document_title: Fifty Shades Freed (film)

question_text: when is 50 shades freed releasing in india

text: Fifty Shades Freed (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia cut short their exotic honeymoon and return to Seattle after receiving news of a break-in at Christian's corporate headquarters. Some computer files were stolen and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss who was fired for sexual assault. Meanwhile, Ana is introduced to her new personal security team.

text: Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired an attractive architect, Gia Matteo, to rebuild it. Ana is annoyed when Gia openly flirts with Christian in Ana's presence. Ana privately threatens to fire Gia if she continues her flirting, forcing her to stop.

text: When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and meets her friend, Kate Kavanagh, for an after-work drink. Kate, who is dating Christian's older brother, Elliot, confides that she suspects Elliot may be having an affair with Gia, who is also his business associate. When Ana returns home, she encounters Jack Hyde, who attempts to kidnap her. Ana's security team subdue him and he is arrested. After an argument with Christian about her night out with Kate, Ana berates Christian for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom. Soon after, Christian surprises Ana with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José. Elliott proposes to Kate, who accepts. It is revealed that Gia was only helping Elliott choose the ring.

text: Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experimentation, but matters become complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant. Christian is deeply disturbed, saying he had other plans for their early years together. He leaves, going on a night-long drunken bender. The next day, Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln.

text: Shortly after, Jack Hyde, released on a $500,000 bond, phones Ana demanding a ransom for Mia, Christian's abducted sister. Hyde demands $5,000,000 in cash in two hours or Mia will be killed. He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone. Ana takes some cash and a revolver from the house safe, then goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount. The suspicious bank manager calls Christian. He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices the coincidence of Hyde's recent release, Mia's unknown whereabouts, and Ana's sudden large cash withdrawal. Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard. Ana tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager's phone and slipping her phone own into the bag of cash. She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz.

text: Ana arrives at the drop-off site with the money. Hyde, psychotic and vengeful, attacks Ana, kicking her abdomen. Liz tries to stop Jack as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in the leg. Christian and his security team, who electronically tracked Ana's cell phone, arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz. Ana blacks out as she hears Christian's voice.

text: Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side. Though angry at Ana's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, Christian realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile. Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, assures Christian that Ana will not leave him. Ana returns home the next day. Christian's private investigator, Welch, has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family, though Christian has no memory of this. Hyde was vengeful over Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him. It is also learned that Hyde blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice. Christian and Ana also learn where Christian's birth mother is buried. They visit her grave and Christian lays flowers on it.

text: Two years later, Christian and Ana have a son named Theodore, and Ana is pregnant with their second child.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dakota Johnson as Anastasia 'Ana' Grey
Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey
Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss and stalker.
Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh, Ana's best friend and Elliot Grey's fiancée.
Rita Ora as Mia Grey, adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey, and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey.
Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, older brother of Christian and Mia Grey, and Katherine's fiancé.
Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia's friends.
Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian's bodyguard.
Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia's mother.
Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln, Christian's former dominant. (Unrated Version only)
Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey, Christian's adoptive mother.
Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach.
Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian's future home.
Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia's former stepfather.
Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian's second in command.
Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana's bodyguard.
Amy Price-Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack's accomplice.
Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, popular author whose books are published by SIP.
Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana's co-worker and friend.
Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian's housekeeper.
Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark.

text: Production[edit]

text: Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012.[3] The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions.[3][4] At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6, 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016.[5] After the announcement, Taylor-Johnson told Digital Spy that "It's not my decision [to return], and I haven't been privy to any of the discussions."[6] On November 12, 2015, TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce, along with E. L. James and Marcus Viscidi.[7] Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles.[7] On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home,[8] and on February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP and stalker.[9] On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia.[10]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back-to-back, with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016.[11] Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3."[12][13][14]

text: Release[edit]

text: Fifty Shades Freed was released on February 9, 2018, by Universal Pictures.[15] A teaser trailer was released on September 10, 2017,[16] and a theatrical trailer on November 6.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Fifty Shades Freed was released on digital on April 24, 2018, with a Blu-ray Disc, DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray release following on May 8, 2018.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Fifty Shades Freed: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)

Recorded
2017

Genre

Electro-R&B
alternative R&B
pop
electropop

Length
1hr 13mins

Label

Universal Studios
Republic

Producer

Danny Elfman
Ali Payami
Benjamin Rice
BloodPop
Peter Karlsson
Andrew Watt
Oligee
Black Atlass
XXYYXX
Whethan
John Hill
Rob Cohen
Rissi Palmer
Julian Gramma
Geoffro
Rice N' Peas
J Remy
Hybrid
Mark Jackson
Ian Scott
Freddy Wexler
Spencer Lee
Joe Pringle
Eric Valentine
Mattman & Robin
Nasri
Adam Messinger
Miike Snow
Jordan Palmer
Shungudzo Kuyimba
DJ Camper
Ryan Marrone
Oliver Kraus
Louis the Child
Max Martin
Harvey Mason Jr.

Fifty Shades soundtrack chronology

Fifty Shades Darker
(2017)
Fifty Shades Freed
(2018)

Singles from Fifty Shades Freed: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"For You"
Released: January 5, 2018
"Capital Letters"
Released: January 12, 2018
"Heaven"
Released: January 26, 2018

text: The lead single from the film's soundtrack, "For You", performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018. The soundtrack's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, and Miike Snow on the 22-song album.[19]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Fifty Shades Freed: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – standard edition

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Capital Letters" (performed by Hailee Steinfeld and BloodPop)

Michael Tucker
Rachel Keen
Hailee Steinfeld
Andrew Jackson
Elena Goulding
Ely Weisfield

BloodPop
Ben Rice

2.
"For You" (performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne)

Liam Payne
Rita Sahatçiu
Andrew Watt
Alexander Payami
Alexandra Tamposi

Peter Karlsson
Ali Payami
Watt

3.
"Sacrifice" (performed by Black Atlass featuring Jessie Reyez)

Alexander "Black Atlass" Fleming
Jessica Reyez
Oliver Goldstein
Marcel Everett
Billy Walsh
Jason Quenneville

Black Atlass
Oligee
XXYYXX[a]

4.
"High" (performed by Whethan and Dua Lipa)

Ethan Snoreck
Dua Lipa
Jonathan Hill
Sarah Aarons

Whethan
John Hill
Rob Cohen

5.
"Heaven" (performed by Julia Michaels)

Julia Michaels
Brian Garcia
Uzoechi Emenike
Morten Ristorp Jansen
Taylor Parks

Rissi Palmer

6.
"Big Spender" (performed by Kiana Ledé featuring Prince Charlez)

Kiana Ledé Brown
Jared Cotter
Jeremy Skaller
Charles Hinshaw Jr.
Julian Gramma
Geoffrey Early
Adam Daniel
Andrew Bazzi

Cotter
J Gramm
Geoffro[a]
J Remy[b]
Rice N Peas[b]

7.
"Never Tear Us Apart" (performed by Bishop Briggs)

Andrew Farriss
Michael Hutchence

HyBrid
Mark Jackson[a]
Ian Scott[a]

8.
"The Wolf" (performed by The Spencer Lee Band)

Spencer Lee
Freddy Wexler
Eric Valentine

Lee
Joe Pringle
Wexler
Valentine[a]

9.
"Are You" (performed by Julia Michaels)

Michaels
Mattias Larsson
Robin Fredriksson
Justin Tranter

Mattman & Robin

10.
"Cross Your Mind" (performed by Sabrina Claudio)

Sabrina Claudio
Adam Messinger
Nasri Atweh
Hayley Penner

Nasri
Messinger

11.
"Change Your Mind" (performed by Miike Snow)

Andrew Wyatt
Pontus Winnberg
Christian Karlsson

Miike Snow

12.
"Come On Back" (performed by Shungudzo Kuyimba)

Alexandra "Shungudzo" Govere
Jordan Palmer
Jennifer Owen Youngs

Shungudzo Kuyimba
Palmer

13.
"I Got You (I Feel Good)" (performed by Jessie J)

James Brown

DJ Camper

14.
"(Te Meilleure Ennemie) Pearls" (performed by Samantha Gongol featuring Juliette Armanet)

Samantha Gongol
Ryan Marrone
Juliette Armanet

Marrone

15.
"Deer In Headlights" (performed by Sia)

Sia Furler
Samuel Dixon

Oliver Kraus

16.
"Diddy Bop" (performed by Jacob Banks and Louis the Child)

Jacob Banks
Freddy Kennett
Robby Hauldren

Louis the Child

17.
"Love Me Like You Do" (performed by Ellie Goulding)

Ebba Nilsson
Payami
Ilya Salmanzadeh
Savan Kotecha
Karl Sandberg

Max Martin
Payami

18.
"Freed" (performed by Danny Elfman)

Danny Elfman

Elfman

19.
"Seeing Red" (performed by Danny Elfman)

Elfman

Elfman

text:
Fifty Shades Freed: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – bonus tracks

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

20.
"Maybe I'm Amazed" (performed by Jamie Dornan)

Paul McCartney

Harvey Mason Jr.

21.
"Cross Your Mind" (Spanish version) (performed by Sabrina Claudio)

Claudio
Messinger
Atweh
Penner
Luis Riog

Atweh
Messinger

22.
"Pearls" (performed by Samantha Gongol)

Gongol
Marrone

Marrone

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Fifty Shades Freed has grossed $100.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $267.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $368.3 million, against a production budget of $55 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37–40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend.[20] It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2% from the $5.7 million taken in Fifty Shades Darker the previous year. It ended up making $38.6 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy, but enough to take first place at the box office.[21] The film grossed $10.8 million on Valentine's Day, the third-highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday, behind The Vow ($11.6 million in 2012) and Darker ($11 million), and bringing its five-day gross to $56.1 million.[22] In its second weekend, the film made $17.3 million, dropping 55.1% (a slightly better hold than the previous film) and finishing third, behind newcomer Black Panther and Peter Rabbit.[23]

text: Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80–90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, for a worldwide debut of $113–130 million in its first three days.[24] It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136.9 million, making a 7% decrease from the previous film but still finishing first in 54 of the 57 markets. Its leading countries were Germany ($10.7 million), the United Kingdom ($8.8 million) and France ($8.7 million).[25]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 13%, based on 144 reviews, and an average rating of 3.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 43 critics, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews."[27] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while comScore reported that 56% of females (who made up 81% of the opening weekend) gave the film a "definite recommend".[21]

text: Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying "Indeed, a sex-free, PG-13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands."[28] Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating "With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel. Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie."[29] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote "This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product-placement Audi."[30]

text: Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for The New York Times, found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger's 9½ Weeks, stating: "Layering a damp-squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one-percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase. There's an out-of-left-field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions."[31]

text: Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch."[32]


document_title: Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)

question_text: who plays kuze in ghost in the shell

question_tokens: who plays kuze in ghost in the shell

root

text: Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the near future, the vast majority of humans are augmented with cybernetics, enhancing various traits like vision, strength, and intelligence. Hanka Robotics, the world's leading developer of augmentative technology, establishes a secret project to develop a mechanical body, or "shell", that can integrate a human brain rather than an AI. Mira Killian,[15] a young woman who is the sole survivor of the cyberterrorist attack which killed her parents, is chosen as the test subject after her body is apparently damaged beyond repair. Over the objections of her designer, Dr. Ouelet, Hanka CEO Cutter decides to use Killian as a counter-terrorism operative.

tag: p

text: A year later, Killian has attained the rank of Major in the anti-terrorist bureau Section 9, working alongside operatives Batou and Togusa under Chief Daisuke Aramaki. The team successfully thwarts a terrorist attack on a Hanka business conference, and Killian destroys a rogue mechanical geisha after it murders a hostage. Killian, who has been experiencing hallucinations that Ouelet dismisses as glitches, is becoming increasingly bothered by how little she remembers about her past. After learning that the geisha was hacked by an unknown entity, known only as Kuze, Killian breaks protocol and "dives" into its AI for answers. The entity attempts a counter-hack, and Batou is forced to disconnect her. Using the information she was able to gather, the two trace the hacker to a Yakuza nightclub, where they are lured into a trap. The resulting explosion destroys Batou's eyes, and leaves Killian's body severely damaged. Cutter is enraged by Killian's actions, and threatens to have Section 9 shut down unless Aramaki keeps her in line.

text: Kuze tracks down Section 9's Hanka consultant, Dr. Dahlin, and kills her. The team links her murder to the deaths of other senior company researchers, and realize that Dr. Ouelet is the next target. Kuze takes control of two sanitation workers and sends them to kill Ouelet. Batou, now with cybernetic eyes, kills one of them while the repaired Killian subdues the other. During interrogation, Kuze briefly speaks through the surviving worker before compelling him to commit suicide. Togusa traces the hack to a secret location, where the team discovers a large number of humans mentally linked together as a makeshift signal network. Killian is captured, and Kuze reveals that he is a failed Hanka test subject from the same project that created Killian, otherwise known as 2571. He urges her to question her own memories before freeing her and escaping.

text: Killian confronts Ouelet, who admits there were 98 test subjects before Killian but she was the only one to survive the process and that her memories are fake implanted ones. Cutter has decided that Killian is too much of a liability, and orders Ouelet to euthanize her after she returns to Hanka Robotics. Instead, Ouelet gives Killian an address and helps her escape. Cutter kills Ouelet, but blames Killian, saying that she has gone rogue. He subsequently informs Aramaki and the team that Killian must be terminated by any means necessary.

text: Killian follows the address to an apartment occupied by a widowed mother, who reveals that her daughter, Motoko Kusanagi, ran away from home a year ago and was arrested, before taking her own life while in custody. Unable to process her emotions, Killian leaves and contacts Aramaki, who intentionally allows Cutter to eavesdrop on their conversation. Batou, Togusa, and Aramaki each eliminate Cutter's men trying to ambush them, while Killian follows her memories to the hideaway where Motoko was last seen. There, she and Kuze meet, and recall their past lives as anti-augmentation radicals who were abducted by Hanka for use as test subjects.

text: Cutter deploys a "spider-tank" to kill them, and Kuze nearly dies before Killian is able to tear off the tank's motor, losing her left arm in the process. Mortally wounded, Kuze offers to merge his "ghost" with Killian's before a Hanka sniper kills him. Batou and the team rescue Killian, while Aramaki executes Cutter with Killian's consent.

text: The next day, Killian, now repaired and embracing her true identity as Motoko, reconnects with her mother before returning to work with Section 9.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Scarlett Johansson as Major Mira Killian / Motoko Kusanagi

Kaori Yamamoto as young Motoko Kusanagi[16]

"Beat" Takeshi Kitano as Chief Daisuke Aramaki
Michael Carmen Pitt as Kuze / Hideo[17]

Andrew Morris as young Hideo

Pilou Asbæk as Batou
Chin Han as Togusa
Juliette Binoche as Dr. Ouelet[18]
Peter Ferdinando as Cutter
Kaori Momoi as Motoko's mother
Lasarus Ratuere as Carlos Ishikawa
Danusia Samal as Ladriya
Anamaria Marinca as Dr. Dahlin
Michael Wincott as Dr. Osmond (uncredited)
Yutaka Izumihara as Saito
Tawanda Manyimo as Borma
Daniel Henshall as Skinny Man
Rila Fukushima as a geisha robot
Pete Teo as Tony
Yuta Kazama as Data Host
Chris Obi as Ambassador Kiyoshi
Adwoa Aboah as Lia
Tricky (deleted scene)[19]

tag: ul

text: In the Japanese dub, Atsuko Tanaka, Akio Otsuka and Koichi Yamadera reprise the roles they played in the Mamoru Oshii films and the Stand Alone Complex television series.[20]

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2008, DreamWorks (who handled U.S. theatrical distribution of Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence through its Go Fish Pictures banner) and Steven Spielberg acquired the rights to produce a live-action film adaptation of the original manga. Avi Arad and Steven Paul were later confirmed as producers, with Jamie Moss to write the screenplay.[21] In October 2009, it was announced that Laeta Kalogridis had replaced Moss as writer.[22] On January 24, 2014, it was reported that Rupert Sanders would direct the film, with a screenplay by William Wheeler.[23] Wheeler worked on the script for approximately a year and a half, later saying, "It's a vast enterprise. I think I was second or third in the mix, and I know there have been at least six or seven writers."[24] Jonathan Herman also worked on the screenplay.[25] Ultimately, credit for the screenplay was given to Moss, William Wheeler and Ehren Kruger.[citation needed]

text: On September 3, 2014, Margot Robbie was in early talks for the lead role.[26] On October 16, it was announced that DreamWorks had made a $10 million offer to Scarlett Johansson for the lead role after Robbie's talks for the role fell apart when she was cast as Harley Quinn in Suicide Squad.[27] In May 2015, Paramount Pictures agreed to co-produce and co-finance the film.[28] On November 10, 2015, Pilou Asbæk was cast in the film for the role of Batou.[29] According to TheWrap, Matthias Schoenaerts was circling the role of Batou that went to Asbæk.[30] On November 19, 2015, it was reported that Sam Riley was in early talks to join the film for the villain role as Kuze, the leader of most dangerous criminals and extremists.[31] But, on February 4, 2016, Variety reported that Michael Pitt was in talks for the role.[32] On March 3, 2016, TheWrap reported that Japanese actor Takeshi Kitano had been cast as Daisuke Aramaki, the founder and leader of the elite unit Section 9 tasked with protecting the world from the most dangerous technological threats.[33]

text: Principal photography on the film began on location in Wellington, New Zealand, on February 1, 2016.[34] In April 2016, the full cast was announced, which included Juliette Binoche, Chin Han, Lasarus Ratuere and Kaori Momoi.[18] In May 2016, Rila Fukushima was cast in a role.[35] Filming wrapped up in New Zealand on June 3, 2016. Filming also took place in the Yau Ma Tei and Jordan areas of Hong Kong, around Pak Hoi Street and Woosung Street on June 7, 8 and 10 or 14–16.[36]

text: Release[edit]

text: Ghost in the Shell was originally scheduled by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures for an April 14, 2017, release through their Touchstone Pictures banner.[37][38] The film was part of DreamWorks' distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios, which began in 2009.[39] In April 2015, Disney moved the film's release date in North America to March 31, 2017, with Paramount Pictures handling international distribution.[28][40] However, it was reported in September 2015 that DreamWorks and Disney would not renew their distribution deal, which was set to expire in August 2016.[41] In January 2016, Disney dropped the film from its release slate after DreamWorks' distribution deal with Universal Pictures was finalized in December 2015.[42][43] Disney's distribution rights for the film were transferred completely to Paramount instead of Universal, with Paramount retaining Disney's release date of March 31, 2017.[42] Unusually, the film was not screened for critics before its release.[13]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Ghost in the Shell grossed $40.5 million in the United States and Canada and $129.2 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $169.8 million, against a production budget of $110 million.[7]

text: In North America, Ghost in the Shell opened alongside The Boss Baby and The Zookeeper's Wife, and was projected to gross around $25 million from 3,440 theaters in its opening weekend.[44] It made $1.8 million from Thursday night previews and $7.7 million on Friday. It opened to a less-than-expected $19 million, finishing third at the box office behind The Boss Baby and Beauty and the Beast. Deadline.com attributed the poor opening to below-average critical reviews, an unclear marketing campaign, and no social media presence by Johansson.[45] In its second weekend the film grossed $7.4 million, dropping 60.4% and finishing 5th at the box office.[46]

text: Kyle Davies, domestic distribution chief for Paramount, felt the controversy around the casting had damaged reviews, and said: "You're always trying to thread that needle between honoring the source material and make a movie for a mass audience. That's challenging, but clearly the reviews didn't help."[47] Conversely, Deadline argued that the negative critical assessment was instead due to the film being "cold, boring, thoughtless, and the same old same old next to its futuristic ancestors The Matrix and Blade Runner" and suggested that Paramount held the film from review because they "knew they had a lame duck". Deadline also reported that the film is expected to lose at least $60 million against its total advertising and production costs of $250 million.[13]

text: Compared to its U.S. gross during the same period, Japanese box office reception since the official release in the country in April 7 has been more positive, earning a modest $3.3 million in Japan during its first three days in theaters.[48][49][50] In Japan, Ghost in the Shell is currently tracking in second place just behind Sing, which has topped the Japanese box office for the last four weeks.[49][51][52]

text: In China, the film debuted at number one, grossing in $22.1 million and claiming the spot from Kong: Skull Island which held it for three weeks.[52] Nevertheless, it performed below already muted expectations, leading to the Chinese media calling it a flop.[53]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Ghost in the Shell has an approval rating of 45% based on 223 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. The site's consensus reads, "Ghost in the Shell boasts cool visuals and a compelling central performance from Scarlett Johansson, but the end result lacks the magic of the movie's classic source material."[54] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 52 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[55] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[56]

text: Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times praised the film's visuals and production, saying: "Some of that ravishment arrives courtesy of the movie's setting, a stunning pan-Asian metropolis that makes boldly inventive use of the Hong Kong skyline, its tightly stacked buildings tricked out with enormous holographic billboards. (The cinematography and production design, both staggering, are by Jess Hall and Jan Roelfs, respectively.)"[57] Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune gave the film 3/4 and said, "This isn't jokey, quippy science fiction; true to the source material, it's fairly grave about the implications of an android-dominated culture, though of course Ghost in the Shell is also about giant mecha spiders equipped with machine guns."[58]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, saying: "Just about every scene in Ghost in the Shell is a visual wonder to behold—and you'll have ample to time to soak in all that background eye candy, because the plot machinations and the action in the foreground are largely of the ho-hum retread variety."[59] Evan Narcisse of io9 commented that the film failed to capture the feel of the source material, with the biggest problem being the Major asking the wrong sort of existential questions about herself.[60]

text: Cecilia D'Anastasio of Kotaku commented on the film's failure to adhere to the source material, saying: "Somebody misjudged how poorly American superhero movie tropes would map onto Ghost in the Shell", and that "[the] final scene tried to do that 'satisfying our need for closure' thing American directors think is kind, but is actually condescending."[61] Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 1.5/4, stating: "Ghost in the Shell is a defective mess with lifeless characters, missed chances for thematic exploration and a minefield of political incorrectness."[62]

text: Manohla Dargis of The New York Times expressed disappointment at the absence of the original's "big, human, all-too-human questions" in contrast to the retention of action clichés such as chases and gun fights. Dargis also criticized the absence of the unique setting, stating that "The original manga takes place in what's described as a "strange corporate conglomerate-state called 'Japan,' while this movie unwinds nowhere in particular, just a universal megalopolis filled with soaring gray towers."[63]

text: Nicholas Barber of the BBC describes the film as "conceptually and visually breathtaking", being an elaborately designed and detailed dystopia which seems disturbingly real.[64]

text: Peter Suderman of Vox and Emily Yoshida of Vulture criticized the removal of philosophical ideas from the story, feeling the movie westernized the story and changed the search for the idea of a soul to just finding individuality and memories.[65][66] Others call it an action movie that for once doesn't throw philosophy overboard.[67]

text: James Hadfield of the Japan Times argued that the film missed the mark but was better than Hollywood's previous attempts at adapting anime for the big screen.[68]

text: The film currently has a 3.48 star (out of 5) rating on Yahoo Movies Japan, with four stars for its visuals and three for its story.[51][69] On April 10, The Hollywood Reporter noted that the adaptation's rating on Yahoo Movies Japan was higher than the 3.2 rating of the 1995 original anime film.[14][50][48]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ghost in the Shell was released on Digital HD on July 7, 2017[70] and on Blu-ray and DVD on July 25, 2017.[71][72]

text: Casting criticism[edit]

text: The casting of Scarlett Johansson as Major Motoko Kusanagi, (renamed "Mira Killian" for this film), brought accusations of whitewashing.[73][74][75][76] Pavan Shamdasani of Asia Times wrote: "The original is about as Asian as things get: Japanese cult manga, ground-breaking anime, Hong Kong-inspired locations, Eastern philosophy-based story. Most of that's been downright ignored with its big-screen adaptation, and Scarlett Johansson's casting as the dark-haired, obviously originally Asian lead sent netizens into a rage."[77] In April 2016, ScreenCrush reported that the filmmakers had commissioned the use of CGI and other visual effects testing to alter Johansson's appearance to make her appear Asian,[78] spurring further backlash.[79][80] Paramount stated the tests were short-lived and did not involve Johansson.[81] Some fans and industry employees argued that the controversy is a symptom of a bigger issue: that modern Hollywood fears casting non-white actors would bring less profit.[81][82] Marc Bernardin of Los Angeles Times wrote that "the only race Hollywood cares about is the box office race".[83]

text: In Japan, fans were surprised that the casting had caused controversy, as they had assumed that a Hollywood production would choose a white actress. They felt the appearance of the protagonist was immaterial due to the franchise's themes of self-identity and the blurring of artificial and natural bodies.[84][85] The Hollywood Reporter spoke to a group of female Japanese American actors, including Keiko Agena, about the film; the actresses argued that Japanese natives are not upset by the film because of white beauty standards held in Japan.[86] According to Justin Charity of Ringer, "your average Japanese citizen's outlook on diversity is much less influenced by pluralism than the outlooks of many Asian Americans, who live in a country where popular culture rarely represents them well, if at all. Hence, many Japanese Americans may find Johansson's casting in a Ghost in the Shell movie distressing, while native Japanese observers make nothing of it."[84]

text: Paramount released a featurette of Mamoru Oshii (director of the 1995 and 2004 original anime films) visiting the studio, in which he says that Johansson exceeded his expectations for the role.[87] Oshii told IGN that as the Major uses an assumed body and name, there was no basis for saying an Asian woman must portray her, and stated: "I can only sense a political motive from the people opposing it, and I believe artistic expression must be free from politics."[88] During a launch event in Tokyo, director Rupert Sanders said of Johansson: "There are very few actresses with 20 years' experience who have the cyberpunk ethic already baked in. I stand by my decision—she's the best actress of her generation."[89] Addressing the controversy, producer Steven Paul referred to the film's setting as "an international world" with characters of numerous nationalities.[90]

text: Sam Yoshiba, director of the international business division at Kodansha's Tokyo headquarters, which holds the rights to the Ghost in the Shell series, said: "Looking at her career so far, I think Scarlett Johansson is well cast. She has the cyberpunk feel. And we never imagined it would be a Japanese actress in the first place... this is a chance for a Japanese property to be seen around the world."[85][91] Johansson said of the criticism: "I certainly would never presume to play another race of a person. Diversity is important in Hollywood, and I would never want to feel like I was playing a character that was offensive. Also, having a franchise with a female protagonist driving it is such a rare opportunity. Certainly, I feel the enormous pressure of that—the weight of such a big property on my shoulders."[92]

text: The film attracted further criticism for its ending, which reveals that Johansson's character was originally a Japanese girl, Motoko Kusanagi.[16][93] The Media Action Network for Asian Americans accused Johansson of lying when she said she would never play the role of a person of a different race than her own.[94] Japanese-American actress Ai Yoshihara, speaking to The Hollywood Reporter, said she felt the twist was "white people trying to justify the casting". Another Japanese-American actress, Atsuko Okatsuka, concluded: "Hanka Robotics [the corporation in the film] is making a being that's the best of human and the best of robotics. For some reason, the best stuff they make happens to be white."[86]


document_title: Democratic National Committee

question_text: who is the head of the dnc now

question_tokens: who is the head of the dnc now

text: Democratic National Committee

text: Campaign role[edit]

text: The DNC is responsible for articulating and promoting the Democratic platform and coordinating party organizational activity. When the president is a Democrat, the party generally works closely with the president. In presidential elections it supervises the national convention and, both independently and in coordination with the presidential candidate, raises funds, commissions polls, and coordinates campaign strategy. Following the selection of a party nominee, the public funding laws permit the national party to coordinate certain expenditures with the nominee, but additional funds are spent on general, party-building activities.[4] There are state committees in every state, as well as local committees in most cities, wards, and towns (and, in most states, counties).

text: The chairperson of the DNC is elected by vote of members of the Democratic National Committee. The DNC is composed of the chairs and vice-chairs of each state Democratic Party's central committee, two hundred members apportioned among the states based on population and generally elected either on the ballot by primary voters or by the state Democratic Party committee, a number of elected officials serving in an ex officio capacity, and a variety of representatives of major Democratic Party constituencies.

text: The DNC establishes rules for the caucuses and primaries which choose delegates to the Democratic National Convention, but the caucuses and primaries themselves are most often run not by the DNC but instead by each individual state. Primary elections, in particular, are invariably conducted by state governments according to their own laws. Political parties may choose to participate or not participate in a state's primary election, but no political party executives have any jurisdiction over the dates of primary elections, or how they are conducted.

text: Outside of the process of nominating a presidential candidate, the DNC's role in actually selecting candidates to run on the party ticket is minimal.

text: All DNC members are superdelegates to the Democratic National Convention whose role can influence a close primary race. These delegates, officially described as "unpledged party leader and elected official delegates," fall into three categories based on other positions they hold:[5]

text:
Elected members of the Democratic National Committee.
Sitting Democratic governors and members of Congress.
Distinguished party leaders, consisting of current and former presidents, vice presidents, congressional leaders, and DNC chairs, are all superdelegates for life.

text: DNC fundraising[edit]

text: In the 2002 election cycle, the DNC and its affiliated committees (which include numerous local committees and committees formed to coordinate expenditures for specific districts or races) raised a total of US $162,062,084, 42% of which was hard money. The largest contributor, with US $7,297,937 was the Saban Capital Group, founded in 2001 by Haim Saban.  Fred Eychaner, the owner of Newsweb Corporation, gave the second highest amount of money to the DNC and its affiliates, US $5,175,000. The third largest contributor was Steve Bing of Shangri-La Entertainment, who gave US $4,758,000.[6]

text: In the 2006 election cycle, the DNC raised a total of US $37,939,887. The three largest contributors were investment bank Goldman Sachs (US $225,600). University of California (US $121,980) and Pond North LLP (US $109,296).[7]

text: The DNC introduced a small-donor fund raising campaign, the Democracy Bonds program, set up by Howard Dean in the summer of 2005.[8] There were only 31,000 Democracy Bond donors by May 2006, off-pace from the goal of 1 million donors by 2008. The program no longer is in place.

text: In the 2016 election cycle, the DNC raised a total of US $75,945,536 as of July 21, 2016. The three largest contributors were hedge fund Renaissance Technologies (US $677,850), Newsweb Corp (US $334,000) and Total Wine (US $298,100).[9]

text: In June 2008, after Senator Barack Obama became the presumptive Democratic presidential nominee, Dean announced that the DNC, emulating the Obama campaign, would no longer accept donations from federal lobbyists.[10] In July 2015, during the 2016 election cycle, the DNC, led by Debbie Wasserman Schultz, reversed this policy.[11]

text: Current leadership[edit]

text:
Chair: Tom Perez, former U.S. Secretary of Labor under Barack Obama[12]
Deputy Chair: Keith Ellison, U.S. Representative from Minnesota's 5th congressional district[13]
Vice Chair of Civic Engagement and Voter Participation: Karen Carter Peterson
Vice Chairs:
Michael Blake, New York Assemblyman
Jaime Harrison, Associate Chair and former South Carolina Democratic Party Chairman
Maria Elena Durazo, Executive Secretary–Treasurer of the AFL-CIO[14]
Ken Martin, Chair of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party[15]
Grace Meng, U.S. Representative from New York's 6th congressional district[16]
Treasurer: William "Bill" Derrough[17]
Secretary: Jason Rae[18]
Finance Chair: Henry Muñoz III[14]

text: In addition, a National Advisory Board exists for purposes of fundraising and advising the executive. The present chair is Elizabeth Frawley Bagley, former U.S. Ambassador to Portugal.

text: List of DNC Chairs[edit]

text:
hideOfficeholder

Term

State[19]

Benjamin F. Hallett

1848–1852

Massachusetts

Robert Milligan McLane

1852–1856

Maryland

David Allen Smalley

1856–1860

Vermont

August Belmont

1860–1872

New York

Augustus Schell

1872–1876

New York

Abram Stevens Hewitt

1876–1877

New York

William H. Barnum

1877–1889

Connecticut

Calvin Stewart Brice

1889–1892

Ohio

William F. Harrity

1892–1896

Pennsylvania

James K. Jones

1896–1904

Arkansas

Thomas Taggart

1904–1908

Indiana

Norman E. Mack

1908–1912

New York

William F. McCombs

1912–1916

New York

Vance C. McCormick

1916–1919

Pennsylvania

Homer S. Cummings

1919–1920

Connecticut

George White

1920–1921

Ohio

Cordell Hull

1921–1924

Tennessee

Clem L. Shaver

1924–1928

West Virginia

John J. Raskob

1928–1932

New York

James A. Farley

1932–1940

New York

Edward J. Flynn

1940–1943

New York

Frank C. Walker

1943–1944

Pennsylvania

Robert E. Hannegan

1944–1947

Missouri

J. Howard McGrath

1947–1949

Rhode Island

William M. Boyle

1949–1951

Missouri

Frank E. McKinney

1951–1952

Indiana

Stephen Mitchell

1952–1955

Illinois

Paul M. Butler

1955–1960

Indiana

Henry M. Jackson

1960–1961

Washington

John Moran Bailey

1961–1968

Connecticut

Larry O'Brien

1968–1969

Massachusetts

Fred R. Harris

1969–1970

Oklahoma

Larry O'Brien

1970–1972

Massachusetts

Jean Westwood

1972

Utah

Robert S. Strauss

1972–1977

Texas

Kenneth M. Curtis

1977–1978

Maine

John C. White

1978–1981

Texas

Charles Manatt

1981–1985

California

Paul G. Kirk

1985–1989

Massachusetts

Ron Brown

1989–1993

New York

David Wilhelm

1993–1994

Ohio

Debra DeLee

1994–1995

Massachusetts

Chris Dodd1Donald Fowler

1995–1997

ConnecticutSouth Carolina

Roy Romer1Steven Grossman

1997–1999

ColoradoMassachusetts

Ed Rendell1Joe Andrew

1999–2001

PennsylvaniaIndiana

Terry McAuliffe

2001–2005

Virginia

Howard Dean

2005–2009

Vermont

Tim Kaine

2009–2011

Virginia

Donna Brazile2

2011

Louisiana

Debbie Wasserman Schultz

2011–2016[20]

Florida

Donna Brazile2

2016–2017

Louisiana

Tom Perez

2017–present

Maryland

1 — General Chair, served concurrently with National Chair (1995–2001)2 — Interim Chair

tag: table

text: Source

text: List of DNC Deputy Chairs[edit]

text:
Officeholder

Term

State

Ben Johnson[21]

2003–2005

Maryland

Mike Honda

2003–2005

California

Susan W. Turnbull

2003–2005

Maryland

Keith Ellison

2017–present

Minnesota

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Chinagate[edit]

text: The Chinagate was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic American politics prior to and during the Clinton administration and also involved the fund-raising practices of the administration itself.[22][23][24]

text: Illegal fund raising[edit]

text: In 2002, the Federal Election Commission fined the Democratic National Committee $115,000 for its part in fundraising violations in 1996.[25]

text: DNC Hacking[edit]

text: Cyber attacks and hacks were claimed by or attributed to various individual and groups such as:

text:
According to committee officials and security experts, two competing Russian intelligence services were discovered on DNC computer networks sometime in May 2016. One intelligence service achieved infiltration beginning in the summer of 2015 and the other service breached and roamed the network beginning in April 2016.  The two groups accessed emails, chats and research on an opposing presidential candidate. They were expelled from the DNC system in June 2016.[26][27][28]
The hacker Guccifer 2.0 claimed that he hacked into the Democratic National Committee computer network and then leaked its emails to both the newspaper The Hill[29][30] and the whistleblowing website Wikileaks.[31] "Hillary Clinton’s campaign manager, Robby Mook, cited experts saying that the DNC emails were leaked by the Russians."[32][33] The press and cybersecurity firms discredited the Guccifer 2.0 claim, as investigators now believe Guccifer 2.0 was an agent of the G.R.U., Russia’s military intelligence service." [26][28][34][35]

text: Alleged coordination with Clinton primary campaign[edit]

text: On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released approximately 20,000 DNC emails.[36] Critics claimed that the Committee unequally favored Hillary Clinton and acted in support of her nomination while opposing the candidacy of her primary challenger Bernie Sanders. Donna Brazile corroborated these allegations in an excerpt of her book published by Politico in November 2017, and also claimed that the Clinton campaign bought control of the DNC.[37] The leaked emails spanned sixteen months, terminating in May 2016.[38] The hack was claimed by the hacker Guccifer 2.0, but several cybersecurity firms believe this assertion is false.[39]

text: The WikiLeaks releases led to the resignations of Chairperson Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Communications Director Luis Miranda, Chief Financial Officer Brad Marshall and Chief Executive Amy Dacey.[40]

text: The DNC subsequently filed a lawsuit in federal court against WikiLeaks and others alleging a conspiracy to influence the election.[41]

text: History[edit]

text: The Democratic Party's national committee has existed since 1848.[42] During the 1848 Democratic National Convention, a resolution was passed creating the Democratic National Committee, composed of thirty members, one person per state, chosen by the states' delegations, and chaired by Benjamin F. Hallett.[43]


document_title: Sea of Galilee

question_text: what kind of fish is in the sea of galilee

text: Sea of Galilee

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Sea of Galilee is situated in northeast Israel, between the Golan Heights and the Galilee region, in the Jordan Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Consequently, the area is subject to earthquakes, and in the past, volcanic activity. This is evident by the abundant basalt and other igneous rocks that define the geology of Galilee.

text: Names[edit]

text: The lake has been called by different names throughout its history, usually depending on the dominant settlement on its shores. With the changing fate of the towns, the lake's name also changed.

text: The modern Hebrew name, Kinneret, comes from the Hebrew Bible, the main source of the Christian Old Testament, where it appears as the "sea of Kinneret" in Numbers 34:11 and Joshua 13:27, spelled כנרות "Kinnerot" in Hebrew in Joshua 11:2. This name was also found in the scripts of Ugarit, in the Aqhat Epic. Kinneret was listed among the "fenced cities" in Joshua 19:35. A persistent, though likely erroneous, popular etymology of the name presumes that the name Kinneret may originate from the Hebrew word kinnor ("harp" or "lyre") in view of the shape of the lake.[7] The scholarly consensus, however, is that the origin of the name lies with the important Bronze and Iron Age city of Kinneret, excavated at Tell el-'Oreimeh.[8] However, there is no evidence that the city of Kinneret itself was not named after the body of water rather than vice versa, or for the origin of the town's name.

text: All Old and New Testament writers use the term "sea" (Hebrew יָם yam, Greek θάλασσα), with the exception of Luke who calls it "the Lake of Gennesaret" (Luke 5:1), from the Greek λίμνη Γεννησαρέτ (limnē Gennēsaret), the "Grecized form of Chinnereth" according to Easton (1897).[9]

text: The Babylonian Talmud, as well as Flavius Josephus mention the sea by the name "Sea of Ginosar" after the small fertile plain of Ginosar that lies on its western side.[citation needed] Ginosar is yet another name derived from "Kinneret".[8]

text: In the New Testament the term "sea of Galilee" (Greek: θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας, thalassan tēs Galilaias) is used in the gospel of Matthew 4:18; 15:29, the gospel of Mark 1:16; 7:31, and in the gospel of John 6:1 as "the sea of Galilee, which is the sea of Tiberias" (θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος, thalassēs tēs Galilaias tēs Tiberiados), the late 1st century CE name.[10] Sea of Tiberias is also the name mentioned in Roman texts and in the Jerusalem Talmud, and was adopted into Arabic as  Buhairet Tabariyya (help·info) (بحيرة طبريا), "Lake Tiberias".

text: From the Umayyad through the Mamluk period the lake was known in Arabic as "Bahr al-Minya", the "Sea of Minya", after the Umayyad qasr complex whose ruins are still visible at Khirbat al-Minya. This is the name employed by the medieval Persian and Arab scholars Al-Baladhuri, Al-Tabari and Ibn Kathir.[11]

text: History[edit]

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: In 1989, remains of a hunter-gatherer site were found under the water at the southern end. Remains of mud huts were found which are the oldest known buildings in the world.[citation needed] See Ohalo. Nahal Ein Gev, located about 3 km east of the lake, contains a village from the late Natufian period. The site is considered one of the first permanent human settlements in the world from a time predating the Neolithic revolution.[citation needed]

text: Antiquity[edit]

text: The Sea of Galilee lies on the ancient Via Maris, which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans founded flourishing towns and settlements on the land-locked lake including Hippos and Tiberias. The first-century historian Flavius Josephus was so impressed by the area that he wrote, "One may call this place the ambition of Nature"; he also reported a thriving fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake. Archaeologists discovered one such boat, nicknamed the Jesus Boat, in 1986.

text: In the Bible, much of the ministry of Jesus occurred on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there was a continuous ribbon development of settlements and villages around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The Synoptic Gospels of Mark (1:14–20), Matthew (4:18–22), and Luke (5:1–11) describe how Jesus recruited four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teaching episodes, the Sermon on the Mount, is supposed to have been given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles are also said to have occurred here including his walking on water, calming the storm, the disciples and the miraculous catch of fish, and his feeding five thousand people (in Tabgha). In John's Gospel the sea provides the setting for Jesus' third post-resurrection appearance to his disciples (John 21).

text: In 135 CE, Bar Kokhba's revolt was put down. The Romans responded by banning all Jews from Jerusalem. The center of Jewish culture and learning shifted to the region of Galilee and the Kinneret, particularly the city of Tiberias. It was in this region that the Jerusalem Talmud was compiled.[12]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: The lake's importance declined when the Byzantines lost control and the area was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate and subsequent Islamic empires. Apart from Tiberias, the major towns and cities in the area were gradually abandoned.[citation needed] The palace Khirbat al-Minya was built by the lake during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (705–715 CE). In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, largely because he was able to cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.

text: Modern era[edit]

text: The lake had little importance within the early Ottoman Empire. Tiberias did see a significant revival of its Jewish community in the 16th century, but had gradually declined, until in 1660 the city was completely destroyed. In the early 18th century, Tiberias was rebuilt by Zahir al-Umar, becoming the center of his rule over Galilee, and seeing also a revival of its Jewish community.

text: In 1909, Jewish pioneers established the first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret in the immediate vicinity of the lake. The settlement trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Later, Kvutzat Kinneret pioneers established Kibbutz Degania Alef. The Kvutzat Kinneret is considered the cradle of the kibbutz culture of early Zionism and is the birthplace of Naomi Shemer and the burial site of Rachel—two of the most prominent Israeli poets.

text: In 1917, the British defeated Ottoman Turkish forces and took control of Palestine, while France took control of Syria. In the carve-up of the Ottoman territories between Britain and France, it was agreed that Britain would retain control of Palestine, while France would control Syria. However, the allies had to fix the border between the Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria.[13] The boundary was defined in broad terms by the Franco-British Boundary Agreement of December 1920, which drew it across the middle of the lake.[14] However, the commission established by the 1920 treaty redrew the boundary. The Zionist movement pressured the French and British to assign as many water sources as possible to Mandatory Palestine during the demarcating negotiations. The High Commissioner of Palestine, Herbert Samuel, had sought full control of the Sea of Galilee.[15] The negotiations led to the inclusion into the Palestine territory of the whole Sea of Galilee, both sides of the River Jordan, Lake Hula, Dan spring, and part of the Yarmouk.[16] The final border approved in 1923 followed a 10-meter wide strip along the lake's northeastern shore,[17] cutting the Mandatory Syria (State of Damascus) off from the lake.

text: The British and French Agreement provided that existing rights over the use of the waters of the Jordan by the inhabitants of Syria would be maintained; the Government of Syria would have the right to erect a new pier at Semakh on Lake Tiberias or jointly use the existing pier; persons or goods passing between the landing-stage on the Lake of Tiberias and Semakh would not be subject to customs regulations, and the Syrian government would have access to the said landing-stage; the inhabitants of Syria and Lebanon would have the same fishing and navigation rights on Lakes Huleh, Tiberias and River Jordan, while the Government of Palestine would be responsible for policing of lakes.[18]

text: On May 15, 1948, Syria invaded the newborn State of Israel,[19] capturing territory along the Sea of Galilee.[20] Under the 1949 armistice agreement between Israel and Syria, Syria occupied the northeast shoreline of the Sea of Galilee. The agreement, though, stated that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." Syria remained in possession of the lake's northeast shoreline until the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.

text: In the 1950s, Israel formulated a plan to link the Kinneret with the rest of the country's water infrastructure via the National Water Carrier, in order to supply the water demand of the growing country. The carrier was completed in 1964. The Israeli plan, to which the Arab League opposed its own plan to divert the headwaters of the Jordan River, sparked political and sometimes even armed confrontations over the Jordan River basin.

text: After 5 years of drought as of 2018, Sea of Galilee is expected to get to the black line.[21] The black elevation line is the lowest depth from which irreversible damage begin and no water can be pumped out anymore.[22] Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research describe it as "The black line marks -214.87 m, the lowest-ever level reached since 1926 when the water level record began. According to the water authority, the Kinneret water level must not decline below this level."[23]

text: In February 2018, The city of Tiberias requested a desalination plant to treat the water coming from the Sea of Galilee and demanded a new water source for the city.[24] In March 2018 was the lowest point in water income to the lake since 1927.[25]

text: Archaeology[edit]

text: During a routine sonar scan in 2003 (finding published in 2013),[26] archaeologists discovered an enormous conical stone structure. The structure, which has a diameter of around 230 feet (70 m), is made of boulders and stones. The ruins are estimated to be between 2,000 and 12,000 years old, and are about 10 metres (33 ft) underwater.[27] The estimated weight of the monument is over 60,000 tons. Researchers explain that the site resembles early burial sites in Europe and was likely built in the early Bronze Age.

text: In February 2018, archaeologists discovered seven intact mosaic with Greek inscriptions. One inscription, one of the longest found to date in western Galilee, gives the names of donors and the names and positions of church officials, including Irenaeus. Another mosaic mentions a woman as a donor to the church’s construction. This inscription is the first in the region to mention a female donor.[28]

text: Water use[edit]

text: Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, transports water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and in the past supplied most of the country's drinking water.[29] Nowadays the lake supplies approximately 10% of Israel's drinking water needs.[30]

text: In 1964, Syria attempted construction of a Headwater Diversion Plan that would have blocked the flow of water into the Sea of Galilee, sharply reducing the water flow into the lake.[31] This project and Israel's attempt to block these efforts in 1965 were factors which played into regional tensions culminating in the 1967 Six-Day War. During the war, Israel captured the Golan Heights, which contain some of the sources of water for the Sea of Galilee.

text: The Israeli government monitors water levels and publishes the results daily at this web page. The level over the past eight years can be retrieved from that site.[32] Increasing water demand in Israel, Lebanon and Jordan, as well as dry winters, have resulted in stress on the lake and a decreasing water line to dangerously low levels at times. The Sea of Galilee is at risk of becoming irreversibly salinized by the salt water springs under the lake, which are held in check by the weight of the freshwater on top of them.[33]

text: Up until the mid-2010s, about 400,000,000 cubic metres (1.4×1010 cu ft) of water was pumped through the National Water Carrier each year.[34] Under the terms of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Israel also supplies 50,000,000 cubic metres (1.8×109 cu ft) of water annually from the lake to Jordan.[35] In recent years the Israeli government has made extensive investments in water conservation, reclamation and desalination infrastructure in the country. This has allowed it to significantly reduce the amount of water pumped from the lake annually in an effort to restore and improve its ecological environment, as well as respond to some of the most extreme drought conditions in hundreds of years affecting the lake's intake basin since 1998. Therefore, it is expected that in 2016 only about 25,000,000 cubic metres (880,000,000 cu ft) of water will be drawn from the lake for Israeli domestic consumption, a small fraction of the amount typically drawn from the lake over the previous decades.[30]

text: With extreme drought conditions continuing to intensify, the government of Israel approved a plan in 2018 to pump desalinated water into the lake in an effort to stop the water level from plunging below a point where irreversible ecological damage to the lake might take place.[36]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: Tourism around the Sea of Galilee is an important economic branch. Historical and religious sites in the region draw both local and foreign tourists. The Sea of Galilee is an attraction for Christian pilgrims who visit Israel to see the places where Jesus performed miracles according to the New Testament, such as his walking on water, calming the storm and feeding the multitude. Alonzo Ketcham Parker, a nineteenth-century American traveler, called visiting the Sea of Galilee "a 'fifth gospel' which one read devoutly, his heart overflowing with quiet joy".[37]

text: In April 2011, Israel unveiled a 40-mile (64 km) hiking trail in Galilee for Christian pilgrims, called the "Jesus Trail". It includes a network of footpaths, roads and bicycle paths linking sites central to the lives of Jesus and his disciples. It ends at Capernaum on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus espoused his teachings.[38]

text: Another key attraction is the site where the Sea of Galilee's water flows into the Jordan River, to which thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be baptized every year.[citation needed]

text: Israel's most well-known open water swim race, the Kinneret Crossing, is held every year in September, drawing thousands of open water swimmers to participate in competitive and noncompetitive events.[citation needed]

text: Tourists also partake in the building of rafts on Lavnun Beach, called Rafsodia. Here many different age groups work together to build a raft with their bare hands and then sail that raft across the sea.[citation needed]

text: Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, dates, mangoes, grapes and olives in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.[citation needed]

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: The warm waters of the Sea of Galilee support various flora and fauna, which have supported a significant commercial fishery for more than two millennia. Local flora include various reeds along most of the shoreline as well as phytoplankton. Fauna include zooplankton, benthos and a number of fish species such as Acanthobrama terraesanctae. Fish caught commercially include Tristramella simonis and Sarotherodon galilaeus, locally called "St. Peter’s Fish".[4] In 2005, 300 short tons (270 t) of tilapia were caught by local fishermen. This dropped to 8 short tons (7.3 t) in 2009 due to overfishing.[39]

text: However, low water levels in drought years have stressed the lake's ecology. This may have been aggravated by over-extraction of water for either the National Water Carrier to supply other parts of Israel or, since 1994, for the supply of water to Jordan (see "Water use" section above). Droughts of the early and mid-1990s dried out the marshy northern margin of the lake.[40] A fish species that is unique to the lake, Tristramella sacra, used to spawn in the marsh and has not been seen since the 1990s droughts.[40] Conservationists fear this species may have become extinct.[40] It is hoped that drastic reductions in the amount of water pumped through the National Water Carrier will help restore the lake's ecology over the span of several years. As such, the amount planned to be drawn in 2016 for Israeli domestic water use is expected to be less than 10% of the amount commonly drawn on an annual basis in the decades before the mid-2010s.[30]

text: Panoramic and satellite views[edit]


document_title: Excretory system

question_text: where does diffusion occur in the excretory system

text: Excretory system

text: Systems

text: Urinary system

text: The kidneys are bean-shaped organs which are present on each side of the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity. Humans have two kidneys and each kidney is supplied with blood from the renal artery. The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. This is done with the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney. The filtrated blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein (or kidney vein). The urine from the kidney is collected by the ureter (or excretory tubes), one from each kidney, and is passed to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder collects and stores the urine until urination. The urine collected in the bladder is passed into the external environment from the body through an opening called the urethra.

text: Kidneys

text: The kidney's primary function is the elimination of waste from the bloodstream by production of urine. They perform several homeostatic functions such as:-

text:
Maintain volume of extracellular fluid
Maintain ionic balance in extracellular fluid
Maintain pH and osmotic concentration of the extracellular fluid.
Excrete toxic metabolic by-products such as urea, ammonia, and uric acid.

tag: ol

text: The way the kidneys do this is with nephrons. There are over 1 million nephrons in each kidney; these nephrons act as filters inside the kidneys. The kidneys filter needed materials and waste, the needed materials go back into the bloodstream, and unneeded materials becomes urine and is gotten rid of.

text: In some cases, excess wastes crystallize as kidney stones. They grow and can become painful irritants that may require surgery or ultrasound treatments. Some stones are small enough to be forced into the urethra.

text: Ureter

text: The ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they run over). This "pelviureteric junction" is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the other being the uteterovesical valve). The ureters run posteriorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis. They then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimeters. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In the female, the ureters pass through the mesometrium on the way to the bladder.

text: Urinary bladder

text: The urinary bladder is the organ that collects waste excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination. It is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, and sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.

text: Embryologically, the bladder is derived from the urogenital sinus, and it is initially continuous with the allantois. In human males, the base of the bladder lies between the rectum and the pubic symphysis. It is superior to the prostate, and separated from the rectum by the rectovesical excavation. In females, the bladder sits inferior to the uterus and anterior to the vagina. It is separated from the uterus by the vesicouterine excavation. In infants and young children, the urinary bladder is in the abdomen even when empty.

text: Urethra

text: In anatomy, the (from Greek – ourethra) is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In humans, the urethra has an excretory function in both genders to pass.

text: Respiratory system

text: One of the main functions of the lungs is to diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration.

text: Gastrointestinal tract

text: The large intestine's main function is to transport food particles through the body and expel the indigestible parts at the other end, but it also collects waste from throughout the body. The typical brown colour of mammal waste is due to bilirubin, a breakdown product of normal heme catabolism.[1] The lower part of the large intestine also extracts any remaining usable water and then removes solid waste. At about 10 feet long in humans, it transports the wastes through the tubes to be excreted.

text: Biliary system

text: The liver detoxifies and breaks down chemicals, poisons and other toxins that enter the body. For example, the liver transforms ammonia (which is poisonous) into urea in fish, amphibians and mammals, and into uric acid in birds and reptiles. Urea is filtered by the kidney into urine or through the gills in fish and tadpoles. Uric acid is paste-like and expelled as a semi-solid waste (the "white" in bird excrements). The liver also produces bile, and the body uses bile to break down fats into usable fats and unusable waste.

text: Invertebrates lack a liver, but most terrestrial groups, like insects, possesses a number of blind guts that serve the similar functions. Marine invertebrates do not need the ammonia conversion of the liver, as they can usually expel ammonia directly by diffusion through the skin.

text: Integumentary system

text: Skin

text: Sweat glands in the skin secrete a fluid waste called sweat or perspiration; however, its primary functions are temperature control and pheromone release. Therefore, its role as a part of the excretory system is minimal. Sweating also maintains the level of salt in the body.

text: In mammals. the skin excretes sweat through sweat glands throughout the body. The sweat, helped by salt, evaporates and helps to keep the body cool when it is warm. In amphibians, the lungs are very simple, and they lack the necessary means to the exhale like other tetrapods can. The moist, scale-less skin is therefore essential in helping to rid the blood of carbon dioxide, and also allows for urea to be expelled through diffusion when submerged.[2]

text: In small-bodied marine invertebrates, the skin is the most important excretory organ. That is particularly true for acoelomate groups like cnidarians, flatworms and nemerteans, who have no body cavities and hence no body fluid that can be drained or purified by nephrons, which is the reason acoelomate animals are thread-like (nemertans), flat (flatworms) or only consist of a thin layer of cells around a gelatinous non-cellular interior (cnidarians).[3]

text: Eccrine

text: Like sweat glands, eccrine glands allow excess water to leave the body. The majority of eccrine glands are located mainly on the forehead, the bottoms of the feet, and the palms, although the glands are everywhere throughout the body. They help the body to maintain temperature control. Eccrine glands in the skin are unique to mammals.[citation needed]

text: Secretions of sweat from the eccrine glands play a large role in controlling the body temperature of humans. Regulation of body temperature, also known as thermoregulation, is very important when it comes to instances that bring the body’s temperature outside of the homeostatic temperature such as with a fever or even exercise.[4] Together these glands make up the size of about one kidney and in one day a human can perspire amounts as much as 10 liters. The two functions consist of secretion of a filtrate in response to acetylcholine and reabsorption of sodium near the duct when there is water in excess so that a sweat can be surfacing the skin.[5]

text: There are three parts to the eccrine sweat gland and these are the pore, the duct, and the gland. The pore is the portion that goes through the outermost layer of the skin and is typically 5-10 microns in diameter. The duct is the part of the sweat gland that connects dermis cells to the epidermis. It is composed by two layers of cells and is between 10 and 20 microns in diameter. The gland does the actual secretion and it lies deep within the dermis. The cells that make up the gland are larger in size than the duct cells and its lumen is around 20 microns in diameter.[6]

text: Substances

text: Bile

text: After bile is produced in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder. It is then secreted within the small intestine where it helps to emulsify fats in the same manner as a soap. Bile also contains bilirubin, which is a waste product.

text: Bile salts can be considered waste that is useful for the body given that they have a role in fat absorption from the stomach. They are excreted from the liver and along with blood flow they help to form the shape of the liver where they are excreted. For instance, if biliary drainage is impaired than that part of the liver will end up wasting away.

text: Biliary obstruction is typically due to masses blocking the ducts of the system such as tumors. The consequences of this depend on the site of blockage and how long it goes on for. There is inflammation of the ducts due to the irritation from the bile acids and this can cause infections. If rupture of the duct takes place it is very traumatic and even fatal.[7]

text: Urine

text: Within the kidney, blood first passes through the afferent artery to the capillary formation called a glomerulus and is collected in the Bowman's capsule, which filters the blood from its contents—primarily food and wastes. After the filtration process, the blood then returns to collect the food nutrients it needs, while the wastes pass into the collecting duct, to the renal pelvis, and to the ureter, and are then secreted out of the body via the urinary bladder.

text: Faeces

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)

text: Sweat

text: Breath

text: Clinical signifiance

text: Kidney Stones

text: Scientifically, masses referred to as a renal calculus or nephrolith, or more commonly, “kidney stones,” are solid masses of crystals that may be a variety of shapes, sizes, and textures, that can reside within one or both of the kidneys.[8] Kidney stones form when the balance is off between the concentration of substances that pass through urine, and the substances that are supposed to dissolve them. When substances are not properly dissolved, they have the ability to build up, and form these kidney stones. These stones are most commonly made up of substances such as calcium, cystine, oxalate, and uric acid, as these are the substances that normally would dissolve within the urine. When they do not dissolve correctly and further build up, they will commonly lodge themselves in the urinary tract and in this case, are usually small enough to pass through urine. In extreme situations, however, these stones may lodge themselves within the tube that connects the kidney and the bladder, called the ureter. In this case, they become very large in size and will most likely cause great pain, bleeding, and possibly even block the flow of urine.[9] These can occur in both men and women, and studies show that around 12% of men, and 8% of women in America will develop kidney stones within their lifetime.[10]

text: Treatment

text: In those extreme situations, in which kidney stones are too large to pass on their own, patients may seek removal. Most of these treatments involving kidney stone removal are done by a urologist; a physician who specializes in the organs of the Urinary system.[11] A common way of removal is shock wave lithotripsy, in which the urologist will shock the kidney stone into smaller pieces via laser, allowing these pieces to further pass through the urine on their own, as a normal case of kidney stones. Larger, more serious cases may demand Cystoscopy, Ureteroscopy, or Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, in which the doctor will use a viewing tool or camera to locate the stone, and based on the size or situation, may either chose to continue with surgical removal, or use the shock wave lithotripsy treatment. Once the kidney stone(s) are successfully eliminated, the urologist will commonly suggest medication to prevent future recurrences.[8]

text: Pyelonephritis

text: Pyelonephritis is a type of urinary tract infection that occurs when bacteria enters the body through the urinary tract. It causes an inflammation of the renal parenchyma, calyces, and pelvis.[12] There are three main classifications of pyelonephritis: acute, chronic and xanthogranulomatous.

text: Acute Pyelonephritis

text: In acute pyelonephritis, the patient experiences high fever, abdominal pain and pain while passing urine. Treatment for acute pyelonephritis is provided via antibiotics and an extensive urological investigation is conducted to find any abnormalities and prevent recurrence.[13]

text: Chronic Pyelonephritis

text: In chronic pyelonephritis, patients experience persistent abdominal and flank pain, high fever, decreased appetite, weight loss, urinary tract symptoms and blood in the urine. Chronic pyelonephritis can also lead to scarring of the renal parenchyma caused by recurrent kidney infections.[14]

text: Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

text: Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is an unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis. It results in severe destruction of the kidney and causes granulomatous abscess formation. Patients infected with Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis experience recurrent fevers, anemia, kidney stones and loss of function in the affected kidney.[14]

text: Treatment

text: A urine culture and antibiotics sensitivity test is issued for patients who are believed to have pyelonephritis. Since most cases of pyelonephritis are caused from bacterial infections, antibiotics are a common treatment option. Depending on the species of the infecting organism and the antibiotics sensitivity profile of the organism, treatments may include fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, or trimethoprim individually or in combination.[15] For patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, treatment might include antibiotics as well as surgery. Nephrectomy is the most common surgical treatment for a majority of cases invloving xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.[16]

text: Epidemiology

text: In men, roughly 2-3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1 in 10,000 cases require admission to the hospital. In women, approximately 12-13 in 10,000 cases are treated as outpatients and 3-4 cases are admitted to a hospital.[17] The most common age group affected by Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is middle-aged women.[18] Infants and elderly are also at an increased risk because of hormonal and anatomical changes.[19]