document_title: Enteric nervous system

question_text: the enteric nervous system is part of the peripheral nervous system and is found in the

text: Enteric nervous system

text: Structure[edit]

text: The enteric nervous system in humans consists of some 500 million neurons[6] (including the various types of Dogiel cells),[1][7] one two-hundredth of the number of neurons in the brain, five times as many as the one hundred million neurons in the human spinal cord,[8] and about 2/3 as many as in the whole nervous system of a cat. The enteric nervous system is embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system, beginning in the esophagus and extending down to the anus.[8]

text: The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia: myenteric (Auerbach's) and submucosal (Meissner's) plexuses.[9] Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa, while submucosal plexuses are located in the submucosa.

text: Function[edit]

text: The ENS is capable of autonomous functions[10] like the coordination of reflexes; although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system, it can and does operate independently of the brain and the spinal cord.[11] Its study is the focus of neurogastroenterology.

text: ENS function can be damaged by ischemia.[12] Transplantation, previously described as a theoretical possibility,[13] has been a clinical reality in the United States since 2011 and is regularly performed at some hospitals.[14]

text: Complexity[edit]

text: The enteric nervous system has been described as a "second brain" for several reasons. The enteric nervous system can operate autonomously. It normally communicates with the central nervous system (CNS) through the parasympathetic (e.g., via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (e.g., via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems. However, vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.[15]

text: In vertebrates, the enteric nervous system includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the enteric nervous system capable of carrying reflexes and acting as an integrating center in the absence of CNS input. The sensory neurons report on mechanical and chemical conditions. Through intestinal muscles, the motor neurons control peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents. Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes. The enteric nervous system also makes use of more than 30 neurotransmitters, most of which are identical to the ones found in CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. More than 90% of the body's serotonin lies in the gut, as well as about 50% of the body's dopamine, which is currently being studied to further our understanding of its utility in the brain.[16][17][18]

text: The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition.[citation needed] In addition, ENS contains support cells which are similar to astroglia of the brain and a diffusion barrier around the capillaries surrounding ganglia which is similar to the blood–brain barrier of cerebral blood vessels.[19]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
The myenteric plexus of a rabbit. X 50.

The submucosal plexus of a rabbit. X 50.


document_title: Jonah

question_text: who got stuck in the belly of a whale

question_tokens: who got stuck in the belly of a whale

root

text: Jonah

text: Book of Jonah[edit]

text: Jonah is the central character in the Book of Jonah, in which God commands him to go to the city of Nineveh to prophesy against it "for their great wickedness is come up before me,"[2] but Jonah instead attempts to flee from "the presence of the Lord" by going to Jaffa (sometimes transliterated as Joppa or Joppe), and sailing to Tarshish.[3] A huge storm arises and the sailors, realizing that it is no ordinary storm, cast lots and discover that Jonah is to blame.[4] Jonah admits this and states that if he is thrown overboard, the storm will cease.[5] The sailors refuse to do this and continue rowing, but all their efforts fail and they are eventually forced to throw Jonah overboard.[6] As a result, the storm calms and the sailors then offer sacrifices to God.[7] Jonah is miraculously saved by being swallowed by a large fish, in whose belly he spends three days and three nights.[8] While in the great fish, Jonah prays to God in his affliction and commits to thanksgiving and to paying what he has vowed.[9] God then commands the fish to vomit Jonah out.[10]

tag: p

text: God again commands Jonah to travel to Nineveh and prophesy to its inhabitants.[11] This time he goes and enters the city, crying, "In forty days Nineveh shall be overthrown."[12] After Jonah has walked across Nineveh, the people of Nineveh begin to believe his word and proclaim a fast.[13] The king of Nineveh puts on sackcloth and sits in ashes, making a proclamation which decrees fasting, the wearing of sackcloth, prayer, and repentance.[14] God sees their repentant hearts and spares the city at that time.[15] The entire city is humbled and broken with the people (and even the animals)[16][17] in sackcloth and ashes.[18]

text: Displeased by this, Jonah refers to his earlier flight to Tarshish while asserting that, since God is merciful, it was inevitable that God would turn from the threatened calamities.[19] He then leaves the city and makes himself a shelter, waiting to see whether or not the city will be destroyed.[20] God causes a plant (in Hebrew a kikayon) to grow over Jonah's shelter to give him some shade from the sun.[21] Later, God causes a worm to bite the plant's root and it withers.[22] Jonah, now being exposed to the full force of the sun, becomes faint and pleads for God to kill him.[23]

text:
And God said to Jonah: "Art thou greatly angry for the Kikayon?" And he said: "I am greatly angry, even unto death."
And the LORD said: "Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for which thou hast not laboured, neither madest it grow, which came up in a night, and perished in a night;
and should not I have pity on Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more than sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand, and also much cattle?"

text: Religious views[edit]

text: In Judaism[edit]

text: The Book of Jonah (Yonah יונה) is one of the twelve minor prophets included in the Tanakh. According to one tradition, Jonah was the boy brought back to life by Elijah the prophet in 1 Kings 17.[24] Another tradition holds that he was the son of the woman of Shunem brought back to life by Elisha in 2 Kings 4[25] and that he is called the "son of Amittai" (Truth) due to his mother's recognition of Elisha's identity as a prophet in 2 Kings 17:24.[25] The Book of Jonah is read every year, in its original Hebrew and in its entirety, on Yom Kippur – the Day of Atonement, as the Haftarah at the afternoon mincha prayer. According to Rabbi Eliezer, the fish that swallowed Jonah was created in the primordial era[26] and the inside of its mouth was like a synagogue;[26] the fish's eyes were like windows[26] and a pearl inside its mouth provided further illumination.[26]

text: According to the Midrash, while Jonah was inside the fish, it told him that its life was nearly over because soon the Leviathan would eat them both.[26] Jonah promised the fish that he would save them.[26] Following Jonah's directions, the fish swam up alongside the Leviathan[26] and Jonah threatened to leash the Leviathan by its tongue and let the other fish eat it.[26] The Leviathan heard Jonah's threats, saw that he was circumcized, and realized that he was protected by the Lord,[26] so it fled in terror, leaving Jonah and the fish alive.[26]

text: Teshuva – the ability to repent and be forgiven by God – is a prominent idea in Jewish thought. This concept is developed in the Book of Jonah: Jonah, the son of truth (the name of his father "Amitai" in Hebrew means truth), refuses to ask the people of Nineveh to repent. He seeks the truth only, and not forgiveness. When forced to go, his call is heard loud and clear. The people of Nineveh repent ecstatically, "fasting, including the sheep," and the Jewish scripts are critical of this.[27] The Book of Jonah also highlights the sometimes unstable relationship between two religious needs: comfort and truth.[28]

text: In Christianity[edit]

text: In the Book of Tobit[edit]

text: Jonah is mentioned twice in the fourteenth chapter of the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit,[29] the conclusion of which finds Tobit's son, Tobias, at the extreme age of 127 years, rejoicing at the news of Nineveh's destruction by Nebuchadnezzar and Ahasuerus in apparent fulfillment of Jonah's prophecy against the Assyrian capital.[29]

text: In the New Testament[edit]

text: In the New Testament, Jonah is mentioned in Matthew 12:38–41 and 16:4 and in Luke 11:29–32.[30] In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus makes a reference to Jonah when he is asked for a sign by some of the scribes and the Pharisees.[31] Jesus says that the sign will be the sign of Jonah:[31] Jonah's restoration after three days inside the great fish prefigures His own resurrection.[31]

text: 39He answered, "A wicked and adulterous generation asks for a sign! But none will be given it except the sign of the prophet Jonah. 40For as Jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of a huge fish, so the Son of Man will be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth. 41The men of Nineveh will stand up at the judgment with this generation and condemn it; for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and now something greater than Jonah is here."

text: Matthew 12:41-42 and Luke 11:31–32 assert in parallel wording that Jesus is greater than Jonah and greater than Solomon.[31]

text: Post-Biblical views[edit]

text:
Oh Jonah!

"Oh Jonah!", a gospel summary of the Book of Jonah, sung by the Golden Jubilee Quartet.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: Jonah is regarded as a saint by a number of Christian denominations. He is commemorated as a prophet in the Calendar of Saints of the Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church on September 22. On the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar his feast day is also September 22 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian calendar; September 22 currently falls in October on the modern Gregorian calendar). In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Book of Jonah is chanted in its entirety at the Divine Liturgy on Holy Saturday before Pascha. He is commemorated as one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Calendar of saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 31. Jonah's mission to the Ninevites is commemorated by the Fast of Nineveh in Syriac and Oriental Orthodox Churches.[32]

text: Christian theologians have traditionally interpreted Jonah as a type for Jesus Christ.[33] Jonah being in swallowed by the giant fish was regarded as a foreshadowing of Jesus's crucifixion[34] and the fish vomiting Jonah out onto the beach was seen as a parallel for Jesus's resurrection.[34] Saint Jerome equates Jonah with Jesus's more nationalistic side,[35] and justifies Jonah's actions by arguing that "Jonah acts thus as a patriot, not so much that he hates the Ninevites, as that he does not want to destroy his own people."[35]

text: Other Christian interpreters, including Saint Augustine and Martin Luther, have taken a directly opposite approach,[36] regarding Jonah as the epitome of envy and jealousness, which they regarded as inherent characteristics of the Jewish people.[37] Luther likewise concludes that the kikayon represents Judaism,[38] and that the worm which devours it represents Christ.[39] Luther's antisemitic interpretation of Jonah remained the prevailing interpretation among German Protestants throughout early modern history.[40] J. D. Michaelis comments that "the meaning of the fable hits you right between the eyes",[37] and concludes that the Book of Jonah is a polemic against "the Israelite people's hate and envy towards all the other nations of the earth."[37] Albert Eichhorn was a strong supporter of Michaelis's interpretation.[41]

text: John Calvin and John Hooper regarded the Book of Jonah as a warning to all those who might attempt to flee from the wrath of God.[42] While Luther had been careful to maintain that the Book of Jonah was not written by Jonah,[43] Calvin declared that the Book of Jonah was Jonah's personal confession of guilt.[43] Calvin sees Jonah's time inside the fish's belly as equivalent to the fires of Hell, intended to correct Jonah and set him on the path of righteousness.[44] Also unlike Luther, Calvin finds fault with all the characters in the story,[43] describing the sailors on the boat as "hard and iron-hearted, like Cyclops",[43] the penitence of the Ninevites as "untrained",[43] and the king of Nineveh as a "novice".[43] Hooper, on the other hand, sees Jonah as the archetypal dissident[45] and the ship he is cast out from as a symbol of the state.[45] Hooper deplores such dissidents,[45] decrying: "Can you live quietly with so many Jonasses? Nay then, throw them into the sea!"[46]

text: In Islam[edit]

text:
[hide] Part of a series on Islam
Islamic prophets

Prophets in the Quran[show]
Listed by Islamic name and Biblical name.

ʾĀdam (Adam)
ʾIdrīs (Enoch)
Nūḥ (Noah)
Hūd (Eber)
Ṣāliḥ (Salah)
ʾIbrāhīm (Abraham)
Lūṭ (Lot)
ʾIsmāʿīl (Ishmael)
ʾIsḥāq (Isaac)
Yaʿqūb (Jacob)
Yūsuf (Joseph)
Ayūb (Job)
Dhul-Kifl (Ezekiel)
Shuʿayb (Jethro)
Mūsā (Moses)
Hārūn (Aaron)
Dāūd (David)
Sulaymān (Solomon)
Yūnus (Jonah)
ʾIlyās (Elijah)
Alyasaʿ (Elisha)
Zakarīya (Zechariah)
Yaḥyā (John)
ʿĪsā (Jesus)
Muḥammad (Muhammad)

Main events[show]

Stories of the Prophets
The Three Messengers

Views[show]

Jews, Christians and Muslims prophets
Abrahamic prophets

 Islam portal

v
t
e

text: In the Quran[edit]

text: Jonah (Yunus in Arabic) is highly important in Islam as a prophet who was faithful to Allah and delivered His messages. Jonah is mentioned four times in the Quran[47] and is the only one of the Twelve Minor Prophets to be mentioned by name.[48] In Surah 68:48, Jonah is called Dhul-Nun (Arabic: ذو النون; meaning The One of the Fish).[47] In 4:163 and 6:86, he is referred to as "an apostle of Allah".[47] Surah 37:139-148 retells the full story of Jonah:[47]

text:
So also was Jonah among those sent (by Us).
When he ran away (like a slave from captivity) to the ship (fully) laden,
He (agreed to) cast lots, and he was condemned:
Then the big Fish did swallow him, and he had done acts worthy of blame.
Had it not been that he (repented and) glorified Allah,
He would certainly have remained inside the Fish till the Day of Resurrection.
But We cast him forth on the naked shore in a state of sickness,
And We caused to grow, over him, a spreading plant of the gourd kind.
And We sent him (on a mission) to a hundred thousand (men) or more.
And they believed; so We permitted them to enjoy (their life) for a while.

text: The Quran never mentions Jonah's father,[47] but Muslim tradition teaches that Jonah was from the tribe of Benjamin and that his father was Amittai.[48]

text: In Hadith[edit]

text: Jonah is also mentioned in a few incidents during the lifetime of Muhammad. In some instances, Jonah's name is spoken of with praise and reverence by Muhammad. According to historical narrations about Muhammad's life, after ten years of receiving revelations, Muhammad went to the city of Ta’if to see if its leaders would allow him to preach his message from there rather than Mecca, but he was cast from the city by the people. He took shelter in the garden of Utbah and Shaybah, two members of the Quraysh tribe. They sent their servant, Addas, to serve him grapes for sustenance. Muhammad asked Addas where he was from and the servant replied Nineveh. "The town of Jonah the just, son of Amittai!" Muhammad exclaimed. Addas was shocked because he knew that the pagan Arabs had no knowledge of the prophet Jonah. He then asked how Muhammad knew of this man. "We are brothers" Muhammad replied. "Jonah was a Prophet of God and I, too, am a Prophet of God." Addas immediately accepted Islam and kissed the hands and feet of Muhammad.[51]

text: One of the sayings of Muhammad, in the collection of Imam Bukhari, says that Muhammad said "One should not say that I am better than Jonah".[52][53][54][55] A similar statement occurs in a hadith written by Yunus bin Yazid, the second caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty.[55] Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt, an older contemporary of Muhammad, taught that, had Jonah not prayed to Allah, he would have remained trapped inside the fish until Judgement Day,[55] but, because of his prayer, Jonah "stayed only a few days within the belly of the fish".[55]

text: The ninth-century Persian historian Al-Tabari records that, while Jonah was inside the fish, "none of his bones or members were injured".[55] Al-Tabari also writes that Allah made the body of the fish transparent, allowing Jonah to see the "wonders of the deep"[56] and that Jonah heard all the fish singing praises to Allah.[56] Kisai Marvazi, a tenth-century poet, records that Jonah's father was seventy years old when Jonah was born[55] and that he died soon afterwards,[55] leaving Jonah's mother with nothing but a wooden spoon, which turned out to be a cornucopia.[55]

text: Tomb at Nineveh[edit]

text: Nineveh's current location is marked by excavations of five gates, parts of walls on four sides, and two large mounds: the hill of Kuyunjik and hill of Nabi Yunus (see map link in footnote).[57] A mosque atop Nabi Yunus was dedicated to the prophet Jonah and contained a shrine, which was revered by both Muslims and Christians as the site of Jonah's tomb.[58] The tomb was a popular pilgrimage site[59] and a symbol of unity to Jews, Christians, and Muslims across the Middle East.[59] On July 24, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) destroyed the mosque containing the tomb as part of a campaign to destroy religious sanctuaries it deemed to be idolatrous.[60][59][61] After Mosul was taken back from ISIL in January 2017, an ancient Assyrian palace dating to around 600 BCE was discovered beneath the ruined mosque.[59][62] ISIL had plundered the palace of items to sell on the black market,[59][62] but some of the artifacts that were more difficult to transport still remained in place.[59][62]

text: Other reputed locations of Jonah's tomb include the Arab village of Meshed, located on the ancient site of Gath-hepher,[30] the Palestinian West Bank town of Halhul, 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Hebron,[63] and a sanctuary near the city of Sarafand (Sarepta) in Lebanon.[64]

text: Scholarly interpretations[edit]

text: Historicity[edit]

text: The consensus of mainstream Biblical scholars holds that the Book of Jonah is an intentional work of parody or satire,[65][66][67][68][69][70] and that its contents are entirely ahistorical.[71][72][73] Although the prophet Jonah allegedly lived in the eighth century BCE,[1] the Book of Jonah was written centuries later during the time of the Achaemenid Empire.[1][74] The Hebrew used in the Book of Jonah shows strong influences from Aramaic[1] and the cultural practices described in it match those of the Achaemenid Persians.[1][17] The Book of Jonah was probably admitted into the canon of the Hebrew Bible by sages who misunderstood its satirical nature[75][69][70] and mistakenly interpreted it as a serious prophetic work.[75][69][70]

text: While the Book of Jonah itself is considered fiction,[71][72][73] Jonah himself may have been a historical prophet;[76] he is briefly mentioned in the Second Book of Kings:[77][73]

text: He restored the border of Israel from the entrance of Hamath unto the sea of the Arabah, according to the word of the LORD, the God of Israel, which He spoke by the hand of His servant Jonah the son of Amittai, the prophet, who was of Gath-hepher.

text: Most scholars believe that the anonymous author of the Book of Jonah may have seized upon this obscure prophet from 2 Kings and used him as the basis for the fictional character of Jonah,[78] but some have contended that the figure of Jonah himself is entirely legendary.[72] Nonetheless, some conservative scholars argue that the Book of Jonah is based on historical events.[79]

text: Parodic elements[edit]

text: The views expressed by Jonah in the Book of Jonah are a parody of views held by members of Jewish society at the time when it was written.[66][81][68] The primary target of the satire may have been a faction whom Morton Smith calls "Separationists",[82] who believed that God would destroy those who disobeyed him,[68] that sinful cities would be obliterated,[68] and that God's mercy did not extend to those outside the Abrahamic covenant.[82] McKenzie and Graham remark that "Jonah is in some ways the most 'orthodox' of Israelite theologians – to make a theological point."[68] Jonah's statements throughout the book are characterized by their militancy,[68][83] but his name ironically means "dove",[68][83] a bird which the ancient Israelites associated with peace.[68]

text: Jonah's rejection of God's commands is a parody of the obedience of the prophets described in other Old Testament writings.[84] The king of Nineveh's instant repentance parodies the rulers throughout the other writings of the Old Testament who disregard prophetic warnings, such as Ahab and Zedekiah.[70] The readiness to worship God displayed by the sailors on the ship and the people of Nineveh contrasts ironically with Jonah's own reluctance,[85] as does Jonah's greater love for kikayon providing him shade than for all the people in Nineveh.[85]

text: The Book of Jonah also employs elements of literary absurdism;[17] it exaggerates the size of the city of Nineveh to an implausible degree[1][17] and incorrectly refers to the administrator of the city as a "king".[1][17] According to scholars, no human being could realistically survive for three days inside a fish,[1] and the description of the livestock in Nineveh fasting alongside their owners is "silly".[17] The motif of a protagonist being swallowed by a giant fish or whale became a stock trope of later satirical writings.[86] Similar incidents are recounted in Lucian of Samosata's A True Story, which was written in the second century CE,[87] and in the novel Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, published by Rudolf Erich Raspe in 1785.[88] The story of a man surviving after being swallowed by a whale or giant fish is classified as ATU 1889G.[89]

text: The fish[edit]

text: Translation[edit]

text: Though it is often called a whale today, the Hebrew, as throughout scripture, refers to no species in particular, simply saying "great fish" or "big fish" (whales are today classified as mammals and not fish, but no such distinction was made in antiquity). While some biblical scholars suggest the size and habits of the great white shark correspond better to the representations given of Jonah's being swallowed, normally an adult human is too large to be swallowed whole.[90] The development of whaling from the 18th century onwards made it clear that most or all species of whale were incapable of swallowing a man, leading to much controversy about the veracity of the biblical story of Jonah.[91]

text: In Jonah 2:1 (1:17 in English translations), the Hebrew text reads dag gadol[92] (דג גדול) or, in the Hebrew Masoretic Text, dāḡ gā·ḏō·wl (דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל), which means "great fish."[92][93] The Septuagint translates this phrase into Greek as kētei megalōi (κήτει μεγάλῳ), meaning "huge fish".[94] In Greek mythology, the same word meaning "fish" (kêtos) is used to describe the sea monster slain by the hero Perseus that nearly devoured the Princess Andromeda.[95] Jerome later translated this phrase as piscem grandem in his Latin Vulgate. He translated kétos, however, as ventre ceti in Matthew 12:40: this second case occurs only in this verse of the New Testament.[96][97]

text: At some point cetus became synonymous with "whale" (the study of whales is now called cetology). In his 1534 translation, William Tyndale translated the phrase in Jonah 2:1 as "greate fyshe" and the word kétos (Greek) or cetus (Latin) in Matthew 12:40 as "whale". Tyndale's translation was later incorporated into the Authorized Version of 1611. Since then, the "great fish" in Jonah 2 has been most often interpreted as a whale. In English some translations use the word "whale" for Matthew 12:40, while others use "sea creature" or "big fish".[98]

text: Scientific speculation[edit]

text: In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, naturalists, interpreting the Jonah story as a historical account, became obsessed with trying to identify the exact species of the fish that swallowed Jonah.[100] In the late nineteenth century, Edward Bouverie Pusey, a professor at Oxford University, claimed that the Book of Jonah must have been authored by Jonah himself[101] and argued that the fish story must be historically true, or else it would not have been included in the Bible.[101] Pusey attempted to scientifically catalogue the fish,[102] hoping to "shame those who speak of the miracle of Jonah's preservation in the fish as a thing less credible than any of God's other miraculous doings".[103]

text: The debate over the fish in the Book of Jonah played a major role during Clarence Darrow's cross-examination of William Jennings Bryan at the Scopes Trial in 1925.[104][105] Darrow asked Bryan "When you read that... the whale swallowed Jonah... how do you literally interpret that?"[104] Bryan replied that "a God who can make a whale and can make a man and make both of them do what He pleases."[104] Bryan ultimately admitted that it was necessary to interpret the Bible,[104] and is generally regarded as having come off looking like a "buffoon".[105]

text: The largest whales—baleen whales, a group which includes the blue whale—eat plankton and "it is commonly said that this species would be choked if it attempted to swallow a herring."[106] As for the whale shark, Dr. E. W. Gudger, an Honorary Associate in Ichthyology at the American Museum of Natural History, notes that, while the whale shark does have a large mouth,[107] its throat is only four inches wide, with a sharp elbow or bend behind the opening,[107] meaning that not even a human arm would be able to pass through it.[107] He concludes that "the whale shark is not the fish that swallowed Jonah."[107]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: In Turkish, "Jonah fish" (in Turkish yunus baligi) is the term used for dolphins.[108] A long-established expression among sailors uses the term, "a Jonah", to mean a sailor or a passenger whose presence on board brings bad luck and endangers the ship.[109] Later, this meaning was extended to mean, "a person who carries a jinx, one who will bring bad luck to any enterprise."[110]

text: Despite its brevity, the Book of Jonah has been adapted numerous times by popular culture.[111][112] In Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Father Mapple delivers a sermon on the Book of Jonah. Mapple asks why Jonah does not show remorse for disobeying God while he is inside of the fish. He comes to the conclusion that Jonah admirably understands that "his dreadful punishment is just."[113] Carlo Collodi's The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) features the title character and his father Geppetto being swallowing by a whale, an allusion to the story of Jonah.[114] Walt Disney's 1940 film adaptation of the novel retains this allusion.[115] The story of Jonah was adapted into Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki's animated film Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002). In the film, Jonah is swallowed by a gargantuan whale.[116] The film was Big Idea Entertainment's first full-length theatrical release[117] and, on its first weekend, it earned approximately $6.5 million.[118]

text: Suggested connections to legends[edit]

text: Joseph Campbell suggests that the story of Jonah parallels a scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh, in which Gilgamesh obtains a plant from the bottom of the sea.[119] In the Book of Jonah, a worm (in Hebrew tola'ath, "maggot") bites the shade-giving plant's root causing it to wither;[119] whereas in the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh ties stones to his feet and plucks his plant from the floor of the sea.[119][120] Once he returns to the shore, the rejuvenating plant is eaten by a serpent.[119][121]

text: Campbell also noted several similarities between the story of Jonah and that of Jason in Greek mythology.[119] The Greek rendering of the name Jonah is Jonas, which differs from Jason only in the order of sounds—both os are omegas suggesting that Jason may have been confused with Jonah.[119] Gildas Hamel, drawing on the Book of Jonah and Greco-Roman sources — including Greek vases and the accounts of Apollonius of Rhodes, Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Orphic Argonautica — identifies a number of shared motifs, including the names of the heroes, the presence of a dove, the idea of "fleeing" like the wind and causing a storm, the attitude of the sailors, the presence of a sea-monster or dragon threatening the hero or swallowing him, and the form and the word used for the "gourd" (kikayon).[122] Hamel takes the view that it was the Hebrew author who reacted to and adapted this mythological material to communicate his own, quite different message.[123]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

question_text: who is the best nba scorer of all time

question_tokens: who is the best nba scorer of all time

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text: The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[2]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[3]
Total points
Games
played
Points
per game
average[4]
Field goals
made
Three-point
field goals
made[5]
Free
throws
made

1
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[6]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
38,387
1,560
24.6
15,837
1
6,712

2
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
36,928
1,476
25.0
13,528
85
9,787

3
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
33,643
1,346
25.0
11,719
1,827
8,378

4
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
32,292
1,072
30.1
12,192
581
7,327

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
C
Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)
Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)
Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)
31,419
1,045
30.1
12,681
0
6,057

6
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF/C
Dallas Mavericks (1999–present)
31,157
1,468
21.2
11,022
1,913
7,200

7
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF/PF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
30,855
1,136
27.2
11,215
1,602
6,823

8
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
28,596
1,207
23.7
11,330
1
5,935

9
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
27,409
1,329
20.6
9,435
8
8,531

10
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
PF/C
San Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)
Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)
27,313
1,303
21.0
10,976
5
5,356

11
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[7]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
26,946
1,238
21.8
10,749
25
5,423

12
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
PG
Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)
Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)
26,710
1,040
25.7
9,508
0
7,694

13
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
SF
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)
Los Angeles Clippers (1994)
Boston Celtics (1994–1995)
San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)
Orlando Magic (1999)
26,668
1,074
24.8
9,963
711
6,031

14
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
26,496
1,392
19.0
10,285
30
5,896

15
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1999–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
26,397
1,343
19.7
8,668
2,143
6,918

16
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF/SG
Boston Celtics (1962–1978)
26,395
1,270
20.8
10,513
0
5,369

17
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
26,071
1,462
17.8
10,505
174
4,887

18
English, AlexAlex English*
SF
Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)
Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)
Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)
Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)
25,613
1,193
21.5
10,659
18
4,277

19
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
SF
Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2017)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)
25,323
1,048
24.2
9,054
1,327
5,888

20
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
25,279
1,389
18.2
8,241
2,560
6,237

21
West, JerryJerry West*
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)
25,192
932
27.0
9,016
0
7,160

22
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
24,839
1,399
17.8
8,980
2,102
4,777

23
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
24,815
1,183
21.0
9,702
19
5,392

24
Allen, RayRay Allen
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)
Boston Celtics (2007–2012)
Miami Heat (2012–2014)
24,505
1,300
18.9
8,567
2,973
4,398

25
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
24,368
914
26.7
8,467
1,059
6,375

26
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
23,757
1,073
22.1
8,435
538
6,349

27
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
23,334
1,611
14.5
9,614
0
4,106

28
Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley*
SF
Buffalo Braves (1976–1977)
Indiana Pacers (1977)
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)
Utah Jazz (1979–1986)
Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)
Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991)
23,177
955
24.3
8,169
7
6,832

29
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
SF
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)
23,149
846
27.4
8,693
0
5,763

30
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
22,195
1,086
20.4
8,335
827
4,698

31
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)
22,034
977
22.6
8,018
461
5,537

32
Payton, GaryGary Payton*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)
Milwaukee Bucks (2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
Boston Celtics (2004–2005)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
21,813
1,335
16.3
8,708
1,132
3,265

33
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
SF/PF
Boston Celtics (1979–1992)
21,791
897
24.3
8,591
649
3,960

34
Greer, HalHal Greer*
SG/PG
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)
21,586
1,122
19.2
8,504
0
4,578

35
Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy*
C
Chicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)
New York Knicks (1965–1968)
Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)
Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)
New Orleans Jazz (1974)
20,941
1,043
20.1
7,914
0
5,113

36
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
PF/C
Milwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)
20,880
792
26.4
7,349
0
6,182

37
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)
20,790
987
21.1
7,365
25
6,035

38
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
20,740
1,190
17.4
7,925
171
4,719

39
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF/SG
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)
Golden State Warriors (2016–present)
20,725
764
27.1
7,029
1,418
5,249

40
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
SG/SF
San Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)
Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)
20,708
791
26.2
8,045
77
4,541

41
Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
SG
Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)
Washington Wizards (1999–2001)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)
20,497
976
21.0
7,305
1,326
4,561

42
Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
SG/SF
Boston Celtics (2001–2002)
Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)
Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)
Miami Heat (2016)
Utah Jazz (2016–2018)
Houston Rockets (2018–present)
20,365
1,269
16.0
7,808
1,974
2,775

43
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
PF
San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)
Utah Jazz (1993–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997)
20,049
1,107
18.1
7,378
227
5,066

44
Jamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison
PF/SF
Golden State Warriors (1999–2003)
Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)
Washington Wizards (2004–2010)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)
20,042
1,083
18.5
7,679
1,163
3,521

45
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
19,711
1,504
13.1
7,039
845
4,788

46
King, BernardBernard King*
SF
New Jersey Nets (1977–1979, 1993)
Utah Jazz (1979)
Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)
New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)
Washington Bullets (1987–1991)
19,655
874
22.5
7,830
23
3,972

47
Robinson, CliffordClifford Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
19,591
1,380
14.2
7,389
1,253
3,560

48
Davis, WalterWalter Davis
SG/SF
Phoenix Suns (1977–1988)
Denver Nuggets (1988–1991, 1991–1992)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991)
19,521
1,033
18.9
8,118
157
3,128

49
Cummings, TerryTerry Cummings
PF
San Diego Clippers (1982–1984)
Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989, 1995–1996)
San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)
Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)
New York Knicks (1998)
Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)
19,460
1,183
16.4
8,045
44
3,326

50
Lanier, BobBob Lanier*
C
Detroit Pistons (1970–1980)
Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)
19,248
959
20.1
7,761
2
3,724

text: Progressive list of scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[1]

text:
Team abbreviations
Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
PHX
Phoenix Suns

BOS
Boston Celtics
FTW
Fort Wayne Pistons
MIN
Minnesota Timberwolves
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors

BUF
Buffalo Braves
GSW
Golden State Warriors
MNL
Minneapolis Lakers
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

CHI
Chicago Bulls
HOU
Houston Rockets
NOJ
New Orleans Jazz
SDR
San Diego Rockets

CHS
Chicago Stags
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
KCO
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
STL
St. Louis Hawks

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
ORL
Orlando Magic
SYR
Syracuse Nationals

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIA
Miami Heat
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
UTA
Utah Jazz

text:
Scoring Leader at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-year leader
Points
Active player points leader
Total points
Career points record
Total points
Single-season points record
Points
Season

1946–47
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
1946–47

1947–48
Max Zaslofsky000CHS
1,007
2,338
2,338
1947–48

1948–49
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
3,898
3,898
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
1948–49

1949–50
1,865
4,863
4,863
1,865
1949–50

1950–51
1,932
6,099
6,099
1,932
1950–51

1951–52
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,674
7,021
7,021
1951–52

1952–53
Neil Johnston*000PHW
1,564
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
1952–53

1953–54
1,759
9,766
9,766
1953–54

1954–55
1,631
Max Zaslofsky000FTW
7,902
1954–55

1955–56
Bob Pettit*000STL
1,849
George Mikan*000MNL
10,156
10,156
1955–56

1956–57
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,817
Ed Macauley*000STL
10,150
1956–57

1957–58
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
1957–58

1958–59
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
13,298
13,298
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
1958–59

1959–60
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHW 1959–62
000SFW 1962–65
000PHI 1965–66
2,707
14,987
14,987
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW
2,707
1959–60

1960–61
3,033
16,855
16,855
3,033
1960–61

1961–62
4,029
17,677
17,677
4,029
1961–62

1962–63
3,586
18,304
18,304
1962–63

1963–64
2,948
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
1963–64

1964–65
2,534
20,880
20,880
1964–65

1965–66
2,649
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHI 1965–68
000LAL 1968–73
21,486
Wilt Chamberlain*
000PHI 1965–68
000LAL 1968–73
21,486
1965–66

1966–67
Rick Barry*000SFW
2,775
23,442
23,442
1966–67

1967–68
Dave Bing*000DET
2,142
25,434
25,434
1967–68

1968–69
Elvin Hayes*000SDR
2,327
27,098
27,098
1968–69

1969–70
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000MIL
2,361
27,426
27,426
1969–70

1970–71
2,596
29,122
29,122
1970–71

1971–72
2,822
30,335
30,335
1971–72

1972–73
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
2,719
31,419
31,419
1972–73

1973–74
Bob McAdoo*000BUF
2,261
Oscar Robertson*000MIL
26,710
1973–74

1974–75
2,831
John Havlicek*000BOS
22,389
1974–75

1975–76
2,427
23,678
1975–76

1976–77
Pete Maravich*000NOJ
2,273
25,073
1976–77

1977–78
George Gervin*000SAS
2,232
26,395
1977–78

1978–79
2,365
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
22,141
1978–79

1979–80
2,585
24,175
1979–80

1980–81
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,452
26,270
1980–81

1981–82
George Gervin*000SAS
2,551
28,088
1981–82

1982–83
Alex English*000DEN
2,326
29,810
1982–83

1983–84
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,418
31,527
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
31,527
1983–84

1984–85
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,313
33,262
33,262
1984–85

1985–86
Alex English*000DEN
2,414
35,108
35,108
1985–86

1986–87
Michael Jordan*000CHI
3,041
36,474
36,474
1986–87

1987–88
2,868
37,639
37,639
1987–88

1988–89
2,633
38,387
38,387
1988–89

1989–90
2,753
Moses Malone*
000ATL 1989–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
24,868
1989–90

1990–91
2,580
25,737
1990–91

1991–92
2,404
27,016
1991–92

1992–93
2,541
27,066
1992–93

1993–94
David Robinson*000SAS
2,383
27,360
1993–94

1994–95
Shaquille O'Neal*000ORL
2,315
27,409
1994–95

1995–96
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,491
Michael Jordan*000CHI
24,489
1995–96

1996–97
2,431
26,920
1996–97

1997–98
2,357
29,277
1997–98

1998–99
Shaquille O'Neal*000LAL
1,289
Karl Malone*
000UTA 1998–2003
000LAL 2003–04
28,946
1998–99

1999–00
2,344
31,041
1999–00

2000–01
Jerry Stackhouse00DET
2,380
32,919
2000–01

2001–02
Paul Pierce†000BOS
2,144
34,707
2001–02

2002–03
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,461
36,374
2002–03

2003–04
Kevin Garnett†000MIN
1,987
36,928
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
2,302
Reggie Miller*000IND
25,279
2004–05

2005–06
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,832
Shaquille O'Neal*
000MIA 2005–08
000PHO 2008–09
000CLE 2009–10
000BOS 2010–11
24,764
2005–06

2006–07
2,430
25,454
2006–07

2007–08
2,323
26,286
2007–08

2008–09
Dwyane Wade^000MIA
2,386
27,619
2008–09

2009–10
Kevin Durant^000OKC
2,472
28,255
2009–10

2010–11
2,161
28,596
2010–11

2011–12
1,850
Kobe Bryant†
000LAL
29,484
2011–12

2012–13
2,280
31,617
2012–13

2013–14
2,593
31,700
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
2,217
32,482
2014–15

2015–16
2,376
33,643
2015–16

2016–17
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
2,558
Dirk Nowitzki^000DAL
30,260
2016–17

2017–18
Lebron James^000CLE
2,068
31,135
Abdul-Jabbar*0 35 yrs
38,387
Chamberlain*059 yrs
4,029
2017–18

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Points
Active Player Points Leader
Total points
Career Points Record
Total points
Single Season Points Record
Points
Season


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game assists leaders

question_text: what is the most assists ever in an nba game

text: This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have recorded 23 or more assists in a game.

text: 23 different players have recorded 23 or more assists in a game. It has occurred 39 times in the regular season and five times in the playoffs.

text: John Stockton has performed the feat the most times (10), followed by Earvin "Magic" Johnson and Kevin Porter (6).

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

Min
Minutes played
Pts
Points
Reb
Rebounds

Stl
Steals
Blk
Blocks
Tov
Turnovers

Team FG%
Rest of team's field goal percentage (subtracting player's own shooting)

text:
Assists
Player
Team
Score
Opponent
Date
Min
Pts
Reb
Stl
Blk
Tov
Team FG%
Led the league in assists
Notes

30
Skiles, ScottScott Skiles
Orlando Magic
155–116
Denver Nuggets
000000001990-12-30-0000December 30, 1990
44
22
6
2
0
4
.574 (54–94)
No
[a]

29
Porter, KevinKevin Porter
New Jersey Nets
126–112
Houston Rockets
000000001978-02-24-0000February 24, 1978
48
14
5

.557 (44–79)
Yes
[b]

28
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Boston Celtics
173–139
Minneapolis Lakers
000000001959-02-27-0000February 27, 1959
45
31
5
–
–
–
.496 (62–125)
Yes
[c]

28
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers*
San Francisco Warriors
109–114
St. Louis Hawks
000000001963-03-14-0000March 14, 1963
48
14
5
–
–
–
.588 (40–68)
Yes
[d]

28
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
Utah Jazz
124–102
San Antonio Spurs
000000001991-01-15-0000January 15, 1991
39
20
3
8
0
5
.543 (44–81)
Yes
[e]

27
Huston, GeoffGeoff Huston
Cleveland Cavaliers
110–106
Golden State Warriors
000000001982-01-27-0000January 27, 1982
46
24
1

No

27
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (2)
Utah Jazz
107–115
New York Knicks
000000001989-12-19-0000December 19, 1989
36
18
3
2
0
2
.582 (39–67)
Yes
[f]

26
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (3)
Utah Jazz
123–128
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001988-04-14-0000April 14, 1988
45
17
3
2
0
2
.566 (47–83)
Yes

25
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
New Orleans Pelicans
128–113
Brooklyn Nets
000000002017-12-27-0000December 27, 2017
30
2
7
1
0
3
.533 (48-90)
TBD

25
DiGregorio, ErnieErnie DiGregorio
Buffalo Braves
120–119
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001974-01-01-0000January 1, 1974
48
20
9

–

Yes
[g]

25
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (2)
Detroit Pistons
160–119
Boston Celtics
000000001979-03-09-0000March 9, 1979
37
30
3

Yes

25
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (3)
Detroit Pistons
105–116
Phoenix Suns
000000001979-04-01-0000April 1, 1979
46
13
3

Yes

25
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
Detroit Pistons
124–119
Dallas Mavericks
000000001985-02-13-0000February 13, 1985
41
23
5
2
0
5
.533 (48–90)
Yes
[h]

25
McMillan, NateNate McMillan
Seattle SuperSonics
124–112
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001987-02-23-0000February 23, 1987
41
8
8
1
4
3
.449 (44–98)
No
[i]

25
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
Phoenix Suns
107–95
San Antonio Spurs
000000001994-04-06-0000April 6, 1994
41
16
3
0
0
4
.535 (38–71)
No

25
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd*
Dallas Mavericks
136–133
Utah Jazz
000000001996-02-08-0000February 8, 1996
49
20
4
4
0
5
.591 (39–66)
No
[j]

24
Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers* (2)
Chicago Bulls
110–107
New York Knicks
000000001966-12-21-0000December 21, 1966

18

–
–
–

Yes

24
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (4)
Washington Bullets
119–114
Detroit Pistons
000000001980-03-23-0000March 23, 1980
44
12
1

.562 (50–89)
No

24
Lucas, JohnJohn Lucas
San Antonio Spurs
157–154
Denver Nuggets
000000001984-04-15-0000April 15, 1984
28
0
0
2
0
2
.641 (66–103)
No
[k]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson*
Los Angeles Lakers
118–102
Phoenix Suns
000000001984-05-15-0000May 15, 1984
38
6
7
5
2
4
.586 (51–87)
–
[l]

24
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* (2)
Detroit Pistons
126–128
Washington Bullets
000000001985-02-07-0000February 7, 1985
50
25
10
2
1
2
.495 (48–97)
Yes
[m]

24
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (4)
Utah Jazz
109–111
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001988-05-17-0000May 17, 1988
48
23
3
5
0
3
.515 (34–66)
–
[n]

24
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (5)
Utah Jazz
102–104
Houston Rockets
000000001989-01-03-0000January 3, 1989
45
26
1
6
0
1
.508 (31–61)
Yes
[o]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (2)
Los Angeles Lakers
119–105
Denver Nuggets
000000001989-11-17-0000November 17, 1989
40
24
8
6
1
3
.533 (40–75)
No
[p]

24
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (3)
Los Angeles Lakers
118–121
Phoenix Suns
000000001990-01-09-0000January 9, 1990
45
24
6
2
2
4
.452 (38–84)
No
[q]

24
Sessions, RamonRamon Sessions^
Milwaukee Bucks
135–151
Chicago Bulls
000000002008-04-14-0000April 14, 2008
44:27
20
8
1
1
2
.573 (43–75)
No
[r]

24
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (2)
Boston Celtics
105–101
New York Knicks
000000002010-10-29-0000October 29, 2010
45:20
10
10
1
0
7
.506 (40–79)
No
[s]

23
West, JerryJerry West*
Los Angeles Lakers
143–133
Philadelphia 76ers
000000001967-02-01-0000February 1, 1967

24
6
–
–
–
.567 (51–90)
No
[t]

23
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (5)
Detroit Pistons
131–119
Houston Rockets
000000001978-12-27-0000December 27, 1978
41
20
3

Yes

23
Porter, KevinKevin Porter (6)
Detroit Pistons
113–124
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001979-03-30-0000March 30, 1979
43
15
3

Yes

23
Archibald, Nate "Tiny"Nate "Tiny" Archibald*
Boston Celtics
145–144
Denver Nuggets
000000001982-02-05-0000February 5, 1982
38
15
4

No
[u]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (4)
Los Angeles Lakers
128–112
Seattle SuperSonics
000000001984-02-21-0000February 21, 1984
36
9
5
2
0
3
.628 (54–86)
Yes
[v]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (5)
Los Angeles Lakers
130–126
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001985-05-03-0000May 3, 1985
41
13
7
1
0
6
.566 (43–76)
–
[w]

23
Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson* (6)
Los Angeles Lakers
114–107
Dallas Mavericks
000000001988-04-20-0000April 20, 1988
42
8
10
0
1
8
.632 (43–68)
No
[x]

23
Lever, Lafayette "Fat"Lafayette "Fat" Lever
Denver Nuggets
139–121
Golden State Warriors
000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989
42
15
13
5
0
1
.579 (55–95)
No
[y]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (6)
Utah Jazz
107–104
Los Angeles Lakers
000000001990-04-12-0000April 12, 1990
44
15
4
3
0
3
.521 (37–71)
Yes
[z]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (7)
Utah Jazz
105–95
Los Angeles Clippers
000000001990-12-08-0000December 8, 1990
41
27
3
4
0
1
.492 (31–63)
Yes
[aa]

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (8)
Utah Jazz
135–108
Golden State Warriors
000000001991-11-29-0000November 29, 1991
36
21
2
2
1
4
.608 (48–79)
Yes

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* (9)
Utah Jazz
120–106
Minnesota Timberwolves
000000001992-04-17-0000April 17, 1992
36
9
2
5
0
4
.569 (41–72)
Yes

23
Blaylock, Daron "Mookie"Daron "Mookie" Blaylock
Atlanta Hawks
139–118
Utah Jazz
000000001993-03-06-0000March 6, 1993
37
11
0
4
0
2
.545 (48–88)
No

23
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* 10 !(10)
Utah Jazz
110–102
Portland Trail Blazers
000000001996-04-25-0000April 25, 1996
41
11
2
0
0
1
.581 (36–62)
–
[ab]

23
Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
Los Angeles Lakers
95–82
Vancouver Grizzlies
000000001997-01-05-0000January 5, 1997
44
8
8
1
0
2
.500 (34–68)
No
[ac]

23
Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
Indiana Pacers
110–103
Washington Wizards
000000002001-11-22-0000November 22, 2001
45
19
11
1
1
5
.541 (40–74)
No
[ad]

23
Nash, SteveSteve Nash*
Phoenix Suns
113–100
Los Angeles Lakers
000000002007-04-29-0000April 29, 2007
39:05
17
1
2
1
3
.493 (35–71)
–
[ae]

23
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ (3)
Boston Celtics
105–103
San Antonio Spurs
000000002011-01-05-0000January 5, 2011
43:30
12
10
6
1
5
.615 (40–65)
No
[af]


document_title: Osteon

question_text: what is the function of the osteon in bone

text: Osteon

text: Structure[edit]

text: Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal. The haversian canal contains the bone's blood supplies. The boundary of an osteon is the cement line.

text: Each haversian canal is surrounding by varying number (5-20) of concentrically arranged lamellae of bone martix. Near the surface of the compact bone, the lamellae are arranged parallel to the surface; these are called circumferential lamellae. Some of the osteoblasts develop into osteocytes, each living within its own small space, or lacuna. Osteocytes make contact with the cytoplasmic processes of their counterparts via a network of small transverse canals, or canaliculi. This network facilitates the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste. Collagen fibers in a particular lamella run parallel to each other, but the orientation of collagen fibers within other lamellae is oblique. The collagen fiber density is lowest at the seams between lamellae, accounting for the distinctive microscopic appearance of a transverse section of osteons. The space between osteons is occupied by interstitial lamellae, which are the remnants of osteons that were partially resorbed during the process of bone remodeling.

text: Osteons are connected to each other and the periosteum by oblique channels called Volkmann's canals or perforating canals.

text: Drifting osteons[edit]

text: Drifting osteons are a phenomenon that is not fully understood. A "drifting osteon" is classified as one that runs both longitudinally as well as transversely through the cortex. An osteon can "drift" in one direction or change directions several times, leaving a tail of lamellae behind the advancing haversian canal.[2]

text: Investigative applications[edit]

text: In bioarchaeological research and in forensic investigations, osteons in a bone fragment can be used to determine the sex of an individual[3] and age, as well as aspects of taxonomy, diet, health and motor history.[4]

text: Osteons and their arrangement vary according to taxon, so that genus and sometimes species can be differentiated using a bone fragment not otherwise identifiable. However, there is considerable variability among the different bones of a skeleton, and features of some faunal osteons overlap with those of human osteons; therefore, examination of osteons is not of primary use in the analyses of osteological remains.[5] More research is needed, but osteohistology has the potential to positively affect the studies in bioarchaeology, paleontology and forensic investigations.

text: In recent decades, osteohistological studies of dinosaur fossils has been used to address a number of issues, such as the periodicity of growth of dinosaurs and whether it was uniform across species[6] and the question of whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or not.[7]