document_title: Oymyakon

question_text: what is the coldest habitable place on earth

text: Oymyakon

text: Etymology[edit]

text: It is named after the Oymyakon River, whose name reportedly comes from the Even word kheium, meaning "unfrozen patch of water; place where fish spend the winter."[4] However, another source states that the Even word heyum (hэjум) (kheium may be a misspelling) means "frozen lake".[5]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Oymyakon has two main valleys beside it. These valleys trap wind inside the town and create the colder climate. However, children are still allowed to go to school if it is warmer than −55.0 °C (−67.0 °F).

text: History[edit]

text: During World War II, an airfield was built there for the Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route used to ferry American Lend-Lease aircraft to the Eastern Front.[6]

text: Over the last few decades, the population of Oymyakon has shrunk considerably. The village had a peak population of around 2,500 inhabitants when it was a central town of the region,[when?] but that number has dwindled to less than 900 in 2018.[Videos 1]

text: Climate[edit]

text: With an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwd), Oymyakon is known as one of the places considered the Northern Pole of Cold, the other being the town of Verkhoyansk, located 629 km (391 miles) away by air. The ground is permanently frozen (continuous permafrost).

text: There is a monument built around the town square commemorating a reading in the 1920s of −71.2. This was shown on the Australian programme 60 Minutes in a 2012 documentary.[7] On February 6, 1933, a temperature of −67.7 °C (−89.9 °F) was recorded at Oymyakon's weather station.[8][9] This was the coldest officially recorded temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Only Antarctica has recorded lower official temperatures (the lowest being −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983).[10][11]

text: The weather station is in a valley between Oymyakon and Tomtor. The station is at 750 meters (2,460 ft) and the surrounding mountains at 1,100 meters (3,600 ft), causing cold air to pool in the valley: in fact, recent studies show that winter temperatures in the area increase with altitude by as much as 10 °C (18 °F).[12]

text: Some years the temperature drops below 0 °C (32 °F) in late September and may remain below freezing until mid-May. In Oymyakon sometimes the average minimum temperature for January, February and December remains below −50 °C (−58 °F). Sometimes summer months can also be quite cold, but June and July are the only months where the temperature has never dropped below −10 °C (14 °F). Oymyakon and Verkhoyansk are the only two permanently inhabited places in the world that have recorded temperatures below −60.0 °C (−76 °F) for every day in January.[13][14]

text: Oymyakon has never recorded an above-freezing temperature between October 25 and March 17.[15]

text:
Although winters in Oymyakon are long and excessively cold, summers are mild to warm, sometimes hot.
The warmest month on record is July 2010 with an average temperature of +18.7 °C (65.7 °F).[citation needed] In June, July and August temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) are not rare during the day. On July 28, 2010, Oymyakon recorded a record high temperature of 34.6 °C (94 °F),[16] yielding a temperature range of 102.3 °C (184.1 °F). Verkhoyansk and Yakutsk are the only other places in the world with a temperature amplitude higher than 100 °C (180 °F).[citation needed]

text: The climate is quite dry, but as average monthly temperatures are below freezing for seven months of the year, substantial evaporation occurs only in summer months. Summers are much wetter than winters.

text:
hideClimate data for Oymyakon (1981–2010), extremes 1891–present

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

−16.6 (2.1)

−12.5 (9.5)

2.0 (35.6)

11.7 (53.1)

26.2 (79.2)

31.1 (88)

34.6 (94.3)

33.1 (91.6)

23.7 (74.7)

11.0 (51.8)

−2.1 (28.2)

−6.5 (20.3)

34.6 (94.3)

Average high °C (°F)

−42.5 (−44.5)

−35.4 (−31.7)

−20.8 (−5.4)

−3.7 (25.3)

9.1 (48.4)

20.0 (68)

22.7 (72.9)

18.2 (64.8)

8.9 (48)

−9.2 (15.4)

−30.7 (−23.3)

−42 (−44)

−8.8 (16.2)

Daily mean °C (°F)

−46.4 (−51.5)

−42 (−44)

−31.2 (−24.2)

−13.6 (7.5)

2.7 (36.9)

12.6 (54.7)

14.9 (58.8)

10.3 (50.5)

2.3 (36.1)

−14.8 (5.4)

−35.2 (−31.4)

−45.5 (−49.9)

−15.5 (4.1)

Average low °C (°F)

−50 (−58)

−47.3 (−53.1)

−40 (−40)

−23.9 (−11)

−4.7 (23.5)

4.0 (39.2)

6.2 (43.2)

2.6 (36.7)

−3.7 (25.3)

−20.4 (−4.7)

−39.3 (−38.7)

−48.8 (−55.8)

−22.1 (−7.8)

Record low °C (°F)

−65.4 (−85.7)

−67.7 (−89.9)

−60.6 (−77.1)

−46.4 (−51.5)

−28.9 (−20)

−9.7 (14.5)

−9.3 (15.3)

−17.1 (1.2)

−25.3 (−13.5)

−47.6 (−53.7)

−58.5 (−73.3)

−62.8 (−81)

−67.7 (−89.9)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

6 (0.24)

7 (0.28)

5 (0.2)

6 (0.24)

13 (0.51)

34 (1.34)

45 (1.77)

39 (1.54)

23 (0.91)

14 (0.55)

12 (0.47)

8 (0.31)

215 (8.46)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)

3.0

2.6

1.4

1.8

3.2

6.6

8.7

7.7

5.1

4.9

4.0

3.0

52.0

Average rainy days

0

0

0

0

10

17

17

18

13

1

0

0

76

Average snowy days

23

23

16

10

9

1

0

0

9

21

23

20

156

Average relative humidity (%)

75

74

72

68

60

59

65

70

73

79

77

74

71

Mean monthly sunshine hours

28

118

244

284

282

304

298

236

151

113

58

13

2,129

Source #1: Погода и Климат,[17]January record low[18]February record low[19][20]

Source #2: NOAA (precipitation days and sunshine hours)[21]

text: In the media[edit]

text: Oymyakon has been featured in a number of television series:

text:
The episode "The Winter's Tale" of the 1996 PBS weather documentary series Savage Skies.
The season two episode "Siberia" of the documentary series World's Most Dangerous Roads.
Oxford geographer Nick Middleton's television series and accompanying book Going to Extremes, in which he discusses his visit to this village and describes ways in which inhabitants cope with the extreme cold.  Middleton describes how Oymyakon lies between two mountain ranges, trapping cold air between throughout the year.[22] In the winter, once every two days, the village's cattle's herd bull was harnessed between the shafts of a sledge with a big water tank on it and led to the spring. The men broke the ice on the spring, let the bull drink its fill, filled the water tank from the spring, and let the bull pull the tanker sledge back into the warm. The water spring was naturally warm and so stayed liquid below the surface ice.
Cameraman Geoff Mackley along with Rachael Wilson and Mark Whetu from New Zealand, made an episode for Discovery Channel series Dangerman. They were accompanied by translator Rob Walker (USA) and Vyacheslav Ipatiev (TourServiceCenter). Geoff rode the bull which pulled the water tank sledge to the spring, and spent a night outside in a tent.[23][24]
The episode "Hot and Cold" in the 2010 BBC series Extreme World features the village.[25]
The episode "Chilling Out" in the 1 April 2012 Episode of Australia's 60 Minutes.[7]
The travel series Departures Season 3 Episode 2  "Russia: The Bull of Winter" March 13, 2010. Travelers Scott Wilson and Justin Lukach, Director of Photography/Director Andre Dupuis, Translator Bogdan Almazov.[26]
"Coldest Road," an episode of the Discovery Channel three-part series Driven to Extremes starring Tom Hardy
The TV show Castle episode "Dead Red" talked about sending a Russian diplomat there to serve his time for a crime he committed.
In the television show Angry Planet with George Kourounis, episode “Melting Siberia”, the city and region are explored in relation to melting permafrost and climate change.


document_title: List of dams in the Missouri River watershed

question_text: dams on the missouri river in south dakota

root

text: Mainstem dams[edit]

text:
Name
State
Reservoir
Height
Storage capacity
Capacity
(MW)

ft
m
acre.ft
km3

Toston Dam
MT

56
17
3,000
0.004
10

Canyon Ferry Dam
MT
Canyon Ferry Lake
225
69
1,973,000
2.434
50

Hauser Dam
MT
Hauser Lake
80
24
98,000
0.121
19

Holter Dam
MT
Holter Lake
124
38
243,000
0.300
48

Black Eagle Dam
MT
Long Pool
13
4
2,000
0.002
21

Rainbow Dam
MT

29
9
1,000
0.001
36

Cochrane Dam
MT

59
18
3,000
0.004
64

Ryan Dam
MT

61
19
5,000
0.006
60

Morony Dam
MT

59
18
3,000
0.004
48

Fort Peck Dam
MT
Fort Peck Lake
250
76
18,690,000
23.053
185

Garrison Dam
ND
Lake Sakakawea
210
64
23,800,000
29.356
515

Oahe Dam
SD
Lake Oahe
245
75
23,500,000
28.986
786

Big Bend Dam
SD
Lake Sharpe
95
29
1,910,000
2.356
493

Fort Randall Dam
SD
Lake Francis Case
165
50
5,700,000
7.031
320

Gavins Point Dam
NE
SD
Lewis and Clark Lake
74
23
492,000
0.607
132

tag: table

text: Tributary dams[edit]

text: All tributary dams with a storage capacity greater than 250,000 acre feet (0.31 km3) are listed in the below table.

tag: p

text:
Name
State
River
Reservoir
Height
Storage capacity
Capacity
(MW)

ft
m
acre.ft
km3

Bagnell Dam
MO
Osage
Lake of the Ozarks
148
45
1,927,000
2.377
7002215000000000000♠215

Boysen Dam
WY
Wind
Boysen Reservoir
220
67
952,400
1.175
7001150000000000000♠15

Buffalo Bill Dam
WY
Shoshone
Buffalo Bill Reservoir
350
110
623,557
0.769
7001305000000000000♠30.5

Chatfield Dam
CO
South Platte
Chatfield Reservoir
147
45
350,000
0.432
5000000000000000000♠0

Clark Canyon Dam
MT
Jefferson
Clark Canyon Reservoir
148
45
325,324
0.401
5000000000000000000♠0

Glendo Dam
WY
North Platte
Glendo Reservoir
190
58
1,170,505
1.444
7001380000000000000♠38

Harry S. Truman Dam
MO
Osage
Truman Reservoir
126
38
5,408,600
6.671
7002160000000000000♠160

Hebgen Dam
MT
Madison
Hebgen Lake
85
26
325,000
0.401
5000000000000000000♠0

Keyhole Dam
WY
Belle Fourche
Keyhole Reservoir
168
51
334,200
0.412
5000000000000000000♠0

Kingsley Dam
NE
North Platte
Lake McConaughy
162
49
1,740,000
2.146
7001519000000000000♠51.9

Melvern Dam
KS
Marais des Cygnes
Melvern Reservoir
125
38
355,300
0.438
5000000000000000000♠0

Milford Dam
KS
Republican
Milford Lake
90
27
1,125,200
1.387
5000000000000000000♠0

Pathfinder Dam
WY
North Platte
Pathfinder Reservoir
214
65
1,016,500
1.254
7001668000000000000♠66.8

Perry Dam
KS
Delaware
Perry Lake
151
46
1,417,700
1.749
5000000000000000000♠0

Pomme de Terre Dam
MO
Pomme de Terre
Pomme de Terre Lake
155
47
650,000
0.802
5000000000000000000♠0

Seminoe Dam
WY
North Platte
Seminoe Reservoir
295
90
1,017,279
1.255
7001450000000000000♠45

Stockton Dam
MO
Sac
Stockton Lake
131
40
1,674,000
2.065
7001520000000000000♠52

Tiber Dam
MT
Marias
Lake Elwell
211
64
1,515,000
1.869
7001100000000000000♠10

Tuttle Creek Dam
KS
Big Blue
Tuttle Creek Lake
137
42
3,185,700
3.929
5000000000000000000♠0

Wilson Dam
KS
Saline
Wilson Lake
130
40
736,000
0.908
5000000000000000000♠0

Yellowtail Dam
MT
Bighorn
Bighorn Lake
525
160
1,381,189
1.704
7002250000000000000♠250


document_title: Wicked Witch of the West

question_text: wizard of oz wicked witch of west name

question_tokens: wizard of oz wicked witch of west name

text: Wicked Witch of the West

text: In Baum's books[edit]

text: The Wicked Witch of the West is the malevolent ruler of the Winkie Country. Her castle is described as beautiful instead of being the sinister fortress shown in the movie. In all versions, she is seriously aquaphobic. The Wicked Witch of the West was not related to the Wicked Witch of the East, but leagued together with her, the Wicked Witch of the South and Mombi to conquer the Land of Oz and divide it among themselves, as recounted in L. Frank Baum's Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. She shows no interest in the death of the Eastern Witch, and all she cares about is obtaining the Silver Shoes which will increase her power. W. W. Denslow's illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz depict her as a paunched old hag with three pigtails and an eye-patch. L. Frank Baum himself specified that she only had one eye, but that it "was as powerful as a telescope", enabling the witch to see what was happening in her kingdom from her castle windows. Other illustrators, such as Paul Granger, placed her eye in the center of her forehead, as a cyclops. Usually, she is shown wearing an eye patch, however some illustrations show her with two eyes. Possibly to suggest that the witch actually has two eyes, but has no vision in one of them.

text: Most of her power resides in the creatures she controls. She has a pack of wolves, a swarm of bees, a flock of crows and an army of Winkies.[1] She possesses the enchanted Golden Cap, which compels the winged monkeys to obey her on three occasions. First, the witch commanded the creatures to help her enslave the Winkies and to seize control of the western part of the Land of Oz. Second, she made the winged monkeys drive Oz out of the Winkie Country, when he attempted to overthrow her.

text: When Dorothy Gale and her companions were sent by the Wizard to destroy her, the Witch attacked them with a pack of 40 great wolves, a flock of 40 crows, a swarm of black bees, and a group of Winkie slaves. Each of these attempts were thwarted, but the protagonists are eventually subdued by the Witch's third and final permitted use of the Winged Monkeys. Nevertheless, the old witch cannot kill Dorothy because the girl is protected by the Good Witch of the North's kiss. She therefore settles for enslaving Dorothy, and tries to force the Cowardly Lion into submission by starving him, though Dorothy sneaks him food. Upon seeing the Silver Shoes on the girl's feet, the Wicked Witch decides to steal them, and thereby acquire even more power.

text: When she succeeds in acquiring one silver shoe by making Dorothy trip over an invisible bar, the little girl angrily throws a bucket of water onto the Wicked Witch. This causes the old witch to melt away. The Wicked Witch's dryness was enumerated in some clues before this. Furthermore, when Toto had bitten her, she had not bled; her wickedness had dried her up long ago. Unfortunately, L. Frank Baum did not explain precisely why water had this effect on her, nor did he ever imply that all evil witches could be likewise destroyed. However, the wicked witch Mombi is similarly disposed of in The Lost King of Oz and the wicked witch Singra is clearly afraid of the same fate in the early chapters of The Wicked Witch of Oz. The most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles' heel of these witches is the long held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil.

text: The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel, but rather an umbrella, which she uses on one occasion to strike Dorothy's dog Toto.[2] Her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one. Despite her immense power, she avoids face-to-face contact with her enemies, and is frightened of Dorothy at first when she sees the girl wearing the Silver Shoes. She is also afraid of the dark in Baum's original story for reasons never revealed. For that reason, the Witch never tried to steal the Silver Shoes while Dorothy was sleeping. Despite her fear of water and the dark, the Wicked Witch of the West was one of the most powerful witches in all of Oz. In ensuing Oz books, her power is described as having been so great that even Glinda the Good Witch of the South feared her.

text: In other books[edit]

text:
In Alexander Melentyevich Volkov's 1939 novel The Wizard of the Emerald City, her given name is Bastinda. March Laumer uses this name for the witch in his novel Aunt Em and Uncle Henry in Oz. Like in the 1939 movie, she is the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East. Sherwood Smith uses this name for a new Wicked Witch of the West in her 2005 book The Emerald Wand of Oz.
Gregory Maguire's September 1996 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West takes the familiar Oz story and inverts it, with the Wicked Witch (given the name Elphaba in homage to L. Frank Baum) as the novel's protagonist and Dorothy as a hapless child. The name is retained in the musical Wicked.
In the novel The Unknown Witches of Oz, the Wicked Witch of the West is named Old Snarl-Spats.
In the comic book series Grimm Fairy Tales presents Oz, the Wicked Witch of the West is named Lynessa.

tag: ul

text: In dramatic representations[edit]

text: 1910 film[edit]

text: The 1910 silent film The Wonderful Wizard of Oz features a character similar to the Wicked Witch of the West, identified in intertitles as "Momba the Witch" (Compare the character Mombi from The Marvelous Land of Oz). In the film, Momba has an unspecified hold over the Wizard, who promises his crown to anyone who can release him from Momba's power. Momba captures Dorothy and her companions, evoking the events in Baum's original novel, and is destroyed when Dorothy throws a bucket of water over her.

text: 1914 film[edit]

text: Mombi's likeness and costume in the 1914 silent film, His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz is based on Denslow's illustrations of the Wicked Witch of the West.

text: 1939 film[edit]

text: In the 1939 version of The Wizard of Oz, Margaret Hamilton plays the Wicked Witch of the West as a green-skinned witch dressed in a long black dress with a black pointed hat. She does not wear an eye-patch like in the novel. This representation of the Wicked Witch has become a standard for what witches resemble and an archetype of human wickedness.[3] While this relationship is not mentioned in Baum's books, in the movie, the Witch is the sister of the Wicked Witch of the East. In fact, she appears in the film much earlier on than in Baum's original novel, demanding the Munchkins reveal who killed her sister, not long after Dorothy's arrival in Oz. She is described by Glinda the Good Witch of the North, not the South as in the book, as "worse than the other one." Therefore, the Witch's role is made much more prominent than in the novel, as she seeks revenge against Dorothy for killing her sister, even though it was "accidental". However, as soon as the Witch is reminded of the ruby slippers, all interest in her sister's death vanishes and all she cares about are obtaining "her" slippers, which will enable her to conquer Oz. She is also more menacing than her literary counterpart, making Dorothy too afraid to ever lose her temper with the Witch. She makes sure that Dorothy knows her power when Dorothy meets the Scarecrow by throwing a ball of fire at them. Before Dorothy and her friends get to the city, the Witch casts a sleeping spell over a field of poppies through which the group must pass. Glinda remotely counteracts the spell with a snowfall. The Wicked Witch then flies on her broom over the Emerald City, demanding that the citizens of the Emerald City surrender Dorothy to her, and the Wizard demands the destruction of the Witch, with her broom as proof, in exchange for granting the wishes of Dorothy and her companions. Unlike Baum's original depiction, the Wicked Witch sends the Winged Monkeys as the first wave of attack. The Golden Cap is not mentioned but, after the failure of her poppy spell, the Witch does hold and then angrily cast away a costume piece that could be considered the cap (It greatly resembles the Cap in depicted in W. W. Denslow's original illustrations for The Wonderful Wizard of Oz) and was mentioned as her "wishing cap" in the original shooting script. She is killed when Dorothy throws a bucket of water on her, in attempt to put out a fire the witch bestowed on the Scarecrow. In the novel, Dorothy simply throws it on her in a fit of anger. There is no prior mention of the Wicked Witch's vulnerability to water in the movie, save for a split-second before the water actually douses her when she screams "Don't touch that water!" (this line does not appear in the film's shooting script). After the Wicked Witch of the West is dead, her soldiers are glad to be free of her power, and quote "Hail to Dorothy! The Wicked Witch is dead!" The character ranks No. 4 in the American Film Institute's list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time,[4] making her the highest ranking female villain, as well as placing 90th on Empire magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[5]

text: Hamilton's other role in this film is the Witch's Kansas sepia tone sequence character, Miss Almira Gulch, newly created for the film by screenwriter Noel Langley. She arrives on her bicycle at the farm and says to Uncle Henry, "Mr. Gale! I'd like to speak with you and your wife right away". Since Dorothy's last name is also Gale, this implies that Henry is her blood-uncle, and Aunt Em is his wife. Em tells her off, saying to her: "Almira Gulch, just because you own half the county doesn't mean that you have the power to run the rest of us. For 23 years I've been dying to tell you what I thought of you! And now... well, being a Christian woman, I can't say it!" (Baum's character never mentions anything about religion beyond the implications of Sunday-best clothing.) Dorothy, in her dream sequence on the way to Oz sees her again outside the window in the tornado. At that moment, Miss Gulch transforms into the Wicked Witch of the West, flying on a broom.

text: Other appearances by Hamilton[edit]

text: On a 1976 episode of the American television program, Sesame Street, the Witch, once again played by Hamilton herself, drops her broom and falls onto the street. In order to get the broom back, she must prove that she can be nice. Everyone is scared of her, except for Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird. After she proves that she is nice, Big Bird is upset when the time comes for her to leave. She reassures him that one day she'll return. The episode was poorly received by parents of frightened young children, and was never aired again. The fate of the footage is unknown, but it can be assumed that it is still stashed away in Sesame Workshop's vault. Hamilton also played this witch in The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), and reprised her role several times on stage, most notably at the St. Louis Municipal Opera.

text: Hamilton also appeared as herself on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. In this appearance, she demonstrated how her costume and acting skills made her appear to be the Witch, and assured her young viewers that there was nothing about her to be feared, because her portrayal in the film was only make-believe.

text: 2003 stage musical[edit]

text: The story line of the stage adaptation "goes far afield" from the 1996 novel. As Winnie Holzman observed in an interview with Playbill, "It was [Maguire's] brilliant idea to take this hated figure and tell things from her point of view, and to have the two witches be roommates in college, but the way in which their friendship develops – and really the whole plot – is different onstage."[6] Schwartz justified the deviation, saying "Primarily we were interested in the relationship between Galinda – who becomes Glinda – and Elphaba...the friendship of these two women and how their characters lead them to completely different destinies."[7] In addition to this change in focus, other major plot modifications include Fiyero's appearance as the scarecrow, Elphaba's survival at the end, Nessarose using a wheelchair instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda - and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, the complete cutting of Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered.[8]

text: 2013 film[edit]

text: Mila Kunis portrays the Wicked Witch of the West, who is named Theodora, in the 2013 Disney film Oz the Great and Powerful. In this version, she is portrayed as a 'good witch', also being the younger sister of Evanora (Rachel Weisz), who is at war with Glinda (Michelle Williams) for control of Oz; she wants nothing more than for peace to come back to their land. She falls in love with Oscar Diggs (James Franco), but her feelings for him are one-sided; Theodora wanted to be Oscar's queen when he ruled Oz. After Oscar goes to meet with Glinda, Evanora tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar had betrayed her, offering her a magic apple that will help her forget her disappointment. Theodora immediately takes a bite from it, but afterwards Evanora reveals that she was the evil Witch all along, however Theodora is too late to realize this. Before she can do anything, she starts feeling great pain as the apple was tainted with a potion that removes all the good in her heart making her so evil that even her sister fears her. Her skin turns green as a side effect of the potion, while her nose becomes crooked due to her falling on it. Though Evanora offers to cover it up with an enchantment, Theodora embraces her new appearance and helps her sister attempt to kill Glinda, get revenge on Oscar, and take control of Oz. However, she and Evanora are defeated by Oscar's illusions. Theodora is forced to flee the city on her broom, but she threatens to return. Oscar tells her he knows her wickedness isn't her doing and if she ever finds the goodness within her, she is welcome to return. However, she refuses and flies off to the West, vowing revenge.

text: Once Upon a Time[edit]

text: The Wicked Witch appears as the main antagonist of the second half of Season Three of Once Upon a Time played by Rebecca Mader.[9] This version goes by the name of Zelena (which means "green" in some Slavic languages). Zelena is discovered to be the daughter of the Queen of Hearts/the Miller's Daughter (Barbara Hershey/Rose McGowan), making her the older, long-lost half-sister of Regina the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla). Zelena visited Rumplestiltskin (Robert Carlyle) and learned from him how to control her own powerful magic. Her storyline revolves around her efforts to create a time-travel spell that will allow her to go back and prevent the Evil Queen's birth before she can unwittingly ruin Zelena's life, and thus Zelena would be raised as royalty. But despite Zelena's efforts to sabotage Emma Swan (supposedly the only wielder of light magic powerful enough to oppose her) she is defeated when the Evil Queen masters light magic in time to oppose her (although her time-travel spell is completed, it only takes effect after her presumed death, transporting Emma and Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue) back to before the original curse was cast). She was later thought to have been killed by Rumpelstiltskin.

text: It was later discovered that Zelena's soul actually went back in time, where she managed to revive herself and assumed Maid Marian's (Christie Laing) place after killing her in the past and taking her appearance; to allow the heroes to take her back to the present, where she poses as Marian without Robin Hood (Sean Maguire) knowing. This way, she can resume making Regina Mills suffer by complicating her romantic relationship with the believed widower Robin. Zelena also copies the other villains' idea to try to force the Author to write them happy lives at the expense of the heroes. Zelena swaps out the Elixir of the Wounded Heart and when Mr. Gold is dying, saves his life with it, but only after he agrees to drop his grudge against her and begins helping her. Regina learns this and rushes to New York with Emma. Upon arriving there with Lily, Emma and Regina confront Robin Hood and Zelena where Regina tells her what actually happened to Maid Marian. Even though Robin Hood is now aware of what happened to Maid Marian, he couldn't leave Zelena because she is pregnant. Zelena is taken back to Storybrooke and locked in the hospital basement. Regina almost has the Author write Zelena and the pregnancy out of existence and memory. Regina changes her mind after she realizes it is something their mother would do, and she can choose to be happy with Robin and the rest of her family, raising the baby herself after the birth, while Zelena has extremely restricted visitation rights. When the Author warps reality to serve his own purposes, the roles of heroes and villains are switched. In the alternate Enchanted Forest Zelena is the fiancé of Robin Hood and their marriage will make all the changes permanent. When Regina is slashed almost fatally by Rumpelstiltskin, Zelena complains she is bleeding on her wedding dress and taking the attention away from her on her wedding day. She begins turning green again and runs off. When reality is returned to normal she is still pregnant in the hospital.

text: Zelena travels with the heroes to Camelot in search of Emma, after becoming the Dark One. She is told to pretend to be Regina's mute handmaiden (Regina having taken her voice). In Camelot, Zelena is threatened by Regina that her baby will be taken by Regina once it has been born. She takes this as a strategy to kidnap Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) as the rest of the group tries to sneak into Camelot (having been thrown out) and regains her magic with King Arthur's (Liam Garrigan) help. She enchants the main hilt of Excalibur to bind Merlin's (Elliot Knight) soul, allowing its holder to control him. Zelena, Arthur and Merlin hold Emma's friends captive with the Protheum flame and the Dark One Dagger as ransom. Before she can do anything, she is tricked by Emma and tied by magic around a tree. After a battle between Merlin and Emma, Zelena transports herself and Arthur back to Camelot. Arthur and her plan to take a magical helm from the kingdom of DunBroch. After many failed attempts to reach the helm, including a battle between Arthur, Zelena and Red Riding Hood (Meghan Ory), Mulan (Jamie Chung) and Merida (Amy Manson, she transports herself back to Camelot, where Emma casts the Dark Curse, ripping everyone back to Storybrooke without their memories of ever stepping foot in Camelot.

text: Zelena awakens in Granny's Diner and is almost immediately put back in her cell. Zelena is met by the Dark Swan (name for Emma as the Dark One) and is told she will need an ally in the town after people learn the truth. Zelena eats darkly enchanted onion rings (made by Emma) and as a result, her pregnancy is sped up from two months to nine. She gives birth to a baby girl and is taken away by Emma into her basement with Hook at her side. She is freed from her cuff once again and leaves Hook in Emma's house, wanting to get answers. Zelena steps back inside after Emma finds him. She brings in an enchanted dreamcatcher, which holds the memories of Hook becoming a Dark One (in Emma's fault) in order to save him. Zelena learns that Robin and Regina are allowing her to see her baby, as long as one of them is with her. This is when she shares a bonding moment with her child. During the Dark Siege of Storybrooke, Zelena plans to take Regina's place in Storybrooke including her office. After claiming full custody of her baby, Zelena is transported by Regina (and the Apprentice's Wand) back to Oz, and she claimed they will see each other again.[10]

text: Regina reunites with Zelena in the underworld where it is revealed that Zelena and Hades have a romantic history. The sisters eventually become close as she tries to change for her daughter. She shares True Love's Kiss with Hades, which allows him to go to Storybrooke and the two go together with the baby as she believes Hades has changed. However, Hades kills Robin Hood, proving his evil to Zelena who kills him with the Olympian Crystal. She names the baby Robyn after her father. In season 6, Zelena and Regina get into a fight where Regina reveals that she blames Zelena for Robin's death; Regina's dark half, the Evil Queen has now become a human manifestation and she and Zelena work together until the Queen tries to kill her. Regina saves Zelena from the Evil Queen but does not forgive her for Robin's death.

text: Emerald City[edit]

text: The Witch of the West appears as one of the main characters in the first season of Emerald City, portrayed by Ana Ularu. Here she is one of the last Cardinal Witches of Oz and the "Mistress of the Western Fields, Vessel of Truth and Solace", along with her sisters Glinda of the North and the Witch of the East. West seemingly obeys the Wizard of Oz's law against magic, owns a brothel in the Emerald City and is a poppy opium addict, deteriorating her magical skill. She is very emotional, especially when compared to the reserved behavior of Glinda's. Despite claiming to hate magic because it could not save her mother and sister witches during the Beast Forever's last attack, she resorts to it quickly when in pursuit of Dorothy after she accidentally killed East.

text: Later adaptations[edit]

text:
On the 1969 LP vinyl Songs from the Wizard of Oz, produced by Disneyland records, The Wicked Witch of the West is given the name "Smarmy", and sings the song "Just Call Smarmy". The record features both original songs and songs from the 1939 MGM film.
In The Wiz (1974), its film version (1978), and television special (2015), the Wicked Witch of the West is given the name Evillene (portrayed by Mabel King in both the original Broadway cast and the film and Mary J. Blige in the television special). She is the malevolent ruler of the Winkies. She is the sister of Addaperle (Miss One in the film version), Glinda, and Evermean, the other three witches of Oz. In the film version, she runs a sweatshop under Yankee Stadium with the slogan "Manufacturers and Exporters of Sweat" and extracts it not only from the Winkies, but the Crows, the Poppy Girls, and the Subway Peddler. Her magic creates urban variations on the Kalidahs (depicted as evil growing dolls sent by the Subway Peddler), Fighting Trees (depicted as mobile pillars) and the wolves (depicted as living and carnivorous trash cans), all in the Subway system. She then sends the Flying Monkeys (depicted as a biker gang) to capture Dorothy and her friends. In the film, Evillene is vanquished when Dorothy sets off the sweatshop's sprinkler system.
In Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo's 1981 episode "Scooby's Trip to Ahz", the Witch appears as the Wicked Witch of the North by Southeast (suffix name spoofs the film title, "North by Northwest").
In the anime film The Wizard of Oz (1982), the Witch (voiced by Elizabeth Hanna) is purple-skinned, white-haired, and wears an eyepatch similar to W. W. Denslow's original illustration. However, her telescopic eye is replaced by a magic mirror. Her soldiers are completely magical, disappear at her demise, and are quite distinct from the Winkies, whom she uses only for labor. She wears an old-fashioned peasant dress and possesses a staff, through which she generates her magic.
In the 1986 anime series The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Witch is purple-skinned once again, and has long white hair with a blood-like red streak. She possesses both eyes and is dressed in a long, black hooded gown. Her eyes have the power to turn people into stone, and turn blood-red when such transformations are effected. One of the Winkies actually tries to crush her to death with a huge boulder, but the Witch causes the boulder to disappear, and turns the man into stone. Like in the 1982 anime film, a magic mirror shows her everything she wishes to uncover. The Wicked Witch makes it clear to Dorothy that the Good Witch of the North's kiss cannot serve as protection from her apparently superior power, and it's the Silver Shoes that safeguard the girl. The Witch also reveals that the Wicked Witch of the East was her sister, and that the Silver Shoes could triple her own powers. This version gives the witch the most prolonged and dramatic death scene of all versions; it also differs from previous adaptations by suggesting that Mombi was her protégé.
In the animated series The Wizard of Oz (1990–1991) by DiC Enterprises, the Flying Monkeys that were loyal to the Wicked Witch of the West (voiced by Tress MacNeille) perform a ritual that resurrects the Wicked Witch of the West where they place her hat, dress and cloak on an effigy. Afterwards, she terrorizes Oz again by tarnishing the Emerald City, stealing what Dorothy's friends treasure the most (the Scarecrow's brain diploma, the Tin Woodman's clock heart, and the Cowardly Lion's medal of courage), and making the Wizard fly off-course in his hot-air balloon by creating an evil wind. Of course she still has a weakness to any type of water causing her to evade at all times. This incarnation of the character was clearly based on the 1939 MGM movie, to which the series itself served as an unofficial sequel. Although the witch's garments are purple here rather than black.
The Witch appears in a little-known 1995 version of the original story made for British cable television, which combined elements of Baum's original story, the 1939 movie, and the 1985 semi-sequel Return to Oz. She first appears after Dorothy lands in Oz, demands to know where the Ruby Slippers are, threatens Dorothy, then leaves. The Munchkins then reveal they hid the Slippers to keep the Witch from getting them, force them onto Dorothy, who then leaves to find the Wizard. At the end of the film, after taking the Slippers while Dorothy is sleeping, the Witch turns her loose in a room full of large rocks, says she's turned Dorothy's companions into rocks themselves, and will give her three chances to pick which ones are her friends, but if she guesses wrong, she will become one herself. To be fair, she turns the Slippers into a rock and hides them in the room. Dorothy, however manages to find the Tin Woodman, Scarecrow and Cowardly Lion. The Witch, enraged, grows to giant sized and holds a boulder over Dorothy, who then finds the Slippers and wishes for the Witch to lose her power. The Witch loses her strength and falls backwards, and the boulder kills her instantly.
In the 1995 television special The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True (a stage musical based on the 1939 film), Debra Winger portrays the Witch. Her costume is green rather than black. In addition, Winger narrates the tornado scene including Miss Gulch's transformation. This production omits the scene where the Witch threatens Dorothy, the Scarecrow, and Tin Man as mattresses and a beehive after appearing on top of The Tin Man's cottage. The Wicked Witch's Castle scenes are shortened due to time limit. Unlike Margaret Hamilton, Winger says the line "What a little whiner! I'll give you something to cry about" when Dorothy suffers her imprisonment after Aunt Em's image fades away in the crystal ball rather than "I'll give you Auntie Em, my pretty!".
In the February 1996 episode "Water You Thinking?" of Mighty Morphin' Alien Rangers, a witch monster appears by the name of Witchblade and she seems to be modeled after the Wicked Witch. Her voice and cackle are reminiscent of the 1939 film's portrayal of the Witch. Additionally, most of her lines are paraphrasings of the Witch's lines, such as "How 'bout a little fire, Rangers?". She also refers to the Rangers' Zords as "Tin Men" and to the Rangers as "My pretties". When she's defeated, she cries "Oh, no! I'm falling, falling! What a world!"
In "Anthology of Interest II", a 2002 episode of the animated television series Futurama, Leela is knocked unconscious and dreams about being Dorothy in a version of The Wizard of Oz, with Futurama characters playing the roles of Wizard characters. While Fry is the Scarecrow, Bender the Robot is the Tinman, and Doctor Zoidberg is the Lion, the Wicked Witch is played by Mom, a recurring antagonist from the show, voice by Tress MacNeille who also provided the voice for The Wicked Witch of the West in the 1990 DIC animated series. The Witch sends her flying monkeys, played by Mom's sons Larry, Walt, and Igner, to capture Dorothy/Leela. At the Witch's castle, she reveals that she wants to adopt Dorothy as her daughter, and Dorothy/Leela agrees, as long as she gets to be a witch, too. The Witch/Mom meets her fate when Tinman/Bender opens a celebratory bottle of champagne and accidentally sprays her with it, melting her. Later, after Dorothy/Leela uses the power of her ruby boots to become the new Wicked Witch of the West, water splashes down on her from the ceiling, causing her to melt as well, to which the Cowardly Lobster/Zoidberg descends the stairs, mentioning "I think there's a problem with your upstairs toilet."
In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005), Miss Piggy plays all of the witches of Oz, including the Wicked Witch of the West. Her basic attire evoked W. W. Denslow's original illustration, with a biker theme. The eyepatch also covered a magical glass-eye that gave her visual powers. This version of the Wicked Witch is only vulnerable to tap water where she is able to bathe in bottled water. The Wicked Witch of the West is vanquished when Dorothy kicks her into the bathtub filled with bottled tap water since Angel Marie filled the bottles with tap water. Afterwards, Dorothy salvages her glass-eye which is later given to the Wizard of Oz. Miss Piggy's other role is herself. Prior to Dorothy's journey, she appears with Kermit and tries to get rid of Dorothy. After Dorothy's return, she returns for the Muppets' show.
In the American television show Supernatural, the Wicked Witch appears as the villain of the episode "Slumber Party" where she comes to Earth in 1935 with a plan to get the Key to Oz and bring her army to Earth to take over. Dorothy Gale, who is in fact the daughter of L. Frank Baum, becomes a monster hunter to stop the Witch after she spent some time trapped in Oz with the resistance- the leaders being cursed to transform into the Scarecrow, the Tin Man and the Lion- but is unable to kill her, eventually forced to simply trap herself and the Witch in a jar in the Men of Letters Bunker until someone else can work out her weakness. When the two of them are accidentally released in 2013, the Witch begins searching for the Key to continue her plan, the protagonists initially only able to wound the Witch with bullets made from poppy seed extract. She possesses Sam and Dean Winchester to kill Dorothy, whom she can't hurt due to the blessing Dorothy received from Glinda upon arrival, but is killed by Charlie Bradbury with the Ruby Slippers when Dorothy identifies them as possessing Oz magic and being suitably sharp.
In the October 2007 VeggieTales episode "The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's", the witch and her Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film are replaced by Chester the Bully (Kansas) and Bobby the Bully (Wonderful Land of Ha's), both portrayed by Gourdon from "Bully Trouble".
In the December 2007 Syfy miniseries Tin Man, the character of Azkadellia (played by Kathleen Robertson) is analogous with the Wicked Witch of the West, though she is vastly different from most other versions of the character. In the miniseries, she is portrayed as a member of the Royal Family of the O.Z. (Outer Zone) who is possessed as a young girl by the spirit of the evil Witch of the Dark (Karin Konoval) who uses her body to take over the O.Z. and plunge it into a world of permanent darkness. This adaptation's version of Dorothy Gale is Azkadellia's younger sister DG (Zooey Deschanel). Both of the sisters are powerful witches themselves, though DG has to relearn all of her magical abilities, and once DG frees Azkadellia from the witch's grip, both of them defeat her together. Although it is clear that Azkadellia is analogous with the Wicked Witch of the West, it is implied vaguely that the Witch of the Dark is the Wicked Witch that Dorothy, who makes an appearance as a spirit in a mausoleum, defeated in the original story.
In Dorothy of Oz, a Korean manhwa (produced 2008 or earlier) by Son Hee-Joon, the Witch of the West is re-imagined as a scientist who rules over the Western Dominion. She is psychopathic and cruel, and in a twist, she (not Mara/Dorothy) is the true orchestrator of the death of the East Witch Selluriah. She is the creator of an army of clones, one of whom is the story's equivalent of the Scarecrow. Whether or not this is a reference to the musical Wicked is unknown.
The Wicked Witch of the West appears as the primary antagonist of the 2011 television miniseries Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Eliza Swenson. In flashbacks, it was seen that she had obtained the mystical Book of Mini Aru (which contained the Changing Word) from the Wizard as part of a deal not to continue her attack on Oz in exchange that the Wizard doesn't plan to reclaim the book. Unfortunately for the Wicked Witch of the West, the Wizard entrusted the key to the Book of Mini Aru to Dorothy for safekeeping. On Earth, she assumes the form of a female book publishing agent named Billie Westbrook and plans to obtain an artifact that Dorothy was entrusted into holding on to by the Wizard so that she can lead Princess Langwidere, the Nome King and an army of winged monkeys, Nomes and dragons into taking over Earth upon learning the Changing Word. The Wicked Witch of the West also had plans to invade Wonderland, Neverland, Camelot, and Narnia.
The Wicked Witch of the West has a cameo appearance in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return during one of the Jester's songs. The Jester is presented as her brother, who was cursed to be trapped in a jester's costume by the Witch with Glinda noting that she didn't know the Witch had a sense of humor.
The Wicked Witch of the West appears as a boss character and playable figure in the video game Lego Dimensions, voiced by Courtenay Taylor. She is the only playable character from the Wizard of Oz franchise. During the video game's story, Batman, Gandalf, and Wyldstyle face off against the Wicked Witch of the West and were able to defeat her with water and steal the Shift Keystone from her. Her hat is later salvaged by Lord Vortech.
The Wicked Witch of the West appears as one of the villains in The Lego Batman Movie, voiced by Riki Lindhome. She is depicted as an inmate of the Phantom Zone, the group of which is known as the Ubers. She unleashes the Winged Monkeys to fly around and cause mayhem in Gotham City where Robin kicks them off the Bat-Plane. The Wicked Witch of the West also infiltrates Wayne Island along with Joker, Harley Quinn, and the other Phantom Zone inmates. She is defeated by Team Batman and the Rogues in the end and sent back to the Phantom Zone.


document_title: The Munsters

question_text: who did the theme song for the munsters

question_tokens: who did the theme song for the munsters

text: The Munsters

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Munsters live at 1313 Mockingbird Lane in the city of Mockingbird Heights, a fictional suburb in California. The running gag of the series is that the family, while decidedly odd, consider themselves fairly typical working-class people of the era. Herman, like many husbands of the 1960s, is the sole wage-earner in the family, though Lily and Grandpa make (short-lived) attempts to earn money from time to time. While Herman is the head of household, Lily makes many decisions, too. According to the episode in which Lily and Herman Munster were trying to surprise one another for their anniversary, they were married in 1865. Despite the novel approach of the family's being (mostly) supernatural creatures (except for niece Marilyn, who is "normal"), the show followed the typical family sitcom formula of the era—the well-meaning father, the nurturing mother, the eccentric live-in relative, the naïve teenager and the precocious kid.

text: The costumes and appearances of the family members other than Marilyn were based on the classic monsters of Universal Studios films from the 1930s and 1940s. Universal produced The Munsters as well and was thus able to use these copyrighted designs, including their iconic version of Frankenstein's monster for Herman.[7] Other studios were free to make films with the Frankenstein creature, for example, but could not use the costume and style of make-up originally created by Jack Pierce for the 1931 Universal Studios film Frankenstein. The make-up for the show was created and applied to the actors by Bud Westmore, who pioneered many make-up effects and designs for many of the Universal monster movies.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regulars[edit]

text:
Character
Actor/Actress

Herman Munster
Fred Gwynne

Lily Munster (née Dracula)
Joan Marshall (pilot episode, billed as Phoebe Munster)
Yvonne De Carlo

Grandpa (Count Sam Dracula)
Al Lewis

Eddie Munster
Happy Derman (pilot episode)
Butch Patrick

Marilyn Munster
Beverley Owen (ep. 1–13)
Pat Priest (ep. 14–70)

The Raven
Mel Blanc
Bob Hastings

text: Recurring guests[edit]

text:
Character
Actor/Actress

Dr. Edward H. Dudley, MD
Paul Lynde (ep. 4, 6, 19), Dom DeLuise (ep. 55)

Mr. Gateman
John Carradine

Clyde Thornton
Chet Stratton

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea of a family of comical monsters was first suggested to Universal Studios by animator Bob Clampett, who developed the idea from 1943 to 1945 as a series of cartoons.[8] The project did not take off until the early 1960s, when a proposal for a similar idea was submitted to Universal Studios by Rocky & Bullwinkle writers Allan Burns and Chris Hayward. The proposal was later handed to writers Norm Liebman and Ed Haas, who wrote a pilot script, Love Thy Monster. For some time, there were executives who believed the series should be made as a cartoon and others who wanted to see it made using live-action. Finally, a presentation was filmed by MCA Television for CBS, using live-action.[7]

text: The show was produced by Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher, who were already known for creating the Leave It to Beaver television series. Prior to that, they wrote over 1,500 episodes of Amos 'n' Andy, a presence on network radio for nearly its entire history.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Originally conceived as a color show, The Munsters was ultimately filmed in black-and-white to save money and so as to resemble the old B&W monster films Universal and other studios used to make. Over the course of season one (completed by Season 1, Episode 7 "Tin Can Man"), makeup for Herman, Lily, and Grandpa was changed. Some of the changes included Lily's hair becoming all black instead of having a gray/white streak on the right side of her head, a change of jewelry to a bat instead of a star, and angled eyebrows. Grandpa was given more exaggerated makeup and heavier eyebrows, and Herman's face was widened to give him a dopier and less human appearance. He also added a stutter to bolster his character whenever he was angry or wanted to make a point, and he frequently left his mouth open, adding to the effect of a more goofy, less frightening, figure.

text: Sets[edit]

text: While its humor was usually broad, the series was visually sophisticated. The Munsters' home was a crumbling Second Empire Victorian mansion, riddled with smoke, filthy with dust and cobwebs. A running joke was that when Lily "dusted" the house, her electrolux emitted clouds of dust, which she applied to surfaces most people would clean. As a running gag, parts of the house would often be damaged (mostly by Herman's tantrums or clumsiness), but the damage would not exist later. Although many episodes featured scenes outside the house, much of the action took place within the walls of the home.

text: The Munster family's multi-level Victorian home had the fictional address of 1313 Mockingbird Lane in Mockingbird Heights. (The town's location is not specified in the series, but in later incarnations, it is described as a small town outside Los Angeles. Leo Durocher, who was then coaching with the Los Angeles Dodgers, guest-starred as himself in one episode, further hinting that the show was set in, or near, Los Angeles.) The exterior shots were filmed on the Universal Studios backlot. In the 1950s, it was assembled with other homes on the backlot. Until production of The Munsters in 1964, the house could be seen as a backdrop on many shows, including Leave It to Beaver.[9] It was also the home of the family in Shirley (ABC, 1979–80) and has appeared in other TV shows such as Coach and (after a remodel) Desperate Housewives. The interiors for the Munsters's mansion were filmed entirely on an enclosed sound stage.

text: Props[edit]

text: In the fourth episode ("Rock-A-Bye Munster"), Lily buys a hot-rod and a hearse from a used car dealership and has them customised into one car (Munster Koach) for Herman's birthday present. The Munster Koach and DRAG-U-LA were designed by Tom Daniel and built by auto customizer George Barris for the show. The "Munster Koach" was a hot rod built on a lengthened 1926 Ford Model T chassis with a custom hearse body. It was 18 feet long and cost almost $20,000 to build. Barris also built the "DRAG-U-LA," a dragster built from a coffin (according to Barris, a real coffin was, in fact, purchased for the car), which Grandpa used to win back "The Munster Koach" after Herman lost it in a race.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The instrumental theme song, titled "The Munsters's Theme", was composed by composer/arranger Jack Marshall.[10] The theme song's lyrics, which the sitcom's co-producer Bob Mosher wrote, were never aired on CBS. Described by writer Jon Burlingame as a "Bernard-Herrmann-meets-Duane-Eddy sound",[11] the theme was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1965. A sample of the theme was used in the song Uma Thurman by Fall Out Boy.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pitch episode[edit]

text: The first presentation was 16 minutes and in color (later cut to just over 13 minutes) and was used to pitch the series to CBS and its affiliates. It never aired, and the script was reused as the basis for the episode "My Fair Munster". The cast in order of appearance in the title sequence were: Joan Marshall as Phoebe (instead of Lily), Beverley Owen as Marilyn, Nate "Happy" Derman as Eddie, Al Lewis as Grandpa and Fred Gwynne as Herman. Although the same house exterior was later used in the actual aired series, it was changed at that point to make it look more gothic and "spooky". Changes included adding the tower deck and Marilyn's deck, a new coat of paint, and enlarging the living room. Although Grandpa had the same dungeon, Herman did not have padding in the pitch episode, had a more protruding forehead, and was broad but thin. The most noticeable difference was his somber expression, compared to his comical silliness during the series.[11] All characters, except Marilyn, had a blue/green tint to their skin. The biggest character difference was that Eddie was portrayed by Derman as a nasty brat.[12]

text: The title sequence had light, happy music (picked up from the Doris Day movie The Thrill of It All)[13] instead of the more hip surf theme that was to come. The episode is available on the complete first season of The Munsters DVDs. It was also decided that Joan Marshall looked too much like Morticia Addams[13] and that Happy Derman was too nasty as Eddie, so both were replaced.[13] On the basis of the first presentation, the new series, still not completely cast, was announced by CBS on February 18, 1964. A second black-and-white presentation was made with the new actors. In this version, Butch Patrick's Eddie appeared with a more "normal" look, although his hairstyle was later altered to include a widow's peak.

text: 1965 Easter special[edit]

text: In between season one and two, the Munster family appeared in an Easter special, when they visited Marineland of the Pacific in Palos Verdes, California, to get a new pet for Eddie. It aired just once on CBS on April 18, and was long thought lost until a copy was donated to the Paley Center in New York in 1997.[14][15]

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot episodes
2
unaired

Season 1 (1964–65)
38
September 24, 1964 (1964-09-24)
June 10, 1965 (1965-06-10)

Special
1
April 18, 1965 (1965-04-18)
April 18, 1965 (1965-04-18)

Season 2 (1965–66)
32
September 16, 1965 (1965-09-16)
May 12, 1966 (1966-05-12)

text: Syndication[edit]

text: Reruns of this series aired on Nick at Nite in the 1990s. It also aired on TV Land from 2000 to 2008.

text: On October 5, 2015, Cozi TV began airing two shows per day on weekdays beginning at 5 pm.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
1964–1965: #18 (24.7) – Tied with Gilligan's Island
1965–1966: #61 (no rating given) 30.7% share of audience

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The Munsters Today[edit]

text: A sequel television series titled, The Munsters Today, ran from 1988 to 1991 and lasted for 72 episodes. The unaired pilot episode, written by Lloyd J. Schwartz, explained the 22-year gap through an accident in Grandpa's lab that put the family to sleep. They awake in the late 1980s and have to adapt to their new surroundings. It featured John Schuck (Herman), Lee Meriwether as Lily, Howard Morton (Grandpa) and Jason Marsden (Eddie). Marilyn was portrayed by Mary-Ellen Dunbar in the unaired pilot, and by Hilary Van Dyke thereafter.

text: Mockingbird Lane[edit]

text: A remake from Pushing Daisies creator Bryan Fuller, was developed for NBC. The show was to be a reboot as a one-hour drama with "spectacular visuals".[16][17][18]

text: NBC ordered a pilot episode,[19] and announced in January 2012 that it would be called Mockingbird Lane, a reference to the Munster family address at 1313 Mockingbird Lane.[20]

text: NBC ultimately canceled plans for Mockingbird Lane to be produced as a weekly series, but later announced the pilot episode would air in late October 2012 as a Halloween special.[21]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: In August 2017, it was announced that Seth Meyers is developing a modern-day interpretation of the series. The series will place the Munsters in Brooklyn, New York where they try to fit in as an ordinary family.[22]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Between 2004 and 2008, Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in Regions 1 & 2.

text:
DVD Name
Ep#
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
Additional Information

Season 1
38
August 24, 2004
re-released February 5, 2013
October 17, 2005
November 30, 2006

Original un-aired pilot
Dual-Sided Discs (Region 1 only)

Season 2
32
October 25, 2005
re-released February 5, 2013
May 1, 2006
October 25, 2006

America's First Family of Fright
Fred Gwynne: More Than A Munster
Yvonne De Carlo: Gilded Lily
Al Lewis: Forever Grandpa
Dual-Sided Discs (Region 1 only)

The Complete Series
70
October 7, 2008
re-released September 13, 2016

N/A
N/A

Original un-aired pilot
America's First Family of Fright
Fred Gwynne: More Than A Munster
Yvonne De Carlo: Gilded Lily
Al Lewis: Forever Grandpa
"Family Portrait" – colorized Version
Munster, Go Home
The Munsters' Revenge
12 Single-Sided Discs

The Complete Series (Closed Casket Collection)
70
N/A
October 8, 2007

Original un-aired pilot
America's First Family of Fright
Fred Gwynne: More Than A Munster
Yvonne De Carlo: Gilded Lily
Al Lewis: Forever Grandpa
12 Single-Sided Discs

The Complete Series

August 3, 2016

The Munsters' Revenge
Here Come the Munsters
12 Single-Sided Discs

text: The "Family Portrait" episode in color, which was absent from the season 1 and 2 standalone box sets, was released on a standalone Region 1 DVD.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Several Munsters movies were released, three featuring original cast members.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Gold Key Comics produced a "Munsters" comic book which ran 16 issues from 1965 to 1968 and had photo covers from the TV series. When it first appeared, the Comics Code Authority still forbade the appearance of vampires in comic books. However, this was not a problem at Gold Key, because Gold Key was not a member of the Comics Magazine Association of America and therefore did not have to conform to the Comics Code. Lily and Grandpa appeared in the comics without controversy.

text: Other merchandise included a set of rubber squeaky toys, Colorforms, and an Aurora model kit of the living room and family. AMT produced model kits of the Munster Koach as well as Drag-u-La. The Aurora model of the living room featured Herman in his electric chair, Eddie squatting in front of the fire, Lily was knitting and Grandpa was hanging, bat like, from the rafters. Marilyn was not included. ERTL later produced a very detailed 1:18 scale diecast of the Munster Koach. Mattel issued two Herman Munster Dolls, one was a talking doll and the other was a hand puppet (both having chatty rings that you could pull to make them talk utilizing Gwynne's actual voice) that were issued from 1964 until around 1968.

text: A video game based on the Munsters was published by "Again, Again" (a division of Alternative Software) in 1989. It was available for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga, Atari ST, MSX and DOS, but was heavily criticized by gaming press at the time because of its short length and lackluster game play.[23]

text: In 1990, Atari Corporation released Midnight Mutants for the Atari 7800, featuring Al Lewis' likeness in his Grampa Munster character on the box art and label art. However, since Atari did not sign an agreement with Universal, they could not call him "Grampa Munster"; he was simply called "Grampa".

text: The first episode guide for the series was written by Richard H. Campbell for Media Sight #3, 1981.

text: Sawyer's View-Master Stereo Pictures issued a 3 D reel set of The Munsters depicting the episode "The Most Beautiful Ghoul in the World" in 1966, Packet No. B 481. The set contains three reels, each with seven 3 D views, as well as a small booklet containing drawings and additional text. The View-Master set is notable because the photographs provide rare color views of the characters and sets, including house interiors and Grandpa's dungeon laboratory. The photos are an accurate depiction of the character's makeup as designed for black and white filming. Herman, Eddie and Grandpa all wear heavy greenish-white facial makeup, which contrasts noticeably with their un-madeup hands and wrists. Lily, besides heavy facial makeup, has light greenish-white makeup on her hands and wrists. Marilyn, identified on the packet as "Daughter Marilyn," is of course in non-character "normal" makeup.


document_title: Marriageable age

question_text: legal age for marriage for girl in india

text: Marriageable age

text: History and social attitudes[edit]

text: Ancient times[edit]

text: Historically, the age of consent for a sexual union was determined by tribal custom, or was a matter for families to decide. In most cases, this coincided with signs of puberty: such as menstruation for a girl and pubic hair for a boy.[1]

text: In Jewish oral tradition, men cannot consent to marriage until they reach the age of majority of 13 years and one day and have undergone puberty. With no signs of puberty, they are considered minors until the age of twenty. After twenty, they are not considered adults if they show signs of impotence. If they show no signs of puberty or do show impotence, they automatically become adults by age 35 and can marry. The same rules apply to women, except their age of majority is 12 years and a day.[2][3]

text: In Ancient Rome, it was very common for girls to marry and have children shortly after the onset of puberty. Roman law required brides to be at least 12 years old.[4] In Roman law, first marriages to brides from 12 to 24 required the consent of the bride and her father; by the late antique period, Roman law permitted women over 25 to marry without parental consent.[5] The Catholic canon law followed the Roman law. In the 12th century, the Catholic Church drastically changed legal standards for marital consent by allowing daughters over 12 and sons over 14 to marry without their parents' approval, even if their marriage was made clandestinely.[6] Parish studies have confirmed that late medieval women did sometimes marry without their parents' approval.[7]

text: In western Europe, the rise of Christianity and manorialism had both created incentives to keep families nuclear, and thus the age of marriage increased; the Western Church instituted marriage laws and practices that undermined large kinship groups. The Church prohibited consanguineous marriages, a marriage pattern that had been a means to maintain clans (and thus their power) throughout history.[8] The church also forbade marriages in which the bride did not clearly agree to the union.[9]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: After the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, manorialism also helped weaken the ties of kinship and thus the power of clans; as early as the 9th century in northwestern France, families that worked on manors were small, consisting of parents and children and occasionally a grandparent. The Church and State had become allies in erasing the solidarity and thus the political power of the clans; the Church sought to replace traditional religion, whose vehicle was the kin group, and substitute the authority of the elders of the kin group with that of a religious elder; at the same time, the king's rule was undermined by revolts by the most powerful kin groups, clans or sections, whose conspiracies and murders threatened the power of the state and also the demands by manorial lords for obedient, compliant workers.[10] As the peasants and serfs lived and worked on farms that they rented from the lord of the manor, they also needed the permission of the lord to marry. Couples therefore had to comply with the lord of the manor and wait until a small farm became available before they could marry and thus produce children; those who could and did delay marriage were presumably rewarded by the landlord and those who did not were presumably denied that reward.[11] For example, marriage ages in Medieval England varied depending on economic circumstances, with couples delaying marriage until their early twenties when times were bad, but might marry in their late teens after the Black Death, when there was a severe labour shortage;[12] by appearances, marriage of adolescents was not the norm in England.[13]

text: In medieval Eastern Europe, on the other hand, the Slavic traditions of patrilocality of early and universal marriage (usually of a bride aged 12–15 years, with menarche occurring on average at 14) lingered;[14] the manorial system had yet to penetrate into eastern Europe and had generally had less effect on clan systems there; and the bans on cross-cousin marriages had not been firmly enforced.[15]

text: The first recorded age-of-consent law dates back 800 years. In 1275, in England, as part of the rape law, the Statute of Westminster 1275, made it a misdemeanour to "ravish" a "maiden within age", whether with or without her consent. The phrase "within age" was interpreted by jurist Sir Edward Coke as meaning the age of marriage, which at the time was 12 years.[16] In the 12th century, the jurist Gratian, an influential founder of Canon law in medieval Europe, accepted the age of puberty for marriage to be between 12 and 14, but acknowledged consent to be meaningful if the children were older than 7. Some authorities claimed that consent could take place earlier. Marriage would then be valid as long as neither of the two parties annulled the marital agreement before reaching puberty, and the marriage had not already been consummated. Gratian noted that "If one over the age of seven takes a prepubescent wife of less than seven and transfers her to his house, such a contract gives rise to the impediment of public propriety".[17] In spite of this, there are recorded marriages of 2 and 3 year olds: in 1564, a three year old named John was married to a two year old named Jane in the Bishop's Court in Chester, England[1]

text: Modern times[edit]

text: The policy of the Roman Catholic Church, and later various protestant churches, of considering clandestine marriages and marriages made without parental consent to be valid was controversial, and in the 16th century both the French monarchy and the Lutheran Church sought to end these practices, with limited success.[18] Before 1929, Scots law followed Roman law in allowing a girl to marry at twelve years of age and a boy at fourteen, without any requirement for parental consent. However, marriage in Scotland at such young ages was in practice almost unknown.[19] In England and Wales, the Marriage Act 1753 required a marriage to be covered by a licence (requiring parental consent for those under 21) or the publication of banns (which parents of those under 21 could forbid).

text: In most of Northwestern Europe, marriage at very early ages was rare. One thousand marriage certificates from 1619 to 1660 in the Archdiocese of Canterbury show that only one bride was 13 years old, four were 15, twelve were 16, and seventeen were 17 years old; while the other 966 brides were at least 19 years old.[20] Additionally, the Church dictated that both the bride and groom must be at least 21 years of age to marry without the consent of their families; in the certificates, the most common age for the brides is 22 years. For the grooms 24 years was the most common age, with average ages of 24 years for the brides and 27 for the grooms.[20] While European noblewomen often married early, they were a small minority of the population,[21] and the marriage certificates from Canterbury Muddy Mullins show that even among nobility it was very rare to marry women off at very early ages.[20]

text: The American colonies followed the English tradition, but the law was more of a guide. For example, Mary Hathaway (Virginia, 1689) was only 9 when she was married to William Williams. Sir Edward Coke (England, 17th century) made it clear that "the marriage of girls under 12 was normal, and the age at which a girl who was a wife was eligible for a dower from her husband's estate was 9 even though her husband be only four years old".[1] Reliable data for when people would actually marry are very difficult to find. In England, for example, the only reliable data on age at marriage in the early modern period come from records relating only to those who left property after their death. Not only were the records relatively rare, but not all bothered to record the participants' ages, and it seems that the more complete the records are, the more likely they are to reveal young marriages, giving a biased sample. Additionally, 20th- and 21st-century historians have sometimes shown reluctance to accept data regarding a young age of marriage, and would instead explain the data away as a misreading by a later copier of the records.[1]

text: In France, until the French Revolution, the marriageable age was 12 years for girls and 14 for boys. Revolutionary legislation in 1792 increased the age to 13 years for girls and 15 for boys. Under the Napoleonic Code in 1804, the marriageable age was set at 15 years for girls and 18 for boys.[22] In 2006, the marriageable age for women was increased to 18, the same as for men.

text: In jurisdictions where the ages are not the same, the marriageable age for girls is more commonly two or three years lower than that for boys.

text: Marriageable age as a right vs exceptions[edit]

text: In the majority of countries the marriageable age as a right is 18. However, most of these countries have exceptions for minors, usually requiring parental or judicial authorization. These exceptions vary considerably by country. The United Nations Population Fund stated the following:[23]

text: In 2010, 158 countries reported that 18 years was the minimum legal age for marriage for women without parental consent or approval by a pertinent authority. However, in 146 countries, state or customary law allows girls younger than 18 to marry with the consent of parents or other authorities; in 52 countries, girls under age 15 can marry with parental consent. In contrast, 18 is the legal age for marriage without consent among males in 180 countries. Additionally, in 105 countries, boys can marry with the consent of a parent or a pertinent authority, and in 23 countries, boys under age 15 can marry with parental consent.

text: In recent years, many countries in the EU have tightened their marriage laws, either banning marriage under 18 completely, or requiring judicial approval for such marriages. Countries which have reformed their marriage laws in recent years include Sweden (2014), Denmark (2017), Germany (2017), Luxembourg (2014), Spain (2015). Many developing countries have also enacted similar laws in recent years: Honduras (2017), Ecuador (2015), Costa Rica (2017), Panama (2015), Trinidad & Tobago (2017), Malawi (2017). In the US, the lax child marriage laws that exist in many states have attracted international attention.[24]

text: In Western countries, marriages of teenagers have become rare in recent years, with their frequency having rapidly declined during the past few decades. For instance, in Finland, where underage youth can obtain a special judicial authorization to marry, there are only 30–40 such marriages per year in the early 21st century (with most of the spouses being aged 17), while in the early 1990s, more than 100 underage marriages were registered each year.[25]

text: Relation to the age of majority[edit]

text: The marriage age as a right is usually the same with the age of majority which is 18 in most countries. However, in some countries the age of majority is under 18, while in others it is 19, 20 or 21. In Canada for example, the age of majority is 19 in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut, and marriage under 19 in these provinces requires parental or court consent (see Marriage in Canada). In many jurisdictions, by marriage minors become legally emancipated.[26]

text: By country[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Algeria
19
under 19 with judicial consent (Article 7 of the Family Code[27])

Angola
18
16 with parental consent males, 15 with parental consent females.[28]

Benin
18
[29]

Botswana
21
18 with parental consent.[30]

Burkina Faso
20
17
18 with parental consent males, 15 with parental consent females.[29]

Burundi
21
18
[31]

Cameroon
15
18
[32]

Central African Republic
22
18
[33]

Chad
18
15
[34]

Democratic Republic of Congo
18
15
[35]

Djibouti
18
[36]

Egypt
21
18 with parental consent.[37]

Equatorial Guinea
12
[38]

Eritrea
18
[39]

Ethiopia
18
[40]

Gabon
21
18 with parental consent males, 15 with parental consent females.[41]

Guinea-Bissau
18
[42]

Guinea-Conakry
18
[43]

Ivory Coast
20
18
[44]

Kenya
18
As per section 4, Marriage Act 2014.[45]

Lesotho
21
18 with parental consent males, 16 with parental consent females.[46]

Liberia
21
18
18 with parental consent males, 16 with parental consent females[47]

Libya
20
But lower with judicial permission on grounds of benefit or necessity and with wali's agreement.[48]

Mauritius
18
16 with parental consent[49]

Madagascar
18
17
[50]

Mali
18
16
[51]

Mauritania
18
[52]

Morocco
18
[53]

Mozambique
18
16 with parental consent[54]

Namibia
21
18 with parental consent[55]

Niger
18
15
under with parental consent[56]

Nigeria
18
[57]

Republic of the Congo
21
18
under with parental consent[58]

Rwanda
21
under with parental consent[59]

São Tomé and Príncipe
18
16 with parental consent males, 14 with parental consent females.[60]

Senegal
18
16
[61]

Sierra Leone
18
[62]

Somalia
18
16 with parental consent females[63]

South Africa
18

For a marriage under the Marriage Act, 1961, parental consent is required for the marriage of a party under the age of majority,[64] which was formerly 21 but is now 18. The special consent of the Minister of Home Affairs is also required for the marriage of a girl under the age of 15 or a boy under the age of 18.[65]
Under the Civil Union Act, 2006, which allows for same-sex or opposite-sex marriages, both parties must be 18 or older.[66]
Under the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998, a customary marriage entered into after the passage of the act will only be recognised if both parties were 18 or older.[67]

Sudan
Puberty
With requirement for willing consent of both parties.[68]

South Sudan
18
[69]

Swaziland
21
18 with parental consent males, 16 with parental consent females.[70]

Tanzania
18
14 with parental consent[71]

Togo
20
17
[72]

Tunisia
18
[73]

Uganda
18
[74]

Zambia
21
[75]

Zimbabwe
18
16 with parental consent.[76]

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Antigua and Barbuda
18
15 with parental consent.[77] Section 25 of The Marriage Act reads: "A marriage solemnized between persons either of whom is under the age of fifteen shall be null and void."[78]

Argentina
18
16 with parental consent, lower with judicial consent in exceptional cases (Art 403 and 404 of Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación).[79]

Bahamas
18
The Marriage Act (1908) provides no minimum age with parental consent or with a Supreme Court ruling.[80]

Barbados
18
16 with parental consent.[81]

Belize
18
14 with parental consent.[82] Section 4.-(1) of the Marriage Act reads: A marriage solemnised between persons either of whom is under the age of fourteen shall be void.[83]

Bolivia
21
Males can marry at 16 and females at 14 with permission from parents or guardians. Exceptions can be made for pregnant minors.[84]

Brazil
18
16 with parental or guardian consent.[85]

Canada
18/19
Marriage in Canada is governed by both federal and provincial law. The minimum age to marry is set at 16 by a federal statute, the Civil Marriage Act, which states: "No person who is under the age of 16 years may contract marriage."[86] In addition, the provinces may impose procedural requirements for the marriage of a minor who is over 16 but under the age of majority (18 or 19), such as requiring parental consent or permission from a judge. The Criminal Code also prohibits marriage under the age of 16: "Everyone who celebrates, aids or participates in a marriage rite or ceremony knowing that one of the persons being married is under the age of 16 years is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years."[87]

Chile
18
16 with parental consent.[88]

Colombia
18
14 with parental consent[89]

Costa Rica
18
Since 2017, the minimum age is 18.[90]

Cuba
18
16
16 with parental consent males, 14 with parental consent females.[91]

Dominica
18
16 with parental consent.[92]

Dominican Republic
18
16 with parental consent.[93]

Ecuador
18
Since 2015, the minimum age is 18.[94]

El Salvador
18
15 with parental consent males, 14 with parental consent females.[95]

Grenada
21
16 with parental consent.[96]

Guatemala
18
16 with judicial consent.[97][98]

Guyana
18
16 with parental consent[99]

Haiti
18
15 with parental consent females.[100]

Honduras
18[101]
Since 2017, the minimum age is 18. Before 2017 females could marry from 16, with parental consent.[102]

Jamaica
18
16 with parental consent.[103]

Mexico
18
Varies by state. The General Law on the Rights of Children and Adolescents 2014 establishes 18 years as the general age of marriage, but allows girls to marry at 14 and boys at 16 with parental consent. At state level, as of May 2017, 22 states have made marriage before 18 illegal, while another ten allow it under certain circumstances.[104]

Nicaragua
18
16 with parental consent (under the new 2014 Código de Familia, Articles 54, 57(a) and 58(c))[105]

Panama
18
Since 2015, the minimum age is 18; prior to that date girls could marry from age 14 years and boys from age 16, with parental consent.[106]

Paraguay
20
16 with parental consent[107]

Peru
18
16 with parental consent[108]

Puerto Rico
21
(Younger parties may obtain license in case of pregnancy or birth of child), and 18 with parental consent.[109]

Saint Kitts and Nevis
16
[110]

Saint Lucia
18
16 with parental consent[111]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
16
15
[112]

Suriname
21
17 with parental consent males, 15 with parental consent females.[113]

Trinidad and Tobago
18
Since 2017, the minimum age is 18.[114]

United States
18 in most states
19 in Nebraska
21 in Mississippi
All states allow minors to marry. In most states, children under 16 may be married with parental consent or judicial approval. In 25 states, there is no statutory minimum age if other legal conditions are met.
Main article: Age of marriage in the United States

Uruguay
18
16 with parental consent[115]

Venezuela
18
14 for females and 16 for males with parental consent.[116]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Afghanistan
18
16
15 for females with the consent of the father or with judicial approval. Under the Civil Code, Article 70 sets the marriageable age at 18 for males and 16 for females. However, Article 71 creates an exception to the above, stating: "(1) Where the girl does not complete the age provided under Article 70 of this law, the marriage may be concluded only through her father or the competent court. (2) The marriage of a minor girl whose age is less then [sic] 15 shall never be permissible."[117] In practice, however, marriage often occurs at much younger ages, as different ethnic groups in Afghanistan have various traditions, many accepting marriage at young ages.[118]

Bangladesh
21
18 (under 18 for special cases, with parental consent and permission of court)
Bangladeshi law provides penal sanctions for the contraction of under-age marriages, although such unions are not considered invalid.[119] Despite the law, child marriage rates in Bangladesh are among the highest in the world. Every 2 out of 3 marriages involve child marriages.[120]

Bhutan
18
[121]

Brunei
18
Minimum legal age for marriage without parental consent varies across states/provinces, ethnic groups, religious groups or forms of marriage.[122]

Cambodia
18
[123]

China
22
20
China is the only country to have the highest set marriageable age for men.[124]

Hong Kong
21
16 with parental consent.[125][126]

India
21
18
If any partner(s) engages in marriage at a younger age, (s)he can ask for the marriage to be declared void. A recent recommendation by the Law Commission aims to equalize the marriage age for males and females to 16.[127] Official policy automatically declares marriages under 15 as "null and void", while marriages at the age of 14 or 15 are "voidable". In 2012, the high court declared that Muslim women can marry at 15.[127] Additionally, the report declares that "In spite of these legal provisions, child marriage is still widely practiced and a marriage solemnized in contravention of these provisions is not void even under the new PCMA, 1929, the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and also under the Muslim Law."[127]

Indonesia
18
16
Marriage at younger ages is legal with parental consent and judicial approval.[128]

Iran
18
15
15 for males and 13 for females with parental consent and judicial approval.[129][130]

Iraq
18
15 with judicial permission if fitness, physical capacity and guardian's consent (or unreasonable objection on part of guardian) are established. (These rules may have been revised after Saddam Hussein's fall.[citation needed])[131]

Israel
18
Minimum marriageable age increased from 17 to 18 in November 2013. Family courts able to recognise marriage for 16 and above in special cases.[132]

Japan
20
18 for males and 16 for females with parental consent.[133]

Jordan
18
[134]

Kazakhstan
18
17
16 with parental consent.[135]

South Korea
19
18 with parental consent

Kuwait
17
15
[136]

Kyrgyzstan
18
Local self-government agencies may, at the request of the parties entering the marriage, provided that justifiable reasons exist, lower the marriage age. The marriage age may not be lowered by more than 1 year.[137]

Laos
18
15 with parental consent.[138]

Lebanon
18
17
15, or 9 with judicial permission for Shi'a.[citation needed] 18 or 17 and 16 or 15 with judicial permission for Druze.[139]

Macau
22
20
20 for males and 18 for females with parental consent.

Malaysia
21
18 with parental consent. Muslim girls under 16 can marry with the permission of sharia authorities.[140]

Maldives
18
According to custom, the minimum age for marriage is 15. The Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child discourages marriage before the age of 16.[141]

Myanmar
20
14 with parental consent females.[142]

Nepal
20
18 with parental consent.[143]

North Korea
18
17
[144]

Oman
18
While the legal minimum age is 18, "custom still recognises marriages below the age of 18".[145]

Pakistan
18
16 in most provinces
18 in some provinces, including Punjab and Sindh[146][147]
Despite the law[148] against child marriage, the practice is widespread. According to two 2013 reports, nearly 50% of all marriages in Pakistan involve girls less than 18 years old.[149][150] However, in Punjab and Sindh, severe punishments are given for marriages before the age of 18.[151][152]

Palestine
16
15
With parental consent.

Mongolia
18
[153]

Philippines
21
18 with parent consent.[154]

Qatar
18
16
Under with parental consent. No minimum age for marriage with parental consent, and permitted only when in conformity with religious and cultural norms and with permission of a competent court.[155]

Russia
18
16 in special circumstances; may vary in different regions.

Saudi Arabia
None
[156]

Singapore
21
18 with parental consent; below 18 with special marriage license.

Sri Lanka
18
However, the parties must have a Qadi's permission to marry before contracting into marriage if they are Muslims.[157]

Syria
18
Thomson Reuters Foundation notes that child marriage occurs from 13 years.[158]

Republic of China（Taiwan）
20
18 for males and 16 for females with statutory agent's consent.[159][160]

Tajikistan
18
17 with parental consent.[161]

Thailand
20
17 with parental consent.[162]

Timor-Leste
17
16 with parental consent.[163]

Turkmenistan
16
[164]

United Arab Emirates
18
While UAE is based on Sharia law, a minimum age for marriage exists.[165]

Uzbekistan
18
17
[166]

Vietnam
20
18
[167]

Yemen
15
HRW notes no legal minimum age for marriage under Sharia law, and UNSD notes that child marriage is permitted where "such marriage will entail some clear benefit."[168]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The marriageable age as a right is 18 in all European countries, with the exception of Andorra and Scotland where it is 16 (for both sexes). Existing exceptions to this general rule (usually requiring special judicial or parental consent) are discussed below. In both the European Union and the Council of Europe the marriageable age falls within the jurisdiction of individual member states. The Istanbul convention, the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women and domestic violence,[169] only requires countries which ratify it to prohibit forced marriage (Article 37) and to ensure that forced marriages can be easily voided without further victimization (Article 32), but does not make any reference to a minimum age of marriage.

text:
Country
Legal marriageable age
Notes

Albania
18
[170][171]

Andorra
16
14 with judicial authority[172]

Armenia
18
The age was set at 18 for both sexes in 2012,[173] prior to that date it was 17 for females and 18 for males.[174] However, marriage at age 17 is allowed with parental consent, and at age 16 with parental consent and the condition that the other intending spouse is at least 18.[175]

Austria
18
16 with parental consent but the other partner must be at least 18.

Azerbaijan
18
17 in special cases with judicial authorization. (Article 10 of the Family Code[176]). The marriageable age for females was raised in 2011 to 18, equalizing it to that of males; prior to that date it was 17.[177]

Belarus
18
[178]

Belgium
18
Younger with judicial consent (with no strict minimum age). With parental consent, serious reasons are required for a minor to marry; without parental consent, the unwillingness of the parents has to constitute an abuse.[179]

Bulgaria
18
The new 2009 Family Code fixes the age at 18, but allows for an exception for 16 years olds, stating that "Upon exception, in case that important reasons impose this, matrimony may be concluded by a person at the age of 16 with permission by the regional judge". It further states that both persons wanting to marry, as well as the parents/guardians of the minor, must be consulted by the judge. (Chapter 2, Article 6)[180]

Croatia
18
16 with court permission.

Cyprus
18
16 with parental consent, if there are serious reasons for the marriage.[181][182]

Czech Republic
18
Article 672 of Act No. 89/2012 Coll. the Civil Code (which came into force in 2014) states that the court may, in exceptional cases, allow a marriage of a 16 year old, if there are serious reasons for it.[183] Moreover, a minor can marry if he or she has been granted full capacity by a court decision as given by Article 37 of the Civil Code.

Denmark
18
Since 2017, marriage is no longer allowed under 18.[184]

Estonia
18
15 with court permission.[185][186]

Finland
18
Under 18 with the consent of the ministry of justice in extraordinary circumstances, in which case parents or other guardian must be heard, but actual parental consent is not required.

France
18
Under 18 permission from a court and both parents.

Georgia
18
16 with parental consent.[187]

Germany
18
The minimum age was explicitly set to 18 on July 22, 2017.[188] (Before this day, a Family Court could issue an exception for 16-18 year-olds if one party was over 18.) Marriages with a spouse under 16 are legally void. For a 16-17 year old spouse the marriage is repealed. [189][190]

Gibraltar
18

Greece
18
Under 18 requires court permission, which may be given if there are serious reasons for such a marriage[181][191]

Hungary
18
16 with authorization from the guardianship authority[192]

Iceland
18
Under 18 with parental consent and permission of the Ministry of the Interior.

Ireland
18
Under 18 with the permission of the Circuit Family Court or High Court.[193][194] In December 2015, the government announced its intention to remove this exception.[195]

Italy
18
16 with court consent.

Latvia
18
16 with court or parental permission.

Liechtenstein
18
Required court decision to marry people who are under 18 years old.[196]

Lithuania
18
15 with court permission, minors can only marry below 15 if they are pregnant females with court permission.[197]

Luxembourg
18
New laws of 2014 fixed the marriageable at 18 for both sexes; prior to these regulations the age was 16 for females and 18 for males. The new laws still allow both sexes to obtain judicial consent to get married under 18.[198]

Macedonia
18
possible with age of 16 and court approval for male and female, their consent and their parents consent is needed

Malta
18
16 with parental consent, specifically for "a person who is subject to paternal authority or to tutorship". (However if this is unattainable, the court can provide the consent.)[199]

Netherlands
18
Under 18 with permission from the Minister of Justice; 16 with parental consent in case of pregnancy.[181][200]

Norway
18
16 with consent from parents (guardian) and permission from the County Governor. The County Governor may only give permission when there are 'special reasons for contracting a marriage'.[201][202]

Poland
18
16 for women with judicial approval.

Portugal
18
16 with parental consent (or if this is unattainable, the court can provide the consent).

Romania
18
16 with permission from the district's administrative board.[203]

Russia
18
16 in special circumstances, but different rules apply in some regions.[204]

Serbia
18
16 with court consent.

Slovakia
18
16 with court consent, with a serious reason such as pregnancy.[205]

Slovenia
18
Under 18 may be approved by the Social Work Center if there are "well founded reasons" arising upon the investigation of the situation of the minor. (Art 23, 24 of the Law on Marriage and Family Relations).[206]

Spain
18
16 with court consent[207]

Sweden
18
Not possible to marry under the age of 18 since July 1st 2014.[208]

Switzerland
18
[209]

Turkey
18
17 with parental consent, 16 in special circumstances with court approval.

Ukraine
18
Age was equalized at 18 for both sexes in 2012, but courts may still grant permission from age 16 if there are special reasons.[210]

United Kingdom
18 in most jurisdictions
16 in Scotland

England and Wales: 16 with parental consent or the permission of the court.[211]
Scotland: 16[212]
Northern Ireland: 16 with parental consent (with the court able to give consent in some cases).[213]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Australia
18
16 with permission from a court and both parents (only granted in exceptional circumstances).[214]

Fiji
18
16 with parental consent[215]

Kiribati
21
18 with parental consent.[216]

Micronesia
18
16
[217]

Nauru
18
16
[218]

New Zealand
18
16 with parental consent.[219]

Niue
21
19
18 with parental consent males, 15 with parental consent females.[220]

Palau
18
16
[221]

Papua New Guinea
21
[222]

Samoa
21
19
18 with parental consent males, 16 with parental consent females.[223]

Solomon Islands
18
15 with parental consent.[224]

Tonga
18
16 for females with parental consent.[225]

Tokelau
21
19
18 with parental consent males, 16 with parental consent females.[226]

Tuvalu
21
16 with parental consent.[227]

Vanuatu
21
18 with parental consent.[228]

text: By religion[edit]

text: Catholic Church[edit]

text:
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Catholic Church
16
14
Diriment impediment (can. 1083 § 1).[229] Conferences of Bishops can adopt a higher age for liceity[230] (§ 2). Marriage against the worldly power's directive need permission by the Ordinary for liceity (can. 1071 § 1 no. 2), which in case of sensible and equal laws regarding marriage age is regularly not granted. The permission by the Ordinary is also required in case of a marriage of a minor child (i.e. under 18 years old) when his parents are unaware of his marriage or if his parents reasonably oppose his marriage (can. 1071 § 1 no. 6).

text: Higher ages set by Conferences of Bishops[edit]

text:
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Canada
18
18
[231]

England and Wales
16
16
[232]

Gambia
18
16
[233]

Liberia
18
16
[233]

New Zealand
16
16
[231]

Nigeria
see note
Each bishop has the authority to set a higher prohibitive minimum age.[234]

Philippines
21
18
[235]

Sierra Leone
18
16
[233]

text: Islam[edit]

text: In Quran, the "age of marriage" coincides with puberty. Classical Islamic law (Sharia) does not have a marriageable age because there is no minimum age at which puberty can occur. In Islam there is no set age for marriage, the condition is physical (bulugh) maturity and mental (rushd) maturity. So the age is variable. The Prophet Muhammad, who is said to serve as a role model (al-uswatu'l-hasana) for every Muslim, is reported by Sunni Hadith sources to have married Aisha when she was six or seven years old, with the marriage not being consummated until she had reached the age of nine or ten years old.[236][237][238][233][239][240]

text: Büchler and Schlater observe that "marriageable age according to classical Islamic law coincides with the occurrence of puberty. The notion of puberty refers to signs of physical maturity such as the emission of semen or the onset of menstruation", but then claim the schools of Islamic jurisprudence (madhaahib) set the following marriageable ages for men and women.[241]

text:
Male consent
Female consent
Notes

Shafi'i
15
15

Hanbali
15
15

Maliki
17
17

Jafari
15
9

Hanafi
12
9

text: However other sources give different ages.

text: The Reliance of the Traveller, frequently considered the definitive summary of Shafi'i jurisprudence, states in the chapter on marriage as follows:

text: In relation to proposed Saudi marriage reforms in 2009, it was observed that "although girls can marry even before reaching puberty, they cannot terminate the wedding contracts according to the Hanbali legal school, one of four major schools in Sunni Islam, which gives complete control over the female to the male guardian". [243]

text: Hinduism[edit]

text: The Manu Smriti recommends arranged marriages for girls within three years from attainment of puberty (11-14). If unmarried, after this period, the girl may marry on her own will somebody from her own caste and rank by freewill (after 14). However colonial laws still governing Hindu majority populations have set European age limits or more resulting in chaos and ambiguity. See column on India above.