document_title: List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters

question_text: what is the name of the feather duster in beauty and the beast

question_tokens: what is the name of the feather duster in beauty and the beast

text: List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters

text: Introduced in Beauty and the Beast

text: Belle

text: Beast

text: Gaston

text: Maurice

text:
Maurice

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Eric Keenleyside (Once Upon a Time)
Kevin Kline (live-action film)

Voiced by
Rex Everhart

text: Maurice is the village inventor and Belle's father. However, most of the villagers think he is insane for crafting devices believed ridiculous and impossible to construct in reality.

text: During the beginning of the movie, he is working on a machine that automatically chops up firewood. Once it is successfully working, he leaves for the County Fair to display his invention. However, he is unable to make it to the fair due to getting lost in the woods. After going down a path that results in the loss of his horse and cart, and being attacked and nearly killed by a pack of rabid wolves, he winds up at the gate of a dark castle. When he enters the castle to stay for the night, he ends up being locked up by the Beast, the castle's master.

text: Belle learns of what happened and goes to the castle, attempting to release her father. She then tries to convince the Beast to release him from the castle. She succeeds in convincing the Beast to release him, under the condition that she is to take her father's place, to Maurice's protests. Maurice is forcibly taken back to the village.

text: Upon returning to the village, Maurice tries to seek the villagers' help in trying to rescue Belle, but they don't believe him, and they consequently throw him out of the tavern.

text: Determined to not give up on Belle, he decides to return to the castle alone. However, it doesn't take long before he succumbs to an unknown illness due to the cold weather. Luckily, Belle discovers that her father is in trouble via the Beast's Magic Mirror and is released by the Beast so she can save him. Shortly after arriving back home, Le Fou has alarmed the villagers of their return. Shortly thereafter, Monsieur D'Arque, the keeper of the Maison de Lunes Insane Asylum, and the other villagers come to take Maurice to the insane asylum in an intricate plan to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston. Belle reveals that Maurice's rants are true and that the Beast does exist. Both she and Maurice are locked up by Gaston in the cellar, to stop them from interfering with Gaston's goal to kill the Beast. Chip has managed to stow away in Belle's satchel and uses the automated firewood cutter to destroy the door to the cellar. Maurice and Belle leave for the castle to stop Gaston from killing the Beast. He is last seen in the ballroom standing by Mrs. Potts as he happily watches Belle and the Beast (who is now transformed back into a handsome prince) dance while he laughs at Chip's question to his mother whether he still has to 'stay in the cupboard'.

text: In the 2017 live-action remake, Maurice is played by Kevin Kline. He remains as an inventor, but makes music boxes to help Belle see the world from the comfort of home in the village of Villeneuve. He fled Paris and settled in the provinces with Belle when she was still a baby to protect the both of them from a plague that took the life of Belle's mother and Maurice's wife. True to the original story, Maurice is imprisoned by the Beast for taking a rose from his garden instead of being caught trespassing in the castle. Maurice returns to Villeneuve to find help, but only Gaston and LeFou are willing to do so. However, Gaston only wanted to help in order to get Maurice's blessing for his marriage to Belle. Knowing that Belle has no interest in marrying Gaston, Maurice refuses her hand, prompting Gaston to leave him to die at the hands of the wolves. The Enchantress, disguised as a villager named Agathe, rescues him and takes him back to Villeneuve. Upon his return, Maurice attempts to have Gaston arrested for attempted murder, but Gaston in turn declares him insane and has him committed to an insane asylum. Belle arrives back in time to vindicate Maurice, but both are locked in the asylum wagon while the whole village goes to kill the Beast. After Maurice and Belle make amends regarding Belle now understanding why Maurice was so overly protective of her, thanks to the Beast, Maurice uses his inventor skills to pick the lock on the wagon, allowing Belle to take Phillipe back to the Beast's castle while Maurice remains behind with the dumbfounded Monsieur D'Arque. At the end of the movie, Maurice is seen painting the ballroom dance as everyone celebrates.

text: He only makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas as one of the people listening to the story Mrs. Potts is telling, and makes his debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in Kingdom Hearts χ.

text: Lumière

text:
Lumière

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Henri Lubatti (Once Upon a Time)
Ewan McGregor (live-action film)

Voiced by
Jerry Orbach (films, House of Mouse)
Jeff Bennett (Kingdom Hearts II, theme parks)
Ewan McGregor (live-action film)
Masashi Ebara (Japanese)

text: Lumière is the Beast's kindhearted but rebellious maître d', Cogsworth's counterpart and rival. Because of the curse placed by the Enchantress, he was transformed into a candelabra. He allows Maurice to come into the castle to stay. Later, he and Cogsworth lure Belle to Maurice in hopes that she will break the spell. He suggests that Beast try and move her to a better room. Lumière tries to help Beast become more civil for Belle, and sometimes rebels against the Beast if it suits the other characters' needs (like allowing Belle to have dinner despite Beast's refusal to let them feed her). Later, after the Beast rescues Belle from more wolves, and Belle nurses the beast back to health, earning his affections in the process, Lumière, aware of what would impress such a voracious reader, astutely suggests that the Beast give Belle the castle's immense library as a gift, which has the desired effect. He also tries to help the Beast learn how to do the waltz. He is initially upset that Belle leaves the castle, but he remains optimistic at the same time, since he's still convinced that she'll break the spell. When he discovers that the castle is going to be invaded by Gaston's lynch mob, he plans the battle. He then decides to set up a trap where all of the furniture is in the foyer, and he gives the signal to attack. While he is unable to stop Gaston from deserting the battle to kill the Beast, Lumière saves Fifi the Featherduster from being plucked apart by a villager and is earlier himself saved from Le Fou by Cogsworth. He, Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston, but arrive after the battle's end, when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston, who fell to his death from the West Wing. The spell breaks, however, reviving the Beast and returning Lumière and the others to their original forms. In the end, he gets into an argument with Cogsworth about who told who about Belle breaking the spell (it was Lumière).

text: In The Enchanted Christmas, he tries to help bring Christmas back into the castle (even if it means disobeying his Master to do so). Also, he and Cogsworth help get a Christmas tree with Belle upon Forte's suggestion (unaware of Forte's plan). When Forte decides to try to destroy the castle, he and Cogsworth try to save the rose.

text: He later appears in Kingdom Hearts II and Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days as a supporting character in the Beast's Castle world. In 358/2 Days, he and Cogsworth serve as the castle's patrol guards, forcing Roxas, Xion and Xaldin to evade their sight during missions in that world, and in Kingdom Hearts II, he is locked in the dungeon by the Beast along with the other servants in an attempt to protect him by the Beast's rage, fueled by Xaldin, but he is freed by Sora, whom he helps by opening a secret passage out of the undercroft. He later plays a small role in the final battle against Xaldin.

text: Lumière is played by Scottish actor, Ewan McGregor in the live-action version of Beauty and the Beast. This depiction of Lumiere has him as a charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a human-shaped candelabra

text: Cogsworth

text:
Cogsworth

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Ian McKellen (live-action film)

Voiced by
David Ogden Stiers (film)
Ian McKellen (live-action film)
Kazuo Kumakura (Japanese)

text: Cogsworth is the Beast's tightly wound and extremely loyal Majordomo, and Lumière's counterpart and rival. When the Enchantress curses the Beast, he is transformed into a pendulum clock. He initially tries to stop the others from allowing Maurice to stay at the castle (as he knows the Beast would not approve), but ultimately gives in. When the Beast arrives, he tries to explain what happened, but the Beast is too angry to hear what happened. He tries to get Belle to come to dinner, but she refuses. When he reports to the Beast her refusal, he tries desperately to calm him down, as well as keep him calm when trying to get her to join him for dinner. He follows the Beast's orders to deny her dinner, but he eventually relents, telling them to at least keep the noise down. He is eventually swept up in the boisterous "Be Our Guest" number. Later he learns that the Beast let Belle go, much to his dismay. He then tells everyone the bad news, and seems resigned to his fate (as the rose is nearing the last petal). When the residents of the castle learn of the upcoming invasion, he tries to come up with a plan to stop the villagers, but the others leave him before he can finish. He later participates in the battle and saves Lumiere from Le Fou by sliding down the banister and prodding Le Fou's rear end with a pair of scissors. He, Lumiere and Mrs. Potts rush to aid the Beast who is fighting against Gaston, but arrive after the battle's end, when the Beast dies from a mortal wound from Gaston, who fell from the West Wing. The spell breaks, however, reviving the Beast and returning Cogsworth and the others to their original forms. In the end, he gets into an argument with Lumiere about who told who about Belle breaking the spell (it was Lumiere).

text: In The Enchanted Christmas, he is initially opposed to the idea of Christmas (mainly due to his master's opposition), but eventually decides that Christmas in the castle wouldn't be such a bad idea. He and Lumière try to help Belle find a Christmas tree under Forte's guidance, unaware of Avenant's plan. Later, when Avenant tries to destroy the castle, he attempts to save the rose.

text: He later appears in Kingdom Hearts: 358/2 Days and Kingdom Hearts II in his homeworld, Beast's Castle. In theformer, he serves as a patrol guard in the castle, and in the latter, he aids Sora in the brief fight against the Beast, under Xaldin's influence. He later plays a small role in the final battle against Xaldin.

text: Cogsworth is played by Sir Ian McKellen in the live-action version of Beauty and the Beast. This version has a wife named Clothilde. In the ending, he is reunited with Clothilde after he transforms back into a human, much to his dismay. It is revealed that this version's first name is Henry.[1] The 2017 live-action version of Cogsworth is older than the 1991 animated version.

text: Mrs. Potts

text:
Mrs. Potts

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Emma Thompson (live-action film)

Voiced by
Angela Lansbury (first and second films)
Anne Rogers (Belle's Magical World)
Emma Thompson (live-action film)

text: Mrs. Potts is the castle's head of the kitchen, and has a loving, motherly feel. When the Enchantress curses the Beast, she is transformed into a teapot. In her first appearance, she helps Maurice get comfortable. She helps comfort Belle when she is made to stay at the castle in exchange for her father's freedom. Mrs. Potts also tries to help the Beast try to become more civil to Belle, although the efforts fall apart when Belle refuses to come to dinner. Later, Mrs. Potts entertains Belle when she's having dinner. When the Beast is wounded, she tries to tend to his wounds with Belle. After learning that there are invaders coming to the castle, she tries to get the Beast to do something, but he declines, still depressed about Belle leaving. She later participates in the battle of the castle by having the rest of the dishes pour hot liquid on the villagers.

text: In The Enchanted Christmas, she serves as the narrator of the tale. She later appears in Kingdom Hearts II in her homeworld, Beast's Castle. She aids Sora, Lumiere and Cogsworth in opening the secret passage out of the dungeons by extinguishing the darkness surrounding the lanterns with the help of Sora's Keyblade.

text: Angela Lansbury, who had been known for playing many "despicable" characters throughout her Broadway career, noted that in the aftermath of her film role as Mrs Potts, children no longer hid behind their parents in fear when around her, and instead treated her like a heroine.[2]

text: Mrs. Potts is portrayed by Emma Thompson in the live-action version of Beauty and the Beast. During the final battle, she recognizes the potter Mr. Potts among the villagers storming the castle and is reunited with him after she transforms back into a human. It is then revealed that her first name is Beatrice.

text: Chip Potts

text:
Chip Potts

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Nathan Mack (live-action film)

Voiced by
Bradley Pierce (first film)
Haley Joel Osment (second film)
Gregory Grudt (Belle's Magical World)
Tress MacNeille (4 episodes of House of Mouse)
Nikita Hopkins (1 episode of House of Mouse)
Nathan Mack (live-action film)

text: Chip is the son of Mrs. Potts. As a result of the Enchantress' spell, he is transformed into a teacup, with a small crack on the rim. He befriends Belle and looks up to her. He gets admonished by his mother when he does a bubble trick to Belle and when he giggles at how the Beast handles a spoon. Also, he stows away when she has to leave the castle to save her father Maurice, and wants to find out why she left. He later frees Belle and Maurice, who are trapped in the cellar by Gaston, by commandeering Maurice's invention, an automatic firewood chopper, to break open the cellar door but destroying the invention in the process.

text: In Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, he is seen trying to open presents for Christmas. Also when Adam gives him a present, he's excited about it being a storybook. He helps Belle make a storybook to make the Beast feel better. Also, in the flashback depicting the Enchantress placing the spell on the castle ten years earlier, he is present as a child, implying that the spell stopped him and the other servants from aging during the ten-year period.

text: He cameos in Kingdom Hearts II.

text: In the live-action version of Beauty and the Beast, Chip is portrayed by Nathan Mack. He is transformed into a teacup with a matching saucer, often using the saucer to move around quickly (reminiscent of the droid BB-8 from Star Wars: The Force Awakens). When the Enchantress's curse on the kingdom is not broken in time, Chip and all the other castle servants lose their last vestiges of humanity and become completely inanimate. Before Chip drops to the ground lifeless (his saucer already shattering upon impact), his teacup form is saved at the last instant by an ailing Chapeau who is transformed into a lifeless coat rack. Shortly afterwards, the spell on the kingdom is broken and Chip along with the other servants are restored to their human forms. He and his mother are reunited with Mr. Potts.

text: Featherduster

text:
List of Disney's Beauty and the Beast characters

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Gugu Mbatha-Raw (live-action film)

Voiced by
Kimmy Robertson (films, House of Mouse)
Gugu Mbatha-Raw (live-action film)

Aliases
Babette
Fifi
Plumette

text: The Featherduster is a maid of the castle, who is also Lumière's girlfriend. She is transformed into a feather duster as a cause of the Enchantress' spell. She appears in Beauty and the Beast and Belle's Magical World. She also makes a cameo in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas. There have been some changes to her name throughout the different shows produced; in the musical, she is called Babette; and in Belle's Magical World, she is called Fifi. In the 2017 live-action film, she is portrayed by Gugu Mbatha-Raw and is called Plumette and was transformed into a swan-shaped feather duster.

text: In the Belle's Magical World segment, "Fifi's Folly", Fifi misunderstands Belle as Lumière's new girlfriend when Belle helps him rehearse for his 5th Anniversary date with Fifi. However, in the end of the segment, Lumiere tells her he loves her after a series of events and they get back together again.

text: The Featherduster is voiced by Kimmy Robertson in the Beauty and the Beast and Belle's Magical World, but no actress is credited for her single line in The Enchanted Christmas. She also appeared in Disney's House of Mouse and Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse, again voiced by Robertson but this time was called Babette.

text: Sultan

text:
Sultan

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Gizmo (live-action film)

Voiced by
Frank Welker (animated films)

text: Sultan is the castle dog who was turned into a footstool when the Enchantress enacted her curse.

text: When Maurice first appeared at the castle, he is among those who meet him and tries to get Maurice to pet him. Then Sultan gets in front of Maurice so that he can put his feet up. During Belle's stay at the castle, Sultan plays in the snow and even gets hugged by Belle. At the time when Gaston leads the villagers into laying siege to the Beast's castle, Sultan takes part in the fight. When he is chased into the kitchen and cornered by LeFou and those with him, Chef Bouche and the knives help scare them off. After Belle broke the Enchantress' spell, Sultan was among those who were restored to normal.

text: In Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas, Sultan is among those present when they hear Mrs. Potts' story about last Christmas.

text: In the live-action film, Sultan is renamed Frou-Frou and portrayed by Gizmo. He is apparently the Yorkshire Terrier of Madame Garderobe and Maestro Cadenza.

text: The Wardrobe

text:
Wardrobe

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Audra McDonald (live-action film)

Voiced by
Jo Anne Worley
Audra McDonald (live-action film)

Aliases
Amoire
Grande Bouche
Garderobe

Title
Madame

text: The Wardrobe is a former opera singer, turned into a wardrobe. The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants, and was originally a more integral character named "Madame Armoire". Her role was later expanded upon and ultimately taken over by Mrs. Potts.[3] Wardrobe is known as "Madame de la Grande Bouche" in the stage adaptation of the film. Her stage name supposedly means "Mistress of the Big Mouth" in a semi-literal English translation. The Marvel Comics serial for the movie, taking place during the movie, referred to her status as an opera singer that performed even to the king.

text: She later appears in Kingdom Hearts II in her homeworld, Beast's Castle. In the game, she blocks Sora's way to the undercroft to free the servants from the dungeon, forcing Sora to push her out of the way while she is sleeping. As in the film, she is Belle's closest confidante in the castle after Lumiere.

text: In the 2017 live-action remake, the Wardrobe is portrayed by Audra McDonald and is known as Madame de Garderobe, wife of court composer, Maestro Cadenza, and also a well-respected opera singer. The Enchantress' curse separated her from her husband, and as the rose withered, she was prone to dozing off more often as she became more inanimate. After the Enchantress lifts the curse and restores everyone to human form, Garderobe is reunited with her husband and sings at the celebratory ball at the end of the film.

text: Le Fou

text:
Le Fou

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Josh Gad (live-action film)

Voiced by
Jesse Corti

text: Le Fou (French for "The Madman", and also a phonetic pun on "The Fool") is a local villager who is Gaston's bumbling-but-loyal sidekick (and punching bag); he is often mistreated by Gaston, but he doesn't seem to mind. He seems unsure about Gaston marrying Belle (thinking that she and her father, Maurice, are "crazy"), but helps him anyway. During the attempted wedding, he acts as a conductor to signal the playing of a fast tempo version on "Here Comes the Bride". Later, when Gaston comes up with a plan to arrange for Maurice to be sent to the insane asylum to force Belle to marry him, they head to Belle's house, but both she and Maurice are gone. Gaston decides to have Le Fou stay near the house and let him know when they return, much to Le Fou's chagrin. After a while, when Belle brings Maurice home, Le Fou alerts Gaston so he can put his plan into action. After learning that the Beast exists, he accompanies Gaston and the rest of the lynch mob to the castle to kill the Beast singing "The Mob Song" with everybody. He picks up Lumière upon entering the castle, and Lumiere's signal begins the battle. During the battle, Le Fou attempts to kill Lumiere by waving a torch perilously close to Lumiere's head, but Cogsworth saves him by jabbing scissors hard in Le Fou's rear end. He is last seen escaping with the rest of the villagers.

text: It is left unknown if he knew Gaston died against the Beast, though it's possible that Gaston's absence from then on gave him that message.

text: In the beginning of The Enchanted Christmas, despite the rest of the villagers being invited to the castle for a Christmas party, Le Fou is not present.

text: In the movie, Le Fou was voiced by Venezuelan voice actor Jesse Corti, who also voiced Le Fou in the Spanish-language dub of the film, making Le Fou one of the few characters to share the same voice actor in two different dubs of the movie.

text: In the 2017 live-action adaptation, Le Fou is portrayed by Josh Gad. In the version with Gad, the character is gay, becoming the first homosexual in a Disney film.[4] In one deleted scene, Le Fou helped Gaston to break up the headmaster leading the villagers into destroying Belle's laundry invention by shooting the gun in the air twice with the second time having a cow accidentally killed. Unlike in the original 1991 animated film during the fight at the Beast's castle, he saves Mrs. Potts when she falls from the chandelier and switches sides to helping the Beast's servants after Gaston abandons him while he takes a beating from the servants. One deleted scene had him given a bad encounter with Monsieur Toilette which causes him to run out of the room he was in. In another deleted scene following the spell being broken, Le Fou runs into Monsieur Toilette's true form which identified from the bathroom smell. At the end of this version, he briefly dances with the (presumably gay) Stanley, who was also a friend and minion of Gaston's. In the 2017 version, Le Fou is thus a rounder character, with complex motivations.

text: Monsieur D'Arque

text:
Monsieur D'Arque

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Adrian Schiller (live-action film)

Voiced by
Tony Jay

text: Monsieur D'Arque is the owner of the local madhouse or Asylum for Loons. Gaston bribes him to take part in a scheme to blackmail Belle into marrying him, in which D'Arque will threaten to have Belle's rather eccentric father, Maurice, sent to the madhouse. He is only seen in these two scenes, and his fate after the Beast's existence is revealed is left ambiguous.

text: Despite being a minor character, it was the role of Monsieur D'Arque which led to Tony Jay being cast to voice another notable Disney villain, Claude Frollo, in The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

text: He also appears in the 2017 version. He only appears after Gaston demands that Maurice be put into the asylum and also tries to lock up both Maurice and Belle on Gaston's orders, Monsieur D'Arque is dumbfounded when he discovers that the two had managed to escape. As Belle rides off, Maurice asks Monsieur D'Arque if he has children.

text: The Triplets

text:
Claudette, Laurette, and Paulette

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast (1991)

Portrayed by
Sophie Reid (Eliana)
Rafaëlle Cohen (Elise)
Carla Nella (Eloïse)

Voiced by
Kath Soucie (Paulette [1991 film]; all characters [subsequent appearances])
Mary Kay Bergman (Claudette and Laurette [1991 film])

text: The Triplets, also known as the "Bimbettes", are a trio of beautiful blonde women who fawn over Gaston. The real names of the girls are Claudette, who wears a red dress, Laurette, who wears yellow dress, and Paulette, who wears a green dress. They think Belle is crazy when they see her refusing Gaston's advances. They are also upset when Gaston decides to marry Belle, as they are seen crying when he is announcing that he will propose to Belle. They are later seen comforting and fawning over Gaston in the bar. They are not part of the mob who tries to kill the Beast. The end of the Gaston song implies that they acted as waitresses in the tavern due to Paulette being seen with a silver platter.

text: In the beginning of "The Enchanted Christmas," despite the rest of the villagers being invited to the castle for a Christmas party, the Triplets aren't present.

text: The triplets also appear in the Marvel Comics serial for Beauty and the Beast, which was set during Belle's stay at the castle. They are generally within the B-stories, where they try to sabotage Gaston's plans to marry Belle, with varying success.

text: In the Musical, their roles are the same, although they are given more dialogue and their role is expanded slightly.

text: They have made regular appearances on "Disney's House of Mouse." They are now all voiced by Kath Soucie (who had originally just voiced Paulette), due to Mary Kay Bergman's suicide by the time the show was made.

text: They also appear in the 2017 live-action remake. Although their overall roles were the same, they are in fact among the mob late in the film unlike in the 1991 original. In addition, the triplets were given a significantly different appearance, where they wore similarly-colored pink dresses, and possessed heavy makeup, a beauty spot, and brunette hair, as well as explicitly disliking Belle (Bill Condon and Rafaëlle Cohen both indicated the triplets' dislike of Belle dealt with their own mom neglecting them and doting on the latter). They are also depicted as being more haughty and vain. Their occupations also changed, acting as seamstresses in the remake. The three of them are among the villagers that accompany Gaston to the Beast's castle to kill the Beast where they end up fighting the servants. One deleted scene had the Triplets chasing Frou-Frou into the kitchen where Cuisiner throws food on them. It is left unknown if they knew Gaston died against the Beast, though it's possible that Gaston's absence from then on gave them that message. Lastly, they were also given significantly different names by their actresses, being Elise (portrayed by Rafaëlle Cohen), Eliana (portrayed by Sophie Reid), and Eloïse (portrayed by Carla Nella), though the names have not currently been officiated.

text: The Bookseller

text:
The Bookseller

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Ray Fearon (live-action film)

Voiced by
Alvin Epstein

text: The Bookseller is the owner of a small bookstore/library that Belle lived in. He is one of a few villagers that are friendly to Belle. When Belle visits his place of work, the Bookseller states that he hasn't received any new books yet. He does allow Belle to keep the book that she has borrowed twice.

text: In the live-action film, the Bookseller is named Père Robert who is Villeneuve's local chaplain. He encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel's meager library. He later helps Belle pick up some laundry when the cruel headmaster had some villagers throw them on the street after he discovered her trying to teach a young girl how to read. When Gaston has Monsieur D'Arque take Maurice to the Asylum after being accused for leaving him for dead, Père Robert insists that Maurice isn't insane and suggests that he be brought to a hospital. As Gaston leads the villagers to the Beast's castle with an intention to kill the Beast, Père Robert watched in horror as villagers furiously marched toward their destination while he defiantly remains behind and shuns himself from participating. After the spell that was cast by the Enchantress was broken, Père Robert was among those seen attending the ball.

text: The Enchantress

text:
The Enchantress

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Hattie Morahan (live-action film)

Voiced by
Kath Soucie (second film)

text: The Enchantress is an off-screen, minor character, but she is responsible for the events in the story, as revealed in the prologue that it is she who curses Prince Adam as the Beast. She pays a visit to the castle one cold winter night and poses as an ugly, old peddler woman, offering a single rose for shelter. After being turned away by the prince twice, she reveals her true self (young and beautiful, yet cruel and hypocritical) and punishes him by transforming him into the Beast, his servants into objects, and his castle into a horrific version of itself laden with ugly gargoyles and grotesque statues. The Enchantress left the Beast with only two items, a magic mirror as the only window to the outside world, and the rose she had tried to give him. It turns out the rose is enchanted, working as an hourglass: it will bloom until his 21st birthday, when its petals will begin to fall. When the last petal falls, the prince will remain a Beast forever. The spell can only be broken if he can learn to love and receives love in return. Her spell is broken at the last second by Belle's confession of love for the Beast.

text: In The Enchanted Christmas, it is revealed that the Enchantress' visit that resulted in the curse occurred on Christmas Day, which resulted in Adam's dislike for the holiday. The Enchantress is voiced by Kath Soucie in the flashback scene of the film.

text: In the live-action version, the Enchantress is played by Hattie Morahan, who also serves as the narrator of the prologue. She came to a debutante ball disguised as a beggar woman (portrayed by Rita Davies) and offered a rose as payment for shelter from the storm. The Prince turned her away twice, prompting her to reveal her true self. She not only transformed the prince, his servants, and the castle, but erased the villagers' memory of the prince. Years later, she reappeared disguised as a hermit named Agathe. A deleted scene during the "Belle" song had Belle giving bread and jam to Agathe. She later tended to Maurice when Gaston left him for dead for the latter's refusal to hand Belle in marriage. Later, she came to the Beast's chamber while the Beast lay near death and overheard Belle profess her love for him despite it already being too late, as the last petal on the rose had fallen. She turned the rose into enchanted dust which revived the Beast and transformed both him and his servants into humans once again.

text: Phillipe

text:
Phillipe

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Rusty (live-action film)

Voiced by
Hal Smith (original film)
Frank Welker (sequel)

text: Phillipe is a Belgian horse owned by Belle and Maurice. He is frightened of wolves and he emits a loud toot noise.

text: Chef Bouche

text:
Chef Bouche

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Clive Rowe (live-action film)

Voiced by
Brian Cummings (first film)
Jim Cummings (third film)
Clive Rowe (live-action film)

text: Chef Bouche is the Beast's head chef who was transformed into a stove. He was disappointed that Beast cancelled dinner and he felt he had to throw away what he had made until Belle finally informed him, Lumière, Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts that she was hungry. When the villagers attacked the castle, he and the knives ended up scaring away the villagers that chased Sultan into the kitchen.

text: In the "Belle's Magical World" segment "Mrs. Potts' Party," Chef Bouche is instructed by Belle to bake a cake for Mrs. Potts. Even though he ran into difficulty, Chef Bouche succeeded in making the cake as he and the kitchen staff help Belle present it to Mrs. Potts.

text: In the live-action film, Chef Bouche was renamed Cuisiner. In addition to being changed into a stove, he also consists of various pots, pans, and other kitchen utensils as facial features and body parts. Cuisiner is shown preparing a dinner for Belle on Lumiere's orders without the Beast finding out. A deleted scene has Cuisiner taking part in the battle against the villagers where he throws food all over the Triplets. In the same deleted scene where Le Fou had finished talking with Monsieur Toilette, Cuisiner is shown hugging a villager that he knows. When the villager reacts to the hotness as a side effect of Cuisiner having been a stove, Cuisiner apologizes to the villager. The villager gives him a forgiveness gesture.

text: Coat Rack

text:
Coat Rack

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Thomas Padden (live-action film)

text: The Coat Rack is an unnamed servant of the Beast who was turned into a coat rack that sports a green hat.

text: He was first seen amongst the castle's inhabitants welcoming Maurice and giving him a blanket to help him warm up. The Coat Rack was seen helping Beast get ready for his dance with Belle. When Gaston leads the villagers into raiding the castle, the Coat Rack is among the servants seen fighting the villagers where he boxes with one of the villagers.

text: In the live-action film, the Coat Rack has a larger role and is named Chapeau. He served as the Prince's aide (the junior novelization listed him as a valet) who was turned into a coat rack. When Maurice first enters the castle, he hands his coat on him. After Belle was frightened out of the West Wing by Beast, Chapeau tries to prevent Belle from leaving the castle. Chappeau later takes part in the fight against the villagers where he punches Le Fou. As the last petal falls, Chapeau catches Chip before being rendered inanimate like everyone else. After the spell is broken, Chapeau is restored to normal as he pulls his foot away from Frou-Frou who was urinating on it.

text: Palanquin

text:
Palanquin

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

text: Palanquin is an unidentified servant transformed into a palanquin that resides at the Beast's castle. His name came from the comics.

text: After Belle agreed to take Maurice's place, Beast had Maurice loaded into Palanquin telling Maurice that Belle is no longer her concern. Beat then order Palanquin to drop Maurice back at the village. Palanquin did tha after ripping it's bindings off.

text: In The New Adventures of Disney's Beauty and the Beast comics, Mrs. Potts and Sultan enlist Palanquin to help rescue Beast and Chip when they fell off the castle into the ravine.

text: Introduced in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas

text: Forte

text:
Forte

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas

Voiced by
Tim Curry

text: Forte is the composer of the castle and serves as the main antagonist of The Enchanted Christmas. When the Enchantress curses the Beast, he is transformed into a pipe organ. Unlike the other cursed denizens, he enjoys the new form that he has for its power, as he feels that he's more useful to the Beast in this form than as his human form. As such, he intends to sabotage the Beast and Belle's relationship to ensure that the spell is never broken. He also uses Fife the Piccolo to carry out his plan, promising him his own musical solo when he succeeds (though he never actually intends to give the solo to him). He tries to lure Belle away from the castle to get a Christmas tree in an area beyond a frozen lake. While she's away, Forte tells the Beast that Belle has abandoned him, thus fueling more anger into the Beast. He then proceeds to tell the Beast to destroy the Enchanted Rose, but the Beast ultimately decides not to when a rose petal lands on the storybook from Belle, thus allowing the Beast to regain his senses.

text: Enraged at this failure, and refusing to "fade away", he decides to destroy the entire castle with his music, as the Beast and Belle can't fall in love if they are both dead. He ultimately meets his end when the Beast rips out his keyboard and wrecks it, causing Forte to try to kill the Beast by lunging at him. He ends up being dislodged from the wall causing Forte to crash to the ground.

text: NOTE: When The Enchanted Christmas was originally conceived as a direct sequel to the first film, the character of Forte was written as Avenant, Gaston's vengeful younger brother who would also be determined to ruin Belle and Adam's lives before meeting his own end. Though plans for the sequel were scrapped, many of Avenant's characteristics were integrated into Forte.

text: Fife

text:
Fife

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas

Voiced by
Paul Reubens

text: Fife is a resident of the castle. When the Enchantress curses the Beast, he is transformed into a piccolo. He is tricked by Forte into trying to sabotage the relationship under the promise of his own solo. Fife lures Belle into Forte's room for him to tell Belle where a suitable Christmas tree is located. However, shortly after she leaves, Forte tells Fife to follow her to the tree (presumably so he can cause the ice to break with his sound). Fife later regrets this action and decides to help Belle and Beast mend their relationship. Forte decides to destroy the castle and Fife tries to stop him. Forte reveals that he never intended to give him a musical solo (via expelling blank note sheets). No longer loyal to Forte, Fife tells the Beast that Forte's power comes from the keyboard and Beast uses this knowledge to depower him. In the ending of the movie (taking place in the present), Fife seems to have taken over Forte's job as the composer of the castle.

text: Angelique

text:
Angelique

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas

Voiced by
Bernadette Peters

text: Angelica is the castle decorator. When the Enchantress curses the Beast, she transforms into a Christmas angel ornament. She initially opposes the idea of Christmas, but then reconsiders after Belle tells her the joys of Christmas. She later comforts Belle in the dungeon.

text: Introduced in Belle's Magical World

text: Webster

text:
Webster

First appearance
Belle's Magical World

Voiced by
Jim Cummings

text: Webster is the castle's scribe who was transformed into a dictionary by the Enchantress' spell. While he means well, he has a rather long tongue, often speaking out of the right moment. This leads to the other servants, particularly Lumiere and Cogsworth, to dislike him greatly. During the first segment of Belle's Magical World, he infuriates the Beast by giving unwanted synonyms to Belle's insults during a row leading the Beast to strike him. Wracked with guilt after Belle and the Beast stop speaking to each other, he forges a letter of apology from Belle with his two best friends Crane and LePlume. He is exiled from the castle when the Beast finds out, but amends are made after Belle brings him back.

text: Crane

text:
Crane

First appearance
Belle's Magical World

Voiced by
Jeff Bennett

text: Crane is a set of paper sheets that is one of Webster's friends.

text: LePlume

text:
LePlume

First appearance
Belle's Magical World

Voiced by
Rob Paulsen

text: LePlume is a quill that is one of Webster's friends.

text: Chandeleria

text:
Chandeleria

First appearance
Belle's Magical World

Voiced by
April Winchell

text: Chandeleria is a chandelier that resides in the Beast's castle.

text: Witherspoon

text:
Witherspoon

First appearance
Belle's Magical World

Voiced by
none

text: Witherspoon, interestingly, is the only one of Beast's servants who is not a household object. In contrast, he is an intelligent pigeon in charge of delivering the Beast's messages to the village for placing orders or anything similar. While it is possible that he was already a pigeon before the Enchantress placed the spell on the castle, his previously being a human servant may be the only possible explanation of his capability of understanding English with no apparent problem.

text: Introduced in the live-action film

text: Maestro Cadenza

text:
Maestro Cadenza

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Stanley Tucci (live-action film)

Voiced by
Stanley Tucci

text: Exclusive to the 2017 live-action film, Maestro Cadenza is the husband to the opera singer Madame de Garderobe and is the castle's court composer. At the time of his servitude to the Prince, Cadenza was suffering from dental problems. Cadenza is turned into a harpsichord by the Enchantress' spell on the castle, while his wife is turned into a wardrobe. As a result, when he tries to play, he makes the occasional sour note due to the cavities in his teeth, but struggles through the pain in hopes of returning to his human form and reuniting with his wife.

text: When the villagers raid the castle, Cadenza takes part in the fight where he bodyslams LeFou and fires his remaining keys as a form of hailing bullets at the villagers but not long before Lumière scares the villagers off by lighting one of the gunpowder puddles on the castle floor causing it to spark and forcing the villagers to retreat in humiliation. When the spell is broken, Cadenza is finally reunited with Garderobe and gets his lost teeth replaced. He performs his music at the ball at the end of the movie.

text: NOTE: The version of Maestro Cadenza is more heroic and good-natured as opposed to Forte who is antagonistic and cruel.

text: Jean Potts

text:
Jean Potts

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Gerard Horan

text: Jean Potts is an absent-minded potter who resides in the village and is one of a few villagers that are friendly to Belle. He is depicted as the husband of Mrs. Potts where he lost the memory of it when the Enchantress' spell is cast. Jean is first seen greeting Belle and comments the book she described as boring. Jean Potts is later seen in the tavern where Le Fou is trying to cheer up Gaston and when Maurice later came in accusing Gaston of leaving him for dead. Jean is among the villagers who assist Gaston in the attack on the Beast's castle. During the fight between the servants and the villagers, Mrs. Potts recognized her husband. When the spell is broken, Jean is reunited with his family and later dances with his wife at the ball.

text: Clothilde

text:
Clothilde

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Haydn Gwynne

text: Clothilde is a villager who is the wife of Cogsworth. When the Enchantress casts her spell, she loses the memory of her husband. Clothilde is among the villagers that assist the headmaster into destroying her laundry machine and throwing Belle's laundry on the street after the headmaster caught Belle trying to teach a young girl how to read. She is among the villagers that join Gaston in the attack on Beast's castle. When the spell is broken, Clothilde is happily reunited with her husband even though Cogsworth is originally quite horrified when Clothilde recognizes him, saying "Turn back into a clock! Turn back into a clock!"

text: Monsieur Toilette

text:
Monsieur Toilette

First appearance
Beauty and the Beast

Portrayed by
Stephen Merchant

text: Monsieur Toilette is a servant of the Beast who was turned into a toilet. His scene was cut from the film, but is featured in the deleted scenes.[5]

text: In the first deleted scene, Le Fou tries to take refuge in a room during the villagers' fight with the servants only to have a frightful encounter with Monsieur Toilette. In another deleted scene after the spell is broken, Le Fou encounters Monsieur Toilette in his human form who he identifies from the bathroom smell and was shown in a traumatized/relieved stated. When Le Fou asks him what he is going to do now, Monsieur Toilette states that he's going to go brush his teeth. He walks away pleased that he is human again.

text: Cast

text:
Character
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
House of Mouse (2001-2002)
Beauty and the Beast (2017)

Belle
Paige O'Hara
Jodi Benson
Emma Watson

Beast/Prince
Robby Benson
Dan Stevens

Gaston
Richard White

Richard White
Luke Evans

Lumière
Jerry Orbach
Maurice LaMarche
Jerry Orbach
Ewan McGregor

Cogsworth
David Ogden Stiers
Ian McKellen

Mrs. Potts
Angela Lansbury
Anne Rogers
Silent role
Emma Thompson

Chip
Bradley Pierce
Haley Joel Osment
Gregory Grudt
Silent Role
Tress MacNeille
Nathan Mack

Maurice
Rex Everhart
Silent Role

Corey Burton
Kevin Kline

Le Fou
Jesse Corti

Cameo
Josh Gad

Wardrobe
Jo Anne Worley
(unnamed)

Jo Anne Worley
(unnamed)

Silent Role
Audra McDonald
(as Madame de Garderobe)

Featherduster
Kimmy Robertson
(unnamed)
Cameo
Kimmy Robertson
(as Fifi)
Silent Role
Kimmy Robertson
(as Babette)
Gugu Mbatha-Raw
(as Plumette)

Enchantress
Silent role
Kath Soucie

Hattie Morahan

Monsieur D'Arque
Tony Jay

Adrian Schiller

Maestro

Tim Curry
(as Forte)

Stanley Tucci
(as Cadenza)

Chef
Brian Cummings
(unnamed)

Jim Cummings
(as Bouche)

Clive Rowe
(as Cuisinier)

Bookseller
Alvin Epstein

Ray Fearon
(as Pere Robert)

Fife

Paul Reubens

Angelique

Bernadette Peters

Webster

Jim Cummings

Le Plume

Rob Paulsen

Crane

Jeff Bennett

Chandeleria

April Winchell

Bimbettes
Mary Kay Bergman
Kath Soucie

Kath Soucie
Sophie Reid
Rafaëlle Cohen
Carla Nella

Jean Potts

Gerard Horan

Clothilde

Haydn Gwynne

Coat Rack
Silent role
(unnamed)

Thomas Padden
(as Chappeau)

Phillipe
Hal Smith
Frank Welker

Rusty

Footstool
Frank Welker
(as Sultan)

Frank Welker
(as Sultan)
Gizmo
(as Froufrou)


document_title: List of Fixer Upper episodes

question_text: how many episodes is season 5 of fixer upper

root

text: List of Fixer Upper episodes

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
May 23, 2013 (2013-05-23)
July 10, 2014 (2014-07-10)

2
13
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)

3
18
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)

4
17
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)

5
18
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1
"On the Hunt for a Fixer that Looks Old but Feels New in Castle Heights"
May 23, 2013 (2013-05-23)

2
"Young Family Embraces Revitalization Efforts Making Their Own History"
April 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)

3
"Nomadic Suburbanites Seek Unique Retro Residence"
May 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)

4
"Client Rebuilds Life With Renovated Home"
May 8, 2014 (2014-05-08)

5
"Can Big Budget Buy Elusive French Country in Waco"
May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)

6
"The Gaines' Carpenter and Family Seek Urban Environment"
May 22, 2014 (2014-05-22)

7
"Family Returning to Waco Craves Cowboy Charm for Fixer Upper"
May 29, 2014 (2014-05-29)

8
"Single Mom Starts New Life with Fixer Upper"
June 5, 2014 (2014-06-05)

9
"Missionaries Enlist Kids to Find Retreat in Their Hometown of Waco, Texas"
June 12, 2014 (2014-06-12)

10
"Couple Pursues Elusive Neighborhood Where Residents Never Leave"
June 19, 2014 (2014-06-19)

11
"Physicians Seek Farmhouse for Growing Household"
June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26)

12
"Professor and Family Crave Country Climate"
July 3, 2014 (2014-07-03)

13
"Active Baby Boomers Seek Sanctuary Near Nature"
July 10, 2014 (2014-07-10)

text: Season 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1 (14)
"Baby's Due Date Causes Rush to Renovate an Outdated Ranch"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)

2 (15)
"Searching for a New Homebuilder's Dream Home in an Old Neighborhood"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)

3 (16)
"Coffeehouse Owners Seek Home With Short Commute"
January 20, 2015 (2015-01-20)

4 (17)
"Almost Empty Nesters Want Waterfront Home"
January 27, 2015 (2015-01-27)

5 (18)
"First Time Buyers Take a Chance on a Vintage Fixer Upper"
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)

6 (19)
"An Old Friend Who Returns to Waco Hopes to Find a Family-Friendly Fixer Upper"
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)

7 (20)
"A College Chaplain Seeks Home to Keep the Peace"
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)

8 (21)
"A Young Family Hopes for Fixer in Older Neighborhood"
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)

9 (22)
"Island Transplants Want a House Close to Water in Waco"
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)

10 (23)
"Country Life Attracts Couple to Small Town Texas"
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)

11 (24)
"Couple With Baby on the Way Looks for a Funky Fixer Upper"
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)

12 (25)
"Three Generations, One Fixer"
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)

13 (26)
"Family Favors French Country Fixer"
March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1 (27)
"Convenience and Character are on the Wish List for a House Hunting Waco Couple"
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)

2 (28)
"Finding Small Town Texas Charm for a Young Family"
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)

3 (29)
"School Spirit Spurs Home Search"
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)

4 (30)
"A Young Couple Hopes for a House with Old World Charm"
December 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)

5 (31)
"A Family Searches a Small Town for the Ultimate Open Space"
December 29, 2015 (2015-12-29)

6 (32)
"Making New Family Memories in Rural Texas"
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)

7 (33)
"Lackluster Fixer Changes to Contemporary Charm for Young Family"
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)

8 (34)
"Most Eligible Bachelor Finds the Perfect Home for Entertaining"
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)

9 (35)
"Parents of College Students Find Fixer Close to Campus"
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)

10 (36)
"Newlyweds Take On A Run-Down Fixer For Their Future Together"
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)

11 (37)
"A One-Of-A-Kind Fixer Upper Gets A Modern Makeover"
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)

12 (38)
"Chip and Jo Give a Run-Down Tiny House a Total Makeover for an Adventurous, Young Couple"
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)

13 (39)
"Chip and Jo Bring a Relaxing Coastal Feel to a Rural Fixer"
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)

14 (40)
"A Home Away From Home for the Holidays"
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)

15 (41)
"Chip and Jo's Favorite Houses and Never-Before-Seen Outtakes"
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)

16 (42)
"A Host & Hostess for the Bed & Breakfast"
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)

17 (43)
"Single Foster Mom Finds Fixer for Future Family"
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)

18 (44)
"Family Leaves the Bustling City for Quiet Simplicity"
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)

text: Season 4 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1 (45)
"A Dog-Loving Couple Searches for Their First Home"
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)

2 (46)
"After Recent Adoption, Family Finds Space to Thrive"
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)

3 (47)
"Bright, Open Design Transforms Couple's First Home Together"
December 13, 2016 (2016-12-13)

4 (48)
"Bloopers, Outtakes and More"
December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)

5 (49)
"Retiring to the Country"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)

6 (50)
"A Veteran Home Makeover"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)

7 (51)
"Traditional Goes Ultra Modern"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)

8 (52)
"Son Surprises His Family With a Major Renovation"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)

9 (53)
"Stately in White: From '80s to Elegant"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)

10 (54)
"The Floating Fixer Upper"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)

11 (55)
"Sweet Surprise at the Silos"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)

12 (56)
"Space In The Suburbs"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)

13 (57)
"Tight Budgets and Big Dreams"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)

14 (58)
"Second Chance at a Country Home"
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)

15 (59)
"Rustic Italian Dream Home"
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)

16 (60)
"The Flipper Upper"
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)

17 (61)
"The Colossal Crawford Reno"
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)

text: Season 5 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

1 (62)
"Austin Couple Finds Waco Charm"
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)

2 (63)
"Family Seeks Spacious Upgrade"
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)

3 (64)
"New Chapter for Family of Four"
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)

4 (65)
"Historic Tudor-Style Home for a New Family"
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)

5 (66)
"Ranch House to Modern Mediterranean Retreat"
December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)

6 (67)
"Flip House To Family Project"
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)

7 (68)
"New Chapter, New House"
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)

8 (69)
"A Classic, Traditional Beauty"
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)

9 (70)
"A Modern Cabin Makeover"
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)

10 (71)
"Touchdown for a Family in Need"
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)

11 (72)
"Big Budget for a Big House"
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)

12 (73)
"Chip and Jo's Family Garden Project"
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)

13 (74)
"A European Cottage-Style Dream Home With a View"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)

14 (75)
"All-American Farmhouse"
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)

15 (76)
"A Downtown Loft Challenge for Chip and Jo"
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)

16 (77)
"From City Life in Pakistan to a Farmhouse in Waco"
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)

17 (78)
"Chip and Jo's Breakfast Joint"
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)

18 (79)
"Rock Star Renovation"
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)


document_title: World population

question_text: when will the world population hit 8 billion

question_tokens: when will the world population hit 8 billion

text: World population

text: Population by region

text: Six of the Earth's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populous continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60% of the world population. The world's two most populated countries, China and India, together constitute about 37% of the world's population. Africa is the second most populated continent, with around 1 billion people, or 15% of the world's population. Europe's 733 million people make up 12% of the world's population as of 2012, while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million (9%). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least-populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%).[21] Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population, Antarctica has a small, fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations. This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter, as visiting researchers return to their home countries.[22]

tag: p

text: Population by continent

text:
Population by continent (2016 estimates)

Continent
Density
(inhabitants/km2)
Population
(millions)
Most populous country
Most populous city (metropolitan area)

Asia
96.4
4,436
1,382,300,000[note 1] -  China
35,676,000/13,634,685 -  Greater Tokyo Area/Tokyo Metropolis

Africa
36.7
1,216
0186,987,000 -  Nigeria
21,000,000 -  Lagos

Europe
72.9
738
0145,939,000 -  Russia;
approx. 112 million in Europe)
19,468,664 -  Moscow

North America[note 2]
22.9
579
0324,991,600 -  United States
23,723,696/08,537,673 -  New York Metropolitan Area/New York City

South America
22.8
422
0209,567,000 -  Brazil
27,640,577/11,316,149 -  Metro Area/São Paulo City

Oceania
4.5
39.9
0024,458,800 -  Australia
05,005,400 -  Sydney

Antarctica
0.0003
(varies)
0.004 in summer
(non-permanent, varies)[22]
N/A[note 3]
0000001,200 (non-permanent, varies) - McMurdo Station

text: History

text: Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity, possible only since the Age of Discovery. Early estimates for the population of the world[23] date to the 17th century: William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million (modern estimates ranging close to twice this number); by the late 18th century, estimates ranged close to one billion (consistent with modern estimates).[24] More refined estimates, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s.[25]

text: Antiquity and Middle Ages

text: Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BCE have ranged between 1 million and 15 million.[26][27] Even earlier, genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BCE, according to the Toba catastrophe theory. By contrast, it is estimated that around 50–60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century CE.[28]

text: The Plague of Justinian, which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian, caused Europe's population to drop by around 50% between the 6th and 8th centuries CE.[29] The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340.[30] The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400;[31] it took 200 years for population figures to recover.[32] The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393,[33] presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions, famine, and plague.[34]

text: Starting in 2 AD, the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household.[35] In the year 2 AD the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households, decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by 146 AD, towards the End of the Han Dynasty.[35] At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368, China's population was reported to be close to 60 million; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644, it may have approached 150 million.[36] England's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650, up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500.[37] New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth.[38][39][40] Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century,[41] maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent.[42]

text: The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million.[43] Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.[44] According to the most extreme scholarly claims, as many as 90% of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox, measles and influenza.[45] Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases, while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity.[46]

text: Modern era

text: During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.[49] The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5% in 1730–1749 to 31.8% in 1810–1829.[50][51] Between 1700 and 1900, Europe’s population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million.[52] Altogether, the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36% of the world's population in 1900.[53]

text: Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation.[54] Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century.[55] The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006.[56] The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920, exceeding 307 million in 2010.[57]

text: The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars, famines and other disasters which caused large-scale population losses (approximately 60 million excess deaths).[58][59] After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's population declined significantly – from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012[60] – but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted.[61]

text: Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century, due to economic development and improvements in public health. China's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953,[62] and now stands at over 1.3 billion. The population of the Indian subcontinent, which was about 125 million in 1750, increased to 389 million in 1941;[63] today, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people.[64] Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815; its present-day successor, Indonesia, now has a population of over 140 million.[65] In just one hundred years, the population of Brazil decoupled (x10), from about 17 million in 1900, or about 1% of the world population in that year, to about 176 million in 2000, or almost 3% of the global population in the very early 21st century. Mexico's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010.[66][67] Between the 1920s and 2000s, Kenya's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million.[68]

text: Milestones by the billions

text:
World population milestones in billions

Population
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Year
1804
1927
1960
1974
1987
1999
2011
2024
2042

Years elapsed
––
123
33
14
13
12
12
13
18

text: It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927, but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960.[69] Thereafter, the global population reached four billion in 1974, five billion in 1987, six billion in 1999 and, according to the United States Census Bureau, seven billion in March 2012.[70] The United Nations, however, estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011.[71][72][73]

text: According to current projections, the global population will reach eight billion by 2024, and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042. Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion.[74] Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations, especially the fertility variable. Long-range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the "low scenario", to "high scenarios" of 24.8 billion.[74] One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150, assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman; however, by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52.[10][75]

text: There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world's population surpassed one or two billion. The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted, but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively. The United Nations did determine, and commemorate, the "Day of 5 Billion" on July 11, 1987, and the "Day of 6 Billion" on October 12, 1999. The Population Division of the United Nations declared the "Day of 7 Billion" to be October 31, 2011.[76]

text: Global demographics

text:
80+
  77.5+
  75+
  72.5+
  70+
  67.5+
  65+

  60+
  55+
  50+
  45+
  40+
  less than 40

text: As of 2012, the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female. The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations.[78][79] Approximately 26.3% of the global population is aged under 15, while 65.9% is aged 15–64 and 7.9% is aged 65 or over.[78] The median age of the world's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014,[80] and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050.[81]

text: According to the World Health Organization, the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012, with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years.[77] In 2010, the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman.[75] In June 2012, British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes, with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms (137 lb).[82]

text: The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US$74.31 trillion, giving an annual global per capita figure of around US$10,500.[83] Around 1.29 billion people (18.4% of the world population) live in extreme poverty, subsisting on less than US$1.25 per day;[84] approximately 870 million people (12.25%) are undernourished.[85] 83% of the world's over-15s are considered literate.[78] In June 2014, there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users, constituting 42.3% of the world population.[86]

text: The Han Chinese are the world's largest single ethnic group, constituting over 19% of the global population in 2011.[87] The world's most-spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese (spoken by 12.44% of the world's population), Spanish (4.85%), English (4.83%), Arabic (3.25%) and Hindustani (2.68%).[78] The world's largest religion is Christianity, whose adherents account for 33.35% of the global population; Islam is the second-largest religion, accounting for 22.43%, and Hinduism the third, accounting for 13.78%.[78] In 2005, around 16% of the global population were reported to be non-religious.[88]

text: Largest populations by country

text:
10 most populous countries

Rank
Country / Territory
Population
Date
Approx. % of world
population
Source

1
 China[note 4]
1,388,100,000
December 16, 2017
18.3%
[89]

2
 India
1,325,280,000
December 16, 2017
17.5%
[90]

3
 United States
326,287,000
December 16, 2017
4.3%
[91]

4
 Indonesia
261,600,000
October 31, 2016
3.45%
[92]

5
 Pakistan
209,926,000
December 16, 2017
2.77%
[93]

6
 Brazil
208,398,000
December 16, 2017
2.75%
[94]

7
 Nigeria
188,500,000
October 31, 2016
2.48%
[95]

8
 Bangladesh
163,657,000
December 16, 2017
2.16%
[96]

9
 Russia[note 5]
146,773,226
June 1, 2017
1.93%
[97]

10
 Japan
126,670,000
September 1, 2017
1.67%
[98]

text: Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries, representing around 58% of the world's population as of March 2016. Approximately 3.7 billion people, or half of the world population, live in the six most populous countries.[99]

text: Most densely populated countries

text: The tables below list the world's most densely populated countries, both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations.

text:
10 most densely populated countries (with population above 5 million)

Rank
Country
Population
Area (km2)
Density
(Pop. per km2)

1
 Singapore
5,607,300
710
7,898

2
 Bangladesh
163,660,000
143,998
1,137

3
 Taiwan
23,554,803
36,190
651

4
 South Korea
51,446,201
99,538
517

5
 Lebanon
6,082,000
10,452
582

6
 Rwanda
11,553,188
26,338
439

7
 Burundi
11,552,561
27,816
415

8
 Netherlands
17,180,000
41,526
414

9
 Haiti
10,911,819
27,065
403

10
 India
1,325,280,000
3,287,240
403

text:
Countries ranking highly in both total population (more than 20 million people) and population density (more than 250 people per square kilometer):

Rank
Country
Population
Area (km2)
Density
(Pop. per km2)
Notes

1
 India
1,325,280,000
3,287,240
403
Growing population

2
 Pakistan
209,930,000
803,940
261
Rapidly growing population

3
 Bangladesh
163,660,000
143,998
1,137
Rapidly growing population

4
 Japan
126,670,000
377,873
335
Declining population[100]

5
 Philippines
105,030,000
300,000
350
Growing population

6
 Vietnam
93,700,000
331,689
282
Growing population

7
 United Kingdom
65,648,100
243,610
269
Slowly growing population

8
 South Korea
51,446,201
99,538
517
Slowly growing population

9
 Taiwan
23,554,803
36,190
651
Steady population

10
 Sri Lanka
21,444,000
65,610
327
Growing population

text: Fluctuation

text: Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions. Nonetheless, population growth is the long-standing trend on all inhabited continents, as well as in most individual states. During the 20th century, the global population saw its greatest increase in known history, rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000. A number of factors contributed to this increase, including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances, and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution.[101][102][103]

text: In 2000, the United Nations estimated that the world's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14% (equivalent to around 75 million people),[104] down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989. By 2000, there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700. Globally, the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19% in 1963, but growth remains high in Latin America, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa.[105]

text:
7–8 children
  6–7 children

  5–6 children
  4–5 children

  3–4 children
  2–3 children

  1–2 children
  0–1 children

text: During the 2010s, Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth (i.e. a net decrease in population over time), due to sub-replacement fertility rates.[100]

text: In 2006, the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition. If this trend continues, the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050, concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion.[106] However, this is only one of many estimates published by the UN; in 2009, UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion.[107] An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers, who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility. Randers' "most likely scenario" reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people, followed by decline.[108] Adrian Raftery, a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology, states that "there’s a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century. Population, which had sort of fallen off the world’s agenda, remains a very important issue."[109]

text:
Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BCE–2000 CE

Estimated world population figures, 10,000 BC–2000 CE (in log y scale)

World population figures, 1950–2000

Estimated global growth rates, 1950–2050

Estimated and projected populations of the world and its continents (except Antarctica) from 1950 to 2100. The shaded regions correspond to the range of projections by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

tag: ul

text: Population growth by region

text: The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions.[110][111][112] The availability of historical population figures varies by region.

text:
World historical and predicted populations (in millions)[113][114][115]

Region
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1999
2008
2010
2012
2050
2150

World
585
660
710
791
978
1,262
1,650
2,521
6,008
6,707
6,896
7,052
9,725
9,746

Africa
86
114
106
106
107
111
133
221
783
973
1,022
1,052
2,478
2,308

Asia
282
350
411
502
635
809
947
1,402
3,700
4,054
4,164
4,250
5,267
5,561

Europe
168
170
178
190
203
276
408
547
675
732
738
740
734
517

Latin America[Note 1]
40
20
10
16
24
38
74
167
508
577
590
603
784
912

North America[Note 1]
6
3
2
2
7
26
82
172
312
337
345
351
433
398

Oceania
3
3
3
2
2
2
6
13
30
34
37
38
57
51

text:
World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution[113][114]

Region
1500
1600
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
1999
2008
2010
2012
2050
2150

World
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Africa
14.7
17.3
14.9
13.4
10.9
8.8
8.1
8.8
13.0
14.5
14.8
15.2
25.48
23.7

Asia
48.2
53.0
57.9
63.5
64.9
64.1
57.4
55.6
61.6
60.4
60.4
60.3
54.16
57.1

Europe
28.7
25.8
25.1
20.6
20.8
21.9
24.7
21.7
11.2
10.9
10.7
10.5
7.55
5.3

Latin America[Note 1]
6.8
3.0
1.4
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.5
6.6
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.06
9.4

North America[Note 1]
1.0
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.7
2.1
5.0
6.8
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.45
4.1

Oceania
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.59
0.5

text: Past population

text: The following table gives estimates of population in the past. The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report "The World at Six Billion"[116] whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet.[20]

text:
Year
World
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America & Carib.[Note 1]
North America[Note 1]
Oceania
Notes

70,000 BCE
< 0.015

[117]

10,000 BCE
4

[118]

8000 BCE
5

6500 BCE
5

5000 BCE
5

4000 BCE
7

3000 BCE
14

2000 BCE
27

1000 BCE
50
7
33
9

[citation needed]

500 BCE
100
14
66
16

CE 1
200
23
141
28

1000
400
70
269
50
8
1
2

1500
458
86
243
84
39
3
3

1600
580
114
339
111
10
3
3

1700
682
106
436
125
10
2
3

1750
791
106
502
163
16
2
2

1800
1,000
107
656
203
24
7
3

1850
1,262
111
809
276
38
26
2

1900
1,650
133
947
408
74
82
6

1950
2,525
229
1,394
549
169
172
12.7
[119]

1955
2,758
254
1,534
577
193
187
14.2

1960
3,018
285
1,687
606
221
204
15.8

1965
3,322
322
1,875
635
254
219
17.5

1970
3,682
366
2,120
657
288
231
19.7

1975
4,061
416
2,378
677
326
242
21.5

1980
4,440
478
2,626
694
365
254
23.0

1985
4,853
550
2,897
708
406
267
24.9

1990
5,310
632
3,202
721
447
281
27.0

1995
5,735
720
3,475
728
487
296
29.1

2000
6,127
814
3,714
726
527
314
31.1

2005
6,520
920
3,945
729
564
329
33.4

2010
6,930
1,044
4,170
735
600
344
36.4

2015
7,349
1,186
4,393
738
634
358
39.3

text: Using the above figures, the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was:

text:
World: +420 million
Africa: +142 million
Asia: +223 million
Europe: +3 million
Latin America and Caribbean: +35 million
Northern America: +14 million
Oceania: +2.9 million

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America: Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon. Latin America comprises Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.

tag: ol

text: Projections

text: Long-term global population growth is difficult to predict. The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates – according to the UN, the world population reached seven billion in late 2011,[110] while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012.[121] The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population, based on different assumptions. From 2000 to 2005, the UN consistently revised these projections downward, until the 2006 revision, issued on March 14, 2007, revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million.

text: Average global birth rates are declining fast, but vary greatly between developed countries (where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels) and developing countries (where birth rates typically remain high). Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates. Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics, wars and other mass catastrophes, or advances in medicine.

text:
UN (medium variant – 2012 revision) and US Census Bureau (June 2015) estimates[122][123]

Year
UN est.
(millions)
Difference
USCB est.
(millions)
Difference

2005
6,514
–
6,473
–

2010
6,916
402
6,866
393

2015
7,324
408
7,256
390

2020
7,717
393
7,643
380

2025
8,083
366
8,007
363

2030
8,425
342
8,341
334

2035
8,743
318
8,646
306

2040
9,039
296
8,926
280

2045
9,308
269
9,180
254

2050
9,551
243
9,408
228

text:
UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections (in millions)[122]

Year
World
Asia
Africa
Europe
Latin America/Caribbean
Northern America
Oceania

2010
6,916
4,165 (60.2%)
1,031 (14.9%)
740 (10.7%)
596 (8.6%)
347 (5.0%)
37 (0.5%)

2015
7,324
4,385 (59.9%)
1,166 (15.9%)
743 (10.1%)
630 (8.6%)
361 (4.9%)
39 (0.5%)

2020
7,717
4,582 (59.4%)
1,312 (17.0%)
744 (9.6%)
662 (8.6%)
376 (4.9%)
42 (0.5%)

2025
8,083
4,749 (58.8%)
1,468 (18.2%)
741 (9.2%)
691 (8.5%)
390 (4.8%)
45 (0.6%)

2030
8,425
4,887 (58.0%)
1,634 (19.4%)
736 (8.7%)
717 (8.5%)
403 (4.8%)
47 (0.6%)

2035
8,743
4,997 (57.2%)
1,812 (20.7%)
730 (8.3%)
739 (8.5%)
415 (4.8%)
50 (0.6%)

2040
9,039
5,080 (56.2%)
1,999 (22.1%)
724 (8.0%)
757 (8.4%)
426 (4.8%)
52 (0.6%)

2045
9,308
5,136 (55.2%)
2,194 (23.6%)
717 (7.7%)
771 (8.3%)
436 (4.7%)
55 (0.6%)

2050
9,551
5,164 (54.1%)
2,393 (25.1%)
709 (7.4%)
782 (8.2%)
446 (4.7%)
57 (0.6%)

2055
9,766
5,168 (52.9%)
2,595 (26.6%)
700 (7.2%)
788 (8.1%)
456 (4.7%)
59 (0.6%)

2060
9,957
5,152 (51.7%)
2,797 (28.1%)
691 (6.9%)
791 (7.9%)
465 (4.7%)
61 (0.6%)

2065
10,127
5,120 (50.6%)
2,998 (29.6%)
681 (6.7%)
791 (7.8%)
474 (4.7%)
63 (0.6%)

2070
10,277
5,075 (49.4%)
3,195 (31.1%)
673 (6.5%)
788 (7.6%)
482 (4.7%)
64 (0.6%)

2075
10,409
5,019 (48.2%)
3,387 (32.5%)
665 (6.4%)
783 (7.5%)
490 (4.7%)
66 (0.6%)

2080
10,524
4,957 (47.1%)
3,570 (33.9%)
659 (6.3%)
776 (7.4%)
496 (4.7%)
67 (0.6%)

2085
10,626
4,894 (46.1%)
3,742 (35.2%)
653 (6.1%)
767 (7.2%)
502 (4.7%)
68 (0.6%)

2090
10,717
4,833 (45.1%)
3,903 (36.4%)
649 (6.1%)
757 (7.1%)
506 (4.7%)
69 (0.6%)

2095
10,794
4,773 (44.2%)
4,051 (37.6%)
644 (6.0%)
747 (6.9%)
510 (4.7%)
69 (0.6%)

2100
10,854
4,712 (43.4%)
4,185 (38.6%)
639 (5.9%)
736 (6.8%)
513 (4.7%)
70 (0.6%)

text: Mathematical approximations

text: In 1975, Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025.[124] The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development. This feedback can be described as follows: technological advance → increase in the carrying capacity of land for people → demographic growth → more people → more potential inventors → acceleration of technological advance → accelerating growth of the carrying capacity → faster population growth → accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors → faster technological advance → hence, the faster growth of the Earth's carrying capacity for people, and so on.[125] The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition.

text: According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa,[126] the world population grew between 67,000 BCE and 1965 according to the following formula:

text: where

text:
N is current population
T is the current year
C = (1.86±0.01)·1011
T0 = 2007±1

τ

{\displaystyle \tau }

 = 42±1

text: Years for world population to double

text: According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates, the world population has doubled, or will double, in the years listed in the tables below (with two different starting points). During the 2nd millennium CE, each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling, fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above. However, after 2024, it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century.[127]

text:
Starting at 500 million

Population
(in billions)
0.5
1
2
4
8

Year
1500
1804
1927
1974
2024

Years elapsed
304
123
47
50

text:
Starting at 375 million

Population
(in billions)
0.375
0.75
1.5
3
6

Year
1171
1715
1881
1960
1999

Years elapsed
544
166
79
39

text: Overpopulation

text: Predictions of scarcity

text: In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population, the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century. Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet, as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind. In 1968, Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus' argument in The Population Bomb, predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s.[129]

text: The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists, notably Julian Lincoln Simon, and advances in agriculture, collectively known as the Green Revolution, forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century. Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world, grain production increased by over 250%.[130] The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution, but food production has so far kept pace with population growth. Most scholars believe that, without the Revolution, there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents.[131] However, neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution, in the form of natural gas-derived fertilizers, oil-derived pesticides, and hydrocarbon-fueled irrigation, and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions.[132]

text: In 2004, a meta-analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta-estimate of 7.7 billion people.[133]

text: In May 2008, the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels, the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ($880/m3),[134] global population growth,[135] the effects of climate change,[136] the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development,[137][138] and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India.[139][140] Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries.[141][142] However, oil prices then fell sharply. Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines, but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages.[143][144]

text: David Pimentel, professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University, estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million.[145] In 2009, the UK government's chief scientific advisor, Professor John Beddington, warned that growing populations, falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a "perfect storm" of shortages of food, water, and energy by 2030.[128][146] According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the world will have to produce 70% more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people.[147]

text: The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world, with 923 million undernourished in 2007, versus 832 million in 1995.[148] The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase, to 1.02 billion.[149]

text: Environmental impacts

text: A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world's ecosystem.[150][151] The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth, which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994, states that "unprecedented" population growth aggravates many environmental problems, including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming, and pollution.[152] Indeed, some analysts claim that overpopulation's most serious impact is its effect on the environment.[15] The situation has continued to worsen, as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement, the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower-bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050, a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s.

text: Scientists contend that human overpopulation, continued human population growth and overconsumption, particularly by the wealthy, are the primary drivers of mass species extinction.[153][154][155][156] By 2050 population growth, along with profligate consumption, could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight.[155] In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the "primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats."[157]

text: A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children, followed by living without a vehicle, forgoing air travel and adopting a plant-based diet.[158]

text: Population control

text: Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth. Historically, human population control has been implemented by limiting a region's birth rate, by voluntary contraception or by government mandate. It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty, environmental concerns, and religious reasons. The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy,[159] with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process.[160]

text: The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive. It states that "Women who are educated, economically engaged, and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace, which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet."[161] The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time.[162]

text: Overpopulation skepticism

text: The Population Research Institute (PRI), an anti-abortion, anti-contraception advocacy group, has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity, with some describing overpopulation as a "myth".[163] The PRI argues that advances in agricultural, medical, and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary. PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards, increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women. However, other commentators have described PRI's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive.[164][165][166]

text: Number of humans who have ever lived

text: Estimates of the total number of humans who have ever lived range in the order of 100 billion. It is difficult for estimates to be better than rough approximations, as even modern population estimates are fraught with uncertainties on the order of 3% to 5%.[167] Kapitza (1996) cites estimates ranging between 80 and 150 billion.[168] Haub (1995) prepared another figure, updated in 2002 and 2011; the 2011 figure was approximately 107 billion.[18][19][169] Haub characterized this figure as an estimate that required "selecting population sizes for different points from antiquity to the present and applying assumed birth rates to each period".[19]

text: Robust population data only exists for the last two or three centuries. Until the late 18th century, few governments had ever performed an accurate census. In many early attempts, such as in Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire, the focus was on counting merely a subset of the population for purposes of taxation or military service.[170] Thus, there is a significant margin of error when estimating ancient global populations.

text: Another critical factor for such an estimate is the question of pre-modern infant mortality rates; these figures are very difficult to estimate for ancient times due to a lack of accurate records. Haub (1995) estimates that around 40% of those who have ever lived did not survive beyond their first birthday. Haub also stated that "life expectancy at birth probably averaged only about ten years for most of human history".[19]


document_title: To the Bone (film)

question_text: who plays the doctor in to the bone

question_tokens: who plays the doctor in to the bone

text: To the Bone (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ellen is a 20-year-old college dropout dealing with anorexia who returns home to the house of her stepmother and father after struggling through an in-patient program and failing to make any progress. With her absentee father unwilling to deal with her, Ellen's stepmother, Susan, sets her up with a specialist, Dr. William Beckham, who insists that Ellen join his patient program. Ellen is reluctant to do so, but her mind is changed by her younger sister.

text: Ellen moves into the house with six other patients that include five young women and Luke, an upbeat ballet dancer, who is near recovery from both his anorexia and a knee injury. Luke acts as a moral cheerleader for the other patients and takes a special interest in Ellen, eventually revealing that he is a fan of Ellen's art.

text: At a family therapy session with Beckham, Ellen's father fails to show up. It is revealed that until eighteen months earlier, Ellen was living with her mother, who abandoned her to move to Phoenix, Arizona, and also that the artwork she posted on Tumblr was cited as an influence by a girl who later killed herself. Ellen promises to try to do better but instead continues to lose weight.

text: Ellen makes headway, changing her name to Eli and bonding with the other members of the house. She is surprised, however, when Luke kisses her and admits he is starting to fall in love with her. She panics and quickly rejects him. Later on, she learns that Megan, another woman in the house, who was pregnant, miscarried her baby, having resumed her purging after reaching the twelve-week mark and believing it was safe. The event sends Eli into a tailspin, and she decides to run away. On her way out, Luke begs her to stay, telling her that he needs her as he realizes that his knee condition is permanent and he will never be able to properly dance again and needs something new to focus on. Eli leaves anyway.

text: Near death, Eli goes to her mother's home. That night, her mother expresses guilt for the postpartum depression she had after giving birth to Ellen and suggests that she might try feeding Eli with a bottle while rocking her to help solve both their issues. Eli finds the idea strange, but after her mother tells her that she accepts if she chooses death, she decides to go along with the idea and allows herself to be rocked while her mother feeds her rice milk from a bottle.

text: After eating, Eli goes for a walk at night. Passing out, she hallucinates that she is in a tree where she kisses Luke, who reveals to her how sick she is. He gives her a piece of coal that is her courage, and she swallows it.

text: Waking up from her dream, Eli decides to return home. She embraces her stepmother and her sister before continuing on to Beckham's patient program.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Lily Collins as Ellen (Eli), 20 year old anorexic patient
Keanu Reeves as Dr. William Beckham
Carrie Preston as Susan, Ellen’s stepmother
Lili Taylor as Judy, Ellen's mother
Alex Sharp as Luke, 19 year old anorexic patient
Liana Liberato as Kelly, Ellen's 18 year old half-sister
Brooke Smith as Olive, Judy's girlfriend
Leslie Bibb as Megan, an anorexic patient
Kathryn Prescott as Anna, a bulimic patient
Ciara Quinn Bravo as Tracy, a bulimic patient
Maya Eshet as Pearl, an anorexic patient
Lindsay McDowell as Kendra, a patient suffering from binge eating disorder.
Retta as Lobo, the inpatient Nurse
Alanna Ubach as Karen, the therapist

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Lily Collins had been cast in a leading role in an anorexia drama film titled To The Bone, written and directed by Marti Noxon, based on Noxon's early battle with the eating disorder. The film marks Noxon's feature directorial debut[2] Later that month, Keanu Reeves joined the cast, portraying the role of a doctor.[3] On March 29, Carrie Preston was cast as Collins' character's stepmother.[4] AMBI Group was later reported to be co-producing and financing the picture.[5] In early April, it was reported that Lili Taylor, Alex Sharp, Brooke Smith, and Liana Liberato had joined the cast of the film in unknown roles.[6] On April 11, Ciara Bravo was cast in the supporting role of Tracy, a young girl also suffering from an eating disorder.[7]

text: Principal photography began in late March 2016 in Los Angeles.[2]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film held its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22, 2017. It was featured as a contender in the U.S. Dramatic Competition.[1] In 2017, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film and was released worldwide on July 14, 2017.[8][9]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: To The Bone currently holds a 68% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 57 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "To the Bone offers an insightful, empathetic look at a widespread issue, led by exemplary work from Lily Collins in the central role."[10] Metacritic gives the film an average score of 64 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11]

text: Justin Chang of The Los Angeles Times wrote that the film was "part character study, part PSA" and that it "chronicles a brief but meaningful period in its protagonist’s healing journey." Chang said of Lily Collins performance, "In a different film, Ellen’s sharp tongue might have made her an insufferable fount of wisecracking negativity, but Collins’ performance is subtler than that, and the script gives her ample opportunity to reveal the character’s more complicated, vulnerable edges."[12][13]