document_title: The Real Housewives of New Jersey

question_text: when does real housewives of new jersy start

text: The Real Housewives of New Jersey

text: Overview and casting

text: The Real Housewives of New Jersey was first announced when Bravo released its 2008–09 programming on April 15, 2008.[1] It was later announced that the series would debut on May 12, 2009, with Caroline Manzo, Jacqueline Laurita, Teresa Giudice, Dina Manzo, and Danielle Staub as the cast. For the first time in the franchise, the series followed housewives who are related to one another: sisters Caroline and Dina are married to brothers Albert and Tommy Manzo, and Jacqueline Laurita is married to Caroline and Dina's brother, Chris Laurita.[2] Dina and Tommy Manzo would later end up separated.[3][4]

text: With the first season averaging 2.55 million total viewers, Bravo announced the renewal of the second season on October 6, 2009.[5] Season 2 premiered on May 3, 2010, with Dina Manzo departing the series after the seventh episode.[6] Part 1 of the second season reunion garnered 3.9 million viewers, making it the highest-rated episode of the season — at the time — of its airing and the second highest rated episode of the franchise after the January 30, 2011, episode of The Real Housewives of Atlanta.[7][8]

text: The third season renewal was announced on August 31, 2010.[9] It was later revealed on September 7, 2010 that Danielle Staub would not be returning to the show.[10] Season 3 premiered on May 16, 2011 as a 90-minute episode, as well as introduced new housewives Melissa Gorga and Kathy Wakile.[11] The third season delivered the highest rated season premiere in the network's history and the highest rated season premiere in The Real Housewives franchise[12] but was later surpassed by The Real Housewives of Atlanta. After season 3, The Real Housewives of New Jersey was the only The Real Housewives series within the franchise that featured a main cast who were all married, until The Real Housewives of Miami also met the criterion starting with its third season. Season 4 was announced on June 7, 2011,[13] with the fourth season premiering on April 22, 2012.[14] All of the Season 3 housewives returned in Season 4.[14]

text: Bravo announced that Season 5 would premiere June 2, 2013, with same cast returning.[15][16][17] Kim DePaola[18] and Jennifer Dalton joined the fifth season as a "Friends of the Housewives". Despite not being credited as an official cast members, Victoria Gotti made a guest appearance as a friend to Giudice[19] and Penny Drossos made numerous guest appearances.[20][21] The fifth season reunion was filmed on September 4, 2013,[22] and took 15 hours to complete.[23]

text: On October 13, 2013, Caroline Manzo announced that she would not be returning for the sixth season.[24][25][26][27] Jacqueline Laurita also departed the series,[28] In April 2014, Bravo announced that the sixth season would premiere in mid-2014.[29] On May 14, 2014, Bravo announced that The Real Housewives of New Jersey would return for its sixth season on July 13, 2014.[30] It was confirmed that Dina Manzo would return, with new additions Amber Marchese and twins, Teresa Aprea and Nicole Napolitano joining as main housewives.[30][31] Kathy Wakile was demoted to a recurring role and made numerous appearances during the season, as well as took part in a reunion show.[32][33] Former housewife Laurita appeared in multiple episodes as well, also in a recurring capacity.[34] Gotti also returned in a guest capacity, making multiple guest appearances throughout the season.[35][36] On November 11, 2015, Marchese announced that she would be departing from the franchise.[37]

text: In February 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season, confirming the return of Giudice, Gorga, and Laurita.[38] Dina Manzo announced that she would not be returning for the seventh season, due to her relocation to California.[39] Dolores Catania and Siggy Flicker were confirmed as new cast members, with Wakile and Pierri appearing in a supporting capacity.[40] Season seven also featured guest appearances from former recurring cast member Kim DePaola and former full-time cast members Aprea and Napolitano.[41][42] Robyn Levy also made guest appearances throughout the season, alongside her partner Christina Flores[43][44]

text: In April 2017, the series was renewed for its eighth season.[45] That same month, Laurita confirmed her departure from the series. Talking exclusively to Entertainment Tonight, she stated: "Unfortunately, I will not be returning. [...] I think the feeling [from the network] is that I no longer have an authentic connection with two of the season’s cast members." Laurita further confirmed she was offered a part-time position on the series, which the potential of turning full-time, should her connection with the other housewives work out. Laurita said she declined the offer because "to not have a confirmed full-time decision, with that feeling that I had to kind of tryout again, it just didn’t feel right."[46] In May 2017, Wakile announced she had departed the series.[47]

text: On August 22, 2017, the eighth season was announced. The eighth season will feature Giudice, Gorga, Catania and Flicker, along with new housewife, Margaret Josephs. Former housewife Staub will appear in a "friend of" capacity, along with DePaola, who will return in a guest capacity.[48] The eighth season premiered on October 4, 2017.[49]

text: Timeline of housewives

text:
Housewives
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Teresa Giudice
Main

Jacqueline Laurita
Main
Friend
Main

Caroline Manzo
Main

Dina Manzo
Main

Guest

Main

Danielle Staub
Main

Friend

Melissa Gorga

Guest
Main

Kathy Wakile

Guest
Main
Friend

Teresa Aprea

Main
Guest

Nicole Napolitano

Main
Guest

Amber Marchese

Main

Dolores Catania
Guest

Guest

Main

Siggy Flicker

Main

Margaret Josephs

Main

Friends of the housewives

Kim Granatell

Friend

Kim DePaola

Guest
Friend

Guest

Jennifer Dalton

Friend

Rosie Pierri

Guest
Friend

Penny Drossos

Guest

Victoria Gotti

Guest

Robyn Levy

Guest

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
May 12, 2009 (2009-05-12)
July 9, 2009 (2009-07-09)

2
18
May 3, 2010 (2010-05-03)
September 6, 2010 (2010-09-06)

3
21
May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)
October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23)

4
24
April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22)
October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21)

5
22
June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)
October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20)

6
19
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)

7
18
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)

8
TBA
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
TBA (TBA)

text: Spin-offs

text: The series' success has resulted in a development of multiple spin-off series. Caroline Manzo's children Albie and Chris had a web series spin-off alongside their roommate and friend Greg Bennett, Boys to Manzo which premiered on May 30, 2011.[50][51] Caroline Manzo, who was part of the original cast of the show, quit the series before its sixth season. Manzo later disclosed that she was involved in the production of a new show, Manzo'd with Children;[52][53] the show was eventually picked up and premiered on October 5, 2014.[54] The reality series follows the daily life of Manzo and her family: husband Albert, sons Albie and Chris, daughter Lauren, and sister Fran.[55] The show was subsequently returned for a second season, which premiered on August 16, 2015.[56] In April 2016, the series was renewed for a third season.[57] In February 2017, it was announced the series would not return for a fourth season.[58][59]

text: The second spin-off, entitled Teresa Checks In, aired in October 2015. The three-episode television series chronicled the life of the Giudice family and how its members dealt with the aftermath of Teresa Giudice's being sentenced to prison. The series featured some of the cast members of The Real Housewives of New Jersey, including Melissa Gorga, Joe Gorga, and Rosie Pierri.[60][61][62]

text: In December 2014, it was announced Giudice's daughter Gia, was in production on a pilot revolving around her attempting to launch a singing career, with her group 3KT.[63][64]


document_title: Rate equation

question_text: rate constant of first order reaction depends on

question_tokens: rate constant of first order reaction depends on

root

text: Rate equation

text: Zero order reactions[edit]

text: A zero order reaction has a rate that is independent of the concentration of the reactant(s). Increasing the concentration of the reacting species will not speed up the rate of the reaction i.e. the amount of substance reacted is proportional to the time. Zero order reactions are typically found when a material that is required for the reaction to proceed, such as a surface or a catalyst, is saturated by the reactants. The rate law for a zero order reaction is

tag: p

text: where r is the reaction rate and k is the reaction rate coefficient, with the same units of concentration divided by time. If, and only if, this zeroth order reaction 1) occurs in a closed system, 2) there is no net build-up of intermediates, and 3) there are no other reactions occurring, it can be shown by solving a mass balance equation for the system that:

text: If this differential equation is integrated it gives an equation often called the integrated zero order rate law.

text:
where

[

A

]

t

{\displaystyle [{\ce {A}}]_{t}}

 represents the concentration of the chemical of interest at a particular time, and

[
A
]

0

{\displaystyle {\ce {[A]0}}}

 represents the initial concentration.

text:
A reaction is zero order if concentration data are plotted versus time and the result is a straight line. A plot of

[

A

]

t

{\displaystyle [{\ce {A}}]_{t}}

 vs. time t gives a straight line with a slope of

−
k

{\displaystyle -k}

.

text: The half-life of a reaction describes the time needed for half of the reactant to be depleted (same as the half-life involved in nuclear decay, which is a first order reaction). For a zero order reaction the half-life is given by

text:
Reversed Haber process:

2

NH

3

(
g
)

⟶

3

H

2

(
g
)

+

N

2

(
g
)

{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH3 (g) -> {3H2 (g)}+ {N2 (g)}}}}

tag: ul

text: The order of a reaction cannot be deduced from the chemical equation of the reaction.

text: First order reactions[edit]

text: A first order reaction depends on the concentration of only one reactant (a unimolecular reaction). Other reactants can be present, but each will be zero order. The rate law for a reaction that is first order with respect to a reactant A is

text: k is the first order rate constant, which has units of 1/s or s−1.

text: The integrated first order rate law is

text:
A plot of

ln

[
A
]

{\displaystyle \ln {\ce {[A]}}}

 vs. time t gives a straight line with a slope of

−
k

{\displaystyle -k}

.

text:
The half-life of a first order reaction is independent of the starting concentration and is given by

t

1
2

=

ln

(
2
)

k

{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {\ln {(2)}}{k}}}

.

text: Examples of reactions that are first order with respect to the reactant:

text:
H

2

O

2

(
l
)

⟶

H

2

O

(
l
)

+

1
2

O

2

(
g
)

{\displaystyle {\ce {H2O2 (l) -> {H2O (l)}+ 1/2O2 (g)}}}

SO

2

Cl

2

(
l
)

⟶

SO

2

(
g
)

+

Cl

2

(
g
)

{\displaystyle {\ce {SO2Cl2 (l) -> {SO2 (g)}+ Cl2 (g)}}}

2

N

2

O

5

(
g
)

⟶

4

NO

2

(
g
)

+

O

2

(
g
)

{\displaystyle {\ce {2N2O5 (g) -> {4NO2 (g)}+ O2 (g)}}}

text: Further properties of first order reaction kinetics[edit]

text: The integrated first order rate law

text: is usually written in the form of the exponential decay equation

text: A different (but equivalent) way of considering first order kinetics is as follows: The exponential decay equation can be rewritten as:

text:
where

Δ

t

p

{\displaystyle \Delta t_{p}}

 corresponds to a specific time period and

n

{\displaystyle n}

 is an integer corresponding to the number of time periods. At the end of each time period, the fraction of the reactant population remaining relative to the amount present at the start of the time period,

f

R
P

{\displaystyle f_{RP}}

, will be:

text:
Such that after

n

{\displaystyle n}

 time periods, the fraction of the original reactant population will be:

text:
where:

f

B
P

{\displaystyle f_{BP}}

 corresponds to the fraction of the reactant population that will break down in each time period. This equation indicates that the fraction of the total amount of reactant population that will break down in each time period is independent of the initial amount present. When the chosen time period corresponds to

Δ

t

p

=

ln

(
2
)

k

{\displaystyle \Delta t_{p}={\frac {\ln \left(2\right)}{k}}}

, the fraction of the population that will break down in each time period will be exactly ½ the amount present at the start of the time period (i.e. the time period corresponds to the half-life of the first order reaction).

text: The average rate of the reaction for the nth time period is given by:

text: Therefore, the amount remaining at the end of each time period will be related to the average rate of that time period and the reactant population at the start of the time period by:

text: Since the fraction of the reactant population that will break down in each time period can be expressed as:

text: The amount of reactant that will break down in each time period can be related to the average rate over that time period by:

text: Such that the amount that remains at the end of each time period will be related to the amount present at the start of the time period according to:

text: This equation is a recursion allowing for the calculation of the amount present after any number of time periods, without need of the rate constant, provided that the average rate for each time period is known. [2]

text: Second order reactions[edit]

text: A second order reaction depends on the concentrations of one second order reactant, or two first order reactants.

text:
The reaction rate is given by

r
=
k
[

A

]

2

{\displaystyle \ r=k[{\ce {A}}]^{2}}

 or by

r
=
k
[

A

]
[

B

]

{\displaystyle r=k[{\ce {A}}][{\ce {B}}]}

text:
For a reaction of type

2

A
⟶
P

{\displaystyle {\ce {2A -> P}}}

 (where

P

{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}

 is the product or products), the rate is defined[3] as

text:
The derivative of

[
P
]

{\displaystyle {\ce {[P]}}}

 with respect to time is equal to minus one half of the derivative of

[
A
]

{\displaystyle {\ce {[A]}}}

 with respect to time, because for each

P

{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}

 that is formed, two

A

{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}

 react. Thus the speed with which

A

{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}

 disappears is twice the speed with which

P

{\displaystyle {\ce {P}}}

 appears.

text:
In terms of the concentration of the reactant

A

{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}

, the rate of a reaction

2

A
⟶
P

{\displaystyle {\ce {2A -> P}}}

 which is second-order in A is then:

text: For this case, the integrated second order rate law is

text: If a reaction of type A + B → P is first-order in both reactants A and B, the rate is

text: In this case the integrated rate law is

text: provided that the two initial concentrations [A]0 and [B]0 are not equal.

text:
For the special case of equal concentrations

[
A
]

=

[
B
]

{\displaystyle {\ce {[A] = [B]}}}

, the rate

r
=
−

d
[

A

]

d
t

=
k
[
A

]

2

{\displaystyle r=-{\frac {d[{\ce {A}}]}{dt}}=k[A]^{2}}

, and the integrated second order rate law is

text:
The half-life equation for a second order reaction dependent on one second order reactant is

t

1
2

=

1

k

[
A
]

0

{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {1}{k{\ce {[A]0}}}}}

. For such a reaction, the half-life progressively doubles as the concentration of the reactant falls to half its initial value.

text: Another way to present the above rate laws is to take the log of both sides:

text: Pseudo-first order[edit]

text: Measuring a second order reaction rate with reactants A and B can be problematic: The concentrations of the two reactants must be followed simultaneously, which is more difficult; or measure one of them and calculate the other as a difference, which is less precise. A common solution for that problem is the pseudo-first order approximation.

text: If the concentration of one reactant remains relatively constant, for example because it is supplied in great excess, its concentration can be absorbed in the expressed rate constant, obtaining the pseudo first order reaction constant. The rate then depends on the concentration only of the other reactant. If, for example, [B] remains constant, then:

text:
where

k
′

=
k

[
B
]

0

{\displaystyle k'=k{\ce {[B]0}}}

 (k' or kobs with units s−1), which is identical to the first–order equation above.

text:
One way to obtain a pseudo-first order reaction is to use a large excess of one reactant ([B]≫[A] in the previous example) so that, as the reaction progresses, only a small amount of the other reactant (B) is consumed, and its concentration can be considered to stay constant. By collecting

k
′

{\displaystyle k'}

 for many reactions with different concentrations of [B] (but always in excess), a plot of k' versus [B] gives k (the regular second order rate constant) as the slope.

text: Summary for reaction orders 0, 1, 2, and n[edit]

text: Elementary reaction steps with order 3 (called ternary reactions) are rare and unlikely to occur. However, overall reactions composed of several elementary steps can, of course, be of any (including non-integer) order.

text:
Zero order
First order
Second order
nth order

Rate Law

−

d
[

A

]

/

d
t

=
k

{\displaystyle -{d[{\ce {A}}]}/{dt}=k}

−

d
[

A

]

/

d
t

=
k
[

A

]

{\displaystyle -{d[{\ce {A}}]}/{dt}=k[{\ce {A}}]}

−

d
[

A

]

/

d
t

=
k
[

A

]

2

{\displaystyle -{d[{\ce {A}}]}/{dt}=k[{\ce {A}}]^{2}}

[4]

−

d
[

A

]

/

d
t

=
k
[

A

]

n

{\displaystyle -{d[{\ce {A}}]}/{dt}=k[{\ce {A}}]^{n}}

Integrated Rate Law

[
A
]

=

[
A
]

0

−
k
t

{\displaystyle {\ce {[A] = [A]0}}-kt}

[
A
]

=

[
A
]

0

e

−
k
t

{\displaystyle {\ce {[A] = [A]0}}e^{-kt}}

1

[
A
]

=

1

[
A
]

0

+
k
t

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{{\ce {[A]}}}}={\frac {1}{{\ce {[A]0}}}}+kt}

[4]

1

[

A

]

n
−
1

=

1

[
A
]

0

n
−
1

+
(
n
−
1
)
k
t

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{[{\ce {A}}]^{n-1}}}={\frac {1}{{\ce {[A]0}}^{n-1}}}+(n-1)kt}

[Except first order]

Units of Rate Constant (k)

M
s

{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {M}{s}}}}

1
s

{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {1}{s}}}}

1

M
⋅
s

{\displaystyle {\rm {\frac {1}{M\cdot s}}}}

1

M

n
−
1

⋅

s

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{{\rm {M}}^{n-1}\cdot {\rm {s}}}}}

Linear Plot to determine k
[A] vs. t

ln

(

[
A
]

)

{\displaystyle {\ce {\ln([A])}}}

 vs. t

1

[
A
]

{\displaystyle {\ce {{\frac {1}{[A]}}}}}

 vs. t

1

[
A
]

n

−

1

{\displaystyle {\ce {\frac {1}{[A]^{{\mathit {n}}-1}}}}}

 vs. t
[Except first order]

Half-life

t

1
2

=

[
A
]

0

2
k

{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {{\ce {[A]0}}}{2k}}}

t

1
2

=

ln

(
2
)

k

{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {\ln(2)}{k}}}

t

1
2

=

1

k

[
A
]

0

{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}={\frac {1}{k{\ce {[A]0}}}}}

[4]

t

1
2

=

lim

x
→
n

2

x
−
1

−
1

(
x
−
1
)
k

[
A
]

0

x
−
1

{\displaystyle t_{\frac {1}{2}}=\lim _{x\to n}{\frac {2^{x-1}-1}{(x-1)k{\ce {[A]0}}^{x-1}}}}

[limit only necessary in first order]

tag: table

text: Where M stands for concentration in molarity (mol · L−1), t for time, and k for the reaction rate constant. The half-life of a first order reaction is often expressed as t1/2 = 0.693/k (as ln2 = 0.693).

text: Equilibrium reactions or opposed reactions[edit]

text: A pair of forward and reverse reactions may define an equilibrium process. For example, A and B react into X and Y and vice versa (s, t, u, and v are the stoichiometric coefficients):

text: The reaction rate expression for the above reactions (assuming each one is elementary) can be expressed as:

text: where: k1 is the rate coefficient for the reaction that consumes A and B; k2 is the rate coefficient for the backwards reaction, which consumes X and Y and produces A and B.

text: The constants k1 and k2 are related to the equilibrium coefficient for the reaction (K) by the following relationship (set r=0 in balance):

text: Simple example[edit]

text: In a simple equilibrium between two species:

text:
Where the reactions starts with an initial concentration of A,

[
A
]

0

{\displaystyle {\ce {[A]0}}}

, with an initial concentration of 0 for B at time t=0.

text: Then the constant K at equilibrium is expressed as:

text:
Where

[

A

]

e

{\displaystyle [{\ce {A}}]_{e}}

 and

[

B

]

e

{\displaystyle [{\ce {B}}]_{e}}

 are the concentrations of A and B at equilibrium, respectively.

text:
The concentration of A at time t,

[

A

]

t

{\displaystyle [{\ce {A}}]_{t}}

, is related to the concentration of B at time t,

[

B

]

t

{\displaystyle [{\ce {B}}]_{t}}

, by the equilibrium reaction equation:

text:
Note that the term

[
B
]

0

{\displaystyle {\ce {[B]0}}}

 is not present because, in this simple example, the initial concentration of B is 0.

text: This applies even when time t is at infinity; i.e., equilibrium has been reached:

text: then it follows, by the definition of K, that

text: and, therefore,

text: These equations allow us to uncouple the system of differential equations, and allow us to solve for the concentration of A alone.

text: The reaction equation, given previously as:

text:
The derivative is negative because this is the rate of the reaction going from A to B, and therefore the concentration of A is decreasing. To simplify annotation, let x be

[

A

]

t

{\displaystyle [{\ce {A}}]_{t}}

, the concentration of A at time t. Let

x

e

{\displaystyle x_{e}}

 be the concentration of A at equilibrium. Then:

text: Since:

text: The reaction rate becomes:

text: which results in:

text: A plot of the negative natural logarithm of the concentration of A in time minus the concentration at equilibrium versus time t gives a straight line with slope kf + kb. By measurement of Ae and Be the values of K and the two reaction rate constants will be known.[5]

text: Generalization of simple example[edit]

text: If the concentration at the time t = 0 is different from above, the simplifications above are invalid, and a system of differential equations must be solved. However, this system can also be solved exactly to yield the following generalized expressions:

text: When the equilibrium constant is close to unity and the reaction rates very fast for instance in conformational analysis of molecules, other methods are required for the determination of rate constants for instance by complete lineshape analysis in NMR spectroscopy.

text: Consecutive reactions[edit]

text:
If the rate constants for the following reaction are

k

1

{\displaystyle k_{1}}

 and

k

2

{\displaystyle k_{2}}

;

A
⟶
B
⟶
C

{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B -> C}}}

, then the rate equation is:

text: With the individual concentrations scaled by the total population of reactants to become probabilities, linear systems of differential equations such as these can be formulated as a master equation. The differential equations can be solved analytically and the integrated rate equations are

text: The steady state approximation leads to very similar results in an easier way.

text: Parallel or competitive reactions[edit]

text: When a substance reacts simultaneously to give two different products, a parallel or competitive reaction is said to take place.

text:
A
⟶
B

{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B}}}

 and

A
⟶
C

{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> C}}}

, with constants

k

1

{\displaystyle k_{1}}

 and

k

2

{\displaystyle k_{2}}

 and rate equations

−

d
[

A

]

d
t

=
(

k

1

+

k

2

)
[

A

]

{\displaystyle -{\frac {d[{\ce {A}}]}{dt}}=(k_{1}+k_{2})[{\ce {A}}]}

  ;

d
[

B

]

d
t

=

k

1

[

A

]

{\displaystyle {\frac {d[{{\ce {B}}}]}{dt}}=k_{1}[{{\ce {A}}}]}

 and

d
[

C

]

d
t

=

k

2

[

A

]

{\displaystyle {\frac {d[{\ce {C}}]}{dt}}=k_{2}[{\ce {A}}]}

text:
The integrated rate equations are then

[

A

]
=

[
A
]

0

e

−
(

k

1

+

k

2

)
t

{\displaystyle \ [{\ce {A}}]={\ce {[A]0}}e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t}}

;

[

B

]
=

k

1

k

1

+

k

2

[
A
]

0

(
1
−

e

−
(

k

1

+

k

2

)
t

)

{\displaystyle [{\ce {B}}]={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}{\ce {[A]0}}(1-e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t})}

 and

[

C

]
=

k

2

k

1

+

k

2

[
A
]

0

(
1
−

e

−
(

k

1

+

k

2

)
t

)

{\displaystyle [{\ce {C}}]={\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}+k_{2}}}{\ce {[A]0}}(1-e^{-(k_{1}+k_{2})t})}

.

text:
One important relationship in this case is

[
B
]

[
C
]

=

k

1

k

2

{\displaystyle {\frac {{\ce {[B]}}}{{\ce {[C]}}}}={\frac {k_{1}}{k_{2}}}}

text:
This can be the case when studying a bimolecular reaction and a simultaneous hydrolysis (which can be treated as pseudo order one) takes place: the hydrolysis complicates the study of the reaction kinetics, because some reactant is being "spent" in a parallel reaction. For example, A reacts with R to give our product C, but meanwhile the hydrolysis reaction takes away an amount of A to give B, a byproduct:

A

+

H

2

O
⟶
B

{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+ H2O -> B}}}

 and

A

+
R
⟶
C

{\displaystyle {\ce {{A}+ R -> C}}}

. The rate equations are:

d
[

B

]

d
t

=

k

1

[
A
]

[

H

2

O
]

=

k

1

′

[

A

]

{\displaystyle {\frac {d[{\ce {B}}]}{dt}}=k_{1}{\ce {[A][H2O]}}=k_{1}'[{\ce {A}}]}

 and

d
[

C

]

d
t

=

k

2

[
A
]

[
R
]

{\displaystyle {\frac {d[{\ce {C}}]}{dt}}=k_{2}{\ce {[A][R]}}}

. Where

k

1

′

{\displaystyle k_{1}'}

 is the pseudo first order constant.

text:
The integrated rate equation for the main product [C] is

[
C
]

=

[
R
]

0

[

1
−

e

−

k

2

k

1

′

[
A
]

0

(
1
−

e

−

k

1

′

t

)

]

{\displaystyle {\ce {[C]=[R]0}}\left[1-e^{-{\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}'}}{\ce {[A]0}}(1-e^{-k_{1}'t})}\right]}

, which is equivalent to

ln

[
R
]

0

[
R
]

0

−

[
C
]

=

k

2

[
A
]

0

k

1

′

(
1
−

e

−

k

1

′

t

)

{\displaystyle \ln {\frac {{\ce {[R]0}}}{{\ce {[R]0-[C]}}}}={\frac {k_{2}{\ce {[A]0}}}{k_{1}'}}(1-e^{-k_{1}'t})}

. Concentration of B is related to that of C through

[

B

]
=
−

k

1

′

k

2

l
n

(

1
−

[
C
]

[
R
]
0

)

{\displaystyle [{\ce {B}}]=-{\frac {k_{1}'}{k_{2}}}ln\left(1-{\frac {\ce {[C]}}{[R]0}}\right)}

text:
The integrated equations were analytically obtained but during the process it was assumed that

[
A
]

0

−

[
C
]

≈

[
A
]

0

{\displaystyle {\ce {{[A]0}-[C]\approx [A]0}}}

 therefeore, previous equation for [C] can only be used for low concentrations of [C] compared to [A]0

text: Stoichiometric reaction networks[edit]

text:
The most general description of a chemical reaction network considers a number

N

{\displaystyle N}

 of distinct chemical species reacting via

R

{\displaystyle R}

 reactions.[7] [8] The chemical equation of the

j

{\displaystyle j}

-th reaction can then be written in the generic form

text: which is often written in the equivalent form

text: Here

text: The rate of such reaction can be inferred by the law of mass action

text:
which denotes the flux of molecules per unit time and unit volume. Here

[

X
→

]

=

(

[

X

1

]

,

[

X

2

]

,
⋅
⋅
⋅
,

[

X

N

]

)

{\displaystyle {\ce {[{\vec {X}}]=([X1],[X2],...,[X_{\mathit {N}}])}}}

 is the vector of concentrations. Note that this definition includes the elementary reactions:

text: zero order reactions

text:
for which

s

z
j

=
0

{\displaystyle s_{zj}=0}

 for all

z

{\displaystyle z}

,

text: first order reactions

text:
for which

s

z
j

=
1

{\displaystyle s_{zj}=1}

 for a single

z

{\displaystyle z}

,

text: second order reactions

text:
for which

s

z
j

=
1

{\displaystyle s_{zj}=1}

 for exactly two

z

{\displaystyle z}

, i.e., a bimolecular reaction, or

s

z
j

=
2

{\displaystyle s_{zj}=2}

 for a single

z

{\displaystyle z}

, i.e., a dimerization reaction.

text: Each of which are discussed in detail below. One can define the stoichiometric matrix

text:
denoting the net extent of molecules of

i

{\displaystyle i}

 in reaction

j

{\displaystyle j}

. The reaction rate equations can then be written in the general form

text:
Note that this is the product of the stoichiometric matrix and the vector of reaction rate functions. Particular simple solutions exist in equilibrium,

d
[

X

i

]

d
t

=
0

{\displaystyle {\frac {d[{\ce {X}}_{i}]}{dt}}=0}

, for systems composed of merely reversible reactions. In this case the rate of the forward and backward reactions are equal, a principle called detailed balance. Note that detailed balance is a property of the stoichiometric matrix

S

i
j

{\displaystyle S_{ij}}

 alone and does not depend on the particular form of the rate functions

f

j

{\displaystyle f_{j}}

. All other cases where detailed balance is violated are commonly studied by flux balance analysis which has been developed to understand metabolic pathways.[9][10]

text: General dynamics of unimolecular conversion[edit]

text:
For a general unimolecular reaction involving interconversion of

N

{\displaystyle N}

 different species, whose concentrations at time

t

{\displaystyle t}

 are denoted by

X

1

(
t
)

{\displaystyle X_{1}(t)}

 through

X

N

(
t
)

{\displaystyle X_{N}(t)}

, an analytic form for the time-evolution of the species can be found. Let the rate constant of conversion from species

X

i

{\displaystyle X_{i}}

 to species

X

j

{\displaystyle X_{j}}

 be denoted as

k

i
j

{\displaystyle k_{ij}}

, and construct a rate-constant matrix

K

{\displaystyle K}

 whose entries are the

k

i
j

{\displaystyle k_{ij}}

.

text:
Also, let

X
(
t
)
=
(

X

1

(
t
)
,

X

2

(
t
)
,
.
.
.
,

X

N

(
t
)

)

T

{\displaystyle X(t)=(X_{1}(t),X_{2}(t),...,X_{N}(t))^{T}}

 be the vector of concentrations as a function of time.

text:
Let

J
=
(
1
,
1
,
1
,
.
.
.
,
1

)

T

{\displaystyle J=(1,1,1,...,1)^{T}}

 be the vector of ones.

text:
Let

I

{\displaystyle I}

 be the

N

{\displaystyle N}

×

N

{\displaystyle N}

 identity matrix.

text:
Let

D
i
a
g

{\displaystyle Diag}

 be the function that takes a vector and constructs a diagonal matrix whose on-diagonal entries are those of the vector.

text:
Let

L

−
1

{\displaystyle \displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}^{-1}}

 be the inverse Laplace transform from

s

{\displaystyle s}

 to

t

{\displaystyle t}

.

text:
Then the time-evolved state

X
(
t
)

{\displaystyle X(t)}

 is given by

text:
thus providing the relation between the initial conditions of the system and its state at time

t

{\displaystyle t}

.


document_title: What's New, Scooby-Doo?

question_text: who wrote the what's new scooby doo theme song

question_tokens: who wrote the what 's new scooby doo theme song

text: What's New, Scooby-Doo?

text: Production[edit]

text: For this incarnation of the franchise, Frank Welker, the voice of Fred, took over as Scooby's voice (replacing both Don Messick, the original voice of Scooby, who died in 1997 and Scott Innes, the second voice of the character in the made-for-video films released between 1998 and 2001). Casey Kasem returned as Shaggy, seven years after he had quit the role; Grey DeLisle returned as Daphne's voice (having previously voiced the character in Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase). Actress Mindy Cohn of The Facts of Life fame, took over from B. J. Ward as Velma's voice.

text: The series itself is a modernized version of the original Where Are You! series. It takes place in the 21st century and is more "realistic" than the previous, more cartoony incarnations, and features music from contemporary genres and all-new, original sound effects to replace the classic Hanna-Barbera sound effects. Even a distinctive thunderclap sound that was used frequently on older Scooby-Doo TV series was very rarely used on the series. A laugh track was only used for the Halloween special. The classic formula was also frequently parodied throughout (in a manner similar to A Pup Named Scooby-Doo), including the line "And I would've gotten away with it too, if it weren't for you meddling kids." As such, it returns to the formulaic version of humans in monster disguises, rather than the real monsters and ghosts of the prior four direct-to-video films (or the 1980s versions that preceded them).

text: The show was produced by Warner Bros. Animation, the successor to Warner Bros. Cartoons which was the studio famous for bringing the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies to life, which had by this time absorbed Hanna-Barbera Productions on March 12, 2001, after being bought by Time Warner from Turner Broadcasting System since their merger on October 10, 1996. As is the standard for other classic Hanna-Barbera properties (Yogi Bear, The Flintstones, Wacky Races, etc.), the studio is still credited as the copyright owner, and Joseph Barbera, co-founder and co-chairman of the Hanna-Barbera studios, served as an executive producer alongside Sander Schwartz. Barbera's longtime partner William Hanna had died the year before.

text: The band Simple Plan is strongly connected to What's New, Scooby-Doo?. They perform the theme song (written by Rich Dickerson), and appeared as themselves in the episode "Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman". Two of their songs appeared in chase scenes: "I'd Do Anything" in the episode "It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine" and "You Don't Mean Anything" in "Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman", which also had the song "The Worst Day Ever" serve as the song the band plays during a scene where they practice, and a scene where they are in concert. Also, they contributed to the theatrical movie Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed.

text: What's New aired for three seasons on The WB Television Network's "Kids' WB" programming block as a half-hour program, before being put on an indefinite hiatus in 2005, although the last episode, "E-Scream", was aired on Cartoon Network.[citation needed] Reruns have been shown on both Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang. Each season contained thirteen normal episodes and one holiday-themed special. It also debuted[timeframe?] on Boomerang and Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the United Kingdom, it also aired on CBBC, but currently airs on CITV.[citation needed]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Fred Jones: The leader of the Mystery, Inc. gang who is the master of making traps to catch the villains. However, sometimes the traps fail to work when Shaggy and Scooby mess them up then use the parts to catch the villain in their own fashion. Voiced by Frank Welker.
Daphne Blake: The fashionable, rich glamor girl of the gang who defends herself with her great fighting skills. She is also quite ditzy and accident prone. Voiced by Grey DeLisle.
Velma Dinkley: The smartest of the gang, and wears glasses because she is myopic. She has to fight back the advances of semi-recurring Gibby Norton, who does devious things, thinking it will win her over. Voiced by Mindy Cohn.
Shaggy Rogers: A beatnik teenager who is best friends with Scooby. He and Scooby are usually scared and hungry; a running gag in the show. He is also known to have a high metabolism, and also is rich. At his voice actor's request, Shaggy was made into a vegetarian for this series.[1][2] Voiced by Casey Kasem.
Scooby-Doo: A cowardly, clumsy Great Dane who is best friends with Shaggy Rogers. Two things that they have in common are that they love food and are always afraid of things including monsters. Voiced by Frank Welker.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Characters in the series who appear more than once.

text:
Elliot Blender: A competitive, jerkish spoiled child who often loses to Velma in contests. Voiced by Kimberly Brooks.
Melbourne O'Reilly: An Australian adventurer/explorer who is one of Fred's heroes (he is also based on Steve Irwin and Indiana Jones) Voiced by Steven Blum.
J.J. Hakimoto: A famous, over enthusiastic, Asian director. Voiced by Brian Tochi.
Gibby Norton: A nerd who has a crush on Velma, who hates the sight of him. He often turns out to be the villain to impress Velma, never succeeding. Gibby is modelled after his voice actor, Eddie Deezen.
Burr Batson: Cocky southern professional racer who drives a monster truck. Voiced by James Arnold Taylor.
Professor Laslow Ostwald: An inventor whom the gang meets. Voiced by Dave Foley, later by James Arnold Taylor. He first appears in "High-Tech House of Horrors" where his "House of the Future's" AI "Shari" goes haywire attacking tourists. Though the gang suspects him it is later revealed that "Shari" itself is responsible (as she was angry at the Professor due to him getting all of the attention). The gang defeated "Shari" by ignoring her (as attention was what she wanted) causing her to overload. Professor Ostwald also appears in "E-Scream" at a "Video Game Convention" where his new invention the cuddly "Osomons" turn evil. It is later discovered that the whole mystery was actually a VR simulation Velma was trying out.
The Hex Girls: Thorn, Dusk and Luna, are the members of the famous eco-goth rock band, The Hex Girls, with whom Scooby and the gang are acquainted with, due to being prominent side characters in Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost. Thorn is voiced by Jennifer Hale, Dusk by Jane Wiedlin and Luna by Kimberly Brooks.
Mr. B: The owner of the Secret Six puppies. His full name is never revealed. Voiced by Jeff Bennett. He also appears to be based on actor John Turturro given his accent and appearance.
Crissie: A Golden Retriever who is the Secret Six's mother.
The Secret Six puppies: Maize, Flax, Jingle, Knox, 14-Karat and Bling-Bling. They are six very well-trained, prize-winning Golden Retriever puppies who have a knack for getting into trouble. Maize and Knox are voiced by Jennifer Hale, Jingle is voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey, Flax is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Bling-Bling is voiced by Grey DeLisle, and 14-Karat is voiced by Frank Welker.
Nancy Chang: Reporter in episodes "There's No Creature Like Snow Creature" and "Riva Ras Regas". Voiced by Lauren Tom.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Frank Welker as Fred Jones, Scooby-Doo
Casey Kasem as Shaggy Rogers
Mindy Cohn as Velma Dinkley
Grey DeLisle as Daphne Blake

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Spin-off films[edit]

text: Seven spin-off movies set in the same style and animation of the series with the same voice cast as before, which continued after the series ended in 2006, up until 2009.

text: The films in order are: The Loch Ness Monster (2004), Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005), Where's My Mummy? (2005), Pirates Ahoy! (2006), Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007), The Goblin King (2008) and The Samurai Sword (2009).

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. The series was initially released in ten volumes of four or five episodes between 2003–2006, as well as in the United Kingdom from 2004–2006 and later re-released, in the United States, in season sets in 2007–2008.[3][4][5] In the UK, the volumes were released in a two disc set on May 30, 2011.[6] A box set was released on October 29, 2007 in the UK containing all ten volumes in a complete set.[7]

text: Season sets[edit]

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Complete 1st Season

14

February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20)

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Complete 2nd Season

14

June 5, 2007 (2007-06-05)

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Complete 3rd Season

14

January 8, 2008 (2008-01-08)

text: UK volume sets[edit]

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

What's New, Scooby-Doo?: The Complete Collection

42

October 29, 2007 (2007-10-29)

What's New, Scooby-Doo?: A Scary Space & A Swinging Face

8

May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)

What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Movie Monsters & A Magic Mummy

May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)

What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Top Dog & A Hot Dog

10

May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)

What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Ghouls, Fools and Food & A Grief on a Reef

8

May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)

What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Spooky Case and a Mad Race

May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)

text: Volume releases[edit]

text:
US DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

Episodes Featured

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 1: Space Ape at the Cape

4

August 19, 2003 (2003-08-19)

"There's No Creature Like Snow Creature"
"3-D Struction"
"Space Ape at the Cape"
"Big Scare in the Big Easy"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 2: Safari So Goodi!

4

March 9, 2004 (2004-03-09)

"It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine"
"Riva Ras Regas"
"Roller Ghoster Ride"
"Safari, So Goodi!"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 3: Halloween Boos and Clues

4

August 10, 2004 (2004-08-10)

"The Vampire Strikes Back"
"Mummy Scares Best"
"High-tech House of the Future"
"She Sees a Sea Monster by the Sea Shore"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 4: Merry Scary Holiday

4

October 5, 2004 (2004-10-05)

"A Scooby Doo Christmas"
"Toy Scary Boo"
"Homeward Hound"
"Recipe for Disaster"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 5:  Sports Spooktacular

4

June 14, 2005 (2005-06-14)

"The Unnatural"
"The Fast and the Wormious"
"Wrestle Maniacs"
"Diamonds Are Ghoul's Best Friend"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 6: Monster Matinee

4

August 9, 2005 (2005-08-09)

"A Scooby-Doo Halloween"
"San Franpsycho"
"New Mexico, Old Monster"
"Big Appetite in Little Tokyo"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 7: Ghosts on the Go

4

November 8, 2005 (2005-11-08)

"Large Dragon at Large"
"It's All Greek to Scooby"
"Pompeii and Circumstance"
"Ready to Scare"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 8: Zoinks! Camera! Action!

4

February 21, 2006 (2006-02-21)

"Lights! Camera! Mayhem"
"E-Scream"
"Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman"
"A Scooby-Doo Valentine"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 9: Route Scary 6

5

June 6, 2006 (2006-06-06)

"Fright House of a Lighthouse"
"Go West Young Scoob"
"Farmed and Dangerous"
"Gentlemen Start Your Monsters"
"Camp Comeoniwannascareya" (Bonus episodes)

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 10: Monstrous Tails

5

December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05)

"Uncle Scooby and Antarctica!"
"Block-Long Hong Kong Terror"
"Reef Grief"
"Gold Paw"
"A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown" (Bonus episodes)

UK DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

Episodes Featured

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 1: Space Ape at the Cape

4

May 3, 2004 (2004-05-03)

"There's No Creature Like Snow Creature"
"3-D Struction"
"Space Ape at the Cape"
"Big Scare in the Big Easy"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 2: Safari, So Goodi!

4

June 28, 2004 (2004-06-28)

"It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine"
"Riva Ras Regas"
"Roller Ghoster Ride"
"Safari, So Goodi!"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 3: Lights! Camera! Mayhem!

4

June 20, 2005 (2005-06-20)

"She Sees Sea Monsters by the Sea Shore"
"Toy Scary Boo"
"Lights! Camera! Mayhem!"
"Pompeii and Circumstance"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 4: Mummy Scares Best!

4

July 18, 2005 (2005-07-18)

"The Unnatural"
"Big Appetite in Little Tokyo"
"Mummy Scares Best"
"The Fast and the Wormious"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 5: Homeward Hound

5

October 24, 2005 (2005-10-24)

"High-Tech House of Horrors"
"The Vampire Strikes Back"
"Homeward Hound"
"The San Franpsycho"
"Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 6: Recipe for Disaster

5

November 21, 2005 (2005-11-21)

"Recipe for Disaster"
"Large Dragon at Large"
"Uncle Scooby and Antarctica"
"New Mexico, Old Monster"
"It's All Greek to Scooby"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 7: Ready to Scare

4

April 10, 2006 (2006-04-10)

"Wrestle Maniacs"
"Diamonds Are a Ghoul’s Best Friend"
"Ready to Scare"
"A Scooby-Doo Valentine"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 8: E-Scream

4

May 29, 2006 (2006-05-29)

"Block-Long Hong Kong Horror"
"Gold Paw"
"Reef Grief!"
"E-Scream"

What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 9: Fright House of a Lighthouse

4

July 24, 2006 (2006-07-24)

"Go West, Young Scoob"
"Fright House of a Lighthouse"
"Farmed and Dangerous"
"Camp Comeoniwannascareya"

What's New, Scooby Doo? Volume 10: Gentlemen, Start Your Monsters

4

November 20, 2006 (2006-11-20)

"Gentleman, Start Your Monsters"
"A Scooby-Doo Halloween"
"A Scooby-Doo Christmas"
"A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown"


document_title: J. B. Hunt

question_text: how many trucks does jb hunt have on the road

text: J. B. Hunt

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc.

Type

Public[1]

Traded as

NASDAQ: JBHT
NASDAQ-100 component
DJTA component
S&P 500 component

Founded
1961

Headquarters
Lowell, Arkansas

Key people

John N. Roberts III (CEO)
Johnelle Hunt (co-founder)
Johnnie Bryan Hunt ( co-founder)

Products
none

Number of employees

19,324

Website
www.jbhunt.com

text: J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc. is a trucking and transportation company that was founded by Johnnie Bryan Hunt, and based in the Northwest Arkansas city of Lowell. J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc. was incorporated in Arkansas on August 10, 1961 and originally started with five trucks and seven refrigerated trailers to support the original rice hull business. By 1983, J.B. Hunt had grown into the 80th largest trucking firm in the U.S. and earned $63 million in revenue. At that time J.B. Hunt was operating 550 tractors, 1,049 trailers, and had roughly 1,050 employees. Today this company has grown into one of the largest transportation companies in the United States with annual revenues of about $7 billion. J.B. Hunt primarily operates large semi-trailer trucks, and provides transportation services throughout the continental United States, Canada and Mexico. The company currently employs over 22,000 employees and operates in excess of 12,000 trucks. Over 100,000 trailers and containers can be found in the company's fleet.[1]

text: J.B. Hunt's major competitors in the United States are Swift Transportation, Schneider National, Werner Enterprises, and Hub Group.

text: J.B. Hunt Transport is a leader in the industry in technology and operation. In 1989, J.B. Hunt Transport started partnering with railroads to offer intermodal service. Today, about two-thirds of the company’s revenues and profits come from intermodal. The company also launched a specialized trucking service division along with a flatbed operation, which was later sold.

text: Dedicated Contract Service (DCS): Started in 1992. DCS operations typically provide customized services that are governed by long-term contracts and currently include dry-van, flatbed, temperature-controlled, dump trailers and local inner-city operations

text: Intermodal (JBI): The JBI segment began operations in 1989 with a partnership with the former Santa Fe Railway (now the BNSF Railway Company). Essentially, JBI draws on the intermodal (also known as "container on flatcar") services of rail carriers for the underlying linehaul movement of its equipment and performs the pickups and deliveries ("drayage") for customers at the origin and destination rail terminal locations. May directly provide the drayage service at either the origin or destination rail ramp using company-controlled tractors, or they purchase these services from third parties.

text: Integrated Capacity Solutions (ICS): This segment includes full truckload, dry-van freight using company-controlled tractors operating over roads and highways. ICS also features a suite of specialty transportation services including Less than Truck Load (LTL), Refrigerated, and Flatbed. ICS reported record revenue in 2016 of over $800 million.

text: Truck: This segment includes full truckload, dry-van freight, using company-controlled tractors operating over roads and highways.


document_title: Atlanta Rhythm Section

question_text: who was the lead singer of the atlanta rhythm section

text: Atlanta Rhythm Section

text: Early career[edit]

text: In the spring of 1970, three former members of the Candymen (Rodney Justo, Dean Daughtry and Robert Nix) and the Classics IV (Daughtry and James B. Cobb, Jr.) became the session band for the newly opened Studio One recording studio in Doraville, Georgia, near Atlanta.

text: After playing on other artists' recordings, the Atlanta Rhythm Section was formed in January 1971, with Rodney Justo (singer), Barry Bailey (guitar), Paul Goddard (bass), Dean Daughtry (keyboards), Robert Nix (drums) and J.R. Cobb (guitar).

text: Signed by Decca Records, the band released their first album, Atlanta Rhythm Section, in January 1972. Due to the record's limited commercial success, Justo quit the band, relocating to New York City as a session singer. He was replaced by Ronnie Hammond, assistant to Studio One's engineer, Rodney Mills. Buddy Buie, the band's manager and producer and co-owner of Studio One, is listed first on almost all of their songwriting credits. With Hammond on board, the band's second release, Back Up Against the Wall (February 1973), also failed to sell and Decca dumped ARS from their roster.

text: Buie's manager, Jeff Franklin, who was based in New York and had gotten the group the Decca deal, was then able to get ARS signed to Polydor for their third release, Third Annual Pipe Dream, in August 1974. Mylon LeFevre performed on one of the album's tracks, "Jesus Hearted People." (Buie, Bailey, Goddard, Daughtry and Rodney Mills had all been regular players at LeFevre's studio before they built Studio One.) Pipe Dream spun off the band's first hit single, "Doraville", which peaked at #35 and pulled the album up to #74 on Billboard's Top 200 by November 1974.

text: Though considered a Southern rock band, the addition of Hammond led them towards a more laid-back sound incorporating Bailey's distinctive lead guitar and bassist Goddard's use of a flat pick, with Daughtry's acoustic and electric piano frequently at the forefront.

text: The band's next two releases, Dog Days (August 1975) and Red Tape (April 1976), sold in lesser quantities, but ARS made more of an effort to take to the road in 1976 with numerous shows in the South, Northeast and Midwest. In August of that year they opened both for The Who at the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville, Florida and The Rolling Stones at the Municipal Auditorium in West Palm Beach, Florida.

text: The hit years[edit]

text: The increased exposure paid off as the group's next album, A Rock and Roll Alternative (December 1976), rose to #13 on the Billboard chart and was certified gold in the spring of 1977. The debut single from the record, "So in to You", peaked at #7 on April 30.

text: On September 4, 1977 ARS played their biggest show yet, the Dog Day Rockfest at Atlanta's Grant Field on the campus of Georgia Tech. Heart and Foreigner were the opening acts and Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band co-headlined.

text: In January 1978 ARS released what would turn out to be its most successful album, Champagne Jam, which led off with the song "Large Time", a tribute to Lynyrd Skynyrd, some of whom had lost their lives in a plane crash the previous October. Champagne Jam became their biggest selling album, selling over a million and certified platinum. The album provided two more hits for the band, "Imaginary Lover" (#7) and "I'm Not Gonna Let It Bother Me Tonight" (#14).

text: On June 24, 1978 ARS appeared at the Knebworth Festival in Knebworth, England before a crowd of 60,000 on a bill that included Genesis, Jefferson Starship, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Brand X, Devo and Roy Harper.

text: On August 26, 1978 the band appeared at Canada Jam at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada before their largest audience yet (over 110,000) with the Doobie Brothers and the Commodores, among others.

text: The following week, ARS had a rock festival of their own, Champagne Jam, at Grant Field at Georgia Tech on September 3, 1978, which also included Santana, the Doobie Brothers, Eddie Money, Mose Jones and Mother's Finest.

text: Three weeks later, they appeared at the White House at President Jimmy Carter's invitation for his son Chip's 28th  birthday party.

text: The eighth Atlanta Rhythm Section album, Underdog, was released in June 1979 and produced Top 20 hits "Do It or Die" (#19) and "Spooky" (#17), a remake of Cobb's and Buie's 1968 Classics IV hit.

text: In 1979 drummer Robert Nix, the group's primary lyricist, had a falling out with manager/producer Buie over the group's musical direction. Nix wished to move in a more rocking direction while Buie was content with their diversive approach, which incorporated the mellower ballads. The rest of the band's dissatisfaction with Nix's excessive "lifestyle choices" sealed his fate and he was replaced by Roy Yeager.

text: Champagne Jam II on July 7, 1979 at Georgia Tech featured ARS, Aerosmith, the Cars, Dixie Dregs and Whiteface. In October, ARS performances from Champagne Jam II and elsewhere on the tour were released as the double live set Are You Ready. Besides the group's hits and popular tracks up to that time, the album also contained the fan favorite "Another Man's Woman", with Goddard's now famous bass solo.

text: Decline and departures[edit]

text: The Boys from Doraville (August 1980) showed a steep falling off in sales for the group as radio programmers began turning their attention away from Southern rock to other rock genres, such as New Wave. The album provided no hit singles and was their last for Polydor. Bruce Lundvall offered a better deal at Columbia Records (CBS), who released the next ARS album, Quinella, in August 1981, containing the hit "Alien" (#29) but, like The Boys From Doraville, struggled with sales.

text: In 1982 ARS worked on a second album for CBS, to be titled Longing For A Feeling. Before completion, CBS wanted the band to drop some of the tracks and record more. Buie and the band refused, the album was shelved, and CBS dropped its contract with ARS.

text: Late in 1982, singer Ronnie Hammond decided to leave ARS for a solo career, joined by Buie, though their work with Alabama musicians never resulted in commercial release. Buie continued to run Studio One until 1986 when he sold it to Georgia State University. Unfortunately, upkeep of the studio was too high and it was closed in 1989 and eventually razed to make way for a parking lot. Buie died at 74 on July 18, 2015.

text: Drummer Roy Yeager tripped over a fallen tree while on tour in 1982 and suffered a severe broken leg. One of the band's road crew, Danny Biget, took over on drums, and ARS persuaded Rodney Justo to return to do some shows in early 1983. Justo had moved from session singer to lead singer again in the mid-1970s with a group from Georgia called Beaverteeth. He then left the music industry for a number of years and eventually took up a sales position with a wine company.

text: During 1983, the group went to Nashville and tried working with Buddy Buie's former associate Chips Moman, a more country-oriented producer. But results were slow to come and, dissatisfied with this direction, bassist Paul Goddard and drummer Biget left to work with British producer Eddy Offord in another band with former Dixie Dregs keyboardist T Lavitz and guitarist Pat Buchanan, called Interpol, that was in a more progressive rock direction; unfortunately, Interpol never got off the ground. The Chips Moman Nashville sessions were completed, but the results, like their previous effort for CBS, have never been released to date.

text: Now without a recording contract, ARS continued to play shows, mostly in the South. Andy Anderson, who'd sung on the unreleased Moman project after Justo was let go, was the new front man and two new members, Tommy Stribling (bass) and Keith Hamrick (drums), were brought in by late 1983.

text: In 1985 the group tried a new singer, Jeff Logan, who had previously appeared with a band called High Cotton. But Logan's higher voice didn't fit with the band's musical style and Anderson soon returned as lead vocalist. Bassist Stribling went on to leave in February 1986, turning it over to Steve Stone.

text: In late 1986, J. R. Cobb left to concentrate more on songwriting and session work at Moman's new studio in Memphis (for The Highway Men, among others) and Stribling came back to play guitar. The personnel shuffles continued as Hamrick also departed in late 1986 and was replaced by Sean Burke (who joined in early 1987). Another new lead singer, Shaun Williamson, was rolled in in 1987. But in 1988, Williamson, Stribling and Stone were all let go as Bailey and Daughtry sought to revamp the band by bringing back Ronnie Hammond.

text: Ronnie Hammond returns[edit]

text: In 1988 Hammond, Bailey and Daughtry returned to the studio with Sean Burke and two new players, Brendan O'Brien (guitar) and J. E. Garnett (bass), to produce a new album with producer Rodney Mills that had more of an "80s Rock sound". Released in October 1989 on the CBS/Epic subsidiary label Imagine, Truth in a Structured Form,  ARS's first album in eight years, featured a heavy drum sound that propelled almost every track and a sharper, more synthesized gloss over the songs, with all, except one, being written by Buddy Buie and Ronnie Hammond, another departure from their previous approach. O'Brien, who was co-producer as well as guitarist on the album, was invited to go on the road with the band but he declined, preferring to continue his career in session work (today he is a much in demand producer, having worked with Bob Dylan, Pearl Jam and Bruce Springsteen). Steve Stone then returned, as guitarist this time. But album sales for Truth lagged and there was another hiatus in their recorded work as the band continued to tour, with Justin Senker replacing Garnett on bass in 1992 (after subbing a show for him the previous year) and R.J. Vealey taking over the drum chair from Burke in 1995 after the latter suffered a leg injury.

text: In 1995 the group went back into the studio, this time to re-record some of their classic songs. This new collection was recorded in North Carolina and the resulting live-in-studio sound of Atlanta Rhythm Section '96 (released on CMC International in April 1996) presented a different, less polished take on some of their classic tunes and captured the sound of their live performances from that period. It was also around this time that ARS was elected to the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. The band was so honored at a September 1996 induction ceremony at the Georgia World Congress Center.

text: ARS then recorded another new album, Partly Plugged (which was released in January 1997 on the independent Southern Tracks label). It featured some new songs done plugged in and more remakes of some classics done the way they had been written---unplugged on acoustic guitar and piano.

text: On December 28, 1998 there was a close call with tragedy. Singer Ronnie Hammond, who had battled alcoholism and depression off and on over the years, got into a confrontation with police in Macon, Georgia and forced an officer to shoot him. Hammond was seriously injured, but survived the injury and dealt with the depression.

text: The band's fifteenth album, Eufaula, was released in February 1999 but problems occurred almost immediately as the record label it was released on, Platinum Entertainment, faced financial troubles and was not able to support the album as intended.

text: ARS continued to tour on a limited basis. But on November 13, 1999, tragedy struck. After the band had finished an afternoon set at a concert festival in Orlando, Florida, 37-year-old drummer R. J. Vealey complained of indigestion and then collapsed and died of a heart attack. "It was very sudden, very shocking", said guitarist Barry Bailey. "He was a great drummer, the best drummer this band ever had." ARS then continued on upon recruiting new drummer Jim Keeling.

text: Later changes[edit]

text: In early 1999, while Hammond was still recovering in the hospital, Andy Anderson returned after twelve years to front the band until Hammond was well enough to return (Anderson would return again in May 2000 to sub another show for Ronnie). But in 2001, Anderson was back once again after Ronnie decided to take a gig with another group, Voices of Classic Rock, that conflicted with ARS's schedule, forcing him to make a choice between the two. Ronnie chose to stay with VOCR but left the touring business altogether soon afterward to focus on family and songwriting. A retirement show for Ronnie was held on December 6, 2002 at the club Whiskey River in Macon; Ronnie performed, backed by Dean Daughtry, Justin Senker, Steve Stone, Jim Keeling, Wendall Cox (from Travis Tritt's band) and Mike Causey (from Stillwater). Hammond died on March 14, 2011 in Forsyth, Georgia, at age 60 of heart failure.

text: During its later days, the band has shown it can still draw the crowds it did its heyday, such as the 150,000 fans it drew to the Riverbend Festival in Chattanooga, Tennessee in June 2000.

text: In early 2006, Barry Bailey, who was suffering from multiple sclerosis, decided to retire from the group to take care of his wife, who was sick with cancer (which ended up taking her life on July 6, 2006). Steve Stone played most of the lead from this point on and Andy Anderson's long-time Billy Joe Royal bandmate and golf buddy, Alan Accardi, was brought in as second guitarist. Alan, a Nashville veteran, would stay with the band for more than a year but it was clear that a player with more of a rock sound was needed, so a friend of Jim Keeling's, Huntsville, Alabama native David Anderson, from the band Brother Cane, was brought in as the new guitarist in April 2007.

text: In 2006, former ARS drummer Roy Yeager was involved in a controversy concerning the destruction of a Tennessee American Civil War landmark.[2]

text: On March 26, 2008 singer Andy Anderson suffered a heart attack just before he was to catch a plane to Las Vegas to join the band for a two-night stand at the Gold Coast Hotel and Casino. Fortunately, Andy's friend, Steve Croson (who'd played alongside him for years in Billy Joe Royal's band), lived in Vegas and was able to step in on short notice. In April and May, original singer Rodney Justo returned, joined by ARS's 1987–88 singer Shaun Williamson, until Andy was healthy enough to return in May.

text: The return of Paul Goddard and Rodney Justo[edit]

text: In May 2011 fans of the Atlanta Rhythm Section were stunned to see not only the permanent  return of Rodney Justo but the re-introduction of original bassist Paul Goddard to the stage after a 28-year absence. Unfortunately Paul's second tenure with the band was short-lived as he died of cancer on April 29, 2014.

text: After Paul's death, ARS continued to play shows with a lineup of Rodney Justo, Dean Daughtry, Steve Stone, Dave Anderson, Justin Senker, and Jim Keeling. Keeling was replaced in March 2016 by Justo's friend Rodger Stephan.

text: Present day[edit]

text: The band still tours, playing mostly festivals and nostalgia-themed concerts.

text: Their most recent album, With All Due Respect (May 2011), was largely covers of other artists' songs (Lynyrd Skynyrd, Allman Brothers, etc.) alongside re-recordings of classic ARS tunes, done at Southern Tracks Studios with longtime engineer Rodney Mills.

text: Classic songs[edit]

text: While ARS did not achieve the commercial success of Lynyrd Skynyrd or The Allman Brothers, the group had a strong following in the South and charted a consistent string of hits: "Doraville", "I'm Not Gonna Let It Bother Me Tonight", "So in to You", "Imaginary Lover", "Do It Or Die", and a cover of the 1968 Classics IV 1968 hit, "Spooky". Plus, there were fan favorites such as "Boogie Smoogie", "Champagne Jam", "Jukin'", "Neon Nites", and "Georgia Rhythm". The band also influenced a number of rock and country artists, notably Travis Tritt, who covered the ARS songs "Back Up Against the Wall" and "Homesick". The group Shudder to Think covered "So in to You".

text: Deaths of former members[edit]

text:
R.J. Vealey died on November 13, 1999, of a heart attack at 37.[3]
Ronnie Hammond (born Ronald William Hammond on November 10, 1950) died on March 14, 2011 in Forsyth, Georgia, at age 60 of heart failure.[4][5]
Robert Nix (born Robert Lafayette Nix on November 8, 1944 in Blakely, Georgia) died on May 20, 2012, at age 67. He had suffered from diabetes and multiple myeloma, and died at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee from complications following surgery the previous month.[6]
Paul Goddard died from cancer on April 29, 2014 at age 68.[7][8]

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Dean Daughtry – keyboards, backing vocals (1971–present)
Rodney Justo – vocals (1971–1972, 1983, 2011–present; substitute – April 2008)
Steve Stone – bass, backing vocals (1986–1988), guitar (lead from 2006–present), harmonica, backing vocals (1988–present)
Justin Senker – bass (1992–2011, June 2014 – present)
David Anderson – guitar, backing vocals (April 2007 – present)
Rodger Stephan – drums, backing vocals (March 2016 – present)

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Atlanta Rhythm Section (1972)
Back Up Against the Wall (1973)
Third Annual Pipe Dream (1974)
Dog Days (1975)
Red Tape (1976)
A Rock and Roll Alternative (1976)
Champagne Jam (1978)
Underdog (1979)
Are You Ready (1979)
The Boys from Doraville (1980)
Quinella (1981)
Truth in a Structured Form (1989)
Eufaula (1999)
With All Due Respect (2011)