document_title: Day of the Dead

question_text: what is the flower of the dead in spanish

text: Day of the Dead

text: Observance in Mexico

text: Origins

text: The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures. Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500–3,000 years.[11] The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar, about the beginning of August, and was celebrated for an entire month. The festivities were dedicated to the goddess[12] known as the "Lady of the Dead", corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina.

text: By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico, practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1, and to honor deceased adults on November 2. November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ("Day of the Innocents") but also as Día de los Angelitos ("Day of the Little Angels"); November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ("Day of the Dead").[13]

text: Beliefs

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Frances Ann Day summarizes the three-day celebration, the Day of the Dead:

text:
“
On October 31, All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar to invite the angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit. November 1 is All Saints Day, and the adult spirits will come to visit. November 2 is All Souls Day, when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives. The three-day fiesta is filled with marigolds, the flowers of the dead; muertos (the bread of the dead); sugar skulls; cardboard skeletons; tissue paper decorations; fruit and nuts; incense, and other traditional foods and decorations.
”

— Latina and Latino Voices in Literature[4]

text: People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages, as well as photos and memorabilia, of the departed. The intent is to encourage visits by the souls, so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them. Celebrations can take a humorous tone, as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed.[13]

text: Plans for the day are made throughout the year, including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead. During the three-day period families usually clean and decorate graves;[12] most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas (altars), which often include orange Mexican marigolds (Tagetes erecta) called cempasúchil (originally named cempoaxochitl, Nāhuatl for "twenty flowers"). In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto (Flower of Dead). These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings.

text: Toys are brought for dead children (los angelitos, or "the little angels"), and bottles of tequila, mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults. Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased's favorite candies on the grave. Some families have ofrendas in homes, usually with foods such as candied pumpkin, pan de muerto ("bread of dead"), and sugar skulls; and beverages such as atole. The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased.[12] Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the "spiritual essence" of the ofrendas food, so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities, they believe it lacks nutritional value. Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey. In some parts of Mexico, such as the towns of Mixquic, Pátzcuaro and Janitzio, people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives. In many places, people have picnics at the grave site, as well.

text: Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes;[12] these sometimes feature a Christian cross, statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary, pictures of deceased relatives and other people, scores of candles, and an ofrenda. Traditionally, families spend some time around the altar, praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased. In some locations, celebrants wear shells on their clothing, so when they dance, the noise will wake up the dead; some will also dress up as the deceased.

text: Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas, usually omitting the religious symbols. Government offices usually have at least a small altar, as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage.

text: Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems, called calaveras (skulls), mocking epitaphs of friends, describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes. This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future, "and all of us were dead", proceeding to read the tombstones. Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures, with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada, a Mexican illustrator. Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla (1817–1893) are also traditional on this day.

text: José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ("The Elegant Skull") as a parody of a Mexican upper-class female. Posada's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead, and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances.

text: A common symbol of the holiday is the skull (in Spanish calavera), which celebrants represent in masks, called calacas (colloquial term for skeleton), and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls, which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead. Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead. Other holiday foods include pan de muerto, a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits, often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones.

text: The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal, often varying from town to town. For example, in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán, the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult. On November 1 of the year after a child's death, the godparents set a table in the parents' home with sweets, fruits, pan de muerto, a cross, a rosary (used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them) and candles. This is meant to celebrate the child's life, in respect and appreciation for the parents. There is also dancing with colorful costumes, often with skull-shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town. At midnight on November 2, the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas (butterflies) to Janitzio, an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery, to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there.

text: In contrast, the town of Ocotepec, north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos, opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras (small wax candles) to show respect for the recently deceased. In return the visitors receive tamales and atole. This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year. Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors.

text: In some parts of the country (especially the cities, where in recent years other customs have been displaced) children in costumes roam the streets, knocking on people's doors for a calaverita, a small gift of candies or money; they also ask passersby for it. This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween's trick-or-treating in the United States.

text: Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck. Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them. They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda.

text: Food

text: During Day of the Dead festivities, food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ("offerings").[14] Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes.[15]

text: Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead. Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun, topped with sugar, and often decorated with bone-shaped phalanges pieces.[16] Calaveras, or sugar skulls, display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed.[15]

text: In addition to food, drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead. Historically, the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors.[15] Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado, warm, thick, non-alcoholic masa drinks.

text: Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa), known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico. It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice. The ruby-red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English-speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica (water of Jamaica) in Spanish.[17]

text: Observances outside Mexico

text: Americas

text: Belize

text: In Belize, Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity. The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means "food for the souls" in their language. Altars are constructed and decorated with food, drinks, candies, and candles put on them.

text: Bolivia

text: Día de las Ñatitas ("Day of the Skulls") is a festival celebrated in La Paz, Bolivia, on May 5. In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial. Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals. Traditionally, the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year. On November 9, the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers, sometimes also dressing them in various garments, and making offerings of cigarettes, coca leaves, alcohol, and various other items in thanks for the year's protection. The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing.[18][19][20]

text: Brazil

text: The Brazilian public holiday of Finados (Day of the Dead) is celebrated on November 2. Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations, people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers. The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead. Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous, African and European Catholic origins.

text: Guatemala

text: Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead, on November 1, are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites[21] in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors. A big event also is the consumption of fiambre, which is made only for this day during the year.

text: Ecuador

text: In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society, though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples, who make up an estimated quarter of the population. Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day-long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones. Ceremonial foods include colada morada, a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize. This is typically consumed with guagua de pan, a bread shaped like a swaddled infant, though variations include many pigs—the latter being traditional to the city of Loja. The bread, which is wheat flour-based today, but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era, can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste. These traditions have permeated mainstream society, as well, where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season. Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased, cleaning and bringing flowers, or preparing the traditional foods, too.[22]

text: Peru

text: Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives. Sometimes people play music at the cemetery.[23]

text: United States

text: In many American communities with Mexican residents, Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico. In some of these communities, in states such as Texas,[24] New Mexico,[25] and Arizona,[26] the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional. The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson, Arizona event since 1990. The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals. People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned.[27] Likewise, Old Town San Diego, California annually hosts a traditional two-day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery.[28]

text: In Missoula, Montana, celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts, riding novelty bicycles, and traveling on skis parade through town.[29]

text: The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood. Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata, the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death. People bring offerings of flowers, photos, mementos, and food for their departed loved ones, which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar. A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event.

text: The Smithsonian Institution, in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life, have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book: Día de los Muertos: Day of the Dead. The project's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead, such as the background beliefs and the offrenda (the special altar commemorating one's deceased loved one).[30] The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content, such as further details; additional photo galleries; pop-up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades; and video clips[31] of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos-themed artwork, explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances, an animation short that explains the customs to children, virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish.[32][33]

text: California

text: Santa Ana, California is said to hold the "largest event in Southern California" honoring Día de Muertos, called the annual Noche de Altares, which began in 2002.[34] The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1, 2015.[35]

text: In other communities, interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements. For example, in Los Angeles, California, the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican-American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements, such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War, highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers. An updated, intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery.[36] There, in a mixture of Native Californian art, Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip, conventional altars are set up side-by-side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone. Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists, while sly pranksters play on traditional themes.

text: Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco. For example, the Galería de la Raza, SomArts Cultural Center, Mission Cultural Center, de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project.[37] Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district. Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts. Also, the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October. Here, a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers, regional Mexican music, and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day.[38]

text: Asia

text: Goa, India

text: The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510. The Almacho Dis (Souls Day) is commemorated on Nov 2, following all Saints Day (Nov. 1). On this day, the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls. Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch (bikareanchem jevonn) where the poor are invited for lunch, from the village and treated with dignity and respect. The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls. Following mass on all souls day, the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves.[39]

text: The Philippines

text: While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture, the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands (as part of the Spanish East Indies) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.[citation needed] During the holiday (observed every November 1), Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves, which they repair and clean. Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones' tombs, passing time with card games, eating, drinking, singing and dancing. Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased, who are normally offered candles, flowers, food, and even liquor. Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead, and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival.

text: Europe

text: In Christian Europe, Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions. All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead. Over many centuries, rites which had occurred in cultivated fields, where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest, to cemeteries.

text: In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage, All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work, go to cemeteries with candles and flowers, and give presents to children, usually sweets and toys.[10][40] In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ("offerings") are made on this day. In Spain, the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed.[10] In Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, people bring flowers (typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead.

text: In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins. In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper. Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors. Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions.

text: As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague, Czech Republic, since the late 20th century, some local citizens join in a Mexican-style Day of the Dead. A theatre group produces events featuring masks, candles, and sugar skulls.[41]

text: Oceania

text: Mexican-style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia, Fiji, and Indonesia. Additionally, prominent celebrations are held in Wellington, New Zealand, complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts.[42]

text: Similar traditions

text: Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members. Often included in these traditions are celebrations, food, and beverages, in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed.

text: In some African cultures, visits to ancestors' graves, the leaving of food and gifts, and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals. One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season.[43]

text: The Qingming Festival (simplified Chinese: 清明节; traditional Chinese: 清明節; pinyin: qīng míng jié) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar. Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar, it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones. In addition, in the Chinese tradition, the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month (鬼月), in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth.

text: The Bon Festival (O-bon (お盆), or only Bon (盆)), is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors. It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month, and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays.

text: In Korea, Chuseok (추석, 秋夕; also called Hangawi) is a major traditional holiday. People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined, and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning. They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants, clean the area around the tomb, and offer food, drink, and crops to their ancestors.

text: During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ("Cow Pilgrimage"), every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches, cloth, and paper decorations, in which are placed portraits of the deceased. As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife, an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom. The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween, with popular subjects including political commentary and satire.[44]

text: In popular culture

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Disneyland Resorts' annual "Halloween Time" celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland.[45][46][47]

text: The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences.[48]

text: The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who, on the Day of the Dead, embarks on an afterlife adventure.[49]

text: In the 2015 James Bond film, Spectre, the opening sequence featured a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City. At the time, no such parade took place in Mexico City; one year later, due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture, the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual "Día de Muertos" parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29, 2016, which was attended by 250,000 people.[50][51][52]

text: The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode "A Night to Remember" focused on Dias de los Muertos.[53]

text: The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot.[54]


document_title: Michelangelo (computer virus)

question_text: when does the michelangelo virus take effect every year

root

text: Michelangelo (computer virus)

text: The Michelangelo virus is a computer virus first discovered on 4 February 1991 in Australia.[1] The virus was designed to infect DOS systems, but did not engage the operating system or make any OS calls. Michelangelo, like all boot sector viruses, basically operated at the BIOS level. Each year, the virus remained dormant until March 6, the birthday of Renaissance artist Michelangelo. There is no reference to the artist in the virus, and it is doubtful that the virus writer intended Michelangelo to be referenced to the virus. The name was chosen by researchers who noticed the coincidence of the activation date. The actual significance of the date to the author is unknown. Michelangelo is a variant of the already endemic Stoned virus.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: On March 6, if the PC is an AT or a PS/2, the virus overwrites the first one hundred sectors of the hard disk with nulls. The virus assumes a geometry of 256 cylinders, 4 heads, 17 sectors per track. Although all the user's data would still be on the hard disk, it would be irretrievable for the average user.[citation needed]

text: On hard disks, the virus moves the original master boot record to cylinder 0, head 0, sector 7.

text: On floppy disks, if the disk is 360 KB, the virus moves the original boot sector to cylinder 0, head 1, sector 3.

text: On other disks, the virus moves the original boot sector to cylinder 0, head 1, sector 14.

text:
This is the last directory of the 1.2 MB disks.
This is the second-to-last directory of the 1.44 MB disks.
The directory does not exist on 720 KB disks.

tag: ul

text: Although designed to infect DOS systems, the virus can easily disrupt other operating systems installed on the system since, like many viruses of its era, the Michelangelo infects the master boot record of a hard drive. Once a system became infected, any floppy disk inserted into the system (and written to; in 1992 a PC system could not detect that a floppy had been inserted, so the virus could not infect the floppy until some access to the disk is made) becomes immediately infected as well. And because the virus spends most of its time dormant, activating only on March 6, it is conceivable that an infected computer could go for years without detection — as long as it wasn't booted on that date, while infected.

text: The virus first came to widespread international attention in January 1992, when it was revealed that a few computer and software manufacturers had accidentally shipped products, for example Intel's LANSpool print server, infected with the virus. Although the infected machines numbered only in the hundreds, the resulting publicity spiraled into "expert" claims, partially led by anti-virus company founder John McAfee,[2][3] of thousands or even millions of computers infected by Michelangelo. However, on March 6, 1992, only 10,000 to 20,000 cases of data loss were reported.[citation needed]

text: In subsequent years, users were advised not to run PCs on March 6, waiting until March 7, or else reset the PC date to March 7 at some time on March 5 (to skip March 6). Eventually, the news media lost interest, and the virus was quickly forgotten. Despite the scenario given above, in which an infected computer could evade detection for years, by 1997 no cases were being reported in the wild.[citation needed]


document_title: Dumas (surname)

question_text: where does the last name dumas come from

text: Dumas (surname)

text: Dumas is a Southern French topographic surname, with fused preposition and definite article du, for someone who lived in an isolated dwelling in the country rather than in a village, from Occitan mas 'farmstead' (Late Latin mansum, mansus).[1]

text: People surnamed Dumas include:

text:
Adolphe Dumas (1805-1861), French poet.
Alexandre Dumas, père (1802-1870), French novelist and author of The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo
Alexandre Dumas, fils (1824-1895), son of the above and also a novelist, author of The Lady of the Camellias
Amy Dumas (born 1975), former professional wrestler better known as "Lita"
Charles Dumas (disambiguation), multiple people
Daniel Dumas (born 1983), Australian rugby player
Dumas (musician) (born 1979), Canadian musician born Steve Dumas
Franck Dumas (born 1968), French football player and manager
Frédéric Dumas (1913–1991), one of the first two diving companions of Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Georges Dumas (French link) (1866-1946), French doctor and psychologist
Gilles Dumas, French rugby league footballer and coach
Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas, comte Dumas (1753-1837), French general
Gustave Dumas (1872–1955), Swiss mathematician
Henry Dumas (1934-1968), African-American poet and author
Jean-Baptiste Dumas (1800-1884), French chemist
Joseph Dumas (1875-1950), Canadian politician
Marlene Dumas (born 1953), South African artist
Maurice Dumas (1927-2015), Canadian professor and politician
Mireille Dumas (born 1953), French journalist
Pierre Benoît Dumas (1668–1745), French Governor General of Pondicherry and Réunion
Richard Dumas (born 1969), American basketball player
Roland Dumas (born 1922), French politician and lawyer
Romain Dumas (born 1977), French racing driver
Russell Dumas (1887-1975), Australian engineer and public servant
Tancrède Dumas (1830-1905), Italian photographer
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas (1762-1806), general of the French Revolution and father of the novelist Alexandre Dumas, père
Tony Dumas (born 1972), American basketball player
Vito Dumas (1900-1965), Argentine single-handed sailor
W. W. Dumas (1916-1993), former Mayor-President of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
{[Miguel J. Dumas]} (1972-Present), Major U.S. Army Retired, Shelby County Schools AJROTC Senior Army Instructor, {[Born in San Juan Puerto Rico]}


document_title: The Honda Classic

question_text: where is the honda classic being played in 2018

text: The Honda Classic

text: Tournament history[edit]

text: Its predecessor, the National Airlines Open Invitational, ran for just three seasons (1969–71); all at the Country Club of Miami in Hialeah in late March. The Gleason tournament replaced it on the schedule a month earlier in 1972 at the Inverrary Country Club in Lauderhill, it was among the richest events on tour with an inaugural purse of $260,000 and a $52,000 winner's share.[2] The regular event was not played in 1976, as Inverrary hosted the Tournament Players Championship in late February, won by Jack Nicklaus. Gleason's nine-year affiliation ended after 1980, but the event continued at Inverrary through 1983.[1] It moved to the TPC Eagle Trace in Coral Springs in 1984 for eight editions.

text: From 1992 to 1995, the event was held at the Weston Hills Golf & Country Club in Weston. It then returned to Coral Springs, first at the TPC at Eagle Trace in 1996 and then at the TPC at Heron Bay from 1997 to 2002. In 2003, the event moved to Palm Beach Gardens, first at the Country Club at Mirasol through 2006, then began its current run at PGA National Golf Club's Champion Course in 2007.

text: Since 2007, the tournament's main beneficiary is the Nicklaus Children's Health Care Foundation, chaired by Barbara Nicklaus, wife of golf legend Jack Nicklaus.

text: IMG bought the tournament's management company in 2013.[3]

text: Player participation[edit]

text: Some celebrated golfers have won this tournament, including Nicklaus in 1977 and 1978, the only consecutive winner in its history. However, the tournament had acquired a reputation for struggling to attract the top players as it moved from course to course in South Florida. Since 2007, The Honda Classic has seen a vastly improved player field, largely due to the decision to make PGA National the tournament's permanent home.

text: The prize money is comparable to other PGA Tour events outside of the "big nine" (the majors, the World Golf Championships individual events, The Players Championship, and The Tour Championship). The total purse was $6.4 million in 2017, with a top prize of $1.152 million (this can be contrasted to the total purse in 1981 of $300,000 (the equivalent of only $807,540 in 2017 dollars[4]). The original winner's share of $52,000 in 1972 made it one of the richest stops on tour, greater than for any of the four majors; it was more than double that of the Masters, which had a first prize of $25,000 in 1972.

text: Tournament hosts[edit]

text:
Years
No.
Venue
City
State

2007–17
11
PGA National Golf Club
(Champion Course)
Palm Beach Gardens
  Florida

2003–06
4
Country Club at Mirasol

1997–2002
6
TPC at Heron Bay
Coral Springs

1996
1
TPC Eagle Trace

1992–95
4
Weston Hills Golf and C.C.
Weston

1984–91
8
TPC Eagle Trace
Coral Springs

1972–83
11
Inverrary Country Club
Lauderhill

tag: table

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Player
Country
Score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up
Winner's
share ($)
Purse ($)

The Honda Classic

2018
Justin Thomas
 United States
272
−8
Playoff
 Luke List
1,188,000
6,600,000

2017
Rickie Fowler
 United States
268
−12
4 strokes
 Morgan Hoffmann
 Gary Woodland
1,152,000
6,400,000

2016
Adam Scott
 Australia
271
−9
1 stroke
 Sergio García
1,098,000
6,100,000

2015
Pádraig Harrington (2)
 Ireland
274
−6
Playoff
 Daniel Berger
1,098,000
6,100,000

2014
Russell Henley
 United States
272
−8
Playoff
 Russell Knox
 Rory McIlroy
 Ryan Palmer
1,080,000
6,000,000

2013
Michael Thompson
 United States
271
−9
2 strokes
 Geoff Ogilvy
1,080,000
6,000,000

2012
Rory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
268
−12
2 strokes
 Tom Gillis
 Tiger Woods
1,026,000
5,700,000

2011
Rory Sabbatini
 South Africa
271
−9
1 stroke
 Yang Yong-eun
1,026,000
5,700,000

2010
Camilo Villegas
 Colombia
267
−13
5 strokes
 Anthony Kim
1,008,000
5,600,000

2009
Yang Yong-eun
 South Korea
271
−9
1 stroke
 John Rollins
1,008,000
5,600,000

2008
Ernie Els
 South Africa
274
−6
1 stroke
 Luke Donald
990,000
5,500,000

2007
Mark Wilson
 United States
275
−5
Playoff
 José Cóceres
 Camilo Villegas
 Boo Weekley
990,000
5,500,000

2006
Luke Donald
 England
276
−12
2 strokes
 Geoff Ogilvy
990,000
5,500,000

2005
Pádraig Harrington
 Ireland
274
−14
Playoff
 Joe Ogilvie
 Vijay Singh
990,000
5,500,000

2004
Todd Hamilton
 United States
276
−12
1 stroke
 Davis Love III
900,000
5,000,000

2003
Justin Leonard
 United States
264
−24
1 stroke
 Chad Campbell
 Davis Love III
900,000
5,000,000

2002
Matt Kuchar
 United States
269
−19
2 strokes
 Brad Faxon
 Joey Sindelar
630,000
3,500,000

Honda Classic

2001
Jesper Parnevik
 Sweden
270
−18
1 stroke
 Mark Calcavecchia
 Geoff Ogilvy
 Craig Perks
576,000
3,200,000

2000
Dudley Hart
 United States
269
−19
1 stroke
 J. P. Hayes
 Kevin Wentworth
522,000
2,900,000

1999
Vijay Singh
 Fiji
277
−11
2 strokes
 Payne Stewart
468,000
2,600,000

1998
Mark Calcavecchia (2)
 United States
270
−18
3 strokes
 Vijay Singh
324,000
1,800,000

1997
Stuart Appleby
 Australia
274
−14
1 stroke
 Michael Bradley
 Payne Stewart
270,000
1,500,000

1996
Tim Herron
 United States
271
−17
4 strokes
 Mark McCumber
234,000
1,300,000

1995
Mark O'Meara
 United States
275
−9
1 stroke
 Nick Faldo
216,000
1,200,000

1994
Nick Price
 Zimbabwe
276
−8
1 stroke
 Craig Parry
198,000
1,100,000

1993
Fred Couples
 United States
207*
−9
Playoff
 Robert Gamez
198,000
1,100,000

1992
Corey Pavin
 United States
273
−15
Playoff
 Fred Couples
198,000
1,100,000

1991
Steve Pate
 United States
279
−9
3 strokes
 Paul Azinger
 Dan Halldorson
180,000
1,000,000

1990
John Huston
 United States
282
−6
2 strokes
 Mark Calcavecchia
180,000
1,000,000

1989
Blaine McCallister
 United States
266
−22
4 strokes
 Payne Stewart
144,000
800,000

1988
Joey Sindelar
 United States
276
−12
2 strokes
 Ed Fiori
 Sandy Lyle
 Payne Stewart
126,000
700,000

1987
Mark Calcavecchia
 United States
279
−9
3 strokes
 Bernhard Langer
 Payne Stewart
108,000
600,000

1986
Kenny Knox
 United States
287
−1
1 stroke
 Andy Bean
 John Mahaffey
 Jodie Mudd
 Clarence Rose
90,000
500,000

1985
Curtis Strange
 United States
275
−13
Playoff
 Peter Jacobsen
90,000
500,000

1984
Bruce Lietzke
 United States
280
−8
Playoff
 Andy Bean
90,000
500,000

Honda Inverrary Classic

1983
Johnny Miller (2)
 United States
278
−10
2 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
72,000
400,000

1982
Hale Irwin
 United States
269
−19
1 stroke
 George Burns
 Tom Kite
72,000
400,000

American Motors Inverrary Classic

1981
Tom Kite
 United States
274
−14
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
54,000
300,000

Jackie Gleason-Inverrary Classic

1980
Johnny Miller
 United States
274
−14
2 strokes
 Charles Coody
 Bruce Lietzke
54,000
300,000

1979
Larry Nelson
 United States
274
−14
3 strokes
 Grier Jones
54,000
300,000

1978
Jack Nicklaus (2)
 United States
276
−12
1 stroke
 Grier Jones
50,000
250,000

1977
Jack Nicklaus
 United States
275
−13
5 strokes
 Gary Player
50,000
250,000

1976: Inverrary hosted the Tournament Players Championship

1975
Bob Murphy
 United States
273
−15
1 stroke
 Eddie Pearce
52,000
260,000

1974
Leonard Thompson
 United States
278
−10
1 stroke
 Hale Irwin
52,000
260,000

Jackie Gleason Inverrary-National Airlines Classic

1973
Lee Trevino
 United States
279
−9
1 stroke
 Forrest Fezler
52,000
260,000

Jackie Gleason's Inverrary Classic

1972
Tom Weiskopf
 United States
278
−10
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
52,000
260,000

text:
*Weather-shortened to 54 holes
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.
Source:[5][6]

text: Multiple winners[edit]

text: Four men have won the tournament more than once.

text:
Jack Nicklaus: 1977, 1978 (consecutive)^
Johnny Miller: 1980, 1983
Mark Calcavecchia: 1987, 1998
Pádraig Harrington: 2005, 2015

text: ^ Nicklaus also won the 1976 Tournament Players Championship at Inverrary, which displaced the event.

text: Tournament highlights[edit]

text:
1972: Tom Weiskopf outduels Jack Nicklaus to win by one shot in the first edition of the tournament.[7]
1974: Leonard Thompson wins his first ever PGA Tour title by one shot over Hale Irwin. After his victory, Thompson donated $10,000 of his winnings to the Boys Clubs of America.[8]
1978: Jack Nicklaus birdies the last five holes to defeat Grier Jones by one shot,[9] for his third consecutive win at Inverrary.
1980: Johnny Miller wins his first tournament since his 1976 Open Championship triumph. He finishes two shots ahead of Bruce Lietzke and Charles Coody.[10]
1986: Kenny Knox wins by one-shot over Clarence Rose, Jodie Mudd, Andy Bean, and John Mahaffey in spite of shooting a third round 80.[11]
1987: Mark Calcavecchia wins his first Honda Classic title.[12] Only the year before he worked as a caddy at the tournament.
1991: Steve Pate shoots the worst last-round score by a PGA Tour tournament winner in ten years, a 75, but still holds on to win by three shots over Paul Azinger and Dan Halldorson.[13]
1992: Corey Pavin defeats Fred Couples in a sudden-death playoff only after holing a 136-yard 8-iron shot for eagle on the 72nd hole to tie for the lead.[14]
1996: Tim Herron becomes the first PGA Tour rookie in 13 years to win a tournament wire-to-wire. He defeats Mark McCumber by four shots.[15]
2000: Dudley Hart birdies the last four holes to defeat J. P. Hayes and Kevin Wentworth by one shot.[16]
2004: Thirty-eight-year-old PGA Tour rookie Todd Hamilton wins by one shot over Davis Love III.[17] Hamilton would go on to win The Open Championship later that same year.
2007: Mark Wilson wins the biggest playoff in the history of the tournament.[18] His birdie on the third hole of sudden death defeats José Cóceres. Camilo Villegas and Boo Weekley, the other participants in the four-man playoff, had been eliminated on the second playoff hole.
2012: Rory McIlroy wins and claims the No. 1 spot in the Official World Golf Ranking.[19] Brian Harman shot a second round 61 to set a new course record.[20]


question_text: who plays ricky bobby's mom in talladega nights

question_tokens: who plays ricky bobby 's mom in talladega nights

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ricky Bobby (Will Ferrell) is a man who grows up dreaming of going fast. While working on the pit crew of Dennit Racing driver Terry Cheveaux (Adam McKay), Bobby acts as a replacement driver after Terry decides to take a bathroom break while in last place. After starting in last place in place of Cheveaux, Bobby finishes third. Bobby becomes the new great in NASCAR and gains fame and fortune at Dennit Racing. While racing, he meets his future wife Carley (Leslie Bibb), after she flashes her breasts.

text: Bobby persuades Dennit Racing to sponsor an additional team car and arranges to have his best friend, Cal Naughton Jr. (John C. Reilly), on his team. Bobby and Naughton succeed throughout competitions but are soon introduced to their new teammate, openly gay French Formula One rival Jean Girard (Sacha Baron Cohen). In a bar, Jean tries to force Ricky into saying "I love crepes." Ricky refuses and Girard breaks Ricky's arm as Ricky wanted him to. Girard soon outperforms both Bobby and Naughton to become Dennit Racing's latest success story.

text: Desperate to win, Bobby exceeds his limitations and crashes at Charlotte Motor Speedway, which included his car rolling and flipping in the air. While paramedics attempt to take him to the hospital, Bobby runs around on the track. Wearing only his helmet and underwear, Bobby insists he is on fire. During his recovery, Bobby believes he is paralyzed; after deliberately stabbing himself in the leg, he realizes that he is not.

text: After leaving the hospital, Bobby is eager to rejoin the NASCAR circuit. Before a race at Rockingham Speedway, Bobby completed a test drive but fear caused him to drive exceedingly slow. Bobby is fired from Dennit Racing and his pit crew now works for Girard. Brian Wavecrest acts as Bobby's replacement for the Wonder Bread car.

text: Desperate to remain wealthy, Carley divorces Bobby and marries Naughton. After accusing Naughton of ruining his life, Bobby ends their friendship.

text: Ricky moves in with his mom, Lucy Bobby (Jane Lynch), and brings his two trash-talking sons, Walker and Texas Ranger (Houston Tumlin and Grayson Russell), with him while taking a job as a pizza delivery man. After colliding his car with a woman pushing a shopping cart and hitting a police officer, Bobby loses his driver's license and has to use a bicycle and a public bus to deliver pizzas. Meanwhile, Grandma Lucy is determined to reform her two disrespectful grandsons.

text: Bobby's estranged father, Reese (Gary Cole), returns to remind Bobby how to drive, using unorthodox methods such as putting a live cougar in his car. After his father leaves him again, Bobby's former assistant, Susan (Amy Adams), persuades him to return to NASCAR, since it's in his nature to drive fast. After deciding to take Susan's advice and race at the Talladega 500, Bobby and Susan become romantic. With the Talladega 500 on his mind, Bobby gathers a race car and pit crew.

text: Before the race, Bobby makes amends with Carley, Girard and Naughton, while uniting with his pit crew chief and close friend, Lucius Washington (Michael Clarke Duncan). Bobby is forced to start in last place, after spare parts were donated to build the engine in Bobby's new race car. At the start of the race, Bobby passes all of the drivers, except Girard. In the closing laps, Naughton uses a slingshot technique for Bobby to pass Girard.

text: The replacement driver of Bobby's Wonder Bread car causes a massive wreck that makes all drivers crash, except Bobby and Girard. On the final lap of the race, Bobby and Girard collide with each other and their race cars roll towards the finish line. Bobby and Girard exit their cars and run towards the finish line. In the background, "We Belong" by Pat Benatar is playing. Bobby wins the race but he and Girard are disqualified for exiting their cars. When Girard offers a handshake, Bobby responds by kissing him on the lips. As a result of being in third place at the time of the first major crash, Naughton is officially declared the winner of the Talladega 500, his first career victory. Bobby is one of the first to congratulate Naughton and the two reconcile their friendship. Carley asks Bobby to move back in with her and start over, but he chooses to stay with Susan instead. At the end of the event, Bobby is congratulated in the parking lot by Reese; Bobby declares that it was no longer about winning, knowing that he has a family who loves him no matter where he finishes.

text: In a post credits scene, Lucy is shown reading a story to Walker and Texas Ranger, both having fully been disciplined by her and are now presented as polite, respectful children.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Will Ferrell as Ricky Bobby, a NASCAR driver who only believes in winning throughout his career. He drives the No. 26 Wonder Bread car during his soar to the top of NASCAR and the No. 62 "ME" car at the Talladega 500.

Jake Johnson as 5-year-old Ricky.
Luke Bigham as 10-year-old Ricky.

John C. Reilly as Cal Naughton Jr., Bobby's best friend and teammate.

Austin Grimm as 10-year-old Cal.

Sacha Baron Cohen as Jean Girard, an openly gay French Formula One driver and Bobby's archrival. Girard's dream is to move to Stockholm and design a currency for use by dogs and cats. He is described as talented, eccentric and dominating in the Formula One circuit in a SPEED broadcast segment. While challenging Bobby, Girard drives the No. 55 Perrier car.
Michael Clarke Duncan as Lucius Washington, Ricky's crew chief and close friend.
Leslie Bibb as Carley Bobby, Ricky's wife and later Naughton's wife after she fears Ricky will not successfully return to NASCAR.
Gary Cole as Reese Bobby, Ricky's father.
Jane Lynch as Lucy Bobby, Ricky's mother.
Amy Adams as Susan, Bobby's assistant and eventual love interest.
Andy Richter as Gregory, Girard's openly-gay partner and a world-class trainer of German shepherds.
Houston Tumlin and Grayson Russell as Walker and Texas Ranger Bobby, Ricky's two sons.
Adam McKay (the film's director) as Terry Cheveaux, an apathetic driver who Bobby replaces at the beginning of the film.
David Koechner, Ian Roberts and Jack McBrayer as Hershell, Kyle and Glenn, Bobby's three pit crew members.
Pat Hingle as Larry Dennit Sr., original owner of Bobby's team, Dennit Racing. After retiring, his son, Larry Dennit Jr., takes over the team halfway through Bobby's career.
Greg Germann as Larry Dennit Jr., the new owner of Dennit Racing, who is concerned only with season point totals and winning sponsors.
Molly Shannon as Mrs. Dennit, the younger Dennit's alcoholic wife.
Ted Manson as Chip, Bobby's elderly, long-suffering father-in-law.
Rob Riggle as Jack Telmont, the Speed Channel commentator.
Dale Earnhardt Jr. as one of Bobby's fans. He also appears in a deleted scene at the garage in Talladega.
Jamie McMurray loses to Ricky at Texas Motor Speedway when Ricky wins by driving in reverse.
Mike Joy, Darrell Waltrip and Larry McReynolds, Fox NASCAR commentators.
Dick Berggren, a Fox NASCAR field reporter, seen interviewing Ricky in pit lane at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
Bill Weber, Benny Parsons and Wally Dallenbach Jr., NASCAR on NBC commentators.
Elvis Costello and Mos Def, guests at Girard's party.
Bob Jenkins and Rick Benjamin, Speed journalists.
Jack Blessing as Jarvis, Cal's crew chief
Greg Biffle, in a Special Feature but not credited.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception [edit]

text: Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 71%, from 184 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: "Though it occasionally stalls, Talladega Nights' mix of satire, clever gags, and excellent ensemble performances put it squarely in the winner's circle."[5] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 66 out of 100, from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[6]

text: British magazine Total Film gave it a perfect five-star rating, with the following verdict: "Forget the recent blips; Ferrell is back in freewheeling form. More than just the year's funniest film, Talladega Nights is one of the best films of the year."[7] Automotive journalist Leo Parente said, "the most accurate racing film ever, trust me," while emphasizing that he was not being sarcastic.[8]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $148.2 million in the U.S. and Canada and $14.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $163 million.[9]

text: The film grossed $47 million in its first week, earning No. 1 film at the box office. Behind The Lego Movie ($69.1 million), it is the second largest opening for a film starring Will Ferrell.

text: Home media [edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Blu-ray version was released on November 17, 2006. Standard DVD and PSP UMD were released on December 12, 2006. When viewing, the opening menu gives viewers choices for Super Speedway (with footage of the film used as introductions for special features, scene selection, etc.) or Short Track (without video introductions). The film is presented on standard DVD in four different configurations, giving consumers the choice between either theatrical or unrated versions and anamorphic widescreen (2.40:1 aspect ratio) or pan and scan presentations. As for the audio, each standard DVD carries Dolby Digital 5.1 tracks in English and French with optional English and French subtitles.[10]

text: Extras for the standard DVD editions include a retrospective "25 Years Later" commentary track featuring most of the main cast, deleted and extended scenes along with bonus race footage, features, interviews with Bobby, Naughton, and Carley, a gag reel, a 'line-o-rama' feature with alternate dialogue from the film, and DVD-ROM content. The unrated disc contains additional deleted scenes ("Cal Calls Ricky" and "What'd You Do Today?"), an interview with Girard and Gregory, and commercials. The "Unrated & Uncut" DVD omits two scenes that were in theaters: Bobby, as a child, steals his mother's station wagon and the happenings of Bobby's pit crew. The scenes are not present in the deleted scenes either.

text: The Blu-ray release is available on a dual-layer disc with the majority of features presented in high definition. These include: nine deleted/extended scenes, three interviews, gag reel, line-o-rama, bonus race footage, Bobby & Naughton's Commercials, Bobby & Naughton's public service announcements, Walker & Texas Ranger, Will Ferrell Returns to Talladega and a theatrical trailer. Three non-high definition extras include: Daytona 500 Spot, NASCAR Chase for the Nextel Cup Spot, and Sirius and NASCAR Spot. In terms of technical aspects, this edition carries the unrated cut and presents the film with a widescreen transfer at its 2.40:1 theatrical aspect ratio and includes Dolby Digital 5.1 tracks in English and French and an uncompressed PCM 5.1 audio track in English, along with English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Korean and Thai subtitles.

text: The first one million 60GB and 20GB PlayStation 3 units included a free Blu-ray copy of the film.

text: Real-world homage[edit]

text: On the final lap of the 2009 Aaron's 499 (one of two Sprint Cup Series races at Talladega Superspeedway), Carl Edwards crashed after Brad Keselowski made contact with his car on the final lap. His car turned backwards, went airborne, bounced off and crushed Ryan Newman's hood, flew into the catch fence, and came to a stop on the track apron. At this point, his car was just beyond the pit-road exit, as Keselowski and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. crossed the finish line. Edwards climbed out of his car and jogged to the finish line. He received a standing ovation from the crowd. Fox play-by-play commentator Mike Joy commented on how it was "shades of Ricky Bobby.[11]" Edwards was later asked about this on Larry King Live; he responded, "I'm kind of a Will Ferrell fan. He did that at the end of Talladega Nights."[12]

text: In May 2012 at the Aaron's 499 at Talladega, Kurt Busch's No. 51 Phoenix Racing Chevrolet was painted like Ricky Bobby's ME car. Busch and his team were heard reciting movie lines over the team radio. Busch was running up front when contact from behind sent Busch spinning.

text: In October 2013, Kurt Busch's No. 78 was sponsored by Wonder Bread for the fall race at Talladega. Its paint scheme was based on Ricky's original No. 26.[13]

text: During qualifying at the 2013 United States Grand Prix, Sebastian Vettel and his race engineer Guillaume "Rocky" Rocquelin made reference to the movie over team radio when Vettel posted the fastest lap and gained pole position. The pair referenced the movie in saying "shake and bake" over the team radio, the same phrase used by Bobby and Naughton.[14]


document_title: List of Milwaukee Bucks seasons

question_text: when did the bucks last win a playoff series

text: List of Milwaukee Bucks seasons

text: This is a list of seasons completed by the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Bucks joined the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968 season. Milwaukee's 1971 NBA title in their 3rd year of existence marks the Bucks as the fastest team ever to go from being an entirely new franchise to being an NBA champion.

text:
League Champions
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Playoff Berth

text:
Season
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

1968–69
NBA

Eastern
7th
27
55
.329
30

1969–70
NBA

Eastern
2nd
56
26
.683
4
Won Division Semifinals (76ers) 4–1
Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 4–1
Lew Alcindor (RoY)

1970–71
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
66
16
.805
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–1
Won NBA Finals (Bullets) 4–0
Lew Alcindor (MVP, FMVP)

1971–72
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
63
19
.768
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–2
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (MVP)

1972–73
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
60
22
.732
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Warriors) 4–2

1973–74
NBA
Western
1st
Midwest
1st
59
23
.720
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–1
Won Conference Finals (Bulls) 4–0
Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–3
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (MVP)

1974–75
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
4th
38
44
.463
9

1975–76
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
1st
38
44
.463
—
Lost First Round (Pistons) 2–1

1976–77
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
6th
30
52
.366
20

1977–78
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
2nd
44
38
.537
4
Won First Round (Suns) 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–3

1978–79
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
4th
38
44
.463
10

1979–80
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
49
33
.598
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–3

1980–81
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
60
22
.732
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–3

1981–82
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
55
27
.671
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–2

1982–83
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
51
31
.622
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–0
Lost Conference Finals (76ers) 4–1
Sidney Moncrief (DPoY)
Don Nelson (CoY)

1983–84
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
50
32
.610
—
Won First Round (Hawks) 3–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Nets) 4–2
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1
Sidney Moncrief (DPoY)

1984–85
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
59
23
.720
—
Won First Round (Bulls) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–0
Don Nelson (CoY)

1985–86
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won First Round (Nets) 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals (76ers) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–0

1986–87
NBA
Eastern
4th
Central
3rd
50
32
.610
7
Won First Round (76ers) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3
Ricky Pierce (SMoY)

1987–88
NBA
Eastern
5th
Central
4th
42
40
.512
12
Lost First Round (Hawks) 3–2

1988–89
NBA
Eastern
5th
Central
4th
49
33
.598
14
Won First Round (Hawks) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–0

1989–90
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
3rd
44
38
.537
15
Lost First Round (Bulls) 3–1
Ricky Pierce (SMoY)

1990–91
NBA
Eastern
4th
Central
3rd
48
34
.585
13
Lost First Round (76ers) 3–0

1991–92
NBA
Eastern
11th
Central
7th
31
51
.378
36

1992–93
NBA
Eastern
12th
Central
7th
28
54
.341
29

1993–94
NBA
Eastern
13th
Central
7th
20
62
.244
37

1994–95
NBA
Eastern
9th
Central
6th
34
48
.415
18

1995–96
NBA
Eastern
13th
Central
7th
25
57
.305
47

1996–97
NBA
Eastern
11th
Central
7th
33
49
.402
36

1997–98
NBA
Eastern
13th
Central
7th
36
46
.439
26

1998–99
NBA
Eastern
7th
Central
4th
28
22
.560
5
Lost First Round (Pacers) 3–0

1999–2000
NBA
Eastern
8th
Central
5th
42
40
.512
14
Lost First Round (Pacers) 3–2

2000–01
NBA
Eastern
2nd
Central
1st
52
30
.634
—
Won First Round (Magic) 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Hornets) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (76ers) 4–3

2001–02
NBA
Eastern
9th
Central
5th
41
41
.500
9

2002–03
NBA
Eastern
7th
Central
4th
42
40
.512
8
Lost First Round (Nets) 4–2

2003–04
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
4th
41
41
.500
20
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1

2004–05
NBA
Eastern
13th
Central
5th
30
52
.366
24

2005–06
NBA
Eastern
8th
Central
5th
40
42
.488
24
Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1

2006–07
NBA
Eastern
14th
Central
5th
28
54
.341
25

2007–08
NBA
Eastern
13th
Central
5th
26
56
.317
33

2008–09
NBA
Eastern
12th
Central
5th
34
48
.415
32

2009–10
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
2nd
46
36
.561
17
Lost First Round (Hawks) 4–3
John Hammond (EoY)

2010–11
NBA
Eastern
9th
Central
3rd
35
47
.427
27

2011–12
NBA
Eastern
9th
Central
3rd
31
35
.469
19

2012–13
NBA
Eastern
8th
Central
3rd
38
44
.463
11½
Lost First Round (Heat) 4–0

2013–14
NBA
Eastern
15th
Central
5th
15
67
.183
41

2014–15
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
3rd
41
41
.500
12
Lost First Round (Bulls) 4–2

2015–16
NBA
Eastern
12th
Central
5th
33
49
.402
24

2016–17
NBA
Eastern
6th
Central
2nd
42
40
.512
11
Lost First Round (Raptors) 4–2
Giannis Antetokounmpo (MIP)
Malcolm Brogdon (ROY)

2017–18
NBA
Eastern
7th
Central
3rd
44
38
.537
15
Lost First Round (Celtics) 4–3

Regular Season Totals (1968–2017)
2,069
1,983
.511

Playoff Totals (1968–present)
108
126
.462
1 NBA Championship

All-time regular and Playoff record
2,177
2,108
.508


document_title: Steppenwolf (band)

question_text: where did the band steppenwolf get their name from

text: Steppenwolf (band)

text: History[edit]

text: The Sparrows[edit]

text: In 1965 John Kay joined the Sparrows, a popular Canadian band, and was followed by Goldy McJohn. The group eventually broke up.[9]

text: Breakthrough success and decline (1968–1972)[edit]

text: In 1968, Gabriel Mekler urged Kay to re-form the Sparrows and suggested the name change to Steppenwolf, inspired by Hermann Hesse's novel of the same name.[10][6][9] Steppenwolf's first two singles were "A Girl I Knew" and "Sookie Sookie". The band finally rocketed to worldwide fame after their third single, "Born to Be Wild", was released in 1968, as well as their version of Hoyt Axton's "The Pusher". Both of these tunes were used prominently in the 1969 counterculture cult film Easy Rider (both titles originally had been released on the band's debut album).[6] In the movie, "The Pusher" accompanies a drug deal, and Peter Fonda stuffing dollar bills into his Stars and Stripes-clad fuel tank, after which "Born to Be Wild" is heard in the opening credits, with Fonda and Dennis Hopper riding their Harley choppers through the America of the late 1960s. The song, which has been closely associated with motorcycles ever since, introduced to rock lyrics the signature term "heavy metal"[6] (though not about a kind of music, but about a motorcycle: "I like smoke and lightning, heavy metal thunder, racin' with the wind..."). Written by Sparrow guitarist Dennis Edmonton, who had begun using the pen name Mars Bonfire and inspired by a billboard roadside advertisement Bonfire liked which depicted a motorcycle tearing through the billboard artwork, the song had already reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1968.[6] It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.[11]

text: In 1968, Steppenwolf played one of their biggest shows up to that time at the Filmore East to rave reviews, sharing the bill with Buddy Rich and Children of God.[12]

text: The group's following albums had several more hit singles, including "Magic Carpet Ride" (which reached number three) from The Second and "Rock Me" (with its bridge lasting 1:06, which reached number 10) from At Your Birthday Party.[6] It also sold in excess of a million units.[11] Monster, which questioned US Vietnam War policy, was the band's most political album. Following the Monster album from 1969, the following year, the band released Steppenwolf 7, which included the song "Snowblind Friend", another Hoyt Axton-penned song about the era and attitudes of drugs and associated problems. The band lineup for their live performances in the middle of 1970 was John Kay, Jerry Edmonton, Goldy McJohn, Larry Byrom, and George Biondo. This lineup was also unable to remain together, as Byrom became upset with McJohn over personal issues and quit the band in the early part of 1971.

text: Several changes in the group's personnel were made after the first few years.[6] Moreve was fired from the group in 1968 for missing gigs after he became afraid to return to Los Angeles, convinced by his girlfriend that it was going to be leveled by an earthquake and fall into the sea. Rob Black briefly filled in for Moreve until former Sparrow bandmate Nick St. Nicholas came aboard in the latter months of 1968. Monarch quit the group in August 1969 as his relationship with Kay deteriorated. Larry Byrom, who had been in TIME with Nick St. Nicholas, ably replaced Monarch. Nick St. Nicholas was let go in mid-1970. He had supposedly appeared in nothing but rabbit ears and a jock strap at the Fillmore East in April 1969[13] – a poorly documented tale hotly denied by St. Nicholas[citation needed] – and his habit of wearing muumuus and kaftans on stage began to wear on Kay, whose penchant for leather vests and pants was more in line with the image he wanted for the band. George Biondo was then recruited, and guitarist Kent Henry replaced Byrom in early 1971.[6] In November 1971, the band released For Ladies Only, with the lineup consisting of Kay, Henry, Biondo, McJohn, and Edmonton. The album was notable for several reasons, most notably the controversial LP inside cover art, the romantic, political, and social lyrical content, and the fact that it featured several of the group members on lead vocals.

text: Breakup (1972–1973)[edit]

text: The band broke up after a farewell concert in Los Angeles on Valentine's Day, 1972. Kay went on to a brief solo career, scoring a minor solo hit in 1972 with "I'm Movin' On" from his album Forgotten Songs and Unsung Heroes. Although it received generally high marks from most critics, the album sales were disappointing in the US.[6] Kay released a second solo album in 1973 on the Dunhill label titled My Sportin' Life. This album sold less than his first solo album and was less gritty and more LA studio-polish in sound.

text: Following the first official breakup of Steppenwolf, and after the release of Kay's first solo album, a late summer and autumn 1972 tour in the USA and Europe occurred, which featured Kay heading both the John Kay Band and Steppenwolf, at the top of the bill. Dunhill had released an album of a collection of Steppenwolf songs titled Rest in Peace. Thus, the tour was known as the RIP tour.[14] The John Kay Band included Hugh Sullivan on keyboards and Whitey (Pentti) Glan on drums (both were contributors to John Kay's first solo album). Kent Henry on lead and slide guitar and George Biondo on bass joined Kay in both lineups. The Steppenwolf band lineup featured Goldy McJohn on keyboards and Jerry Edmonton on drums. This tour proved to be a fairly positive experience for all of the musicians and drew respectable crowd turnouts.

text: Following this tour, while Kay was recording his second solo album in 1973, McJohn and Edmonton continued to play and formed a band called Manbeast. Some of the material created in the Manbeast days showed up on the 1974 Steppenwolf reunion album, most notably "Gang War Blues", which was recorded as a demo with Edmonton singing slightly different lyrics.

text: Reunion (1974–1976)[edit]

text: Steppenwolf reformed in 1974 with its core lineup of Kay, Edmonton, and McJohn, along with longtime bassist Biondo and newcomer Bobby Cochran, Eddie Cochran's nephew, on lead guitar.[6] The band signed with Mums Records in retaliation for what Kay perceived as a lack of support by Dunhill Records for his solo albums. Their first reunion album was Slow Flux, which included their last top 40 hit, "Straight Shootin' Woman".[6] In February 1975, McJohn was dismissed for what Kay described as a decline in the quality of his performances, as well as erratic behavior. McJohn was replaced by Andy Chapin on Hour of the Wolf in 1975, though McJohn appeared in artwork for the single to Caroline. After the album peaked at number 155, Kay attempted to dissolve the band again, but the label, now having been absorbed by Epic Records, insisted Steppenwolf record one more album to satisfy their contractual obligations. The ensuing album, Skullduggery (1976), featuring Wayne Cook on keyboards, was released without a tour to support it, and by the early fall of 1976, Steppenwolf disbanded a second time. Kay appeared in a segment of the popular music TV show The Midnight Special to announce the end of Steppenwolf and also played a solo version of the song "Hey I'm Alright". This song appeared on Kay's third solo album All In Good Time, released on Mercury Records in 1978.[6]

text: "New Steppenwolf" revival act (1976–1980)[edit]

text: After Kay disbanded Steppenwolf, former members Goldy McJohn and Nick St. Nicholas formed a "revival act" called "New Steppenwolf". McJohn did not last long, but St. Nicholas continued with the venture for several years. Various incarnations included, according to author Dave Thompson, a "revolving door of musicians" consisting of "jobbing players".[15] The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll described these bands as "unprofessional, bogus versions" of Steppenwolf.[9] Although Kay and Edmonton had originally licensed the use of the "New Steppenwolf" name, they later sued for breach of the contract. St. Nicholas agreed in 1980 to cease use of the name, but legal disputes about promotional use of the Steppenwolf name continued until 2000.[16]

text: John Kay and Steppenwolf (1980–present)[edit]

text: Kay had a few meetings with David Pesnell about management, concert promotions, and producing a new album for the band. Pesnell wanted to produce an album featuring new songs on side A, by the reformed band Three Dog Night and with side B of the album featuring songs by Steppenwolf. The album's working name was "Back to Back", a play on each band having a side of the album and the fact the bands were back together again. Pesnell's concept was simple: each band should record four new songs, with a fifth song on each side featuring a medley of the band's past songs. This would give the Pesnell-produced album a double release of singles to support a concert tour featuring the two bands. Though both bands liked the concept of the album and tour, the arguments included who would be side A and side B and which of the two would headline the upcoming concert tour.

text: The reformed John Kay and Steppenwolf line-up featured John Kay, Michael Palmer (guitars, backing vocals), Steve Palmer (drums, backing vocals), Danny Ironstone (keyboards, backing vocals), and Kurtis Teel on bass. The Palmer brothers had played in a group called Tall Water and had also been involved with Kay in his solo career playing live gigs in the late 1970s. Teel was replaced by Chad Peery and Ironstone by Brett Tuggle by 1981, and the new grouping released Live in London overseas. Tuggle was then displaced by Michael Wilk and a new studio album, Wolf Tracks, was released in 1982 on the small Attic (Nautilus in the U.S.) record label. Wolf Tracks was one of the earliest digitally recorded albums in the industry. It was recorded live on a two-track Sony digital recording system. Bassist Welton Gite, who appeared on this album, left shortly after its completion and was replaced by Gary Link. Another album, Paradox, followed in 1984.

text: In December 1984, the band as it was disbanded and Kay and Wilk decided to continue on in early 1985 with a pared-down quartet composed of Kay, Wilk, Wilk's friend Ron Hurst (drums, backing vocals), and Rocket Ritchotte (guitars, backing vocals). Wilk also handled bass duties from his sequencing computer keyboards from then on. This line-up released Rock N' Roll Rebels (1987) and Rise & Shine (1990); these were on the Qwil and I.R.S. Records imprints, respectively. Ritchotte had departed temporarily in 1989 to be replaced by Les Dudek and then Steve Fister, but then returned in 1990 for three more years. Fister (ex-Iron Butterfly) came back in late 1993, but turned guitar duties over to Danny Johnson (formerly of Derringer, Rod Stewart, and others) in 1996.

text: As the band was named after the novel Der Steppenwolf by German author Hermann Hesse, who was born in the Black Forest town of Calw, the city invited them to come over and play in the International Hermann-Hesse-Festival 2002,[17] along with other bands inspired by Hesse, such as Anyone's Daughter. The concert drew considerable media coverage, with Kay's fluent German stunning those who did not know beforehand about his growing up in Germany – in fact, he was born Joachim Fritz Krauledat in Tilsit, East Prussia, Germany (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia).

text: The band performed what they then labeled their "Farewell Concert" on October 6, 2007 at Ripken Stadium in Aberdeen, Maryland, featuring Kay, keyboardist and programmer Michael Wilk, drummer Ron Hurst, and guitarist Danny Johnson; however, they started making live appearances again in 2011 in North America, and continue through all of 2017.

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current members

text:
John Kay – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, harmonica (1967–1972, 1974–1976, 1980–present)
Michael Wilk – keyboards, backing vocals (1982–present), bass (1984–2009)
Gary Link – bass, backing vocals (1982–1984, 2009–present)
Ron Hurst – drums, backing vocals (1984–present)
Danny Johnson – lead guitar, backing vocals, mandolin (1996–present)

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Steppenwolf (1968)
The Second (1968)
At Your Birthday Party (1969)
Monster (1969)
Steppenwolf 7 (1970)
For Ladies Only (1971)
Slow Flux (1974)
Hour of the Wolf (1975)
Skullduggery (1976)

text:
Wolftracks (1982)
Paradox (1984)
Rock & Roll Rebels (1987)
Rise & Shine (1990)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text:
July 5, 1968, at the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood, CA with the Doors
August 4, 1968, in Costa Mesa, CA, as part of the Newport Pop Festival with Canned Heat, Sonny & Cher, the Grateful Dead, and the Byrds
September 11, 1968, at the Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco with Santana
December 6, 1968, at the Spectrum in Philadelphia, as part of the Quaker City Rock Festival with the Grateful Dead, Sly and the Family Stone, and Iron Butterfly
June 20, 1969, at Devonshire Downs in Northridge, California, as part of the '69 Pop Festival with Jimi Hendrix, Joe Cocker, the Byrds, and Creedence Clearwater Revival
November, 28, 29, and 30, 1969, in Palm Beach, Florida, as part of the Palm Beach Pop Festival with the Rolling Stones, Janis Joplin, Chambers Brothers, Sly and the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, the Byrds, Spirit, Pacific Gas and Electric, Sweetwater, Country Joe and the Fish, Johnny Winter, Grand Funk Railroad, the Rugbys, and King Crimson
June 26, 1970, in Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England, as part of the Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music with Led Zeppelin, the Byrds, Donovan, Frank Zappa, and Santana
August 6, 1970, at Shea Stadium in New York City with Paul Simon, Janis Joplin, and Johnny Winter
February 26, 1971, at Watres Armory in Scranton, PA, with the 8th Street Bridge
July 28, 1991, at Poplar Creek Music Theater in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, as part of the Psychedelic Celebration with Dave Mason, Robbie Krieger, Arlo Guthrie, and Three Dog Night
August 4, 2007, at Sandy Point State Park in Annapolis, Maryland, as part of the Chesapeake Bay Blues Festival with Aretha Franklin, Three Dog Night, Robert Randolph and the Family Band, and Buddy Guy