Louis Browns

AL
46
108
.299
56

1945

Philadelphia Phillies

NL
46
108
.299
52

1938

Philadelphia Phillies

NL
45
105
.300
43

text: 1898 St. Louis Browns and 1899 Cleveland Spiders[edit]

text: The 1899 Cleveland Spiders own the worst single-season record of all time (minimum 120 games) and for all eras, finishing at 20–134 (.130 percentage) in the final year of the National League's 12-team era in the 1890s; for comparison, this projects to 21–141 under the current 162-game schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Spiders' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 25–137.

text: The Spiders had a fair amount of success in the 1890s, with seven straight winning seasons from 1892 to 1898 and a Temple Cup victory in 1895. Meanwhile, the once four-time American Association champion St. Louis Browns had fallen to 29–102 in 1897 and to 39–111 (including 19–67 on the road) in 1898. But the Spiders ownership, the Robison brothers, bought the Browns in time for the 1899 season, creating a conflict-of-interest situation which was later outlawed. On the eve of the season, they traded almost all of Cleveland's good players to St. Louis for very little in return, with respectable results for St. Louis and disastrous results for Cleveland.

text: The 1899 Spiders set the major league record for most consecutive losses in a season (24, from July 26 to September 16), and had six losing streaks of 10 games or more. The Spiders lost 40 of their last 41 games, finishing 84 games behind the 1899 National League champion Brooklyn Dodgers and 35 games behind the second-last-placed Washington Senators. They lost 27 games in September, a record for the most games lost in a month until the 1909 Washington Senators went 5–29 in July. Due to paltry attendances, the Spiders played 112 games on the road, finishing with a road record of 11–101 (the 101 road losses is a record which is unbreakable under the current MLB scheduling rules, which allow a maximum of 81 road games).

text: The 1899 Browns, renamed the "Perfectos" and staffed with all the best players from the 1898 Spiders (six of the Spiders' eight starting position players and four starting pitchers, including the great Cy Young) improved by 44½ games, from 39–111 to 84–67. However, all St. Louis did ultimately was to trade places with Cleveland in the standings. The Browns/Perfectos were renamed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1900, and are unrelated to the American League St. Louis Browns that adopted the discarded nickname and also appear on this list.

text: After the 1899 season, the National League contracted from twelve to eight clubs for the 1900 season, with the Spiders, the original Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels (Louisville has never had another major league team since), and the original Washington Senators folding operations. Baltimore had also been stripped of its best players by Brooklyn in 1899, to somewhat less dramatic effect, but still enough to speed their demise. The smaller 1900 National League allowed the Western League to fulfill its dreams of becoming a major league, filling the void in a number of cities by renaming itself the American League in 1900 and declaring itself a major league in 1901.

text: Other teams[edit]

text: With shorter schedules before 1886, it was much more common for teams to finish with sub-.300 winning percentages, as there was less of the evening out effect of a longer season.

text: Four teams have finished with worse overall winning percentages than the 1899 Spiders, but these teams played less than 50 games during their seasons, and in leagues whose status as "major" is questionable.

text: Three of these occurred in the National Association (the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed):

text:
The 1872 Brooklyn Eckfords finished at 3-26 (.103 percentage), which for comparison would project to 17–145 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Eckfords' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 19–143.
The 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes finished at 2–21 (.087 percentage), which for comparison would project to 14–148 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Resolutes' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 16–146.
The 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics finished at 2–42 (.045 percentage), which for comparison would project to 7–155 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Atlantics' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 13–149.

text: The Wilmington Quicksteps of the 1884 Union Association played only 18 games, finishing with a 2–16 record (.111 percentage) before they dropped out of the Association and folded. For comparison, this projects to 18–144 under the current schedule, and Pythagorean expectation based on the Quicksteps' results and the current 162-game schedule predicts a record of 14–148. However, while the Union Association is conventionally listed as a major league, this status has been questioned due to the league's overall lack of playing talent and poor organizational structure.

text: Contemporary baseball guides did not consider the Union Association to be a major league, with the earliest record referencing the Union Association as a major league dating to 1922.[1]

text: The 1890 Alleghenys were gutted before the season when nearly all of their best players defected to the Pittsburgh Burghers of the Players' League. Poor attendances meant that they played 97 of their 136 games on the road, finishing with a road record of 9–88 (the 88 road losses remained a record until 1899, and is unreachable under current MLB scheduling rules). The Alleghenys .093 road winning percentage is the lowest in MLB history for a minimum of 60 games.

text: The Philadelphia Athletics were a good team in the early 1910s, winning American League pennants in 1913 and 1914 and the World Series in 1913. However, owner-manager Connie Mack felt that he was unable to pay his star players' salaries while the Federal League was in operation, and he sold or traded most of them after the 1914 World Series ended. The Athletics then finished in last place from 1915–1922. In 1916, they went 36–117, including 13–64 on the road. The 1916 Athletics .235 winning percentage is the sixth-lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900.

text: The 1935 Boston Braves featured Hall of Famers Rabbit Maranville (age 43) and Babe Ruth (age 40). Braves owner Emil Fuchs had promised Ruth an ownership stake in the Braves and a chance to manage the club in the near future, but had little intention of delivering either. Ruth retired on June 1, 1935, having hit .181 in 72 at-bats for the Braves, with six home runs (the last three all coming on the same day, May 25, 1935, at Pittsburgh).  Fuchs, who had been plagued by financial problems for a decade, was forced to give up control of the Braves before the end of the season. The Braves' home winning percentage of .167 is the fifth-lowest of any MLB team and the lowest since 1900.

text: The 1939 Browns drew 386 fans to the park for a 7–4 home loss to Detroit on September 27.[2]

text: The 1962 New York Mets were an expansion team created to fill the void after  the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers left New York City at end of the 1957 season. The Mets, filled with castoffs like "Marvelous" Marv Throneberry as well as aging Hall of Famer Richie Ashburn and low-talent rookies such as Choo-Choo Coleman, finished with the third-worst winning percentage in the modern era and the modern-era record for most losses. The Mets went on to finish last or next-to-last for seven years in a row, before they shocked the baseball world by winning the 1969 World Series.

text: The 2003 Tigers seemed like a sure bet to break the 1962 Mets' modern record for most losses when they stood at 38–118 after 156 games, but they won five of their last six to avoid ignominy. On September 27, in their penultimate game, the Tigers came back from an 8–0 deficit to beat the Minnesota Twins 9–8 (the Twins, having just clinched the division, were resting their starters).[3] When the Tigers won the season finale to avoid tying the record, they received a standing ovation from the crowd. Mike Maroth, a starting pitcher for the 2003 Detroit Tigers, went 9–21 and became the first pitcher to lose 20 games in a season since Brian Kingman dropped 20 games for the 1980 Oakland Athletics.[4] Ramón Santiago of the Tigers became only the 12th Triple Crown loser (a player who finishes last in all of the three Triple Crown categories) in modern MLB history.[5]  One baseball statistician described the Tigers as possibly "the worst team of all time without a good excuse", as virtually every other team on the list had been reduced to minor-league status, plagued by financial problems or was a first-year expansion team.[6]

text: Three years after losing 119 games, the Detroit Tigers went 95–67 and won their 10th American League pennant, before losing the World Series to the St. Louis Cardinals. Players common to the 2003 and 2006 Tigers teams included Brandon Inge, Ramón Santiago (who spent 2004 and 2005 with the Seattle Mariners), Craig Monroe, Dmitri Young (released in September 2006), Omar Infante, Mike Maroth, Jeremy Bonderman, Nate Robertson, Jamie Walker, Wilfredo Ledezma, and Fernando Rodney.


document_title: Airports of London

question_text: which airport in london is closer to the city

text: Airports of London

text: International airports[edit]

text:
International airports in the London airport system (2015)[2]

Airport
IATA
ICAO
Distance to London[3][4]
Total of 2015 passengers[5][6]
Change from 2011[5][6]
% of 2015passengers
% of 2011passengers
Cargo (tonnes)
Change from 2010
Aircraft movements[7]
Change from 2011

City
LCY
EGLC
14 km  (9 mi)
4,319,301
 0.8%
 2.78%
 2.23%
 –
 –
70,781
 2.9%

Heathrow
LHR
EGLL
26 km (16 mi)
74,985,748
 0.9%
48.30%
51.88%
1,484,351
 1%
475,176
 1.2%

Gatwick
LGW
EGKK
45 km (28 mi)
40,269,087
 1.7%
25.94%
25.36%
88,085
 15%
256,987
 1.6%

Luton
LTN
EGGW
55 km (34 mi)
12,263,505
 1.1%
 7.90%
 7.12%
27,905
 3%
96,797
 0.8%

Stansted
STN
EGSS
63 km (39 mi)
22,519,178
 3.2%
14.50%
12.94%
202,593
 0%
143,511
 3.2%

Southend
SEN
EGMC
64 km (40 mi)
900,648
 1,353.9%
 0.58%
 0.45%
6
 100%
27,715
 8.8%

Total
N/A
N/A
N/A
155,257,467
 1.02%
100.00%
100.00%
1,802,939
N/A
1,070,967
 0.11%

text: City (LCY)[edit]

text: Located in the London Borough of Newham, City Airportmap5 is situated in London's Docklands, and is the closest to central London, which limits its size - the airport has a single runway, which is very short. As a result, no large aircraft are permitted to use the airport, which initially prevented all long-haul flights. However, since 2009, British Airways has operated a flight to New York JFK, via Shannon, using an Airbus A318.  The largest aircraft currently handled at the airport is the Bombardier CS100, with the first commercial flight completed in August 2017 from Zurich.[8]

text: Located only four miles from Canary Wharf, London City Airport is often used by business travellers, with many flights serving destinations across the UK and northern Europe. The airport cannot be expanded due to the docks on either side. It is also the only airport serving London which does not operate at night.

text: A light rail service from London City Airport DLR station, which adjoins the terminal building of London City Airport, links it to the financial district of the City of London at Bank and Monument stations, which offer interchanges with London Underground.

text: Heathrow (LHR)[edit]

text: Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, Heathrowmap1 is by far the largest of London's airports and considered the main gateway into the United Kingdom for non-European visitors. Heathrow has four terminals and two parallel runways. Due to the location in London's western suburbs, Heathrow has had trouble trying to expand, with various expansion projects being cancelled.[9]) As a result, the airport consistently runs at over 99% capacity and is often included on lists of the worst-rated airports in the world.[10] However, on 1 July 2015 Heathrow's expansion plan was suggested as the best option by the Airport Commission and on 25 October 2016 a new northwest runway and terminal was approved by the Government.

text: The airport is connected to Great Britain's motorway network via the M4 and M25 motorways, to London Paddington station by Heathrow Express[11] and TfL Rail[12] trains and to other Central London destinations by London Underground trains on the Piccadilly line.

text: In April 2012, Heathrow announced that for the first time in history it handled 70 million passengers in a calendar year,[13] making it the third busiest airport in the world in terms of passenger numbers, after Atlanta and Beijing. It also comes second behind Dubai International Airport in the list of the busiest airport in the world in terms of international passenger numbers, as well as being the busiest airport in Europe by total passenger numbers.

text: Heathrow serves six continents around the world, and is the base for the flag carrier British Airways in Terminal 5. While it also serves short-haul flights, Heathrow is London's long-distance hub and is the most popular arrival point for flights from the United States of America, with 13 million passengers. However, because it is operating at capacity, Heathrow has failed to increase service to cities in the newly industrialised countries such as China, falling behind European bases like Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Paris.

text: Gatwick (LGW)[edit]

text: Located in West Sussex, Gatwickmap2 is the second-busiest airport in the United Kingdom, the eighth-busiest in Europe, and the second-busiest single-runway airport in the world. It handles flights to more destinations than any other UK airport[14] and is the main base of easyJet[15], the UK's largest airline by number of passengers.[16] Also using it as a base are British Airways, Norwegian Air Shuttle and TUI Airways.

text: The airport consists of two terminals, North and South, is connected to the motorway network via the M23 and has its own railway station, with  Southern and Thameslink trains serving London Victoria and London Bridge stations respectively as well as there being a dedicated Gatwick Express shuttle to and from London Victoria.

text: Luton (LTN)[edit]

text: Located on the Bedfordshire / Hertfordshire border, Luton Airportmap4 is London's fourth-largest airport, the fifth-busiest in the United Kingdom and the third-closest to the capital, after Heathrow and City airports.  The two airlines supplying most passenger capacity are the low-cost carriers easyJet and Wizz Air.

text: Luton Airport Parkway railway station can be reached from London St Pancras in as little as 22 minutes via East Midlands Trains, while Thameslink is the primary operator, with slower but more frequent services.  A shuttle bus service connects Luton Airport Parkway to the airport, a distance of just over a mile.

text: Stansted (STN)[edit]

text: Located in Essex, Stanstedmap3 is London's third-busiest airport, being the fourth-busiest in the United Kingdom, behind Manchester Airport, 22nd-busiest in Europe and the largest operational base for Ryanair, which is Europe's largest low-cost carrier and the world's largest international airline by number of international passengers.[17]. Stansted serves more scheduled European destinations than any other airport in the UK[18], as well as some  destinations further afield. It is the home of Harrods Aviation, allowing VIP aircraft to land there, such as Air Force One carrying the President of the United States, Barack Obama, in 2009 and also 2016.[19]

text: Stansted Airport railway station is situated in the terminal building directly below the main concourse.[20] Services to Central London are on the Stansted Express train to and from London Liverpool Street.

text: Southend (SEN)[edit]

text: Located in Essex, Southend Airportmap6 expanded commercial air transport operations to destinations in Ireland in 2011, and to mainland Europe in 2012 when easyJet commenced operations using the brand new terminal and railway station. Southend claims it only takes 15 minutes to go through arrivals from plane to train with hand luggage. It was once the third-busiest airport in the United Kingdom.

text: Southend Airport railway station is served by Abellio Greater Anglia trains, which connect the airport to London Liverpool Street station up to 8 times per hour. The journey to London takes about one hour.[21]

text: Other civil airports[edit]

text: A number of other airports also serve the London area.

text: Open airports[edit]

text: The following are mainly used by general aviation flights.

text:
London Biggin Hill Airportmap7, in the London Borough of Bromley
Blackbushe Airportmap8, in Hampshire
Damyns Hall Aerodromemap9, in the London Borough of Havering
Denham Aerodromemap10, in Buckinghamshire
Elstree Airfieldmap11, in Hertfordshire
Fairoaks Airportmap12, in Surrey
Farnborough Airportmap13, in Hampshire
London Heliportmap14, in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Lydd Airport (London Ashford Airport)map15, in Kent
North Weald Airfieldmap16, in Essex
London Oxford Airportmap17, in Oxfordshire
Panshanger Aerodromemap18, in Hertfordshire
Redhill Aerodromemap19, in Surrey
Rochester Airportmap20, in Kent
Stapleford Aerodromemap21, in Essex
White Waltham Airfieldmap22, in Berkshire
Wycombe Air Parkmap23, in Buckinghamshire

text: Closed airports[edit]

text: Airports are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction.

text:
Cricklewood Aerodromemap24, in the London Borough of Barnet
Croydon Airportmap25, in the London Borough of Croydon
Great West Aerodromemap26, in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Hendon Aerodromemap27, in the London Borough of Barnet
Heston Aerodromemap28, in the London Borough of Hounslow
Hounslow Heath Aerodromemap29, in the London Borough of Hounslow
London Air Park (Hanworth Air Park)map30, in the London Borough of Hounslow
Stag Lane Aerodromemap31, in the London Borough of Barnet

text: Royal Air Force stations[edit]

text: There were several Royal Air Force stations in London. This list excludes those that are classed as non-flying stations.

text: Operational[edit]

text: RAF Northoltmap32, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, also handles civil flights

text: Non-operational[edit]

text: Station are listed at their current borough, although the area may have been outside London at the time of construction.

text:
RAF Biggin Hillmap7, in the London Borough of Bromley
RAF Fairlopmap33, in the London Borough of Redbridge
RAF Hendonmap27, in the London Borough of Barnet
RAF Hestonmap28, in the London Borough of Hounslow
RAF Hornchurchmap34, in the London Borough of Havering
RAF Kenleymap35, in the London Borough of Croydon
RAF St Pancrasmap36, in the London Borough of Camden
RAF Uxbridgemap37, in the London Borough of Hillingdon

text: Proposed airports[edit]

text: Thames Estuary[edit]

text: Due to London's high capacity, in particular London Heathrow, Boris Johnson, London's former mayor, and Sir Norman Foster have both brought up plans to have a new airport built, either on a man-made island in the Thames Estuary, or on the Isle of Grain in North Kent. Foster's proposed Thames Hub Airport would be very similar to the design of Hong Kong International Airport and Qatar's Hamad International Airport. The plans to have an airport able to handle 110 million passengers a year would require the closure of Heathrow, and probably make the new airport the busiest in the world.

text: The plans have met with opposition from some people living nearby warning the airport would create a significant increase in bird strikes.[22] Other people and local businesses, recognising the depressed levels of economic activity in North Kent, have been supportive and argue that London needs a new airport in order to be able to compete in the world.

text: Traffic and statistics[edit]

text: Passengers numbers[edit]

text:
Airports of London passenger totals, 2004–2014 (millions)

Updated: 28 April 2015.[23]

Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, City, Southend

text: Cargo numbers[edit]

text: Change[edit]

text:
Year
Aircraftmovements
Percentagechange
Passengernumbers
Percentagechange
Cargotonnes
Percentagechange

2001
1,074,773[24]
 1
113,790,381
 2
1,649,437

2002
954,570[25]
 11.2
117,138,188
 2.9
1,682,693
 2.0

2003
967,270[26]
 1.3
120,493,239
 2.9
1,667,803
 0.9

2004
1,005,256[27]
 3.8
128,933,753
 7.0
1,795,326
 7.6

2005
1,038,241[28]
 3.2
133,836,827
 3.8
1,788,671
 0.4

2006
1,060,831[29]
 5.4
137,192,958
 2.5
1,717,360
 4.0

2007
1,087,703[30]
 2.5
139,950,593
 2.0
1,724,040
 0.4

2008
1,077,448[31]
 0.9
137,106,041
 2.0
1,743,028
 1.1

2009
1,003,616[32]
 6.9
130,307,938
 5.0
1,563,783
 10.3

2010
954,371[33]
 4.9
127,353,419
 2.3
1,808,005
 15.6

2011
1,072,126[7]
 12.4
133,709,327
 5.0
1,802,939[34]
 0.3

2012
1,060,967[7]
 1.0
134,914,412
 0.9
1,805,761 [35]
 0.2

2013
1,067,992[7]
 0.7
139,652,261
 3.5
1,760,690 [35]
 2.5

2014
1,098,605[7]
 2.9
146,631,158
 5.0
1,819,587 [35]
 3.3

text: Busiest routes[edit]

text: In total, there were 30 international destinations from London, and another 3 domestic routes, that handled more than 1 million passengers in 2011:

text:
Destination
Number of passengers

 Ireland, Dublin
3,705,696

 Netherlands, Amsterdam
3,026,082

 USA, New York JFK
2,700,613

 UAE, Dubai
2,506,613

 Spain, Madrid
2,496,921

 Turkey, İstanbul
2,376,284

  Switzerland, Geneva
2,218,593

 Spain, Malaga
1,814,682

 Germany, Frankfurt
1,678,536

 Spain, Barcelona
1,661,301

 Denmark, Copenhagen
1,656,818

  Switzerland, Zurich
1,642,959

 Germany, Munich
1,546,441

 Italy, Rome Fiumicino
1,530,810

 France, Paris-Charles de Gaulle
1,526,030

 Hong Kong, Chek Lap Kok
1,412,749

 Spain, Alicante
1,302,237

 USA, Los Angeles
1,299,118

 USA, Chicago
1,207,424

 USA, New York Newark
1,197,847

 Spain, Palma de Mallorca
1,189,761

 Canada, Toronto
1,186,783

 Portugal, Faro
1,186,358

 Sweden, Stockholm Arlanda
1,185,848

 Hungary, Budapest
1,145,011

 France, Nice
1,134,396

 Singapore, Changi
1,069,706

 Portugal, Lisbon
1,069,055

 USA, Boston
1,031,320

 India, Delhi
1,003,598

text: Heathrow Airport is a major hub for flights across the North Atlantic. In 2011, 11% of all north Atlantic flights originated or terminated at Heathrow, more than Paris and Frankfurt combined, and Heathrow is the European terminus for 11 of the 25 busiest north Atlantic routes.

text: The busiest long-haul route in the world is between London (Heathrow and Gatwick) and New York (JFK and Newark), with a total of 3,898,460 passengers travelling between the two cities in 2011.[citation needed]

text: Maps[edit]

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text:
^map1 Heathrow, 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139 (Heathrow)
^map2 Gatwick, 51°08′53″N 000°11′25″W / 51.14806°N 0.19028°W / 51.14806; -0.19028 (Gatwick)
^map3 Stansted, 51°53′06″N 000°14′06″E / 51.88500°N 0.23500°E / 51.88500; 0.23500 (Stansted)
^map4 Luton, 51°52′28″N 000°22′06″W / 51.87444°N 0.36833°W / 51.87444; -0.36833 (Luton)
^map5 City, 51°30′19″N 000°03′19″E / 51.50528°N 0.05528°E / 51.50528; 0.05528 (City)
^map6 Southend, 51°34′13″N 000°41′36″E / 51.57028°N 0.69333°E / 51.57028; 0.69333 (Southend)
^map7 Biggin Hill, 51°18′51″N 000°01′47″E / 51.31417°N 0.02972°E / 51.31417; 0.02972 (Biggin Hill)
^map8 Blackbushe, 51°19′26″N 000°50′51″W / 51.32389°N 0.84750°W / 51.32389; -0.84750 (Blackbushe)
^map9 Damyns Hall, 51°34′43″N 000°14′44″E / 51.57861°N 0.24556°E / 51.57861; 0.24556 (Damyns Hall)
^map10 Denham, 51°35′18″N 000°30′47″W / 51.58833°N 0.51306°W / 51.58833; -0.51306 (Denham)
^map11 Elstree, 51°39′21″N 000°19′33″W / 51.65583°N 0.32583°W / 51.65583; -0.32583 (Elstree)
^map12 Fairoaks, 51°20′53″N 000°33′31″W / 51.34806°N 0.55861°W / 51.34806; -0.55861 (Fairoaks)
^map13 Farnborough, 51°16′31″N 000°46′39″W / 51.27528°N 0.77750°W / 51.27528; -0.77750 (Farnborough)
^map14 Heliport, 51°28′12″N 000°10′46″W / 51.47000°N 0.17944°W / 51.47000; -0.17944 (Heliport)
^map15 Lydd, 50°57′22″N 000°56′21″E / 50.95611°N 0.93917°E / 50.95611; 0.93917 (Lydd)
^map16 North Weald, 51°43′18″N 000°09′15″E / 51.72167°N 0.15417°E / 51.72167; 0.15417 (North Weald)
^map17 Oxford, 51°50′13″N 001°19′21″W / 51.83694°N 1.32250°W / 51.83694; -1.32250 (Oxford)
^map18 Panshanger, 51°48′07″N 000°09′30″W / 51.80194°N 0.15833°W / 51.80194; -0.15833 (Panshanger)
^map19 Redhill, 51°12′49″N 000°08′19″W / 51.21361°N 0.13861°W / 51.21361; -0.13861 (Redhill)
^map20 Rochester, 51°21′07″N 000°30′10″E / 51.35194°N 0.50278°E / 51.35194; 0.50278 (Rochester)
^map21 Stapleford, 51°39′09″N 000°09′22″E / 51.65250°N 0.15611°E / 51.65250; 0.15611 (Stapleford)
^map22 White Waltham, 51°30′03″N 000°46′28″W / 51.50083°N 0.77444°W / 51.50083; -0.77444 (White Waltham)
^map23 Wycombe, 51°36′42″N 000°48′30″W / 51.61167°N 0.80833°W / 51.61167; -0.80833 (Wycombe)
^map24 Cricklewood, 51°33′47″N 000°12′47″W / 51.56306°N 0.21306°W / 51.56306; -0.21306 (Cricklewood)
^map25 Croydon, 51°21′23″N 000°07′02″W / 51.35639°N 0.11722°W / 51.35639; -0.11722 (Croydon)
^map26 Great West, 51°28′39″N 000°27′41″W / 51.47750°N 0.46139°W / 51.47750; -0.46139 (Great West)
^map27 Hendon, 51°36′00″N 000°14′46″W / 51.60000°N 0.24611°W / 51.60000; -0.24611 (Hendon)
^map28 Heston, 51°29′15″N 000°23′00″W / 51.48750°N 0.38333°W / 51.48750; -0.38333 (Heston)
^map29 Hounslow Heath, 51°27′41″N 000°23′20″W / 51.46139°N 0.38889°W / 51.46139; -0.38889 (Hounslow Heath)
^map30 London Air Park, 51°26′18″N 000°23′45″W / 51.43833°N 0.39583°W / 51.43833; -0.39583 (London Air Park)
^map31 Stag Lane, 51°35′49″N 000°16′26″W / 51.59694°N 0.27389°W / 51.59694; -0.27389 (Stag Lane)
^map32 RAF Northolt, 51°33′11″N 000°25′06″W / 51.55306°N 0.41833°W / 51.55306; -0.41833 (RAF Northolt)
^map33 RAF Fairlop, 51°36′16″N 000°06′10″E / 51.60444°N 0.10278°E / 51.60444; 0.10278 (RAF Fairlop)
^map34 RAF Hornchurch, 51°32′19″N 000°12′17″E / 51.53861°N 0.20472°E / 51.53861; 0.20472 (RAF Hornchurch)
^map35 RAF Kenley, 51°18′12″N 000°05′41″W / 51.30333°N 0.09472°W / 51.30333; -0.09472 (RAF Kenley)
^map36 RAF St Pancras, 51°32′01″N 000°07′29″W / 51.53361°N 0.12472°W / 51.53361; -0.12472 (RAF St Pancras)
^map37 RAF Uxbridge, 51°32′29″N 000°28′19″W / 51.54139°N 0.47194°W / 51.54139; -0.47194 (RAF Uxbridge)