document_title: List of Test cricket records

question_text: who holds the record for most wickets in a test series

text: List of Test cricket records

text: Listing criteria

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

text: Listing notation

text:
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no playing time remained
(300–3 d) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets, and declared its innings closed
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out

text:
(100) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out

text: (5–100) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while conceding 100 runs

text: indicates a current Test cricketer

text: Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international Test series may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[23] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

text: Team records

text: Team wins, losses and draws

text:
Team
First Test match
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
Drawn
 % Won

 Australia
000000001877-03-15-000015 March 1877
803
378
216
2
207
47.07

 Bangladesh
000000002000-11-10-000010 November 2000
104
10
79
0
15
9.62

 England
000000001877-03-15-000015 March 1877
990
356
291
0
343
35.95

 India
000000001932-06-25-000025 June 1932
515
142
158
1
214
27.57

 New Zealand
000000001930-01-10-000010 January 1930
422
89
170
0
163
21.09

 Pakistan
000000001952-10-16-000016 October 1952
411
132
121
0
158
32.03

 South Africa
000000001889-03-12-000012 March 1889
416
155
138
0
124
37.17

 Sri Lanka
000000001982-02-17-000017 February 1982
264
84
99
0
81
31.43

 West Indies
000000001928-06-23-000023 June 1928
527
168
185
1
173
31.74

 Zimbabwe
000000001992-10-18-000018 October 1992
103
11
66
0
26
10.78

ICC World XI
000000002005-10-14-000014 October 2005
1
0
1
0
0
0.00

Last updated: 29 October 2017[24]

text: Result records

text: Greatest win margins (by innings)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Season

Innings and 579 runs
 England (903-7 d) beat  Australia (201 & 123)
The Oval, London
1938

Innings and 360 runs
 Australia (652–7 d) beat  South Africa (159 & 133)
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2001–02

Innings and 336 runs
 West Indies (614–5 d) beat  India (124 & 154)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
1958–59

Innings and 332 runs
 Australia (645) beat  England (141 & 172)
Brisbane Cricket Ground
1946–47

Innings and 324 runs
 Pakistan (643) beat  New Zealand (73 & 246)
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2002

Last updated: 12 December 2016[25]

text: Greatest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Season

675 runs
 England (521 & 342–8 d) beat  Australia (122 & 66)
Brisbane Exhibition Ground
1928–29

562 runs
 Australia (701 & 327) beat  England (321 & 145)
The Oval, London
1934

530 runs
 Australia (328 & 578) beat  South Africa (205 & 171)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1910–11

491 runs
 Australia (381 & 361–5 d) beat  Pakistan (179 & 72)
WACA Ground, Perth
2004–05

465 runs
 Sri Lanka (384 & 447–6 d) beat  Bangladesh (208 & 158)
Chittagong Divisional Stadium
2008–09

Last updated: 12 December 2016[26]

text: Matches that finished with scores level

text:
Result
Teams
Venue
Season

Tie
 Australia (505 & 232) vs  West Indies (453 & 284)
The Gabba
1960–61

Tie
 India (397 & 347) vs  Australia (574–7 d & 170–5 d)
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Madras
1986–87

Draw
 Zimbabwe (376 & 234) vs  England (406 & 204–5)
Queens Sports Club, Bulawayo
1996–97

Draw
 India (482 & 242–9) vs  West Indies (590 & 134)
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
2011–12

Last updated: 15 June 2016[27][28][29]

text: Narrowest win margin (by wickets)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Season

1 wicket
 England (183 & 263–9) beat  Australia (324 & 121)
The Oval, London
1902

1 wicket
 South Africa (91 & 287–9) beat  England (184 & 190)
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1905–06

1 wicket
 England (382 & 282–9) beat  Australia (266 & 397)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1907–08

1 wicket
 England (183 & 173–9) beat  South Africa (113 & 242)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1922–23

1 wicket
 Australia (216 & 260–9) beat  West Indies (272 & 203)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1951–52

1 wicket
 New Zealand (249 & 104–9) beat  West Indies (140 & 212)
Carisbrook, Dunedin
1979–80

1 wicket
 Pakistan (256 & 315–9) beat  Australia (337 & 232)
National Stadium, Karachi
1994–95

1 wicket
 West Indies (329 & 311–9) beat  Australia (490 & 146)
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1998–99

1 wicket
 West Indies (273 & 216–9) beat  Pakistan (269 & 219)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1999–00

1 wicket
 Pakistan (175 & 262–9) beat  Bangladesh (281 & 154)
Ibn-e-Qasim Bagh Stadium, Multan
2003

1 wicket
 Sri Lanka (321 & 352–9) beat  South Africa (361 & 311)
Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo
2006

1 wicket
 India (405 & 216–9) beat  Australia (428 & 192)
Punjab Cricket Association Stadium, Mohali
2010–11

Last updated: 15 June 2016[30]

text: Narrowest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Season

1 run
 West Indies (252 & 146) beat  Australia (213 & 184)
Adelaide Oval
1992–93

2 runs
 England (407 & 182) beat  Australia (308 & 279)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
2005

3 runs
 Australia (299 & 86) beat  England (262 & 120)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1902

 England (284 & 294) beat  Australia (287 & 288)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1982–83

5 runs
 South Africa (169 & 239) beat  Australia (292 & 111)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1993–94

Last updated: 15 June 2016[31]

text: Victory after following-on

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Season

10 runs
 England (325 & 437) beat  Australia (586 & 166)
Sydney Cricket Ground
1894–95

18 runs
 England (174 & 356) beat  Australia (401–9 d & 111)
Headingley, Leeds
1981

171 runs
 India (171 & 657–7 d) beat  Australia (445 & 212)
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
2000–01

Last updated: 15 June 2016[32]

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

16
 Australia
 Zimbabwe at Harare, 14 October 1999
 India at Mumbai, 27 February 2001

16
 Australia
 South Africa at Melbourne, 26 December 2005
 India at Sydney, 2 January 2008

11
 West Indies
 Australia at Bridgetown, 30 March 1984
 Australia at Adelaide, 7 December 1984

9
 Sri Lanka
 India at Colombo, 29 August 2001
 Pakistan at Lahore, 6 March 2002

9
 South Africa
 Australia at Durban, 15 March 2002
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 1 May 2003

Last updated: 15 June 2016[33]

text: Team scoring records

text:
Most runs in an innings

Runs
Teams
Venue
Season

952-6 d
 Sri Lanka (v  India)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997

903-7 d
 England (v  Australia)
The Oval, London
1938

849
 England (v  West Indies)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30

790–3 d
 West Indies (v  Pakistan)
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

765–6 d
 Pakistan (v  Sri Lanka)
National Stadium, Karachi
2008–09

Last updated: 14 September 2017[34]

text:
Fewest runs in a completed innings

Runs
Teams
Venue
Date

26
 New Zealand (v  England)
Eden Park, Auckland
25 March 1955

30
 South Africa (v  England)
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
13 February 1896

 South Africa (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
14 June 1924

35
 South Africa (v  England)
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1 April 1899

36
 Australia (v  England)
Edgbaston, Birmingham
29 May 1902

 South Africa (v  Australia)
Melbourne Cricket Ground
12 February 1932

Last updated: 14 September 2017[35]

text:
Highest fourth-innings totals to win

Runs
Teams
Venue
Season

418–7
 West Indies (v  Australia)
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2002–03

414–4
 South Africa (v  Australia)
WACA Ground, Perth
2008–09

406–4
 India (v  West Indies)
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain
1975–76

404–3
 Australia (v  England)
Headingley, Leeds
1948

391–6
 Sri Lanka (v  Zimbabwe)
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
2017

Last updated: 14 September 2017[36]

text: Individual records

text: Individual records (batting)

text: Career runs

text:
Most career runs

Runs
Player
Period

15,921 (329 innings)
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

13,378 (287 innings)
 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

13,289 (280 innings)
 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

13,288 (286 innings)
 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

12,400 (233 innings)
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[37]

text:
Most career runs – progression of record

Runs
Player
Record held until
Duration of record

239
 Charles Bannerman
4 January 1882
4 years, 295 days

676
 George Ulyett[a]
13 August 1884
2 years, 222 days

860
 Billy Murdoch[b]
14 August 1886
2 years, 1 day

1,277
 Arthur Shrewsbury
23 January 1902
15 years, 162 days

1,293
 Joe Darling[c]
18 February 1902
26 days

1,366
 Syd Gregory[d]
14 June 1902
116 days

1,531
 Archie MacLaren[e]
13 August 1902
60 days

3,412
 Clem Hill
27 December 1924
22 years, 136 days

5,410
 Jack Hobbs
29 June 1937
12 years, 184 days

7,249
 Wally Hammond
27 November 1970
33 years, 151 days

7,459
 Colin Cowdrey[f]
23 March 1972
1 year, 117 days

8,032
 Garfield Sobers
23 December 1981
9 years, 275 days

8,114
 Geoff Boycott
12 November 1983
1 year, 324 days

10,122
 Sunil Gavaskar
25 February 1993
9 years, 105 days

11,174
 Allan Border
25 November 2005
12 years, 273 days

11,953
 Brian Lara
17 October 2008
2 years, 327 days

15,921
 Sachin Tendulkar
current
7003330400000000000♠9 years, 17 days

Last updated: 15 June 2016[38]

Notes:

^[a] Ulyett finished his career with 949 runs
^[b] Murdoch finished his career with 908 runs
^[c] Darling finished his career with 1,657 runs
^[d] Gregory finished his career with 2,282 runs
^[e] MacLaren finished his career with 1,931 runs
^[f] Cowdrey finished his career with 7,624 runs

text: Most runs in each batting position

text:
Batting position
Player
Runs
Average

Opener
 Alastair Cook
10430
45.95

Number 3
 Kumar Sangakkara
11679
60.83

Number 4
 Sachin Tendulkar
13492
54.40

Number 5
 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
6883
56.42

Number 6
 Steve Waugh
3165
51.05

Number 7
 Adam Gilchrist
3948
46.45

Number 8
 Daniel Vettori
2227
39.77

Number 9
 Stuart Broad
1173
20.95

Number 10
 Dale Steyn
502
12.55

Number 11
 Muttiah Muralitharan
623
11.33

Last updated: 17 March 2017[39]

text: Highest career batting average

text:
Average
Player
Period

99.94 (80 innings)
 Donald Bradman
1928–1948

61.87 (31 innings)
 Adam Voges
2015–2016

60.97 (41 innings)
 Graeme Pollock
1963–1970

60.83 (40 innings)
 George Headley
1930–1954

60.73 (84 innings)
 Herbert Sutcliffe
1924–1935

Qualification: 20 innings.
Last updated: 30 August 2017[40]

text: Innings or series

text:
Highest individual score (see also List of Test cricket triple centuries)

Runs
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

400*
 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

380
 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04

375
 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94

374
 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

365*
 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58

Last updated: 15 June 2015[41]

text:
Highest individual score – progression of record

Runs
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season
Test match Number

165*
 Charles Bannerman
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77
Test No. 1

211
 Billy Murdoch
 England
The Oval, London
1884
Test No. 16

287
 Tip Foster
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1903–04
Test No. 78

325
 Andy Sandham
 West Indies
Sabina Park, Kingston
1929–30
Test No. 193

334
 Don Bradman
 England
Headingley, Leeds
1930
Test No. 196

336*
 Wally Hammond
 New Zealand
Eden Park, Auckland
1932–33
Test No. 226

364
 Len Hutton
 Australia
The Oval, London
1938
Test No. 266

365*
 Garfield Sobers
 Pakistan
Sabina Park, Kingston
1957–58
Test No. 452

375
 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1993–94
Test No. 1259

380
 Matthew Hayden
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground, Perth
2003–04
Test No. 1661

400*
 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04
Test No. 1696

Last updated: 15 June 2016[42]

text:
Most runs in a match

Runs
Scores
Player
Match

456
333 and 123
 Graham Gooch
v  India at Lord's, 1990

426
334* and 92
 Mark Taylor
v  Pakistan at Peshawar, 1998–99

424
319 and 105
 Kumar Sangakkara
v  Bangladesh at Chittagong, 2013–14

400
400*
 Brian Lara
v  England at St John's, Antigua, 2003–04

380
247* and 133
 Greg Chappell
v  New Zealand at Wellington, 1973–74

380
 Matthew Hayden
v  Zimbabwe at Perth, 2003–04

Last updated: 15 June 2016[43]

text:
Most runs in a series

Runs
Player
Series

974 (7 innings)
 Donald Bradman
v  England, 1930

905 (9 innings)
 Wally Hammond
v  Australia, 1928–29

839 (11 innings)
 Mark Taylor
v  England, 1989

834 (9 innings)
 Neil Harvey
v  South Africa, 1952–53

829 (7 innings)
 Viv Richards
v  England, 1976

827 (10 innings)
 Clyde Walcott
v  Australia, 1955

824 (8 innings)
 Gary Sobers
v  Pakistan, 1957–58

810 (9 innings)
 Donald Bradman
v  England, 1936–37

806 (5 innings)
 Donald Bradman
v  South Africa, 1931–32

798 (8 innings)
 Brian Lara
v  England, 1993–94

Last updated: 15 June 2016[44]

text:
Most runs in a calendar year

Runs
Player
Average
Year

1788
 Mohammad Yousuf
99.33
2006

1710
 Vivian Richards
90.00
1976

1656
 Graeme Smith
72.00
2008

1595
 Michael Clarke
106.33
2012

1562
 Sachin Tendulkar
78.10
2010

Last updated: 15 June 2015[45]

text: Highest scores at each batting position

text:
Batting position
Player
Score
Opponent
Venue
Date

Opener
 Matthew Hayden
380
 Zimbabwe
WACA Ground
9 October 2003

Number 3
 Brian Lara
400*
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground
10 April 2004

Number 4
 Mahela Jayawardene
374
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground
27 July 2006

Number 5
 Michael Clarke
329*
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground
3 January 2012

Number 6
 Ben Stokes
258
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground
2 January 2016

Number 7
 Donald Bradman
270
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1 January 1937

Number 8
 Wasim Akram
257*
 Zimbabwe
Sheikhupura Stadium
17 October 1996

Number 9
 Ian Smith
173
 India
Eden Park
22 February 1990

Number 10
 Walter Read
117
 Australia
Kennington Oval
11 August 1884

Number 11
 Ashton Agar
98
 England
Trent Bridge
10 July 2013

Last updated: 17 March January 2017[46]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Highest individual score as captain

Runs
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

400*
 Brian Lara
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
2003–04

374
 Mahela Jayawardene
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

334*
 Mark Taylor
 Pakistan
Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar
1998

333
 Graham Gooch
 India
Lord's, London
1990

329*
 Michael Clarke
 India
Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney
2012

Last updated: 15 June 2015[47]

text: Most runs in an over

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Bowler
Venue
Season

28
4–6–6–4–4–4
 Brian Lara
 Robin Peterson
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2003–04

4–6–2–4–6–6
 George Bailey
 James Anderson
WACA, Perth
2013–14

27
6–6–6–6–2–1
 Shahid Afridi
 Harbhajan Singh
Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore
2005–06

26
4–4–6–0–6–6
 Mitchell Johnson
 Paul Harris
Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
2008–09

4–0–6–6–6–4
 Brian Lara
 Danish Kaneria
Multan Cricket Stadium
2006–07

4–4–4–4–6–4
 Craig McMillan
 Younis Khan
Seddon Park, Hamilton
2000–01

4–6–6–0–4–6
 Brendon McCullum
 Suranga Lakmal
Hagley Oval, Christchurch, New Zealand
2014–15

4–4–6–6–6–0
 Hardik Pandya
 Malinda Pushpakumara
Pallekele International Cricket Stadium,Sri Lanka
2017

Last updated: 14 August 2017[48]

text: Centuries

text: Most Test centuries

text:
Centuries
Player
Matches
Innings
Inns/Century

51
 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329
6.4

45
 Jacques Kallis
166
280
6.2

41
 Ricky Ponting
168
287
7.0

38
 Kumar Sangakkara
132
229
6

36
 Rahul Dravid
164
286
7.9

Last updated: 15 June 2016[49]

text:
Maximum Centuries – progression of record

Centuries
Player
Matches
Venue
Season
Test match Number

1
 Charles Bannerman
1
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77
Test No. 1

2
 Allan Steel
13
Lord's, London
21-Jul-1884
Test No.--

3
 Percy McDonnell
–
---
---
Test No. –

5
 Archie MacLaren
–
---
---
Test No. –

6
 Clem Hill
–
---
---
Test No. –

8
 Victor Trumper
–
---
---
Test No. –

15
 Jack Hobbs
–
---
---
Test No. –

16
 Herbert Sutcliffe
–
---
---
Test No. –

21
 Don Bradman
–
---
---
Test No. –

22
 Walter Hammond
–
---
---
Test No. –

29
 Don Bradman
–
---
---
Test No. –

34
 Sunil Gavaskar
–
---
---
Test No. –

51
 Sachin Tendulkar
–
---
---
Test No. –

Last updated: 9 September 2017[50]

text:
Fastest Test centuries

No. of balls
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

54
 Brendon McCullum
 Australia
Hagley Oval, Christchurch
2015–16

56
 Viv Richards
 England
Antigua Recreation Ground, St. John's
1985–86

 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014

57
 Adam Gilchrist
 England
WACA Ground, Perth
2006–07

67
 Jack Gregory
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1921–22

Last updated: 15 June 2016[51]

text:
Most Test double centuries

Double centuries
Player
Matches

12
 Donald Bradman
52

11
 Kumar Sangakkara
130

9
 Brian Lara
131

7
 Wally Hammond
85

 Mahela Jayawardene
149

Last updated: 15 June 2016[52]

text:
Most Test triple centuries

Triple centuries
Player
Matches

2
 Donald Bradman
52

 Virender Sehwag
104

 Chris Gayle
103

 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 11 December 2016[53]

Note:
21 other players have scored a triple century in a Test: see List of Test cricket triple centuries for more details[54]

text:
Most Test quadruple centuries

Quadruple centuries
Player
Matches

1
 Brian Lara
131

Last updated: 15 June 2016[55]

text: Half Centuries

text: Most Test 50+

text:
50+
Player
Matches
Innings

119
 Sachin Tendulkar
200
329

103
 Jacques Kallis
166
280

103
 Ricky Ponting
168
287

99
 Rahul Dravid
164
286

96
 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
164
280

Last updated: 15 June 2016[56]

text:
Fastest Test half-centuries

No. of balls
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

21
 Misbah-ul-Haq
 Australia
Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi
2014/15

24
 Jacques Kallis
 Zimbabwe
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2004/05

25
 Shane Shillingford
 New Zealand
Sabina Park, Kingston
2014

26
 Shahid Afridi
 India
M Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore
2004/05

 Mohammad Ashraful
 India
Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium, Mirpur
2007

 Dale Steyn
 West Indies
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
2014/15

Last updated: 15 June 2016[57]

text: Most fours in career

text:
Fours
Player
Innings

2058+
 Sachin Tendulkar
329

1654
 Rahul Dravid
286

1559
 Brian Lara
232

1509
 Ricky Ponting
287

1491
 Kumar Sangakkara
233

Last updated: 15 February 2016[58] Notes:

^[a] "+" means the completed career records aren't known

text: Individual records (bowling)

text: Career

text:
Most wickets in a career

Wickets
Player
Matches
Average

800
 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72

708
 Shane Warne
145
25.41

619
 Anil Kumble
132
29.65

563
 Glenn McGrath
124
21.64

519
 Courtney Walsh
132
24.44

Last updated: 15 June 2016[59]

text:
Most wickets in a career – Progression of record

Wickets
Player
Matches
Average
Record held until
Duration of record

8[a]
 Alfred Shaw
1
10.75
31 March 1877
16 days

14
 Tom Kendall
2
15.35
4 January 1879
1 year, 279 days

94[b]
 Fred Spofforth
18
18.41
12 January 1895
16 years, 8 days

118
 Johnny Briggs
33
17.75
2 January 1904
8 years, 355 days

141
 Hugh Trumble
32
21.78
13 December 1913
9 years, 345 days

189
 Sydney Barnes
27
16.43
4 January 1936
22 years, 22 days

216
 Clarrie Grimmett
37
24.21
24 July 1953
17 years, 201 days

236
 Alec Bedser
51
24.89
26 January 1963
9 years, 186 days

242[c]
 Brian Statham
67
24.27
15 March 1963
48 days

307
 Fred Trueman
67
21.57
1 February 1976
12 years, 323 days

309
 Lance Gibbs
79
29.09
27 December 1981
5 years, 329 days

355
 Dennis Lillee
70
23.92
21 August 1986
4 years, 237 days

373[d]
 Ian Botham
94
27.86
12 November 1988
2 years, 83 days

431
 Richard Hadlee
86
22.29
8 February 1994
5 years, 88 days

434
 Kapil Dev
131
29.64
27 March 2000
6 years, 48 days

519
 Courtney Walsh
132
24.44
8 May 2004
4 years, 42 days

532[e]
 Muttiah Muralitharan
91
22.87
15 October 2004
160 days

708
 Shane Warne
145
25.41
3 December 2007
3 years, 49 days

800
 Muttiah Muralitharan
133
22.72
Current
7003362300000000000♠9 years, 335 days

Notes
^[a] Allen Hill took the first Test wicket, but only two in the First Test match. Alfred Shaw (3/51 & 5/35) and Tom Kendall (1/54 & 7/55) both took eight wickets, but as Australia batted first Shaw was the first to take five wickets in an innings and the first to take eight Test wickets. Kendall overtook him in the Second Test and Shaw subsequently increased his total to 12 wickets (15.35) in seven Tests[60]
^[b] Johnny Briggs equalled Fred Spofforth's record of 94 Test wickets on 29 December 1894 in the Second Test at Melbourne, as did Charles Turner two days later. Briggs overook Turner and Spofforth in the Third Test at Adelaide, which Turner missed, and became the first man to claim 100 Test wickets on 1 February 1895 in the Fourth Test at Sydney. Turner became the second three days later and ended with a total of 101 wickets (16.53) in 17 Tests[61]
^[c] Fred Trueman overtook Brian Statham's then record of 242 Test wickets and Statham subsequently increased his total to 252 wickets (24.84) in 70 Tests
^[d] Richard Hadlee overtook Ian Botham's then record of 373 Test wickets and Botham subsequently increased his total to 383 wickets (28.40) in 102 Tests
^[e] Shane Warne overtook Muttiah Muralitharan's then record of 532 Test wickets and Muralitharan subsequently increased his total to 800 wickets (22.72) in 133 Tests[62]

text:
Best career average

Average
Player
Balls
Wickets

10.75
 George Lohmann
3,830
112

12.70
/ John Ferris[a]
2,302
61

15.54
 Billy Barnes
2,289
51

16.42
 Billy Bates
2,364
50

16.43
 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 June 2016[63]

Note: If the qualification is removed, the best career average record is at 0.00 runs per wicket (i.e. no runs were conceded). This record is shared by Englishmen A N Hornby, Wilf Barber and New Zealander, Bruce Murray who took one wicket without conceding a run[64]

^[a] John Ferris was one of a few cricketers to play Test cricket for more than one country. He played in eight Tests for Australia from 1886–87 and a single Test for England in South Africa in 1891–92.[65]

text:
Best career strike rate

Strike rate
Player
Balls
Wickets

34.1
 George Lohmann
3,830
112

37.7
 /  J. J. Ferris
2,302
61

38.7
 Shane Bond
3,372
87

41.4
 Dale Steyn
17,286
417

41.6
 Sydney Barnes
7,873
189

Qualification: 2000 balls bowled
Last updated: 2 September 2017[66]

text:
Most 5 wickets in an innings

5 wickets in an innings
Player
Matches

67
 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

37
 Shane Warne
145

36
 Richard Hadlee
86

35
 Anil Kumble
132

29
 Glenn McGrath
124

Last updated: 15 June 2016[67]

text:
Most 10 wickets in a match

10 wickets in a match
Player
Matches

22
 Muttiah Muralitharan
133

10
 Shane Warne
145

9
 Richard Hadlee
86

8
 Rangana Herath
83

 Anil Kumble
132

Last updated: 2 September 2017[68]

text: Series

text:
Most wickets in a series

Wickets
Player
Series

49 (4 Tests)
 Sydney Barnes
v  South Africa 1913–14

46 (5 Tests)
 Jim Laker
v  Australia, 1956

44 (5 Tests)
 Clarrie Grimmett
v  South Africa 1935–36

42 (6 Tests)
 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1981

41 (6 Tests)
 Terry Alderman
v  England, 1989

 Rodney Hogg
v  England, 1978–79

Last updated: 15 June 2016[69]

text: Innings

text:
Best figures in an innings

Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

10–53
 Jim Laker
 Australia (2nd innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

10–74
 Anil Kumble
 Pakistan
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi
1998–99

9–28
 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

9–37
 Jim Laker
 Australia (1st innings)
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

9–51
 Muttiah Muralitharan
 Zimbabwe
Asgiriya Stadium, Kandy
2001–02

Last updated: 15 June 2016[70]

text:
Best figures in an innings – progression of record

Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

7–55
 Tom Kendall
(in the inaugural Test match)
 England
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1876–77

7–44
 Fred Spofforth
 England
The Oval, London
1882

7–28
 Billy Bates
 Australia
Melbourne Cricket Ground
1882–83

8–35
 George Lohmann
 Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground
1886–87

8–11
 Johnny Briggs
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
1888–89

8–7
 George Lohmann
 South Africa
St. George's Park, Port Elizabeth
1895–96

9–28
 George Lohmann
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1895–96

10–53
 Jim Laker
 Australia
Old Trafford, Manchester
1956

Calculated at the conclusion of each Test
Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Match records

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

19–90
 Jim Laker
 Australia
Manchester, England,
1956

17–159
 Sydney Barnes
 South Africa
Old Wanderers, Johannesburg
1913–14

16–136
 Narendra Hirwani
 West Indies
M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
1987–88

16–137
 Bob Massie
 England
Lord's, London
1972

16–220
 Muttiah Muralitharan
 England
The Oval, London
1998

Last updated: 15 June 2016[71]

text: Innings as captain

text:
Best figures in an innings as captain

Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

9–83
 Kapil Dev
 West Indies
Sardar Patel Stadium, Ahmedabad
1983

8–60
 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Karachi
1982

8–63
 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare
2016

8–106
 Kapil Dev
 Australia
Adelaide Oval, Adelaide
1985

7–37
 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1995

Last updated: 16 March 2017[72]

text: Match records as captain

text:
Best figures in a match

Bowling
Player
Opponent
Venue
Season

13–55
 Courtney Walsh
 New Zealand
Basin Reserve, Wellington, New Zealand
1995

13–135
 Waqar Younis
 Zimbabwe
Southend Club Cricket Stadium, Karachi, Pakistan
1993

13–152
 Rangana Herath
 Zimbabwe
Harare Sports Club, Harare, Zimbabwe
2016

12–100
 Fazal Mahmood
 West Indies
Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka, Bangladesh
1959

11–79
 Imran Khan
 India
National Stadium, Karachi, Pakistan
1982

Last updated: 15 June 2016[73]

text: Individual records (fielding)

text: Most catches in Test career

text:
Catches
Player
Matches

210
 Rahul Dravid
164

205
 Mahela Jayawardene
149

200
 Jacques Kallis
166

196
 Ricky Ponting
168

181
 Mark Waugh
128

Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper[74] Last updated: 15 June 2016

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)

text:
Most dismissals

Dismissals
Player
Matches

555 (532 catches + 23 stumpings)
 Mark Boucher
147

416 (379 catches + 37 stumpings)
 Adam Gilchrist
96

395 (366 catches + 29 stumpings)
 Ian Healy
119

355 (343 catches + 12 stumpings)
 Rod Marsh
96

294 (256 catches + 38 stumpings)
 MS Dhoni
90

Last updated: 15 June 2016[75]

text:
Most catches

Catches
Player
Matches

532
 Mark Boucher
147

379
 Adam Gilchrist
96

366
 Ian Healy
119

343
 Rod Marsh
96

265
 Jeff Dujon
81

Last updated: 15 June 2016[76]

text:
Most stumpings

Stumpings
Player
Matches

52
 Bert Oldfield
54

46
 Godfrey Evans
91

38
 Syed Kirmani
88

 MS Dhoni
90

37
 Adam Gilchrist
96

Last updated: 15 June 2016[77]

text: Individual records (as an all-rounder)

text:
10 Wickets and a Century in a Test match

Player
Runs
Wickets
Date
Opponent
Venue

 Ian Botham[78]
114
13/109
15 February 1980
 India
Mumbai, India

 Imran Khan[78]
117
11/180
3 January 1983
 India
Faisalabad, Pakistan

 Shakib Al Hasan[78]
137
10/124
3 November 2014
 Zimbabwe
Khulna, Bangladesh

Last updated: 15 June 2016[79]

text: Individual records (other)

text:
Most matches played

Matches
Player
Period

200
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2013

168
 Steve Waugh
1985–2004

 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

166
 Jacques Kallis
1995–2013

164
 Rahul Dravid
1996–2012

 Shivnarine Chanderpaul
1994–2015

Last updated: 15 June 2016[80]

text:
Most matches played as captain

Matches
Player
Won
Lost
Drawn
Tied

109
 Graeme Smith
53
29
27
0

93
 Allan Border
32
22
38
1

80
 Stephen Fleming
28
27
25
0

77
 Ricky Ponting
48
16
13
0

74
 Clive Lloyd
36
12
26
0

Last updated: 15 June 2016[81]

text:
Most matches won as captain

Won
Player
Lost
Drawn
Ties
Matches

53
 Graeme Smith
26
26
0
109

48
 Ricky Ponting
16
13
0
77

41
 Steve Waugh
9
7
0
57

36
 Clive Lloyd
12
26
0
74

32
 Allan Border
22
38
1
93

Last updated: 15 June 2016[82]

text: Partnership records

text: Highest partnership for each wicket

text:
Partnership
Runs
Team
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season

1st wicket
415
 South Africa
Graeme Smith (232)
Neil McKenzie (226)
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Divisional Stadium
2008

2nd wicket
576
 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

3rd wicket
624
 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

4th wicket
449
 Australia
Adam Voges (269*)
Shaun Marsh  (182)
 West Indies
Bellerive Oval, Hobart
2015–16

5th wicket
405
 Australia
Sid Barnes (234)
Donald Bradman (234)
 England
Sydney Cricket Ground
1946–47

6th wicket
399
 England
Ben Stokes  (258)
Jonny Bairstow  (150*)
 South Africa
Newlands Cricket Ground, Cape Town
2015–16

7th wicket
347
 West Indies
Denis Atkinson (219)
Clairmonte Depeiaza (122)
 Australia
Kensington Oval, Bridgetown
1954–55

8th wicket
332
 England
Jonathan Trott (184)
Stuart Broad  (169)
 Pakistan
Lord's, London
2010

9th wicket
195
 South Africa
Mark Boucher (78)
Pat Symcox (108)
 Pakistan
New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg
1997–98

10th wicket
198
 England
Joe Root  (154*)
James Anderson  (81)
 India
Trent Bridge, Nottingham
2014

Last updated: 15 June 2016[83]

text: Highest partnerships

text:
Runs
Team
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season

624 (3rd wicket)
 Sri Lanka
Kumar Sangakkara (287)
Mahela Jayawardene (374)
 South Africa
Sinhalese Sports Club Ground, Colombo
2006

576 (2nd wicket)
 Sri Lanka
Sanath Jayasuriya (340)
Roshan Mahanama (225)
 India
Ranasinghe Premadasa Stadium, Colombo
1997–98

467 (3rd wicket)
 New Zealand
Andrew Jones (186)
Martin Crowe (299)
 Sri Lanka
Basin Reserve, Wellington
1990–91

451 (2nd wicket)
 Australia
Bill Ponsford (266)
Donald Bradman (244)
 England
The Oval, London
1934

451 (3rd wicket)
 Pakistan
Mudassar Nazar (231)
Javed Miandad (280*)
 India
Niaz Stadium, Hyderabad
1982–83

Last updated: 15 June 2016[84]


document_title: Perpendicular

question_text: which type of triangle must have perpendicular lines

root

text: Perpendicular

text: Foot of a perpendicular[edit]

text: The word foot is frequently used in connection with perpendiculars. This usage is exemplified in the top diagram, above, and its caption. The diagram can be in any orientation. The foot is not necessarily at the bottom.

tag: p

text: More precisely, let A be a point and m a line. If B is the point of intersection of m and the unique line through A that is perpendicular to m, then B is called the foot of this perpendicular through A.

text: Construction of the perpendicular[edit]

text: To make the perpendicular to the line AB through the point P using compass and straightedge, proceed as follows (see figure left):

text:
Step 1 (red): construct a circle with center at P to create points A' and B' on the line AB, which are equidistant from P.
Step 2 (green): construct circles centered at A' and B' having equal radius. Let Q and R be the points of intersection of these two circles.
Step 3 (blue): connect Q and R to construct the desired perpendicular PQ.

tag: ul

text: To prove that the PQ is perpendicular to AB, use the SSS congruence theorem for ' and QPB' to conclude that angles OPA' and OPB' are equal. Then use the SAS congruence theorem for triangles OPA' and OPB' to conclude that angles POA and POB are equal.

text: To make the perpendicular to the line g at or through the point P using Thales' theorem, see the animation at right.

text: The Pythagorean theorem can be used as the basis of methods of constructing right angles. For example, by counting links, three pieces of chain can be made with lengths in the ratio 3:4:5. These can be laid out to form a triangle, which will have a right angle opposite its longest side. This method is useful for laying out gardens and fields, where the dimensions are large, and great accuracy is not needed. The chains can be used repeatedly whenever required.

text: In relationship to parallel lines[edit]

text: If two lines (a and b) are both perpendicular to a third line (c), all of the angles formed along the third line are right angles. Therefore, in Euclidean geometry, any two lines that are both perpendicular to a third line are parallel to each other, because of the parallel postulate. Conversely, if one line is perpendicular to a second line, it is also perpendicular to any line parallel to that second line.

text: In the figure at the right, all of the orange-shaded angles are congruent to each other and all of the green-shaded angles are congruent to each other, because vertical angles are congruent and alternate interior angles formed by a transversal cutting parallel lines are congruent. Therefore, if lines a and b are parallel, any of the following conclusions leads to all of the others:

text:
One of the angles in the diagram is a right angle.
One of the orange-shaded angles is congruent to one of the green-shaded angles.
Line c is perpendicular to line a.
Line c is perpendicular to line b.

text: In computing distances[edit]

text: The distance from a point to a line is the distance to the nearest point on that line. That is the point at which a segment from it to the given point is perpendicular to the line.

text: Likewise, the distance from a point to a curve is measured by a line segment that is perpendicular to a tangent line to the curve at the nearest point on the curve.

text: Perpendicular regression fits a line to data points by minimizing the sum of squared perpendicular distances from the data points to the line.

text: The distance from a point to a plane is measured as the length from the point along a segment that is perpendicular to the plane, meaning that it is perpendicular to all lines in the plane that pass through the nearest point in the plane to the given point.

text: Graph of functions[edit]

text: In the two-dimensional plane, right angles can be formed by two intersected lines if the product of their slopes equals −1. Thus defining two linear functions: y1 = a1x + b1 and y2 = a2x + b2, the graphs of the functions will be perpendicular and will make four right angles where the lines intersect if a1a2 = −1. However, this method cannot be used if the slope is zero or undefined (the line is parallel to an axis).

text: For another method, let the two linear functions be: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0. The lines will be perpendicular if and only if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0. This method is simplified from the dot product (or, more generally, the inner product) of vectors. In particular, two vectors are considered orthogonal if their inner product is zero.

text: In circles and other conics[edit]

text: Circles[edit]

text: Each diameter of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent line to that circle at the point where the diameter intersects the circle.

text: A line segment through a circle's center bisecting a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

text: If the intersection of any two perpendicular chords divides one chord into lengths a and b and divides the other chord into lengths c and d, then a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 equals the square of the diameter.[4]

text: The sum of the squared lengths of any two perpendicular chords intersecting at a given point is the same as that of any other two perpendicular chords intersecting at the same point, and is given by 8r2 – 4p2 (where r is the circle's radius and p is the distance from the center point to the point of intersection).[5]

text: Thales' theorem states that two lines both through the same point on a circle but going through opposite endpoints of a diameter are perpendicular. This is equivalent to saying that any diameter of a circle subtends a right angle at any point on the circle, except the two endpoints of the diameter.

text: Ellipses[edit]

text: The major and minor axes of an ellipse are perpendicular to each other and to the tangent lines to the ellipse at the points where the axes intersect the ellipse.

text: The major axis of an ellipse is perpendicular to the directrix and to each latus rectum.

text: Parabolas[edit]

text: In a parabola, the axis of symmetry is perpendicular to each of the latus rectum, the directrix, and the tangent line at the point where the axis intersects the parabola.

text: From a point on the tangent line to a parabola's vertex, the other tangent line to the parabola is perpendicular to the line from that point through the parabola's focus.

text: The orthoptic property of a parabola is that If two tangents to the parabola are perpendicular to each other, then they intersect on the directrix. Conversely, two tangents which intersect on the directrix are perpendicular. This implies that, seen from any point on its directrix, any parabola subtends a right angle.

text: Hyperbolas[edit]

text: The transverse axis of a hyperbola is perpendicular to the conjugate axis and to each directrix.

text: The product of the perpendicular distances from a point P on a hyperbola or on its conjugate hyperbola to the asymptotes is a constant independent of the location of P.

text:
A rectangular hyperbola has asymptotes that are perpendicular to each other. It has an eccentricity equal to

2

.

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}.}

text: In polygons[edit]

text: Triangles[edit]

text: The legs of a right triangle are perpendicular to each other.

text: The altitudes of a triangle are perpendicular to their respective bases. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides also play a prominent role in triangle geometry.

text: The Euler line of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the triangle's base.

text: The Droz-Farny line theorem concerns a property of two perpendicular lines intersecting at a triangle's orthocenter.

text: Harcourt's theorem concerns the relationship of line segments through a vertex and perpendicular to any line tangent to the triangle's incircle.

text: Quadrilaterals[edit]

text: In a square or other rectangle, all pairs of adjacent sides are perpendicular. A right trapezoid is a trapezoid that has two pairs of adjacent sides that are perpendicular.

text: Each of the four maltitudes of a quadrilateral is a perpendicular to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side.

text: An orthodiagonal quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose diagonals are perpendicular. These include the square, the rhombus, and the kite. By Brahmagupta's theorem, in an orthodiagonal quadrilateral that is also cyclic, a line through the midpoint of one side and through the intersection point of the diagonals is perpendicular to the opposite side.

text: By van Aubel's theorem, if squares are constructed externally on the sides of a quadrilateral, the line segments connecting the centers of opposite squares are perpendicular and equal in length.

text: Lines in three dimensions[edit]

text: Up to three lines in three-dimensional space can be pairwise perpendicular, as exemplified by the x, y, and z axes of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system.


document_title: Arthur Mitchell (character)

question_text: who shot dexter's sister in season 4

question_tokens: who shot dexter 's sister in season 4

text: Arthur Mitchell (character)

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Arthur Mitchell is an unassuming suburbanite and family man — who for 30 years has been living a double life as a serial killer. FBI agent Frank Lundy dubs him the "Trinity Killer" because of a recurring pattern of three killings. First, Mitchell would kill a young woman in a bathtub by slicing her femoral artery with a straight razor while putting her in a choke hold, and holding up a small mirror so that he can see her face as she dies. His second victim is a married mother of two, whom he kidnaps and forces to jump to her death from an abandoned building. His third victim is a father of two, whom he bludgeons to death with a hammer. At each site he places a small sample of his sister's ashes, and arranges the victim's arm to point at the ash. He has repeated this cycle in different cities all over the United States. Frank Lundy's superiors are skeptical about the existence of the Trinity Killer, leading him to launch a private inquiry into the murders that eluded him during his FBI career.

text: It is later discovered that, before these three, the Trinity Killer also kidnaps a young boy whom he dresses in cowboy pajamas and convinces to play with a train set in a recreation of his childhood. Following this, he will bury the boy alive in cement at a Four Walls' building site. These killings were not connected to the pattern until shortly before Mitchell's death, because the boys were reported as missing rather than dead.[2]

text: At first, Dexter Morgan is fascinated by Mitchell's efficient killing methods and apparent ability to balance his familial responsibilities with his secret life as a serial killer.

text: Family[edit]

text: Mitchell lives with his wife, Sally, and his teenaged children, Jonah and Rebecca. He has another, older daughter by a previous relationship: Christine Hill, who witnessed one of his murders as a child. He treats her like a shameful secret, forbidding her from contacting him and keeping her existence hidden from his other family. She tries unsuccessfully to win his love, going so far as to commit murder for him; she kills FBI agent Frank Lundy and wounds Dexter's adopted sister Debra to protect her father from the police.[3] Her actions have the opposite of the intended effect, however: When he learns what she has done, Mitchell tells her he wishes she had never been born. She commits suicide shortly afterward.[4]

text: Members of his family died in the same way as his victims: his sister died in a bathtub in 1959, his mother jumped to her death in 1961, and his father was bludgeoned to death (presumably by Arthur himself) in 1962.[5]

text: Story progression[edit]

text: Episode 37[edit]

text: In season four, Mitchell begins the cycle again, killing his victims at the original murder sites. After killing the woman in the bathtub, Mitchell takes a shower in scalding hot water and, after forcing a mother to fall to her death, he provokes a drunken man into beating him up.[6]

text: Episode 40[edit]

text: FBI agent Frank Lundy comes out of retirement to hunt Trinity down, but is shot and killed just as he begins to close in on him. Lundy had theorized that Trinity was a loner who had no life outside killing. When Dexter goes to kill Trinity, he discovers that Trinity is a husband and father, as well as a prominent figure in a charitable Christian homebuilding organization. He uses this organization to travel around the country to cover for his murder spree, and (it is later learned) as a dump site for the first victim in his cycle.[3]

text: Episode 43[edit]

text: Dexter is conflicted over whether to kill Mitchell or learn how he make his family life work. Dexter, under the alias of Kyle Butler, befriends Mitchell and soon learns that, unlike Dexter, Mitchell apparently has no problem being himself with his family or expressing affection. He also witnesses Mitchell's strange, unpredictable personality; the same man who murders people with uncommon brutality starts crying when he and Dexter hit a deer, and is appalled at the idea of putting it out of its misery.[7]

text: Episode 44[edit]

text: As Mitchell plans a trip to Tampa to build a house, Dexter concocts a plan to go to a meteorological convention to establish an alibi so he has a reason to be in Tampa as well. Mitchell reluctantly allows Dexter to tag along when Dexter claims he's done something terrible that only Mitchell can help him recover from. Dexter, hoping to redeem his murder of an innocent man, plans to murder the decidedly guilty Mitchell along the way. During their road trip, however, Mitchell pushes Dexter to admit his terrible deed, and Dexter claims to have killed someone in a hunting accident. This admission greatly affects Mitchell, who sees it as a sign of kinship. He takes Dexter to his old home and tells him that when he was 10, he startled his sister while spying on her in the shower; she fell and broke the glass door, slicing her femoral artery and bleeding to death. His mother later committed suicide by leaping off a building, leaving him in the care of his abusive father; Dexter conjectures that Mitchell bludgeoned his father to death, accounting for the third victim.[5]

text: For the remainder of the trip Mitchell exhibits sudden mood swings and irrational behavior. He keeps telling random people about his family members' deaths and stresses the need for confession, to the point that Dexter is actually worried that Mitchell might tell people about Dexter's previously mentioned murder. One morning, Dexter sneaks into Mitchell's room, intent on killing him, only to find him gone. Dexter tracks him to a construction site where Mitchell attempts suicide. Dexter reluctantly stops him, wanting to kill Mitchell himself. Dexter contemplates letting Mitchell fall to his death, but as he's about to let go, workers at the site come to help Dexter save him. Afterward, Mitchell has a newfound zest for life, believing God sent Dexter to save him.[5]

text: Episode 45[edit]

text: As Dexter gets to know Mitchell, he learns that his would-be mentor is not the loving family man he appears to be; Mitchell dominates his wife, beats his son and keeps his daughter virtually imprisoned in her room. During Thanksgiving, Mitchell's son, Jonah, lashes out at his father, destroying his homebuilder's plaques and smashing his sister's urn. In a fit of rage, Mitchell almost strangles Jonah, but Dexter interferes, dragging him into the kitchen. Just as Dexter has Mitchell at his mercy, however, Mitchell's wife and daughter rush in to stop him.[8]

text: Episodes 46 and 47[edit]

text: Dexter witnesses Mitchell kidnap a child, but is unable to stop him. Eventually Dexter tracks him down as he's about to bury the boy alive in drying concrete. Dexter saves the boy, but Mitchell escapes. After Mitchell learns from a news report that the boy is alive, and that Dexter didn't turn him in, he begins to become suspicious. As he tries to find Dexter he kills a man named Kyle Butler, and ultimately follows Dexter to the Miami Metro Police Department. There, he discovers Dexter's real name.[9]

text: Episode 48[edit]

text: In the last episode of the season, "The Getaway", Dexter subdues Mitchell and prepares to kill him in the room where Mitchell had held the kidnapped child. Mitchell believes Dexter was sent by God to kill him, and claims that he had tried several times to stop killing, but found that he could not change his "path". He predicts a similar fate for Dexter: he tells Dexter "It's already over", the same thing he says to his victims before he kills them. Dexter then kills him with a hammer. It is revealed in the final scene of the episode that Mitchell killed Dexter's wife, Rita, in the bathtub of Dexter's house, and that he left Dexter's son Harrison in her blood, mirroring the childhood trauma that put Dexter on the path to becoming a serial killer.[4]

text: Episode 52[edit]

text: Miami Metro detective Joey Quinn suspects Dexter of killing Rita, and he connects the dots as for the identity of Kyle Butler. Anxious to further his investigation, Quinn requests permission from Captain Maria LaGuerta, but she denies his request and orders him to leave Dexter alone. Undeterred, Quinn finds Jonah Mitchell amidst being relocated into witness protection with the rest of his family, and tries to show him a picture of Dexter so that Jonah can confirm whether or not it is "Kyle Butler". However, one of the FBI convoys manages to intercept Quinn's attempt before he succeeds, and so Quinn's query remains unanswered.[10]

text: Episode 67[edit]

text: In the sixth season, Dexter hears news about the Mitchell family, who are now living in Nebraska: Mitchell's wife, Sally, and daughter, Rebecca, have been murdered in the same way as were Mitchell's victims. Dexter deduces that Jonah is the killer, and hunts him down. At first, Jonah claims his father killed them both, but later gets into a fight with Dexter, seemingly wanting to die by Dexter's hand. Confused, Dexter gets Jonah to confess that Rebecca actually committed suicide because their mother kept blaming the children for Mitchell's capture; upon finding her, Jonah flew into a fit of rage and killed his mother, bludgeoning her in the same manner that his father killed his victims. Dexter tells Jonah to forgive himself, and leaves.[11]


document_title: Alonso Álvarez de Pineda

question_text: who mapped the coastline of texas in 1519

text: Alonso Álvarez de Pineda

text: Alonso Álvarez de Pineda (Spanish: [piˈneða]; Aldeacentenera, 1494-1520) was a Spanish explorer and cartographer who was first documented in Texas history[citation needed]. In 1519 he led several expeditions to map the western coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico, from the Yucatán Peninsula to the Pánuco River, just north of Veracruz[citation needed]. Ponce de León had previously mapped parts of Florida, which he believed to be an island[citation needed]. Antón de Alaminos' exploration eliminated the western areas as being the site of the passage, leaving the land between the Pánuco River and Florida to be mapped.[1]

text: Alaminos persuaded the governor of Santiago, Francisco de Garay, to finance an expedition to search the remainder of the Gulf. Garay outfitted three ships with two hundred and seventy soldiers, and placed them under the command of Álvarez de Pineda.[2]:133 He left Santiago in early 1519 and sailed west to follow the northern coastline of the Gulf.[1] At the western tip of Southern Florida, he attempted to sail east, but the winds were uncooperative. Instead, he sailed west from the Florida Keys along the Gulf Coast.[3]

text: On June 2, 1519, Álvarez de Pineda entered a large bay with a sizable Native American settlement on one shore. He sailed upriver for eighteen miles and observed as many as forty villages on the banks of the large, deep river he named "Espíritu Santo".[3] Long assumed to have been the first European report of the mouth of the Mississippi River, the description of the land and its settlement has led many historians to believe he was describing Mobile Bay and the Alabama River.[4]

text: Alonzo Álvarez de Pineda continued his rough journey westward. On June 24, 1519, on the Roman Catholic Feast Day of Corpus Christi, he sailed into what he named Corpus Christi Bay[citation needed]. There is no reliable evidence that he ever disembarked on the shores of Texas, but he anchored off of Villa Rica de la Veracruz shortly after Hernán Cortés had departed.[3] Cortés returned on hearing of Álvarez de Pineda's arrival.[2]:132–134 Álvarez de Pineda wished to establish a boundary between the lands he was claiming for Garay and those that Cortés had already claimed; Cortés was unwilling to bargain, and Álvarez de Pineda left to retrace his route northward.[5] Shortly thereafter, he sailed up a river he named Las Palmas, where he spent over 40 days repairing his ships. The Las Palmas was most likely the Panuco River near present-day Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico.[6]

text: Although de Pineda was killed in a battle with the natives at the Panuco river, his map made it back to Governor Garay.

text: The expedition established the remainder of the boundaries of the Gulf of Mexico, while disproving the idea of a sea passage to Asia. It also verified that Florida was a peninsula instead of an island, and allowed Álvarez de Pineda to be the first European to see the coastal areas of what is now western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, lands he called "Amichel."[1] His map is the first known document of Texas history and was the first map of the Gulf Coast region of the United States and is stored at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain.[7]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Weber (1992), p. 34.
^ Jump up to: a b Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239
^ Jump up to: a b c Chipman (1992), p. 24.
Jump up ^ Atkins, Leah Rawls (1994) "European Exploration and Colonization in Alabama" in William Warren Rogers, Robert David Ward, Leah Rawls Atkins and Wayne Flint. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Chipman (1992), p. 26.
Jump up ^ Robert S. Weddle, "ALVAREZ DE PINEDA, ALONSO," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fal72), accessed February 26, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Jump up ^ Chipman (1992), p. 243.

tag: ol


document_title: Lightning arrester

question_text: lightning arresters are used in power systems to protect electrical equipments against

text: Lightning arrester

text: A lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning arrestor) (also called lightning diverter) is a device used on electric power systems and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.

text: In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them. Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are connected between each electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment. Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to a lightning strike.

text: If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even produce death[citation needed].

text: Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and sometimes a series inductor.

text: Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during transformer ruptures. High-voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics from small arms as well as projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters, per NFPA 850.

text: Components[edit]

text: A potential target for a lightning strike, such as an outdoor television antenna, is attached to the terminal labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed to move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the lightning arresters rather than traveling on to the television set and destroying it.

text: A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. "Thyrite" was once a trade name for the silicon carbide used in arresters.[citation needed] Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most modern varieties are filled with a precision gas mixture, and have a small amount of radioactive material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap reaches a specified level. Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge tube (essentially like a neon glow lamp) connected between the protected conductor and ground, or voltage-activated solid-state switches called varistors or MOVs.

text: Lightning arresters used in power substations are large devices, consisting of a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in diameter, typically filled with discs of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the occasional internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder.

text: Lightning arresters are rated by the peak current they can withstand, the amount of energy they can absorb, and the breakover voltage that they require to begin conduction. They are applied as part of a lightning protection system, in combination with air terminals and bonding.


document_title: Once Upon a Time (season 7)

question_text: who plays tiana's mom in once upon a time

question_tokens: who plays tiana 's mom in once upon a time

text: Once Upon a Time (season 7)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Several years after the Final Battle, Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story, only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest[11] where a conflict between Cinderella and Lady Tremaine culminates in the casting of yet another curse. As Henry's daughter sets out to restore his belief, the enchantress Mother Gothel revives a coven of witches with unknown intentions, the sinister Dr. Facilier reforges his connection with Regina, and a mysterious figure sets their murderous sights on the coven and anyone who gets in their way.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Regular[edit]

text:
Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni[3]
Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers[3]
Andrew J. West as Henry Mills[3]
Dania Ramirez as Cinderella / Jacinda Vidrio[12][13]
Gabrielle Anwar as Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey[4][13][14]
Alison Fernandez as Lucy Mills[3]
Robert Carlyle as Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold / Weaver[3]
Mekia Cox as Tiana / Sabine[4][5]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jared S. Gilmore as young Henry Mills[15]
Adelaide Kane as Drizella / Ivy Belfrey[4][16]
Rose Reynolds as Alice / Tilly[4][17]
Emma Booth as Mother Gothel / Mother Nature / Eloise Gardener[18][19]
Chris Gauthier as Smee[20]
Rebecca Mader as Wicked Witch of the West / Zelena / Kelly West[21][22]
Daniel Francis as Dr. Facilier / Mr. Baron Samdi[23][24]
Robin Givens as Eudora[25]
Meegan Warner as young Rapunzel / Lady Tremaine[26]
Tiera Skovbye as Robin Hood / Margot[27][28]
Nathan Parsons as Hansel / Jack / Nick Branson[29][20]
Yael Yurman as Anastasia[30]
Jeff Pierre as Naveen / Drew[31][24]
Chilton Crane as the Blind Witch / Hilda Braeburn[24]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Jillian Fargey as the Fairy Godmother[32]
Liam Hall as the Prince[32]
Jennifer Morrison as Emma Swan[33]
Emilie de Ravin as Belle[34]
Giles Matthey as Gideon[35]
Kevin Ryan as Robert[23]
Matty Finochio as Marcus Tremaine[30]
Cindy Luna as Cecelia[36][37]
Anna Cathcart as tween Drizella[30]
Alejandra Perez as young Ella[36]
Sophia Reid-Gantzert as young Anastasia[30]
Lula Mae Melench as young Drizella[30]
Sara Tomko as Tiger Lily[22]
Suzy Joachim as Madame Leota[38]
Nisreen Slim as Dr. Andrea Sage[38]
Chad Rook as Captain Ahab[39]
Elle McKinnon as young Alice[39]
Sara Canning as Gretel[40]
Charles Mesure as Blackbeard[41]
Kip Pardue as Chad[42]
Dan Payne as Ivo[43]
Seth Isaac Johnson as young Hansel[43]
Lily van der Griend as young Gretel[43]
Beverley Elliott as Widow Lucas / Granny[44]
Sean Maguire as Robin Hood[45]
JoAnna Garcia Swisher as Ariel[45]
Victoria Smurfit as Cruella De Vil / Cruella Feinberg[45]
Robbie Kay as Malcolm / Peter Pan / Pied Piper[45]
Lee Arenberg as Dreamy / Grumpy / Leroy[45]
Keegan Connor Tracy as the Blue Fairy / Mother Superior[45]
Tony Amendola as Geppetto / Marco[45]
Ginnifer Goodwin as Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard[46]
Josh Dallas as Prince Charming / David Nolan[46]
Raphael Sbarge as Jiminy Cricket / Dr. Archie Hopper[47]
David Paul Grove as Doc[48]
Faustino Di Bauda as Sleepy / Walter[48]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [49]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

134
1
"Hyperion Heights"
Ralph Hemecker
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
3.26[50]

In a flashback, an 18-year-old Henry says goodbye to Regina as he departs Storybrooke on a trip to new realms, in hopes of finding his own story. Many years later, Henry runs into Cinderella's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball, he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke, as he is due to return through a portal that evening. When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot, he decides to stay behind. In present-day Seattle, an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy, whom he does not remember because of a curse. In hopes of breaking it, Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda, Lucy's down-on-her-luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria. Others include Roni, a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria, and Rogers, a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner, Weaver.

135
2
"A Pirate's Life"
Tara Nicole Weyr
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)
2.74[51]

In flashback to Storybrooke, Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on. She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own. In order to comfort her, Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble. Many years later, as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine, he uses the bottle to call on Emma, Hook, and Regina for help. In the present, Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood. Rogers does not agree with Weaver's methods and helps Henry instead. Rogers, Henry, and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria. Meanwhile, Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her.

136
3
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
Ron Underwood
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
October 20, 2017 (2017-10-20)
2.49[52]

In a flashback, Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry, but does not find him there. She then meets Princess Tiana, who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine. She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find. A short while later, Henry, Regina, and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts. Later, Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine's castle alone, where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost-deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her "death" at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her. She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry's, since he has the heart of the truest believer. In the present day, Jacinda tries to save Lucy's beloved community garden from Victoria, while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone's fairytale pasts. Meanwhile, Henry, Roni, and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria. Rogers captures the man working with her, but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection. Also, it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers.

137
4
"Beauty"
Mick Garris
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
October 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)
2.44[53]

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In a flashback to Gideon's first birthday, Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world. Years later, Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her. Over the years, they search for ways to get rid of his darkness. When Gideon is 18, Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms, where they must wait for the sun's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness. They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur. However, an aging Belle eventually admits that the "sun" of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey. When Belle dies, Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle. In the present day, Tilly, who is actually Alice, begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria and tries to get Weaver to remember his true identity.

138
5
"Greenbacks"
Geofrey Hildrew
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03)
2.29[54]

In flashbacks, Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert. She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog. In the present day, Tiana decides to run a pop-up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck's with Jacinda's help. Victoria sends someone to burn the place down, which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener, the missing girl he's trying to find. Meanwhile, Roni decides to investigate Ivy's interest in helping Henry. Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke. However, it is later revealed that Ivy hasn't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware.

139
6
"Wake Up Call"
Sharat Raju
Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
2.37[55]

In a flashback, Regina comes across Drizella, who is looking for magic to escape from her mother. When she reveals that she was actually born with magic, Regina begins to train her. However after Regina runs into Rumple, who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons, the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella's heart to revive Anastasia. Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince, making it unusable for revival, and vows to cast a Curse like Regina's to make her mother suffer. In the present day, Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo, which is complicated by newly discovered information about "Regina Mills" into which Lucy encouraged her to look. Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and, when she serves its essence to Roni, she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina. Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart, reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would force her to comply.

140
7
"Eloise Gardener"
Alex Kalymnios
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
2.28[56]

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In a flashback to the Wish Realm shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her curse, Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch. When he arrives at the witch's tower, he finds Rapunzel instead. She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch's garden. When he returns with it to help her, they spend the night together. The next morning, it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby, whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower. Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter, who is unable to leave due to the tower's spell. He names her Alice after his own mother. In the present day, Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly. Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died, but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case. When Rogers finds Gothel, he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria, who gets locked up for kidnapping.

141
8
"Pretty in Blue"
Ralph Hemecker
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
2.28[56]

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In flashbacks, Hook is reunited with Alice, who claims that they have been cured of their curse. However, when they try to embrace, Hook gets hurt and Alice runs away in fear. Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland, a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather. She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry, heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers. She finds Alice, who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry, but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him. Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss. In the present day, Jacinda contacts Nick (Jack in Fairy Tale Land), a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy's father. He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy, to Henry's dismay, and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda. Meanwhile, Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia but, when they open her coffin, her body is missing. After Regina confronts Rumple, who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse, she announces to Henry that she's heading to San Francisco to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria. He agrees to join her on the trip.

142
9
"One Little Tear"
Steve Pearlman
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
2.45[57]

Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia. In flashbacks, Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel's garden to save her family and is trapped in a tower in exchange. After six years of captivity, Rapunzel escapes using her hair, but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia, gaining a stepdaughter, Ella. Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom, which she uses to poison Cecilia's heart. One day, Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but, to Rapunzel's disbelief, their father only manages to save Ella. Rapunzel seeks Gothel's help, who magically seals Anastasia's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower. However, Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place. In the present, Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda, claiming to be a changed person. Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel, convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings. As Lucy sheds a tear, Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia, while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness.

143
10
"The Eighth Witch"
Ralph Hemecker
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)
2.29[58]

In a flashback, baby Lucy is born, just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse. The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone. Eight years later, everyone is celebrating Lucy's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches, recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed. With the curse looming, Regina heads off to get help from Zelena. Later, when the heroes confront the witches, Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry, and Regina is forced into casting Drizella's curse to save his life. In the present day, Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco, who is now known as Kelly. Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle, knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy would only hurt Henry instead. Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian. However, Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her, deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven. Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches.

144
11
"Secret Garden"
Mick Garris
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
2.14[59]

In a flashback, an 18-year-old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother's wishes. After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel, Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her. Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living. In the present day, Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy. However, Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel, not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around. As the amulet's magic begins to take Drizella's life, Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken. Elsewhere, it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights, as a doctor who finds out about Lucy's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure.

145
12
"A Taste of the Heights"
Nina Lopez-Corrado
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09)
2.22[60]

In a flashback to the day of Tiana's coronation, Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom, which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator. She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two don't get along, they agree to search for it together. When the alligator attacks them on a lake, Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured. When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast, Tiana gets him to revive Naveen, but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice. In the present day, Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable. She accuses Drew, a former classmate-turned-food truck rival, of sabotage. However, it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi, a mysterious investor, to get close to her for his own purposes. Regina figures out that Facilier isn't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest. Meanwhile, Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse, while Rogers and Weaver uncover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular.

146
13
"Knightfall"
Steve Miner
Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
2.38[61]

In the flashbacks, after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower, Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumple in the Wish Realm. Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab. He wins it from Ahab over a die roll, however, when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status, Hook agrees to a pistol duel. When he returns to the tower, Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel, who had poisoned the bullet that hit him. In the present day, Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult, though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers. Tilly, who is experiencing a manic episode, desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is. When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case, they check up on Hilda in the hospital, only to find her dead with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room.

147
14
"The Girl in the Tower"
Antonio Negret
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
2.11[62]

In a flashback, Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after, a troll appears and helps her escape. Years later, Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin, who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest. Robin intends to honor her father's legacy by hunting down Alice's troll, who has since been destroying villages, but Alice goes after her to protect it. In the present day, Rogers, Henry, and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker's murder to clear her name. As she retraces her steps, Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited. Meanwhile, Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights.

148
15
"Sisterhood"
Ellen S. Pressman
Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)
2.03[63]

In a flashback, Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven. Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course, however, it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win. In the present day, Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood "Candy Killer." Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm, though it would be at the expense of Anastasia's life. Initially, Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual. When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens, she must choose between Drizella or Gothel, and ultimately chooses her sister. The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest. Meanwhile, Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry, Rogers, and Nick, which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer.

149
16
"Breadcrumbs"
Ron Underwood
Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz
April 6, 2018 (2018-04-06)
2.15[64]

In a flashback, Henry expresses his desire to find his own story, as he feels unworthy of Ella. When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents, Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard. However, it is revealed that it was all a set-up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure. A little while later, Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway. In the present day, Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave, Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer, whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the "Hansel" of the story. When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport, Nick offers him a ride, which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick, who confirms the former's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer. As this is happening, Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer's next target.

150
17
"Chosen"
Lana Parrilla
Paul Karp & Brian Ridings
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)
2.18[65]

In a flashback, another witch, who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel, has settled into Oz, to Zelena's disdain. After Zelena refuses to help the kids, she is magically weakened by the witch, and faints in the forest. She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo, who happens to be Hansel and Gretel's father. When Zelena decides to go back for the children, she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her. When the family refuses to give her a second chance, Zelena angrily burns Hansel. In the present day, Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts, but Henry is still a nonbeliever. Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge. Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past, though he doesn't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together. Meanwhile, Facilier uses Naveen, who is actually not cursed, to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack.

151
18
"The Guardian"[66]
Geofrey Hildrew
David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales
April 20, 2018 (2018-04-20)
TBD

152
19
"Flower Child"[67]
Tessa Blake[68]
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)
TBD

153
20
"Is This Henry Mills?"[69]
Ron Underwood
Dana Horgan & Leah Fong
May 4, 2018 (2018-05-04)
TBD

154
21
"Homecoming"[70]
Steve Pearlman[71]
David H. Goodman
May 11, 2018 (2018-05-11)
TBD

155
22
"Leaving Storybrooke"[72]
TBA
Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)
TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In January 2017, while season 6 was still in production, ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible "reset" of the show's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order.[9] After much speculation, executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back-end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind.[73] Despite the major changes from seasons past, the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show. Horowitz said: "I hesitate to use the word "reboot." We're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things. We're paying homage to the original premise, but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not. It's a combination of a lot of things, but what we're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been."[74]

text: In July 2017, the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights, which was created under a new and darker curse. Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest, as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic. This differs from Storybrooke in season 1, which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real-world Maine. The initial villain is Lady Tremaine, who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to "gentrify the neighborhood" and push out and separate fairy tale residents. Meanwhile, Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters' lives before and during the latest curse.[75]

text: The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest, which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm.[11] Other locations featured in flashbacks are New Wonderland, the Wish Realm and Storybrooke itself.

text: Casting[edit]

text: In May 2017, it was announced that Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7.[3] It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities, similar to the circumstances in season 1. In July, the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers, who is living with an unexplained sense of loss.[76] In August, it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni, who is more dressed down and is "no longer in charge."[77]

text: Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season.[78][79] Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017.[80] On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season.[34]

text: In March 2017, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale. During the episode, it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills, while Fernandez portrayed his daughter, Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7.[3] West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season.[15][81]

text: On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7.[3] Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season.[3]On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons.[12] On July 22 at San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella, respectively. Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog, while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice, a character previously heavily featured in the spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland.[76] In August 2017, Cox was promoted to series regular.[5]

text: On August 1, it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season's fourth episode. The episode, also featuring Emilie de Ravin, would be centered around Rumple.[35] On that same day, it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch,[18] whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season.[82] On August 25, Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season.[83] On August 30, it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana's mother, Eudora.[25]

text: On September 8, it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel, a character previously featured in one episode of season 3.[26] It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc.[84] On September 20, it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena, who will also have a cursed identity.[21][85]

text: On October 2, it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season,[86] later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season's fifth episode.[23] On October 3, it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a "tweenage" Anastasia, Lady Tremaine's other biological daughter.[87]

text: On November 1, it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin, the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood.[27] On November 2, it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick, a lawyer and potential love interest for another character.[29] On November 3, it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog, who will be recurring in the second half of the season.[88] It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre, who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season.[31] On November 16, actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role.[89]

text: On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad, Zelena's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly. He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season.[42]

text: On March 16, it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series' last two episodes. This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore (who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode)[90] and Sean Maguire, as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher, Victoria Smurfit, Robbie Kay, Beverley Elliott, Lee Arenberg, Keegan Connor Tracy, and Tony Amendola.[45] On March 21, it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time, along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series.[46] In addition, Raphael Sbarge, David Paul Grove, and Faustino di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale.[47][48]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Hyperion Heights"
October 6, 2017
0.7/3
3.26[50]
0.7
1.72
1.4
4.98[91]

2
"A Pirate's Life"
October 13, 2017
0.7/3
2.74[51]
0.6
N/A
1.3[92]
N/A

3
"The Garden of Forking Paths"
October 20, 2017
0.5/3
2.49[52]
0.6
N/A
1.1[93]
N/A

4
"Beauty"
October 27, 2017
0.5/2
2.44[53]
0.5
N/A
1.0[94]
N/A

5
"Greenbacks"
November 3, 2017
0.5/2
2.29[54]
0.5
1.27
1.0
3.56[95]

6
"Wake Up Call"
November 10, 2017
0.5/2
2.37[55]
0.5
1.32
1.0
3.69[96]

7
"Eloise Gardener"
November 17, 2017
0.5/2
2.28[56]
0.5
1.30
1.0
3.58[97]

8
"Pretty in Blue"
November 17, 2017
0.5/2
2.28[56]
0.5
1.30
1.0
3.58[97]

9
"One Little Tear"
December 8, 2017
0.5/2
2.45[57]
0.4
N/A
0.9[98]
N/A

10
"The Eighth Witch"
December 15, 2017
0.5/2
2.29[58]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

11
"Secret Garden"
March 2, 2018
0.4/2
2.14[59]
0.5
N/A
0.9[99]
N/A

12
"A Taste of the Heights"
March 9, 2018
0.5/2
2.22[60]
0.4
N/A
0.9[100]
N/A

13
"Knightfall"
March 16, 2018
0.5/2
2.38[61]
0.4
N/A
0.9[101]
N/A

14
"The Girl in the Tower"
March 23, 2018
0.4/2
2.11[62]
0.5
N/A
0.9[102]
N/A

15
"Sisterhood"
March 30, 2018
0.5/2
2.03[63]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

16
"Breadcrumbs"
April 6, 2018
0.5/2
2.15[64]
0.4
N/A
0.9[103]
N/A

17
"Chosen"
April 13, 2018
0.4/2
2.18[65]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD