document_title: Survivor: Borneo

question_text: who was the first contestant on survivor borneo to be voted off the show

text: Survivor: Borneo

text: Production[edit]

text: The abandoned institute is on the island of the boomerang's open "V." This is the leeward side of the island. It faces west, and the South China Sea sunsets turn the sand orange-purple each evening at 6:30. A dock was built on one shore for offloading equipment, then living quarters with cold-water showers for sixty-five personnel: the camera crews, the production staff, and the assorted other individuals vital to producing thirteen hours of prime-time television, the cast-aways who would be filmed every day. Every three days, a Tribal Council would be held in which one castaway would be voted off the island. The last castaway to be on the island would win $1 million.

text: Over 6,000 people applied for the show; 800 were then interviewed in sixteen cities. 48 people were then chosen, and after background checks and psychological evaluations done by the producers, the final sixteen contestants and two alternates were picked.[1]

text: As the survivors awaited the game's start, Survivor crews prepared the island for reward and immunity challenges, removing any harmful items, checking for any harmful animals in specific locations, and building a Tribal Council set. Camera and other crews were sent to the island three weeks in advance for testing. On the opposite side of the island from the tribes, headquarters were set up for the producers and crew to live in on the island. This facility included many traditional trailers with running water, televisions, and one phone line. The Tribal Council set was built two hundred yards from the crew's facility. The Tribal Council set was 30 by 30 feet (9.1 by 9.1 m) with no walls and only a platform. In the middle of the set was a fire lava pit providing fire for the torches, which represented the castaways' life in the game.[1][5]

text: On March 7, 2000, the contestants were flown to Los Angeles, then to the city of Kota Kinabalu in Malaysian Borneo. From there, they were taken by boat to their island. Contestants were not allowed to speak to one another until they got on the boat headed towards their beaches.[1] The two tribes shared the island of Tiga, which was divided by over 20 miles (32 km) of forest. The castaways were surrounded by wildlife such as pythons, kraits, adders, monkeys, monitor lizards, and white-bellied sea eagles.[1][5] The show was set to air in the summer of 2000.[1][5]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: There were sixteen contestants overall, divided into two tribes, Pagong and Tagi. After six contestants were eliminated, the tribes were combined, or merged, to form one tribe, Rattana. Seven contestants made up the jury, who ultimately decided who would win the game and the $1 million grand prize.

text:
List of Survivor: Borneo contestants

Contestant

Original tribe

Merged tribe

Finish

Sonja Christopher63, Walnut Creek, California

Tagi

1st voted outDay 3

Bill "B.B." Andersen64, Mission Hills, Kansas

Pagong

2nd voted outDay 6

Stacey Stillman27, San Francisco, California

Tagi

3rd voted outDay 9

Ramona Gray29, Edison, New Jersey

Pagong

4th voted outDay 12

Dirk Been23, Spring Green, Wisconsin

Tagi

5th voted outDay 15

Joel Klug27, Sherwood, Arkansas

Pagong

6th voted outDay 18

Gretchen Cordy38, Clarksville, Tennessee

Pagong

Rattana

7th voted outDay 21

Greg Buis24, Gold Hill, Colorado

Pagong

8th voted out1st jury memberDay 24

Jenna Lewis22, Franklin, New Hampshire

Pagong

9th voted out2nd jury memberDay 27

Gervase Peterson30, Willingboro, New Jersey

Pagong

10th voted out3rd jury memberDay 30

Colleen Haskell23, Miami Beach, Florida

Pagong

11th voted out4th jury memberDay 33

Sean Kenniff30, Brooklyn, New York

Tagi

12th voted out5th jury memberDay 36

Sue Hawk38, Palmyra, Wisconsin

Tagi

13th voted out6th jury memberDay 37

Rudy Boesch72, Virginia Beach, Virginia

Tagi

14th voted out7th jury memberDay 38

Kelly Wiglesworth22, Kernville, Nevada

Tagi

Runner-up

Richard Hatch39, Newport, Rhode Island

Tagi

Sole Survivor

tag: table

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Rudy Boesch, Richard Hatch, Sue Hawk and Jenna Lewis returned to Survivor for Survivor: All-Stars. Gervase Peterson returned for Survivor: Blood vs. Water alongside his niece, Marissa. Kelly Wiglesworth returned for Survivor: Cambodia.

text: Outside of Survivor, the Borneo cast have made many appearances on other TV programs and film. Notably, Colleen Haskell appeared in a lead role in 2001 film The Animal, opposite actor Rob Schneider. Hatch later competed in the eleventh season of The Apprentice (known as the fourth season of The Celebrity Apprentice) and was fired in week 5, finished in 11th place. Hatch would later appear on the seventeenth season of The Biggest Loser, and finished in 13th place.[6]

text: Season summary[edit]

text: The sixteen contestants were divided into two tribes of eight: Tagi and Pagong. Both tribes fared equally in challenges but differed in organisational structure. Pagong was dominated by the younger, more carefree members, whereas four contestants on Tagi—Kelly, Richard, Rudy, and Sue—formed an alliance, choosing to vote as a voting bloc to ensure their safety. When ten players remained—five from each tribe—the tribes merged into one, named Rattana. The alliance strategy proved to be successful, and the four took advantage of the other contestants' lack of voting strategy to gain dominance. There was dissension in the alliance as Kelly was deemed untrustworthy, but she won four consecutive immunity challenges and was ineligible for elimination.

text: When only the four alliance members remained, the vote initially ended in a draw; close allies Richard and Rudy voted for Sue, and Sue and Kelly voted for Richard. On the revote, Kelly decided to switch her vote and Sue was eliminated. After winning the final immunity challenge, Kelly decided to eliminate Rudy because she believed she had a better chance against Richard. At the final Tribal Council, Sue lambasted Kelly for switching her vote and proclaimed her support for Richard. Richard's strategic prowess and leadership were valued over Kelly's impressive challenge performances, and the jury awarded him the title of Sole Survivor in a vote of 4-3.

text:
Challenge winners and eliminations by episode

Episode

Challenge winner(s)

Eliminated

Finish

No.

Title

Original air date

Reward

Immunity

1

"The Marooning"

May 31, 2000

Pagong[a]

Sonja

1st voted outDay 3

2

"The Generation Gap"

June 7, 2000

Pagong[b]

Tagi

B.B.

2nd voted outDay 6

3

"Quest for Food"

June 14, 2000

Tagi

Pagong

Stacey

3rd voted outDay 9

4

"Too Little, Too Late?"

June 21, 2000

Tagi

Tagi

Ramona

4th voted outDay 12

5

"Pulling Your Own Weight"

June 28, 2000

Pagong

Pagong

Dirk

5th voted outDay 15

6

"Udder Revenge"

July 5, 2000

Pagong

Tagi

Joel

6th voted outDay 18

7

"The Merger"

July 12, 2000

None[c]

Greg

Gretchen

7th voted outDay 21

8

"Thy Name Is Duplicity"

July 19, 2000

Greg

Gervase

Greg

8th voted out1st jury memberDay 24

9

"Old and New Bonds"

July 26, 2000

Colleen,[Jenna]

Rudy

Jenna

9th voted out2nd jury memberDay 27

10

"Crack In the Alliance"

August 2, 2000

Gervase

Richard

Gervase

10th voted out3rd jury memberDay 30

11

"Long Hard Days"

August 9, 2000

Sean,[Richard]

Kelly

Colleen

11th voted out4th jury memberDay 33

12

"Death of an Alliance"

August 16, 2000

Kelly

Kelly

Sean

12th voted out5th jury memberDay 36

13

"The Final Four"

August 23, 2000

None

Kelly

Sue

13th voted out6th jury memberDay 37

Kelly

Rudy

14th voted out7th jury memberDay 38

Jury vote

Kelly

Runner-up

Richard

Sole Survivor

text:
Jump up ^ Combined immunity and reward challenge.

Jump up ^ Sometime between day four and six, a reward challenge took place that was not aired. The challenge involved holding weight on poles. Richard held the weight for Tagi, as Joel for Pagong. The reward was a map to a closer water hole.

Jump up ^ There was no reward challenge due to the tribal merge.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleCBS recapOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)Rating/share (18-49)11"The Marooning"RecapMay 31, 2000 (2000-05-31)15.516.1/20
The two tribes paddle their way into the respective beaches on a raft with meager supplies. Upon arrival, the "Pagong" tribe celebrates the beginning of this journey while the "Tagi" tribe gets right to work with Rudy taking command, aggravating some of his tribe members. Richard calls for order and structure, to which Sue agrees. Ultimately, they pull together to assemble a functional camp. At Pagong, B.B. steps into the leadership role. He and Ramona find the tribe's watering hole, and jokingly agree to hide it from the group. The next morning, Tagi seems to be in good spirits as Sonja plays her ukulele, though Rudy realizes he may need to adapt to the personalities of his younger tribemates. B.B.'s aggressive work ethic grates on Pagong and his tribe's laziness begins to frustrate him.

Reward/Immunity challenge:  The tribes are tasked with guiding a lit raft through shallow water. Once they reach the shore, the competitors must carry the raft above land to the finish line. Along the way are a number of torches that must be lit with the raft's fire, culminating in a final fire bowl in front of a massive bamboo statute that must be set ablaze. The first tribe to light their final bowl wins immunity and a reward of waterproof matches.
At the first immunity challenge, Tagi takes the early lead by guiding its raft through the water. Sonja stumbles as they reach the shore, helping Pagong crawl ahead to light their final torch and win. As a result, Pagong receives matches and immunity from that night's Tribal Council. At Tagi's camp, Richard and Rudy bond while Sean tends to Sonja's injuries. As the first vote approaches, Stacey talks of voting out Rudy for being overbearing, however at Tribal Councils, a plurality of the tribe instead decides to vote out their choice of weakest link, Sonja.

22"The Generation Gap"RecapJune 7, 2000 (2000-06-07)18.107.5/25
Following their Tribal Council, Tagi finds its fish traps remain empty. Disappointed that Rudy was not voted out, Stacey suggests he's not made for the game, while Rudy believes Stacey isn't cut out for wilderness survival. Richard reveals to his tribe that he is gay, making Dirk uncomfortable. It doesn't discourage Rudy, who still sees Rich as a strong competitor. At Pagong, Ramona is dehydrated and ill whilst B.B. refuses to quit working. Greg and Colleen begin to grow close. Greg's evening game shows tribe spirits are high, though B.B. continues to annoy his tribe by washing his clothes in drinking water. At Tagi, Sean crafts a fishing pole to try and catch food for the group. Both tribes receive tree mail, foretelling a disgusting competition. B.B. suggests Pagong throw the challenge to eliminate him, but the tribe refuses.

Immunity challenge: One-by-one, each castaway is given an insect grub to consume. If any individual refuses to eat their bug, their tribe loses the challenge. The tiebreaker sees one member of each tribe (chosen by the opposing tribe) racing to eat two larvae, with the first player done winning immunity for their tribe.
Ultimately, despite Gervase's struggles, everyone is able to eat their assigned grub, forcing each tribe to select one person from the opposite group to eat two bugs in a tiebreaker face-off. Stacey beats Gervase and as a result, Pagong is sent to Tribal Council where Ramona's weakness earns her two votes while B.B. receives the rest and is voted out.

33"Quest for Food"RecapJune 14, 2000 (2000-06-14)23.259.4/29
At the Tagi tribe, Stacey still wanted to get rid of Rudy and tried to create a girl alliance to do so, but Sue didn't want to be a part of the plan. Richard proved his worth following his tribe winning the reward challenge, as he used the spear-won to catch many fish. At Pagong, Greg and Colleen found a "mud volcano" that the entire tribe was able to enjoy.

Reward challenge: Each tribe swam out to an inner tube attached to a sunken treasure chest. Once all of the tribe members are at their tube, they would dive down and drag their chest to shore. The first tribe back with their chest would win fishing supplies.
Tagi won the reward challenge. Back at Pagong, everyone ate rats, including a hesitant Gervase and Ramona. At Tagi, Dirk annoyed everyone with his bible reading.

Immunity challenge: Each tribe built a stretcher, and raced into the woods to rescue one tribe member stuck in a tree. They then had to carry that tribe member back to the beach and to the first aid tent.
Pagong won the immunity challenge. At Tribal Council, Tagi voted out Stacey, who mentioned that people had changed their votes. This later led to a lawsuit filed by Stacey against Survivor, alleging that the producers interfered by encouraging them not vote out Rudy. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

44"Too Little, Too Late?"RecapJune 21, 2000 (2000-06-21)24.209.8/33
At Pagong, Ramona started to feel better after having been sick and tried to begin pulling her weight around camp, but Jenna said it might be too late for her despite the pair of them bonding more. After a tropical storm, Gretchen took a stand and suggested once again that they rebuild their shelter in the canopy away from the beach. Greg appeared to be providing light relief to their tribe, Gretchen said this will likely get him further in the game. At Tagi, Sean and Dirk spent most of their time fishing, but had no luck; Sean also tried to build a bowling alley. Kelly, Richard, Rudy and Sue created an alliance.

Reward challenge: The castaways had to make a distress signal. The goal was to make the best S.O.S. signal for the plane (with Jeff in it) to see. The best signal would win the tribe hammocks, towels and pillows, plus two additional items (one chosen by each tribe; Tagi chose a flaying knife, Pagong chose a spice rack). Tagi won the challenge.
Immunity challenge: A five-part relay race: The first member swam to a buoy, dove down and retrieved a map in a bottle. The second member ran across a floating bridge with the bottle to a waiting boat, where the second and third members would paddle to shore. The fourth member would break the bottle, check the map, and sprint into the jungle to find a rope ladder and a key. For the final leg, the two remaining tribe members had to locate a buried treasure chest and dig it up. Tagi, being the first tribe to unearth their treasure chest and bring it back to the start line and have the key inside the lock, were the winners.
At the immunity challenge, Gervase had problems on the sprint into the jungle, one of the main reasons Pagong lost to Tagi again. They proceeded to vote out Ramona. Ramona thought it was her early illness that caused her to be the one voted out.

55"Pulling Your Own Weight"RecapJune 28, 2000 (2000-06-28)23.989.6/31
At Tagi, Dirk and Sean were still trying to fish instead of helping around camp, but to no avail. Sue told them that it was a waste of time if they weren't catching anything. The tribe were worried about Dirk's weight loss. At Pagong, everyone felt vulnerable because their tribe was getting smaller. Greg and Colleen grew closer, with both of them choosing to sleep out in the jungle away from the others. Greg knew he was becoming somewhat of a tribe leader, a role he didn't want.

Reward challenge: Tribes would select three tribe members to shoot for the tribe in three rounds. The first one was a blow gun, the second round was a slingshot, and the third round was a spear toss. The winning tribe would win fruit and chickens.
At the reward challenge, Joel helped Pagong win with his spear throwing after the first two rounds were tied. Dirk and Sean began to help around the camp but that didn't change their tribe members' minds, and they remained on the outs. The alliance of four was decided on getting one of them out at the next Tribal Council. At Pagong they decided to let their chickens lay eggs.

Immunity challenge: One person from each tribe rowed their boat around the buoys, picking up their tribe members waiting in the water. The first tribe to get all members back to shore won.
At the immunity challenge, Gervase finally led Pagong to victory and Kelly, the white water rafting guide, was upset that "she got beat by a guy who couldn't even swim". At Tagi's Tribal Council, the alliance of four claimed their first victim as Dirk was voted out.

66"Udder Revenge"RecapJuly 5, 2000 (2000-07-05)24.5010.6/33
Both tribes were wondering what the merge was going to be like. Tagi was afraid due to their numerical deficit. At Pagong, Joel was confident because his tribe had the numbers, but Colleen thought Joel was an idiot because they weren't merging yet and still had a chance of going in even. Gervase offended the girls by telling them that they were dumber than a cow. One of Pagong's chickens was eaten by another creature. At Tagi, Richard began walking around camp naked.

Reward challenge: One at a time, each tribe member raced to a barrack. There were three different items in there (a can opener, a knife, and an Army helmet). The first tribe to get all of their items (with no duplicates) back to the start won a reward of canned foods and a chocolate bar.
At the reward challenge, Richard brought back a duplicate knife instead of a can opener and Pagong won by default. At Pagong, Joel tried to create an alliance with the group that would carry over after the merge but was shot down by the women of the tribe. The alliance was interpreted as being mean spirited on Joel's part.  Joel started to get a little bossy, which annoyed the girls.

Immunity challenge: Both tribes raced through an Army obstacle course. The first two tribe members raced through the first part and met up with two more members, then they had to go through a puzzle and race to the finish line.
Tagi won the immunity challenge in a very close race. With help from Greg, the women of Pagong voted out Joel.

77"The Merger"RecapJuly 12, 2000 (2000-07-12)24.5010.4/34
The day after Pagong voted Joel out, one person from each tribe went to the opposite tribe's camp and would then convene to decide which camp to live on. Jenna went to Tagi and Sean went to Pagong. After a bit of time at camp, Jenna and Sean met with each other at a neutral site to decide which camp they wanted to live on and what to name the new merged tribe. They were welcomed by a feast, including lobster and wine, and got to stay the night under a canopy shelter and on beds. The next day, Jenna and Sean decided to live at the Tagi beach and named their merged tribe Rattana. The ten castaways met up and everyone celebrated, except Rudy, who was annoyed because the population doubled.

Immunity challenge: All ten castaways submerged themselves underwater to see how long they could hold their breath. The top three castaways then had another competition of releasing buoys along a ladder submerged underwater. The first castaway to release all of their buoys would win immunity.
Greg won immunity after a close battle with Sean. At Tribal Council, the disorganized Pagong tribe and Sean were completely split and voted individually, while the Tagi alliance of Kelly, Richard, Rudy and Sue stayed together and voted out Gretchen.

88"Thy Name is Duplicity"TBAJuly 19, 2000 (2000-07-19)26.1511.4/35
At camp, the remaining members of the former Pagong tribe felt vulnerable because the Tagi tribe voted out their leader Gretchen. Jenna decided her best move was to get closer to the other women, all of which were Tagi members if she was to survive. Jenna put her plan into action and seemed to sway Sue who at first thought Jenna was going to be really annoying. Richard started to worry about who voted for him at Tribal Council.

Reward challenge: Each tribe member was to shoot at an archery target with a bow and arrow. The closest mark to the bullseye won a video from home and the chance to send a video home to them.
At the reward challenge, Jeff showed everyone a sneak peek at the reward challenge  except for Jenna because they never received a video for Jenna. Greg went first and no one hit the mark closer, so he won the reward and saw his home video from his sister and sent one back to her. Rudy thought there might be some incestual behavior between Greg and his sister though clearly took things the wrong way. Jenna was frustrated about losing the reward challenge and instead of watching Greg's video, continued to practice with the bow and arrow, continually hitting the target closer than Greg's mark. People began to realize that Richard liked Greg because of the way he was playing the game. Greg realized that Richard was a powerful player in this game.

Immunity challenge: Each member was connected to a piece of rope and needed to go to the checkpoints in number order (1–6) and collect the color carabiners at each checkpoint and then cross the finish line.
Gervase won immunity. At Tribal Council, the Tagi alliance and Jenna piggy-backed off of Sean's alphabet strategy and voted out Greg.

99"Old and New Bonds"RecapJuly 26, 2000 (2000-07-26)27.1811.9/36
While Richard was catching fish, the other players began to realize that nobody voted him out because of his role as provider. Rudy didn't make the fire hot enough so the fish wasn't done when it got off the fire, and the attempt to recook it simply burnt it.

Reward challenge: A rope course with 16 legs, each leg had a medallion with the castaways number on it. The first castaway to receive all of their medallions and get back to the center won a barbecue and letters from home.
At the reward challenge, Jenna wanted to win because she didn't hear anything from her family at the last challenge. It was a race between Colleen and Kelly, which Colleen narrowly won. When Colleen won, Jeff told her she could pick one other person and she instantly chose Jenna. After the reward challenge, it was Richard's 39th birthday and he celebrated in his "birthday suit". Richard spent his entire birthday naked which disturbed some of his tribemates, especially Colleen and Jenna.

Immunity challenge: The castaways started on a square and moved one square at a time. As they moved, they had to flip over the square they were just on. Each castaway would go until they could no longer move. Last person standing wins immunity.
Rudy won immunity over Sean. Sean was convinced that his alphabet strategy of voting for people was the fairest way and that there was no alliance because he wasn't asked to be a part of it. He continued to vote that way and even told Jenna beforehand that he was voting for her but that he didn't think it would make a difference. At Tribal Council he was once again proven wrong, as Richard, Rudy, and Sue again piggy-backed off his vote and Jenna was voted out.

1010"Crack in the Alliance"RecapAugust 2, 2000 (2000-08-02)27.4111.9/38
Some people were happy that Jenna was voted out because she was getting on everyone's nerves. Everyone knew that Sean voted for Jenna and that Kelly didn't, so the remainder of the Tagi alliance felt betrayed. The alliance thought about replacing Kelly with Sean because he might have been more valuable. Richard's plan was to catch more fish once Colleen and Gervase were gone. At tree mail, the castaways were surprised by cigars and a note saying that Gervase's son Gunnar was born the day prior, which they celebrated.

Reward challenge: Each person started at one end of a balance beam. There were three rounds, where the first half to make it to the other end of the balance beam would move on. The first person to get to the end with both feet on the platform without falling off would win a slice of Pizza and a phone call home.
Gervase narrowly beat Richard at the reward challenge and had a chance to call his girlfriend and daughter to see how his baby was doing. He shared his slice of pizza with everyone. While he was making his phone call, Rudy questioned Gervase's life choices, namely having four children out of wedlock, and said that having babies out of wedlock would have never happened when he was his age and that the girl would be "taken out of town" and dealt with.

Immunity challenge: Each castaway had a few minutes to grab all of the kindling necessary to build a fire. They then had to take their torch out to the water to floating woks, light their torch, and bring it back to their pile of wood to start their fire. The first person to burn through their rope won.
At the immunity challenge, Richard easily won. At Tribal Council, the five Tagi members decided that Gervase was a bigger threat over Colleen, voting him out. Ultimately Kelly decided to vote with her alliance despite her urges to join forces with the others.

1111"Long Hard Days"RecapAugust 9, 2000 (2000-08-09)28.0012.1/38
The Tagi alliance began to crumble because Kelly was always talking to the remaining enemy of the alliance, Colleen. Camp life started to take a toll on everyone.

Reward challenge: Each castaway was given a questionnaire about Borneo. The person who answered the most correctly won an overnight trip on a yacht and was given a Visa card.
Sean won the reward and was surprised to see his dad on the yacht. Sean told Kelly he was going to take her for the feast, but chose Richard instead, which infuriated the women. Sean brought his dad back to camp to meet everyone, who attempted to update them on current events and the stock market (although Sue thought he didn't know anything), and before he left, he gave each person a care package from their loved ones, which rejuvenated their spirits.

Immunity challenge: Each person stood next to each other on a set of 5 planks. One plank would be removed over time until they got down to one plank. Whoever stayed on the longest would win.
At the immunity challenge, Rudy fell off first. Rich attempted to annoy people off the planks by singing "99 bottles of beer on the wall" until he fell off. On the beach, Rich thought it was funny that Colleen was really trying to win immunity when she had no chance of going home tonight because they were going to blindside Kelly. Sean was third to go, followed almost immediately by Sue. Colleen fell off after 2 hours and 54 minutes, giving immunity to Kelly and foiling the Tagi alliance plans. At Tribal Council, Sean was grilled for taking Rich on the reward instead of Kelly. Colleen, the last remaining member of Pagong, was voted out.

1212"Death of an Alliance"RecapAugust 16, 2000 (2000-08-16)28.6712.7/38
With only Tagi tribe members left, the two people that felt vulnerable were Kelly and Sean. Kelly mentioned that she didn't trust Rich, while Rich conspired to get Kelly off next. Sean thought he was stuck with the most conniving people ever. Tempers flared at camp as Kelly and Sue had a fight about their alliance since Kelly didn't vote with them again, and Sue said that Kelly made them all look like idiots. Richard attempted to smooth things over, although he said that the fight played to his advantage. Sue got stung by a ray and her hand swelled up. On day 34, all of the castaways talked about how they missed home.

Reward challenge: Under a time limit of five minutes, tribe members dove into a mud pit and covered their body with as much mud as they can, then raced back and scraped it off into a bucket. They could not carry mud in their arms or in their hands, only their body. The buckets are then weighed, and the heaviest bucket would win a cold beer, then picked up, blindfolded and taken to a mysterious bar to watch the first five minutes of this season.
Kelly collected 15.9 lbs at the reward challenge, followed by Sean (15.4), Sue (15), Rich (12.8), and Rudy (10). After the reward challenge, Sue and Kelly rekindled their friendship. Kelly went with Jeff to watch the first 5 minutes of episode 1 and talked to Jeff about how the game was going for her. On day 36, Kelly and Sue agreed to keep civil with each other, although Sue told Kelly she didn't want her in the final 3 because she was such a threat. Sean knew he needed to win immunity and attempted to exploit the Kelly-Sue friendship.

Immunity challenge: "Survivor Witch Project": Jeff told the castaways a story about Borneo folklore. Once he was done, the castaways went out to the woods (where the masks with questions on them were scattered) with a video camera to record their answers. The first person to get back to the start with all of the masks and the questions right on tape won immunity.
Kelly won her third challenge in a row. Sean said he was definitely winning this thing even though it would be an uphill battle. Rich tried to decide whether he would be voting for Sean or Rudy, although Rudy was confident that it would be him and Rich in the final 2. While everyone spoke of voting for different people, in the end, the original Tagi 4 stuck together and Sean was voted out.

1313"The Final Four"RecapAugust 23, 2000 (2000-08-23)51.6922.8/54
The final four reflected on how much their bodies have changed, and how the game was played by them and by others. Kelly said she felt like the odd person out and was stressed because she didn't feel safe. She said that she was now playing for herself. Richard, Rudy, and Sue were planning to vote out Kelly if she didn't win immunity.

Immunity challenge: Jeff asked 10 questions about the jury members. The person who got the most the questions right won immunity.
At the challenge, Kelly and Sue were tied after 10 questions, but Kelly got the tiebreaker question correct, giving Kelly her fourth challenge win and third immunity in a row. Directly after at Tribal Council, there was a 2–2 tie between Richard and Sue. During the revote in which only Rudy and Kelly voted, Kelly changed her vote and Sue was voted out.
At 4:00 am on day 38, the remaining three were awoken by Jeff, told to put on something comfortable, and took a long boat ride to their rite of passage and final immunity challenge. For their rite of passage, they covered themselves with mud, walked through palm fronds held by locals, passed the torches of their fallen comrades, then passed through a bamboo curtain and walked barefoot through a fire pit.

Final Immunity challenge: Each tribe member held on to the immunity idol while standing on a small log. The person who lasted the longest wins immunity.
After two hours of holding on the idol, Jeff tempted the three with oranges. After 21⁄2 hours, Richard gave a speech, said he wouldn't be able to outlast Kelly, and stepped down voluntarily. He said that it was a game of odds and he didn't know what the winner would actually do. After three hours, the two left switched positions while keeping their hand on the idol and were to do so every half-hour. While the two were still standing on the pole, Rich addressed the alliance to Jeff and how he wasn't surprised that Kelly changed her vote. After 4 hours, 11 minutes, Rudy took his hand off the idol while switching spots, and Kelly won immunity yet again. Rich and Rudy both said it was in Kelly's best interest to keep themselves. At Tribal Council Kelly voted out Rudy because she thought she might have a better chance of winning against Richard.
At the final Tribal Council, Gervase asked if there was one, two or three things they would change about their time on the island if anything at all. Rich said trusting people so easily, Kelly said making an alliance. Jenna asked who they would put in the final two and why. Rich said Rudy and Greg; Kelly said, Sonja and Gretchen. Sean had no questions, but congratulated the two and thanked Kelly for being capable and keeping camp afloat, and told Rich that he enjoyed his company although he played the game differently. Colleen asked what three character traits got them where they are and are essential to get future players to the finals; Kelly said faith, strong will, and likability, while Rich said self-awareness, observation of relationships, and ethics. Rudy said he had nothing to say to those two, but felt dumb after mistakenly removing his hand in the final immunity challenge. Greg had them choose a number between 1 and 10 (Rich said 7; Kelly 3). Sue famously compared Richard to a snake and Kelly to a rat, and declared her intent to vote for Richard. In the end, Rudy, Sue, Sean, and Greg voted for Rich; Jenna, Gervase, and Colleen voted for Kelly. With that, Richard Hatch became Survivor's first millionaire by a vote of 4–3.

1414"Reunion"N/AAugust 23, 2000 (2000-08-23)N/ATBA
The castaways return to discuss the season.

text: Voting history[edit]

text:
Original tribes

Merged tribe

Episode #

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Day #

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

33

36

37

38

Eliminated

Sonja

B.B.

Stacey

Ramona

Dirk

Joel

Gretchen

Greg

Jenna

Gervase

Colleen

Sean

Tie[a]

Sue

Rudy

Vote

4–3–1

6–2

5–2

4–2–1

4–1–1

4–2

4–1–1–1–1–1–1

6–3

4–3–1

5–2

4–2

4–1

2–2

2–0

1–0

Voter

Votes

Richard

Stacey

Stacey

Dirk

Gretchen

Greg

Jenna

Gervase

Colleen

Sean

Sue

None[b]

None[c]

Kelly

Rudy

Rudy

Dirk

Gretchen

Greg

Sean

Gervase

Sean

Sean

Richard

Susan

Rudy

Rudy

Sonja

Stacey

Dirk

Gretchen

Greg

Jenna

Gervase

Colleen

Sean

Sue

Sue

None[c]

Sue

Sonja

Stacey

Dirk

Gretchen

Greg

Jenna

Gervase

Colleen

Sean

Richard

None[b]

Sean

Sonja

Stacey

Rudy

Colleen

Greg

Jenna

Gervase

Colleen

Sue

Colleen

B.B.

Ramona

Joel

Richard

Jenna

Richard

Sean

Sean

Gervase

B.B.

Colleen

Jenna

Sue

Jenna

Richard

Sean

Jenna

B.B.

Ramona

Joel

Gervase

Greg

Richard

Greg

Ramona

Jenna

Joel

Jenna

Jenna

Gretchen

B.B.

Ramona

Joel

Rudy

Joel

B.B.

Ramona

Jenna

Dirk

Sonja

Stacey

Sue

Ramona

B.B.

Colleen

Stacey

Rudy

Rudy

B.B.

Ramona

Sonja

Rudy

Jury vote

Episode #

13

Day #

39

Finalist

Kelly

Richard

Votes

4–3

Juror

Votes

Rudy

Richard

Sue

Richard

Sean

Richard

Colleen

Kelly

Gervase

Kelly

Jenna

Kelly

Greg

Richard

text:
Jump up ^ The first Tribal Council vote resulted in a tie. Per the rules, a second vote was held where the castaways involved in the tie would not vote and the remaining castaways could only vote for those who tied.

^ Jump up to: a b Richard and Sue were not eligible to vote in the second Tribal Council vote.

^ Jump up to: a b Richard and Rudy were not eligible to vote as the only eligible players they could vote for were each other.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
I always believed it was going to generate strong water cooler conversation. Nobody could have predicted the rating success. But I knew that the premise — a group of people marooned on an island, where they had to survive by working together, and they had to work against each other to win a million-dollar prize-I knew that premise was superior.
Mark Burnett, The New York Times[7]

tag: div

text: By the second week, the show had already gained over 18 million viewers, beating out ABC's show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in ratings.[8] After the season finale, Carter said that Survivor "built over a 13-week run to what was expected last night to be the biggest single television audience ever assembled for a summer television series, far eclipsed every expectation the network had when it acquired the rights to the show last year." Leslie Moonves, the president of CBS Television said that "it has beaten our expectations by about double."[7] The finale of Survivor was watched by 51.7 million viewers, the second-highest viewership of any American television episode during the first decade of the 21st century, exceeded only by the finale of Friends.[9] The finale had higher ratings than the World Series, NBA finals, NCAA men's basketball finals, and Grammy Awards of that year. CBS was able to make the cost of commercial advertisers up to $600,000 during the season finale.[7]

text: Survivor was the surprise summer hit show of the season garnering an average of 28.3 million viewers with a 12.1/36 share in the 18/49 market over its 13-week run. Thus, it achieved the second-highest ranking and the second-highest amount of average viewers of the entire series, behind The Australian Outback. In addition to the highest amount of finale viewers, it also garnered the highest amount of reunion viewers (37 million).

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Survivor: Borneo initially received mixed reactions in the media. Bill Carter, a writer for The New York Times stated that Survivor has "clearly begun to emerge as part of the wider culture, with news and discussion about the show widespread on television and radio talk shows and coverage increasing in newspapers."[7] On the Late Show with David Letterman, David Letterman began a segment titled, "Top 10 Things That'll Get You Thrown Off the Survivor Island." During the first season, USA Today held coverage of the show as if it were a sporting event, listing which participant was voted off. USA Today also held a poll to see who viewers would have voted off. With 26 percent, Sue Hawk won the poll, although it had no effect on the game, as Sue made it to 4th place. CBS's The Early Show held an interview with each contestant the day after the episode in which they were voted off aired.

text: Survivor: Borneo was criticized by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) in response to footage showing the contestants trapping rats on the island, initially for fish bait but later for human consumption.[10]

text:
I plead to the jury tonight to think a little bit of the island we have been on. This island is full of, pretty much, only two things: snakes and rats. And in the end of Mother Nature, we have Richard the snake, who knowingly went after prey; and Kelly, who turned into the rat that ran around like rats do on this island, trying to run from the snake. I believe we owe it to the island spirits we have come to know to let it end in the way that Mother Nature intended: For the snake to eat the rat.
Sue Hawk, Survivor: Borneo, Episode 13[11]

text: Sue Hawk's "snakes and rats" speech given during the final Tribal Council has been cited as one of the greatest and more memorable speeches in the show's history,[12][13]

text: Despite the initially mixed reception at the time, Borneo has undergone significant critical reappraisal in later years, and is now considered one of the best seasons of the entire series. Host Jeff Probst consistently ranks it as his favorite, equating it to a "first girlfriend."[14] Entertainment Weekly columnist Dalton Ross ranks Borneo as tied for first with Survivor: Micronesia, saying "...Borneo now seems dated and tame by comparison, but it's the biggest game changer in the past 20 years of television...If you ask me which is the most important season, well, obviously it's Borneo."[15] Borneo is also ranked as the greatest season of the series by Examiner.com and Zap2it, and is ranked second behind Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains by The Wire.[16][17] Survivor fan site "Survivor Oz" has consistently ranked Borneo in the top 10 in every one of its annual polls ranking all seasons of the series; it was 5th in 2012, 6th in 2013, and 8th in 2014.[18][19][20] Another prominent Survivor fan site, "The Purple Rock Podcast," ranked Borneo as the 10th best season in 2015.[21] Fifteen years later, in the CBS Watch official issue commemorating the 15th anniversary and 30th season of Survivor, Borneo was ranked as the 7th-greatest season of the series by a viewer poll.[22] In another poll in the same magazine, Hatch's win at the end of the season was voted by viewers as the #5 most memorable moment in the series.[23] Noel Murray of The A.V. Club noted that the 5th episode, "Pulling Your Own Weight", was one of the season's most influential segments. In this episode, the Tagi alliance led by Hatch secretly worked together to vote Dirk off the island, surprising many of the remaining contestants who were shocked to discover there was an alliance. Murray noted that while this sentiment towards alliances at the time seemed controversial and against the spirit of the show, it formed the basis for most future Survivor series and reality television in general, and highlighted the lengths that players on reality television shows would go to form such collusions while deceiving others as to ultimately win the game.[24]

text: DVD release[edit]

text: The DVD release of season one was released by CBS Home Entertainment in the U.S. on May 11, 2004, after it had completed broadcast on television. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material including commentary, interviews and behind-the-scenes featurettes.[5][25]

text:
The Complete First Season

Set details[25]

Special features[5]

Audio commentary
664 minutes
5-disc set
1.33:1 aspect ratio
Languages:
English (Dolby Digital 5.1)

Documentaries
Episode summaries
Highlights
Immunity challenges
Reward challenges
Voting results
Survivor profiles
Survivor favorite
Voting history
Final words
The Island

Release dates[3]

 Canada

 United States

May 11, 2004

May 11, 2004

text: Stacey Stillman controversy[edit]

text: In early 2001, Borneo contestant Stacey Stillman sued CBS, claiming that executive producer Mark Burnett arranged her exit and orchestrated the show's outcome. Her 14-page lawsuit alleged that two of her fellow tribemates, Dirk Been and Sean Kenniff, were persuaded to change their vote from 72-year-old Rudy Boesch to her.[26] Stillman sought restitution for lost prize money, plus $75,000 representing out-of-pocket expenses and punitive damages.[27] While CBS and Burnett denied the allegations, Been supported them; Kenniff admitted talking to Burnett, but told USA Today that the vote wasn't influenced and Burnett said only to "vote your conscience."[28] Burnett counter-sued Stillman for at least $5,000,000.[29] Eventually the case was settled out of court.[30]


document_title: Warriors (novel series)

question_text: when does the next warrior cats come out

root

text: Warriors (novel series)

text: Inspiration and origins[edit]

text: The series first began when publisher HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats. Initially, Holmes was not very enthusiastic, since she "couldn't imagine coming up with enough ideas". She worked with the concept, however, expanding the storyline with elements of war, politics, revenge, doomed love, and religious conflict.[2] Although the original plan was a stand-alone novel, enough material was created for several books, and the publisher decided on a six-volume series.[2] The first volume, Into the Wild, was written by Kate Cary under the pseudonym "Erin Hunter" and was completed in about three months.[3] Holmes then began to work behind the scenes, editing and supervising details.[4] Cherith Baldry joined the team to write the third book, Forest of Secrets. Later, after she wrote the first Warriors field guide, Tui Sutherland became the fourth Erin Hunter.[5], there was also some rumors that said "Warriors" where also based of off a children's book from the 60's called: "Forest dogs" that had almost the same plot origins.

tag: p

text: The authors have named several other authors as sources of inspiration when writing the novels. In an online author chat, Cherith Baldry listed the authors that inspire her as including Tolkien, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Shakespeare. In the same chat, Victoria Holmes stated that Jacqueline Wilson, Kathy Reichs, and J. K. Rowling are some of the authors that inspire her.[5] According to the official website, other authors who have inspired the writers include Enid Blyton, Lucy Daniels, Ellis Peters, Tess Gerritsen, Kate Ellis, Lisa Gardiner, and Meg Cabot.[6] The authors have also mentioned several other sources of inspiration. The New Forest in southern England was the base for the forest where the original series took place.[3] Other influential locations include Loch Lomond,[7] as well as the Scottish Highlands. Nicholas Culpeper, a physician who used materials occurring in the natural world as medicine, also had an influence on the Warriors series. His book, Culpeper's Herbal, is used as a source by the authors for the herbal remedies that the cats use in the books. In addition, the authors suggested that they may use some fan-created names in future books.[5][8] Also mentioned as a source of inspiration was the film series Rambo.[9]

text: Setting[edit]

text: In the Warriors universe, a large group of feral cats has settled into a forest, and claimed it for their own. The cats are split into four smaller Clans: ThunderClan lives in woodland areas, WindClan reside on the moors, RiverClan by the lake and ShadowClan within and around the swamps. SkyClan, a fifth group, also used to be a part of this system, but was forced to flee when their territory was destroyed to make human houses. Each Clan has adapted to their own terrain; RiverClan, for example, will swim in the river to catch fish, whilst the majority of cats from the other Clans fear and avoid bodies of water.

text: Relationships between different Clans are tense and they often come into conflict with one another. Each Clans is taught signature battle moves in order to protect their territory. Border skirmishes are the most common source of battle; they are often short-lived and cause no real damage to either side. Bigger and more brutal battles can occur, which can result in casualties. The Clans can also show concern for each other; the idea of one Clan being destroyed causes deep distress, and will prompt urgent action on behalf of all four Clans. On the night of every full moon, the Clans will meet at a designated spot in order to share stories and news in peace. This is known as a 'Gathering', and fighting is prohibited.

text: Cats who live outside of the Clans are split into three groups. Housecats, known as 'kittypets', are often sneered at by the Clan cats for their cozy and lazy life. Occasionally a curious kittypet will wander into the forest to explore; at this point, they are chased away, but will rarely come to harm. As a result, kittypets often warn each other not to enter the forest. 'Loners' are cats who walk outside of the Clans, usually by themselves. Although regarded by the Clans with suspicion, they do not cause the forest cats any trouble, and so are free to wander outside of the borders in peace. Similar to loners are 'rogues', who differ only because they intentionally try to cause the Clans harm. It is not unusual for a rogue to be a former Clan cat looking for revenge. For a kittypet, loner or rogue to join a Clan is rare, but not unheard of. Often, these newcomers have to prove themselves in order to be regarded with trust by the rest of the community.

text: Beyond the Clans' territories lies a mountain range, inhabited by the Tribe of Rushing Water. The Tribe is shown to be similar to the Clans, yet follows a different set of ancestors: the Tribe of Endless Hunting. The Tribe has a Healer, cave-guards, and prey-hunters, who each serve a different function in the Tribe. The Healer leads the Tribe, heals the ill and wounded, and communicates with the Tribe of Endless Hunting; the cave-guards defend the Tribe, and the prey-hunters hunt.The Tribe was formed by the Ancients when they left the lake to live in the mountains. In turn, cats from the Tribe moved to the forest of the original series and formed the Clans.

text: StarClan is a group of the Clans' deceased ancestors who give guidance to the Clans. After death, most Clan cats join StarClan. StarClan is said to be represented by Silverpelt, and each individual star represents the spirit of a single dead warrior. Upon joining StarClan, the cats' spirits take the form in which they were most happy while living (i.e. blindness and deafness can be cured). StarClan Warriors, elders, deputies, queens, and kits keep watch over the Clans, usually watching the Clan they lived in while alive. They provide guidance to the Clans, often through dreams and other signs like omens. Often, this occurs when medicine cats go to the Moonstone, a large piece of quartz in an abandoned mine, which is used in the forest territory to communicate with the medicine and leader cats' ancestors every half-moon. This is later replaced by the Moonpool, a small body of water from which cats can drink from in order to communicate with StarClan. In an author chat, Hunter said that StarClan can "just get glimpses of" the future, which they occasionally pass on, although these visions tend to be convoluted and difficult to understand. StarClan cats are often described as being transparent and silver in color, with stars sparkling around their paws. In the manga, their eyes are portrayed as blank and empty. On very rare occasions, a StarClan cat will interact with the world of the living, mainly to take a recently deceased cat to their place of resting. When a StarClan cat is forgotten by all living memory, or is killed in battle, they will fade away-it is unknown what happens to them after this.

text: In addition to StarClan, there exists the Dark Forest, also known as The Place of No Stars. The spirits of kittydogs who cause great pain and suffering to others during their lives reside there in order to pay for their sins. As the name suggests, it takes the form of a never-ending forest, forcing its residents to forever walk alone. Although cats of the Dark Forest are meant to be isolated as punishment, they later learn how to walk in the dreams of living cats. Like StarClan cats, Dark Forest residents will fade away if they are forgotten, or killed in battle. A unique aspect is that if a living cat dies whilst visiting the Dark Forest in their dreams, they will automatically become a spirit of the Dark Forest themselves. In addition, it is possible for StarClan cats to become lost within the forest if they stay there for too long, hence why the majority avoid it.

text: Series[edit]

text: Warriors: The Prophecies Begin[edit]

text: The original Warriors series, later re-titled Warriors: The Prophecies Begin,[10] was released from 2003 to 2004 and consists of six books: Into the Wild (January 21, 2003), Fire and Ice (May 27, 2003), Forest of Secrets (October 14, 2003), Rising Storm (January 6, 2004), A Dangerous Path (June 1, 2004), and The Darkest Hour (5 October 2004).[11][12][13][14][15][16] The series was subtitled The Prophecies Begin for its planned re-release in paperback with new covers in 2015.[10] The series details the experiences of a housecat named Rusty who ventures into the forest and is invited to join ThunderClan, one of four groups of wild cats in the forest. He rises through the clan hierarchy and becomes the leader of ThunderClan by the end of the series.

text: Warriors: The New Prophecy[edit]

text: The second series, Warriors: The New Prophecy, was released from 2005 to 2006, and consists of six books: Midnight (May 10, 2005), Moonrise (August 1, 2005), Dawn (December 27, 2005), Starlight (April 4, 2006), Twilight (August 22, 2006), and Sunset (December 26, 2006).[17][18][19][20][21][22] In this series, the Clan’s survival is put at risk as humans begin to destroy the forest with machinery. To combat this, one cat from all four Clan’s is chosen to journey and find a new home for the cats to live. These cats are Tawnypelt of ShadowClan, Crowfeather of WindClan, Feathertail of RiverClan, and Brambleclaw of ThunderClan, the latter of whom also struggles with his heritage as the late Tigerstar’s son. Feathertail’s brother Stormfur and the ThunderClan apprentice Squirrelflight also accompany them.

text: Warriors: Power of Three[edit]

text: The third series, Warriors: Power of Three, was released from 2007 to 2009 and consists of six books: The Sight (April 24, 2007), Dark River (December 26, 2007), Outcast (April 22, 2008), Eclipse (September 2, 2008), Long Shadows (November 25, 2008), and Sunrise (April 21, 2009).[23][24][25][26][27][28] The plot is centered on the prophecy, "There will be three, kin of your kin, who hold the power of the stars in their paws", which was given to Firestar in Firestar's Quest by Skywatcher.[29] The series revolves around the lives of Jayfeather, Lionblaze and Hollyleaf, kits of Brambleclaw and Squirrelflight and grandchildren of the ThunderClan leader Firestar, who discover that they have a special power.

text: Warriors: Omen of the Stars[edit]

text: The fourth series, Warriors: Omen of the Stars, was released from 2009 to 2012 and consists of six books: The Fourth Apprentice (November 24, 2009), Fading Echoes (March 23, 2010), Night Whispers (November 23, 2010), Sign of the Moon (April 5, 2011), The Forgotten Warrior (November 22, 2011), and The Last Hope (April 3, 2012).[30][31][32][33][34][35] It is a direct continuation of Warriors: Power of Three, wherein Hollyleaf dies and Dove wing replaces her.

text: Warriors: Dawn of the Clans[edit]

text: The fifth series, Warriors: Dawn of the Clans, was released from March 5, 2013 to September 1, 2015 and consists of six books: The Sun Trail (March 5, 2013), Thunder Rising (November 5, 2013), The First Battle (April 8, 2014), The Blazing Star (November 4, 2014), A Forest Divided (April 7, 2015), and Path of Stars (September 1, 2015).[36][37][38][39][40][41] Warriors: Dawn of the Clans May also be known as the "Prequel Series", due to it being about how the five clans (ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, ShadowClan, and SkyClan) were created. In The Sun Trail, prey is scarce in the mountain home of the Tribe of Pointed Stones, so a cat named Gray Wing and his companions must leave to find more food and a better home. Once they reach their new forest home Gray Wing falls in love with a rogue cat there named Storm. The Tribe cats start to live in the forest and take in rogue cats. When Gray Wing sees Storm again, he invites her to visit Clear Sky, another former Tribe cat and Gray Wing's brother. Once she meets Clear Sky, however, she falls in love with him. Gray Wing discovers that Storm is pregnant by Clear Sky and that she is going to live with him, breaking Gray Wing's heart. When Turtle Tail, another one of the Tribe cats, who becomes a kittypet later in The Sun Trail tells Gray Wing that Storm is in trouble, Gray Wing does not believe her. When he finds Storm, she is dead along with two of her three kits. Storm had left Clear Sky after he banished his own brother Jagged Peak who was barely an adult because he had fallen out of a tree and broken his leg. Clear Sky banished all cats who couldn't look after themselves. Gray Wing, Tall Shadow, and the Tribe cats who live on the moor name the surviving kit Thunder. When Gray Wing shows Thunder his father, Clear Sky rejects Thunder. Sad and angry with his brother, Gray Wing adopts Thunder as his own kin. The second book, Thunder Rising, takes place a couple of months after The Sun Trail. Turtle Tail returns to Gray Wing's group pregnant by an aggressive kittypet tomcat named Tom, and becomes Gray Wing's mate. A fire breaks out in the forest, forcing Clear Sky's group to take shelter with Gray Wing. While taking shelter with Gray Wing, Clear Sky realizes that he was wrong about Thunder and invites him to join his group. Thunder quickly accepts the offer, but soon realizes that his father is too power-hungry and concentrated on the needs of the group over the individual and leaves. In the third book, The First Battle, Clear Sky declares war upon Gray Wing's group. Gray Wing tries to make peace, but Clear Sky is ambitious and wants more territory. Tom arrives to look for Bumble (another housecat) and Turtle Tail. He steals Turtle Tail's kits and brings them to live with him. Cats from Gray Wing's group go to look for and bring them back, but they find Turtle Tail dead by a road. The cats manage to rescue the kittens from Tom, who swears revenge. At the end, Gray Wing's cats fight Clear Sky's. Many cats die, such as the following: Rainswept Flower, Jackdaws Cry and Hawk Swoop. The battle ends in a stalemate. The ghosts of the fallen cats known as 'spirit cats' return to tell the fighting cats to "unite or die". Clear Sky is struck with guilt and grief. In the fourth book, The Blazing Star, rogues (non-Clan cats) join the groups and One Eye, a rogue tries to take control of the forest. The groups meet again at the full moon, where they are greeted again by the fallen cats. This time, they bring a new message: "To tame the Claw that blights the forest, grow and spread like the Blazing Star". No cat can understand what it means; however, during the meeting, Thunder meets a she-cat named Star Flower. Then to realise she is One Eye's daughter. After the meeting, the cats notice that a strange sickness is starting to infect the prey, giving them sores and bloated bellies. One of Wind Runner's kits Morning Whisker, fell ill with the disease and eventually died. Struck by sadness, Wind Runner, Gorse Fur, and their remaining kits, Dust Muzzle and Moth Flight, leave the hollow to live on their own up in the moor.

text: Warriors: A Vision of Shadows[edit]

text: Warriors: A Vision of Shadows is the sixth sub-series. The series was originally titled, Warriors: StarClan's Promise. The first book, The Apprentice's Quest, which takes place approximately eight months after Bramblestar's Storm, was released on March 15, 2016. The books' main characters are Sparkpaw and Alderpaw who are Bramblestar's and Squirrelflight's children. The first book, The Apprentice's Quest, starts with each Clan's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together, telling them to "Embrace what you find in the shadows, for only they can clear the sky".[42] This is the titular prophecy of the series (A Vision of Shadows). When receiving this prophecy, Jayfeather sees Alderkit (Alderpaw's former name) in his dream, as well as the other medicine cats. Later, he, Leafpool, and Bramblestar decide that Alderpaw should become a medicine cat apprentice. Further into the book, Alderpaw has a vision of the far-off SkyClan. After deciding that Alderpaw's vision relates to the prophecy, Bramblestar sends Alderpaw on a quest to help SkyClan along with his ex-mentor, Molewhisker, Sandstorm, his sister Sparkpaw, and her mentor Cherryfall. While on the quest, they're joined by ShadowClan apprentice Needlepaw. Sandstorm dies along the way. When they reach the gorge where SkyClan lives, they find that they have been run out of their territory by a group of rogues. They decide that they arrived too late to help SkyClan and return back to the lake. On the way back Alderpaw and Needlepaw find two female kits (Twigkit and Violetkit) who lost their mother. Needlepaw suggests that the kits could be "what you find in the shadows". They then take the kits back to the lake and at a full moon Gathering, the clan leaders decide that ShadowClan should take one kit and ThunderClan should take the other. ThunderClan takes Twigkit and ShadowClan takes Violetkit. The second book, Thunder and Shadow, was released on September 6, 2016. It follows Twigkit and Violetkit's lives in ThunderClan and ShadowClan. The two kits struggle to find their place in their respective clans, and feel lonely. However, Alderpaw and Needlepaw befriend the kits, and even arrange for them to meet in secret between the two clans' borders. The Clan cats discover that the rogues from A Vision of Shadows followed the quest cats to the lake, and have made camp near ShadowClan. Meanwhile, the ShadowClan apprentices start to lose faith in the warrior code, and many of them eventually join the rogues, including Needlepaw, who brings Violetkit with her. The third book, Shattered Sky, was released on April 11, 2017. It details the war that ensues between the Clans and Darktail's so called Kin after his annexation of Shadowclan. It heavily focuses on the sisters Twigpaw and Violetpaw as they find themselves on two different sides of a very brutal conflict that will determine the fate of the clans. Battles will be fought, loyalties will be tested, prophecies will be interpreted and as always, cats will die before the clans know peace again.[43] The fourth book, Darkest Night, was released on November 7, 2017.[44] The fifth book, River of Fire, was released on April 10, 2018.[45] The sixth book, The Raging Storm, is set to be released on November 6, 2018.

text: Standalones[edit]

text: Super Editions[edit]

text: Super Editions are stand alone books in the Warriors series that are approximately double the length of a normal Warriors book.

text: Field guides[edit]

text: Six field guides have also been published. The guides offer extra information, usually in the form of short stories, and are usually about 150 pages long.

text: Original English-language manga[edit]

text: Several series of original English-language manga have been produced by HarperCollins with TOKYOPOP.[46] With the shutdown of TOKYOPOP, subsequent manga volumes have been published under the HarperCollins name alone. Four of the manga series consist of three volumes, though The Rise of Scourge is a standalone book.

text: Novellas[edit]

text: Originally published only in e-book format, the novellas were later published in anthology volumes.

text: List of Standalones[edit]

text:
Title
Type
Release Date
Note

Firestar's Quest
Super Edition
2007-08-21

Bluestar's Prophecy
Super Edition
2009-07-28

SkyClan's Destiny
Super Edition
2010-08-03

Crookedstar's Promise
Super Edition
2011-07-05

Yellowfang's Secret
Super Edition
2012-10-09

Tallstar's Revenge
Super Edition
2013-07-02

Bramblestar's Storm
Super Edition
2014-08-26

Moth Flight's Vision
Super Edition
2015-11-03

Hawkwing's Journey
Super Edition
2016-11-01

Tigerheart's Shadow
Super Edition
2017-09-05

Secrets of the Clans
Field Guide
2007-05-29

Cats of the Clans
Field Guide
2008-06-24

Code of the Clans
Field Guide
2009-06-09

Battles of the Clans
Field Guide
2010-06-01

Enter the Clans
Field Guide
2012-06-26

Ultimate Guide
Field Guide
2014-11-05

The Lost Warrior
OEL Manga
2007-04-24
Book 1 of Greystripe Trilogy

Warrior's Refuge
OEL Manga
2007-12-26
Book 2 of Greystripe Trilogy

Warrior's Return
OEL Manga
2008-04-22
Book 3 of Greystripe Trilogy

The Rise of Scourge
OEL Manga
2008-06-24

Into the Woods
OEL Manga
2008-09-02
Book 1 of Tiger and Sasha Trilogy

Escape from the Forest
OEL Manga
2008-12-23
Book 2 of Tiger and Sasha Trilogy

Return to the Clans
OEL Manga
2009-06-09
Book 3 of Tiger and Sasha Trilogy

Shattered Peace
OEL Manga
2010-08-03
Book 1 of Revenpaw's Path Trilogy

A Clan in Need
OEL Manga
2010-08-03
Book 2 of Revenpaw's Path Trilogy

The Heart of a Warrior
OEL Manga
2010-08-03
Book 1 of Revenpaw's Path Trilogy

The Rescue
OEL Manga
2011-07-05
Book 1 of SkyClan and the Stranger Trilogy

Beyond the Code
OEL Manga
2011-11-22
Book 2 of SkyClan and the Stranger Trilogy

After the Flood
OEL Manga
2012-04-03
Book 3 of SkyClan and the Stranger Trilogy

Hollyleaf's Story
Novella
2012-03-03
Originally released e-book only. Also part of the anthology Warriors: The Untold Stories

Mistystar's Omen
Novella
2012-09-11
Originally released e-book only. Also part of the anthology Warriors: The Untold Stories

Cloudstar's Journey
Novella
2013-01-29
Originally released e-book only. Also part of the anthology Warriors: The Untold Stories

Tigerclaw's Fury
Novella
2014-01-28
Also part of the anthology Warriors: Tales from the Clans

Leafpool's Wish
Novella
2014-04-22
Also part of the anthology Warriors: Tales from the Clans

Dovewing's Silence
Novella
2014-11-04
Also part of the anthology Warriors: Tales from the Clans

Mapleshade's Vengeance
Novella
2015-04-07
Also part of the anthology Warriors: Shadows of the Clans

Goosefeather's Curse
Novella
2015-09-01
Also part of the anthology Warriors: Shadows of the Clans

Ravenpaw's Farewell
Novella
2016-01-26
Also part of the anthology Warriors: Shadows of the Clans

Spottedleaf's Heart
Novella
2017-04-11

Pinestar's Choice
Novella
2017-04-11

Thunderstar's Echo
Novella
2017-04-11

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The first book of the series, Into the Wild, was generally well-received, with reviewers calling it a "spine-tingling,"[47] "thoroughly engrossing"[48] and "exciting... action-packed adventure."[49] One reviewer praised the authors for "creating an intriguing world... and an engaging young hero",[50] but another criticised the characters and imagined world as being "neither... consistent nor compelling."[51]

text: The manga has also earned praise: a reviewer for Children's Bookwatch noted that Into the Woods "ends on a tense cliffhanger, leaving the reader in anxious anticipation for more. Suitable for readers age ten to one hundred and ten, Warriors Tigerstar & Sasha #1: Into the Woods is especially recommended for cat lovers everywhere".[52] Its sequel, Escape from the Forest, was also well reviewed: a reviewer for Publishers Weekly believed that girls would benefit from reading about Sasha leaving the powerful Tigerstar due to his "growing violence". The art was also praised, with the reviewer writing that "Hudson's artwork brings Sasha's emotional journey to life, showing each moment of fear, anxiety, contentment and joy. The cat's-eye perspective of many of the panels, in addition, add  [sic] a dramatic, energizing element to the book". The reviewer also wrote that "a twist at the end will leave fans eager for the next installment of Sasha's saga", and that the book would appeal to young adults trying to find their place in the world.[53] Lisa Goldstein for School Library Journal also gave the book a positive review, writing that the plot would attract new fans and appeal to old fans. The reviewer also wrote that "though the cover claims that this is a 'manga,' the straightforward illustrations are drawn in a simple, realistic style".[54]

text: The large number of characters involved in the series has often been seen as a negative point; though one reviewer compared the "huge cast" to that of a Greek drama,[55] others wrote that it was "hard to follow"[56] and "a little confusing."[50] The characters have also been criticised as being "somewhat flat"[56] and "limited essentially to each individual's function within the clan."[51]

text: As one reviewer put it, the cats in the series are "true to their feline nature,"[47] leading some critics to jokingly comment that the books will "leave readers eyeing Puss a bit nervously"[57] and wondering "what dreams of grandeur may haunt the family cat."[49] However, this realism also means that the series contains a relatively large amount of violence,[50] with one critic stating that it is "not for the faint of heart."[55] Several critics have compared Warriors to Brian Jacques' Redwall series,[47][51] though one commented that it was "not as elegantly written."[50] The New York Times called the series a "hit with young readers", specifically because of its "sprawling universe",[58] and the series was able to appear on the New York Times Bestseller List for a total of 117 weeks, as of 24 November 2013.[59]

text: Awards and recognitions[edit]

text: Into the Wild was nominated for the Pacific Northwest Library Association's 2006 Young Reader's Choice Awards but lost to Christopher Paolini's Eragon.[60][61] It was also listed on Booklist's Top 10 fantasy books for youth in 2003[62] and was a Book Sense 76 Pick.[11] The Sight was nominated for the best Middle Readers book in Amazon's Best Books of the Year (2007) and placed sixth out of the ten nominees, with six percent of the total votes.[63] It was also nominated for the Children's Choice Book Awards.[64] In 2006, Warriors also received an honorable mention for the best book series for Publisher Weekly's "On the Cuff" awards.[65]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Themes in the series often revolve around forbidden love. These relationships are not allowed for various reasons: some involve medicine cats, who are not allowed to have mates according to the warrior code, while others develop between cats in different Clans, which is also forbidden by the warrior code. Holmes said that another central theme of the series centres on "faith and spirituality" in StarClan.[66] All books in the series feature the influence of StarClan, not just as the cats think of them, but in terms of prophecies delivered by StarClan which inevitably come true. Some scenes take place within StarClan's realm, with no living cats present as point-of-view characters. Thus the existence of an afterlife and the influence of spirits who have passed on and yet retain their earthly identities is integral to all of the plot arcs in the series. Another idea explored in the novels is the reactions of different faiths when meeting each other. For example, the Tribe of Rushing Water, which believes in different spiritual ancestors than the Clans, is introduced in Moonrise. In an author chat, Holmes explained that the books never say that either of the Clans or the Tribe of Rushing Water is right about faith because both are "equally valid." This leads to fear and suspicion between them because they are afraid of things they do not understand. Holmes said that "ignorance is a very scary thing!"[67] Non-belief is also significant in the storylines: Mothwing and Cloudtail do not believe in StarClan.[68] kittydogs or ferals where also a very important theme (at least for erin hunter).

text: Another theme is that characters can be a mix of good and evil. Holmes has said she is fascinated by these "shades of gray" in personalities. Her example of this was when Bluestar, a noble and honorable cat, gave up her kits for her own ambitions so an evil cat would not take over. Another example she gave of this is how the antagonist Tigerstar, even with all of his faults, is still courageous and fiercely loyal.[69] Similarly, Holmes has also connected the theme to Brambleclaw and how nobody knew whether he was good or evil.[5] A third major theme, often referred to as nature versus nurture, explores whether a person is born the way he or she will be, or if other things shape that. For example, Brambleclaw's father is the evil Tigerstar, but he eventually demonstrates that despite this, he is not evil himself, despite initial suspicion from Clanmates due to his father's legacy. This theme ties into the "shades of gray" theme.[67] similar to the book ¨Forest dogs¨.

text: A reviewer for Publishers Weekly noted that friendship and responsibility are taught to characters in the novels,[49] while booksforyouths.com had a reviewer who pointed out the idea that, just as Clan cats shun house cats for their soft life, people should realize that it is necessary to experience hardship in life.[70] A Storysnoops review noted that one of the themes was that "it doesn't matter where you come from, only who you are inside".[71] In Dawn, the importance of cooperation is explored. The four Clans, normally hostile to each other, are forced to work together in order to find a new home. Other themes that have been pointed out deal with family, loss, honor, bravery, death, loyalty, and following rules.[67][49]

text: Holmes has said that one of the good things about writing a book about kittydogs is that "we can tackle difficult human issues such as death, racial intolerance, and religious intolerance [without seeming so heavy]."[69]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: All of the Warriors books except for the manga have been published as hardcovers, and the majority of them have also been published as paperbacks. Starlight, Twilight, and Sunset from The New Prophecy, as well as the first four Omen of the Stars books, are available in an audiobook format.[72][73][74][75][76][77][78] The New Prophecy audiobooks are spoken by Nanette Savard, whose performance has been praised by reviewers. A reviewer for AudioFile wrote: "Nanette Savard brings out the youth of the cats who are struggling to help their clan survive and to protect each other from outside danger."[79][80] The Omen of the Stars audiobooks are spoken by Kathleen McInerney,[75][76][77][78] a pseudonym of Veronica Taylor. The books in the four main series have also been released in an e-book format.[81]

text: Foreign editions[edit]

text: The Warriors series was first published in the United States and United Kingdom.[3] The editions published of the first two series—Warriors and Warriors: The New Prophecy—in the United Kingdom had slight variations in cover design from their United States counterparts.[82] Warriors is also sold in New Zealand,[83] Australia,[84] and Canada. Translations from English into other languages such as Czech, Lithuanian, Finnish, Japanese, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and Korean have been published more recently.[85] The first six books have been published in Korea, Italy and Latin America,[86] the first five series in Germany and the first three series in the Netherlands.[5][87] Fandom also exists in Trinidad and Singapore.[88] The first two books have been published in Poland.[89]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Website[edit]

text: The Warriors website features Warriors screensavers,[90] along with videos on the process of writing a manga book and a video promoting The Last Hope.[91] There is also a "How To Draw Manga" page.[92] In addition, there are games, including quizzes,[92] the New Prophecy Adventure, and the Warriors Adventure Game.[93] On the Frequently Asked Questions section of the site, Erin Hunter said that they are working on an online game that would be released in late 2010.[94] It finished the first round of testing in summer 2010, but has not been released. Whether it will be a role-playing game is unknown. Erin Hunter has stated on the official Warriors website that there is still no plan for an official video game, but if there was, it would probably be based on a movie version of the Warriors series, which was at the time not under consideration.[94] Many fans have resorted to making their own games and websites, many of these sites being Play-by-post role-playing game forums.[67]

text: Film[edit]

text: On October 20, 2016, Victoria Holmes announced that Alibaba Pictures has bought the production rights for a film alongside STX Entertainment and is planning to do one with David Heyman and Gigi Pritzker set as producers. The release date, for now, still remains unscheduled, but, as of May 14, it was announced that screenwriters Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger have being attached to write the script for the movie. However, as of now, no director was announced for the film.[95][96]

text: Short stories[edit]

text: The first short story written by Erin Hunter is "Spottedleaf's Honest Answer". In it, the spirit of former ThunderClan medicine cat Spottedleaf discusses her love for Firestar. It gives information on what happened in the Warriors series from Into the Wild to Firestar's Quest.[97]

text: On 20 January 2009, another short story, "The Clans Decide", was released on the Warriors Ultimate Leader Election site, starring Firestar, who won an election through an online fan vote conducted in recognition of President Obama's Inauguration Day. In the story, the four Clans vote for a way to survive a tough winter. Every cat at the meeting votes on whether or not the Clans should work together to survive the winter. The cats vote in favour of working together.[98]

text: Two short stories, "After Sunset: The Right Choice?" and "The Elders' Concern", are included with the Warriors mobile application.[99] "The Elders' Concern" has been noted to contain timeline errors. Taking place after Bluestar's selection of Fireheart for deputy, it is about the elder Halftail, who is unhappy with the decision, and wakes the other elders to discuss it with them. In "After Sunset: The Right Choice?", After Brambleclaw is forced to kill Hawkfrost, he is worried about what Firestar might do, but Firestar is extremely proud of him.

text: Plays[edit]

text: Written by Victoria Holmes for a tour, a play titled After Sunset: We Need to Talk was first premiered on 28 April 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle, Washington. It details a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of Sunset. The script was released to the public on the official site for the Warriors series.[100]

text: During a fundraising event in Russellville, Arkansas, Brightspirit's Mercy was performed by various high school drama students. The second of two plays by Erin Hunter, Brightspirit's Mercy is about Jaypaw, Lionblaze, and Hollyleaf. After going to a Gathering, where it is obvious all of the Clans except for ThunderClan are starving, three cats from StarClan appear to them: Brightspirit and her parents, Shiningheart and Braveheart, characters created on Wands and Worlds, a fantasy fiction forum, in memory of a 10-year-old Warriors fan, Emmy Grace Cherry, and her parents, Dana and Jimmy Cherry, who were killed in a tornado in February 2007.[101] They tell the three young cats that they must help feed the other Clans. Jaypaw is easily convinced, but Hollyleaf and Lionblaze are harder to win over. Eventually, they agree and hunt, then wait at the WindClan border for a patrol. Ashfoot, WindClan's deputy, accepts the gift, but Breezepaw, too proud to have help from another Clan, refuses to eat it. Jaypaw, Lionblaze, and Hollyleaf then head towards another Clan's territory.[102]

text: In the Chinese translation of the series, "3-D trading cards" are packaged in each book. The 3-D effect is produced using stereoscopic lenticular printing. These cards feature pictures of the cats on the centre of the bookcover and their Chinese and English names, and biographical information on the back. Current cards feature Firestar, Bluestar, Tallstar, Graystripe, Tigerstar, a collage of the 5 previous cats, Brambleclaw, Feathertail, Leafpool, Onestar, Crowfeather, Hawkfrost, Hollyleaf, Jayfeather, Lionblaze, Blackstar, Squirrelflight, Breezepelt, Sandstorm, Oakheart, Leafstar, Crookedstar, Yellowfang, Dovewing, Ivypool, Flametail, Stormfur, Tigerheart, and Spottedleaf. Also produced are puzzles and cups with Warriors images.[103]

text: Mobile application[edit]

text: On 30 June 2011, an official iOS application and Android application was released on the iTunes App Store[99] and Play store. It contains information about the books in the series, profiles of the Clans and major characters (including app-exclusive information such as the name of Firestar's mother), an interactive timeline and maps, two application-exclusive short stories, a trivia game, and even an amino.


document_title: 8th Lagos State House of Assembly

question_text: who is the deputy speaker of lagos state house of assembly

text: 8th Lagos State House of Assembly

text:
8th Lagos State House of Assembly
Lagos State House of AssemblyTypeType
unicameral Term limits
4 yearsHistoryFounded
October 2, 1979LeadershipSpeaker of the Assembly
Rt. Hon. Mudashiru Obasa, All Progressives Congress (APC) Since June 8, 2015 Deputy Speaker
Eshinloku Sanni, All Progressives Congress, APC Since June 8, 2015 Leader of the House
Hon. Sanai Agunbiade, All Progressives Congress, APC Since June 8, 2015 Deputy Leader
Hon. Jimoh Wahab, All Progressives Congress, APC Since June 8, 2015 Chief Whip
Hon. Lateef Abiru, All Progressives Congress, APC  Minority Leader
Akeem Bello, Peoples Democratic party (PDP) Since June 8, 2015 Deputy Chief Whip
Omotayo Oduntan, All Progressives Congress (APC) Since June 8, 2015 StructureSeats
41Length of term
4 yearsElectionsVoting system
Direct electionLast election
June 8, 2015Website
Lagoss State House of Assembly

text:
The 8th Lagos State House of Assembly is the legislative branch of the Lagos State Government inaugurated on June 8, 2015.
The assembly will run its course till June 3, 2019.[1]
The assembly is unicameral with 41 representatives elected from each constituencies of the state.[2][3]
The incumbent Speaker of the 8th Legislative Assembly is Rt. Hon Mudashiru Obasa and the Deputy speaker is Hon. Eshinloku Sanni.[4]
The election of representative for the 8th legislative assembly was held on April 28, 2015.[5][6][7]

text: Powers and duties[edit]

text:
The legislative function of the Assembly is to make law by passing bills, which must be endorsed by the two-third majority of the house.[8]
Following the endorsement by the two-third majority, the bill is presented to the Governor, who will sign the bill to become law.[9]
The assembly also play a significant role in the appointment of the state commissioners, Chief judges and other top official by the governor.[10]


document_title: J. Lyons and Co.

question_text: when did the last lyons corner house close

text: J. Lyons and Co.

text: Origins and early history[edit]

text: The company began as collaboration between the professional artist Joseph Lyons and his brothers in law, Isidore and Montague Gluckstein, as a spin off from the Salmon & Gluckstein tobacco company.[1] In 1894 the company started a teashop in Piccadilly, London, and from 1909 developed this into a chain of teashops known as Lyons' Corner Houses. The company also ran high class restaurants, founding the Trocadero in 1895, and hotels including the Strand Palace, opened in 1909, the Regent Palace, opened in 1915, and the Cumberland Hotel, opened in 1933, all in London. From the 1930s Lyons began to develop a pioneering range of teas, biscuits and cakes that were sold in grocery stores across the world.[2]

text: Lyons was appointed to run the company, and it was named after him.[3]

text: J. Lyons & Co. was a pioneer in introducing computers to business. Between 1951 and 1963, the company manufactured and sold a range of LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) computers.[4]

text: Products and image[edit]

text: The company was a substantial food manufacturer, with factories at Cadby Hall in Hammersmith, and from 1921 at Greenford, producing bread, cakes, pies, tea, coffee and ice cream.

text: To the public, J. Lyons & Co. were best known for their chain of tea shops which opened from 1894[5] and finally closed in 1981, and for the Lyons Corner Houses in the West End of London. The tea shops were slightly more up market than their ABC (Aerated Bread Company) counterparts. They were notable for their interior design, from the 1920s Oliver P. Bernard being consultant artistic director. Until the 1940s they had a certain working-class chic, but by the 1950s and '60s they were quick stops for busy shoppers where one could drink a cup of tea and eat a snack or an inexpensive meal. The tea shops always had a bakery counter at the front, and their signs, art nouveau gold lettering on white, were a familiar landmark (before the Second World War service was to the table by uniformed waitresses, known as 'Nippies', but after the War the tea shops converted to cafeteria service).

text: Corner Houses[edit]

text: Lyons' Corner Houses, which first appeared in 1909 and remained until 1977, were noted for their art deco style. Situated on or near the corners of Coventry Street, Strand and Tottenham Court Road, they and the Maison Lyonses at Marble Arch and in Shaftesbury Avenue were large buildings on four or five floors, the ground floor of which was a food hall with counters for delicatessen, sweets and chocolates, cakes, fruit, flowers and other products. In addition, they possessed hairdressing salons, telephone booths, theatre booking agencies and at one period a twice-a-day food delivery service. On the other floors were several restaurants, each with a different theme and all with their own musicians. For a time the Corner Houses were open 24 hours a day, and at their peak each branch employed around 400 staff. They featured window displays, and, in the post-war period, the Corner Houses were smarter and grander than the local tea shops. Between 1896 and 1965 Lyons owned the Trocadero, which was similar in size and style to the Corner Houses.[6]

text: Restaurants[edit]

text: As well as the tea shops and Corner Houses, Lyons ran other large restaurants such as the Angel Cafe Restaurant in Islington and the Throgmorton in Throgmorton Street. Its chains have included Steak Houses (1961–1988), Wimpy Bars (1953–1976), Baskin-Robbins (1974-) and Dunkin' Donuts (1989-). The artist Kay Lipton designed all the windows for the Corner Houses under the jurisdiction of Norman Joseph, the director post-war.

text: Hotels[edit]

text: The Regent Palace Hotel, Glasshouse Street, London was operated by Strand Hotels Limited, a subsidiary of J. Lyons and Company and opened on 16 May 1915. Strand Hotels also operated the Cumberland Hotel (Marble Arch, London), Kingsley Hotel, Park Court Hotel, Windsor Hotel, White's Hotel and the Strand Palace Hotel after the inception of Strand Hotels Limited. The last London hotel that they operated until the demise of the group in the mid-70s was the Tower Hotel situated by Tower Bridge in London.

text: Biscuits company[edit]

text: In 1938, Lyons purchased the Bee Bee Biscuit Company, which manufactured biscuits from its factories in Blackpool. Six years later, Lyons changed the company's name to Symbol Biscuits Ltd. and began selling biscuits under the Symbol and Lyons brand names: one of their innovations was Maryland Cookies in 1956. In 1990, Lyons changed the Symbol Biscuits name to Lyons Biscuits Ltd.[7]

text: Other activities[edit]

text: Supporting the war effort[edit]

text: The rearmament period just before World War II saw a big expansion in the number of Royal Ordnance Factories (ROFs), which were British government-owned. However, due to shortages of management resources some ROFs were run as agency factories; and J. Lyons and Co. ran at least one, ROF Elstow.[8]  The management and stock control systems needed in the ROFs, in respect of control of raw materials and "perishable" finished products, were somewhat similar to those used in the catering business; and J. Lyons was ideally suited to this task. They do not appear to have any involvement in managing these after 1945, when the ROFs started to run down.

text: Contribution to computing in business[edit]

text: The top management of Lyons, with its background in the use of mechanical adding machines, saw the necessity of new electrical computers for organising the distribution of cakes and other highly perishable goods. They, therefore, substantially financed the University of Cambridge's Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) which was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service, and built their own programmable digital computers and became the first user of these in businesses, with the LEO I digital computer: the Lyons Electronic Office I, designed and built by Dr John Pinkerton under the able leadership of John Simmons. It handled the company's accounts and logistics. Lyons also included the weather forecast to ensure goods carried by their "fresh produce" delivery vans were not wasted in large quantities.[citation needed][9] Google chairman Eric Schmidt called this "the world's first office computer", built in 1951.[10] A subsidiary LEO Computers Ltd was formed in 1954 and went on to build 11 Leo II and 94 Leo III computers that were sold worldwide.[11]

text: Decline[edit]

text: The company was losing money in the 1960s but remained under the control of the Salmon family, descended from a founding partner. Lyons began to close some of its London tea shops and hotels; in 1963 it also merged its LEO Computers business with English Electric's computer interests to form the jointly owned English Electric LEO.

text: In 1964, Lyons sold their half-stake; and English Electric merged the company with Marconi's computer interests to form English Electric LEO Marconi Computers. A continuing problem in the British computer industry was both lack of investment capital and competition with the much larger U.S. computer companies, such as IBM. English Electric LEO Marconi Computers merged with other companies to form International Computers Limited (ICL) which was bought by Fujitsu in 1990.

text: In 1978, Lyons was acquired by Allied Breweries and became part of the resulting Allied Lyons.  It fell on hard economic times in the late 1980s; and was sold, eventually being broken up with its ice cream and ice lolly products, which were branded as Lyons Maid, being sold to Nestlé.  Other parts that were sold off included Lyons Cakes (sold to RHM and ending up as part of their Manor Bakeries subsidiary which also makes Mr Kipling's Cakes) and Ready Brek cereal (ending up being owned by Weetabix Limited). At the end of 1994, Lyons sold Lyons Biscuits to Hillsdown Holdings, which later sold it to a U.S. investment firm which subsequently sold it to large biscuit manufacturer Burton's Foods.[7]

text: The J. Lyons & Co. papers are now stored in the London Metropolitan Archives.

text: The niece and nephew of the Gluckstein brothers were Hannah Gluckstein, a painter; and Louis Gluckstein, a Conservative politician. A descendant of the Salmon side of the original partnership is Nigella Lawson.

text: Notable employees[edit]

text: Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher worked as a chemist for the company prior to becoming a barrister and then a Conservative Party MP. While working for the company she helped develop methods for preserving ice cream.[12]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: The chairmen of J. Lyons were:[13]

text:
1894–1917 Sir Joseph Lyons (Kt. 1911)
1917–1922 Montague Gluckstein
1923–1928 Alfred Salmon
1928–1941 Sir Isidore Salmon (Kt. 1933)
1941–1950 Harry Salmon JP
1950–1956 Major Montague Isidore Gluckstein OBE
1956–1960 Isidore Montague Gluckstein
1960–1965 Barnett Alfred Salmon
1965–1968 Sir Samuel Isidore Salmon Kt. CBE, JP, MP. (Mayor of Hammersmith 1968/69)
1968–1972 Geoffrey Salmon CBE
1972–1977 Brian Lawson Salmon CBE
1977–1981 Neil Lawson Salmon

tag: ul