document_title: Memphis Tigers football

question_text: when did memphis state become university of memphis

question_tokens: when did memphis state become university of memphis

text: Memphis Tigers football

text: History[edit]

text: Early history (1912–1974)[edit]

text: West Tennessee State Normal School's football team had their first season in 1912.[3] The team was coached by Clyde Wilson.[4] In 1922, Lester Barnard was the Tigers head coach.[4] His team compiled a 5–2–2 record.[4] Zach Curlin succeeded Barnard and served as the Tigers head coach from 1924–1936.[5] When Curlin stepped down as the football coach after the 1936 campaign, the school's search committee recommended Allyn McKeen and immediately hired Cecil C. Humphreys as the school's president from Tennessee Junior College in Martin, now named the University of Tennessee at Martin.[6] McKeen's 1937 squad posted a 3–6 record, setting the stage for the Tigers’ only undefeated and untied season in school history. Allyn McKeen coached the Tigers in the 1937 and 1938 seasons, compiling a 13–6 record.[4] His 1938 team went undefeated at 10–0.[4] McKeen departed the Tigers after two seasons to accept the head football coach position at Mississippi State and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1991.[7][8]

text: West Tennessee State Teacher's College changed its name to Memphis State College in 1941.[9] Despite fielding a 56-player team in 1942, one of the largest in school history to that point, Memphis State managed to compile only a 2–7 record in 1942 due to many players being chosen for selective service for World War II.[10][11] The Tigers did not field a football team from 1943–1946 due to the events surrounding World War II.[10] In 1947, athletics director Cecil Humphreys turned to his former college teammate at the University of Tennessee, Ralph Hatley, head coach at Christian Brothers High School in Memphis, to lead the football program.[12] One of his first moves as head coach was to name Billy Murphy as an assistant coach.[13] Hatley's first Tigers team in 1947 had 38 freshmen, but still managed to earn a 6–2–1 record.[13] In 1949, Hatley's Tigers outscored their opponents 385-87 throughout the season and led the nation in total points scored for the season.[13] In 1949, Memphis State finished 9–2 and set a then-school record with 21,000 in attendance to watch the team play Ole Miss.[13] Hatley hired Ken Donahue as line coach in 1951.[14][15] During Hatley's tenure as head coach, Memphis State graduated 98% of its football players.[16] Hatley's Tigers made their first bowl appearance in school history in the 1956 Burley Bowl, a 32-12 victory over East Tennessee that was the final playing of the Johnson City, Tennessee bowl game.[17] Hatley retired as head coach after the 1957 season with a 60–43–5 record.[16][13] He retired as the school's winningest head coach and remained so until he was surpassed by his successor in 1967.[18]

text: Billy Murphy took over as head coach in 1958 and served as head football coach for the Tigers for fourteen seasons[19][20] In 1963, Murphy led the Tigers to a 9-0-1 record.[21] After a season-opening win over Southern Miss,[22] the Tigers tied #2 Ole Miss by a score of 0-0.[23] That game would be the only non-win for Memphis that year as the Tigers went on to grab wins over Tulsa,[24] North Texas,[25] West Texas State,[26] Mississippi State,[27] Louisville,[28] South Carolina,[29] Chattanooga[30] and Houston[31] to post just the second unbeaten season in program history.[32] The Houston game was postponed from November 23 to November 30 following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.[33] Murphy was named the National Coach of the Year by the Detroit Times and was also named a recipient of the Memphis Civilian Award.[32] Running back Dave Casinelli became the first Memphis State player to lead the NCAA in a major individual statistical category and the first Southern player to win the NCAA rushing title since John Dottley in 1949.[34][35] Going into the final game of the 1963 season, he ranked third in rushing yardage but totaled 210 rushing yards in the final game to finish ahead of Jimmy Sidle and Gale Sayers.[34] He led the NCAA for the 1963 season in rushing yardage (1,016 yards) and rushing carries (219).[36] He also tied with Cosmo Iacavazzi for the national scoring title with 84 points, each having scored 14 touchdowns.[37] During his four years at Memphis, Casinelli established school records with 2,796 total yards from scrimmage and 36 career touchdowns.[38] In January 1964, he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.[39] The 1963 Tigers football team finished ranked #14 in the UPI Coaches Poll, the highest final ranking in school history.[19][20] Murphy retired as head coach after the 1971 season but remained as the school's athletics director until 1981.[40][19] His last game as head coach was the 1971 Pasadena Bowl, a 28-9 victory over San Jose State,[41] their second bowl appearance in school history and last for another 32 years.[42] He left Memphis with a 91–44–1 record,[43] making him the winningest head coach in program history.[44]

text: The program's next head coach was Fred Pancoast, who came to Memphis State from his post as offensive coordinator at Georgia under Vince Dooley.[45] After a mediocre 5–5–1 record in 1972,[46] the Tigers finished the 1973 season with an 8–3 record.[47] The 1973 season included a 28-21 win over Louisville in the season opener,[48] a 24-3 victory over North Texas in the season's second game[49] and a 17-13 victory over Ole Miss in the third game for the Tigers' first victory over the Rebels in the state of Mississippi.[50] Despite a 35-21 loss to #15 Houston,[51] the Tigers defeated Tulsa by a score of 28-16,[52] Florida State by a margin of 13-10[53] Virginia Tech in a 49-16 rout[54] and their last two games of the season over Louisiana-Lafayette by a score of 41-6[55] and Cincinnati by a margin of 17-13[56] after a 13-10 loss to Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl on November 10.[57] The 1974 season resulted in a 7–4 record.[58] Highlights of the season included a 16-10 victory over Louisville in the season opener,[59] a 15-7 victory over Ole Miss for the Tigers second straight victory over the Rebels,[60] a 20-18 victory over Colorado State,[61] a 41-0 shutout of North Texas,[62] a 42-14 win over Florida State,[63] and a 34-10 victory over Wichita State in the season finale.[64] Pancoast left the Tigers after the 1974 season to accept the head coaching position at Vanderbilt.[65][66] In three seasons, he led the Tigers to a 20–12–1 record.[67] Pancoast would be the last head coach to leave the Tigers with a winning record for 41 years.[68]

text: Richard Williamson era (1975–1980)[edit]

text: Arkansas offensive coordinator Richard Williamson was hired as the Tigers 15th head football coach after Fred Pancoast's departure.[69] An end at Alabama from 1959–1962 under legendary head coach Bear Bryant, Williamson served as wide receivers coach for the Crimson Tide under Bryant from 1963–1967 returned to Alabama to coach the defensive line under Bryant from 1970–1971 after serving as an assistant coach under Frank Broyles at Arkansas from 1968–1969.[70][71] He returned to Broyles' Razorbacks staff to serve as offensive coordinator in 1972.[71] Williamson went 32–34 in six seasons as head coach of the Tigers.[72][73] Williamson was honored with the Southern Independent Conference Coach of the Year award twice as head coach of the Tigers,[69][73]

text: The Tigers finished 7–4 in 1975.[74] They began the season on September 6 with a 17–7 loss to Mississippi State.[75] After a 31–20 upset victory over #7 Auburn,[76] Memphis State lost their next two; 13–3 to Cincinnati[77] and 29–10 to Arkansas State.[78] The Tigers defeated North Texas by a margin of 21–19 on October 4.[79] After a 21–7 loss to rival Southern Miss,[80] Williamson's team won their last five games of the season; defeating rival Louisville 41–7 on October 18,[81] Tulsa 16–14 on October 25,[82] Wichita State 13–7 on November 1,[82] Florida State 17–14 on November 8[83] and Houston 14–7 on November 15.[84] Memphis State went 8–3 in 1976.[85] The Tigers started the season with a 21–16 win over Ole Miss on September 4[86] and a 21–12 win over Florida State on September 11.[87] After a close 16–14 loss to Tulsa,[88] Memphis State defeated SMU by a count of 27–13[89] and Auburn by a margin of 28–27.[76] After a 42–33 loss to Mississippi State,[90] the Tigers shut out Wichita State by a count of 31–0[91] and defeated Tulane by a score of 14–7.[92] After a 21–14 loss to in-state foe Tennessee,[93] the Tigers defeated Louisville by a score of 26–14[81] and suffered a 14–12 letdown at the hands of rival Southern Miss in the season finale.[94] Williamson's Tigers finished with a 6–5 record in 1977.[95] In their first game after the death of rock-n-roll legend and longtime Memphis resident Elvis Presley,[96] the Tigers lost to Ole Miss in Jackson, Mississippi by a score of 7–3.[97] Memphis State rebounded to win their next three; defeating Tulane by a score of 27–9,[98] Utah State by a margin of 31–26[99] and Virginia Tech by a count of 21–20.[100] After dropping a 14–13 nail biter to Louisville on October 1,[101] the Tigers defeated Mississippi State by a margin of 21–13 on October 15.[102] Memphis State then lost a nail biter to North Texas by a count of 20–19.[103] After a 42–14 victory over Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl,[104] Williamson's squad lost to Tennessee by a score of 27–14[105] and #16 Florida State by a count of 30–9.[106] Memphis State defeated Wichita State by a margin of 28–14 in the season's last game on November 19.[107]

text: Memphis State finished with a 4–7 record in 1978.[108] After a season-opening 14–7 loss to Ole Miss,[109] Williamson led the Tigers to a 17–3 win over Houston[110] The Tigers then lost their next two; falling to Mississippi State in a 44–14 blowout[111] and #8 Texas A&M in a 58–0 shutout.[112] After a 26–13 win over Wichita State,[113] the Tigers lost a 13–10 nail biter to Southern Miss[114] and a 41–24 game to Tulane.[115] Memphis State won their next two; defeating Vanderbilt by a margin of 35–14[116] and Louisville by a count of 29–22.[117] Williamson's Tigers lost their last two games of the season; suffering a 41–24 loss to North Texas[118] and a 34–14 loss to Cincinnati.[119] The Tigers finished 5–6 in 1979.[120] Memphis State started the season with a close 14–13 win over Mississippi State on September 8.[121] The next week, Williamson's team lost to the other Southeastern Conference team from the Magnolia State, OLe Miss, by a score of 38–34.[122] After a 16–10 win in the season's third game over Wichita State,[123] Memphis State lost to Texas A&M by a margin of 17–7,[124] Louisiana-Monroe by a count of 21–20[125] and Southern Miss in a 22–0 shutout.[126] The Tigers alternated between win and loss for the remainder of the season, defeating North Texas by a margin of 22–0,[127] losing to Vanderbilt by a score of 13–3,[128] defeating Louisville by a count of 10–6,[129] losing to #5 Florida State by a margin of 66–17[130] and beating Cincinnati by a count of 23–17.[131] Memphis State struggled to a 2–9 mark in 1980.[132] The Tigers lost their first three games of the season, falling to Mississippi State by a score of 34–7,[133] Ole Miss in a 61–7 blowout[134] and Georgia Tech by a count of 17–8.[135] Williamson's squad won its first game of the season on October 4, defeating Arkansas State by a count of 24–3.[135] The Tigers lost to Louisville by a score of 38–14 on October 11.[136] That was followed by a 29–10 loss to North Texas on October 18.[137] After a 24–3 loss to #6 Florida State,[138] the Tigers lost consecutive 14–10 games to Vanderbilt[139] and Cincinnati[140] before suffering a 21–16 setback to Tulane.[141] The Tigers won their last game of the 1980 season, a 6–0 shutout over Wichita State.[142] Williamson was fired as head coach of the Tigers after the 1980 season.[143]

text: Rex Dockery era (1981–1983)[edit]

text: Texas Tech head coach Rex Dockery was named the Tigers' 16th head coach after Williamson's firing.[144] After serving as a head coach at two different Tennessee high schools, Dockery had served as an assistant coach at Tennessee from 1970–1971 under Bill Battle, at Georgia Tech in 1972 under Bill Fulcher and at Vanderbilt from 1973–1974 under Steve Sloan before following Sloan to serve as his offensive coordinator at Texas Tech.[145] When Steve Sloan left Texas Tech to take the head coaching position at Ole Miss in 1978, Dockery replaced him as the team's head coach.[146] He coached at Texas Tech from 1978 to 1980, compiling a 15–16–2 record,[147] and being named the Southwest Conference Coach of the Year in 1978.[148]

text: Dockery's Tigers finished 1–10 in 1981.[149] After starting the season with a 20–3 loss to #14 Mississippi State on September 5,[150][151] Memphis State lost to #18 Florida State by a score of 10–5 on September 12.[152] The next week, Memphis State lost to Ole Miss by a count of 7–3.[153] The next week, the Tigers picked up their first win of the season and of the Dockery era by defeating Georgia Tech by a score of 28–15.[154] After a 17–13 loss to Virginia Tech,[155] Dockery's team suffered a 14–7 loss to Louisville.[156] Dockery's squad was shut out in the Black and Blue Bowl by Southern Miss by a score of 10–0.[157] After a 28–9 loss to in-state power Tennessee,[158] Memphis State was shut out again, this time in a 26–0 loss to Vanderbilt.[159] The Tigers put up seven points in each of their final two games, both losses; 38–7 to Cincinnati[160] and 24–7 to Tulane.[161]

text: Memphis State compiled another 1–10 record in 1982.[162] The Tigers lost to Ole Miss by a score of 27–10 in the season opener.[163] On September 11, they lost to Vanderbilt by a count of 24–14.[164] Next came a 41–17 loss to Mississippi State[165] followed by a 24–20 loss to Georgia Tech.[166] Next was the Black and Blue Bowl, a game the Tigers lost to Southern Miss by a margin of 34–14.[167] After a 16–7 loss to Cincinnati,[168] the Tigers fell to their foes from down the Mississippi River, losing to Tulane by a score of 17–10.[169] The Tigers put up 3 points in both of the next two weeks both losses; 34–3 to #3 Georgia[170] and 29–3 to Tennessee.[171] On November 20, the Tigers lost their seventeenth straight game dating back to the previous season with a 38–19 loss to Louisville.[172] That streak was snapped the following week, with the Tigers defeating Arkansas State by a score of 12–0 in the season's final game.[173]

text: The Tigers improved in 1983, compiling a 6–4–1 record.[174] Dockery led Memphis State to a 37–17 win over Ole Miss in the first game of the season.[175] Memphis State scored 10 points each of the next two weeks, both losses; 24–10 to #8 North Carolina[176] and 17–10 to Virginia Tech.[177] On October 1, Memphis State lost to #6 Alabama by a score of 44–13.[178] After a 28–25 victory over Tulane,[179] the Tigers lost the Black and Blue Bowl to Southern Miss by a score of 27–20.[180] Dockery then led his team to three straight victories; beating Vanderbilt by a margin of 24–7,[181] Mississippi State by a count of 30–13[182] and Cincinnati by a count of 43–10.[183] On November 19, Memphis State tied Arkansas State at 14–14.[184] The Tigers cruised to an easy 45–7 victory over Louisville in the season finale on November 24.[185]

text: Tragically, Dockery was killed in a plane crash on December 12, 1983, in Lawrenceburg, Tennessee, en route to a speaking engagement before the city's quarterback club.[186][144] Also killed in the crash were Memphis State freshman defensive back Charles Greenhill, offensive coordinator Chris Faros, and booster Glenn Jones.[144][148][187] On December 13, 1984, Dockery's widow Wallene filed a $182,000 lawsuit against Memphis State University and Coca-Cola seeking unpaid contractual payment obligations.[188] In December 1983, the playing surface at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium was named Rex Dockery Field, and was rededicated on October 30, 2013.[189][190] Dockery had an 8–24–1 record as head coach at Memphis State.[191]

text: Rey Dempsey era (1984–1985)[edit]

text: On December 26, 1983, Southern Illinois head coach Rey Dempsey was hired as Memphis State's 17th head football coach.[192][193] Though he didn't have ties to the Memphis area or to the Southern United States, Dempsey had enjoyed a moderately successful tenure as the Salukis' head coach, including leading Southern Illinois to the NCAA Division I-AA National Championship in 1983.[194] Dempsey also served as head coach at Youngstown State from 1973–1974 and had served as head coach at two Ohio high schools from 1961–1970.[195][196]

text: The Tigers finished 5–5–1 in 1984.[197] Memphis State defeated Arkansas State by a margin of 17–2 in their first game under Dempsey.[198] After a 22–6 loss to Ole Miss,[199] the Tigers won their next two; defeating Cincinnati by a margin of 47–7[200] and Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl by a score of 23–13.[201] After tying #6 Florida State at 17–17,[202] Memphis State won another two in a row, beating Louisiana-Lafayette by a margin of 20–7[203] and Mississippi State by a margin of 23–12.[204] Dempsey's team lost its final four games of the season; falling to North Carolina by a score of 30–27,[205] #8 Georgia by a margin of 13–3,[206] Tennessee in a blowout by a score of 41–9[207] and in the season's final game to Tulane by a score of 14–9.[208]

text: Memphis State compiled a 2–7–2 record in 1985.[209] The Tigers started the season with a 37–6 blowout of Louisiana-Lafayette on August 31.[210] The Tigers settled for ties the next two weeks; locking even in a 17–17 bout with Ole Miss[211] and a 10–10 battle with I-AA opponent Murray State.[212] Memphis State lost its next two; falling to #6 Florida State by a margin of 19–10[213] and Mississippi State by a nail biting 31–28.[214] After a 38–21 victory over Mississippi River nemesis Tulane,[215] the Tigers lost their remaining five games; suffering defeats to; Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl by a margin of 14–7,[216] Alabama by a score of 28–9,[217] Virginia Tech by a margin of 31–10,[218] #19 Tennessee by a score of 17–7[219] and Army in a shellacking by way of a 49–7 annihilation.[220] After refusing to resign, Dempsey was fired as head coach after the 1985 season.[221] Dempsey left the Tigers with a record of 7–12–3 in two seasons as head coach.[222]

text: Charlie Bailey era (1986–1988)[edit]

text: Florida defensive coordinator Charlie Bailey was hired as the 18th head football coach at Memphis State after Dempsey's firing.[223] Despite having no head coaching experience, Bailey arrived in Memphis with a great reputation as a defensive mind with over twenty years of assistant coaching experience, serving under the likes of Fran Curci at Miami and Kentucky, Al Conover at Rice and Foge Fazio at Pittsburgh before joining Galen Hall's Florida staff.[224]

text: Memphis State went 1–10 in 1986.[225] They started the season with a 28–6 loss to Ole Miss on September 6.[226] The next week, the Tigers lost to Arkansas State in the Paint Bucket Bowl by a score of 30–10.[227] Louisiana-Lafayette defeated the Tigers by a score of 26–10 on September 20.[228] Memphis' tough season continued the next week against Louisville, losing to the Cardinals by a score of 34–8.[229][230] After a 34–17 loss to Mississippi State,[231] Bailey's team was shut out by #2 Alabama by a score of 37–0.[232] On October 18, the Tigers lost a close 14–9 contest to rival Southern Miss.[233] Memphis State won its first game of the season on November 1 with a 22–21 victory over Vanderbilt.[234] The Tigers lost their last three games of the season; falling to Tennessee by a margin of 33–3,[235] Tulane by a margin of 15–6[236] and New Mexico by a margin of 20–13.[237]

text: The Tigers improved to 5–5–1 in 1987.[238] In the season opener, Bailey's squad defeated Ole Miss by a score of 16–10.[239] Memphis State lost their next three; dropping contests to Vanderbilt by a margin of 27–17,[240] #7 Florida State by a score of 41–24[241] and Mississippi State in a 9–6 defensive struggle.[242] On October 10, Memphis State pulled off one of the biggest wins in program history, defeating #15 Alabama by a score of 13–10.[243] The next week, the Tigers defeated Tulane by a margin of 45–36.[244] After a nail biting 17–14 defeat at the hands of Southern Miss,[245] Memphis State tied Arkansas State at 21–21.[246] After a 31–7 loss to Louisiana-Lafayette,[247] Memphis State won its last two games of the season; crushing Louisville by a score of 43–8[248] and shutting out Tulsa by a score of 14–0.[249]

text: Bailey's Tigers finished 6–5 in 1988.[250] They started the season on September 3 with a 24–6 loss to Ole Miss.[251] After a 9–7 victory over Arkansas State,[252] the Tigers lost their next two; suffering a 29–18 defeat to Louisville[253] and a 20–19 nail biter to Tulane.[254] Memphis State then defeated Southeastern Conference opponents in the next two weeks; topping Mississippi State by a margin of 31–10[255] and #14 Florida by a margin of 17–11.[256] After a 38–25 loss to Tennessee[257] and a 34–27 loss to Southern Miss,[258] The Tigers won their last three games of the season; defeating Louisiana-Lafayette by a score of 20–3[259] Tulsa by a margin of 26–20[260] and Vanderbilt by a margin of 28–9.[261] Bailey resigned as Memphis State head coach in May 1989 after allegations that two of his athletes lied about contacts with school boosters.[262] He put together a 12–20–1 record in three seasons.[263]

text: Chuck Stobart era (1989–1994)[edit]

text: On June 26, 1989, USC offensive coordinator Chuck Stobart was named the 19th head coach of the Memphis Tigers.[264] An assistant coach under Bo Schembechler at Miami (OH) and Michigan, Stobart served as head coach at Toledo from 1977–1981 and Utah from 1982–1984, achieving mediocre success.[265] After leaving the Utes, Stobart served as offensive coordinator at Pittsburgh in 1985 under Foge Fazio and at Arizona under Larry Smith in 1986 before following Smith to USC.[265] Stobart signed a four-year contract with Memphis State worth a base salary of $100,000 annually.[266]

text: Memphis State finished 2–9 in 1989.[267] After a 20–13 loss to Ole Miss,[268] the Tigers lost the Paint Bucket Bowl to Arkansas State by a margin of 17–13.[269] Next came a 35–7 loss to #16 Alabama[270] and a 38–13 loss to Florida.[271] On October 7, Stobart's team got their first win of the season with a 13–10 victory over in-state opponent Vanderbilt.[272] The next week, the Tigers picked up their second win of the campaign, defeating Cincinnati by a score of 34–17.[273] On October 21, Memphis State lost to Mississippi State by a margin of 35–10.[274] That was followed by a 31–7 loss to Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl.[275] After a close 38–34 loss to Tulane,[276] the Tigers got shellacked by Louisville to the tune of 40–10.[277] Memphis State closed the season on November 18 with another loss; a 57–20 blowout at the hands of #5 Florida State.[278] After the 1989 season, Stobart fired six of his nine assistant coaches, including both coordinators.[279]

text: The Tigers went 4–6–1 in 1990.[280] Memphis State's football season began on September 1 with a 24–24 tie in the Paint Bucket Bowl with Arkansas State behind running back (and future Tigers head coach) Larry Porter's 206 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns.[281] After a tough 23–21 nail biting defeat to rival Ole Miss,[282] the Tigers embarked upon a three-game winning streak, beginning with a 37–28 win over UCF.[283] On September 29, Stobart's Tigers defeated Tulsa by a margin of 22–10.[284] The next week, Memphis State defeated Tulane by a count of 21–14.[285] On October 13, the Tigers lost a close 19–17 contest to Louisville.[286] That was followed by a 23–7 loss in the annual Black and Blue Bowl to Southern Miss.[287] After a 20–6 victory over Louisiana-Lafayette,[288] Stobart's squad lost its last three; falling to East Carolina by a score of 24–17,[289] Mississippi State by a count of 27–23[290] and #9 Florida State in a 35–3 blowout.[291]

text: Stobart led the Tigers to a 5–6 record in 1991.[292] Memphis State started the season by upsetting #16 USC by a score of 24–10.[293] The following week, Stobart's Tigers lost to rival Ole Miss by a score of 10–0.[294] On September 14, Memphis State lost to East Carolina by a count of 20–13.[295] The Tigers got their second win of the season the following week with a 31–21 win over Arkansas State.[296] After a 31–21 loss to Missouri,[297] the Tigers won two in a row; defeating Southern Miss 17–12[298] and Mississippi State 28–23.[299] On October 26, Memphis State lost to Tulsa by a count of 33–28.[300] The next week, Memphis State lost to #14 Tennessee by a margin of 52–24.[301] After a 35–7 thrashing of Louisville,[302] the Tigers finished the season with a heartbreaking 10–7 loss to #7 Alabama.[303]

text: Memphis State went 6–5 in 1992.[304] They began the season on September 5, losing the Black and Blue Bowl to Southern Miss by a score of 23–21.[305] Another close loss came the following week in the form of a 16–15 loss to Louisville.[306] In the season's third game, the Tigers dropped another nail biter, falling to #24 Mississippi State by a margin of 20–16.[307] After the season's third game, 80 Tigers football players boycotted team practice, claiming they had lost respect for Coach Stobart for the way he handled the team.[308][309] However, after Stobart acknowledged the players' frustrations and promised to change his approach, the players returned after sitting out only one day.[310] On September 26, Memphis State won their first game of the season, defeating Arkansas by a margin of 22–6.[311] The Tigers defeated Cincinnati by a score of 34–14[312] and followed that with a 37–7 victory over rival Arkansas State.[313] On October 24, Memphis State defeated Tulsa by a margin of 30–25.[314] The team's winning streak was extended to five with a 62–20 shellacking of Tulane on Halloween.[315] Ole Miss snapped Memphis State's winning streak on November 7 with a 17–12 victory over the Tigers.[316] That was followed by a 26–21 loss to #23 Tennessee on November 14.[317] They finished the season with a 42–7 drubbing of East Carolina on November 21.[318]

text: The Tigers finished with another 6–5 record in 1993.[319] They opened the season with a 45–35 victory over #23 Mississippi State on September 4.[320] In the season's second game, Stobart's team got crushed by Louisville to the tune of 54–28.[321] The Tigers lost a closer 17–15 contest to Louisiana-Lafayette in their third game of the season.[322] The Tigers then notched their first win of the season, shutting out Arkansas by a margin of 6–0.[323] That was followed by a 34–7 thrashing of East Carolina[324] and a 45–3 drubbing of rival Arkansas State.[325] Stobart's squad lost to Tulsa by a score of 23–19[326] and Cincinnati by a count of 23–20 over the next two weeks.[327] The Tigers then defeated Ole Miss by a score of 19–3[328] and Southern Miss by a margin of 20–9.[329] In the season's last game, the Tigers lost to #9 Miami by a margin of 41–17.[330] Star wide receiver Isaac Bruce, a senior in 1993, finished his Memphis State career with 113 receptions for 1,586 yards (14.0 yards per rec. avg.) and 15 touchdowns.[331] He was selected in the second round with the 33rd overall pick in the 1994 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Rams.[332]

text: Memphis State University changed its name to the University of Memphis in 1994.[3][9] That year, the Tigers finished 6–5 for the third consecutive year.[333] On September 3, Stobart's squad lost to Mississippi State by a margin of 17–6.[334] Memphis won its first game of the season the following week with a 42–18 thrashing of Tulsa.[335] After a 20–3 loss to Southern Miss,[336] Memphis won their next four games; topping Arkansas in a 16–15 nail biter,[337] Tulane in a 13–0 shutout,[285] Arkansas State by a margin of 15–6[338] and Cincinnati in a 26–3 blowout.[339] On October 29, Memphis lost to Louisville by a score of 10–6.[340] That was followed by a 17–16 win over Ole Miss.[341] In the season's final two games, the Tigers lost to Tennessee by a margin of 24–13[342] and East Carolina by a count of 30–6.[343] On January 13, 1995, Stobart was fired as head coach of the Tigers.[344] His Tigers compiled a 29–36–1 record in his five seasons.[345]

text: Rip Scherer era (1995–2000)[edit]

text: James Madison head coach Rip Scherer took over as the Tigers' 20th head football coach after Stobart's termination.[346] Scherer arrived in the Mid-South with some impressive credentials, serving as offensive coordinator at Georgia Tech from 1980 to 1986 under Bill Curry and then following Curry to Alabama, serving as the Crimson Tide's offensive coordinator in 1987.[347] He then joined Dick Tomey's Arizona staff, serving as offensive coordinator from 1988 to 1990 before taking over as James Madison's head coach.[348] Scherer signed a five-year contract worth a base salary of $110,000 annually.[349]

text: On April 24, 1995, the University of Memphis ended its 21-year run as an independent when it; along with the University of Charlotte, the University of Cincinnati, DePaul University, the University of Houston, the University of Louisville, Marquette University, Saint Louis University, the University of Southern Mississippi, Tulane University, the University of Alabama at Birmingham and the University of South Florida; chartered Conference USA.[350] The league announced it would begin football competition in 1996.[350]

text: The Tigers finished 3–8 in 1995.[351] They kicked off the season on September 2 with a 28–18 loss to Mississippi State.[352] After a 24–7 loss to #11 Michigan,[353] Memphis picked up its first win of the season with a 33–19 victory over Louisiana-Lafayette.[354] The next week, Scherer's team lost to Arkansas by a score of 27–20.[355] On September 30, the Tigers lost to Louisville by a margin of 17–7.[356] After a 23–8 victory over Tulane,[357] Memphis lost to Cincinnati by a score of 28–3.[358] After a 10–7 win over Tulsa,[359] the Tigers lost a 34–3 blowout to Ole Miss.[360] After a 17–9 loss to Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl,[361] Scherer's squad finished the season with a 31–17 defeat at the hands of East Carolina.[357]

text: Memphis went 4–7 in 1996, its first season in Conference USA.[362] In the season opener, the Tigers suffered a 30–7 loss to #11 Miami.[363] The following week, they suffered a 31–10 loss to Mississippi State.[364] Scherer then led the Tigers to three straight wins; defeating Missouri by a score of 19–16,[365] Tulane by a margin of 17–10[366] and Cincinnati by a score of 18–16.[366] On October 12, the Tigers lost to Houston by a margin of 37–20.[367] That was followed by a 16–0 shutout loss to Southern Miss.[368] On October 26, Scherer's Tigers suffered a 13–9 loss at the hands of Louisiana-Lafayette.[369] Another loss followed in the form of a 13–10 defeat at the hands of Louisville on November 2.[370] Then, the Tigers notched one of the biggest wins in program history.[371] On November 9, 1996, the Tigers beat SEC power #6 Tennessee, quarterbacked by Peyton Manning, 21–17 at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium.[372] It was the first time Memphis had defeated the Vols in fifteen meetings, and the Vols came into the game with a 40–1 record in November since 1985.[373] Fans stormed the field and tore down the goalposts after the huge upset win.[371] During the game, Memphis kick returner Kevin Cobb returned a kickoff for a touchdown.[374] The touchdown won an ESPY for "College Football Play of the Year" in June 1997.[374] It would take another 19 years for the Tigers to defeat another nationally ranked team, when they defeated #13 Ole Miss by a margin of 37–24 in 2015.[375] Scherer's Tigers lost by a score of 20–10 to East Carolina in the season's final game.[376]

text: Memphis posted a second consecutive 4–7 record in 1997.[377] After dropping the season opener by a score of 13–10 to Mississippi State,[378] the Tigers got their first win of the season in their second game, defeating UAB by a score of 28–7.[379] Scherer's team then embarked upon a three-game losing streak, beginning with a 51–21 loss to #21 Michigan State on September 13.[380] Next, Memphis lost to Minnesota by a score of 20–17.[381] On October 4, Memphis lost to Cincinnati by second straight 20–17 score.[358] After a 38–9 shellacking of Arkansas State,[382] Scherer's squad lost by a score of 32–10 to East Carolina.[383] After a 24–3 victory over Houston,[383] Memphis lost to Tulane by a score of 26–14.[285] On November 15, the Tigers lost a 21–20 nail biter to Louisville.[384] They concluded the season on November 22 with a 42–18 defeat in the Black and Blue Bowl to Southern Miss.[385]

text: The Tigers went 2–9 in 1998.[386] They started the season with a 30–10 loss to Ole Miss.[387] The Tigers faced the other Southeastern Conference team from Mississippi in the season's second game, falling to the Bulldogs by a margin of 14–6.[388] On September 19, Scherer's team lost to Minnesota by a margin of 41–14.[389] The next week, Memphis lost to Houston by a count of 35–14.[390] After a 23–9 defeat at the hands of #20 Arkansas,[391] the Tigers defeated Cincinnati by a count of 41–23 to record their first win of the season.[392] After a 35–32 loss to Louisville,[393] Memphis picked up its second win of the year by beating Arkansas State in the Paint Bucket Bowl by a margin of 35–19[392] After a 41–31 loss to #15 Tulane on November 7,[394] Scherer's squad lost to Southern Miss by a blowout margin of 45–3.[392] They closed the season with a heartbreaking 34–31 loss to East Carolina.[395]

text: Scherer led the Tigers to a 5–6 mark in 1999.[396] In their first game, Memphis lost a defensive struggle to Ole Miss by a count of 3–0.[397] The next week, the Tigers again lost by three points, falling to Mississippi State by a margin of 13–10.[398] On September 18, Memphis won the Paint Bucket Bowl, defeating Arkansas State by a score of 31–26.[399] The Tigers then lost a heartbreaking 17–16 contest to #7 Tennessee on September 25.[400] That was followed by a 27–17 loss to Missouri.[401] After a 38–14 victory over UAB,[402] Memphis suffered another heartbreaking defeat, a 32–31 nail biter to Louisville.[403] After a 49–7 blowout of Tulane,[404] Scherer's team lost to #25 Southern Miss by a score of 20–5.[405] The Tigers finished the season with two wins, defeating Army by a score of 14–10[406] and Cincinnati by a score of 21–13.[407]

text: Memphis finished 4–7 in 2000.[408] The Tigers lost to Mississippi State by a margin of 17–3 in the season opener on September 2.[409] Scherer then led his team to three straight wins, beginning with a 28–0 shutout over Louisiana-Monroe.[410] The next week, the Tigers won the Paint Bucket Bowl over Arkansas State by a score of 19–17.[411] That was followed by a 26–16 victory over Army on September 23.[412] After a 24–3 loss to #21 Southern Miss in the Black and Blue Bowl,[413] Memphis defeated East Carolina by a score of 17–10.[414] On October 14, Memphis lost to UAB by a count of 13–9.[415][416] The next week, Memphis lost to Houston by a margin of 33–30 in triple overtime.[417] On November 4, the Tigers lost to in-state foe Tennessee by a margin of 19–17.[418] After a 13–10 overtime loss to Cincinnati,[358] the Tigers lost to Tulane by a margin of 37–14 in the season's final game.[419] Scherer was fired as head coach after the 2000 season.[420][421] He left Memphis with a 22–44 record in six seasons as head coach.[422]

text: Tommy West era (2001–2009)[edit]

text: On November 30, 2000, it was announced that Tommy West had been promoted from defensive coordinator to head football coach of the Tigers, the 21st in program history.[423][424] A tight end at Tennessee from 1972–1975 under Bill Battle, West had over twenty years of college football coaching experience at the time he became head coach of the Tigers.[425] He also had prior head coaching experience, serving as the head coach at Clemson from 1994–1998 and at FCS program Chattanooga in 1993.[426] West joined Rip Scherer's Memphis staff as defensive coordinator on January 6, 2000.[427] West signed a five-year contract paying him a base salary of $139,725 annually plus room for incentive bonuses.[424]

text: Memphis went 5–6 in 2001.[428] In the season's first game, the Tigers lost to #18 Mississippi State by a margin of 30-10.[429] After picking up their first win of the season with a 43-10 shellacking of I-AA opponent Chattanooga,[430] West's team picked up its second win of the season with a 17-9 victory over South Florida.[431] After a 38-21 loss to Louisville,[432] Memphis won their next two, defeating Southern Miss by a score of 22-17[433] and Houston by a one-sided score of 52-33.[434] On October 20, the Tigers lost to East Carolina by a margin of 32-11.[435] That was followed by a second consecutive loss in the form of a 17-14 nail biter at the hands of UAB.[436] On November 10, the Tigers lost a third straight game, falling to #6 Tennessee by a score of 49-28.[437] The following week, West's squad broke its losing streak with a 42-10 pounding of Army.[438] On November 24, Memphis closed the season with a last-second 36-34 loss to Cincinnati.[439]

text: The Tigers finished with a 3–9 record in 2002.[440] The season began on August 31 with a 52-6 pounding of I-AA opponent Murray State.[441] One week later, Memphis lost to OLe Miss by a score of 38-16.[442] In the season's third game, the Tigers lost the Black and Blue Bowl to Southern Miss by a margin of 33-14.[443] After a 38-10 victory over Tulane,[444] West's team lost their next six, beginning with a 31-17 loss to UAB.[445] On October 8, Memphis lost to Louisville by a score of 38-32.[446] On October 19, the Tigers lost to Mississippi State by a margin of 29-17.[447] One week later, Cincinnati defeated Memphis by a margin of 48-10.[448] On November 2, Houston defeated West's Tigers by a score of 26-21.[449] After a 38-21 loss to South Florida,[450] Memphis notched its third win of the season with a 38-10 win over Army.[451] On November 30, the Tigers lost to TCU by a score of 27-20 to finish the season.[452]

text: Memphis improved to 9–4 in 2003.[453] In the season opener, the Tigers defeated in-state I-AA foe Tennessee Tech by a score of 40-10.[454] In the season's second game, Memphis upset Ole Miss by a count of 44-34.[455] After a 23-6 loss to Southern Miss,[456] Memphis defeated Arkansas State by a count of 38-16.[457] They then lost their next two; falling to UAB by a margin of 24-10[458] and Mississippi State by a score of 35-27.[459] Memphis rebounded to win their next five, starting with a 45-14 victory over Houston.[460] That was followed by a 41-9 win over Tulane.[461] On November 1, the Tigers defeated East Carolina by a margin of 41-24.[462] In the season's tenth game, West's team defeated Louisville by a score of 37-7.[463] One week later, the Tigers defeated Cincinnati by a score of 21-16.[464][465] In the regular season finale, the Tigers lost a 21-16 game to South Florida.[466] Memphis accepted a berth in the 2003 New Orleans Bowl, a game they won over North Texas by a score of 27-17.[467] The victory was Memphis' first bowl appearance in a bowl game and first bowl victory in 32 years, since the 1971 Pasadena Bowl.[468]

text: The Tigers finished with an 8–4 record in 2004.[469] They defeated Ole Miss by a margin of 20-13 in the season opener.[470] The next week, West's squad won its second game with a 52-21 rout of I-AA foe Chattanooga.[471] Entering their next contest as the #25 team in the country, they followed that with a third straight win; a 47-35 trouncing of Arkansas State.[472] After a 35-28 loss to UAB,[473] the Tigers defeated Houston 41-14[474] and Tulane 49-24.[475] After a 49-10 blowout loss to Cincinnati[476] and a 56-49 loss to #14 Louisville,[477] Memphis won a 30-26 contest over Southern Miss,[478] a 38-35 game over East Carolina[479] and a 31-15 contest over South Florida.[480] The Tigers received a berth in the 2004 GMAC Bowl, a contest they lost to Bowling Green by a margin of 52-35.[481] After leading the Tigers to consecutive bowl appearances for the first time in program history, the University of Memphis administration signed West to a raise and one-year contract extension.[482]

text: Memphis finished 7–5 in 2005.[483] They started the season on September 5 with a 10-6 loss to Ole Miss.[484] After a 59-14 thrashing of I-AA Chattanooga,[485] Memphis lost its third game of the season to Tulsa by a margin of 37-31 in overtime.[486] The Tigers defeated UTEP by a score of 27-20 in the season's fourth game.[487] After a 38-17 defeat at the hands of UCF,[488] West's team beat Houston 35-20[489] and East Carolina 27-24.[490] After a 37-20 loss to UAB[491] and a 20-16 loss to Tennessee,[492] West's squad defeated Southern Miss by a margin of 24-22[493] and Marshall by a score of 26-3 to finish the regular season.[494] Memphis made its third straight bowl appearance with its berth in the 2005 Motor City Bowl, defeating Akron by a score of 38-31.[495] During that game, star Tigers running back DeAngelo Williams set an NCAA record with his 34th career game of at least 100 rushing yards.[496] Williams, a senior in 2005 and a finalist for the Doak Walker Award that year,[497] was selected in the first round with the 27th overall pick in the 2006 NFL Draft by the Carolina Panthers.[498] Kicker Stephen Gostkowski was also selected in that year's draft, going in the fourth round with the 118th overall pick to the New England Patriots.[499]

text: The Tigers struggled to a 2–10 record in 2006.[500] They began the season on September 3, losing to Ole Miss by a margin of 28-25.[501] After a 33-14 win over I-AA Chattanooga,[502] Memphis lost nine straight, beginning with a 35-20 defeat to East Carolina.[503] After the East Carolina loss, West fired defensive coordinator Joe Lee Dunn.[504][505] On September 30, West's team lost to #15 Tennessee by a margin of 41-7.[506] The next week, the Tigers lost to UAB by a score of 35-29.[507] After a 26-23 Paint Bucket Bowl loss to Arkansas State,[508] Memphis lost to Tulsa by a margin of 35-14.[509] On October 28, the Tigers lost to Marshall by a score of 41-27.[510] Southern Miss then doubled up the Tigers by a score of 42-21.[511] After a 26-24 loss to UCF,[512] Memphis suffered a 23-20 overtime loss to Houston.[513] The Tigers ended their long losing streak by picking up their second win of the season in the last game with a 38-19 victory over UTEP.[514]

text: Memphis finished 7–6 in 2007.[515] After dropping the opener to Ole Miss by a margin of 23-21,[516] West's squad defeated I-AA opponent Jacksonville State by a margin of 35-14 to record their first win of the season.[517] After losing to UCF by a margin of 56-20[518] and Arkansas State by a score of 35-31 after blowing a 25-point halftime lead,[519] Memphis defeated Marshall by a score of 24-21.[520] After a 21-7 loss to in-state foe Middle Tennessee,[521] Memphis beat Rice by a score of 38-35[522] and Tulane by a slim margin of 28-27.[523] After a 56-40 loss to East Carolina,[524] West's team won three straight; defeating Southern Miss by a margin of 29-26,[525] UAB by a count of 25-9[526] and SMU in a triple-overtime 55-52 shootout.[527] The Tigers made their fourth bowl appearance in five years in the 2007 New Orleans Bowl, losing to Florida Atlantic by a score of 44-27.[528]

text: The Tigers went 6–7 in 2008.[529] They lost their first three games of the season; falling to Ole Miss by a margin of 41-24,[530] Rice by a score of 42-35[531] and Marshall in a 17-16 nail biter.[532] West's Tigers won their next three; defeating I-AA Nicholls State by a margin of 31-10,[533] Arkansas State by a score of 29-17[534] and UAB in a 33-30 nail biter.[535] After a 35-28 loss to Louisville[536] and a 30-10 loss to East Carolina,[537] Memphis defeated Southern Miss by a count of 36-30[538] and SMU by a count of 31-26.[539] After a 28-21 loss to UCF,[540] Memphis finished the regular season with a 45-6 thrashing of Tulane.[541] The Tigers made their fifth bowl appearance in six years in the 2008 St. Petersburg Bowl, losing to South Florida in a 41-14 rout.[542]

text: Memphis regressed to a 2–10 record in 2009.[543] They were trounced by #8 Ole Miss in the season opener, losing 45-14.[544] After a 31-14 loss to Middle Tennessee,[545] West's squad earned its first win of the season with a 41-14 win over in-state FCS opponent UT Martin.[546] After a 27-16 loss to Marshall[547] and a 32-14 defeat at the hands of UCF,[548] the Tigers defeated UTEP by a score of 35-20.[549] Memphis lost its final six games of the season, beginning with a 36-16 defeat to Southern Miss on October 17.[550] On October 27, West's team lost to East Carolina by a count of 38-19.[551] On November 7, the Tigers lost to in-state foe Tennessee by a score of 56-28.[552] On November 10, 2009, it was announced that West would be fired as Memphis head coach after the completion of the 2009 season.[553][554] At the press conference announcing his firing, West vented his frustration about lack of financial and fan support and said that if the University of Memphis athletics department didn't show more commitment to the football program, the program didn't have "a fighting chance".[555][556][557] On November 14, the Tigers lost to UAB by a margin of 31-21.[558] That was followed by a 55-14 thrashing at the hands of #24 Houston.[559] In the last game of the season, Memphis lost a nail biter to Tulsa by a score of 33-30 in overtime.[560] West left Memphis with a 49–61 record.[561]

text: Larry Porter era (2010–2011)[edit]

text: On November 29, 2009, LSU running backs coach Larry Porter was named the 22nd head football coach for the University of Memphis football program.[562] Although he had no head coaching or coordinating experience, Porter was a well-regarded recruiter and running backs coach who had played running back for the Tigers from 1990–1993 under Chuck Stobart.[563] Porter's hiring made him the first African American head coach in the history of Memphis football.[564] Porter signed a five-year contract worth a base salary of $750,000 annually.[565] The Tigers struggled tremendously under Porter as fan support, attendance and revenue fell.[566]

text: The Tigers went 1–11 in 2010.[567] They kicked off the Porter era on September 4 against Mississippi State, losing to the Bulldogs by a score of 49–7.[568] After losing to East Carolina by a margin of 49–27,[569] the Tigers notched their first win of the Porter era, defeating in-state opponent Middle Tennessee by a score of 24–17.[570] The next week, Memphis lost to UTEP by a score of 16–13.[571] That was followed by a 48–7 blowout loss to Tulsa on October 2.[572] After a 56–0 shutout defeat at the hands of Louisville,[573] the Tigers suffered a 41–19 defeat in the Black and Blue Bowl to Southern Miss.[574] On October 30, Porter's team lost to Houston by a margin of 56–17.[575] The following week, Memphis suffered another blowout in the form of a 50–14 shellacking by in-state foe Tennessee.[576] The Tigers lost to Marshall by a score of 28–13 on November 13.[577] The Tigers suffered a 31–15 loss to UAB[578] and a 37–17 defeat at the hands of UCF to close the season.[579]

text: Memphis finished 2–10 in 2011.[580] The Tigers started the season with two blowout losses; 59–14 to #20 Mississippi State[581] and 47–3 to Arkansas State.[582] The Tigers won their third game of the season, defeating FCS in-state opponent Austin Peay by a score of 27–6.[583] After a 42–0 shutout loss to SMU,[584] the Tigers lost to Middle Tennessee by a margin of 38–31.[585] On October 8, Porter's team lost to Rice by a score of 28–6.[586] The next week, Memphis lost to East Carolina by a count of 35–17.[587] Porter's Tigers got their second win of the season on October 22 with a 33–17 victory over Tulane, their foes from down the Mississippi River.[588] After a 41–0 shutout shellacking to UCF,[589] the Tigers lost a closer contest to UAB by a score of 41–35.[590] After a heartbreaking 23–22 loss to Marshall,[591] Memphis closed the season with a 44–7 crushing to Southern Miss.[592]

text: On November 27, 2011, Porter was fired as Tigers head coach after only having won three games during his two-year tenure.[593] For his buyout, Memphis owed Porter a total of $754,890 annually for the remaining four years of his contract.[594] Porter's tenure as Memphis head coach is regarded as one of the worst head coaching tenures in the history of college football.[595][596] During Larry Porter's two years, Memphis finished at or near the bottom of the FBS in nearly every offensive and defensive statistical category.[597] Porter amassed a 3–21 record as head coach of the Tigers.[598]

text: Justin Fuente era (2012–2015)[edit]

text: On December 8, 2011, TCU offensive coordinator Justin Fuente was formally introduced as the Tigers' 23rd head coach.[599] The 35-year old Fuente, who had no prior head coaching experience, had spent the previous five years at TCU as an assistant, including serving as offensive coordinator for the final three years under Gary Patterson.[600] During his time as offensive coordinator for the Horned Frogs, Fuente oversaw a spread offense that was among the nation's most explosive, helped TCU to an appearance in the 2010 Fiesta Bowl and a victory in the 2011 Rose Bowl and coached one of the nation's best quarterbacks in Andy Dalton.[601][602] Fuente signed a five-year contract with the University of Memphis that paid him a base salary of $900,000 annually.[603]

text: On February 8, 2012, it was announced the University of Memphis would end its 17-year run in Conference USA and join the Big East Conference in all sports, effective July 1, 2013.[604] On July 1, 2013, the non-football playing schools (also known collectively as the secular Catholic 7) formed a non-football playing conference that retains the Big East Conference name.[605] The remaining six football-playing members joined with four schools from other conferences to become the American Athletic Conference (AAC) as the legal successor of the original Big East; the AAC retains the Big East's football structure and inherited its single automatic berth in the Bowl Championship Series.[606]

text: The Tigers finished 4–8 in 2012.[607] They began the season on September 1 with a 20–17 loss to FCS in-state opponent UT Martin.[608] In the season's second game, Memphis lost the Paint Bucket Bowl to Arkansas State by a margin of 33–28.[609] On September 15, Fuente's Tigers lost to in-state foe Middle Tennessee by a margin of 48–30.[610] After a 38–14 loss to Duke,[611] the Tiger recorded their first win under Fuente, defeating Rice by a score of 14–10.[612] On October 13, Memphis lost to East Carolina by a margin of 41–7.[613] The following week, UCF defeated Fuente's squad by a score of 35–17.[614] On October 27, the Tigers lost to SMU by a score of 44–13.[615] After a 38–28 defeat at the hands of Marshall,[616] Memphis recorded its second win of the season with a 37–23 victory over Tulane.[617] The Tigers got a second consecutive win the following week in the form of a 46–9 shellacking of UAB.[618] The Tigers extended their winning streak to three in the season's final game with a 42–24 win in the Black and Blue Bowl over winless rival Southern Miss.[619] On February 13, 2013, Memphis announced it had signed Justin Fuente to a one-year contract extension through the 2017 season as a result of improvement shown by the team in his first year as head coach, as evidenced by the team winning more games in 2012 than in the previous two seasons combined.[620]

text: Memphis finished with a 3–9 record in 2013, their first season as members of the American Athletic Conference.[621] The Tigers kicked off the season at home against Duke, losing to the Blue Devils by a margin of 28–14.[622] The next week, they lost to Middle Tennessee by a score of 17–15.[623] Fuente's team got its first win in the season's third game by defeating Arkansas State by a score of 31–7.[624] On October 12, the Tigers lost to Houston by a score of 25–15.[625] The next week, Fuente's squad lost to SMU by a margin of 34–29.[626] After a 34–21 loss to Cincinnati,[627] the Tigers defeated SMU by a score of 21–6.[628] The won a second consecutive game the following week by defeating South Florida by a margin of 23–10.[629] Kicker Jake Elliott set a Memphis record for his 56-yard field goal on the road at USF.[630] This new Tigers record broke the old school record set by Stephen Gostkowski who hit a 53-yard field goal 2005.[630] He also was recognized by including being named the American Athletic Conference Special Teams Player of the Week and also one of three players to be named "Stars of the Week" by Lou Groza Award.[631] On November 23, the Tigers lost a close 24–17 game to #21 Louisville.[632] That was followed by a 41–21 loss to Temple.[633] In the final game of the season, Memphis got blown out by UConn by a score of 45–10.[634]

text: The Tigers improved to a 10–3 record in 2014.[635] In the season's first game, the Tigers crushed in-state FCS opponent Austin Peay by a whopping 63–0.[636] After a heartbreaking 42–35 loss to #11 UCLA,[637] Fuente's squad handled Middle Tennessee by a margin of 36–17.[638] After a 24–3 loss to Ole Miss,[639] Memphis defeated Cincinnati by a margin of 41–14.[640] After a nail biting 28–24 loss to Houston,[641] the Tigers won their final seven games of the season, beginning with a 48–10 pounding of SMU.[642] On Halloween, the Tigers doubled by Tulsa to the tune of 40–20.[643] The next week, Fuente led the Tigers to a close 16–13 victory over Temple.[644] That was followed by a 38–7 thrashing of Tulane on November 15.[645] One week later, Memphis defeated South Florida by a margin of 31–20.[646] The Tigers closed the regular season with a 41–10 rout over UConn.[647] Fuente's Tigers accepted a berth in the inaugural 2014 Miami Beach Bowl, where they defeated BYU in a 55–48 overtime thriller.[648] Memphis finished the season as co-champions of the AAC.[649][650] This was the first football conference championship for the Memphis Tigers since the 1971 Missouri Valley Conference championship and only their the second 10-win season since 1938.[651] The Tigers finished the season ranked #25 in both the AP and the Coaches Polls.[652] Fuente was named a finalist for the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year award.[653][654] During his sophomore year, Jake Elliott led the American Athletic Conference in per game scoring, averaging 9.2 points throughout his season.[655] For the second year in a row, he was named First Team All-Conference as well as being named Conference Special Teams Player of the Year.[656] He scored 120 points during his season, making 21-of-32 field goal attempts while also converting all 57 extra point conversions.[657] Elliott kicked the fourth longest field goal in bowl game history. The kick was a 54-yard attempt, which extended the Tigers into a second overtime where they won the Miami Beach Bowl in double overtime over BYU by a score of 55-48.[656] On December 18, 2014, it was announced that the University of Memphis administration signed Justin Fuente to another contract extension and raise, increasing his annual pay to $1.4 million.[658]

text: Memphis went 9–4 in 2015.[659] The Tigers' season kicked off on September 5 with a 63–7 romp over Missouri State.[660] One week later, the Tigers dominated Kansas with 651 yards of total offense in a 55–23 rout.[661] In the season's third game, Fuente's team edged Bowling Green by a margin of 44–41.[662] That was followed by a 53–46 victory over Cincinnati on September 24.[663] In the season's fifth game, Memphis defeated South Florida by a score of 24–17 to extend their winning streak to twelve games dating back to the previous season.[664] On October 17, 2015, Memphis, led by quarterback Paxton Lynch, upset #13 Ole Miss 37–24 at the Liberty Bowl, catapulting the team into the national spotlight.[665] The victory was the Tigers' first over a ranked team since 1996, when they defeated #6 Tennessee.[666] The 6–0 Tigers entered the AP Poll the following day at #18 having been ranked in the Coaches Poll for the previous two weeks, the highest AP Poll ranking in Memphis football history.[667] On October 23, the Tigers defeated Tulsa by a score of 66–42 behind Paxton Lynch's career-high 447 passing yards and four touchdown passes.[668] On Halloween, the Tigers winning streak was extended to fifteen with a 41–13 victory over Tulane.[669] On November 3, 2015, an undefeated (8–0) Memphis team was ranked #13 in the season's first College Football Playoff poll, the highest ranking of any non-Power Five team in the poll's history and the highest national ranking in Memphis football history.[670] The Tigers unprecedented winning streak was snapped, however, with a 45–20 loss to Navy on November 7.[671] Memphis suffered a second consecutive loss the following week in a 35–34 heartbreaker to #16 Houston.[672] On November 20, 2015, it was reported that the University of Memphis offered another contract extension to Fuente that would've made him the highest paid non-Power Five head coach in the country.[673][674] On November 21, Fuente's team lost a third straight game, falling to Temple by a margin of 31–12.[675] The Tigers got back on track in the season's final game on November 28, demolishing SMU in a 63–0 shutout behind Paxton Lynch's record-tying seven touchdown passes in the game's first half.[676]

text: On November 29, 2015, it was announced that Justin Fuente was leaving Memphis to become head coach at Virginia Tech.[677] Offensive coordinator Darrell Dickey was named interim head coach for the 2015 Birmingham Bowl,[678] a game the Tigers lost to Auburn by a score of 31–10.[679] In April 2016, Paxton Lynch was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2016 NFL Draft with the 26th overall selection.[680] Fuente left Memphis with a 26–23 record,[681] becoming the first head coach in 41 years, since Fred Pancoast, to leave Memphis with a winning record.[682]

text: Mike Norvell era (2016–present)[edit]

text: On December 4, 2015, Arizona State offensive coordinator Mike Norvell was introduced as the 24th head football coach of the Memphis Tigers.[683][684] The youngest FBS head coach in the nation at the time of his hiring (aged 34),[685] Norvell had overseen one of the nation's most explosive offenses at Arizona State under Todd Graham and had ties to the area, having played wide receiver at Central Arkansas from 2001–2005.[686] Like Justin Fuente, Norvell was a young, up-and-coming offensive coordinator who employed an up-tempo, pass-oriented spread offense and brought the high-octane system with him to Memphis.[687] One of Norvell's first moves as head coach was to retain Darrell Dickey from Fuente's staff, naming him associate head coach/co-offensive coordinator and running backs coach.[688] The University of Memphis signed Norvell to a five-year contract that paid him a base salary of $1.8 million for his first year that would increase slightly each passing year.[689]

text: The Tigers finished with an 8–5 record in 2016.[690] With Riley Ferguson taking over as the team's starting quarterback,[691] Memphis began the Norvell era with a 35–17 victory over FCS opponent Southeast Missouri State on September 3.[692] The next week, Norvell's team defeated Kansas by a margin of 43–7.[693] In the season's third game, the Tigers obliterated Bowling Green by a whopping 77–3 behind Ferguson's six passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown in the game's first half.[694] On October 1, Ole Miss handed Memphis its first loss of the season in a 48–28 rout.[695] Five days later, the Tigers defeated Temple by a score of 34–27.[696] That was followed by a 24–14 victory over Tulane on October 14.[697] Memphis lost its next two; dropping a 42–28 contest to #24 Navy[698] and a 59–30 blowout to Tulsa.[699] On November 5, the Tigers pounded SMU by an overwhelming 51–7.[700] The next week, Norvell's Tigers lost a shootout to South Florida by a margin of 49–42.[701] They closed the regular season with a 34–27 win over Cincinnati on November 18[702] and a 48–44 victory over #18 Houston in a shootout.[703] The Tigers accepted a berth in the 2016 Boca Raton Bowl, a game they lost to Western Kentucky by a score of 51–31.[704] In 13 starts in 2016, Riley Ferguson threw for 3,698 yards and broke Paxton Lynch's single-season record with 32 touchdown passes set the previous season.[705] After the 2016 season, co-offensive coordinator Chip Long left the Tigers to take the same position on Brian Kelly's staff at Notre Dame.[706] To replace Long, Darrell Dickey was named the team's sole offensive coordinator.[707] On May 12, 2017, it was announced that the University of Memphis signed Norvell to a one-year contract extension though the 2021 season and gave his assistant coaches raises.[708][709] Kicker Jake Elliott was selected in the fifth round with the 153rd overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.[710]

text: Memphis went 10–3 in 2017.[711] They started the season on August 31 with a 37-29 victory over Louisiana-Monroe.[712] The Tigers were supposed to play UCF on September 9, but due to Hurricane Irma, the game, which originally had been moved up one day to September 8,[713] was rescheduled for September 30.[714] In order to reschedule American Athletic Conference game, Memphis canceled their game with Georgia State, leaving the team with only 11 regular season games as opposed to the usual 12.[715] On September 16, the Tigers picked up a 48-45 upset victory over #25 UCLA, marking only their second victory over a ranked opponent in 21 years.[716] After a 44-31 victory over Football Championship Subdivision opponent Southern Illinois,[717] Norvell's Tigers suffered their first loss of the season in the form of a 40-13 defeat in the rescheduled UCF game.[718] On October 6, Memphis obliterated UConn by a margin of 70-31.[719] That was followed by a 30-27 victory over #25 Navy, marking the first time the Tigers had ever defeated two ranked opponents in a single season in school history.[720] Ranked #25 in the country in the AP Poll, the Tigers won their third consecutive contest with an exciting 42-38 win over Houston.[721] A fourth straight win followed on October 27 with a 56-26 blowout victory over Tulane.[722] Norvell's Tigers made it five in a row with a 41-14 victory over Tulsa.[723] On November 18, the Tigers defeated SMU in a high-scoring 66-45 contest to clinch the American Athletic Conference's West Division and a berth in the 2017 American Athletic Conference Football Championship Game.[724] Memphis finished off the regular season with a 70-13 beat down of East Carolina, recording their seventh consecutive victory.[725] In the 2017 American Athletic Conference Football Championship Game, the Tigers lost a heartbreaking, hard-fought 62-55 double overtime contest to UCF.[726] Memphis accepted a berth in the 2017 Liberty Bowl on their home field, losing the game to Iowa State by a nail biting margin of 21-20.[727] On December 5, 2017, Memphis signed Norvell to another contract extension, a five-year addition to his deal worth $13 million.[728] The extension increased Norvell's annual pay to $2.6 million and made him the highest paid Group of 5 head coach in the country.[729] Following the 2017 season, offensive coordinator Darrell Dickey left Norvell's staff to take the offensive coordinator position on newly hired head coach Jimbo Fisher's staff at Texas A&M.[730]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text:
Rivalries

Name of rivalry
Rival
First meeting
Last meeting
Overall record

Paint Bucket Bowl
Arkansas State Red Wolves
1914
2013
Memphis Leads 30–23–5

Memphis–Louisville rivalry
Louisville Cardinals
1948
2013
Louisville Leads 24–19

Mid-South Rivalry
Ole Miss Rebels
1921
2016
Ole Miss Leads 49–11–2

Black and Blue Bowl
Southern Miss Golden Eagles
1935
2012
Southern Miss Leads 40–22–1

text: [731] [732]

text: Facilities[edit]

text: Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium[edit]

text: Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, originally Memphis Memorial Stadium is the site of the annual AutoZone Liberty Bowl, and is the home of the Memphis Tigers football team. It has also been the host of several attempts at professional sports in the city, as well as other local football games and other gatherings. The stadium was originally built as Memphis Memorial Stadium in 1965 for $3 million, as a part of the Mid-South Fairgrounds, then home to one of the South's most popular fairs, but now conducted in neighboring Desoto County, Mississippi. The fairgrounds also included the now-defunct Mid-South Coliseum (formerly the city's major indoor venue) as well as the now-closed Libertyland amusement park, which has been demolished and replaced with a disc golf course. It was dedicated as a memorial to the citizens of Memphis who had served in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. The facility was built partially as a way to bring the Liberty Bowl to a permanent home in Memphis (the game had started in Philadelphia, but because of poor attendance as a northern bowl, it left the city, playing one year in Atlantic City before settling in Memphis). The game was such a success for Memphis that the stadium was renamed Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in 1976. As originally built, the stadium was lopsided, with the southwest side being taller than the northeast side. A 1987 expansion brought it to its current, balanced configuration, although with a much greater hospitality building topping the northeast section.[733] Its design is similar to that of old Tampa Stadium ("The Big Sombrero"), with the endzone grandstands being much shorter than the sidelines. The field, which had been natural grass since its inception, was replaced with a FieldTurf surface before the 2005 season; this was subsequently replaced with the modern version of AstroTurf. The stadium is designed in such a way that all of its seats have a relatively good view of most of the playing surface. This is due primarily to two design factors. The stands are relatively steep for a one-tier, true bowl stadium. Also, there is little space between the side and end lines of the playing surface and the stands. In December 1983, the playing field was renamed Rex Dockery Field in honor of Rex Dockery, a former Memphis Tigers football coach who died in a plane crash.

text: Traditions[edit]

text: The Tiger Walk[edit]

text: About two and a half hours prior to kickoff at home games, Tiger fans line up outside Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium for the "Tiger Walk".[734] The tradition involves the Mighty Sound of the South marching band, thousands of fans and the University of Memphis cheer and pom-pom squads.[734] The coaching staff and team arrive at the stadium and walk into the stadium tunnel with the fans and cheerleaders cheering them on to victory.[734] After the team has passed by, the Tiger cheerleaders lead the fans in the "Tiger Spellout", "T-I-G-E-R-S."[734]

text: Tiger Lane[edit]

text: "Tiger Lane" refers to the pre-game tailgating spots for Memphis Tigers football fans.[734] It is equipped with electrical hookups at each spot, trees, grassy areas and all pre-game tailgating activities.[734] Tiger Lane stretches all the way from the parking lot of Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium to East Parkway in mid-town Memphis.[734]

text: School colors[edit]

text: The University of Memphis' official school colors of Blue and Gray were selected in the early 1900s. The colors were chosen in an effort to show unity in a nation that was still recovering from the effects of the Civil War. The student body thought that by picking the colors of the North and the South, the school would show a togetherness among all students.[735]

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text:
Name
Position

Mike Norvell
Head Coach

Darrell Dickey
Assistant Head Coach/Offensive Coordinator/ Running Backs Coach

Chris Ball
Defensive Coordinator/Safeties Coach

David Johnson
Wide Receivers Coach

Marcus Woodson
Cornerbacks Coach

Joe Lorig
Special Teams Coordinator/Outside Linebackers Coach

Kenny Dillingham
Quarterbacks/Tight Ends Coach

Dan Lanning
Recruiting Coordinator/Inside Linebackers Coach

Ryan Silverfield
Offensive Line Coach

Paul Randolph
Defensive Line Coach

Brian Michalowski
Defense GA

Brennan Ball
Defense Intern

Reggie Howard
Defense Quality Control

Jeff Kupper
Director of Football Operations

Spencer Knight
Special Teams GA

Sherman Morris
Director of Recruiting

Tony Tokarz
Offense GA

Austin Tucker
Offense GA

Mark Modleski
Offense Intern

text: Retired jerseys[edit]

text:
Retired jerseys

Player
Number
Position

Charles Greenhill
8
DB

DeAngelo Williams
20
RB

Dave Casinelli
30
RB

Isaac Bruce
83
WR

text: Championships[edit]

text: Conference championships[edit]

text:
Year
Conference
Coach
Record
Conference Record

1938
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association
Allyn McKeen
10–0
n/a

1968
Missouri Valley Conference
Billy J. Murphy
6–4
4–0

1969
Missouri Valley Conference
Billy J. Murphy
8–2
4–0

1971†
Missouri Valley Conference
Billy J. Murphy
5–6
2–1

2014†
American Athletic Conference
Justin Fuente
10–3
7–1

text: † – Conference co-champions

text: Memphis Tigers in the NFL Draft[edit]

text: Main Article: List of Memphis Tigers in the NFL Draft

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: The Memphis Tigers currently hold a record of 5–6 in bowl games. This includes the 1956 Burley Bowl, which was not an NCAA sanctioned bowl.[736]

text:
Bowl game history

Date
Bowl
Opponent
Result
Score

November 22, 1956
Burley Bowl
East Tennessee State
W
32–12

December 18, 1971
Pasadena Bowl
San Jose State
W
28–9

December 16, 2003
New Orleans Bowl
North Texas
W
27–17

December 22, 2004
GMAC Bowl
Bowling Green
L
35–52

December 26, 2005
Motor City Bowl
Akron
W
38–31

December 21, 2007
New Orleans Bowl
Florida Atlantic
L
27–44

December 20, 2008
St. Petersburg Bowl
South Florida
L
14–41

December 22, 2014
Miami Beach Bowl
BYU
W
55–48

December 30, 2015
Birmingham Bowl
Auburn
L
10–31

December 20, 2016
Boca Raton Bowl
Western Kentucky
L
31–51

December 30, 2017
Liberty Bowl
Iowa State
L
20-21

text: Future non-conference opponents[edit]

text: Announced schedules as of June 14, 2017[737]

text:
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

vs Mercer
vs Ole Miss
vs Arkansas State
at Arkansas State
vs Arkansas State
at Arkansas State

vs Georgia State
at South Alabama
vs UTSA
vs Mississippi State
vs North Texas
at North Texas

vs South Alabama
at ULM

at UTSA
at Mississippi State
vs Missouri

at Missouri


document_title: PowerEdge VRTX

question_text: how many half-height server modules can poweredge vrtx support

root

text: PowerEdge VRTX

text: Specifications[edit]

text: The VRTX system is partially based on the Dell M1000e blade-enclosure and shares some technologies and components. There are also some differences with that system. The M1000e can support an EqualLogic storage area network that connects the servers to the storage via iSCSI, while the VRTX uses a shared PowerEdge RAID Controller (6Gbit PERC8). A second difference is the option to add certain PCIe cards (Gen2 support) and assign them to any of the four servers.[1][2]

tag: p

text: Servers: The VRTX chassis has 4 half-height slots available for Ivy-Bridge based PowerEdge blade servers. At launch the PE-M520 (Xeon E5-2400v2) and the PE-M620 (Xeon E5-2600v2) where the only two supported server blades, however the M520 was since discontinued. The same blades are used in the M1000e but for use in the VRTX they need to run specific configuration, using two PCIe 2.0 mezzanine cards per server. A conversion kit is available from Dell to allow moving a blade from a M1000e to VRTX chassis.

text:
Storage: The VRTX chassis includes shared storage slots that connect to a single or dual PERC 8 controller(s) via switched 6Gbit SAS. This controller which is managed through the CMC allows RAID groups to be configured and then allows for those RAID groups to be subdivided into individual virtual disks that can be presented out to either single or multiple blades. The shared storage slots are either 12 x 3.5" HDD slots or 24 x 2.5" HDD slots depending on the VRTX chassis purchased. Dell offers 12Gbit SAS disks for the VRTX, but these will operate at the slower 6Gbit rate for compatibility with the older PERC8 and SAS switches.

Networking: The VRTX chassis has a built in IOM for supporting ethernet traffic to the server blades. At present the options for this IOM are an 8 port 1Gb pass-through module, a 24 Port 1Gb switch (R2401) and a 20 X 10Gb (+2*1Gb) switch (R2210)[3]. The 8 port pass through module offers 2 pass-through connections to each internal blade slot where the 24 port 1Gb switch option provides 16 internal ports (4 per blade slot) and 8 external ports to be used to uplink to the network. The R2210 has 16 internal, 4 external and two additional 1Gb external ports. The I/O modules used on the VRTX are a different size to the I/O modules of the M1000e, so I/O modules are not compatible between the systems.

Management: A CMC is responsible for the management of the entire system. The CMC is similar to the CMC used in the M1000e chassis. Connection to the CMCs is done via separate RJ45 ethernet connectors.

Power and cooling: The system comes with four PSUs at 110 or 230V AC. There is no option to use -48V DC PSUs. Each 1100 Watt PSU has a built-in fan. For cooling of the server-modules there are four blower-modules, each containing two fans, and for cooling of the rest of the chassis there are 6 internal fans which can only be reached by opening the chassis. The fans used are the same units as used in the PowerEdge R-720xd rack-server.

KVM: Unlike the M1000e the VRTX doesn't have a separate KVM module, but it is built into the main chassis. The system only supports USB keyboard and mouse. Control of the KVM function is done via the mini LCD screen. These USB ports as well as the 15 pin VGA connector are at the front of the system.

USB: The USB connectors are only for connecting keyboard and mouse; it doesn't support external storage via USB.

LCD: Via the mini-LCD screen at the front of the system you can find status information of the system, configure some basic settings (such as CMC IP address) and manage the built-in KVM switch. The LCD screen functions can be controlled via a 5 button navigation system, similar to the system used on the M1000e.

Serial: A single RS-232 serial communication port is provided at the back of the system. This connector is only used for local configuration to the CMC: it doesn't allow you to use this connector as serial port of a server in the system.

Expansion slots: The system provides space for five PCIe Gen2 (2.0) expansion cards and 3 'full height' PCIe Gen2 (2.0) expansion cards. Via the management controller you can assign each slot to a specific server. You can only assign a PCIe slot to a server when the server is powered off as the PCIe card is recognized and initialized by the server BIOS at startup. Only certain PCIe cards are supported by Dell. Currently, VRTX support is limited to eight different PCIe cards, including six Ethernet NICs (Intel and Broadcom), a 6Git SAS adapter (LSI) and the AMD FirePro™ W7000.[4]

text: Usage[edit]

text: The VRTX is targeted at two different user-groups: either local offices of large enterprises where the majority of the IT services are centrally provided via remote datacenters - where the VRTX system provides local functions such as a relative small virtualisation platform to provide locally needed services as VDI workstations, local Exchange or Lync server and local storage facilities. The entire system will normally be managed by the central IT department via the CMC (for the chassis) and some IT manager as SCCM or KACE for the servers running on the system.[5]

text: The other intended public is the SME market with limited IT requirements. The tower model is designed to run in a normal office environment. Dell claims that the noise level of the VRTX system is very low[1] and can be installed in a normal office environment: there is no need to install the system in a special server-room. It is possible however to convert a tower-VRTX into a rack-mounted VRTX.

text: Operating systems[edit]

text: The server blades in a VRTX system (M520/M620/M820) have a different list of supported operating systems than their M1000e counterparts. The operating systems supported to run on the blades are: Windows Server 2008 SP2, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2012 R2, VMware ESX 5.1, and VMware ESX 5.5. Support for running other operating systems is only supported as virtual machines on Hyper-V or ESXi. The main intended and marketed use will be as a system running Hyper-V or ESXi[6]

text: The supported Hypervisors on the VRTX Chassis are Windows Hyper-V, VMware ESXi 5.1, and VMware ESXi 5.5. At this time other hypervisors, like Citrix Xenserver, are not supported.

text: At launch no Linux based operating systems were supported, mainly because there was no Linux driver available for the MegaRAID controller for shared storage access.[7] As of June 2014, Linux support for the VRTX Shared PERC 8 was released. This driver supports the single-controller Entry Shared Mode (ESM) configuration, support for the dual-controller High Availability Shared PERC configuration has not been announced. [8]

text: Announced features[edit]

text: Although not available at launch in June 2013 Dell has hinted about future improvements and functionality.

text: These include:


document_title: Food pyramid (nutrition)

question_text: where do nuts go on the food pyramid

question_tokens: where do nuts go on the food pyramid

text: Food pyramid (nutrition)

text: Origin[edit]

text: Amid high food prices in 1972, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare developed the idea of "basic foods" that were both cheap and nutritious, and "supplemental foods" that added nutrition missing from the basic foods. Anna-Britt Agnsäter, chief of the "test kitchen" for Kooperativa Förbundet (a cooperative Swedish retail chain), held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsäter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF's Vi magazine.[2][3][4] The pyramid was divided into basic foods at the base, including milk, cheese, margarine, bread, cereals and potato; a large section of supplemental vegetables and fruit; and an apex of supplemental meat, fish and egg. The pyramid competed with the National Board's "dietary circle," which KF saw as problematic for resembling a cake divided into seven slices, and for not indicating how much of each food should be eaten. While the Board distanced itself from the pyramid, KF continued to promote it, and food pyramids were developed in other Scandinavian countries, as well as West Germany, Japan and Sri Lanka. The United States later developed its first food pyramid in 1992.

text: Food pyramid published by the WHO and FAO[edit]

text: The World Health Organization, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization, published guidelines that can effectively be represented in a food pyramid relating to objectives to prevent obesity, chronic diseases and dental caries based on meta-analysis [7][8] though they represent it as a table rather than a "pyramid". The structure is similar in some respects to the USDA food pyramid, but there are clear distinctions between types of fats, and a more dramatic distinction where carbohydrates are split on the basis of free sugars versus sugars in their natural form. Some food substances are singled out due to the impact on the target issues the "pyramid" is meant to address, while in a later revision, some recommendations are omitted since they follow automatically from other recommendations while other sub-categories are added. The reports quoted here explain that where there is no stated lower limit in the table below, there is no requirement for that nutrient in the diet.

text:
Dietary factor
1989 WHO Study Group recommendations
2002 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation recommendations

Total fat
15–30%
15–30%

Saturated fatty acids (SFAs)
0–10%
<10%

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
3–7%
6–10%

n-6 PUFAs

5–8%

n-3 PUFAs

1–2%

Trans fatty acids

<1%

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

By difference

Total carbohydrate
55–75%
55–75%

Free sugars
0–10%
<10%

Complex carbohydrate
50–70%
No recommendation

Protein
10–15%
10–15%

Cholesterol
5000000000000000000♠0–300 mg/day
< 300 mg/day

Sodium chloride (Sodium)
6997600000000000000♠< 6 g/day
< 5 g/day (< 2 g/day)

Fruits and vegetables
≥ 400 g/day
≥ 400 g/day

Pulses, nuts and seeds
≥ 30 g/day (as part of the 400 g of fruit and vegetables)

Total dietary fiber
27–40 g/day
From foods

NSP
16–24 g/day
From foods

tag: table

text: All percentages are percentages of calories, not of weight or volume. To understand why, consider the determination of an amount of "10% free sugar" to include in a day's worth of calories. For the same amount of calories, free sugars take up less volume and weight, being refined and extracted from the competing carbohydrates in their natural form. In a similar manner all the items are in competition for various categories of calories.

text: The representation as a pyramid is not precise, and involves variations due to the alternative percentages of different elements, but the main sections can be represented.

text: USDA food pyramid[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The USDA food pyramid was created in 1992 and divided into six horizontal sections containing depictions of foods from each section's food group. It was updated in 2005 with colorful vertical wedges replacing the horizontal sections and renamed MyPyramid. MyPyramid was often displayed with the food images absent, creating a more abstract design. In an effort to restructure food nutrition guidelines, the USDA rolled out its new MyPlate program in June 2011. My Plate is divided into four slightly different sized quadrants, with fruits and vegetables taking up half the space, and grains and protein making up the other half. The vegetables and grains portions are the largest of the four.

text: A modified food pyramid was proposed in 1999 for adults aged over 70.[10][11]

text: Vegetables[edit]

text: A vegetable is a part of a plant consumed by humans that is generally savory but is not sweet. A vegetable is not considered a grain, fruit, nut, spice, or herb. For example, the stem, root, flower, etc., may be eaten as vegetables. Vegetables contain many vitamins and minerals; however, different vegetables contain different spreads, so it is important to eat a wide variety of types. For example, green vegetables typically contain vitamin A, dark orange and dark green vegetables contain vitamin C, and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium. Vegetables are very low in fats and calories, but ingredients added in preparation can often add these.

text: Grains[edit]

text: These foods provide complex carbohydrates, which are an important source of energy, especially for a low-fat meal plan. Examples include corn, wheat, pasta, and rice.

text: Fruits[edit]

text: In terms of food (rather than botany), fruits are the sweet-tasting seed-bearing parts of plants, or occasionally sweet parts of plants which do not bear seeds. These include apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, etc. Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars, fiber and vitamins. Processing fruit when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients. The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group. Note that a massive number of different plant species produce seed pods which are considered fruits in botany, and there are a number of botanical fruits which are conventionally not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste, e.g., tomatoes or avocados.

text: Oils and sweets[edit]

text: A food pyramid's tip is the smallest part, so the fats and sweets in the top of the Food Pyramid should comprise the smallest percentage of the diet. The foods at the top of the food pyramid should be eaten sparingly because they provide calories, but not much in the way of nutrition. These foods include salad dressings, oils, cream, butter, margarine, sugars, soft drinks, candies, and sweet desserts.

text: Dairy[edit]

text: Dairy products are produced from the milk of mammals, usually but not exclusively cattle. They include milk, yogurt and cheese. Milk and its derivative products are a rich source of dietary calcium and also provide protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D. However, many dairy products are high in saturated fat and cholesterol compared to vegetables, fruits and whole grains, which is why skimmed products are available as an alternative. Historically, adults were recommended to consume three cups of dairy products per day.[12] More recently, evidence is mounting that dairy products have greater levels of negative effects on health than previously thought and confer fewer benefits. For example, recent research has shown that dairy products are not related to stronger bones or less fractures; on the flip side, another study showed that milk (and yogurt) consumption results in higher bone mineral density in the hip. Overall, the majority of research suggests that dairy has some beneficial effects on bone health, in part because of milk's other nutrients.[13][14][15]

text: Meat and beans[edit]

text: Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs.

text: The meat group is one of the major compacted food groups in the food guide pyramid. Many of the same nutrients found in meat can also be found in foods like eggs, dry beans, and nuts, such foods are typically placed in the same category as meats, as meat alternatives. These include tofu, products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy, eggs, and cheeses. For those who do not consume meat or animal products (see Vegetarianism, veganism and Taboo food and drink), meat analogs, tofu, beans, lentils, chick peas, nuts and other high-protein vegetables are also included in this group. The food guide pyramid suggests that adults eat 2–3 servings per day. One serving of meat is 4 oz (110 g), about the size of a deck of cards.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Certain dietary choices that have been linked to heart disease, such as an 8 oz (230 g) serving of hamburger daily, were technically permitted under the pyramid. The pyramid also lacked differentiation within the protein-rich group ("Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts").[16]

text: In April 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) halted publication of its Eating Right Pyramid, due to objections raised by meat and dairy lobbying groups concerning the guide’s display of their products. Despite the USDA’s explanations that the guide required further research and testing, it was not until one year later—after its content was supported by additional research—that the Eating Right Pyramid was officially released. This time, even the guide’s graphic design was altered to appease industry concerns. This incident was only one of many in which the food industry attempted to alter federal dietary recommendations in their own economic self-interest.[17]

text: Some of the recommended quantities for the different types of food in the old pyramid have also come under criticism for lack of clarity. For instance, the pyramid recommends two to three servings from the protein-rich group, but this is intended to be a maximum. The pyramid recommends two to four fruit servings, but this is intended to be the minimum.[18]

text: The fats group as a whole have been put at the tip of the pyramid, under the direction to eat as little as possible, which is largely problematic. Under the guide, one would assume to avoid fats and fatty foods, which can lead to health problems. For one, fat is essential in a person's general sustainability.[19][20][21] Research suggests that unsaturated fats aid in weight loss, reduce heart disease risk,[22] lower blood sugar, and even lower cholesterol.[23][24][25] Also, they are very long sustaining, and help keep blood sugar at a steady level.[26][27] On top of that, these fats help brain function as well.[28]

text: Several books have claimed that food and agricultural associations exert undue political power on the USDA.[29][30] Food industries, such as milk companies, have been accused of influencing the United States Department of Agriculture into making the colored spots on the newly created food pyramid larger for their particular product. The milk section has been claimed to be the easiest to see out of the six sections of the pyramid, making individuals believe that more milk should be consumed on a daily basis compared to the others.[31] Furthermore, the inclusion of milk as a group unto itself implies that is an essential part of a healthy diet, despite the many people who are lactose intolerant or choose to abstain from dairy, and a number of cultures that have historically consumed little if any dairy products. Joel Fuhrman says in his book Eat to Live that U.S. taxpayers must contribute $20 billion on price supports to artificially reduce the price of cattle feed to benefit the dairy, beef and veal industries, and then pay the medical bills for an overweight population.[32] He asks if the USDA is under the influence of the food industry, because a food pyramid based on science would have vegetables at its foundation.[32]

text: These controversies prompted the creation of pyramids for specific audiences, particularly the mediterranean pyramid in 1993[33] and some Vegetarian Diet Pyramids.[34][35][36][37]

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: The Harvard School of Public Health proposes a healthy eating pyramid, which includes calcium and multi-vitamin supplements as well as moderate amounts of alcohol, as an alternative to the Food Guide Pyramid. Many observers[who?] believe that the Harvard pyramid follows the results of nutrition studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals more closely.[citation needed] But in their book Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever, published in 2004, Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman M.D., point out that the guidelines provided in the Harvard Pyramid fail to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy oils. In addition, whole-grain foods are given more priority than vegetables, which should not be the case, as vegetables have a lower glycemic load. Other observations are that fish should be given a higher priority due to its high omega-3 content, and that high fat dairy products should be excluded. As an alternative, the authors postulate a new food pyramid, emphasising low glycemic-load vegetables, healthy fats, such as avocados, nuts and seeds, lean animal protein, fish, and extra virgin olive oil.

text: "MyPlate"[edit]

text: The University of Michigan Integrative Medicine’s Healing Foods Pyramid emphasizes plant-based choices, variety and balance. It includes sections for seasonings and water as well as healthy fats.

text: MyPlate is the current nutrition guide published by the United States Department of Agriculture, depicting a place setting with a plate and glass divided into five food groups. It replaced the USDA's MyPyramid guide on June 2, 2011, concluding 19 years of USDA food pyramid diagrams.


document_title: Bat Cave, North Carolina

question_text: how did bat cave nc get its name

question_tokens: how did bat cave nc get its name

text: Bat Cave, North Carolina

text:
Bat Cave, North Carolina

Unincorporated community

Bat Cave, North Carolina

Location within the state of North Carolina

Coordinates: 35°27′05″N 82°17′13″W / 35.45139°N 82.28694°W / 35.45139; -82.28694Coordinates: 35°27′05″N 82°17′13″W / 35.45139°N 82.28694°W / 35.45139; -82.28694

Country
United States

State
North Carolina

County
Henderson

Elevation
1,480 ft (451 m)

Time zone
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)

 • Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)

ZIP code
28710[1]

Area code(s)
828

GNIS feature ID
1018981[2]

text: Bat Cave is an unincorporated community in Henderson County, North Carolina, in the United States. It is part of the Asheville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community is located along Lake Lure Highway (US 64/US 74A/NC 9), 14.6 miles (23.5 km) northeast of Hendersonville, along the banks of the Broad River.[3]

text: The community was named after the nearby cave which is inhabited by several species of bats,[4] on Bluerock Mountain (sometimes referred to as Bat Cave Mountain). It is the largest known granite fissure cave in North America and is a protected area, not open to the public. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.[5]

text: The community is served by an all-volunteer fire department and has a bimonthly community paper called "The Bat Biz."