document_title: Fastest animals

question_text: what is the fastest sea animal on earth

question_tokens: what is the fastest sea animal on earth

text: Fastest animals

text: Fastest organism[edit]

text: The fastest land animal is the cheetah, which has a recorded speed of 109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph).[1] The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and the fastest member of the animal kingdom with a diving speed of 389 km/h (242 mph).[2] The fastest animal in the sea is the black marlin, which has a recorded speed of 129 km/h (80 mph).[3]

text: While comparing between various classes of animals, a different unit is used, body length per second for organisms. The fastest organism on earth, relative to body length, is the South Californian mite Paratarsotomus macropalpis, which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second.[4] The equivalent speed for a human running as fast as this mite would be 1,300 mph (2,092 km/h).[5] This is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle, Cicindela eburneola, the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 1.86 metres per second (6.7 km/h; 4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second.[6] The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second [4] while Anna's hummingbird has the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate

text:
List of animals by speed

Rank
Animal
Maximum speed
Class
Notes

1
Peregrine falcon
389 km/h (242 mph)[2][7]
Flight
The peregrine falcon is the fastest aerial animal, fastest animal in flight, fastest bird, and the overall fastest member of the animal kingdom. The peregrine achieves its highest velocity not in horizontal level flight, but during its characteristic hunting stoop. While stooping, the peregrine falcon soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h).[2]

2
Golden eagle
240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)
Flight

3
White-throated needletail swift
169 km/h (105 mph)[8][9][10]
Flight

4
Eurasian hobby
160 km/h (100 mph)[11]
Flight
Can sometimes outfly the swift

5
Frigatebird
153 km/h (95 mph)[12]
Flight
The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.

6
Rock dove (pigeon)
148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[13]
Flight
Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.

7
Spur-winged goose
142 km/h (88 mph)[14]
Flight

8
Black marlin
129 km/h (80 mph)[3]
Swimming
A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).[3]

9
Gyrfalcon
128 km/h (80 mph)
Flight

10
Grey-headed albatross
127 km/h (79 mph)[15][16][note 1]
Flight

11
Cheetah
109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)[a]
Land
Fastest land-animal, fastest feline, the cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited.[1]

12
Sailfish
109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)
Flight-swimming

13
Anna's hummingbird
98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[22]
Flight

14[note 2]
Swordfish
97 km/h (60 mph)[23]
Swimming

15
Pronghorn
7001245833333333333♠88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[b]
Land

16
Springbok
7001244444444444444♠88 km/h (55 mph)[28][29]
Land

17[note 3]
Blue wildebeest
7001223611111111111♠80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[c]
Land

18[note 3]
Lion
7001223611111111111♠80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[33]
Land

19
Blackbuck

7001222222222222222♠80 km/h (50 mph)[28][34]

Land

text: Birds[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Peregrine falcon
389 km/h (242 mph)[2][7]
The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom. When in its hunting dive, the stoop, it soars to a great height, then dives steeply at speeds of over 200 mph (320 km/h). However, it does not hold first place when travelling in level flight.

Golden eagle

240–320 km/h (150–200 mph)

In full stoop, a golden eagle can reach spectacular speeds of up to 240 to 320 kilometers per hour (150 to 200 mph) when diving after prey. Although less agile and maneuverable, the golden eagle is apparently quite the equal and possibly even the superior of the peregrine falcon’s stooping and gliding speeds.

White-throated needletail
169 km/h (105 mph)[8][9][10]
The fastest-flying bird in flapping flight.

Eurasian hobby
160 km/h (100 mph)[11]
It can sometimes even outfly birds such as the swift when hunting.

Frigatebird
153 km/h (95 mph)[12]
The frigatebird's high speed is helped by its having the largest wing-area-to-body-weight ratio of any bird.

Rock dove (pigeon)
148.9 km/h (92.5 mph)[13]
Pigeons have been clocked flying 92.5 mph (148.9 km/h) average speed on a 400-mile (640 km) race.

Spur-winged goose
142 km/h (88 mph)[14]

Red-breasted merganser
129 km/h (80 mph)[35]

Gyrfalcon
128 km/h (80 mph)

Grey-headed albatross
127 km/h (79 mph)[15][16][note 4]

Anna's hummingbird
98.27 km/h (61.06 mph)[22]
The stated speed equals 276 body lengths per second, the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.

Ostrich
96.6 km/h (60 mph)[36]
The ostrich is the tallest and heaviest species of all living birds. Although its bulky body means that flying is out of the question, the ostrich has adapted to life on the ground with impressive agility. Ostriches are superb runners that can sprint at speeds of up to 45 mph (72 km/h)[37] on average, with a peak 60 mph (96.6 km/h) during short periods, with 12-foot (3.7 m) strides. This also makes the ostrich the fastest animal on two legs. The ostrich is also an endurance runner and can jog at 30 mph (48 km/h) for as long as half an hour.

text:
Jump up ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.
Jump up ^ Swordfish and ostrich have approximately equal average recorded speeds.
^ Jump up to: a b The average recorded speeds of both blue wildebeest and lion are approximately equal.
Jump up ^ Sustained ground speed for approximately nine hours with no rest on high tailwinds during an Antarctic storm.

text: Reptiles[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Central bearded dragon
40 km/h (25 mph)[38]

Green Iguana
35 km/h (22 mph)[39]
Green Iguanas are the largest lizards to dwell in trees, and can move faster than the fastest snake can move along the ground.

Leatherback sea turtle
35.28 km/h (21.92 mph)[40]
Leatherback turtles have the most hydrodynamic body design of any sea turtle, with a large, teardrop-shaped body.

Black mamba
23 km/h (14 mph)[41]

Komodo dragon
21 km/h (13 mph)[42]
Komodo dragons are also speedy reptiles. They can run briefly up to 13 mph (21 km/h) but prefer to hunt by stealth.[42]

text: Fish[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Black marlin
129 km/h (80 mph)[3]
A hooked black marlin has been recorded stripping line off a fishing reel at 120 feet per second (82 mph; 132 km/h).[3]

Sailfish
109.19 km/h (67.85 mph)[43]
In a series of tests carried out in a fishing cam at Long Key, Florida, United States, sailfish swam and leapt 91 meters (300 feet) in 3 seconds, equivalent to a speed of 109 km/h (68 mph), although this speed includes leaps out of the water, which do not strictly qualify as swimming speed.[44]

Swordfish
97 km/h (60 mph)[23]
The 60 mph (97 km/h) figure listed for the swordfish is based on a corrupted version of calculations made by Sir James Gray to estimate the impact speed necessary for a hypothetical 600-pound (270 kg) swordfish to embed its sword 3 feet in the timbers of ships, as has been known to occur; the figure seems to have entered the literature without question as though someone had actually timed a swordfish at that speed.[45]

Yellowfin tuna
76 km/h (47 mph)[46]
Many tuna species are capable of swimming at fast speeds colloquially cited at around 80 km/h (50 mph). The tails of tuna move fast enough to cause cavitation, which slows them down as vapour accumulates.[47] Tuna have bony fins without nerve endings, which prevents the fish from feeling the pain of cavitation but does not fully protect them from the implosive damage.

Shortfin mako shark
72 km/h (45 mph)[48]
Underwater and unimpeded by a fishing line, the Shortfin Mako has been reliably clocked at 31 miles (50 kilometres) per hour, and there is a claim that one individual of this species achieved a burst speed of 46 miles (74 kilometres) per hour. But it is extremely difficult to get a fish in the wild to swim in a straight line over a measured course. Laboratory measurements of numerous kinds of fishes — representing a wide range of body sizes — swimming against an artificial current have revealed a surprisingly uniform maximum burst speed of about 10 times the body length per second. Thus, for an average-sized, 6.5-foot (2-metre) Shortfin, its theoretical maximum speed might be something on the order of 45 miles (72 kilometres) per hour. Yet some estimates of the top-speed of a Shortfin Mako are considerably higher.[49]

text: Mammals[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum speed
Notes

Mexican free-tailed bat
(in flight)
7001444444444444444♠160 km/h (99 mph)[50]

Cheetah
109.4–120.7 km/h (68.0–75.0 mph)[d]
The cheetah can accelerate from 0 to 96.6 km/h (60.0 mph) in under three seconds, though endurance is limited: most cheetahs run for only 60 seconds at a time.[1] When sprinting, cheetahs spend more time in the air than on the ground.[51] See Sarah, the fastest cheetah.

Pronghorn
7001245833333333333♠88.5 km/h (55.0 mph)[e]
The pronghorn (American antelope) is the fastest animal over long distances; it can run 56 km/h for 6 km (35 mph for 4 mi), 67 km/h for 1.6 km (42 mph for 1 mi), and 88.5 km/h for 0.8 km (55 mph for 0.5 mi).[1]

Springbok
7001244444444444444♠88 km/h (55 mph)[28][29]
The springbok, an antelope of the gazelle tribe in southern Africa,[29] can make long jumps and sharp turns while running. Unlike pronghorns, springboks are poor long-distance runners.[1]

Wildebeest
7001223611111111111♠80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[f]
The wildebeest, an antelope, exists as two species: the blue wildebeest and the black wildebeest. Both are extremely fast runners, which allows them to flee from predators.[32] They are better at endurance running than at sprinting.[31]

Lion
80.5 km/h (50.0 mph)[33]
The lion (Panthera leo) It is the second fastest wild cat with a top running speed of 80.5 km/h though it lasts only for very short bursts and can be highly exhausting, hence they have to be close to their prey before starting the attack.[33]

Blackbuck
7001222222222222222♠80 km/h (50 mph)[28][34]
The blackbuck antelope can sustain speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) for over 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at a time.[34] Each of its strides (i.e., the distance between its hoofprints) is 5.8–6.7 m (19–22 ft).[28]

Hare
7001223520000000000♠80 km/h (50 mph)
Hares can reach maximum speeds of 35 mph (56 km/h)[52] in short distances of approximately 90 meters, and a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) for about 20 meters.

Greyhound
7001205555555555555♠74 km/h (46 mph)[g]
Greyhounds are the fastest dogs, and have primarily been bred for coursing game and racing.

Jackrabbit
7001200000000000000♠72 km/h (45 mph)[h]
The jackrabbit's strong hind legs allow it to leap 3 m (9.8 ft) in one bound; some can even reach 6 m (20 ft).[63] Jackrabbits use a combination of leaps and zig-zags to outrun predators.[56]

African wild dog
7001197222222222222♠71 km/h (44 mph)[i]
When hunting, African wild dogs can sprint at 66 km/h (41 mph) in bursts, and they can maintain speeds of 56–60 km/h (35–37 mph) for up to 4.8 km (3 mi).[67][68] Their targeted prey rarely escapes.[65]

Kangaroo
7001197222222222222♠71 km/h (44 mph)[j]
The comfortable hopping speed for a kangaroo is about 21–26 km/h (13–16 mph), but speeds of up to 71 km/h (44 mph) can be attained over short distances, while it can sustain a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) for nearly 2 km (1.2 mi).[70] The faster a kangaroo hops, the less energy it consumes (up to its cruising speed).[69]

Horse
7001196555555555555♠70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)[71]
The fastest horse speed was achieved by a thoroughbred.

Onager
7001194444444444444♠70 km/h (43 mph)[k]
The onager consists of several subspecies, which most likely share the same ability to run at high speeds.[74]

Thomson's gazelle
7001194444444444444♠70 km/h (43 mph)[l]
Thomson's gazelles, being long-distance runners, can escape cheetahs by sheer endurance.[76] Their speed is partially due to their "stotting", or bounding leaps.[75]

Coyote
7001180555555555555♠65 km/h (40 mph)[m]
Coyotes can easily reach 48 km/h (30 mph), and can sprint at 65 km/h (40 mph) when hunting.[78] Even when lacking a front foot, a coyote can still run at around 32 km/h (20 mph).[77]

Common dolphin
7001180555555555555♠65 km/h (40 mph)[n]
Common dolphins are the fastest marine mammal. When reaching their top speed, they take very short breaths. As an example, fin whales, which are much larger, can empty and refill their lungs in 2 seconds

Zebra
7001177777777777777♠64 km/h (40 mph)[o]
Zebras have a home range anywhere between 11 and 232 sq mi (28 and 601 km2) and they can travel 10 mi (16 km) a day while grazing.[83]

Tiger
7001177777777777777♠64 km/h (40 mph)[p]
They live in jungles, and have been recorded going anywhere from 30 mph (48 km/h) to 40 mph (64 km/h), although only in short bursts.

Hyena
7001166666666666666♠60 km/h (37 mph)[q]
The hyena can run up to 60 km/h (37 mph); some attribute this performance specifically to the spotted hyena.[87] They use their speed to chase their prey, sometimes traveling 15 mi (24 km) in a single chase.

Human
Instantaneous max. 7001132100320000000♠47.56 km/h (29.55 mph)
Avg max over fastest 10 to 20m was 45 kmh/28 mph[88] Compared to other land animals, humans are exceptionally capable of endurance, but exceptionally incapable of great speed.

*Usain Bolt set the 100 m world record at 9.58 seconds. His absolute fastest recorded speeds (between individual strides) during that sprint were 13.2 meters/second (29.55 mph / 47.52 km/h) between strides during the 50m to 70m intervals. Average overall maximum speeds over this 20m section of the race (where max speed is reached during approx. the middle) to 75m were 44–45 km/h (28 mph) before tapering from 75m onwards.[89]

Hicham El Guerrouj set the current men's mile run (5,280 feet/1,609.344 metres) world record of 3:43.13.
Svetlana Masterkova set the current women's mile run (5,280 feet/1,609.344 metres) world record of 4:12.56.[90]

In the absence of significant external factors, non-athletic humans tend to walk at about 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph) and run at about 5.1 m/s (18 km/h; 11 mph).[91][92][93] Although humans are capable of walking at speeds from nearly 0 m/s to upwards of 2.5 m/s (9.0 km/h; 5.6 mph) and running 1 mile (1.6 kilometers) in 6.5 minutes, humans typically choose to use only a small range within these speeds.[94]

African elephant
7000692912000000000♠24.9 km/h (15.5 mph)[95]

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text:
Animal
Maximum recorded speed
Notes

Horsefly
145 km/h (90 mph)[96][unreliable source?]
The pursuit maneuver used by male Hybomitra hinei wrighti, measured by interpolation of slow-motion cinematography.

Members of Loliginidae and Ommastrephidae
36 km/h (22 mph)
Many of these species "fly" out of the water to escape danger. The Japanese flying squid can glide for 3 seconds over 30 metres.

Paratarsotomus macropalpis
~22 cm/s or 800 m/h
(8.7 in/s or 0.51 mph)
0.7 mm long mite endemic to Southern California, tracked running up to 322 body lengths per second, equivalent to a human running at around 2,092 km/h (1,300 mph). It can withstand temperatures of 60 °C (140 °F), which are lethal to many animals.[5][97]

Tiger beetle
6.8 km/h (4.2 mph)[6]
The Australian tiger beetle Cicindela eburneola, is one of the fastest running insects in the world relative to body size, which has been recorded at 6.8 km/h (4.2 mph) or 171 body lengths per second. It can fly at a speed of 27 mph


document_title: Street light

question_text: first city in europe with electric street lights

root

text: Street light

text: History[edit]

text: Preindustrial era[edit]

text: The use of street lighting was first recorded in the city of Antioch from the 4th century.[1] Later it was recorded in the Arab Empire from the 9th–10th centuries,[2] especially in Cordova.[3] In the Middle Ages, so-called "link boys" escorted people from one place to another through the murky winding streets of medieval towns.

tag: p

text: Before incandescent lamps, candle lighting was employed in cities. The earliest lamps required that a lamplighter tour the town at dusk, lighting each of the lamps. According to some sources, illumination was ordered in London in 1417 by Sir Henry Barton, Mayor of London though there is no firm evidence of this.[4]

text: In 1524, Paris house owners were required to have lanterns with candles lit in front of their houses at night, but the law was often ignored. Following the invention of lanterns with glass windows, which greatly improved the quantity of light, in 1594 the police of Paris took charge of installing lanterns in each city neighborhood. Still, in 1662, it was a common practice for travelers to hire a lantern-bearer if they had to move at night through the dark, winding streets. Lantern bearers were still common in Paris until 1789. In 1667, under King Louis XIV, the royal government began installing lanterns on all the streets. There were three thousand in place by 1669, and twice as many by 1729. Lanterns with glass windows were suspended from a cord over the middle of the street at a height of twenty feet and were placed twenty yards apart. A much-improved oil lantern, called a réverbère, was introduced between 1745 and 1749. These lamps were attached to the top of lampposts; by 1817, there were 4694 lamps on the Paris streets. During the French Revolution (1789–1799), the revolutionaries found that the lampposts were a convenient place to hang aristocrats and other opponents. [5]

text: Gas lamp lighting[edit]

text: The first widespread system of street lighting used piped coal gas as fuel. Stephen Hales was the first person who procured a flammable fluid from the actual distillation of coal in 1726 and John Clayton, in 1735, called gas the "spirit" of coal and discovered its flammability by accident.

text: William Murdoch (sometimes spelled "Murdock") was the first to use the flammability of gas for the practical application of lighting. In the early 1790s, while overseeing the use of his company's steam engines in tin mining in Cornwall, Murdoch began experimenting with various types of gas, finally settling on coal-gas as the most effective. He first lit his own house in Redruth, Cornwall in 1792.[6] In 1798, he used gas to light the main building of the Soho Foundry and in 1802 lit the outside in a public display of gas lighting, the lights astonishing the local population.

text: In Paris, gas lighting was first demonstrated in November 1800 at a private residence on the rue Saint-Dominique, and was installed on a covered shopping street, the Passage des Panoramas, in 1817. The First gas lamps on the streets of Paris appeared in January 1829 on the place du Carrousel and the rue de Rivoli, then on rue de la Paix, place Vendôme, rue de Castiglione; by 1857 the Grands Boulevards were all lit with gas. A Parisian writer enthused in August, 1857: "That which most enchants the Parisians is the new lighting by gas of the boulevards...From the church of the Madeleine all the way to rue Montmartre, these two rows of lamps, shining with a clarity white and pure, have a marvelous effect." The gaslights installed on the boulevards and city monuments in the 19th century gave the city the nickname "The City of Light." [7]

text: The first public street lighting with gas was demonstrated in Pall Mall, London on January 28, 1807 by Frederick Albert Winsor.[citation needed] In 1812, Parliament granted a charter to the London and Westminster Gas Light and Coke Company, and the first gas company in the world came into being. Less than two years later, on December 31, 1813, the Westminster Bridge was lit by gas.[citation needed]

text: Following this success, gas lighting spread to other countries. The use of gas lights in Rembrandt Peale's Museum in Baltimore in 1816 was a great success. Baltimore was the first American city with gas streetlights, provided by Peale's Gas Light Company of Baltimore.

text: The first place outside London in England to have gas lighting, was Preston, Lancashire in 1825, this was due to the Preston Gaslight Company run by revolutionary Joseph Dunn, who found the most improved way of brighter gas lighting.

text: Oil-gas appeared in the field as a rival of coal-gas guff. In 1815, John Taylor patented an apparatus for the decomposition of "oil" and other animal substances. Public attention was attracted to "oil-gas" by the display of the patent apparatus at Apothecary's Hall, by Taylor & Martineau.

text: The first modern street lamps to use kerosene were introduced in Lviv in what was then the Austrian Empire in 1853. In Brest, street lighting with kerosene lamps reappeared in 2009 in the shopping street as a tourist attraction.

text: Farola fernandina[edit]

text: Farola fernandina is a traditional design of gas street light which remains popular in Spain. Essentially it is a neo-classical French gas lamp style dating from the late 18th century. It may be either a wall-bracket or standard lamp. The standard base is cast metal with an escutchion bearing two intertwined letters 'F', the Royal cypher of King Ferdinand VII of Spain[8] and commemorates the date of the birth of his daughter, the Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier.[9]

text:
Typical base and escutcheon of a farola fernandina

A farola fernandina in Aranjuez

Street light in Ferdinand VII style near the Royal Palace of Aranjuez

tag: ul

text: Arc lamps[edit]

text: The first electric street lighting employed arc lamps, initially the 'Electric candle', 'Jablotchkoff candle' or 'Yablochkov candle' developed by a Russian, Pavel Yablochkov, in 1875. This was a carbon arc lamp employing alternating current, which ensured that both electrodes were consumed at equal rates. In 1876, the common council of the City of Los Angeles ordered four arc lights installed in various places in the fledgling town for street lighting.[10]

text: On May 30, 1878, the first electric street lights in Paris were installed on the avenue de l'Opera and the Place d'Etoile, around the Arc de Triomphe, to celebrate the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition. In 1881, to coincide with the Paris International Exposition of Electricity, street lights were installed on the major boulevards. [11]

text: The first streets in London lit with the electrical arc lamp were by the Holborn Viaduct and the Thames Embankment in 1878. More than 4,000 were in use by 1881, though by then an improved differential arc lamp had been developed by Friedrich von Hefner-Alteneck of Siemens & Halske. The United States was quick in adopting arc lighting, and by 1890 over 130,000 were in operation in the US, commonly installed in exceptionally tall moonlight towers.

text: Arc lights had two major disadvantages. First, they emit an intense and harsh light which, although useful at industrial sites like dockyards, was discomforting in ordinary city streets. Second, they are maintenance-intensive, as carbon electrodes burn away swiftly. With the development of cheap, reliable and bright incandescent light bulbs at the end of the 19th century, arc lights passed out of use for street lighting, but remained in industrial use longer.

text: Incandescent lighting[edit]

text: The first street to be lit by an incandescent lightbulb was Mosley Street, in Newcastle upon Tyne. The street was lit by Joseph Swan's incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879.[12] Consequently, Newcastle was the first city in the world to be fully lit up by lighting.[13] The first street to be lit with modern electricity as we know it was Electric Avenue in London's Brixton in 1880. The first city in the United States, and second overall after Newcastle (England), was the Public Square road system in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 29, 1879. Wabash, Indiana holds the title of being the third electrically lit city in the world, which took place on February 2, 1880. Four 3,000 candlepower Brush arc lamps suspended over the courthouse rendered the town square "as light as midday.

text: Kimberley, South Africa, was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere and in Africa to have electric street lights - first lit on 1 September 1882 .[14] In Central America, San Jose, Costa Rica was the first city, the system was launched on August 9, 1884, with 25 lamps powered by a hydroelectric plant.[15]

text: Timișoara, in present-day Romania, was the first city in Continental Europe to have electric public lighting on 12 November 1884. 731 lamps were used.

text: In 1886, the tiny, isolated mining town of Waratah in NW Tasmania was the first to have electrically powered street lighting in Australia. On 9 December 1882, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia was introduced to electricity by having a demonstration of using eight arc lights, erected along Queen Street Mall. The power to supply these arc lights was taken from a 10 hp Crompton DC generator driven by a Robey steam engine in a small foundry in Adelaide Street and occupied by J. W. Sutton and Co. The lamps were erected on cast iron standards, 20 ft in height. In 1888 Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia became the first location in New South Wales to have electric street lighting, for which that city erroneously maintains the title of "First City of Light".

text: Later developments[edit]

text: Incandescent lamps were primarily used for street lighting until the advent of high-intensity discharge lamps. They were often operated at high-voltage series circuits. Series circuits were popular since the higher voltage in these circuits produced more light per watt consumed. Furthermore, before the invention of photoelectric controls, a single switch or clock could control all the lights in an entire district.

text: To avoid having the entire system go dark if a single lamp burned out, each street lamp was equipped with a device that ensured that the circuit would remain intact. Early series street lights were equipped with isolation transformers.[16] that would allow current to pass across the transformer whether the bulb worked or not. Later the film cutout was invented. The film cutout was a small disk of insulating film that separated two contacts connected to the two wires leading to the lamp. If the lamp failed (an open circuit), the current through the string became zero, causing the voltage of the circuit (thousands of volts) to be imposed across the insulating film, penetrating it (see Ohm's law). In this way, the failed lamp was bypassed and power restored to the rest of the district. The street light circuit contained an automatic current regulator, preventing the current from increasing as lamps burned out, preserving the life of the remaining lamps. When the failed lamp was replaced, a new piece of film was installed, once again separating the contacts in the cutout. This system was recognizable by the large porcelain insulator separating the lamp and reflector from the mounting arm. This was necessary because the two contacts in the lamp's base may have operated at several thousand volts above groun.

text: Modern lights[edit]

text: Today, street lighting commonly uses high-intensity discharge lamps, often HPS high pressure sodium lamps.[17] Such lamps provide the greatest amount of photopic illumination for the least consumption of electricity. However, white light sources have been shown to double driver peripheral vision and improve driver brake reaction time by at least 25%; to enable pedestrians to better detect pavement trip hazards[18] and to facilitate visual appraisals of other people associated with interpersonal judgements. Studies comparing metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps have shown that at equal photopic light levels, a street scene illuminated at night by a metal halide lighting system was reliably seen as brighter and safer than the same scene illuminated by a high pressure sodium system.[19][20][21]

text: Two national standards now allow for variation in illuminance when using lamps of different spectra. In Australia, HPS lamp performance needs to be reduced by a minimum value of 75%. In the UK, illuminances are reduced with higher values S/P ratio[22][23]

text: New street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lights, emit a white light that provides high levels of scotopic lumens allowing street lights with lower wattages and lower photopic lumens to replace existing street lights. However, there have been no formal specifications written around Photopic/Scotopic adjustments for different types of light sources, causing many municipalities and street departments to hold back on implementation of these new technologies until the standards are updated. Eastbourne in East Sussex UK is currently undergoing a project to see 6000 of its street lights converted to LED and will be closely followed by Hastings in early 2014.[24]

text: Milan, Italy, is the first major city to have entirely switched to LED lighting.[25]

text: In North America, the city of Mississauga (Canada) was one of the first and biggest LED conversion projects with over 46,000 lights converted to LED technology between 2012 and 2014. It is also one of the first cities in North America to use Smart City technology to control the lights. DimOnOff, a company based in Quebec City, was chosen as a Smart City partner for this project.[26][27]

text: Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments.[28]

text: In 2007, the Civil Twilight Collective created a variant of the conventional LED streetlight, namely the Lunar-resonant streetlight.[29][30] These lights increase or decrease the intensity of the streetlight according to the lunar light. This streetlight design thus reduces energy consumption as well as light pollution.

text: Measurement[edit]

text: Two very similar measurement systems were created to bridge the scotopic and photopic luminous efficiency functions,[31][32][33] creating a Unified System of Photometry.[34][35] This new measurement has been well-received because the reliance on V(λ) alone for characterizing night-time light illuminations requires more electric energy. The cost-savings potential of using a new way to measure mesopic lighting scenarios is tremendous.[36]

text: Outdoor Site-Lighting Performance (OSP) is a method for predicting and measuring three different aspects of light pollution: glow, trespass and glare.[37] Using this method, lighting specifiers can quantify the performance of existing and planned lighting designs and applications to minimize excessive or obtrusive light leaving the boundaries of a property.

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Major advantages of street lighting include prevention of accidents and increase in safety.[38] Studies have shown that darkness results in a large number of crashes and fatalities, especially those involving pedestrians; pedestrian fatalities are 3 to 6.75 times more likely in the dark than in daylight.[39] Several decades ago when automobile crashes were far more common[40], street lighting was found to reduce pedestrian crashes by approximately 50%.[41][42][43]

text: Furthermore, in the 1970s, lighted intersections and highway interchanges tend to have fewer crashes than unlighted intersections and interchanges.[44]

text: Towns, cities, and villages use the unique locations provided by lampposts to hang decorative or commemorative banners.

text: Many communities in the US use lampposts as a tool for fund raising via lamppost banner sponsorship programs first designed by a US based lamppost banner manufacturer.[45]

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: The major criticisms of street lighting are that it can actually cause accidents if misused, and cause light pollution.

text: Health and safety[edit]

text: There are two optical phenomena that need to be recognized in street light installations.

text:
The loss of night vision because of the accommodation reflex of drivers' eyes is the greatest danger. As drivers emerge from an unlighted area into a pool of light from a street light their pupils quickly constrict to adjust to the brighter light, but as they leave the pool of light the dilation of their pupils to adjust to the dimmer light is much slower, so they are driving with impaired vision. As a person gets older the eye's recovery speed gets slower, so driving time and distance under impaired vision increases.
Oncoming headlights are more visible against a black background than a grey one. The contrast creates greater awareness of the oncoming vehicle.
Stray voltage is also a concern in many cities. Stray voltage can accidentally electrify lampposts and has the potential to injure or kill anyone who comes into contact with the post.[46]

text: There are also physical dangers to the posts of street lamps other than children climbing them for recreational purposes. Street light stanchions (lampposts) pose a collision risk to motorists and pedestrians, particularly those affected by poor eyesight or under the influence of alcohol. This can be reduced by designing them to break away when hit (frangible or collapsible supports), protecting them by guardrails, or marking the lower portions to increase their visibility. High winds or accumulated metal fatigue also occasionally topple street lights.

text: Light pollution[edit]

text: In urban areas, light pollution can hide the stars and interfere with astronomy and the migration of many bird species.[citation needed] In settings near astronomical telescopes and observatories, low pressure sodium lamps may be used. These lamps are advantageous over other lamps such as mercury and metal halide lamps because low pressure sodium lamps emit lower intensity, monochromatic light. Observatories can filter the sodium wavelength out of their observations and virtually eliminate the interference from nearby urban lighting. Full cutoff streetlights also reduce light pollution by reducing the amount of light that is directed at the sky which also improves the luminous efficiency of the light.

text: Energy consumption[edit]

text: Globally 70% of all electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels, a source of air pollution and greenhouse gases, and also globally there are approximately 300 million street lights using that electricity.[47] Cities are exploring more efficient energy use, reducing street light power consumption by dimming lights during off-peak hours and switching to high-efficiency LED lamps.[48] A British county council has turned off 5% of its street lights on a trial basis.[49] Typical collector road lighting in New York State costs $6400/mile/year for high pressure sodium at 8.5 kW/mile or $4000 for light-emitting diode luminaires at 5.4 kW/mile.[50]

text: Street light control systems[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: A number of street light control systems have been developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting system. These range from controlling a circuit of street lights and/or individual lights with specific ballasts and network operating protocols. These may include sending and receiving instructions via separate data networks, at high frequency over the top of the low voltage supply or wireless.[51]

text: Street light controllers are smarter versions of the mechanical or electronic timers previously used for street light ON-OFF operation. They come with energy conservation options like twilight saving, staggering or dimming. Also many street light controllers come with an astronomical clock for a particular location or a Global Positioning System (GPS) connection to give the best ON-OFF time and energy saving.

text: Accessories[edit]

text: Some intelligent street light controllers also come with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Radio frequency (RF) or General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) communication, user adjusted according to latitude and longitude(low cost type), for better street light management and maintenance. Many street light controllers also come with traffic sensors to manage the lux level of the lamp according to the traffic and to save energy by decreasing lux when there is no traffic. America, Canada, India and many other countries have started introducing street light controllers to their road lighting for energy conservation, street light management and maintenance purpose.

text: Economics[edit]

text: Street light controllers can be expensive in comparison with normal timers, and can cost between $100 and $2500, but most of them return the investment between 6 months and 2 years. As the equipment's lifetime is 7 to 10 years it saves energy and cost for some years.

text: Image-based street light control[edit]

text: A number of companies are now manufacturing Intelligent street lighting that adjust light output based on usage and occupancy, i.e. automating classification of pedestrian versus cyclist, versus automotive, sensing also velocity of movement and illuminating a certain number of streetlights ahead and fewer behind, depending on velocity of movement. Also the lights adjust depending on road conditions, for example, snow produces more reflectance therefore reduced light is required.

text: Purpose[edit]

text: There are three distinct main uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Misuse of the different types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.

text: Beacon lights[edit]

text: A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it and they can adjust their braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles or pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting, and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the benefit of pedestrians. On Interstate highways this purpose is commonly served by placing reflectors at the sides of the road.

text: Roadway lights[edit]

text: Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much information quickly that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (A freeway junction or exit ramp) the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night vision and increase the visibility of oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where headlights will not illuminate the road, a light on the outside of the curve is often justified.

text: If it is desired to light a roadway (perhaps due to heavy and fast multi-lane traffic), to avoid the dangers of casual placement of street lights it should not be lit intermittently, as this requires repeated eye readjustment which implies eyestrain and temporary blindness when entering and leaving light pools. In this case the system is designed to eliminate the need for headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close regular intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The lighting goes from curb to curb.

text: Further information: pedestrian crossing#Lighting.

text: Cycle path lights[edit]

text: Policies that encourage utility cycling have been proposed and implemented for reasons including: improved public health,[52][53] individual health and employers' profits[54] a reduction in traffic congestion and air pollution,[53] improvements in road traffic safety,[53] improved quality of life,[52] improved mobility and social inclusiveness,[52] and benefits to child development.[52]

text: Footpath lights[edit]

text: Maintenance[edit]

text: Street lighting systems require ongoing maintenance, which can be classified as either reactive or preventative. Reactive maintenance is a direct response to a lighting failure, such as replacing a discharge lamp after it has failed, or replacing an entire lighting unit after it has been hit by a vehicle. Preventative maintenance is scheduled replacement of lighting components, for example replacing all of the discharge lamps in an area of the city when they have reached 85% of their expected life. In the United Kingdom the Roads Liaison Group has issued a Code of Practice recommending specific reactive and preventative maintenance procedures.[55]

text: Some street lights in New York City have an orange or red light on top of the luminair (light fixture) or a red light attached to the lamppost. This indicates that near to this lighting pole or in the same intersection, there is a fire alarm pull box.[56] Other street lights have a small red light next to the street light bulb, when the small light flashes, it indicates an issue with the electrical current.[57]

text: Main manufacturers[edit]

text:
GEC (General Electric)
Osram Sylvania
Philips
Thorn Lighting
Westinghouse

text:
American Electric Lighting (formerly ITT, later Thomas & Betts), US
Cooper Lighting division of Cooper Industries, US
General Electric, US
Osram Sylvania, US
Westinghouse Lighting Corporation (formerly Angelo Brothers) division of the new Westinghouse Electric, US

text:
CU Phosco Lighting, United Kingdom
Trilux, Germany
Osram, Germany
Philips, the Netherlands
Siemens, Germany
Svetlina AD, Bulgaria
Thorn Lighting formerly Europhane, United Kingdom
GEC, United Kingdom & Hungary
Philips, United Kingdom
Schréder, Belgium

text:
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Japan
Sanyo, Japan
Bajaj Electricals, India

text:
A historical Slovak lamppost.

Polish street lights from thirties.

German streetlight at night.

Street light from the 1950s attached to a utility pole in New Jersey


document_title: Lok Adalat

question_text: who presides over the sessions of the lok adalats

text: Lok Adalat

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Lok Adalat

Lok Adalat is one of the alternative dispute redressal mechanisms, it is a forum where disputes/cases pending in the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are settled/ compromised amicably.Enacted by
Parliament of India
Status: In force

text: Lok Adalat (People's Court) is one of the Alternative dispute resolution mechanisms in India, it is a forum where cases pending or at pre litigation stage in a court of law  are settled. They have been given statutory status under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Under this Act, the award (decision) made by the Lok Adalats is deemed to be a decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties and no appeal against such an award lies before any court of law. If the parties are not satisfied with the award of the Lok Adalat (though there is no provision for an appeal against such an award), they are free to initiate litigation by approaching the court of appropriate jurisdiction.[1]

text:
The first lok adalat was held in Gujarat in 1982.
First time held in Chennai in 1986.
Accepts cases pending in regular court under their jurisdiction.
The Lok Adalat are presided over by Members of Lok Adalat; they have the role of statutory conciliators only and do not have any judicial role, therefore they can only persuade the parties to come to a 123456
Main condition of the Lok Adalat is that both parties in dispute should agree for settlement.
There is no court fee and if a matter pending in the court of law is referred to the Lok Adalat and is settled subsequently, the court fee originally paid in the court on the complaints/petition is also refunded back to the parties.
The procedural laws and the Evidence Act are not strictly followed while assessing the merits of the claim by the Lok Adalat.
The decision of the Lok Adalat is binding on the parties to the dispute and its order is capable of execution through legal process.

text: Lok Adalat is very effective in settlement of money claims. Disputes like partition suits, damages and matrimonial cases can also be easily settled before Lok Adalat, as the scope for compromise through an approach of give and take is high in these cases. A Lok Adalat can take up civil cases (including marriage, and family disputes) and compoundable criminal cases.


document_title: Saskatchewan Party leadership election, 2018

question_text: who is leading the sask party leadership race

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
August 10, 2017 - Party leader and premier, Brad Wall, announces his decision to resign as soon as his successor is chosen.[3]
August 18, 2017 - The Saskatchewan Party's provincial council met to discuss the convention date and location, nomination filing fees, the voting system, campaign expense limits,and timelines. Wall's successor will be chosen using a one-member, one-vote election.[5]
August 28, 2017 - Deadline given by Premier Wall to members of his cabinet to announce whether or not they intended to run for leader and resign from cabinet if they are.[6]
October 19, 2017, 7 pm - Leadership debate in Swift Current.[7]
October 26, 2017, 7 pm - Leadership debate in Melfort.[7]
November 3-5, 2017 - Saskatchewan Party policy convention held in Saskatoon.

November 4, 2017, 2 pm - Leadership debate held at Saskatchewan Party convention.[7]

November 16, 2017, 7 pm - Leadership debate in North Battleford.[7]
November 24, 2017, noon - Deadline for candidates to file their nomination papers along with a $25,000 entry fee. In order to qualify, candidates must be nominated by at least 250 party members in total from at least 25 different constituencies.[3]
November 30, 2017, 7 pm - Leadership debate in Weyburn.[7]
December 7, 2017, 7 pm - Leadership debate in Regina.[7]
December 8, 2017, 5 pm - Membership deadline for eligibility to vote in the election.[3]
January 26, 2018, 5 pm - Deadline for mail-in ballots to be returned.[3]
January 27, 2018 - In-person voting. Ballots counted and winner announced.[3]

text: Declared candidates[edit]

text: Tina Beaudry-Mellor[edit]

text: Background

text: Tina Beaudry-Mellor[8] was most recently, Minister of Social Services and Minister Responsible for the Status of Women (2016-2017), and MLA for Regina University (2016-present)[9]

text:
MLAs:
MPs:
Municipal politicians:
Former MLAs:
Former MPs:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:

text: Ken Cheveldayoff[edit]

text: Background

text: Ken Cheveldayoff was most recently Minister of Parks, Culture, Sport and Minister responsible for the Public Service Commission (2016-2017) and was previously Minister of Crown Corporations (2007-2009), Minister of Enterprise (2009-2010), Minister of First Nations and Métis Relations (2010-2012), Minister of Environment, Responsible for SaskWater and the Water Security Agency (2012-2014), Government House Leader (2014-2016). He was first elected as the MLA for Saskatoon Silver Springs (2003-2016) and is currently the MLA for Saskatoon Willowgrove (2016-present)[9][10]

text:
MLAs: Randy Weekes, Laura Ross, Eric Olauson, David Buckingham, Greg Brkich, Delbert Kirsch, Warren Steinley, Colleen Young, Warren Michelson
MPs: Brad Trost[11]

text:
Municipal politicians:
Former MLAs: Darryl Hickie
Former MPs: Rob Clarke
Other prominent individuals: Norm Rebin
Organizations: RightNow[11]
Media:

text: Alanna Koch[edit]

text: Background

text: Alanna Koch has served as Deputy Minister to the Premier (2016-2017) and Deputy Minister of Agriculture (2007-2016). Before entering the civil service she was executive director of the Western Canadian Wheat Growers and as president of the Canadian Agri-Food Trade Alliance, among other organizations.[12][13]

text:
MLAs: (2) Don McMorris (Indian Head-Milestone), Dan D’Autremont (Cannington)[16]
MPs:
Municipal politicians:
Former MLAs:
Former MPs:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:

text: Scott Moe[edit]

text: Background

text: Scott Moe was most recently Minister of the Environment (2016-2017). He was previously Minister of Advanced Education (2015-2016). Moe has been MLA for Rosthern-Shellbrook since 2011.

text:
MLAs: (21) Jeremy Harrison, Bronwyn Eyre, Dave Marit, Donna Harpauer, Doug Steele, Dustin Duncan, Fred Bradshaw, Greg Lawrence, Greg Ottenbreit, Hugh Nerlien, Jim Reiter, Joe Hargrave, Kevin Doherty, Lori Carr, Paul Merriman, Muhammad Fiaz, Nadine Wilson, Nancy Heppner, Steven Bonk, Terry Dennis, Warren Kaeding.
MPs:
Municipal politicians:
Former MLAs:
Former MPs:
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:

text: Moe has promised to fight the federally imposed carbon tax.[18]

text: Gordon Wyant[edit]

text: Background

text: Gordon Wyant was most recently Minister of Justice (2012-2017), and is MLA for Saskatoon Northwest (2010-present)[9]

text:
MLAs: (1) Lyle Stewart (Lumsden-Morse) [20] (2) Mark Docherty (Regina Coronation Park) [21] (3) Glen Hart (Last Mountain-Touchwood) [22]
MPs:
Municipal politicians:
Former MLAs: (1) June Draude (Kelvington-Wadena) [20] (2) Victoria Jurgens (Prince Albert Northcote) (3) Rod Gantefoer (Melfort) (4) Russ Marchuk (Regina Douglas Park) (5) Yogi Huyghebaert (Wood River) [23]
Former MPs: (1) Carol Skelton (Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar)
Other prominent individuals:
Organizations:
Media:

text: Withdrawn candidates[edit]

text: Jeremy Harrison, MLA for Meadow Lake (2007-present), Minister of the Economy (2016-2017), Minister Responsible for Tourism, Innovation, Trade and the Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Commission (2016-2017), Government House Leader (2011-2014), Minister of Enterprise (2010-2012), Minister of Municipal Affairs (2009-2012, Federal Tory MP for Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River; Endorsed Scott Moe[24]

text: Rob Clarke, former MP for Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill_River; Endorsed Ken Cheveldayoff

text: Declined[edit]

text:
Don Atchison, Mayor of Saskatoon (2003-2016)[12]
Kelly Block, Conservative MP for Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar (2008-2015) and Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek (2015-present)[12]
Steven Bonk, Minister of the Economy (2017-present), MLA for Moosomin (2016-present)[12]
Kevin Doherty Minister of Finance (2015-present), MLA for Regina Northeast (2011-present)[9][16]
Dustin Duncan, Minister of Tourism, Parks, Culture and Sport (2009-2010), Minister of the Environment (2010-2012), Minister of Health (2012-2016), Minister of Energy & Resources (2016-present), MLA for Weyburn-Big Muddy (2006-present)[9][28]
Rob Norris, former Minister of Advanced Education, Employment and Labour (2007-2010), Minister of Advanced Education, Employment and Immigration and for SaskPower and Innovation (2010-2012), MLA for Saskatoon Greystone (2007-2016)[12]
Jim Reiter, Minister of Highways and Infrastructure (2009-2012), Minister of Government Relations and Minister of First Nations, Métis and Northern Affairs (2012-2016), Minister of Health (2016-present), MLA for Rosetown-Elrose (2007-present)[9][29]
Gerry Ritz, federal Minister of Agriculture (2007-2015), Reform, Canadian Alliance, and then Conservative Party of Canada MP for Battlefords—Lloydminster (1997-2017).[30]
Brad Trost, Conservative Party of Canada MP for Saskatoon—University, Saskatchewan (2015–present), had represented Saskatoon—Humboldt, Saskatchewan (2004–2015), and was appointed Official Opposition Critic for Canada-U.S. Relations (2015–2016) following the 2015 election. 2017 federal Conservative Party leadership candidate. endorsed Cheveldayoff[31][32][16][33]

text: Opinion polling[edit]

text: Saskatchewan Party Supporters

text:
Polling firm
Last date of polling
Sample size
Tina Beaudry-Mellor
Ken Cheveldayoff
Alanna Koch
Scott Moe
Gordon Wyant

Poletical
November 2017[34]
394
16%
45%
19%
15%
10%


document_title: Coming Home for Christmas (2017 film)

question_text: where was the hallmark movie coming home for christmas filmed

text: Coming Home for Christmas (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lizzie Richfield is at a crossroads when she lands a job as house manager for the exclusive Ashford Estate in the Virginia countryside.

text: The estate is being sold; prior to its sale, Lizzie plans one final Christmas Eve gala for the owners: the Marley family, who appear to be a "family" in name only. The clan consists of Kip Marley (who never met a party he didn’t like); Robert (the handsome but all-business executor of the estate); Sloane (who arrives with her two young children, sans husband), and Pippa (the 80-year-old matriarch, a spitfire who doesn’t want to put the house up for sale at all).

text: As Lizzie is inserted into the home and the lives of the Marley family she finds herself drawn to Robert – even as Kip pursues her.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Danica McKellar as Lizzie Richfield
Neal Bledsoe as Robert Marley
Chelan Simmons as Sloane
Andrew Francis as Kip Marley
Lindsay Maxwell as Megan Richfield
Paula Shaw as Pippa Marley
Andrew Kavadas as Gerard
Brenda Crichlow as Anna
Rebecca Staab as Camille Richfield
Bekham Skoddje as Sammy
Christian Convery as Paul
Scott Perrie as Jackson
Tosca Baggoo as Carla
Roz Murray as Gladys

text: Development[edit]

text: The film was developed from an original novel of the same name by author Jenny Hale. Hale was approached by a screenwriter who wished to adapt the novel after reading the book.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming took place in British Columbia, in the Abbotsford, Vancouver and Langley areas in August 2017, with a mansion in the Aldergrove area of Langely serving as the property at the centre of the story.[2]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on November 18, 2017, as part of the channel's 'Countdown to Christmas' season of programming.[2]


document_title: Daylight saving time by country

question_text: when does day light savings start in victoria

text: Daylight saving time by country

text: Rules as of 2017[edit]

text:
Country/Territory
Continent
Summer/
Hemisphere

DST start
(adjust clocks forward)
DST end
(adjust clocks backward)
Notes and other mentions[1]

Afghanistan
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK)
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October

Albania
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1940–1943, and since 1974.

Algeria
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1916–1921, in the autumn of 1939, in 1944–1945, 1971, 1977–1978 and 1980–1981 .

American Samoa (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Andorra
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1985.

Angola
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Anguilla (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Antigua and Barbuda
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Argentina
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1930–1969, 1974, 1988–2000, 2007–2009.

Armenia
Europe/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1995, 1997–2011.[2]

Aruba (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Australia
Oceania
Austral/South
First Sunday October
First Sunday April

Main article: Daylight saving time in Australia
DST used only in Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Lord Howe Island.

Austria
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1920, 1940–1948 (as part of Germany between 1940–1945) and since 1980.

Azerbaijan
Europe/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1989, 1990–1992 and 1996–2015

Bahamas
North America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST since 1964.

Bahrain
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bangladesh
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST during World War 2 from 1942–1945 as a part of the Bengal Presidency of India. Also observed in 2009.

Barbados
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST from 1977–1980.

Belarus
Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1941–1944, 1981–2010.

Belgium
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1940, 1942–1946 and since 1977.

Belize
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1973–1974 and 1982–1983.

Benin
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bermuda (UK)
North America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST since 1974.

Bhutan
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bolivia
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1931–1932.

Bonaire (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1916–1918 when it was a part of Austria-Hungary, in 1941–1945 and since 1983 when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Botswana
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1943–1944.

Brazil
South America
Austral/South
Third Sunday October
Third Sunday February

Main article: Daylight saving time in Brazil
DST end delays one week during Carnival week. Only these south and central states use DST: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Federal District Brasilia, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso (some exceptions).[3]

British Virgin Islands (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Brunei
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Bulgaria
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1943–1944 and since 1979.

Burkina Faso
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Burma
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Burundi
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cambodia
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cameroon
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Canada
North America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March at 2:00 a.m. (for most of Canada)
First Sunday November at 2:00 a.m. (for most of Canada)

Main article: Daylight saving time in Canada
Some regions in Quebec, east of 63° west longitude, most of Saskatchewan, and some areas in British Columbia and Nunavut (Southampton Island) do not observe DST. Saskatchewan, however, observes Central Time even though it is located in the Mountain Time Zone, meaning it effectively observes DST year round.[4]

Cape Verde
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1945.

Cayman Islands (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Central African Republic
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Chad
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in winter 1979–1980.

Chile
South America
Austral/South
Second Sunday August
Second Sunday May
Observed DST in 1927–1946 (excluding Easter Island which observed it in 1932–1946) and from 1968–2015. Chile abolished DST in 2015, and re-introduced it in 2016. Magallanes Province does not use DST since December 2016.

China
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1940–1941,1986–1991.

Christmas Island (AU)
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cocos Island (AU)
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Colombia
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1992–1993.

Comoros
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cook Islands
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1978–1991.

Congo
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Costa Rica
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1954, 1979–1980 and 1991–1992.

Croatia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918 when it was a part of Austria-Hungary, in 1941–1945 and since 1983.

Cuba
Central America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST in 1928, 1940–1942, 1945–1946 and since 1965.

Curacao (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Cyprus
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST since 1975. The occupied Northern Cyprus doesn't use DST since September 13, 2016.

Czech Republic
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1940–1949 and since 1979.

Democratic Republic of Congo
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Denmark
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916, 1940–1948 and since 1980.

Djibouti
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Dominica
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Dominican Republic
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1966–1967, 1969–1974.

East Timor
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Ecuador
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Egypt
Africa/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1940–1945, 1957–2010 and 2014–2015. An attempt to restore daylight saving after Ramadan was rejected by the Egyptian parliament on July 4, 2016 and currently has no plans to use DST in the future.

El Salvador
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1987–1988.

Equatorial Guinea
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Eritrea
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Estonia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1918, 1940–1944 and since 1981.

Ethiopia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Faroe Islands (DK)
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1981.

Falkland Islands (UK)
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1937–1942 and 1983–2010.

Fiji
Oceania
Austral/South
First Sunday November
Third Sunday January
Observed DST in 1998–2000 and since 2009.

Finland
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1942 and since 1981.

France
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1945 and since 1976.

French Guyana (FR)
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

French Polynesia (FR)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FR)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Gabon
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Gambia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Georgia
Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–2005.

Germany
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1940–1949, and since 1980.

Ghana
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST from 1936–1942.

Greece
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918 and since 1971.

Greenland (DK)
North America
Boreal/North
Saturday before last Sunday March at 22:00 local time on
Saturday before last Sunday October at 23:00 local time on
Observed DST since 1980.
Follows European Union practice as part of the Kingdom of Denmark, hence start & end times correspond to 01:00 UTC on the respective Sunday. See Daylight saving time in the Americas—Greenland Qaanaaq uses US and Canada rules. Danmarkshavn does not use DST.

Grenada
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guadeloupe (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guam (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guatemala
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1973–1974, 1983, 1991 and 2006.

Guernsey (UK)
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1972.

Guinea
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guinea-Bissau
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Guyana
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Haiti
Central America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST in 1983–1997, 2005–2006, 2012–2015 and since 2017.

Heard and McDonald Islands (AU)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Holy See
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Honduras
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1987–1988 and 2006 .

Hong Kong (CN)
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1941, 1945–1976 and 1979.

Hungary
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1941–1950, 1954–1957 and since 1980.
The government considered to abolish DST in 2017, moving Hungary to the UTC+2 (EET) year-round,[5] but there are no official plans to do so yet. This would be problematic considering DST switch is coordinated on an EU level.

Iceland
Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1917–1918 and 1939–1968.

India
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST during World War 2, from 1942–1945.

Indonesia
Asia
–
–
–
Jakarta observed DST in 1948–1950.

Iraq
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1982–2007.

Iran
Asia
Boreal/North
March 21–22
September 21–22
Observed DST in 1977–1980, 1991–2005 and since 2008.

Ireland
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1972.

Isle of Man (UK)
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1972.

Israel
Asia
Boreal/North
Friday before last Sunday March
Last Sunday October

Main article: Israel Summer Time
Observed DST in 1940–1946, 1948–1957, 1974–1975 and since 1985.

Italy
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Ivory Coast
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Jamaica
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1974–1983.

Japan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1948–1951

Jersey (UK)
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1968 and since 1971.

Jordan
Asia
Boreal/North
Last Friday March
Last Friday October
Observed DST in 1973–1979 and 1985–2011. In 2012 changed time zone to UTC+3, effectively going on permanent DST. Returned to UTC+2 on Dec 20, 2013, and has observed DST since 2014.

Kazakhstan
Asia/Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1990 and 1992–2004.

Kenya
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Kiribati
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Kosovo
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1983.

Kuwait
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Kyrgyzstan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–2005.

Laos
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Latvia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1918–1919, 1941–1944 and since 1981.

Lebanon
Asia
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1920–1923, 1957–1961, 1972–1978 and since 1984.

Lesotho
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1943–1944.

Liberia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Libya
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997 and 2012–2013.

Liechtenstein
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 1981.

Lithuania
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1941–1944, 1981–1999 and since 2003.

Luxembourg
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1946 and since 1977.

Macau (CN)
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1961–1980.

Macedonia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1941–1945 and since 1983 back in the day when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Madagascar
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1954.

Malawi
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Malaysia
Asia
–
–
–
-Observed DST in 1933–1981
The time zone in Malaysia has changed and varied a lot in the past

Maldives
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Mali
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Malta
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Marshall Islands
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Martinique (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1980. Currently does not use DST.

Mauritania
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Mauritius
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1982–1983 and 2008–2009.

Mexico
North America
Boreal/North
First Sunday April
Last Sunday October
Has observed DST since 1996, but Baja California has observed DST since 1942. Sonora discontinued the observance in 1997 and Quintana Roo in 2014. Locations less than 20 km from the US border use US DST.[6]

Micronesia
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Midway (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1956.

Moldova
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1932–1944, 1981–1989 and since 1991.

Monaco
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1916–1945 and since 1976.

Mongolia
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1983–1998, 2001–2006 and 2015–2016.

Montenegro
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST 1941–1945 and since 1983 back in the day when it was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Montserrat (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Morocco
Africa
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1939–1945, 1950, 1967, 1974, 1974–1976 and since 2008. DST stops during Ramadan.

Mozambique
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Namibia
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1943. Does not use DST but implemented winter time in 1994 in all regions except Zambezi.[7]

DST was removed in 2017.

Nauru
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Nepal
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Netherlands
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1945 and since 1977.

New Caledonia (FR)
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1977–1979 and 1996–1997.

New Zealand
Oceania
Austral/South
Last Sunday September
First Sunday April
Observed DST in 1927–1946 and since 1974.

Nicaragua
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1973–1975, 1979–1980, 1992–1994 and 2005–2006.

Niger
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Nigeria
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Niue
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

North Korea
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Northern Mariana Islands (US)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Norway
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916, 1940–1945, 1959–1965 and since 1980.
Follows European Union practice, although not a member.

Oman
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Pakistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1945 as a part of British Raj. Also observed in 2002 and from 2008–2009.

Palau
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Panama
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Papua New Guinea
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Paraguay
South America
Austral/South
First Sunday October
Fourth Sunday March
Observed DST since 1975. Current start and end dates last updated in 2013.

Peru
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1938–1940, 1986–1987, 1990 and 1994.

Philippines
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1936–1937, 1954, 1978 and 1990.

Pitcairn Islands (UK)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Poland
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1919, 1940–1949, 1957–1964 and since 1977.

Portugal
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1921, 1924, 1926–1929, 1931–1932, 1934–1949, 1951–1965 and since 1977.

Puerto Rico (US)
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1945.

Qatar
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Romania
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1932–1939 and since 1979.

Russia
Asia/Europe
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1917–1919 and 1921 (some areas), 1981–2010. 2011–2014, used permanent DST. In 2014, left permanent DST and switched to permanent standard time.[8]

Rwanda
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saba (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Samoa
Oceania
Austral/South
Last Sunday September
First Sunday April
Observed DST since 2010.

Saint Barthélemy (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (UK)
Africa/South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Lucia
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Martin (FR)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR)
North America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November
Observed DST since 1987.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

San Marino
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday of October
Observed DST in 1916–1920, 1940–1948 and since 1966.

Sao Tome and Príncipe
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Saudi Arabia
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Senegal
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Serbia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1941–1945 and since 1983 (did not observe DST as part of Yugoslavia, from 1918–1941, and 1945–1983).

Seychelles
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Sierra Leone
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1935–1942 and 1957–1962.

Singapore
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1933–1935 by adding 20 minutes to standard time. On January 1, 1936, country changed their time zone to UTC+07:20.[9]

Sint Eustatius (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Sint Maarten (NL)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Slovakia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918, 1940–1949 and since 1979.

Slovenia
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1916–1918 when it was a part of Austria-Hungary, in 1941–1945 and since 1983.

Solomon Islands
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Somalia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

South Africa
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1942–1944.

South Georgia Islands (UK)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

South Korea
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1948–1951, 1955–1960 and 1987–1988.

South Sandwich Islands (UK)
Antarctica
–
–
–
Does not use DST

South Sudan
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1970–1985.

Spain
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1917–1919, 1924, 1926–1929, 1937–1946, 1949 and since 1974. On Canary Islands DST observed since 1980.

Sri Lanka
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST during the Second World War, from 1942–1945 just as the rest of the Indian subcontinent.

Sudan
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1970–1985.

Suriname
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Swaziland
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Sweden
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST 15 May–30 September 1916, in a test run.
Observed DST since 1980.
1980 first Sunday of April to last Sunday of September.
1981–1995 last Sunday of March to last Sunday of September.
Since 1996 last Sunday of March to last Sunday of October.

Switzerland
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC
Observed DST in 1941–1942 and since 1981.
Follows European Union practice, although not a member.

Syria
Asia
Boreal/North
Last Friday March
Last Friday October
Observed DST in 1920–1923, 1962–1968 and since 1983.

Tajikistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1991.

Taiwan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1945–1962, 1974, 1975 and 1979.

Tanzania
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Thailand
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Tokelau (NZ)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Togo
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Tonga
Oceania
Austral/South
First Sunday November
Third Sunday January
Observed DST from 1999–2002. Re-introduced in 2016.

Trinidad and Tobago
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Tunisia
Africa
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1939–1945, 1977–1978, 1988–1990 and 2005–2008.

Turkey
Europe/Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1916, 1920–1922, 1924–1925, 1940–1942, 1945–1951, 1962, 1964, 1970–1983 and 1985–2016.
Followed European Union practice, although was not a member. In 2016, Turkey joined the UTC+3 timezone.

Turkmenistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1991.

Tuvalu
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Turks and Caicos (UK)
Central America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1979–2014.

Uganda
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Ukraine
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST in 1941–1943, 1981–1989 and since 1992.

United Arab Emirates
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

United Kingdom
Europe
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March at 01:00 UTC
Last Sunday October at 01:00 UTC

Main article: British Summer Time
Observed DST (commonly referred to as British Summer Time (BST)) since 1916.
Year-round Summer Time (BST) + Double Summer Time (BDST) 1940–1945. Two-stage Double Summer Time (BDST) 1947. Year-round Summer Time (BST) 1968–1971.

United States
North America
Boreal/North
Second Sunday March
First Sunday November

Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States
Arizona (except the Navajo Nation Community) and Hawaii do not use DST.[4]

United States Virgin Islands (US)
Central America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Uruguay
South America
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1923–1926, 1933–1943, 1959–1960, 1965–1970, 1972, 1974–1980, 1987–1993 and 2004–2015.[10]

Uzbekistan
Asia
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1981–1991.

Vanuatu
Oceania
–
–
–
Observed DST in 1983–1993.

Venezuela
South America
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Vietnam
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Wallis and Futuna (FR)
Oceania
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Western Sahara
Africa
Boreal/North
Last Sunday March
Last Sunday October
Observed DST since 2008. DST is stopped during Ramadan. Only areas controlled by Morocco uses DST.

Yemen
Asia
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Zambia
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST

Zimbabwe
Africa
–
–
–
Does not use DST