document_title: History of Uttar Pradesh

question_text: what was the state of uttar pradesh known as before independence

text: History of Uttar Pradesh

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: Archeological finds have indicated the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Uttar Pradesh[1][2][3] between around[4] 85 and 73 thousand years old. Other pre-historical finds have included Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated to 21–31 thousand years old[5] and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC  beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period; extending into the Iron Age.[6][7][8]

text: The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.[12] According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala.[13] Krishna, another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu god Vishnu, is said to have been born in the city of Mathura, in Uttar Pradesh.[12] The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in North-west India, around 1000 BC.[12]

text: Most of the invaders of south India passed through the Gangetic plains of what is today Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Maurya (320–200 BC), Kushan (100–250 CE), Gupta (350–600 CE), and Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036 CE) empires.[14] Following the Huns invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.[15] During the reign of Harshavardhana (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.[15] It spanned from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south.[12] It included parts of central India, north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain.[16] Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.[17] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's Pala Empire for control of the region.[16] Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty from the 8th century to the 10th century.[18][19]

text: In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering India, along with modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh[20] The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). In the Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire.[17] Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Agra.[21][22] In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun.[23] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior.[24] After the death of Islam Shah Suri, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation in Purana Quila in Delhi. Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[25] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.[26] In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire, in the mid 18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohillkhand to the Maratha rulers Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir, the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia. In 1803, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War, when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.[27]

text: British rule[edit]

text: Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state's territories.[28] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.[29] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.[citation needed]

text: Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India; Bengal regiment's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely credited as its starting point.[30] It came to be known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857. After the revolt failed, the British attempted to divide the most rebellious regions by reorganising the administrative boundaries of the region, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the 'North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh', which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[31] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.[32][33]

text: In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.[34] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian independence movement. Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as the Benaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband. Nationally known figures such as Chandra Shekhar Azad were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant were important national leaders of the Indian National Congress. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[35] in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.[36] During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.[37]

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: After India's independence, the United Provinces were reorganised as Uttar Pradesh in 1957. The state has provided seven of India's prime ministers and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. Despite its political influence, its poor economic development and administrative record, organised crime and corruption kept it amongst India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste and communal violence.[38] In 1999, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand.[39]


document_title: Bank of England

question_text: who owns the gold in the bank of england

root

text: Bank of England

text: History[edit]

text: Founding[edit]

text: England's crushing defeat by France, the dominant naval power, in naval engagements culminating in the 1690 Battle of Beachy Head, became the catalyst for England's rebuilding itself as a global power. England had no choice but to build a powerful navy. No public funds were available, and the credit of William III's government was so low in London that it was impossible for it to borrow the £1,200,000 (at 8% p.a.) that the government wanted.

tag: p

text: To induce subscription to the loan, the subscribers were to be incorporated by the name of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The Bank was given exclusive possession of the government's balances, and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue bank notes.[14] The lenders would give the government cash (bullion) and issue notes against the government bonds, which can be lent again. The £1.2m was raised in 12 days; half of this was used to rebuild the navy.

text: As a side effect, the huge industrial effort needed, including establishing ironworks to make more nails and advances[clarification needed] in agriculture feeding the quadrupled strength of the navy, started to transform the economy. This helped the new Kingdom of Great Britain – England and Scotland were formally united in 1707 – to become powerful. The power of the navy made Britain the dominant world power in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[15]

text: The establishment of the bank was devised[clarification needed] by Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, in 1694. The plan of 1691, which had been proposed by William Paterson three years before, had not then been acted upon.[16] (It is worth noting though, that 58 years earlier, in 1636, Financier to the king Philip Burlamachi had proposed exactly the same idea in a letter addressed to Sir Francis Windebank.)[17] He proposed a loan of £1.2m to the government; in return the subscribers would be incorporated as The Governor and Company of the Bank of England with long-term banking privileges including the issue of notes. The royal charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694.[18] Public finances were in such dire condition at the time[19] that the terms of the loan were that it was to be serviced at a rate of 8% per annum, and there was also a service charge of £4,000 per annum for the management of the loan. The first governor was Sir John Houblon, who is depicted in the £50 note issued in 1994. The charter was renewed in 1742, 1764, and 1781.

text: 18th century[edit]

text: The Bank's original home was in Walbrook, a street in the City of London, where during reconstruction in 1954 archaeologists found the remains of a Roman temple of Mithras (Mithras is – rather fittingly – said to have been worshipped as, amongst other things, the God of Contracts);[20] the Mithraeum ruins are perhaps the most famous of all 20th-century Roman discoveries in the City of London and can be viewed by the public.

text: The Bank moved to its current location in Threadneedle Street in 1734,[21] and thereafter slowly acquired neighbouring land to create the edifice seen today. Sir Herbert Baker's rebuilding of the Bank, demolishing most of Sir John Soane's earlier building, was described by architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner as "the greatest architectural crime, in the City of London, of the twentieth century".

text: When the idea and reality of the National Debt came about during the 18th century, this was also managed by the Bank. During the American war of independence, business for the Bank was so good that George Washington remained a shareholder throughout the period.[22] By the charter renewal in 1781 it was also the bankers' bank – keeping enough gold to pay its notes on demand until 26 February 1797 when war had so diminished gold reserves that - following an invasion scare caused by the Battle of Fishguard days earlier - the government prohibited the Bank from paying out in gold by the passing of the Bank Restriction Act 1797. This prohibition lasted until 1821.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The 1844 Bank Charter Act tied the issue of notes to the gold reserves and gave the Bank sole rights with regard to the issue of banknotes. Private banks that had previously had that right retained it, provided that their headquarters were outside London and that they deposited security against the notes that they issued. A few English banks continued to issue their own notes until the last of them was taken over in the 1930s. Scottish and Northern Irish private banks still have that right.

text: The bank acted as lender of last resort for the first time in the panic of 1866.[23]

text: The last private bank in England to issue its own notes was Thomas Fox's Fox, Fowler and Company bank in Wellington, which rapidly expanded, until it merged with Lloyds Bank in 1927. They were legal tender until 1964. There are nine notes left in circulation; one is housed at Tone Dale House Wellington.

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Britain remained on the gold standard until 1931 when the gold and foreign exchange reserves were transferred to the Treasury, but they continued to be managed by the Bank.

text: During the governorship of Montagu Norman, from 1920–44, the Bank made deliberate efforts to move away from commercial banking and become a central bank. In 1946, shortly after the end of Norman's tenure, the bank was nationalised by the Labour government.

text: After 1945 the Bank pursued the multiple goals of Keynesian economics, especially "easy money" and low interest rates to support aggregate demand. It tried to keep a fixed exchange rate, and attempted to deal with inflation and sterling weakness by credit and exchange controls.[24]

text: In 1977, the Bank set up a wholly owned subsidiary called Bank of England Nominees Limited (BOEN), a private limited company, with two of its hundred £1 shares issued. According to its Memorandum & Articles of Association, its objectives are: "To act as Nominee or agent or attorney either solely or jointly with others, for any person or persons, partnership, company, corporation, government, state, organisation, sovereign, province, authority, or public body, or any group or association of them...." Bank of England Nominees Limited was granted an exemption by Edmund Dell, Secretary of State for Trade, from the disclosure requirements under Section 27(9) of the Companies Act 1976, because "it was considered undesirable that the disclosure requirements should apply to certain categories of shareholders." The Bank of England is also protected by its royal charter status, and the Official Secrets Act.[25] BOEN is a vehicle for governments and heads of state to invest in UK companies (subject to approval from the Secretary of State), providing they undertake "not to influence the affairs of the company".[26][27] BOEN is no longer exempt from company law disclosure requirements.[28] Although a dormant company,[29] dormancy does not preclude a company actively operating as a nominee shareholder.[30] BOEN has two shareholders: the Bank of England, and the Secretary of the Bank of England.[31].

text: In 1981 the reserve requirement for banks to hold a minimum fixed proportion of their deposits as reserves at the Bank of England was abolished: see reserve requirement for more details. The contemporary transition from Keynesian economics to Chicago economics was analysed by Kaldor in The Scourge of Monetarism[32]

text: On 6 May 1997, following the 1997 general election which brought a Labour government to power for the first time since 1979, it was announced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, that the Bank would be granted operational independence over monetary policy.[33] Under the terms of the Bank of England Act 1998 (which came into force on 1 June 1998), the Bank's Monetary Policy Committee was given sole responsibility for setting interest rates to meet the Government's Retail Prices Index (RPI) inflation target of 2.5%.[34] The target has changed to 2% since the Consumer Price Index (CPI) replaced the Retail Prices Index as the Treasury's inflation index.[35] If inflation overshoots or undershoots the target by more than 1%, the Governor has to write a letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer explaining why, and how he will remedy the situation.[36]

text: The success of inflation targeting in the United Kingdom has been attributed to the Bank's focus on transparency.[37] The Bank of England has been a leader in producing innovative ways of communicating information to the public, especially through its Inflation Report, which have been emulated by many other central banks.[38]

text: Independent central banks that adopt an inflation target are known as Friedmanite central banks. Inflation targets combined with central bank independence have been characterised as a "starve the beast" strategy creating a lack of money in the public sector. This change in Labour's politics was described by Skidelsky in The Return of the Master[39] as a mistake and as an adoption of the Rational Expectations Hypothesis as promulgated by Walters[40]

text: The handing over of monetary policy to the Bank had been a key plank of the Liberal Democrats' economic policy since the 1992 general election.[41] Conservative MP Nicholas Budgen had also proposed this as a private member's bill in 1996, but the bill failed as it had the support of neither the government nor the opposition.

text: 21st century[edit]

text: Mark Carney assumed the post of Governor of the Bank of England on 1 July 2013. He succeeded Mervyn King, who took over on 30 June 2003. Carney, a Canadian, will serve an initial five-year term rather than the typical eight, and will seek UK citizenship.[42] He is the first non-British citizen to hold the post. As of January 2014, the Bank also has four Deputy Governors.

text: BOEN was dissolved, following liquidation, in July 2017. [43]

text: Functions[edit]

text: There are two main areas which are tackled by the Bank to ensure it carries out these functions efficiently:[44]

text: Monetary stability[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Note: It is important to note that "monetary" and "financial" are synonyms.

text: Stable prices and confidence in the currency are the two main criteria for monetary stability. Stable prices are maintained by seeking to ensure that price increases meet the Government's inflation target. The Bank aims to meet this target by adjusting the base interest rate, which is decided by the Monetary Policy Committee, and through its communications strategy, such as publishing yield curves.[45]

text: The Bank works together with other institutions to secure both monetary and financial stability, including:

text:
HM Treasury, the Government department responsible for financial and economic policy; and
Other central banks and international organisations, with the aim of improving the international financial system.

tag: ul

text: The 1997 memorandum of understanding describes the terms under which the Bank, the Treasury and the FSA work toward the common aim of increased financial stability.[46] In 2010 the incoming Chancellor announced his intention to merge the FSA back into the Bank. As of 2012, the current director for financial stability is Andy Haldane.[47]

text: The Bank acts as the government's banker, and it maintains the government's Consolidated Fund account. It also manages the country's foreign exchange and gold reserves. The Bank also acts as the bankers' bank, especially in its capacity as a lender of last resort.

text: The Bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales. Scottish and Northern Irish banks retain the right to issue their own banknotes, but they must be backed one for one with deposits at the Bank, excepting a few million pounds representing the value of notes they had in circulation in 1845. The Bank decided to sell its banknote printing operations to De La Rue in December 2002, under the advice of Close Brothers Corporate Finance Ltd.[48]

text: Since 1998, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) has had the responsibility for setting the official interest rate. However, with the decision to grant the Bank operational independence, responsibility for government debt management was transferred in 1998 to the new Debt Management Office, which also took over government cash management in 2000. Computershare took over as the registrar for UK Government bonds (gilt-edged securities or gilts) from the Bank at the end of 2004.

text: The Bank used to be responsible for the regulation and supervision of the banking and insurance industries. This responsibility was transferred to the Financial Services Authority in June 1998, but after the financial crises in 2008 new banking legislation transferred the responsibility for regulation and supervision of the banking and insurance industries back to the Bank.

text: In 2011 the interim Financial Policy Committee (FPC) was created as a mirror committee to the MPC to spearhead the Bank's new mandate on financial stability. The FPC is responsible for macro prudential regulation of all UK banks and insurance companies.

text: To help maintain economic stability, the Bank attempts to broaden understanding of its role, both through regular speeches and publications by senior Bank figures, a semiannual Financial Stability Report,[49] and through a wider education strategy aimed at the general public. It maintains a free museum and runs the Target Two Point Zero competition for A-level students.[50]

text: Asset purchase facility [edit]

text: The Bank has operated, since January 2009, an Asset Purchase Facility (APF) to buy "high-quality assets financed by the issue of Treasury bills and the DMO's cash management operations" and thereby improve liquidity in the credit markets.[51] It has, since March 2009, also provided the mechanism by which the Bank's policy of quantitative easing (QE) is achieved, under the auspices of the MPC. Along with the managing the £200 billion of QE funds, the APF continues to operate its corporate facilities. Both are undertaken by a subsidiary company of the Bank of England, the Bank of England Asset Purchase Facility Fund Limited (BEAPFF).[51]

text: Banknote issues[edit]

text: The Bank has issued banknotes since 1694. Notes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855. Until 1928 all notes were "White Notes", printed in black and with a blank reverse. In the 18th and 19th centuries White Notes were issued in £1 and £2 denominations. During the 20th century White Notes were issued in denominations between £5 and £1000.

text: Until the mid-19th century, commercial banks were allowed to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.[52] The Bank Charter Act 1844 began the process of restricting note issue to the Bank; new banks were prohibited from issuing their own banknotes and existing note-issuing banks were not permitted to expand their issue. As provincial banking companies merged to form larger banks, they lost their right to issue notes, and the English private banknote eventually disappeared, leaving the Bank with a monopoly of note issue in England and Wales. The last private bank to issue its own banknotes in England and Wales was Fox, Fowler and Company in 1921.[53][54] However, the limitations of the 1844 Act only affected banks in England and Wales, and today three commercial banks in Scotland and four in Northern Ireland continue to issue their own banknotes, regulated by the Bank.[9]

text: At the start of the First World War, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed, which granted temporary powers to HM Treasury for issuing banknotes to the values of £1 and 10/- (ten shillings). Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible into gold through the Bank; they replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable raw material purchases for armament production. These notes featured an image of King George V (Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960). The wording on each note was:

text: UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND – Currency notes are Legal Tender for the payment of any amount – Issued by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury under the Authority of Act of Parliament (4 & 5 Geo. V c.14).

text: Treasury notes were issued until 1928, when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note-issuing powers to the banks.[55] The Bank of England issued notes for ten shillings and one pound for the first time on 22 November 1928.

text: During the Second World War the German Operation Bernhard attempted to counterfeit denominations between £5 and £50, producing 500,000 notes each month in 1943. The original plan was to parachute the money into the UK in an attempt to destabilise the British economy, but it was found more useful to use the notes to pay German agents operating throughout Europe. Although most fell into Allied hands at the end of the war, forgeries frequently appeared for years afterwards, which led banknote denominations above £5 to be removed from circulation.

text: In 2006, over £53 million in banknotes belonging to the Bank was stolen from a depot in Tonbridge, Kent.[56]

text: Modern banknotes are printed by contract with De La Rue Currency in Loughton, Essex.[57]

text: Gold vault[edit]

text: The Bank is custodian to the official gold reserves of the United Kingdom and around 30 other countries. The vault, beneath the City of London, covers a floor space greater than that of the third-tallest building in the City, Tower 42, and needs keys that are three feet (91 cm) long to open.[58] As of April 2016, the Bank held around 400,000 bars, which is equivalent to 5,134 tonnes of gold.[59] These gold deposits were estimated in July 2017 to have a current market value of £142,000,000,000.[60] These estimates suggest the vault could hold as much as 3% of the gold mined throughout human history.[61]

text: Governance of the Bank of England[edit]

text: Governors[edit]

text: Following is a list of the Governors of the Bank of England since the beginning of the 20th century:[62]

text:
Name
Period

Samuel Gladstone
1899–1901

Augustus Prevost
1901–03

Samuel Morley
1903–05

Alexander Wallace
1905–07

William Campbell
1907–09

Reginald Johnston
1909–11

Alfred Cole
1911–13

Walter Cunliffe
1913–18

Brien Cokayne
1918–20

Montagu Norman
1920–44

Thomas Catto
1944–49

Cameron Cobbold
1949–61

Rowland Baring (3rd Earl of Cromer)
1961–66

Leslie O'Brien
1966–73

Gordon Richardson
1973–83

Robert Leigh-Pemberton
1983–93

Edward George
1993–2003

Mervyn King
2003–13

Mark Carney
2013–

text: Court of Directors[edit]

text: The Court of Directors is a unitary board which is responsible for setting the organisation's strategy and budget and taking key decisions on resourcing and appointments. It consists of five executive members from the Bank plus up to 9 non-executive members, all of which are appointed by the Crown. One of the non-executive members is selected to act as Chairman by the Chancellor. It is required to meet at least 7 times a year. [63]

text: The Governor serves for a period of eight years, the Deputy Governors for five years, and the non-executive members for up to four years.

text:
Court of Directors (2015)[64]

Name
Function

Anthony Habgood
Chairman of Court. Chairman of RELX Group and Preqin

Mark Carney
Governor

Benjamin Broadbent
Deputy Governor, Monetary Policy

Sir Jon Cunliffe
Deputy Governor, Financial Stability

Sam Woods
Deputy Governor, Prudential Regulation & Chief Executive of the Prudential Regulation Authority

Sir David Ramsden
Deputy Governor, Markets and Banking

Bradley Fried
Managing Partner of Grovepoint Capital LLP

Tim Frost
Chairman, Cairn Capital Group Limited

Diana 'Dido' Harding
Member of the House of Lords

Dave Prentis
General Secretary of UNISON

Don Robert
Chairman, Experian plc

Dorothy Thompson
Chief Executive, Drax Group plc

text: Other staff[edit]

text: Since 2013, the Bank has had a chief operating officer (COO).[65] As of 2015[update], the Bank's COO has been Charlotte Hogg.[66]

text: As of 2014[update], the Bank's chief economist is Andrew Haldane.[67]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Bullionist Perspective[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Representing the Bullionist perspective, Economist David Ricardo argued that the Bank of England caused inflation and depreciation of the pound by over-issuing banknotes to purchase government securities because of the 1797 suspension of convertibility of pound into specie. The convertibility was suspended to prevent widespread conversion of banknotes into specie as the likelihood of war between England and France grew and fears of a French invasion increased. Before 1797, banknotes issued by the Bank of England were required to be convertible into specie. In the end, Ricardo won with his recommendation to return to convertibility to prevent further conflicts and to ensure price stability. The suspension remained in effect until 1821. After convertibility was reinstated in 1821, the discussion shifted to the Currency-Banking Controversy.

text: Brexit[edit]

text: Mark Carney and the Bank were criticised by Jacob Rees-Mogg in the run-up to and after the referendum, for their 'unreserved support' for remain during the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum [68]


document_title: List of NBA franchise post-season streaks

question_text: who has played in the most consecutive nba finals

text: Active streaks[edit]

text: NBA Playoffs appearance streaks[edit]

text: This is a list of teams that have active and current consecutive seasons with a playoff appearance.

text: List updated through 2018 Playoffs.[1]

text:
0^0
Longest streak in team history

0~0
Tied for longest streak in team history

text:
Streak
Team
NBA Playoffs
appearance streak
NBA championships won
during streak
Reference

21 seasons
San Antonio Spurs^
1998–2018
5 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014)
[2]

7000600000000000000♠6 seasons
Golden State Warriors~
2013–2018
2 (2015, 2017)
[3]

7000600000000000000♠6 seasons
Houston Rockets
2013–2018
0 !—
[4]

5 seasons
Portland Trail Blazers
2014–2018
0 !—
[5]

5 seasons
Toronto Raptors^
2014–2018
0 !—
[6]

4 seasons
Boston Celtics
2015–2018
0 !—
[7]

4 seasons
Cleveland Cavaliers
2015–2018
1 (2016)
[8]

3 seasons
Indiana Pacers
2016–2018
0 !—
[9]

3 seasons
Oklahoma City Thunder
2016–2018
0 !—
[10]

2 seasons
Milwaukee Bucks
2017–2018
0 !—
[11]

2 seasons
Utah Jazz
2017–2018
0 !—
[12]

2 seasons
Washington Wizards
2017–2018
0 !—
[13]

1 season
Miami Heat
2018
0 !—
[14]

1 season
Minnesota Timberwolves
2018
0 !—
[15]

1 season
New Orleans Pelicans
2018
0 !—
[16]

1 season
Philadelphia 76ers
2018
0 !—
[17]

text: NBA Playoffs series win streaks[edit]

text: This is a list of teams that have active and current consecutive seasons with a playoff series win.

text: List updated through the 2018 playoffs.[1]

text:
Consecutive seasons with a series win

Streak
Team
NBA Playoffs
series win streak
NBA championships won
during streak
Reference

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Golden State Warriors ^
2015–2018
(2015, 2017)
[3]

4 seasons
Cleveland Cavaliers
2015–2018
(2016)
[8]

3 seasons
Toronto Raptors ^
2016–2018
0 !—
[6]

2 seasons
Houston Rockets
2017–2018
0 !—
[4]

2 seasons
Utah Jazz
2017–2018
0 !—
[12]

2 seasons
Boston Celtics
2017–2018
0 !—

7000100000000000000♠1 season
New Orleans Pelicans ~
2018
0 !—
[16]

1 season
Philadelphia 76ers
2018
0 !—
[17]

text: All-time streaks[edit]

text: NBA Playoffs appearance streaks[edit]

text:
0^0
Denotes active streak

text:
Streak
Team
NBA Playoffs
appearance streak
NBA championships won
during streak
Reference

22 seasons
Philadelphia 76er !Syracuse Nationals
Philadelphia 76ers
1950–1963
1964–1971
2 (1955, 1967)
[17]

21 seasons
Portland Trail Blazers
1983–2003
0 !—
[18]

21 seasons
San Antonio Spurs^
1998–2018
5 (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014)
[19]

20 seasons
Utah Jazz
1984–2003
0 !—
[20]

19 seasons
Boston Celtics
1951–1969
9 !11 (1957, 1959–1966, 1968, 1969)
[21]

17 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1977–1993
5 (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988)
[22]

16 seasons
Los Angeles LakersMinneapolis Lakers
Los Angeles Lakers
1959–1960
1961–1974
1 (1972)
[22]

14 seasons
Detroit PistonsFort Wayne Pistons
Detroit Pistons
1950–1957
1958–1963
0 !—
[23]

14 seasons
Boston Celtics
1980–1993
3 (1981, 1984, 1986)
[7]

14 seasons
Chicago Bulls
1985–1998
6 (1991–1993, 1996–1998)
[24]

14 seasons
New York Knicks
1988–2001
0 !—
[25]

13 seasons
Phoenix Suns
1989–2001
0 !—
[26]

12 seasons
Washington WizardsBaltimore Bullets
Capitol Bullets
Washington Bullets
1969–1973
1974
1975–1980
1 (1978)
[27]

12 seasons
Philadelphia 76ers
1976–1987
1 (1983)
[17]

12 seasons
Milwaukee Bucks
1980–1991
0 !—
[28]

12 seasons
Dallas Mavericks
2001–2012
1 (2011)
[29]

11 seasons
Atlanta HawksSt. Louis Hawks
Atlanta Hawks
1963–1968
1969–1973
0 !—
[30]

10 seasons
Denver Nuggets
2004-2013
0 !—

10 seasons
Atlanta Hawks
2008–2017
0 !—

text: NBA Conference Finals appearance streaks[edit]

text:
0^0
Denotes active streak

text:
Streak
Team
NBA Conference Finals
appearance streak
Conference titles won
during streak
Reference

7001130000000000000♠13 seasons
Boston Celtics
1957–1969
12 (1957–1966, 1968–69)
[7]

7000800000000000000♠8 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1982–1989
7 (1982–85, 1987–89)
[22]

7000600000000000000♠6 seasons
St. Louis Hawks
1956–1961
4 (1957–58, 1960–61)
[30]

7000600000000000000♠6 seasons
Detroit Pistons
2003–2008
2 (2004–05)
[23]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
New York Knicks
1949–1953
3 (1951–53)
[25]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
Minneapolis Lakers
1951–1955
3 (1952–54)
[22]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
Minneapolis\Los Angeles Lakers
1959–1963
3 (1959, 1962–63)
[22]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1968–1973
4 (1968–70, 1972–73)
[22]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
New York Knicks
1969–1974
3 (1970, 1972–73)
[25]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
Boston Celtics
1984–1988
4 (1984–87)
[7]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
Detroit Pistons
1987–1991
3 (1988–90)
[23]

7000500000000000000♠5 seasons
Chicago Bulls
1989–1993
3 (1991–93)
[24]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Syracuse Nationals
1954–1957
2 (1956–57)
[17]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Philadelphia 76ers
1965–1968
1 (1967)
[17]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Philadelphia 76ers
1980–1984
2 (1982–83)
[17]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Miami Heat
2011–2014
4 (2011–14)
[14]

4 seasons
Golden State Warriors ^
2015–2018
3 (2015-17)
[3]

4 seasons
Cleveland Cavaliers ^
2015–2018
4 (2015-17)
[8]

text: NBA Finals appearance streaks[edit]

text:
0^0
Denotes active streak

text:
Streak
Team
NBA Finals
appearance streak
NBA championships won
during streak
Reference

7001100000000000000♠10 seasons
Boston Celtics
1957–1966
9 (1957, 1959–1966)
[7]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1982–1985
2 (1982, 1985)
[22]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Boston Celtics
1984–1987
2 (1984, 1986)
[7]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Miami Heat
2011–2014
2 (2012, 2013)
[14]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Cleveland Cavaliers
2015–2018
1 (2016)
[8]

7000400000000000000♠4 seasons
Golden State Warriors
2015–2018
2 (2015, 2017)
[3]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
New York Knicks
1951–1953
-2 !—
[25]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Los Angeles LakersMinneapolis Lakers
1952–1954
3 (1952–1954)
[22]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1968–1970
-1 !—
[22]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–1989
2 (1987, 1988)
[22]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Detroit Pistons
1988–1990
2 (1989, 1990)
[23]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Chicago Bulls
1991–1993
3 (1991–1993)
[24]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Chicago Bulls
1996–1998
3 (1996–1998)
[24]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
2000–2002
3 (2000–2002)
[22]

7000300000000000000♠3 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
2008–2010
2 (2009, 2010)
[22]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Philadelphia Warriors
1947–1948
1 (1947)
[3]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Los Angeles LakersMinneapolis Lakers
1949–1950
2 (1949, 1950)
[22]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Syracuse Nationals
1954–1955
1 (1955)
[17]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Fort Wayne Pistons
1955–1956
1 (1956)
[23]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
St. Louis Hawks
1957–1958
1 (1958)
[30]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
St. Louis Hawks
1960–1961
0 !—
[30]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1962–1963
0 !—
[22]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1965–1966
0 !—
[22]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Boston Celtics
1968–1969
2 (1968, 1969)
[7]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Los Angeles Lakers
1972–1973
1 (1972)
[22]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
New York Knicks
1972–1973
1 (1973)
[25]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Washington Bullets
1978–1979
1 (1978)
[13]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Seattle SuperSonics
1978–1979
1 (1979)
[10]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Philadelphia 76ers
1982–1983
1 (1983)
[17]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Houston Rockets
1994–1995
2 (1994, 1995)
[4]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Utah Jazz
1997–1998
0 !—
[12]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
New Jersey Nets
2002–2003
0 !—
[31]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
Detroit Pistons
2004–2005
1 (2004)
[23]

7000200000000000000♠2 seasons
San Antonio Spurs
2013–2014
1 (2014)
[2]

text: NBA championships win streaks[edit]

text:
Streak
Team
NBA championships
win streak
Reference

8 championships
Boston Celtics
1959–1966
[7]

3 championships
Los Angeles LakersMinneapolis Lakers
1952–1954
[22]

3 championships
Chicago Bulls
1991–1993
[24]

3 championships
Chicago Bulls
1996–1998
[24]

3 championships
Los Angeles Lakers
2000–2002
[22]

2 championships
Los Angeles LakersMinneapolis Lakers
1949–1950
[22]

2 championships
Boston Celtics
1968–1969
[7]

2 championships
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–1988
[22]

2 championships
Detroit Pistons
1989–1990
[23]

2 championships
Houston Rockets
1994–1995
[4]

2 championships
Los Angeles Lakers
2009–2010
[22]

2 championships
Miami Heat
2012–2013
[14]