document_title: Full House (season 2)

question_text: when season does aunt becky come on full house

text: Full House (season 2)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In season two, Danny is fired from his job as a sportscaster and instead is promoted to a higher position as the host of a morning talk show titled Wake Up San Francisco, earning him a co-host named Rebecca Donaldson (Lori Loughlin) and Jesse's potential love interest. Meanwhile, Jesse and Joey become best friends (much to Danny's jealousy) and start doing advertising jingles together.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

23
1
"Cutting It Close"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
October 14, 1988 (1988-10-14)

While Stephanie is playing a pretend game of "hairdresser" with Jesse, she unintentionally chops off a chunk of Jesse's hair, so Jesse has to go to Alejandro, his actual hairdresser, to repair the damage. On his way back home, Jesse fails to see a road sign that says "severe tire damage". As a result, Jesse accidentally wrecks the motorcycle, and is treated for two broken arms. Stephanie blames herself for this, and the way Jesse is acting in the wake of the accident only makes Stephanie feel worse.

24
2
"Tanner vs. Gibbler"
John Bowab
Lenny Ripps
October 21, 1988 (1988-10-21)

It is Kimmy's 12th birthday, and D.J. has planned a surprise birthday party for Kimmy. When Stephanie slips up and mentions the party to Kimmy, Kimmy decides to bring her new friends Nina and Melissa, two older girls, to the party with her. Upon arriving, all Nina and Melissa want to do is invite a bunch of friends over to trash the house, so when D.J. kicks Nina and Melissa out, Kimmy abandons the party and goes to the mall with Nina and Melissa, and this starts a feud between D.J. and Kimmy. With help from Jesse and Joey, D.J. and Kimmy end their feud, as Kimmy realizes that D.J. doesn't want her to forget who her real friends are. Meanwhile, Danny is removed from his job as a sportscaster at the TV station, because the station needs a new pair of co-hosts for their morning show Wake Up, San Francisco. Danny is named as one of the hosts while his co-host is Rebecca "Becky" Donaldson, who moved to San Francisco from her hometown of Valentine, Nebraska.

25
3
"It's Not My Job"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
October 28, 1988 (1988-10-28)

Jesse has made his first sale of an advertising jingle. As a result, Jesse tells his father, Nick Katsopolis, that he wants to leave the pest exterminator business that is run by Nick, and Nick is severely disappointed by this – so disappointed, that Nick loses his temper with Jesse and says that he is out of the family. Jesse and his mother Irene manage to talk some sense into Nick, who realizes that Jesse has a dream about making it in the music business, and Nick and Jesse work things out. Meanwhile, Stephanie is afraid to go to the dentist to get a tooth filled, and she is even more nervous when she is actually sitting in the examination chair. Joey helps her beat her fear.

26
4
"D.J.'s Very First Horse"
Lee Shalatt
Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
November 4, 1988 (1988-11-04)

As Danny and Becky shoot an episode of Wake Up, San Francisco at a local stable (complete with Danny milking an actual goat), D.J. bonds immediately with Rocket, a sweet and gentle horse who appears to be in need of a loving owner. Aware that her father would not accept this kind of family pet, D.J. joins forces with Kimmy to secretly earn the money and purchase Rocket. All is going well until Kimmy is unable to pay her share of the money at the last minute, and as D.J.'s buries herself deeper in the lies, she may soon be in a heap of trouble with her father.

27
5
"Jingle Hell"
Peter Baldwin
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 11, 1988 (1988-11-11)

When Jesse starts suffering from writer's block, Joey becomes an unlikely source for inspiration as Jesse prepares his latest commercial jingle. Upon realizing that he and Joey could work quite well together, Jesse convinces his buddy to become his partner in the advertising business, which works just fine until Joey alienates Jesse by making a foolish decision. Back at home, D.J. and Stephanie's sisterly squabbles create excess noise in the Tanner household, and Danny devotes his time to potty training Michelle.

28
6
"Beach Boy Bingo"
Steve Zuckerman
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 18, 1988 (1988-11-18)

Danny is elated when the Beach Boys are slated to appear on his talk show, and with a musical group as timeless as this one, it is not difficult for the entire Tanner household to get in the spirit. Everyone is disappointed to learn that the guys must cancel their guest visit, but when D.J. participates in a radio telephone contest, she is suddenly the lucky winner of a couple Beach Boys concert tickets. Unfortunately, with five eager family members and only one extra ticket, the stress of choosing someone may be too much for her to handle, so D.J. gives up her ticket and tells Jesse and Danny to go. Both won`t accept it, and neither will D.J.. So while they're arguing about who will go to the concert, Stephanie answers the phone and it turns out to be one of the Beach Boys, who invite the entire family to appear onstage with them, which they happily accept.

29
7
"Joey Gets Tough"
Jeff Franklin
Lenny Ripps
November 25, 1988 (1988-11-25)

While Danny and Jesse are out, Joey is left in charge of the girls. D.J. and Stephanie want to stay up late so they can watch a Tiffany concert on TV. When Danny comes home and sees that they are up late watching the concert, Danny tells Joey that whenever Joey is at home alone with the girls, he needs to make them follow the rules of the house, so on the next day, D.J. arrives home from karate class an hour late without telling Joey that she was with friends, practicing for an upcoming karate tournament, and Joey wrongfully grounds D.J. for the weekend when the tournament is scheduled to take place. D.J. becomes furious, angrily reminds Joey that he's not her father, and then storms off to the bedroom that she and Stephanie occupy. But the next day, she becomes even angrier when Danny and the rest of her family sides with Joey. Later, Joey explains that after her karate class during the hour when he didn't know where D.J. was, he was scared to death. D.J. agrees that she should have called and told Joey that she was going to arrive home later than usual, and Joey agrees to let D.J. compete in the karate tournament, but she is still grounded the next weekend. Meanwhile, Jesse and The Rippers are scheduled to appear on Wake Up, San Francisco, where their appearance is messed up by Danny's boss, Mr. Strowbridge, who wants Danny to sing instead of Jesse.

30
8
"Triple Date"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin
December 9, 1988 (1988-12-09)

Danny has a new girlfriend named Denise, and he invites Denise and her two friends Zoey and Cheryl for dinner so they both can get a nice meal. It turns out that Denise is a woman that Jesse once dated, that even named her dog after him, and this has Danny wondering if there could possibly be a woman in San Francisco that Jesse hasn't dated. Zoey doesn't like Joey's jokes, but Joey and Cheryl get along with each other just fine. Danny is depressed because Denise is still hung up on Jesse and she can't get her mind off of him because she thinks she and Jesse have an opportunity to get back together, until a talk with Jesse finally has Denise coming to her senses. Meanwhile, Stephanie causes D.J. to accidentally drop Danny's wedding ring down the drain in the sink. With a little work, Zoey and the guys help D.J. and Stephanie get the ring back, though their bathroom is flooded.

31
9
"Our Very First Christmas Show"
John Bowab
Kim Weiskopf
December 16, 1988 (1988-12-16)

The family is on a flight to Colorado to spend Christmas with some relatives, and this is a trip that Danny has spent months planning – but on the way to Colorado, a blizzard forces an emergency landing at an unfamiliar airport. The family is forced to spend Christmas in the baggage claim room, where everyone thinks Christmas is ruined this time around. Among the things that happen here are: Jesse's father Nick tries to get Jesse to kiss Becky under a mistletoe, D.J. is upset that the gifts that the family brought along on the flight with them are missing, and Michelle is afraid of Lionel (Sorrell Booke), a man who made her cry on the airplane because of his toupee. Jesse, becoming ever so frustrated by everyone's sour attitudes, speaks to the people in the baggage claim room about the real meaning of Christmas. Then Santa Claus shows up and shows the family where the missing gifts are, and it turns out that Lionel is Santa Claus.

32
10
"Middle Age Crazy"
Peter Baldwin
Lawrence E. Hartstein & Richard H. Rossner
January 6, 1989 (1989-01-06)

Stephanie knows it is not easy being the middle child. The way things are going, Stephanie thinks that D.J. and Michelle are getting all of the attention. Jesse and Joey are working on a jingle until they start helping D.J. with a science project, after they ignored Stephanie's request for them to watch her break a hula-hoop record. Danny is trying to videotape Michelle for Wake Up, San Francisco, ignoring Stephanie's request for him to watch her break the hula-hoop record that she wanted Jesse and Joey to watch her break. Stephanie has had enough, and she believes that the only way she'll get out of this situation is if she is not living at home anymore, so she decides that she wants to marry her friend Harry. Then the guys come to their senses and realize how bad they've made Stephanie feel.

33
11
"A Little Romance"
John Bowab
Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
January 13, 1989 (1989-01-13)

After working hard to organize a charity benefit, Becky has only one thing left to do-find a few eligible bachelors who will agree to be auctioned off as dates for the event. Luckily, there are three men right in the Tanner house who just might be persuaded to participate! The evening is a success and even manages to run relatively smoothly – that is, until Jesse's extreme popularity with the ladies prompts a surprising reaction from Becky. Meanwhile, for a 6th-grade girl, there is perhaps nothing more exciting than having a boyfriend for the first time, but when D.J. earns the affections of handsome classmate Michael Montfort, she may also be headed for the inevitable pain of heartbreak.
Guest Star: Jonathan Brandis as Michael Montfort

34
12
"Fogged In"
Joel Zwick
Kim Weiskopf
January 20, 1989 (1989-01-20)

Jesse and Joey have been up all night working on their latest jingle, which is for "Casa De Pancakes". When D.J. and Kimmy unknowingly erase the jingle from the tape it was recorded on by recording their version of "The Loco-Motion" on what they thought was a blank tape, Jesse loses his temper and yells at D.J. and Kimmy. Upon realizing his mistake, Jesse buys D.J. a drum set as an apology. Later, Jesse's father Nick shows up and tells Jesse that he and Jesse's mother Irene have been arguing, and Irene told Nick to go stay with Jesse for the time being, but the thick fog outside has forced Irene to stay at the Tanner house as well. The fog is also preventing a disappointed Joey and his girlfriend Cheryl from going on a skiing trip. Later, Jesse helps Nick and Irene patch things up, and this makes Jesse realize that he should have talked to D.J. about yelling at her and Kimmy for erasing the tape instead of trying to buy her forgiveness by buying the drum set for her. Danny allows D.J. to keep the drum set, but tells her "the sticks have got to go!".

35
13
"Working Mothers"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin
February 3, 1989 (1989-02-03)

It was obvious from the beginning that Jesse and Joey had a special knack as advertising partners, but they are forced to work extra hard when their boss demands a sharp, intelligent commercial idea that, if they are successful, could land them full-time jobs. Danny takes on more responsibility with the kids as Jesse and Joey devote increasing amounts of time to this important task, and when their boss approaches them once again with an exciting offer, there's more at stake than they originally anticipated.

36
14
"Little Shop of Sweaters"
Peter Baldwin
Lenny Ripps
February 10, 1989 (1989-02-10)

When the three Tanner girls receive Valentine's Day presents from the guys, nobody is more excited than D.J., who receives a beautiful new sweater. When a little mishap at school tears it to shreds, D.J. races to the mall with Stephanie and Kimmy for a quick replacement, only to discover that her savings do not quite match the item's expensive price. Desperate to help her sister, Stephanie takes the "Buy Now, Pay Later" concept a bit too literally and walks right out of the store with the unpaid sweater. Fearful about the prospect of going to jail, D.J. and Stephanie come out with the truth, while Jesse plans to get serious with Becky.

37
15
"Pal Joey"
John Bowab
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
February 17, 1989 (1989-02-17)

A little over a year and a half ago, when Jesse and Joey moved into the house, Jesse and Joey did not exactly get along with each other very well at the beginning, but since then, they have become good friends. However, it's making Danny feel left out because lately, Joey has been taking Danny for granted. When Danny confronts Joey, they remember the day they became friends back in the 5th grade on February 23, 1968, when they protected each other from a bully named Sheldon. When Danny and Joey head to the school where this happened 21 years ago, they unearth the pledge they signed, which was a pledge to always be friends. Joey apologizes for taking their friendship for granted, and then he and Danny call Jesse to the school so Jesse can add his name to the pledge. Meanwhile, Stephanie's friend Harry has a crush on D.J., leading Stephanie to accuse D.J. of stealing her friend.

38
16
"Baby Love"
Peter Baldwin
Jeff Franklin
February 24, 1989 (1989-02-24)

Rebecca's family is visiting from Valentine, Nebraska. Michelle falls for Howie, her nephew, but she is heartbroken and refuses to sleep when it is time for Howie to go home. Jesse helps to cheer her up. Meanwhile, Stephanie has a hard night after watching The Wolf Man with D.J. and Kimmy.

39
17
"El Problema Grande de D.J."
Bill Foster
Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
March 10, 1989 (1989-03-10)

D.J.'s report card is filled with A's, but a shocking D in Spanish is enough to send Danny to her foreign language instructor for a little conference. Pressed on by D.J. to get the grade changed, Danny finds himself in a difficult situation when Senorita Mosley apparently has the hots for him. Then when they are at D.J.'s house tutoring D.J., they start kissing the exact time D.J.'s whole class come in through the kitchen door. An embarrassed D.J. storms up to her room in anger and frustration. Meanwhile, when Jesse and Joey's boss needs an adorable toddler to shoot a marshmallow commercial, they know the perfect kid to fit the bill: little sweet Michelle. Jesse and Joey are ecstatic when they hear that Michelle will be able to do the commercial. But when Jesse overfeeds her with marshmallows as practice, she no longer wants to eat marshmallows when it comes time for the commercial.

40
18
"Goodbye Mr. Bear"
Jack Shea
Kim Weiskopf and Jeff Franklin
March 24, 1989 (1989-03-24)

It is annual spring cleaning time, which has become one of Danny's favorite times of the year. During the course of things, Jesse learns what "little cause, big effect" means when he accidentally breaks a drawer handle in the kitchen, and ends up having to renovate the kitchen's entire network of cabinets and drawers because the broken handle's design has been discontinued. So he buys all new ones. But then the screws are too big and he has to drill bigger holes for them to fit. Unfortunately, it cracks the drawers and he gets a new design that doesn't go very well with the cabinet design that is in the kitchen, so Jesse buys cabinets that match. Meanwhile, Stephanie is frantic. It seems that Mr. Bear, the stuffed toy that the girls' mother, Pam Tanner, gave Stephanie on the day Pam brought newborn Michelle home from the hospital, is missing. Subconsciously, Stephanie does not want to lose Mr. Bear because it was a gift from Pam, and it reminds Stephanie of her. The family helps Stephanie look for Mr. Bear, but to no avail. Stephanie then suspects that Joey may have unintentionally given Mr. Bear away, but it turns out that Michelle has known where Mr. Bear is all along, because Michelle had hidden Mr. Bear. As the family is remembering Pam by watching home movies of Pam arriving home from the hospital with baby Michelle two years ago.

41
19
"Blast from the Past"
Tom Rickard
Lenny Ripps
April 7, 1989 (1989-04-07)

In college, Joey had a girlfriend named Patty Fogerty, who ended up leaving him for a guy named Michael Winchester. This left Joey devastated, because he wanted to marry Patty and spend the rest of his life with her. Now, years later, Patty tracks down Joey's bedroom phone number and calls him. Joey invites Patty over to the house, and Danny does not like this one bit, because he does not want to see Joey once again get hurt by Patty, who explains that she left Joey for Michael Winchester because she wanted more romance in her life and while she thought Joey was funny, she did not think Joey was serious about settling down and having a real relationship. Realizing things have changed, Joey and Patty decide to start their relationship over completely clean. Meanwhile, Kimmy uses Stephanie and D.J. as guinea pigs for a magic trick involving a pair of magician's handcuffs that belong to Kimmy's brother Garth, who is in Las Vegas. Kimmy does the trick and D.J. and Stephanie are now cuffed to each other, and Kimmy realizes she does not know how to do the trick that is needed to remove them. An even bigger problem is that Garth has the key that unlocks the cuffs. But in the end, it turns out that Jesse knows how to unlock the cuffs because he had some when he was a kid.

42
20
"I'm There for You, Babe"
Jack Shea
Kim Weiskopf
April 14, 1989 (1989-04-14)

It is Jesse's 26th birthday, and it seems that everyone is trying to pull him in every direction at the same time. He is scheduled to coach D.J. and Kimmy's soccer team in a game at 3:30pm, he and Joey are doing a jingle for a credit dentist commercial, Danny schedules Jesse to perform at the Smash Club in front of music critic Sam Battersby, Stephanie needs Jesse to bake 100 of his special cookies for a school bake sale, and Michelle needs Jesse to fix her jack-in-the-box toy. Jesse coaches the soccer team to a win, then Rebecca shows up at the house and asks Jesse to go with her to the wedding of her aunt's former son-in-law tomorrow, then Danny asks Jesse to fix his car. Jesse thinks he can handle it all, until he and the family go to the Smash Club and Jesse discovers that the Rippers are at another club because they ended up booked for two gigs on the same night. So Jesse is forced to use the family as his makeshift band mates because he has always wanted to perform in front of Sam Battersby. Jesse realizes that all of the things he has obligated himself to on this day are too much, and the family agrees, deciding to give Jesse a much needed break from it all.

43
21
"Luck Be a Lady" (Part 1)
Bill Foster
Story by: Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
Teleplay by: Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
April 28, 1989 (1989-04-28)

The family goes to Lake Tahoe, where Danny and Becky will be doing a special episode of Wake Up, San Francisco. Joey gets lucky on a slot machine winning $100,000, but does not get the money because a videotape shows D.J. pulling the machine's lever then ducking back to the other side of a red velvet rope dividing the slot machine's from the table where Stephanie and D.J. were while an unsuspecting Joey's back is turned. Joey did not know it was D.J. or Stephanie who pulled the lever, so of course he is surprised. Jesse is jealous because Becky can't get her mind off of movie star Todd Masters (Steve Bond), who is scheduled to be a guest on the special episode of Wake Up, San Francisco. Jesse makes it his mission to make Becky just as jealous so that Becky will know how she is making Jesse feel, and then they have an argument in their hotel room. When they calm down, Jesse asks Becky to marry him, and Becky accepts the proposal.

44
22
"Luck Be a Lady" (Part 2)
Bill Foster
Story by: Bob Fraser & Rob Dames
Teleplay by: Lawrence E. Hartstein & Richard H. Rossner
May 5, 1989 (1989-05-05)

Jesse and Becky want to get married as soon as possible – in one hour, without telling anyone until the wedding is over, but what they do not know is that D.J. and Stephanie have decided to play detective and investigate Jesse and Rebecca. With a little work, D.J. and Stephanie discover Becky and Jesse's plans to get married, and they tell Danny and Joey about it. Danny and Joey try to talk Jesse out of going through with the wedding so suddenly, but Jesse won't listen. During the ceremony, before they can be pronounced husband and wife, Becky gets cold feet and leaves Jesse at the altar, devastating Jesse. Later, after Jesse tells Becky how much she hurt him by leaving him at the altar, Becky apologizes and explains that there are a lot of things to think about and talk about before they can plan a wedding.

text: DVD Release[edit]

text: The Four Disc DVD was released December 6, 2005.


document_title: MasterChef (U.S. season 9)

question_text: who was sent home last week on masterchef

root

text: MasterChef (U.S. season 9)

text: Top 24[edit]

text: Except where noted, source for all names, hometowns, and occupations:[2] All ages and nicknames as given on air.

tag: p

text:
Contestant

Age

Hometown

Occupation

Mentor

Status

Winnings

Ashley Mincey

28

Opa-Locka, Florida

Professional Grocery Shopper

Gordon

Top 8

4

Bowen Li

24

Tianjin, China

Pilot

Gordon

4

Cesar Cano

33

Houston, Texas

High School Teacher

Aarón

6

Farhan Momin

25

Chicago, Illinois

Dental Student

Aarón

3

Gerron Hurt

25

Louisville, Kentucky

English Teacher

Joe

5

Julia Danno

43

Chicago, Illinois

Sales Manager

Aarón

6

Samantha Daily

20

West Des Moines, Iowa

College Student

Gordon

4

Shanika Patterson

34

Miami, Florida

Event Promoter

Joe

2

Taylor Waltmon

30

Houston, Texas

Sales Training Director

Gordon

Eliminated August 22

2

Emily Hallock

28

Neenah, Wisconsin

Food Research Analyst

Joe

3

Chelsea Sargent

28

Houston, Texas

Sales Specialist

Aarón

Eliminated August 15

3

Seung Joo "SJ" Yun[3][4]

21

Los Angeles, California

College Student

Gordon

3

Ralph Xavier Degala

29

Houston, Texas

Senior Accountant

Joe

Eliminated August 8

3

Mark Ingraham

19

Rockport, Maine

Dishwasher

Joe

Eliminated August 1

4

Ryan Cortez

33

Houston, Texas

Drummer

Aarón

Eliminated July 25

3

Lindsay Haigh

41

Orange, Massachusetts

Trial Attorney

Aarón

Eliminated July 18

0

Matthew "Matt" Houck[5]

28

Iowa City, Iowa

Optometrist

Joe

2

Juni Cuevas

28

Raleigh, North Carolina

Disability Analyst

Aarón

Eliminated July 11

0

Alecia Winters

30

Grand Rapids, Michigan

Daycare Owner

Aarón

Eliminated June 27

0

Darrick Kraus

34

Peoria, Arizona

Engineer

Gordon

Eliminated June 20

0

Olusola Ogbomo

29

Columbia, South Carolina

Bus Driver

Joe

Eliminated June 13

0

Stephanie Willis

32

Cherry Hill, New Jersey

Bartender

Gordon

0

Sal Maida

31

Los Angeles, California

Architect

Joe

Eliminated June 6

0

Sid Hoeltzell

63

Miami, Florida

Food Photographer

Gordon

0

tag: table

text: Elimination table[edit]

text:
Place

Contestant

Episode

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Ashley

WIN

IMM

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

IN

LOW

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

IN

IN

NPT

HIGH

IN

Bowen

IN

IMM

HIGH

IMM

WIN

HIGH

LOW

NPT

WIN

IMM

IN

IMM

PT

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

Cesar

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

NPT

WIN

IMM

WIN

WIN

IMM

LOW

LOW

PT

IN

LOW

WIN

IMM

WIN

IN

WIN

Farhan

HIGH

IMM

LOW

IN

LOW

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

IN

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

NPT

HIGH

IN

Gerron

IN

IMM

LOW

LOW

WIN

IN

IMM

WIN

LOW

WIN

LOW

IN

LOW

IN

WIN

IN

IN

NPT

WIN

IMM

Julia

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

WIN

IMM

WIN

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

LOW

Samantha

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

WIN

HIGH

LOW

WIN

WIN

IMM

IN

IMM

PT

IN

IN

IN

LOW

WIN

IN

IN

Shanika

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

LOW

NPT

IN

LOW

IN

IMM

WIN

WIN

IMM

IN

IN

PT

IN

IN

9

Taylor

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

PT

IN

IN

NPT

LOW

IN

LOW

IN

WIN

IN

IN

IN

IN

WIN

IN

ELIM

10

Emily

HIGH

IMM

IN

IMM

PT

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

WIN

IN

IMM

PT

IN

IN

WIN

IMM

ELIM

11

Chelsea

IN

IMM

WIN

IMM

PT

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

LOW

IN

IMM

WIN

HIGH

IN

IN

ELIM

SJ

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

IMM

NPT

IN

WIN

WIN

IMM

PT

IN

LOW

IN

ELIM

13

Ralph

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

WIN

IN

IMM

NPT

WIN

IMM

IMM

IMM

WIN

HIGH

ELIM

14

Mark

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

WIN

IN

IMM

WIN

WIN

IMM

LOW

WIN

ELIM

15

Ryan

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

WIN

IN

IMM

WIN

WIN

IMM

LOW

ELIM

16

Lindsay

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

PT

IN

IMM

NPT

IN

ELIM

17

Matt

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

WIN

IN

WIN

NPT

ELIM

18

Juni

IN

IMM

IN

IMM

NPT

IN

IN

ELIM

19

Alecia

LOW

IN

IN

IMM

NPT

IN

ELIM

20

Darrick

IN

IMM

LOW

IN

ELIM

21

Olusola

IN

IMM

LOW

ELIM

Stephanie

IN

IMM

LOW

ELIM

23

Sal

LOW

ELIM

Sid

LOW

ELIM

text: Main guest appearances[edit]

text:
Alexi Lalas — Episode 7
Shaun O'Neale — Episode 8
Christina Tosi — Episode 11

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inseason

Title[6]

Original air date

U.S. viewers(millions)

1"The Judges Do Battle, Part 1"May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)3.68[7]

Auditions Round 1: The judges open the series by explaining the new format. Each judge will award eight aprons to contestants and then they will mentor their respective contestants throughout the competition. If more than one judge wishes to award an apron to a contestant, the contestant is allowed to decide which judge will be their mentor. Jannie, Emily and Bowen are up first and must make a beef dish. Joe awarded aprons to Emily and Bowen, and Gordon awarded one to Bowen also. Bowen chose Gordon while Jannie fails to advance. Cynthia and Shanika next make desserts. Cynthia is not offered an apron while both Aarón and Joe offer aprons to Shanika; she chooses Joe. In a montage of contestants, Gordon awards an apron to Sid and Aarón awards an apron to Julia. Samantha and Mark are next and can make any signature dish; Gordon awards an apron to Samantha and Joe awards an apron to Mark.

2"The Judges Do Battle, Part 2"May 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)3.68[7]

Auditions Round 2: Taylor, Ralph and Chelsea, who are all from Houston, next make their signature dishes; Gordon gives an apron to Taylor, Joe gives an apron to Ralph, and Aarón gives an apron to Chelsea. Olusola and Mark next make their signature dishes; all three judges award an apron to Olusola and she chooses Joe while Mark fails to advance. After another montage of failed contestants, Cesar, Matt, Ryan and SJ all make fish dishes. Aarón awarded aprons to Cesar, SJ and Ryan, Joe awarded one to Matt, while Gordon awarded aprons to SJ and Cesar. SJ chose Gordon and Cesar chose Aarón.

3"The Judges Do Battle, Part 3"June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)3.26[8]

Auditions Round 3: Farhan and Gerron cook their signature dishes with chicken. Joe gave an apron to Gerron while Aarón and Gordon gave aprons to Farhan who chose Aarón's. Alecia, Darrick and Tye were given 45 minutes to cook their variation of one of Gordon's signature dishes. Darrick won an apron from Gordon while Alecia received an apron from Aarón and Tye was eliminated. A montage shows Aarón reward an apron to Lindsay, Gordon offer an apron to Stephanie and Joe gave his last apron to Sal. Ashley, Chera, Juni and Nick are next to compete for the last two places in the Top 24. Gordon gave his last apron to Ashley and Aarón gave his to Juni.

4"Home State Heroes"June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)3.26[8]

Mystery Box Challenge: The Top 24 contestants each receive an ingredient that is native to their home state to cook their dishes in one hour. The judges each pick their respective contestant to name the top three dishes. Ashley, Emily and Farhan have the top three dishes and Ashley wins. Alecia, Sal and Sid are chosen as the bottom three by their mentors.
Challenge Winner/Immune: Ashley Mincey
Bottom three: Alecia Winters, Sal Maida and Sid Hoeltzell
Elimination Challenge: The bottom three must cook their version of steak and potatoes.
Alecia is declared safe, both Sid and Sal are sent home.
Eliminated: Sal Maida and Sid Hoeltzell

5"Gordon Ramsay Masterclass"June 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)3.92[9]

Skill Test: The Top 22 were given a demonstration on how to properly prepare a dungeness crab in 30 minutes. Chelsea was the winner of the challenge and pronounced safe, while Darrick, Farhan, Gerron, Matt, Ralph, Olusola, Ryan, Samantha and Stephanie all failed to impress the judges. The remaining chefs were declared safe and immune for the next challenge.
Challenge Winner/Immune: Chelsea Sargent
Immune: Alecia Winters, Ashley Mincey, Bowen Li, Cesar Cano, Emily Hallock, Julia Danno, Juni Cuevas, Lindsay Haigh, Mark Ingraham, Shanika Patterson, SJ Yun and Taylor Waltmon
Elimination Challenge: The remaining chefs were tasked to recreate Ramsay's crab eggs Benedict dish, with a warning that two chefs would be eliminated. Gerron, Olusola and Stephanie were in the bottom three.
Bottom three: Gerron Hurt, Olusola Ogbomo and Stephanie Willis
Gerron is declared safe, both Olusola and Stephanie are sent home.
Eliminated: Olusola Ogbomo and Stephanie Willis

6"Trouble Brewing"June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)3.65[10]

Team Challenge: The Top 20 contestants were taken to the Anheuser-Busch brewery in Van Nuys, California where they are split into teams. Chelsea captains the Blue Team while Bowen captains the Red Team. Chelsea elects to choose her Blue Team members which are Alecia, Lindsay, Taylor, Juni, Darrick, Farhan, Cesar, Shanika and Emily; all other contestants are assigned to the Red Team. Both teams must cook dishes for 101 employees that have beer as an ingredient and the employees will choose the winning team. The Red Team wins the challenge.
Challenge Winners/Immune: Ashley Mincey, Bowen Li, Gerron Hurt, Julia Danno, Mark Ingraham, Matt Houck, Ralph Degala, Ryan Cortez, Samantha Daily and SJ Yun.
Pressure Test: Chelsea is allowed to exempt three members of her team and she chooses Cesar, Alecia and Juni. The remaining chefs must make a banana cream pie in 60 minutes. Farhan, Shanika and Darrick have the bottom three dishes.
Immune: Alecia Winters, Cesar Cano and Juni Cuevas
Bottom three: Darrick Krause, Farhan Momin and Shanika Patterson
Darrick is eliminated.
Eliminated: Darrick Krause

7"World Cup Dishes"June 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)3.81[11]

Mystery Box Challenge: The Top 19 contestants are given one hour to cook a dish with walnuts. Bowen, Samantha and Cesar's dishes were in the top three. Cesar was the winner of the challenge.
Challenge Winner/Immune: Cesar Cano
Elimination Challenge: Alexi Lalas joins the show to introduce this challenge. Cesar gets to choose one of three dishes inspired by the judges' favorite soccer snacks and he chooses Aarón's churros with chocolate sauce. Cesar also gets to pick ten other contestants to make immune; he chooses Chelsea, Ashley, Emily, SJ, Ralph, Farhan, Gerron, Ryan, Lindsay and Mark. The remaining eight contestants have 30 minutes to cook. The best dish belongs to Matt, the bottom four dishes are Shanika, Bowen, Alecia and Samantha.
Immune: Ashley Mincey, Chelsea Sargent, Emily Hallock, Farhan Momin, Gerron Hurt, Lindsay Haigh, Mark Ingraham, Ralph Degala, Ryan Cortez and SJ Yun.
Challenge Winner: Matt Houck.
Bottom four: Alecia Winters, Bowen Li, Samantha Daily and Shanika Patterson.
Shanika and Samantha are saved first, and then Alecia is eliminated.
Eliminated: Alecia Winters

8"A Gordon Ramsay Wedding"July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)3.31[12]

Team Challenge: The contestants cater for the wedding reception of season seven winner Shaun O'Neale. They are required to prepare a scallop appetizer and a duck entrée. Juni is chosen as the Red Team captain, and Julia the Blue Team captain. Julia chooses Lindsay, SJ, Taylor, Ashley, Ralph, Bowen, Matt and Shanika; while Juni chooses Cesar, Mark, Farhan, Gerron, Samantha, Chelsea and Ryan. After the teams are picked, the judges force the captains to switch teams, making Julia now the Red Team captain and Juni the Blue Team captain. The Red Team wins the challenge. Afterwards, the judges save Shanika and Taylor. Back in the MasterChef kitchen, the judges announce there will be no pressure test and the contestants would be judged on their performance. Ashley and Juni are announced as the bottom two.
Challenge Winners/Immune: Cesar Cano, Chelsea Sargent, Emily Hallock, Farhan Momin, Gerron Hurt, Julia Danno, Mark Ingraham, Ryan Cortez and Samantha Daily.
Immune: Shanika Patterson and Taylor Waltmon
Bottom two: Ashley Mincey and Juni Cuevas
The judges save Ashley thus eliminating Juni.
Eliminated: Juni Cuevas

9"The Big Not Easy"July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)3.60[13]

Mystery Box Challenge: The Top 17 contestants are given one hour to cook a dish with Cajun seafood, with Aarón cooking next to them. At the end of the hour, Joe announced that the chef with the worst dish would be eliminated. Taylor, Gerron, and Matt were in the bottom three.
Bottom three: Gerron Hurt, Matt Houck, and Taylor Waltmon
Taylor and Gerron are spared, and Matt is eliminated. After Matt left, the judges name Bowen, Samantha, Ralph, Mark, Cesar, and Ryan as the top six of the Mystery Box Challenge.
Eliminated: Matt Houck
Challenge Winners/Immune: Bowen Li, Cesar Cano, Mark Ingraham, Ralph Degala, Ryan Cortez, and Samantha Daily
Elimination Challenge: The remaining chefs were tasked in making a fresh version of a Salisbury steak dish, while the six immune chefs had three minutes to decide how much cooking time each person had. Shanika received 40 minutes, Emily received 35 minutes, and Julia received 30 minutes while the remaining chefs had 45 minutes. The best dishes belonged to Emily, Julia, SJ, and Gerron. The bottom three were Shanika, Lindsay, and Chelsea.
Challenge Winners: Emily Hallock, Gerron Hurt, Julia Danno, and SJ Yun
Bottom three: Chelsea Sargent, Lindsay Haigh, and Shanika Patterson
Lindsay was eliminated.
Eliminated: Lindsay Haigh

10"Rise or Fall"July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)3.71[14]

Team Challenge: The Top 15 contestants pair up on their own to create a dish featuring five ingredients. The teams are Cesar and Mark, Julia and SJ, Farhan and Emily, Bowen and Shanika, Samantha and Chelsea, Ryan and Gerron, and Ashley and Taylor. Ralph is left out of the pairs, so instead he gets to pair with his mentor, Joe, and he is also safe from elimination. The winning team is Julia and SJ, while the teams of Ryan and Gerron, Ashley and Taylor, and Cesar and Mark must face the elimination challenge. The remaining teams are safe.
Immune: Ralph Degala
Challenge Winners/Immune: Julia Danno and SJ Yun
Elimination Challenge: The remaining six chefs must create a cheese soufflé in 40 minutes. The best dish belonged to Mark. Cesar and Ryan are called as the bottom two.
Challenge Winner: Mark Ingraham
Bottom two: Cesar Cano and Ryan Cortez
Ryan was eliminated.
Eliminated: Ryan Cortez

11"The Kids are Alright"August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)3.54[15]

Team Challenge: The Top 14 contestants are split into teams, with Julia and SJ the team captains for winning the last challenge. SJ captains the Blue Team and he selects Mark, Gerron, Cesar, Samantha, Emily and Bowen. Julia captains the Red Team and she selects Ralph, Farhan, Taylor, Chelsea, Ashley and Shanika. The teams are assigned crates of ingredients to choose from, and will have 90 minutes to cook a meal for special guests in the MasterChef restaurant. The winning recipe will also be featured in Family Circle magazine. The winning team will be chosen by the restaurant diners. During the cooking process, it is revealed that the restaurant diners are children. The Red Team wins with 66% of the vote.
Challenge Winners/Immune: Ashley Mincey, Chelsea Sargent, Farhan Momin, Julia Danno, Ralph Degala, Shanika Patterson and Taylor Waltmon
Pressure Test: Former judge Christina Tosi returns to judge this challenge, and she will be the only person judging it. The Blue Team members must make a box of 12 cupcakes in 75 minutes. Mark and Gerron are the bottom two contestants.
Bottom two: Gerron Hurt and Mark Ingraham
Mark is eliminated.
Eliminated: Mark Ingraham

12"Frying Tonight"August 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)3.70[16]

Mystery Box Challenge: The Top 13 contestants have 45 minutes to make a dish featuring something that is deep fried, and all three judges cook alongside them. The top three dishes belong to Shanika, Ralph and Chelsea, and Shanika wins the challenge.
Challenge Winner/Immune: Shanika Patterson
Elimination Challenge: The remaining contestants must cook a dish featuring citrus fruit, and Shanika gets to decide who must make a savory dish and who must make a sweet dish. Shanika assigns savory dishes to Gerron, Taylor, Emily, Chelsea, Bowen and Samantha, and sweet dishes to Cesar, SJ, Ralph, Farhan, Ashley and Julia. The two best dishes belong to Gerron and Ashley, while SJ, Cesar and Ralph are in the bottom.
Challenge Winners: Ashley Mincey and Gerron Hurt
Bottom three: Cesar Cano, Ralph Degala and SJ Yun
Cesar is saved then Ralph is eliminated.
Eliminated: Ralph Degala

13"Just for the Halibut"August 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)3.42[17]

Skills Test: The Top 12 contestants are shown how to properly filet a halibut by Gordon and then have just 20 minutes to do the same.  Cesar and Emily are deemed the only contestants to have met Gordon's level.
Challenge Winners/Immune: Cesar Cano and Emily Hallock
Elimination Challenge: The other 10 contestants are given 45 minutes to make a dish of their choosing using the halibut they had fileted.  Farhan has the best dish of the night, while Chelsea, Samantha and SJ are in the bottom.
Challege Winner: Farhan Momin
Bottom three: Chelsea Sargent, Samantha Daily and SJ Yun
Chelsea is sent home first and then the judges also eliminate SJ.
Eliminated: Chelsea Sargent and SJ Yun

14"Sky's the Limit"August 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)3.25[18]

Team Challenge: The top ten contestants are split into teams, with Emily and Cesar the team captains for winning the last challenge. Each contestant chooses what team they want to be in. Shanika, Gerron, Ashley and Farhan join Emily's Blue Team and Julia, Taylor, Bowen and Samantha join Cesar's Red Team. The teams are assigned crates of ingredients to choose from, and will have to serve 100 Air Force members a dish. The winning team will be chosen by the restaurant diners. The votes tie, however the judges pick the Red Team to win because the feedback was better.
Challenge Winners/Immune: Bowen Li, Cesar Cano, Julia Danno, Samantha Daily and Taylor Waltmon
Pressure Test: The Blue Team must make a four layer Black Forest cake in 75 minutes. Emily is given the choice to save herself and let the other four team members compete against each other, or to compete one on one against another member of the team. Emily chooses to cook against Shanika.
Immune: Gerron Hurt, Ashley Mincey and Farhan Momin
Bottom two: Emily Hallock and Shanika Patterson
Emily is eliminated.
Eliminated: Emily Hallock

15"Tag Team"August 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)3.25[18]

Mystery Box Challenge: The top nine contestants first have one on one time with their mentors before cooking. They have 45 minutes to make a dish featuring a different classic American ingredient. The top three dishes belong to Ashley, Gerron and Farhan, and Gerron wins the challenge.
Challenge Winner/Immune: Gerron Hurt
Elimination Challenge: The remaining eight contestants have 60 minutes to make a Mediterranean platter in pairs with the teammates switching out every ten minutes in a tag team challenge. Gerron gets to decide the pairs. Cesar is paired with Bowen, Samantha with Shanika, Julia with Taylor and Ashley with Farhan. The winners of the challenge are Bowen and Cesar while the bottom pair is Julia and Taylor. The remaining pairs are safe.
Challenge Winners: Bowen Li and Cesar Cano
Bottom two: Julia Danno and Taylor Waltmon
Taylor is eliminated.
Eliminated: Taylor Waltmon

16"American Heroes"[6]August 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)TBD
17"Waste Not Want Not"[6]August 29, 2018 (2018-08-29)TBD
18"Restaurant Takeover"[6]September 5, 2018 (2018-09-05)TBD
19"Cooking with Heart"[6]September 5, 2018 (2018-09-05)TBD
20"Battle of the Beef"[6]September 12, 2018 (2018-09-12)TBD
21"The Semi Final"[6]September 12, 2018 (2018-09-12)TBD


document_title: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

question_text: who wrote maybe its time star is born

question_tokens: who wrote maybe its time star is born

text: A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)

text: Background and development[edit]

text: In March 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with A Star Is Born, the fourth remake of the 1937 film of the same name.[2] Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016, with the studio green-lighting the project to begin production in early 2017.[3] Cooper plays Jackson Maine, "a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer-songwriter named Ally, played by Gaga."[4] Gaga "helped inform Cooper's performance as a musician".[5]

text: Cooper spent two-and-a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be. He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love.[6] Cooper said, "by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation. If I had another year of prep, it would have been complete rock, but now it's some sort of hybrid."[6]

text: Writing and recording[edit]

text: Cooper described the soundtrack "an evolution, like the story."[7] Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming, leading to "so many different incarnations of each song."[7] Cooper added that "the music really became a character in the movie. There is no lyric that's ever in any point of the movie that doesn't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being. That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places."[7] Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper's character, which became "the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from [Cooper]". Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb, a Nashville-based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating.[8]

text: Cooper approached Lukas Nelson (son of country music singer Willie Nelson) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant.[9] Nelson said he began "writing songs for the movie, just for the heck of it, and sending them over to the producer, and they started liking them. Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked. We became good friends, and we started writing together."[10] Gaga, in turn, provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson's self-titled album released in 2017.[11] Nelson and his band, Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real, appear in the film as Cooper's backing band.[6]

text: Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey, who had both contributed to her previous studio album Joanne (2016).[6] She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack's more pop-oriented numbers performed by her character Ally. Much of the album was recorded live on set, at Gaga's insistence.[1][6]

text: Music and lyrics[edit]

text: Billboard described the soundtrack as "integral to the plotline", adding that "many of the lyrics are about wanting and longing for change, but noting the struggle. Some express the great love and beautiful bond the booze-addled rock star (Jackson Maine, played by Cooper) and neophyte singer-songwriter (Ally, played by Lady Gaga) have for each other", and concluding that "the music stands up, movie or no movie. They are timeless, emotional, gritty and earnest. They sound like songs written by artists who, quite frankly, are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener."[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: The soundtrack's track list and release date were announced on August 30, 2018.[4] Interscope Records tweeted that the album "features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film."[13] Its track "Shallow" was released on September 27 as the album's lead single.[14]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic78/100[15]Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[16]The Daily Telegraph[17]The Guardian[18]NME[19]Pitchfork7.4/10[20]Rolling Stone[21]Slant Magazine[22]

text: The soundtrack received positive response from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has an average score of 78, based on 8 reviews, indicating  "generally favorable reviews".[15] In a positive review, The Washington Post called the soundtrack a "five-star marvel" and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award.[23] Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian gave the album a positive review, acknowledging "Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct", but that "it is Lady Gaga’s pop prowess that lifts each track, be it spectacular piano ballads or heart-rending duets"[18]

text: In a positive review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for AllMusic, said "All the songs make sense narratively and on their own, so they hold together well and would amount to a first-rate soundtrack", but criticized the dialogue included in the album.[16] Rolling Stone's Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five, saying "The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally’s career...is gorgeous--romantic without being trite and powerful."[21] Nick Reilly of NME complimented the album's "emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance", adding that the album is "one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years."[19]

text: Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review, saying the soundtrack was enjoyable, but criticized the "slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop" and stated that "there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop".[17] Jeremy Winograd of Slant Magazine, in a mixed review, was critical of the album, saying "There’s undoubtedly a strong 10-song album lodged at the core of A Star Is Born, but unlike the film, wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances, there’s not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast."[22]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: A Star Is Born opened atop the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album-equivalent units, including 162,000 pure album sales. It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years, and is Gaga's fifth US number-one album as well as Cooper's first. Gaga extended her record as the female artist with the most chart-topping albums during the 2010s, breaking her tie with Taylor Swift. Beside its pure album sales, A Star Is Born earned 37,000 in stream-equivalent units and 32,000 from track-equivalent units.[24] The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album-equivalent units (86,000 being pure sales), and became Gaga's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after Born This Way (2011).[25] It then held the country's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units (61,000 pure sales), becoming the first soundtrack since High School Musical 2 in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks. Additionally it became Gaga's longest running chart-topping album in the country.[26]

text: A Star Is Born entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 18,000 equivalent units, earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on-demand streams for the week. The soundtrack was Gaga's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since Born This Way.[27] The soundtrack held the top position for the next week, with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top-selling album.[28] It had an 11% increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts, selling close to 14,000 equivalent units. Like in the United States, the soundtrack became Gaga's longest running chart-topping album in Canada for Gaga.[29]

text: In the United Kingdom, A Star Is Born faced competition from Twenty One Pilots' fifth studio album, Trench, with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album. A Star Is Born pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from Music Week, and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units (including 6,178 from stream-equivalent units). It became Gaga's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since Artpop (2013), as well as Cooper's first entry on the chart.[30][31] The soundtrack was then displaced by Jess Glynne's Always In Between the following week, and it fell to number two, selling 24,732 equivalent units.[32][33] For the week ending November 1, 2018, the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold (including 6,645 from sales-equivalent streams). "Shallow" also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week, making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double, this being Gaga's third time to do so.[34][35]

text: A Star Is Born opened at number one in Ireland and Scotland,[36][37] and was Gaga's third number one in the former.[38] During its third week atop the Irish chart, the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally.[39] In France, the soundtrack sold 8,700 units and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart, and held the same position the next week with another 8,000 units.[40][41] In Australia, A Star Is Born entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart, giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three.[42] Two weeks later, the soundtrack reached the top of the charts, becoming Gaga's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after The Fame Monster and Born This Way.[43] The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart, and after two weeks reached the top.[44]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Standard version[45]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Intro"  0:202."Black Eyes" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperLukas NelsonCooperNelsonLady Gaga[a][b]3:033."Somewhere Over the Rainbow" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga)Harold ArlenE.Y. HarburgClaire Louise Whittleston[46] 0:424."Fabulous French" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper, Lady Gaga, Anthony Ramos and D.J. "Shangela" Pierce)  0:195."La Vie en rose" (performed by Lady Gaga)LouiguyÉdith PiafGagaBrian Newman2:596."I'll Wait for You" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:197."Maybe It's Time" (performed by Bradley Cooper)Jason IsbellCooperBenjamin RiceGaga[a]2:398."Parking Lot" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:319."Out of Time" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperNelsonCooperNelson2:5210."Alibi" (performed by Bradley Cooper)GagaCooperNelsonGagaCooperNelson3:0311."Trust Me" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:32[e]12."Shallow" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaMark RonsonAnthony RossomandoAndrew WyattGagaRice3:3513."First Stop, Arizona" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:1014."Music to My Eyes" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaNelsonNelson3:1915."Diggin' My Grave" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)Paul KennerleyGagaNelson3:5716."I Love You" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:1917."Always Remember Us This Way" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNatalie HembyHillary LindseyLori McKennaDave CobbGaga3:3018."Unbelievable" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron)  0:2819."How Do You Hear It?" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:1420."Look What I Found" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaMark Nilan Jr.Nick MonsonPaul "DJWS" BlairNelsonAaron RaitiereGagaNilanMonsonBlair2:5521."Memphis" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:2422."Heal Me" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairJulia MichaelsJustin TranterGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:1623."I Don't Know What Love Is" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaNelsonGaga[c]NelsonNilan[b]Monson[b]2:5724."Vows" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga)  0:1725."Is That Alright?" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairRaitiereGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:1126."SNL" (dialogue; featuring Alec Baldwin, Donald King, Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano)  0:1327."Why Did You Do That?" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaDiane WarrenNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:0428."Hair Body Face" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlairRice[d]3:2229."Scene 98" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga)  0:35[f]30."Before I Cry" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlair4:1831."Too Far Gone" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperNelsonCooperNelson1:2632."Twelve Notes" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott)  1:0333."I'll Never Love Again" (film version) (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaHembyLindseyRaitiereGagaRice4:4134."I'll Never Love Again" (extended version) (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaHembyLindseyRaitiereGagaRice5:28Total length:70:01[g]

text: showVersion without dialogue[47]No.TitleLength1."Black Eyes"3:032."La Vie en rose"2:593."Maybe It's Time"2:394."Out of Time"2:525."Alibi"3:036."Shallow" (radio edit)3:377."Music to My Eyes"3:198."Diggin' My Grave"3:579."Always Remember Us This Way"3:3010."Look What I Found"2:5511."Heal Me"3:1612."I Don't Know What Love Is"2:5713."Is That Alright?"3:1114."Why Did You Do That?"3:0415."Hair Body Face"3:2216."Before I Cry"4:1817."Too Far Gone"1:2618."I'll Never Love Again" (film version) (radio edit)4:4119."I'll Never Love Again" (extended version) (radio edit)5:28Total length:63:37

text: Notes

text:
^[a]  – additional vocal production
^[b]  – additional production
^[c]  – main and additional production
^[d]  – vocal production
^[e]  – 0:31 on clean version of the album
^[f]  – 0:34 on clean version of the album
^[g]  – 69:59 for clean version of the album

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Argentinian Albums (CAPIF)[48]

3

Australian Albums (ARIA)[49]

1

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[50]

2

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[51]

4

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[52]

4

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[53]

1

Croatia International Albums (HDU)[54]

3

Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[55]

1

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[56]

3

Estonian Albums (IFPI)[57]

1

Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[58]

12

French Albums (SNEP)[59]

7

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[60]

5

Greek Albums (IFPI Greece)[61]

4

Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[62]

15

Icelandic Albums (Tonlist)[63]

4

Irish Albums (OCC)[64]

1

Italian Albums (FIMI)[65]

4

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[44]

1

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[66]

2

Polish Albums (ZPAV)[67]

32

Portuguese Albums (AFP)[68]

2

Scottish Albums (OCC)[37]

1

Slovak Albums (ČNS IFPI)[69]

1

South African Albums (RiSA)[70]

18

South Korean Albums (Gaon)[71]

37

South Korean International Albums (Gaon)[72]

1

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[73]

2

Swedish Compilation (Sverigetopplistan)[74]

1

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[75]

1

UK Albums (OCC)[76]

1

UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)[77]

1

US Billboard 200[78]

1

US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[79]

1

US Top Tastemaker Albums (Billboard)[80]

1

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region

Date

Format

Label

Ref.

Various

October 5, 2018

Digital download
Streaming
CD
LP

Interscope

[81]

Japan

November 7, 2018

CD
LP

[82]


document_title: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

question_text: who sang national anthem at 2017 super bowl

text: Performances[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]

I
1967
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California
The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir

II
1968
Orange Bowl, Miami
GSU Tiger Marching Band

III
1969
Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.

IV
1970
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
Al Hirt

V
1971
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tommy Loy (trumpet)

VI
1972
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale

VII
1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church

VIII
1974
Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas
Charley Pride

IX
1975
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)

X
1976
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tom Sullivan

XI
1977
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")

XII
1978
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans
Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University

XIII
1979
Orange Bowl, Miami
The Colgate Thirteen

XIV
1980
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Cheryl Ladd

XV
1981
Superdome, New Orleans
Helen O'Connell

XVI
1982
Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan
Diana Ross

XVII
1983
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Leslie Easterbrook

XVIII
1984
Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Barry Manilow

XIX
1985
Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California
San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus

XX
1986
Superdome, New Orleans
Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)

XXI
1987
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Neil Diamond

XXII
1988
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego
Herb Alpert (trumpet)

XXIII
1989
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Billy Joel

XXIV
1990
Superdome, New Orleans
Aaron Neville

XXV
1991
Tampa Stadium, Tampa
Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling

XXVI
1992
Metrodome, Minneapolis
Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary

XXVII
1993
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin

XXVIII
1994
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley

XXIX
1995
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone

XXX
1996
Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona
Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla

XXXI
1997
Superdome, New Orleans
Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz

XXXII
1998
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich

XXXIII
1999
Pro Player Stadium, Miami
Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands

XXXIV
2000
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir

XXXV
2001
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa
Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney

XXXVI
2002
Superdome, New Orleans
Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse

XXXVII
2003
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell

XXXVIII
2004
Reliant Stadium, Houston
Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy

XXXIX
2005
Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent

XL
2006
Ford Field, Detroit
Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia

XLI
2007
Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)

XLII
2008
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]

XLIII
2009
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos

XLIV
2010
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens
Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles

XLV
2011
Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas
Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]

XLVI
2012
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]

XLVII
2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]

XLVIII
2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion

XLIX
2015
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8]
Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]

50
2016
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California
Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]

LI
2017
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].

LII
2018
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].

text: Multiple and hometown performances[edit]

text: Acts that have performed three times:

text: Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)

text: Acts that have performed two times:

text:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)

text: Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:

text:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.

text: The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.

text: Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]

text: At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]

text: Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]

text: Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]

text: Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]

text: At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]

text: Other patriotic performances[edit]

text: The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]

text:
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew

text:
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].

text: 2003: Céline Dion


document_title: The Scarlet Letter

question_text: description of the a in the scarlet letter

text: The Scarlet Letter

text: Plot[edit]

text: In an extended introduction, Hawthorne describes his employment in the Salem Custom House, and how he purportedly found an old document and a piece of cloth embroidered with the letter "A" in a pile of old papers. This fictitious document being the germ of the story that Hawthorne writes, as follows.

text: In June 1642, in a Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage. She is required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress when she is in front of the townspeople to shame her. The letter "A" stands for adulteress, although this is never said explicitly in the novel. Her "punishment" (because adultery was illegal at the time) is to stand on the scaffold for three hours, exposed to public humiliation, and to wear the scarlet "A" for the rest of her life. As Hester approaches the scaffold, many of the women in the crowd are angered by her beauty and quiet dignity. When demanded and cajoled to name the father of her child, Hester refuses.

text: As Hester looks out over the crowd, she notices a small, misshapen man and recognizes him as her long-lost husband, who has been presumed lost at sea. When the husband sees Hester's shame, he asks a man in the crowd about her and is told the story of his wife's adultery. He angrily exclaims that the child's father, the partner in the adulterous act, should also be punished and vows to find the man. He chooses a new name, Roger Chillingworth, to aid him in his plan.

text: The Reverend John Wilson and the minister of Hester's church, Arthur Dimmesdale, question the woman, but she refuses to name her lover. After she returns to her prison cell, the jailer brings in Roger Chillingworth, a physician, to calm Hester and her child with his roots and herbs. He and Hester have an open conversation regarding their marriage and the fact that they were both in the wrong. Her lover, however, is another matter and he demands to know who it is; Hester refuses to divulge such information. He accepts this, stating that he will find out anyway, and forces her to hide that he is her husband. If she ever reveals him, he warns her, he will destroy the child's father. Hester agrees to Chillingworth's terms although she suspects she will regret it.

text: Following her release from prison, Hester settles in a cottage at the edge of town and earns a meager living with her needlework, which is of extraordinary quality. She lives a quiet, somber life with her daughter, Pearl, and performs acts of charity for the poor. She is troubled by her daughter's unusual fascination with Hester's scarlet "A". The shunning of Hester also extends to Pearl, who has no playmates or friends except her mother. As she grows older, Pearl becomes capricious and unruly. Her conduct starts rumours, and, not surprisingly, the church members suggest Pearl be taken away from Hester.

text: Hester, hearing rumors that she may lose Pearl, goes to speak to Governor Bellingham. With him are ministers Wilson and Dimmesdale. Hester appeals to Dimmesdale in desperation, and the minister persuades the governor to let Pearl remain in Hester's care.

text: Because Dimmesdale's health has begun to fail, the townspeople are happy to have Chillingworth, a newly arrived physician, take up lodgings with their beloved minister. Being in such close contact with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth begins to suspect that the minister's illness is the result of some unconfessed guilt. He applies psychological pressure to the minister because he suspects Dimmesdale is Pearl's father. One evening, pulling the sleeping Dimmesdale's vestment aside, Chillingworth sees a symbol that represents his shame on the minister's pale chest.

text: Tormented by his guilty conscience, Dimmesdale goes to the square where Hester was punished years earlier. Climbing the scaffold, he admits his guilt but cannot find the courage to do so publicly. Hester, shocked by Dimmesdale's deterioration, decides to obtain a release from her vow of silence to her husband.

text: Several days later, Hester meets Dimmesdale in the forest and tells him of her husband and his desire for revenge. She convinces Dimmesdale to leave Boston in secret on a ship to Europe where they can start life anew. Renewed by this plan, the minister seems to gain new energy. On Election Day, Dimmesdale gives what is called one of his most inspired sermons. But as the procession leaves the church, Dimmesdale climbs upon the scaffold and confesses his sin, dying in Hester's arms. Later, most witnesses swear that they saw a stigma in the form of a scarlet "A" upon his chest, although some deny this statement. Chillingworth, losing his will for revenge, dies shortly thereafter and leaves Pearl a substantial inheritance.

text: After several years, Hester returns to her cottage and resumes wearing the scarlet letter. When she dies, she is buried near the grave of Dimmesdale, and they share a simple slate tombstone engraved with an escutcheon described as: "On a field, sable, the letter A, gules" ("On a field, black, the letter A, red").

text: Major theme[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The major theme of The Scarlet Letter is shaming and social stigmatizing, both Hester's public humiliation and Dimmesdale's private shame and fear of exposure. Notably, their liaison is never spoken of, so the circumstances that lead to Hester's pregnancy, and how their affair was kept secret never become part of the plot.

text: Elmer Kennedy-Andrews remarks that Hawthorne in "The Custom-house" sets the context for his story and "tells us about 'romance', which is his preferred generic term to describe The Scarlet Letter, as his subtitle for the book – 'A Romance' – would indicate." In this introduction, Hawthorne describes a space between materialism and "dreaminess" that he calls "a neutral territory, somewhere between the real world and fairy-land, where the Actual and the Imaginary may meet, and each imbues itself with nature of the other". This combination of "dreaminess" and realism gave the author space to explore major themes.[3]

text: Other themes[edit]

text: The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be immoral. For Hester, the Scarlet Letter is a physical manifestation of her sin and reminder of her painful solitude. She contemplates casting it off to obtain her freedom from an oppressive society and a checkered past as well as the absence of God. Because the society excludes her, she considers the possibility that many of the traditions held up by the Puritan culture are untrue and are not designed to bring her happiness.

text: As for Dimmesdale, the "cheating minister", his sin gives him "sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his chest vibrate[s] in unison with theirs." His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[4] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought[citation needed]. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity but he ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister's belief is his own cheating, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[5]

text: The rose bush's beauty forms a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet "A" will be held out in part as an invitation to find "some sweet moral blossom" in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that "the deep heart of nature" (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child than her Puritan neighbors do. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[6]

text: Chillingworth's misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the anger in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart; an observation thought inspired by the deterioration of Edgar Allan Poe, whom Hawthorne "much admired".[6]

text: Another theme is the extreme legalism of the Puritans and how Hester chooses not to conform to their rules and beliefs. Hester was rejected by the villagers even though she spent her life doing what she could to help the sick and the poor. Because of the social shunning, she spent her life mostly in solitude, and wouldn't go to church.

text: As a result, she retreats into her own mind and her own thinking. Her thoughts begin to stretch and go beyond what would be considered by the Puritans as safe or even Christian. She still sees her sin, but begins to look on it differently than the villagers ever have. She begins to believe that a person's earthly sins don't necessarily condemn them. She even goes so far as to tell Dimmesdale that their sin has been paid for by their daily penance and that their sin won't keep them from getting to heaven, however, the Puritans believed that such a sin surely condemns.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]

text: But Hester had been alienated from the Puritan society, both in her physical life and spiritual life. When Dimmesdale dies, she knows she has to move on because she can no longer conform to the Puritans' strictness. Her thinking is free from religious bounds and she has established her own different moral standards and beliefs.[4]

text: Publication history[edit]

text: It was long thought that Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette, part of a collection named Old Time Legends, and that his publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the work to a full-length novel.[7] This is not true: Fields persuaded Hawthorne to publish The Scarlet Letter alone (along with the earlier-completed "Custom House" essay) but he had nothing to do with the length of the story.[8] Hawthorne's wife Sophia later challenged Fields' claims a little inexactly: "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication.[9] The manuscript was written at the Peter Edgerley House in Salem, Massachusetts, still standing as a private residence at 14 Mall Street. It was the last Salem home where the Hawthorne family lived.[10]

text: The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[11] When he delivered the final pages to Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[12] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller, though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[11] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that stated he had decided to reprint his Introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor ... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[13]

text: The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. In the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[11] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $18,000 USD.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne's, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[14] English writer Mary Anne Evans writing as "George Eliot", called The Scarlet Letter, along with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 book-length poem The Song of Hiawatha, the "two most indigenous and masterly productions in American literature".[15] Most literary critics praised the book but religious leaders took issue with the novel's subject matter.[16] Orestes Brownson complained that Hawthorne did not understand Christianity, confession, and remorse.[17] A review in The Church Review and Ecclesiastical Register concluded the author "perpetrates bad morals."[18]

text: On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[19] Henry James once said of the novel, "It is beautiful, admirable, extraordinary; it has in the highest degree that merit which I have spoken of as the mark of Hawthorne's best things—an indefinable purity and lightness of conception...One can often return to it; it supports familiarity and has the inexhaustible charm and mystery of great works of art."[19][20]

text: Allusions[edit]

text: The following are historical and Biblical references that appear in The Scarlet Letter.

text:
Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591–1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[6]
Ann Hibbins, who historically was executed for witchcraft in Boston in 1656, is depicted in The Scarlet Letter as a witch who tries to tempt Prynne to the practice of witchcraft.[21][22]
Richard Bellingham, who historically was the governor of Massachusetts and deputy governor at the time of Hibbins's execution, was depicted in The Scarlet Letter as the brother of Ann Hibbins.
Martin Luther (1483–1545) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.
John Winthrop (1588–1649), second governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
King's Chapel Burying Ground, mentioned in the final paragraph, exists; the Elizabeth Pain gravestone is traditionally considered an inspiration for the protagonists' grave.
The story of King David and Bathsheba is depicted in the tapestry in Mr. Dimmesdale's room (chapter 9). (See II Samuel 11-12 for the Biblical story.)
John Eliot (c. 1604–1690) was a Puritan missionary to the American Indians whom some called “the apostle to the Indians." He is referred to as "the Apostle Eliot" at the beginning of Chapter 16, A Forest Walk, whom Dimmesdale has gone to visit.

text: Adaptations and influence[edit]

text: The Scarlet Letter has inspired numerous film, television, and stage adaptations, and plot elements have influenced several novels, musical works, and screen productions.