document_title: Guard of honour

question_text: when is guard of honor given in football

question_tokens: when is guard of honor given in football

text: Guard of honour

text: Military[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The guard of honour unit in South Africa is the State Presidents Guard (Staatspresidentseenheid) until 1990.[2] The unit has been replaced by the National Ceremonial Guard in the South African National Defence Force.

text: Gallery of Africa[edit]

text: The National Ceremonial Guard at the opening of 17th World Festival of Youth and Students.

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: The Canadian guard of honour is formed from members of the Ceremonial Guard, an ad hoc unit drawn from all branches of the Canadian Forces (CF). Although the unit's members are derived from a variety of military units, the Ceremonial Guard uses similar uniforms to Canada's two Foot Guards regiments as a reflection of their traditional connection with those regiments.[3] The unit comprises 400 people, including a Foot Guard company and the Band of the Ceremonial Guard. The Ceremonial Guard typically execute public duties in Ottawa during the summer months of the year. The Guard is mounted on dates such as Canada Day and Remembrance Day, inspected by the most senior dignitary in attendance. They may also be formed for repatriation ceremonies for fallen soldiers returning from combat. Public duties in Ottawa were performed by the Canadian Guards before the unit's disbandment in 1970.[4]

text: Prior to 2007, membership with the Ceremonial Guard was restricted to the Foot Guards of the Canadian Army. The Household Division of the Canadian Army had traditionally performed ceremonial duties, such as guard mounting or Trooping the Colour. The Household Division consists of two regiments of Foot Guards (the Canadian Grenadier Guards and the Governor General's Foot Guards) as well as one cavalry regiment (the Governor General's Horse Guards). Several other Canadian regimental units have also performed guard of honour duties, including the Royal 22nd Regiment.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The Honour Guard in Mexico consists of members selected from the Navy, Army or Air Force, and report to the Secretariats of National Defense and the Navy, while the Estado Mayor Presidencial maintains, through the Army Presidential Guards Corps, a dedicated guards brigade. Some of their duties include protection of the Mexican flag in Zocalo, and the raising and lowering of it, as well as providing ceremonial guards during state visits to Mexico. There are also those selected from other organizations, such as historic societies, schools, sports centers, celebrities, etc., but these are for national holiday events within the country. Escolta de la bandera or Escolta de guerra or Escolta de honores or simply La escolta is the term in Spanish for color guards and flag parties.

text: United States[edit]

text: Each uniformed service branch in the U.S. Armed Forces has its own official honour guard: Army,[5] Marines,[6] Navy,[7] Air Force,[8] and Coast Guard.[9] Most state national guard units have a ceremonial guard as well. The official honour guard of every branch is located in the National Capital Region, though nearly every military installation will have its own honour guard for local ceremonies and events. The honour guard units in National Capital Region represent the military as a whole and the United States as a nation, and perform numerous ceremonies on behalf of the President of the United States. Since World War II, The Old Guard has served as the official Army Honor Guard and escort to the President, and it also provides security for Washington, D.C., in time of national emergency or civil disturbance.[10]

text: Arlington National Cemetery's Tomb of the Unknowns is guarded by members of the U.S. 3rd Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard).[11]

text: Many local, state/provincial, national and federal public safety agencies maintain Honour Guards, Pipes & Drums and Buglers, including fire departments, law enforcement agencies, emergency medical services, and search and rescue, who typically use adaptations of military honour guards, and honour those who die in the line of duty (LODD-Line of Duty Death), off-duty but still on the job, and retirees, as well as participating in support of other agencies, and parades. Some Law Enforcement agencies are able to maintain a Rifle Team for 'three volley' salutes. Most, even those within major career paid agencies, are not paid for performing and preparing for the honor guard duty.[citation needed]

text: Gallery of North America[edit]

text:
Two soldiers from the Canadian Grenadier Guards posted outside Rideau Hall, the official residence of the Canadian monarch and the Governor General of Canada.

The Mayor of Quebec City, Andrée P. Boucher inspecting a guard of honour of the Canadian Royal 22nd Regiment.

The Canadian Grenadier Guards mounting the guard of honour at the funeral of Ernest "Smokey" Smith in Ottawa, Ontario.

Inspection of the guard of honour, made up of the Governor General's Foot Guards during the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's 2011 royal tour of Canada.

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau inspecting the Mexican guard of honor during his visit to Mexico in 2016.

A sentry at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington National Cemetery.

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak (right) is escorted by Commander of Troops Col. Thomas M. Jordan (center), U.S. Army, and Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen (left) as Barak inspects the joint honor guard during an arrival ceremony at the Pentagon on July 16, 1999.

A ceremonial guardsman from the United States Air Force Honor Guard presents arms to honor U.S. Foreign Service members killed during attacks to the U.S. consulate 2012, in Benghazi, Libya.

text: South America[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers (Argentina). Still serving as part of the Argentine Army, they are the presidential guard and ceremonial companions. Two unmounted grenadiers are stationed in front of the Pink House as a symbol of the ceremonial and honour guard.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: The Brazilian armed forces and police have several troops for ceremonial usages. The most important of them is the Brazilian president's honour guard. It is composed of the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment (1o Regimento de Cavalaria de Guardas – RCG, in Portuguese) – "Independence Dragoons", the Presidential Guard Battalion (Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial – BGP, in Portuguese) and the Cayenne Battery.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: The 37th Infantry Presidential Guard Battalion, composed of five companies, a historical company and one artillery battery plus a military band, a fanfare trumpet section and Corps of Drums, is the President of Colombia's honour guard service regiment under the National Army of Colombia. It is stationed at the Casa de Nariño in Bogota and carries the traditions of Simon Bolivar's infantry guards company raised in the midst of the Spanish American wars of independence in 1815.[12]

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: The Presidential Honor Guard Brigade is the joint service military unit mandated to ensure the immediate security of the President of Venezuela and his First Family and for the performance of public duties in the most important places in the country. The most distant antecedents of the Presidential Honor Guard go back to the Hussars Troop of Simon Bolivar, of the Venezuelan War of Independence and of the larger Spanish American wars of independence, raised in June 1815 and part of a more bigger guards brigade targeted for the immediate security of the Liberator, and the early 20th century 1st Cavalry Regiment "Ambrosio Plaza" that until the 1950s, albelt reduced to squadron size, provided the ceremonial security of the President and was modeled on the Prussian horse guards units of the late 19th century. The modern brigade serves as a ceremonial escort to the President of Venezuela at Miraflores Palace and attends all state arrival ceremonies conducted there, as well as providing security for the palace complex. The brigade also provides honor guards (i) at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Carabobo Field, Carabobo commemorating the memory of national heroes and the fallen of the Battle of Carabobo of 1821, (ii) at the Montana Barracks in Caracas in memory of the late Hugo Chávez; and (iii) at the National Pantheon in Caracas in memory of Bolívar and other national heroes buried there. The brigade also performs public duties functions as required. Brigade personnel come from all branches of the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela and public security services. The brigade is commanded by a general or flag officer and includes a Presidential mounted escort of platoon or troop size.

text: Aside from the PHGB, there are two foot guards battalions in the NBAF, each also tasked with forming guards of honour and public duties:

text:
Caracas Foot Guards Battalion of the Ministry of Defense
Brigadier Daniel Florence O'Leary Headquarters and HQ Services Foot Guards Battalion of the Venezuelan Army Headquarters

text: Gallery of South America[edit]

text:
Mounted Grenadiers of "San Martín", for the Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov's arrival, San Martín Square, Buenos Aires.

Cayenne Battery at Independence Day military parade, Brasília.

A Soldier of the Military Engineers Battalion of the Presidential Guard.

text: Asia[edit]

text: China (People's Republic of China)[edit]

text: Honour guards, as known as Combined Honour Guard of the People's Liberation Army, are provided by the Beijing Capital Garrison Command in Beijing, under the Central Theater Command and reporting directly to the General Staff. They marched as the first battalion in the military parade of the 35th, 50th, and 60th anniversaries of the People's Republic of China. They are often on parades led by a color guard detail carrying the PLA flag.

text: India[edit]

text: In India, the Tri-Service Honor Guard is made up of men or women drawn from three services of the Indian military: the Indian Army, Indian Air Force, and Indian Navy. A national guard of honour unit is based at New Delhi and is of company size, present only during state visits.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: In Indonesia the unit institutionally intended to act as an honour guard for the President of Indonesia and towards foreign state visitors is the Paspampres, a special branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The Paspampres are responsible for the security of the President and vice president and are also responsible for the internal security of the Residence of the President. In addition to the Paspampres, there are other honour units known as Pasukan Jajar Kehormatan chosen from the different units within the Indonesian Armed Forces and Police force, specifically for representation purposes.

text: During the ceremony commemorating the independence day of Indonesia in the Merdeka Palace at every 17th of August, honour guards which line-up during the ceremony are part of the combined-forces honour guard which includes the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Police force. In Jakarta, the Paspampres Group A honour guards in this occasion join the Paskibraka troops for escorting the national flag of Indonesia. The same format is seen in other flag raising ceremonies nationwide, wherein Armed Forces and Police personnel pre-selected escort the lower-level Paskibraka units in the provinces, regencies, cities and district-level subdivisions.

text: Kyrgyzstan[edit]

text: The National Guard of Kyrgyzstan carries out official representative functions on behalf of the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic. The guard of honor is formed from the 701st Military Unit of the National Guard. The National Guard stands at attention at the National Flagpole on Ala-Too Square in Bishkek, and has been performing the changing of the guard ceremony every hour since August 16, 1998.[13][14]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: The guard of honour in Malaysia usually consists of the 1st Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment, which performs most ceremonial duties in Malaysia, such as Heroes' Day, visitation of diplomats and state leaders, National Day, guard duties at the Royal Palace of Malaysia, and many more, in the national level. The RMR also mounts the guard during state visits to the Ministry of Defense.

text: State level guards of honour are mounted by the following units aside from the Royal Malay Regiment, which is also the guard of honour for the states of Kedah, Perak, Selangor and Pahang:

text:
Royal Ranger Regiment - Perlis
Royal Armoured Corps - Terengganu
Royal Johor Military Force - Johor (the only state level defense formation and one of Malaysia's oldest military units)
Royal Artillery Regiment - Kelantan
Royal Regiment of Engineers - Perak
Royal Signals Regiment - Negeri Sembilan

text: Units of the Royal Malaysia Police in Melaka, Penang, Sabah and Sarawak, as well as the Royal Malay Regiment and the Royal Rangers, mount guards of honour of the governors of these states. Guard of honour units are also found in the Royal Malaysia Police, The People's Volunteer Corps, the Fire and Rescue Department, and the Malaysia Civil Defence Force.

text: Honour guards units of the Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN Honour Guard Battalion, Lumut) and the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF Honour Guard Battalion or the RMAF College) are mounted in the presence of the Sultan of Selangor and the Sultan of Pahang, respectively, in events where each of the two service branches are involved. Visits to the MoD building by naval and air general and flag officers are also accompanied by the guard of honour units of these services.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: In Nepal, the Guard of honour is formed from special troops from Nepalese Army. It is mainly given to the President of Nepal and the Prime Minister of Nepal. Foreign Heads of State also receives the Guard of Honour. Formerly, Guard of honour were given in Tribhuwan International Airport premises but since 2018, Government of Nepal changed the venue to Tundikhel. The first foreign state head to receive the Guard of honour at Tundikhel was Pakistan Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi during his visits to Nepal in March 2018.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, the guard of honour is provided by men drawn from three services of the Pakistan Armed Forces: The Pakistan Army, Pakistan Air Force, and the Pakistan Navy. A tri-service guard of honor company is stationed in Islamabad, the national capital, for services in state visits and important national holidays.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The Presidential Security Group provide honour guard services to the President of the Philippines in Malacañang Palace, especially during state visits to the country. The PSG is the only presidential guard service in Asia that is composed of men and women from the various uniformed organizations of the Philippines: the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the Philippine National Police, the Bureau of Fire Protection and the Philippine Coast Guard.

text: The AFP has 5 designated honour guard battalions mandated for public duties for events concerning the Armed Forces. They are:

text:
General Headquarters Security & Escort Battalion, AFP General Headquarters and Headquarters Service Command
Security and Escort Battalion, Philippine Army
Headquarters Philippine Navy & Headquarters Support Group, Philippine Navy
Marine Security and Escort Group, Philippine Marine Corps
Air Force Special Security Group, Philippine Air Force

text: Honour Guard units are also present in the PNP and the PCG, and are mounted on important occasions of these two services.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The Guards-of-Honour (GOH) of Singapore are specially formed from all three services of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF), namely, the Singapore Army (usually comprising personnel from the sole SAF Commando Formation unit, the 1st Commando Battalion), the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) and the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF), together with the Singapore Police Force (SPF), which are positioned at the forefront of major parades and significant state events, such as the country's National Day on the 9th of August. They are dressed in ceremonial attire (known as the No. 1 uniform), which, based on the unit's origin (the sole exception being the Navy), have various colours imbued on a thin strip running down the outer-sides of the pants (red for the Army, light-blue for the Air Force and black for the Police) and different and unique badges, medals, awards and buttons, and will be equipped with SAR-21 assault rifles which have bayonets attached to them. These GOH units will typically be contrasted by at least one or more contingents of their fellow troops and men in their regular uniform (the No. 4 uniform for the SAF units and the No. 3 uniform for the SPF unit).

text: For state-visits and other important ceremonial duties within the Istana compounds, the guard-of-honour group that is formed and mounted is provided by personnel from the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: South Korea operates several honour guards - one each from the Republic of Korea Army, Republic of Korea Navy, Republic of Korea Air Force and Republic of Korea Marine Corps, along with a traditional honour guard unit. The traditional guard in particular was founded in 1991 after president Roh Tae-woo reviewed The Old Guard of the United States. Since then the traditional honour guards have taken the role of officially welcoming heads of state and other dignitaries. Roles of the honour guards as a whole include funeral honours for the fallen, ensuring the security of various military headquarters, and acting as ceremonial guards to Gyeongbok Palace.

text: For ceremonial purposes the guards carry various rifles - the Army, Navy and Air Force carry the M16 rifle; the Marine Corps carry M1 Garands and the traditional guards carry ceremonial swords, arrows, spears and lances, keeping with the traditions of the Korean military and as a tribute to the guards units of the Imperial era. While the service guards units maintain their respective military bands based on the US and UK practices, the traditional guard unit also contains a Daechwita, a form of military band playing Korean traditional music for military ceremonies and events, and as such wears uniforms used by similar ensembles in the 19th century.

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: In Sri Lanka, the guard of honour is provided by men drawn from three services of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces. The Sri Lanka Army, the Sri Lanka Navy, and the Sri Lanka Air Force. During the colonial era, the Lascarins provided the local guards of honour, apart from British Army, British Indian Army, or Ceylon Defence Force personal.

text: Taiwan (Republic of China)[edit]

text: In the Republic of China, the honour guard is provided by members from the three service branches of the Republic of China Armed Forces, including the ROC Army, ROC Navy and the ROC Air Force, usually present at the places as follows:

text:
The Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei
The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei
The National Revolutionary Martyrs' Shrine in Taipei
The Cihu Presidential Burial Place in Taoyuan
The Daxi Presidential Burial Place in Taoyuan

text: Tajikistan[edit]

text: In Tajikistan, the guard of honour battalion is provided by men drawn from the four services of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: The National Army, Mobile Forces, Air Force, and the border. The Presidential National Guard also has its own guard of honor battalion.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Until its 2016 disbandment, the Presidential Guard Regiment of Turkey acted as an honour guard regiment of the Turkish Armed Forces.[15]

text: Turkmenistan[edit]

text: Ceremonial duties are usually served by the Guard of Honour Battalion of the Ministry of Defence. The battalion is the first division on Independence Square in the annual Independence Day Parade.[16] They also greet foreign leaders visiting Turkmenistan, as well as the Guard the National Museum of Turkmenistan.[17]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Two honour guard units fall under the People's Army of Vietnam:

text:
General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army:

Military Honour Guard Battalion of the VPA: honour guard during visits of foreign leaders, National Day parade, remembrance days, state funerals and other functions as may be directed.[18]

Ministry of Defense:

Command of Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum Honour Guard: protection of Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum[19]

text: Gallery of Asia[edit]

text:
The Azerbaijani National Guard.

Chinese honour guard in column (Beijing Capital Garrison Honour Guard Battalion).

Barack Obama inspects the Tri-Service Honor Guard in New Delhi in 2015.

Brazilian President Lula da Silva at the Rashtrapati Bhavan receives a guard of honour ceremony from members of IAF.

Paspampres Honour Guards of Indonesia.

Honor guard at Mausoleum of Ruhollah Khomeini.

The Republican Guard of Kazakhstan.

The honor guard of the National Guard standing at attention on Ala-Too Square.

The Guard of Honour and marching band of the Royal Malay Regiment during Hari Merdeka celebrations in 2013.

A Pakistani Honour Guard prepares for the arrival of U.S. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates at the Army's Martyr's Monument.

US Navy Admiral Mike Mullen (pictured in the center), the chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, reviewing the honour-guard of the Singapore Armed Forces during a welcoming ceremony at the Istana.

The Korean honour guard from the 3rd Infantry Division welcomes U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry at the Seoul Airbase.

Honour guards of Republic of China (Taiwan) Armed Forces at the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall in Taipei.

Turkish Presidential Guard Regiment during a parade.

Members of the battalion during a parade in 2011.

Changing of the guards at the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Belarus[edit]

text: The Honor Guard Company of the Military Commandant's Office of the Armed Forces of Belarus is the primary honour guard company of the Republic of Belarus.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: National Guards Unit (Bulgarian: Национална гвардейска част), established 1878, includes military units for army salute ceremonials, a band and a wind orchestra. In 2001 the National Guards Unit was declared the official military unit representing the Bulgarian Army and one of the symbols of modern state authority along with the flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem.[20]

text: Croatia[edit]

text: In Croatia, the Honour Guard Battalion (Croatian: Počasno-zaštitna bojna) serves as the guard of honour. The Honour Guard Battalion performs protocol tasks for the needs of top-level state and military officials, as well as tasks related to the protection and security of the Commander-in-Chief (President of the Republic of Croatia). It consist of up to 300 members. The unit is under direct command of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia.[21]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: Ceremonial duties are usually served by the Castle Guard, a special unit of the armed forces of the Czech Republic, organized under the Military Office of the President of the Czech Republic, directly subordinate to the President of the Republic.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The Royal Life Guards is an infantry regiment of the Danish Army. It serves in two roles: as a front line combat unit, and as a guard/ceremonial unit to the Danish monarchy. Danish Amalienborg palace is guarded by this unit day and night.

text: France[edit]

text: The Republican Guard of the National Gendarmerie provides both foot and horse-mounted guards of honour.

text: Germany[edit]

text: The primary mission of the Wachbataillon is to perform the military honours for the German Federal President, Federal Chancellor, Federal Minister of Defense and the Inspector General of the Bundeswehr during state visits or on similar occasions. In addition, the Wachbataillon takes part in military events and ceremonies of major importance. A secondary mission is to perform ceremonial guard duty at the Ministry of Defense and other high-profile public places, and protect and guard the members of the German government and the Ministry of Defense.

text: The GDR's Friedrich Engels Guard Regiment was the primary honour guard regiment of East Germany.

text: Greece[edit]

text: In Greece, the Presidential Guard is a unit of the Greek Army guarding the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the Presidential Palace. Its members, known as Evzones, must be taller than 1.85m and are trained hard as their duty includes standing completely still for more than an hour 4 times a day. They are famous for their military discipline, the ability to stand motionless without even blinking, their stylish walking and the uniform which derives from traditional Greek dress.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: The Honour Guard in Hungary was the HDF 32nd Budapest Guard and Ceremonial Regiment (Hungarian: MH 32. Budapest Őr- és Díszezred) until 31 December 2006, at which time it was disbanded. From 1 January 2007 was the Ceremonial Battalion branch, part of the MH Támogató Dandár (MH TD, HDF Support Brigade) until 31 December 2010. Converted from 1 January 2011 to Nemzeti Honvéd Díszegység (National Home Defense Ceremonial Band) as part of the MH TD and achieved the service from 25 April.[22][23] The official honour guard of the Hungarian People's Republic was the Hungarian People's Army's 7015th Ceremonial Regiment (Hungarian: Magyar Néphadsereg 7015 Dísz -és őrezred).

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, a guard of honour is drawn from the Irish Army and is called 'Garda Onóra' in Irish. It is inspected by the President of Ireland, Taoiseach or visiting dignitaries.

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the unit institutionally intended to act as an honour guard to the President of the Italian Republic is the Corazzieri Regiment, a special branch of the Carabinieri.[24] The Corazzieri follow the President during official occasions and are also partly responsible for the internal security of the Quirinal Palace. In addition to the Corazzieri, there are other honour units chosen from the different Armed Forces, specifically for representation purposes. These units have to stand guard at important places, such as the gates of the seats of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the Altar of the Homeland, and at the gates of the Quirinal Palace.

text: Example of honour units from the different Armed Forces are:

text:
Italian Army:

Honour Company "Goito" from the 1° Regiment "Granatieri di Sardegna";
Honour Squadron from the 8° Regiment "Lancieri di Montebello";

Italian Navy:

Company SOC (Servizi Onore Capitale; en: Honour Services to the Capital) from the Navy's headquarter in Rome;

Italian Air Force:

Honour Company from COMAER (Comando Aeronautica Roma), the Air Force's headquarter in Rome.

text: During state funerals, honour guards are granted to the departed by the protocol.[25] The guards are positioned at the entrance and the exit of the place in which the ceremony is held. Aside from the aforementioned services, honour guards are also found within the Guardia di Finanza, Polizia Penitenziaria and the Polizia di Stato. They perform the same duties mentioned above.

text: Macedonia[edit]

text: The Ceremonial Guard Battalion (Церемонијален гардански баталјон, Ceremonijalen gardanski bataljon) is part of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia which is mainly used for ceremonial purposes. It is the personal guard of the President of the Republic of Macedonia. The National Guard can be often seen near the presidential palace, during official visits of foreign presidents or delegations, ceremonies and during the days of the flag. In 2010 the Ministry of Defence proposed and designed new uniforms for the guards. Both, the old and the new uniforms, are based on the uniforms of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) revolutionaries with some details of the other periods of the history of the Republic of Macedonia. Influence over the new design were based on the uniform worn by Bulgarian[26][27][28] revolutionary Dedo Iljo Maleshevski and the uniforms of the 19th century Bulgarian Legion regiment which served in the Imperial Russian Army.[29]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The Honour Guards in Netherlands consists of two guard regiments, Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers & Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene, both from the Royal Netherlands Army.

text: Guard of honor detachments for public duties are present in the Royal Netherlands Navy and the Royal Netherlands Air Force.

text: Poland[edit]

text: The Honour Guard unit in Poland is the Batalion Reprezentacyjny Wojska Polskiego (Representative Honour Guard Battalion of the Polish Armed Forces) from 1 January 2001.[30]

text: Also posted within its ranks is the Mounted Ceremonial Troop of the Armed Forces, which also acts as an honour guard and horse guard unit. Service branches of the Armed Forces and other civil uniformed services maintain honour guard units of their own.

text: Romania[edit]

text: The Brigada 30 Gardă „Mihai Viteazul” (Michael the Brave 30th Guards Brigade) of the Romanian Land Forces serves as the honour guard brigade of the Romanian Armed Forces. The brigade is present at ceremonial events and during visits from international officials. The Romanian Gendarmerie maintains an honour guard unit, called Unitatea Specială de Gardă de Onoare și Protecție Instituțională București (Bucharest Institutional Protection and Honour Guard Special Unit), and a horse guards troop acting during state ceremonies and celebrations of the service.

text: Russia[edit]

text: Imperial Guards

text: Russia's primary honour guard (Russian: Почётный караул, Pochotny kara-ul) is the Kremlin Regiment of the Federal Protective Service of the Russian Federation, established in 1936. The 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment, established in 1979, serves as the official honour guard regiment of the Russian Armed Forces and serves as the main honour guard unit of the armed forces. Military districts and fleet formations of the Russian Navy also have their own honour guard companies.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: The Serbian Guards Unit is an elite unit within the Serbian Army, of brigade size, under the direct command of Serbian Armed Forces Chief of Staff. Its purpose to secure vital facilities of the defense system and performing military honours to highest foreign, domestic and military officials.

text: For the needs of Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Army General Staff, the Guard Unit performs tasks within the scope of the military police work and the tasks in the field of logistics and security. Guard continues the tradition of Serbian Guard units which is now almost two centuries long. The first Guard unit formed in Serbia was created on the order of Prince Milos Obrenovic on St. George Day in 1830 in Pozarevac. The Guard Unit also sports the official military band of the Serbian Armed Forces - the Guards Band.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Honour guard service is carried out by all units of the Swedish Armed Forces, although the Life Guards Regiment (Livgardet) in the Swedish Army accounts for the main part of honour guard services. The Royal Guards (Högvakten) at the Stockholm Palace and the Drottningholm Palace is the honour guard to the King of Sweden. The service is carried out by the Life Guards as well as other units of the Swedish Armed Forces including the Home Guard and other voluntary defence organisations.[31]

text: The Grenadier company of the Life Guards is used as an honour guard at state visit welcoming ceremonies. A detachment of grenadiers is also used as honour guard at the opening of the Riksdag, when an incoming foreign ambassador meets with the King at an audience to present letters of credence and when the King attends an annual meeting of one of the Royal Academies.[32]

text: Drabantvakt ("Royal Bodyguard"), commonly known as Karl XI:s drabanter ("The Bodyguard of Charles XI") and Karl XII:s drabanter ("The Bodyguard of Charles XII") is a ceremonial guard used at state occasions such as state visits, investiture of a monarch, royal weddings and funerals etc. The guard was formed in 1860 based on historical royal bodyguards. The design of the uniforms of the guard is based on, but not identical to, uniforms used during the reign of Carles XI and Charles XII respectively. The guard consists of 24 soldiers and one officer selected from the Life Guards.[33]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: A guard of honour is formed to present formal ceremonial compliments to royal or presidential dignitaries by a guard not exceeding 100 personnel (including three officers, one with a colour) with other particular distinguished individuals saluted by a guard not exceeding 50 personnel. A half guard is a colloquial term describing a guard of honour of not more than 50 personnel (including two officers, one with a colour).[34] A guard of honour could have a single service contingent (e.g. army) or it could be a tri service (inter-service) affair. The guard commander, after saluting the dignitary (usually head of state), marches up to him or her and escorts him or her to inspect the guard (soldiers in formation). During the salute, the national anthems of both the dignitary's country and the host country are usually played by a ceremonial band.

text: Only a standard, guidon, Queen's Colour, or a banner presented by either a member of the Royal Family or the governor-general may be carried by a royal guard of honour. Only a regimental colour or a banner presented by a personage other than a member of the Royal Family may be carried on a half guard of honour. A smaller unit honouring distinguished visitors at a military installation is known as a quarter guard. The commander is three paces in front of the second file from the right and accompanies the personage for whom the guard is mounted. An officer carrying the Colour stands three paces in front of the centre; if there is a third officer he will be three paces in front of the second file from the other flank.[35]

text: Units that traditionally perform ceremonial duties, such as Guard Mounting (changing of the Queen's Guard) or Trooping the Colour, are the five regiments of Foot Guards and the Household Cavalry (Blues and Royals and Life Guards), which form the Household Division. The Royal Air Force's ceremonial unit is the Queen's Colour Squadron. The British Armed Forces do not have dedicated ceremonial units, although some units such as the Scots Guards have a battalion designated to perform public duties. Generally, units from all three services not deployed overseas will rotate and share public duties at various major historic landmarks (e.g. royal palaces and castles) through the country.

text: The Queen's Guard is primarily made up of units from the Household Division for royal palaces and public monuments—namely Buckingham Palace, St James's Palace, Windsor Castle, and the Tower of London—and other units from all three services of the British Armed Forces filling in when not deployed; in Scotland, Holyrood Palace and Edinburgh Castle are usually the responsibility of Scottish regiments or units based in Edinburgh.[36] Occasionally units from Commonwealth militaries are given the honour.[37]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: The Kiev Presidential Honor Guard Battalion is a guard unit of the Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky Independent Presidential Regiment.[38]

text: Gallery of Europe[edit]

text:
National Guards Unit of Bulgaria marching during the Bastille Day Military Parade 2007 in Paris.

Ceremonial dress of the Honour Guard Battalion of the Croatian Armed Forces.

A member of Czech Castle Guard.

Danish Royal Guards presenting arms at the Changing of the Guard ceremony, Amalienborg, Copenhagen.

The Republican Guard marching during a Bastille Day Parade in Paris in 2017.

The French Republican Guard guarding the presidential palace.

The Slovenian Prime Minister Alenka Bratušek inspecting a in Germany guard of honor together with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, in 2013.

The Presidential Guard.

The MH 32. Budapest Őr- és Díszezred welcome the President of the United States on 22 June 2006. Mounted hussars can be seen along the top.

Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reviews the Irish Honor Guard at Brugha Barracks in Dublin, Aug. 31, 2012.

Italian Corazzieri on parade, in high uniform and riding horses.

Corazzieri in the Quirinal palace.

The troops of the Latvian National Armed Forces Staff Battalion during the 2017 Kiev Independence Day Parade.

The honor guard company during the 2007 Bastille Day Parade.

A member of the Ceremonial Guard Battalion (in the middle). The soldier wears the old uniform.

Carabinier at the Prince's Palace in Monaco-Ville.

Romanian 30th Guard Regiment on parade during 1 December celebrations.

A guard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Moscow).

The Russian military honour guard from the 154th Commandant's Regiment welcomes U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

A dragoon of the Life Guards Regiment posted outside the Stockholm Palace.

Grenadiers of the Life Guards Regiment forming a guard of honour at the opening of the Riksdag.

The Life Guards Regiment mounting the Royal Guards at the Stockholm Palace.

A sentry from an armoured regiment on guard outside the Stockholm Palace.

A sentry at Buckingham Palace.

Coldstream Guards performing the guard change at Windsor Castle.

Household Cavalry parading at Windsor Castle for the state visit of the Amir of Kuwait to the United Kingdom in 2012.

Ukrainian Minister of Defense, Oleksandr Kuzmuk, and US Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld inspect the Ukrainian Guard of Honor in Kiev.

An detachment of the Pontifical Swiss Guard escorting U.S. President Barack Obama to an audience with Pope Francis in 2014.

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The tri-service Federation Guard, consisting of members of the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy provides guards of honour for various ceremonies. All members of the guard are enlisted in their respective areas before volunteering for service in the guard. The rifle of choice is the L1A1 SLR.

text: Gallery of Oceania[edit]

text: U.S. President Barack Obama inspects Australia's Federation Guard at a guard of honour ceremony.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Cricket[edit]

text: In cricket, the guard of honour is used to celebrate the achievement of a player (usually as a batsman), normally used during a player's final game. The players' teammates or opposition form a cordon, with their bats at the second count of the draw saber forming an arch, and the successful player walks through. It may also be performed to mark a milestone, such as when a player breaks a world record. A player can receive guard of honour multiple times as they retire from different forms of the game separately. When a bowler retires, it would generally be when they leave the field for the final time, or when they play their final match in a certain venue of importance (away match, home ground, retiring on the same day a ground is due to be demolished).

text: Association football[edit]

text: In recent years, association football teams have shown their respect to teams in their own division which have already won their league title at the end of the season with games to spare by forming a guard of honour onto or off the pitch for their players.[39] The applauding team forms two lines to make a corridor and the league winners pass through the corridor, generally in single file. The guard of honour is in some instances considered good form to perform but is not considered compulsory and teams may opt not to provide one, as especially tends to happen between teams considered particularly bitter rivals.[40]

text: The same has occasionally been done for individual players meeting particularly momentous points in their career, such as when Scottish Premier league team Rangers squad did so for departing talisman Dado Prso[41] and Chelsea controversially[42] chose to do so in a pre-planned display in the middle of a match for John Terry's last game, causing significant delays to the game.[42]

text: Australian rules football[edit]

text: In Australian rules football, players will often form a guard of honour for those who are leaving the field after a landmark game or on their retirement game. For example, Fremantle formed a guard of honour for Fitzroy's last match in 1996. Melbourne and Essendon formed a guard in 2005 to honour Indian Ocean tsunami victim Troy Broadbridge. Collingwood and North Melbourne formed a guard of honour in 2006 for retiring player Saverio Rocca, who forged a successful goalkicking career at both clubs. After playing in the little league at half time of senior matches, the junior players line up to form a guard of honour for when the players return to the field.[43]

text: Field Hockey[edit]

text: In recent times guard of honour is usually done among Hockey players for those who have done something valuable for their country like Balbir Singh, Sr, Jamie Dwyer


document_title: Keel (bird anatomy)

question_text: what part of the chicken is the keel

question_tokens: what part of the chicken is the keel

root

text: Keel (bird anatomy)

text: A keel or carina (plural carinae) in bird anatomy is an extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs. The keel provides an anchor to which a bird's wing muscles attach, thereby providing adequate leverage for flight. Keels do not exist on all birds; in particular, some flightless birds lack a keel structure.

tag: p

text: Historically, the presence or absence of a pronounced keel structure was used as a broad classification of birds into two orders: Carinatae (from carina, "keel"), having a pronounced keel; and ratites (from ratis, "raft" — referring to the flatness of the sternum), having a subtle keel structure or lacking one entirely. However, this classification has fallen into disuse as evolutionary studies have shown that many flightless birds have evolved from flighted birds. The current definition of Carinatae now includes all extant birds.


document_title: List of Indian Premier League centuries

question_text: first indian to hit a century in ipl

question_tokens: first indian to hit a century in ipl

text: List of Indian Premier League centuries

text: Key[edit]

text:
Symbol
Meaning

*
Remained not out

Captained the respective team

Balls
Balls faced during the innings

S/R.
Strike rate during the innings

Inn.
The innings of the match

Won
The match was won by the team for which the player played

Lost
The match was lost by the team for which the player played

tag: table

text: Centuries[edit]

text:
Indian Premier League centuries

Score
Balls
S/R
Player
Team
Opposition
Inn.
Venue
Date
Result

158527 !158*
73
216.43
McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum
Kolkata Knight Riders
Royal Challengers Bangalore
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002008-04-18-000018 April 2008
Won[10]

116546 !116*
54
214.81
Hussey, MichaelMichael Hussey
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
1
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002008-04-19-000019 April 2008
Won[11]

117547 !117*
53
220.75
Symonds, AndrewAndrew Symonds
Deccan Chargers
Rajasthan Royals
1
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
000000002008-04-24-000024 April 2008
Lost[12]

109553 !109*
47
231.91
Gilchrist, AdamAdam Gilchrist
Deccan Chargers
Mumbai Indians
2
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002008-04-27-000027 April 2008
Won[13]

114552 !114*
48
237.50
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya
Mumbai Indians
Chennai Super Kings
2
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002008-05-14-000014 May 2008
Won[14]

115031 !115
69
166.66
Marsh, ShaunShaun Marsh
Kings XI Punjab
Rajasthan Royals
2
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002008-05-28-000028 May 2008
Won[15]

105546 !105*
54
194.44
de Villiers, ABAB de Villiers
Delhi Daredevils
Chennai Super Kings
1
Kingsmead Cricket Ground, Durban
000000002009-04-23-000023 April 2009
Won[16]

114527 !114*
73
156.16
Pandey, ManishManish Pandey
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Deccan Chargers
1
SuperSport Park, Centurion
000000002009-05-21-000021 May 2009
Won[17]

100063 !100
37
270.27
Pathan, YusufYusuf Pathan
Rajasthan Royals
Mumbai Indians
2
Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai
000000002010-03-13-000013 March 2010
Lost[18]

107531 !107*
69
155.07
Warner, DavidDavid Warner
Delhi Daredevils
Kolkata Knight Riders
1
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
000000002010-03-29-000029 March 2010
Won[19]

127064 !127
56
226.78
Vijay, MuraliMurali Vijay
Chennai Super Kings
Rajasthan Royals
1
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002010-04-03-00003 April 2010
Won[20]

110541 !110*
59
186.44
Jayawardene, MahelaMahela Jayawardene
Kings XI Punjab
Kolkata Knight Riders
2
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
000000002010-04-04-00004 April 2010
Won[21]

120527 !120*
63
190.47
Valthaty, PaulPaul Valthaty
Kings XI Punjab
Chennai Super Kings
2
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002011-04-13-000013 April 2011
Won[22]

100534 !100*
66
151.51
Tendulkar, SachinSachin Tendulkar
Mumbai Indians
Kochi Tuskers Kerala
1
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002011-04-15-000015 April 2011
Lost[23]

102545 !102*
55
185.45
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kolkata Knight Riders
2
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
000000002011-04-22-000022 April 2011
Won[24]

119064 !119
56
212.50
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
Delhi Daredevils
Deccan Chargers
2
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
000000002011-05-05-00005 May 2011
Won[25]

107051 !107
49
218.36
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002011-05-06-00006 May 2011
Won[26]

106045 !106
55
192.72
Gilchrist, AdamAdam Gilchrist
Kings XI Punjab
Royal Challengers Bangalore
1
HPCA Stadium, Dharmasala
000000002011-05-17-000017 May 2011
Won[27]

103540 !103*
60
171.66
Rahane, AjinkyaAjinkya Rahane
Rajasthan Royals
Royal Challengers Bangalore
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002012-04-15-000015 April 2012
Won[28]

103536 !103*
64
160.93
Pietersen, KevinKevin Pietersen
Delhi Daredevils
Deccan Chargers
2
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
000000002012-04-19-000019 April 2012
Won[29]

109546 !109*
54
201.85
Warner, DavidDavid Warner
Delhi Daredevils
Deccan Chargers
2
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
000000002012-05-10-000010 May 2012
Won[30]

109540 !109*
60
181.66
Sharma, RohitRohit Sharma
Mumbai Indians
Kolkata Knight Riders
1
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
000000002012-05-12-000012 May 2012
Won[31]

128538 !128*
62
206.45
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Delhi Daredevils
1
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
000000002012-05-17-000017 May 2012
Won[32]

113042 !113
58
194.82
Vijay, MuraliMurali Vijay
Chennai Super Kings
Delhi Daredevils
1
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002012-05-25-000025 May 2012
Won[33]

101042 !101
58
165.57
Watson, ShaneShane Watson
Rajasthan Royals
Chennai Super Kings
1
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002013-04-22-000022 April 2013
Lost[34]

175566 !175*
66
265.15
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Pune Warriors India
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002013-04-23-000023 April 2013
Won[35]

100547 !100*
53
188.67
Raina, SureshSuresh Raina
Chennai Super Kings
Kings XI Punjab
1
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002013-05-02-00002 May 2013
Won[36]

101562 !101*
38
265.78
Miller, DavidDavid Miller
Kings XI Punjab
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002013-05-06-00006 May 2013
Won[37]

101562 !100*
61
163.93
Simmons, LendlLendl Simmons
Mumbai Indians
Kings XI Punjab
2
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
000000002014-05-21-000021 May 2014
Won[38]

122042 !122
58
210.34
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag
Kings XI Punjab
Chennai Super Kings
1
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002014-05-30-000030 May 2014
Won[39]

115545 !115*
55
209.09
Saha, WriddhimanWriddhiman Saha
Kings XI Punjab
Kolkata Knight Riders
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002014-06-01-00001 June 2014
Lost[40]

115545 !100*
56
178.57
McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum
Chennai Super Kings
Sunrisers Hyderabad
1
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
000000002015-04-11-000011 April 2015
Won[41]

115545 !117
57
205.3
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002015-05-06-00006 May 2015
won[42]

115545 !133*
59
225.42
de Villiers, ABAB de Villiers
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Mumbai Indians
1
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
000000002015-05-10-000010 May 2015
Won[43]

115545 !104*
59
176.27
Watson, ShaneShane Watson
Rajasthan Royals
Kolkata Knight Riders
1
Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai
000000002015-05-16-000016 May 2015
Won[44]

115545 !108
51
211.76
de Kock, QuintonQuinton de Kock
Delhi Daredevils
Royal Challengers Bangalore
2
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
000000002016-04-17-000017 April 2016
Won[45]

100*
63
158.73
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
1
Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot
24 April 2016
Lost[46]

101
54
187.03
Smith, SteveSteve Smith
Rising Pune Supergiants
Gujarat Lions
1
MCA Cricket Ground, Pune
29 April 2016
Lost[47]

108*
58
186.20
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Rising Pune Supergiants
2
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru
7 May 2016
Won[48]

129*
52
248.07
de Villiers, ABAB de Villiers
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru
14 May 2016
Won[49]

109
55
198.18
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Gujarat Lions
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru
14 May 2016
Won[49]

113
50
226.0
Kohli, ViratVirat Kohli
Royal Challengers Bangalore
Kings XI Punjab
1
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bengaluru
18 May 2016
Won[50]

102
63
161.9
Samson, SanjuSanju Samson
Delhi Daredevils
Rising Pune Supergiant
1
Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium
11 April 2017
Won[51]

104*
60
173.3
Amla, HashimHashim Amla
Kings XI Punjab
Mumbai Indians
1
Holkar Stadium
20 April 2017
Lost[52]

126
59
213.55
Warner, DavidDavid Warner
Sunrisers Hyderabad
Kolkata Knight Riders
1
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
000000002017-04-30-000030 April 2017
Won[53]

103*
63
163.49
Stokes, BenBen Stokes
Rising Pune Supergiants
Gujarat Lions
2
MCA Cricket Ground, Pune
000000002017-05-01-00001 May 2017
Won[54]

104
60
173.33
Amla, HashimHashim Amla
Kings XI Punjab
Gujarat Lions
1
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium
000000002017-05-07-00007 May 2017
Lost[55]

text: Season overview[edit]

text:
Season wise statistics for century scores

Year
No. of centurions
No. of centuries
Highest score
Strike rate
Highest scorer

2008[56]
6
6
158*
216.43
McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum

2009[8]
2
2
114*
156.16
Pandey, ManishManish Pandey

2010[57]
4
4
127
226.78
Vijay, MuraliMurali Vijay

2011[58]
5
6
120*
190.47
Valthaty, PaulPaul Valthaty

2012[59]
6
6
128*
206.45
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle

2013[60]
4
4
175*
265.15
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle

2014[61]
3
3
122
210.34
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag

2015[62]
4
4
133*
225.42
Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers

2016[63]
4
7
129*
248.07
Villiers, AB deAB de Villiers

2017*[64]
4
5
126
213.55
Warner, DavidDavid Warner

text: Team overview[edit]

text:
Team statistics for century scores

Team
No. of matches[65]
No. of centurions
No. of centuries
Highest score
Highest scorer

Chennai Super Kings[66]
7002132000000000000♠132
7000400000000000000♠4
7000500000000000000♠5
1270 !127
Vijay, MuraliMurali Vijay

Deccan Chargers[67]
7001750000000000000♠75
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
1175 !117*
Symonds, AndrewAndrew Symonds

Delhi Daredevils[68]
7002141000000000000♠141
7000600000000000000♠6
7000700000000000000♠7
1190 !119
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag

Gujarat Lions
7001260000000000000♠26
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
0840 !84
Suresh Raina

Kings XI Punjab[69]
7002143000000000000♠143
7000700000000000000♠7
7000900000000000000♠9
1220 !122
Sehwag, VirenderVirender Sehwag

Kochi Tuskers Kerala[70]
7001140000000000000♠14
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
0810 !81
McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum

Kolkata Knight Riders[71]
7002142000000000000♠142
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
1585 !158*
McCullum, BrendonBrendon McCullum

Mumbai Indians[72]
7002150000000000000♠150
7000400000000000000♠4
7000400000000000000♠4
1145 !114*
Jayasuriya, SanathSanath Jayasuriya

Pune Warriors India[73]
7001460000000000000♠46
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠0
0860 !86
Ryder, JesseJesse Ryder

Rajasthan Royals[74]
7002118000000000000♠118
7000300000000000000♠3
7000400000000000000♠4
1035 !104*
Watson, ShaneShane Watson

Rising Pune Supergiants[75]
7001240000000000000♠24
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
1035 !103*
Ben Stokes

Royal Challengers Bangalore[1]
7002150000000000000♠150
7000400000000000000♠4
7001120000000000000♠12
1755 !175*
Gayle, ChrisChris Gayle

Sunrisers Hyderabad[76]
7001710000000000000♠71
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
1260 !126
Warner, DavidDavid Warner


document_title: You'll Never Walk Alone

question_text: when did celtic start singing you'll never walk alone

question_tokens: when did celtic start singing you 'll never walk alone

text: You'll Never Walk Alone

text: Background[edit]

text: Christine Johnson, who created the role of Nettie Fowler, introduced the song in the original Broadway production.[1] Later in the show Jan Clayton, as Julie Jordan, reprised it, with the chorus joining in.

text: In the film, it is first sung by Claramae Turner as Nettie. The weeping Julie Jordan (Shirley Jones) tries to sing it but cannot; it is later reprised by Julie and those attending the graduation.

text: Subsequent history[edit]

text: Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack, the song has been recorded by many artists, with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton,[2] Frank Sinatra, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Andy Williams, Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge, Olivia Newton-John and Doris Day. Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir, and "interpolated" it into their own song, "Fearless", on their 1971 album Meddle.

text: From 1964 through 2010, Jerry Lewis concluded the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon by singing the song.[3] After the end of a concert by the rock band Queen, the audience spontaneously sang this song, according to lead guitarist Brian May,[4] and this helped to inspire the creation of their songs "We Are the Champions" and "We Will Rock You". Italian-American tenor Sergio Franchi sang a notable version accompanied by the Welsh Men's Choir on the June 9, 1968 telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show.[5] He also covered this song in his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi.[6] American singer and songwriter Barbra Streisand sang this song in a surprise appearance at the close of the 2001 Emmy Awards, in honor of the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[7]

text: In 1990 at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium London, the audience spontaneously broke out into a mass rendition. Mandela turned to Adelaide Tambo who accompanied him onto the stage and asked what the song was. She replied, "A football song".

text: Renée Fleming sang the song at the Concert for America, which marked the first anniversary of 9/11,[8][better source needed] and for the Inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.[9]

text: In 2010, this was sung during the festivities of the Last Night of the Proms, with the choir at the Royal Albert Hall joined by crowds of the public from Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland; Caird Hall, Dundee; Hyde Park, London; Salford, Greater Manchester; and Wales, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Oscar Hammerstein II.[citation needed]

text: In the second season of American Horror Story, this song was recited as a poem.

text: It has been the song of the Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps song since 1954, where they first performed it as a part of their first field show in 1954. Challenged by the Rosemont Cavaliers singing "Over the Rainbow" in 1957, the corps responded with "You'll Never Walk Alone", and it has been the official corps song ever since.

text: Punk band Dropkick Murphys covered the song for their 2017 album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory. "As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in this area (Boston). I've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al lost a brother in law. It's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone" vocalist/bassist Ken Casey said in a December 2016 interview discussing the reason behind their version.

text: Sporting anthem[edit]

text:
"You'll Never Walk Alone"

Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers

from the album How Do You Like It

Released
October 1963

Recorded
July 2, 1963

Studio
EMI Studios, London[10]

Genre
Merseybeat, baroque pop

Length
2:40

Label
Columbia (EMI) (UK), Laurie Records (US)

Producer(s)
George Martin

Gerry and the Pacemakers singles chronology

"I Like It"
(1963)
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
(1963)
"I'm the One"
(1964)

"I Like It"
(1963)
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
(1963)
"I'm the One"
(1964)

text: In the UK, the song's most successful cover was released in 1963 by the Liverpudlian Merseybeat group Gerry and the Pacemakers, peaking at number one on the UK singles chart for four consecutive weeks. Sung by Liverpool fans in 1963, the song quickly became the anthem of Liverpool F.C. and is invariably sung by its supporters moments before the start of each home game with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the PA system.[11][12][13]

text: According to former player Tommy Smith, lead vocalist Gerry Marsden presented Liverpool manager Bill Shankly with a recording of his forthcoming cover single during a pre-season coach trip in the summer of 1963. "Shanks was in awe of what he heard. ... Football writers from the local newspapers were travelling with our party and, thirsty for a story of any kind between games, filed copy back to their editors to the effect that we had adopted Gerry Marsden's forthcoming single as the club song."[14] The squad was subsequently invited to perform the track with the band on The Ed Sullivan Show[13] and Shankly later picked the song as his eighth and final selection for the BBC's Desert Island Discs on the eve of the 1965 FA Cup Final.[15] As Liverpool fans sang "You’ll Never Walk Alone" at Wembley during the 1965 FA Cup Final win over Leeds, commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme referred to the song as “Liverpool’s signature tune”.[16]

text: Marsden told BBC Radio how, in the 1960s, the disc jockey at Anfield would play the top-ten commercial records in descending order, with the number one single played last, shortly before kickoff. Liverpool fans on the Kop would sing along, but unlike with other hit singles, once "You'll Never Walk Alone" dropped out of the top-ten, instead of disregarding the song, supporters continued to sing it.[17][18]

text: The song was adopted by Scottish team Celtic after a 1966 Cup Winners Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Anfield.[13][16] It is now sung by Celtic fans prior to every home European tie.[13][16][19] The song has also been adopted by Dutch teams Feyenoord, FC Twente and SC Cambuur,[20] Germany's Borussia Dortmund, FSV Mainz 05, 1. FC Kaiserslautern, SV Darmstadt 98, Eintracht Braunschweig, Borussia Mönchengladbach, VfL Osnabrück, Alemannia Aachen, FC St Pauli, TSV 1860 Munich,[21] Belgium's Club Brugge, Japan's F.C. Tokyo,[22] Spain's CD Lugo.[23] and the Marist St. Pats MSP 80/80 Blues. In Ice Hockey, the song has been adopted by German Deutsche Eishockey Liga side Krefeld Pinguine and Croatian Medveščak Zagreb.

text: A special recording of the song was made in solidarity with Bradford City following the Valley Parade fire in 1985, when 56 spectators died and many more were seriously injured. The song was performed by The Crowd, which was a supergroup featuring Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney and others, and spent two weeks at number-one in the UK.

text: Some years later, after witnessing a rendition of "You'll Never Walk Alone" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to his country's wordless national anthem, the Marcha Real, ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games.[24][25]

text: During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, legislator Tam Yiu Chung quoted the song during a Legislative Council of Hong Kong meeting, to salute the Hong Kong Police,[26] who had received widespread criticism for using excessive force against pro-democracy protesters. More than 2,000 Liverpool Football Club fans in Hong Kong condemned his inappropriate use of the song, comparing his support of the police action to the police actions in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, where South Yorkshire Police were found to have distorted facts relating to the unlawful killing by negligence of 96 Liverpool supporters.[27][28][29]

text: On March 13, 2016, after Borussia Dortmund's 2-0 win against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga, supporters of both teams performed the song to commemorate a Dortmund fan who died from a cardiac arrest in the stands during the game.[30]

text: Recorded versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Adicts[31]
Alfie Boe ("Onward") (2007)
Alicia Keys (Hurricane Katrina disaster relief, 2005)
André Rieu (2009 Maastricht concert)
Andy Williams (with orchestra conducted by Archie Bleyer)
Aretha Franklin (1972, on the live album Amazing Grace)
Barry Manilow & Cilla Black (1993)[32]
Bela B. & the Tikiwolves feat. Gary'o'Wolf[21] (official FC St. Pauli Stadionhymn, 1992)
Bernadette Peters
Billy Eckstine (1960): Live album No Cover, No Minimum, recorded in Las Vegas. Production was by Teddy Reig. The album was originally released by Roulette Records, but is also available on the Blue Note label.
Bryn Terfel (1996) – Something Wonderful: Bryn Terfel Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein
Charice (2008)
Celtic Woman (Believe 2011)
Chris de Burgh (2008)
Christy Gibson (Thai Language Version) (2001) – Soo Yod Kao
Christine Johnson on the Carousel Original Cast Album (1945)
Claramae Turner on the Carousel film soundtrack (1956)
The Crowd (1985)
The Crusaders (1966)
David Campbell (2010)
David Phelps on the album Classic (2012)
Die Toten Hosen (2000, Bayern ep)
Dionne Warwick (1967, On Stage and in the Movies album track)
Doris Akers (1963)
Doris Day (on the You'll Never Walk Alone album) (1962)
Dropkick Murphys (appears on their album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory) (2017)
Dudu Fisher (2006)
Elha Mae Nympha (2015, performed on the Live Semi-finals on the second season of The Voice Kids, and was moved to the grand finals)
Elvis Presley (1968 single release)
Engelbert Humperdinck (1972 album "Live at the Riviera", in Las Vegas)
Frank Sinatra (1945) (1963)
Frankie Vaughan (1979)
Gene Vincent (1958) (Gene Vincent Rocks and the Blue Caps Roll album track)
Gerry & The Pacemakers (1963)
Glen Campbell (1970)
Hayley Westenra (2001)
Il Divo (A Musical Affair, 2013)
Jackie Wilson (1965)
Jerry Reed (1971) (Ko-Ko Joe album track)
Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae (1963)
John Barrowman (2010) (John Barrowman album track)
John Farnham (1998) - The Spirit of Christmas (compilation album)
Johnny Cash (2003)
Johnny Preston (1960)[33]
Johnny Maestro & the Brooklyn Bridge (1969)
Joseph Calleja (Last Night of the Proms, 2012)[34]
Josh Groban (2015)[35]
Joyce DiDonato (2012)[36]
Juan Diego Flórez (Live 8 – Berlin) (2005)
Judy Garland (1960)[37]
Katherine Jenkins (2005)
Kevin Rowland (1999)
Kiri Te Kanawa with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir (1990) – Songs of Inspiration
The Knickerbockers (1966)
Lee Greenwood
Lee Towers (1976)[38]
The Lettermen (1964)[39]
Liverpool F.C. (1977) (FA Cup single: A-side - "We Can Do It" / "Liverpool Lou" B-side - "We Shall Not Be Moved" / "You'll Never Walk Alone")
Los Fastidios
Louis Armstrong (1954) in a medley with Tenderly
Mahalia Jackson
Malena Ernman (2013)
Malcolm Vaughan (1959)
Mark Vincent (2010)
Mario Lanza (1952 and 1956)
Maureen Forrester on the Carousel MCA Classics album (1987)
Melanie Chisholm (2012)
Michael Crawford (1987)
Mormon Tabernacle Choir (1971)
Nina Simone (1960, At Newport)
Olivia Newton-John (1989) – Warm and Tender
Patricia Neway in the soundtrack of the 1967 television adaptation of Carousel (1967)
Patti Labelle & The Blue Belles (1964)
Patti LaBelle (1980's)
Pink Floyd (1971) – "Fearless"
Pips, Chips & Videoclips (Dernjava album, 1995)
The Priests (2009)
Perry Como (1951) (with Mitchell Ayres Orchestra)
Ray Charles (Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul album track, July 1963)
Regine Velasquez (1992)
Renée Fleming (2003)
The Righteous Brothers (1965)
Robin S (appears on the 1998 movie soundtrack, Welcome to Woop Woop)
Robson & Jerome (1996)
Roy Hamilton (1954)[2]
Samuel Ramey (1989)
Sergio Franchi recorded on 1964 RCA album, The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi
The Shadows (Reflection album track, 1990)
Shirley Bassey (1962, single B-side to "Ave Maria")[40]
Shirley Jones recorded it on the original movie soundtrack of Carousel and again on her 1989 album Silent Strength
Sissel Kyrkjebø (2004)
Smoking Popes
The Soldiers (2011)
Steven Houghton (1997) – Steven Houghton
Susan Boyle (Standing Ovation: The Greatest Songs from the Stage, 2012)
The Three Tenors (The Three Tenors: Paris 1998, 1998)
Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra (2009) – Paradise Blue
Tom Jones (1969)
Trisha Yearwood (2016) - The Passion
Vocal Majority (1997) – How Sweet the Sound
Wayne Hussey and Julianne Regan (as Hussey-Regan) (2011) (in support of Liverpool F.C.'s disability charity, Respect 4 All)[41]

tag: ul

text: Keith Jack (2008)


document_title: List of Orange Is the New Black episodes

question_text: when did season 5 of orange is the new black come out on netflix

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
13
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

3
13
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

4
13
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

5
13
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

1
1
"I Wasn't Ready"
Michael Trim
Liz Friedman & Jenji Kohan
Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

2
2
"Tit Punch"
Uta Briesewitz
Marco Ramirez
Red & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

3
3
"Lesbian Request Denied"
Jodie Foster
Sian Heder
Sophia & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

4
4
"Imaginary Enemies"
Michael Trim
Gary Lennon
Miss Claudette
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

5
5
"The Chickening"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Aleida & Daya
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

6
6
"WAC Pack"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Nicky & Piper
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

7
7
"Blood Donut"
Matthew Penn
Sara Hess
Watson
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

8
8
"Moscow Mule"
Phil Abraham
Marco Ramirez
Red
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

9
9
"Fucksgiving"
Michael Trim
Sian Heder
Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

10
10
"Bora Bora Bora"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Piper & Tricia
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

11
11
"Tall Men with Feelings"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Piper & Alex
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

12
12
"Fool Me Once"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Pennsatucky
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

13
13
"Can't Fix Crazy"
Michael Trim
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
none
July 11, 2013 (2013-07-11)

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

14
1
"Thirsty Bird"
Jodie Foster
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Piper
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

15
2
"Looks Blue, Tastes Red"
Michael Trim
Jenji Kohan
Taystee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

16
3
"Hugs Can Be Deceiving"
Michael Trim
Lauren Morelli
Suzanne
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

17
4
"A Whole Other Hole"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Morello
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

18
5
"Low Self Esteem City"
Andrew McCarthy
Nick Jones
Gloria
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

19
6
"You Also Have a Pizza"
Allison Anders
Stephen Falk
Poussey
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

20
7
"Comic Sans"
Andrew McCarthy
Sara Hess
Black Cindy
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

21
8
"Appropriately Sized Pots"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
Rosa
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

22
9
"40 Oz. of Furlough"
S. J. Clarkson
Lauren Morelli
Red
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

23
10
"Little Mustachioed Shit"
Jennifer Getzinger
Sian Heder
Piper & Alex
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

24
11
"Take a Break from Your Values"
Constantine Makris
Nick Jones
Sister Ingalls
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

25
12
"It Was the Change"
Phil Abraham
Sara Hess
Vee
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

26
13
"We Have Manners. We're Polite."
Constantine Makris
Jenji Kohan
none
June 6, 2014 (2014-06-06)

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

27
1
"Mother's Day"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

28
2
"Bed Bugs and Beyond"
Constantine Makris
Jim Danger Gray
Bennett
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

29
3
"Empathy Is a Boner Killer"
Michael Trim
Nick Jones
Nicky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

30
4
"Finger in the Dyke"
Constantine Makris
Lauren Morelli
Big Boo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

31
5
"Fake It Till You Fake It Some More"
Nicole Holofcener
Tara Herrmann
Flaca
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

32
6
"Ching Chong Chang"
Anthony Hemingway
Sara Hess
Chang
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

33
7
"Tongue-Tied"
Julie Anne Robinson
Sian Heder
Norma
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

34
8
"Fear, and Other Smells"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Alex
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

35
9
"Where My Dreidel At"
Andrew McCarthy
Jordan Harrison
Leanne
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

36
10
"A Tittin' and a Hairin'"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
Pennsatucky
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

37
11
"We Can Be Heroes"
Phil Abraham
Sian Heder
Caputo
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

38
12
"Don't Make Me Come Back There"
Uta Briesewitz
Sara Hess
Aleida & Daya
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

39
13
"Trust No Bitch"
Phil Abraham
Jim Danger Gray & Jenji Kohan
various
June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

40
1
"Work That Body for Me"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

41
2
"Power Suit"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Maria
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

42
3
"(Don't) Say Anything"
Andrew McCarthy
Jim Danger Gray
Soso
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

43
4
"Doctor Psycho"
Erin Feeley
Carly Mensch
Healy
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

44
5
"We'll Always Have Baltimore"
Tricia Brock
Jordan Harrison
Maritza
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

45
6
"Piece of Shit"
Uta Briesewitz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

46
7
"It Sounded Nicer in My Head"
Mark A. Burley
Nick Jones
Lolly
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

47
8
"Friends in Low Places"
Phil Abraham
Alex Regnery & Hartley Voss
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

48
9
"Turn Table Turn"
Constantine Makris
Sara Hess
Blanca
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

49
10
"Bunny, Skull, Bunny, Skull"
Phil Abraham
Carly Mensch
none
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

50
11
"People Persons"
Lev L. Spiro
Nick Jones
Suzanne
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

51
12
"The Animals"
Matthew Weiner
Lauren Morelli
Bayley
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

52
13
"Toast Can't Never Be Bread Again"
Adam Bernstein
Tara Herrmann & Jenji Kohan
Poussey
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Featured character(s)
Original release date

53
1
"Riot FOMO"
Andrew McCarthy
Jenji Kohan
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

54
2
"Fuck, Marry, Frieda"
Constantine Makris
Jordan Harrison
Frieda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

55
3
"Pissters!"
Phil Abraham
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Linda
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

56
4
"Litchfield's Got Talent"
Nick Sandow
Josh Koenigsberg, Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann
Alison
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

57
5
"Sing It, White Effie"
Phil Abraham
Molly Smith Metzler
Watson
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

58
6
"Flaming Hot Cheetos, Literally"
Andrew McCarthy
Lauren Morelli
Taystee
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

59
7
"Full Bush, Half Snickers"
Uta Briesewitz
Anthony Natoli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

60
8
"Tied to the Tracks"
Michael Trim
Carolina Paiz
Daya
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

61
9
"The Tightening"
Erin Feeley
Jordan Harrison
Red
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

62
10
"The Reverse Midas Touch"
Laura Prepon
Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum
Piscatella
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

63
11
"Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling"
Wendey Stanzler
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

64
12
"Tattoo You"
Mark A. Burley
Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz
Piper & Alex
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)

65
13
"Storm-y Weather"
Jesse Peretz
Lauren Morelli
none
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)


document_title: Lighthouse

question_text: what is the chamber at the top of a lighthouse called

text: Lighthouse

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient lighthouses[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Before the development of clearly defined ports, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since raising the fire would improve the visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse. In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as an entrance marker to ports than as a warning signal for reefs and promontories, unlike many modern lighthouses. The most famous lighthouse structure from antiquity was the Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt, although it collapsed during an earthquake centuries later.

text: The intact Tower of Hercules at A Coruña, Spain gives insight into ancient lighthouse construction; other evidence about lighthouses exists in depictions on coins and mosaics, of which many represent the lighthouse at Ostia. Coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and Laodicea in Syria also exist.

text: Modern construction[edit]

text: The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, as lighthouse construction boomed in lockstep with burgeoning levels of transatlantic commerce. Advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses shifted toward the provision of a visible warning against shipping hazards, such as rocks or reefs.

text: The Eddystone Rocks were a major shipwreck hazard for mariners sailing through the English Channel.[1] The first lighthouse built there was an octagonal wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock, and was built by Henry Winstanley from 1696 to 1698. His lighthouse was the first tower in the world to have been fully exposed to the open sea.[2]

text: The civil engineer, John Smeaton, rebuilt the lighthouse from 1756–59;[3] his tower marked a major step forward in the design of lighthouses and remained in use until 1877. He modelled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree, using granite blocks. He rediscovered and used "hydraulic lime," a form of concrete that will set under water used by the Romans, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels.[4] The dovetailing feature served to improve the structural stability, although Smeaton also had to taper the thickness of the tower towards the top, for which he curved the tower inwards on a gentle gradient. This profile had the added advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls. His lighthouse was the prototype for the modern lighthouse and influenced all subsequent engineers.[5]

text: One such influence was Robert Stevenson, himself a seminal figure in the development of lighthouse design and construction.[6] His greatest achievement was the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse in 1810, one of the most impressive feats of engineering of the age. This structure was based upon Smeaton's design, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white.[7] Stevenson worked for the Northern Lighthouse Board for nearly fifty years[6] during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and later improvement of numerous lighthouses. He innovated in the choice of light sources, mountings, reflector design, the use of Fresnel lenses, and in rotation and shuttering systems providing lighthouses with individual signatures allowing them to be identified by seafarers. He also invented the movable jib and the balance crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction.

text: Alexander Mitchell designed the first screw-pile lighthouse – his lighthouse was built on piles that were screwed into the sandy or muddy seabed. Construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the Thames and was known as the Maplin Sands lighthouse, and first lit in 1841.[8] Although its construction began later, the Wyre Light in Fleetwood, Lancashire, was the first to be lit (in 1840).[8]

text: Lighting improvements[edit]

text: The source of illumination had generally been wood pyres or burning coal. The Argand lamp, invented in 1782 by the Swiss scientist, Aimé Argand, revolutionized lighthouse illumination with its steady smokeless flame. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick. Later models used a mantle of thorium dioxide suspended over the flame, creating a bright, steady light.[9] The Argand lamp used whale oil, colza, olive oil[10] or other vegetable oil as fuel which was supplied by a gravity feed from a reservoir mounted above the burner. The lamp was first produced by Matthew Boulton, in partnership with Argand, in 1784 and became the standard for lighthouses for over a century.

text: South Foreland Lighthouse was the first tower to successfully use an electric light in 1875. The lighthouse's carbon arc lamps were powered by a steam-driven magneto.[11] John Richardson Wigham was the first to develop a system for gas illumination of lighthouses. His improved gas 'crocus' burner at the Baily Lighthouse near Dublin was 13 times more powerful than the most brilliant light then known.[12]

text: The vaporized oil burner was invented in 1901 by Arthur Kitson, and improved by David Hood at Trinity House. The fuel was vaporized at high pressure and burned to heat the mantle, giving an output of over six times the luminosity of traditional oil lights. The use of gas as illuminant became widely available with the invention of the Dalén light by Swedish engineer, Gustaf Dalén. He used Agamassan (Aga), a substrate, to absorb the gas allowing safe storage and hence commercial exploitation. Dalén also invented the 'sun valve', which automatically regulated the light and turned it off during the daytime. The technology was the predominant form of light source in lighthouses from the 1900s through the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant.[13]

text: Optical systems[edit]

text: With the development of the steady illumination of the Argand lamp, the application of optical lenses to increase and focus the light intensity became a practical possibility. William Hutchinson developed the first practical optical system in 1763, known as a catoptric system. This rudimentary system effectively collimated the emitted light into a concentrated beam, thereby greatly increasing the light's visibility.[14] The ability to focus the light led to the first revolving lighthouse beams, where the light would appear to the mariners as a series of intermittent flashes. It also became possible to transmit complex signals using the light flashes.

text: French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel developed the multi-part Fresnel lens for use in lighthouses. His design allowed for the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length, without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can also capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light from a lighthouse equipped with one to be visible over greater distances.

text: The first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the Cordouan lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde estuary; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles (32 km) out.[15] Fresnel’s invention increased the luminosity of the lighthouse lamp by a factor of four and his system is still in common use.

text: Recent[edit]

text: The advent of electrification, and automatic lamp changers began to make lighthouse keepers obsolete. For many years, lighthouses still had keepers, partly because lighthouse keepers could serve as a rescue service if necessary. Improvements in maritime navigation and safety such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) have led to the phasing out of non-automated lighthouses across the world.[16] In Canada, this trend has been stopped and there are still 50 staffed light stations, with 27 on the west coast alone.[17]

text: Remaining modern lighthouses are more functional and less picturesque; usually they use solar-charged batteries and have a single stationary flashing light sitting on a steel skeleton tower.[18]

text: Famous lighthouse builders[edit]

text: John Smeaton is noteworthy for having designed the third and most famous Eddystone Lighthouse, but some builders are well known for their work in building multiple lighthouses. The Stevenson family (Robert, Alan, David, Thomas, David Alan, and Charles) made lighthouse building a three-generation profession in Scotland. Irishman Alexander Mitchell invented and built a number of screwpile lighthouses despite his blindness. Englishman James Douglass was knighted for his work on lighthouses.

text: United States Army Corps of Engineers Lieutenant George Meade built numerous lighthouses along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts before gaining wider fame as the winning general at the Battle of Gettysburg. Colonel Orlando M. Poe, engineer to General William Tecumseh Sherman in the Siege of Atlanta, designed and built some of the most exotic lighthouses in the most difficult locations on the U.S. Great Lakes.[19]

text: French merchant navy officer Marius Michel Pasha built almost a hundred lighthouses along the coasts of the Ottoman Empire in a period of twenty years after the Crimean War (1853–1856).[20]

text: Lighthouse technology[edit]

text: Power[edit]

text: In a lighthouse, the source of light is called the "lamp" (whether electric or fueled by oil) and the concentration of the light is by the "lens" or "optic". Originally lit by open fires and later candles, the Argand hollow wick lamp and parabolic reflector were introduced in the late 18th century.

text: Whale oil was also used with wicks as the source of light. Kerosene became popular in the 1870s and electricity and carbide (acetylene gas) began replacing kerosene around the turn of the 20th century.[18] Carbide was promoted by the Dalén light which automatically lit the lamp at nightfall and extinguished it at dawn.

text: During the Cold-War, many remote Soviet lighthouses were powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). These had the advantage of providing power day or night and did not need refuelling or maintenance. However, after the breakdown of the Soviet Union, there are no official records of the locations or condition of all of these lighthouses.[21] As time passes, their condition is degrading; many have fallen victim to vandalism and scrap metal thieves, who may not be aware of the dangerous radioactive contents. [22]

text: Lens[edit]

text: Before modern strobe lights, lenses were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source. Vertical light rays of the lamp are redirected into a horizontal plane, and horizontally the light is focused into one or a few directions at a time, with the light beam swept around. As a result, in addition to seeing the side of the light beam, the light is directly visible from greater distances, and with an identifying light characteristic.

text: This concentration of light is accomplished with a rotating lens assembly. In early lighthouses, the light source was a kerosene lamp or, earlier, an animal or vegetable oil Argand lamp, and the lenses rotated by a weight driven clockwork assembly wound by lighthouse keepers, sometimes as often as every two hours. The lens assembly sometimes floated in liquid mercury to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor drives were used, generally powered by diesel electric generators. These also supplied electricity for the lighthouse keepers.[18]

text: Efficiently concentrating the light from a large omnidirectional light source requires a very large diameter lens. This would require a very thick and heavy lens if a conventional lens were used. The Fresnel lens (pronounced /freɪˈnɛl/) focused 85% of a lamp's light versus the 20% focused with the parabolic reflectors of the time. Its design enabled construction of lenses of large size and short focal length without the weight and volume of material in conventional lens designs.[23]

text: Fresnel lighthouse lenses are ranked by order, a measure of refracting power, with a first order lens being the largest, most powerful and expensive; and a sixth order lens being the smallest. The order is based on the focal length of the lens. A first order lens has the longest focal length, with the sixth being the shortest. Coastal lighthouses generally use first, second, or third order lenses, while harbor lights and beacons use fourth, fifth, or sixth order lenses.[24]

text: Some lighthouses, such as those at Cape Race, Newfoundland, and Makapuu Point, Hawaii, used a more powerful hyperradiant Fresnel lens manufactured by the firm of Chance Brothers.

text: In recent times, many Fresnel lenses have been replaced by rotating aerobeacons which require less maintenance. In modern automated lighthouses, this system of rotating lenses is often replaced by a high intensity light that emits brief omnidirectional flashes (concentrating the light in time rather than direction). These lights are similar to obstruction lights used to warn aircraft of tall structures. Recent innovations are "Vega Lights", and initial experiments with light-emitting diode (LED) panels.[18]

text: Light characteristics[edit]

text: In any of these designs an observer, rather than seeing a continuous weak light, sees a brighter light during short time intervals. These instants of bright light are arranged to create a light characteristic or pattern specific to a lighthouse.[25] For example, the Scheveningen Lighthouse flashes are alternately 2.5 and 7.5 seconds. Some lights have sectors of a particular color (usually formed by colored panes in the lantern) to distinguish safe water areas from dangerous shoals. Modern lighthouses often have unique reflectors or Racon transponders so the radar signature of the light is also unique.

text: Building[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text:
For effectiveness, the lamp must be high enough to be seen before the danger is reached by a mariner. The minimum height is calculated by trigonometric formula

d
=
1.17

H

{\displaystyle d=1.17{\sqrt {H}}}

 where H is the height above water in feet, and d is the distance to the horizon in nautical miles.[26]

text: Where dangerous shoals are located far off a flat sandy beach, the prototypical tall masonry coastal lighthouse is constructed to assist the navigator making a landfall after an ocean crossing. Often these are cylindrical to reduce the effect of wind on a tall structure, such as Cape May Light. Smaller versions of this design are often used as harbor lights to mark the entrance into a harbor, such as New London Harbor Light.

text: Where a tall cliff exists, a smaller structure may be placed on top such as at Horton Point Light. Sometimes, such a location can be too high, for example along the west coast of the United States, where frequent low clouds can obscure the light. In these cases, lighthouses are placed below clifftop to ensure that they can still be seen at the surface during periods of fog or low clouds, as at Point Reyes Lighthouse. Another victim of fog was the Old Point Loma lighthouse, which was replaced in 1891 with a lower lighthouse, New Point Loma lighthouse.

text: As technology advanced, prefabricated skeletal iron or steel structures tended to be used for lighthouses constructed in the 20th century. These often have a narrow cylindrical core surrounded by an open lattice work bracing, such as Finns Point Range Light.

text: Sometimes a lighthouse needs to be constructed in the water itself. Wave-washed lighthouses are masonry structures constructed to withstand water impact, such as Eddystone Lighthouse in Britain and the St. George Reef Light off California. In shallower bays, Screw-pile lighthouse ironwork structures are screwed into the seabed and a low wooden structure is placed above the open framework, such as Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse. As screw piles can be disrupted by ice, steel caisson lighthouses such as Orient Point Light are used in cold climates. Orient Long Beach Bar Light (Bug Light) is a blend of a screw pile light that was converted to a caisson light because of the threat of ice damage.[27]

text: In waters too deep for a conventional structure, a lightship might be used instead of a lighthouse, such as the former lightship Columbia. Most of these have now been replaced by fixed light platforms (such as Ambrose Light) similar to those used for offshore oil exploration.[28]

text: Components[edit]

text: While lighthouse buildings differ depending on the location and purpose, they tend to have common components.

text: A light station comprises the lighthouse tower and all outbuildings, such as the keeper's living quarters, fuel house, boathouse, and fog-signaling building. The Lighthouse itself consists of a tower structure supporting the lantern room where the light operates.

text: The lantern room is the glassed-in housing at the top of a lighthouse tower containing the lamp and lens. Its glass storm panes are supported by metal Astragal bars running vertically or diagonally. At the top of the lantern room is a stormproof ventilator designed to remove the smoke of the lamps and the heat that builds in the glass enclosure. A lightning rod and grounding system connected to the metal cupola roof provides a safe conduit for any lightning strikes.

text: Immediately beneath the lantern room is usually a Watch Room or Service Room where fuel and other supplies were kept and where the keeper prepared the lanterns for the night and often stood watch. The clockworks (for rotating the lenses) were also located there. On a lighthouse tower, an open platform called the gallery is often located outside the watch room (called the Main Gallery) or Lantern Room (Lantern Gallery). This was mainly used for cleaning the outside of the windows of the Lantern Room.[29]

text: Lighthouses near to each other that are similar in shape are often painted in a unique pattern so they can easily be recognized during daylight, a marking known as a daymark. The black and white barber pole spiral pattern of Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is one example. Race Rocks Light in western Canada is painted in horizontal black and white bands to stand out against the horizon.

text: Range lights[edit]

text: Aligning two fixed points on land provides a navigator with a line of position called a range in the U.S. and a transit in Britain. Ranges can be used to precisely align a vessel within a narrow channel such as in a river. With landmarks of a range illuminated with a set of fixed lighthouses, nighttime navigation is possible.

text: Such paired lighthouses are called range lights in the U.S. and leading lights in the United Kingdom. The closer light is referred to as the beacon or front range; the furthest away is called the rear range. The rear range light is almost always taller than the front.

text: When the vessel is on the correct course, the two lights line up vertically. But when the observer is out of position, the difference in alignment indicates the proper direction of travel to correct the course.

text: Maintenance[edit]

text: In the United States, lighthouses are maintained by the United States Coast Guard (USCG).[30] Those in England and Wales are looked after by Trinity House; in Scotland, by the Northern Lighthouse Board; and in Ireland by the Commissioners of Irish Lights. In Canada, they are managed by the Canadian Coast Guard. In Australia, lighthouses are conducted by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority.

text: The Soviet Union built a number of automated lighthouses powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators in remote locations. They operated for long periods without external support with great reliability.[31] However numerous installations deteriorated, were stolen, or vandalized. Some cannot be found due to poor record keeping.[32]

text: Preservation[edit]

text: As lighthouses became less essential to navigation, many of their historic structures faced demolition or neglect. In the United States, the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000 provides for the transfer of lighthouse structures to local governments and private non-profit groups, while the USCG continues to maintain the lamps and lenses. In Canada, the Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society won heritage status for Sambro Island Lighthouse, and sponsored the Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act to change Canadian federal laws to protect lighthouses.[33]

text: Many groups formed to restore and save lighthouses around the world. They include the World Lighthouse Society and the United States Lighthouse Society.[34] A further international group is the Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society, which sends amateur radio operators to publicize the preservation of remote lighthouses throughout the world.[35]

text: Public good[edit]

text: Lighthouses were once regarded as an archetypal public good, because ships could benefit from the light without being forced to pay. The Confederate States Constitution explicitly allowed public funds to be spent on navigation, including lighthouses.[36]