document_title: Demand

question_text: the elasticity of demand for an item is determined in part by the question

text: Demand

text: Determinants of (Factors affecting) demand[edit]

text: Innumerable factors and circumstances could affect a buyer's willingness or ability to buy a good. Some of the common factors are:

text: This list is not exhaustive. All facts and circumstances that a buyer finds relevant to his willingness or ability to buy goods can affect demand. For example, a person caught in an unexpected storm is more likely to buy an umbrella than if the weather were bright and sunny.

text: Demand function and equation[edit]

text: The demand equation is the mathematical expression of the relationship between the quantity of a good demanded and those factors that affect the willingness and ability of a consumer to buy the good. For example, Qd = f(P; Prg, Y) is a demand equation where Qd is the quantity of a good demanded, P is the price of the good, Prg is the price of a related good, and Y is income; the function on the right side of the equation is called the demand function. The semi-colon in the list of arguments in the demand function means that the variables to the right are being held constant as one plots the demand curve in (quantity, price) space. A simple example of a demand equation is Qd = 325 - P - 30Prg + 1.4Y. Here 325 is the repository of all relevant non-specified factors that affect demand for the product. P is the price of the good. The coefficient is negative in accordance with the law of demand. The related good may be either a complement or a substitute. If a complement, the coefficient of its price would be negative as in this example. If a substitute, the coefficient of its price would be positive. Income, Y, has a positive coefficient indicating that the good is a normal good. If the coefficient was negative the good in question would be an inferior good meaning that the demand for the good would fall as the consumer's income increased. Specifying values for the non price determinants, Prg = 4.00 and Y = 50, results in the demand equation Q = 325 - P - 30(4) +1.4(50) or Q = 275 - P. If income were to increase to 55 the new demand equation would be Q = 282 - P. Graphically this change in a non price determinant of demand would be reflected in an outward shift of the demand function caused by a change in the x intercept.

text: Demand curve[edit]

text: In economics, the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at that given price.

text: Price elasticity of demand (PED)[edit]

text: PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. Elasticity answers the question of the percent by which the quantity demanded will change relative to (divided by) a given percentage change in the price. For infinitesimal changes the formula for calculating PED is the absolute value of (∂Q/∂P)×(P/Q).

text: Determinants of PED[edit]

text: The overriding factor in determining PED is the willingness and ability of consumers after a price changes to postpone immediate consumption decisions concerning the good and to search for substitutes (wait and look).

text: Elasticity along linear demand curve[edit]

text: The slope of a linear demand curve is constant. The elasticity of demand changes continuously as one moves down the demand curve because the ratio of price to quantity continuously falls. At the point the demand curve intersects the y-axis PED is infinitely elastic, because the variable Q appearing in the denominator of the elasticity formula is zero there. At the point the demand curve intersects the x-axis PED is zero, because the variable P appearing in the numerator of the elasticity formula is zero there.[2] At one point on the demand curve PED is unitary elastic: PED equals one. Above the point of unitary elasticity is the elastic range of the demand curve (meaning that the elasticity is greater than one). Below is the inelastic range, in which the elasticity is less than one. The decline in elasticity as one moves down the curve is due to the falling P/Q ratio.

text: Constant price elasticity demand[edit]

text:
Q
=
a

P

c

{\displaystyle Q=aP^{c}}

 where a and c are parameters, and the constant price elasticity is c and

c
≤
0

{\displaystyle c\leq 0}

.

text: Market structure and the demand curve[edit]

text: In perfectly competitive markets the demand curve, the average revenue curve, and the marginal revenue curve all coincide and are horizontal at the market-given price.[3] The demand curve is perfectly elastic and coincides with the average and marginal revenue curves. Economic actors are price-takers. Perfectly competitive firms have zero market power; that is, they have no ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange. A perfectly competitive firm's decisions are limited to whether to produce and if so, how much. In less than perfectly competitive markets the demand curve is negatively sloped and there is a separate marginal revenue curve. A firm in a less than perfectly competitive market is a price-setter. The firm can decide how much to produce or what price to charge. In deciding one variable the firm is necessarily determining the other variable

text: Inverse demand function[edit]

text: In its standard form a linear demand equation is Q = a - bP. That is, quantity demanded is a function of price. The inverse demand equation, or price equation, treats price as a function g of quantity demanded: P = f(Q). To compute the inverse demand equation, simply solve for P from the demand equation.[4] For example, if the demand equation is Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand equation would be P = 120 - .5Q, the right side of which is the inverse demand function.[5]

text: The inverse demand function is useful in deriving the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P×Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) × Q = 120Q - 0.5Q². The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function; here MR = 120 - Q. Note that the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function in this linear example; the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of that of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken. For example, assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q2. Then MC = 60 + 2Q. Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.

text: Residual demand curve[edit]

text: The demand curve facing a particular firm is called the residual demand curve. The residual demand curve is the market demand that is not met by other firms in the industry at a given price. The residual demand curve is the market demand curve D(p), minus the supply of other organizations, So(p): Dr(p) = D(p) - So(p )[6]

text: Is the demand curve for PC firm really flat?[edit]

text: Practically every introductory microeconomics text describes the demand curve facing a perfectly competitive firm as being flat or horizontal. A horizontal demand curve is perfectly elastic. If there are n identical firms in the market then the elasticity of demand PED facing any one firm is

text: where PEDm is the market elasticity of demand, PES is the elasticity of supply of each of the other firms, and (n -1) is the number of other firms. This formula suggests two things. The demand curve is not perfectly elastic and if there are a large number of firms in the industry the elasticity of demand for any individual firm will be extremely high and the demand curve facing the firm will be nearly flat.[6]

text: For example, assume that there are 80 firms in the industry and that the demand elasticity for industry is -1.0 and the price elasticity of supply is 3. Then

text: That is the firm PED is 317 times as elastic as the market PED. If a firm raised its price "by one tenth of one percent demand would drop by nearly one third."[6] if the firm raised its price by three tenths of one percent the quantity demanded would drop by nearly 100%. Three tenths of one percent marks the effective range of pricing power the firm has because any attempt to raise prices by a higher percentage will effectively reduce quantity demanded to zero.

text: Demand management in economics[edit]

text: Demand management in economics is the art or science of controlling economic or aggregate demand to avoid a recession. Such management is inspired by Keynesian macroeconomics, and Keynesian economics is sometimes referred to as demand-side economics.

text: Different types of goods demand[edit]

text: Negative demand: If the market response to a product is negative, it shows that people are not aware of the features of the service and the benefits offered. Under such circumstances, the marketing unit of a service firm has to understand the psyche of the potential buyers and find out the prime reason for the rejection of the service. For example: if passengers refuse a bus conductor's call to board the bus. The service firm has to come up with an appropriate strategy to remove the misunderstandings of the potential buyers. A strategy needs to be designed to transform the negative demand into a positive demand.

text: No demand: If people are unaware, have insufficient information about a service or due to the consumer's indifference this type of a demand situation could occur. The marketing unit of the firm should focus on promotional campaigns and communicating reasons for potential customers to use the firm's services. Service differentiation is one of the popular strategies used to compete in a no demand situation in the market.

text: Latent demand: At any given time it is impossible to have a set of services that offer total satisfaction to all the needs and wants of society. In the market there exists a gap between desirables and the availables. There is always a search on for better and newer offers to fill the gap between desirability and availability. Latent demand is a phenomenon of any economy at any given time, it should be looked upon as a business opportunity by service firms and they should orient themselves to identify and exploit such opportunities at the right time. For example, a passenger traveling in an ordinary bus dreams of traveling in a luxury bus. Therefore, latent demand is nothing but the gap between desirability and availability.

text: Seasonal demand:Some services do not have an all year round demand, they might be required only at a certain period of time. Seasons all over the world are very diverse. Seasonal demands create many problems to service organizations, such as:- idling the capacity, fixed cost and excess expenditure on marketing and promotions. Strategies used by firms to overcome this hurdle are like - to nurture the service consumption habit of customers so as to make the demand unseasonal, or other than that firms recognize markets elsewhere in the world during the off-season period. Hence, this presents and opportunity to target different markets with the appropriate season in different parts of the world. For example, the need for Christmas cards comes around once a year. Or the, seasonal fruits in a country.

text: Demand patterns need to be studied in different segments of the market. Service organizations need to constantly study changing demands related to there service offerings over various time periods. They have to develop a system to chart these demand fluctuations, which helps them in predicting the demand cycles. Demands do fluctuate randomly, therefore, they should be followed on a daily, weekly or a monthly basis.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: E. F. Schumacher challenges the prevailing economic assumption that fulfilling demand is the purpose of economic activity, offering a framework of what he calls "Buddhist economics" in which wise demands, fulfilling genuine human needs, are distinguished from unwise demands, arising from the five intellectual impairments recognized by Buddhism:[7]

text: The cultivation and expansion of needs is the antithesis of wisdom. It is also the antithesis of freedom and peace. Every increase of needs tends to increase one’s dependence on outside forces over which one cannot have control, and therefore increases existential fear. Only by a reduction of needs can one promote a genuine reduction in those tensions which are the ultimate causes of strife and war.[8]

text: Demand reduction[edit]

text: In psychopharmacology[edit]

text: Demand reduction refers to efforts aimed at reducing the public desire for illegal and illicit drugs. The drug policy is in contrast to the reduction of drug supply, but the two policies are often implemented together.

text: In energy conservation[edit]

text: Energy demand management, also known as demand-side management (DSM) or demand-side response (DSR), is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and behavioral change through education.


document_title: List of Texas Longhorns head football coaches

question_text: who is the university of texas football coach

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
General

#
A running total of the number of coaches

CCs
Conference championships[A 1]

NCs
National Championships

†
Elected to the College Football Hall of Fame

Overall games

GC
Games coached

OW
Wins

OL
Losses

OT
Ties[A 2]

O%
Winning percentage[A 3]

Conference games

CW
Wins

CL
Losses

CT
Ties

C%
Winning percentage

Postseason games

PW
Wins

PL
Losses

PT
Ties

tag: table

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
List of head football coaches showing season(s) coached, overall records, conference records, postseason records, championships and selected awards[A 4]

#
Name
Term
GC
OW
OL
OT
O%
CW
CL
CT
C%
PW
PL
PT
CCs
NCs
National awards

1
Wentworth, R. D.R. D. Wentworth
1894 !1894
7
6
1
6999100000000000000♠0
.857
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

2
Crawford, FrankFrank Crawford
1895 !1895
5
5
0
6999100000000000000♠0
1.000
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

3
Robinson, Harry OrmanHarry Orman Robinson
1896 !1896
7
4
2
7000100000000000000♠1
.643
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

4
Kelly, Walter F.Walter F. Kelly
1897 !1897
8
6
2
6999100000000000000♠0
.750
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

5
Edwards, David FarragutDavid Farragut Edwards
1898 !1898
6
5
1
6999100000000000000♠0
.833
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

6
Clarke, Maurice GordonMaurice Gordon Clarke
1899 !1899
8
6
2
6999100000000000000♠0
.750
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

7
Thompson, Samuel HustonSamuel Huston Thompson
1900 !1900–1901
17
14
2
7000100000000000000♠1
.853
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

8
Hart, J. B.J. B. Hart
1902 !1902
10
6
3
7000100000000000000♠1
.650
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

9
Hutchinson, RalphRalph Hutchinson
1903 !1903–1905
25
16
7
7000200000000000000♠2
.680
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

10
Schenker, H. R.H. R. Schenker
1906 !1906
10
9
1
6999100000000000000♠0
.900
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

11
Metzenthin, W. E.W. E. Metzenthin
1907 !1907–1908
17
11
5
7000100000000000000♠1
.676
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

12
Draper, DexterDexter Draper
1909 !1909
8
4
3
7000100000000000000♠1
.563
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

13
Wasmund, BillyBilly Wasmund
1910 !1910
8
6
2
6999100000000000000♠0
.750
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

14
Allerdice, DaveDave Allerdice
1911 !1911–1915
40
33
7
6999100000000000000♠0
.825
7000200000000000000♠2
7000200000000000000♠2
6999100000000000000♠0
.500
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

15
Van Gent, EugeneEugene Van Gent
1916 !1916
9
7
2
6999100000000000000♠0
.778
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
6999100000000000000♠0
.833
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

16
Juneau, BillBill Juneau
1917 !1917–1919
26
19
7
6999100000000000000♠0
.731
7000900000000000000♠9
7000500000000000000♠5
6999100000000000000♠0
.643
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

17
Whitaker, Berry M.Berry M. Whitaker
1920 !1920–1922
26
22
3
7000100000000000000♠1
.865
7000800000000000000♠8
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
.850
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

18
Stewart, E. J.E. J. Stewart
1923 !1923–1926
36
24
9
7000300000000000000♠3
.708
7000800000000000000♠8
7000800000000000000♠8
7000300000000000000♠3
.500
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

19
Littlefield, ClydeClyde Littlefield
1927 !1927–1933
68
44
18
7000600000000000000♠6
.691
7001220000000000000♠22
7001130000000000000♠13
7000400000000000000♠4
.615
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

20
Chevigny, JackJack Chevigny
1934 !1934–1936
29
13
14
7000200000000000000♠2
.483
7000600000000000000♠6
7001110000000000000♠11
7000100000000000000♠1
.361
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

21
Bible, Dana X.Dana X. Bible[4]†
1937 !1937–1946
97
63
31
7000300000000000000♠3
.665
7001350000000000000♠35
7001220000000000000♠22
7000100000000000000♠1
.612
7000200000000000000♠2
6999100000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

22
Cherry, BlairBlair Cherry
1947 !1947–1950
43
32
10
7000100000000000000♠1
.756
7001180000000000000♠18
7000500000000000000♠5
7000100000000000000♠1
.771
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1
6999100000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

23
Price, EdEd Price
1951 !1951–1956
61
33
27
7000100000000000000♠1
.549
7001200000000000000♠20
7001150000000000000♠15
7000100000000000000♠1
.569
7000100000000000000♠1
6999100000000000000♠0
6999100000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

24
Royal, DarrellDarrell Royal[5]†
1957 !1957–1976
219
167
47
7000500000000000000♠5
.774
7002109000000000000♠109
7001270000000000000♠27
7000200000000000000♠2
.797
7000800000000000000♠8
7000700000000000000♠7
7000100000000000000♠1
7001110000000000000♠11
7000300000000000000♠3

Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year (1961, 1963)[6]
AFCA Coach of the Year (1963, 1969)[7]

25
Akers, FredFred Akers
1977 !1977–1986
119
86
31
7000200000000000000♠2
.731
7001600000000000000♠60
7001190000000000000♠19
7000100000000000000♠1
.756
7000200000000000000♠2
7000700000000000000♠7
6999100000000000000♠0
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

26
McWilliams, DavidDavid McWilliams
1987 !1987–1991
57
31
26
6999100000000000000♠0
.544
7001230000000000000♠23
7001150000000000000♠15
6999100000000000000♠0
.605
7000100000000000000♠1
7000100000000000000♠1
6999100000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

27
Mackovic, JohnJohn Mackovic
1992 !1992–1997
71
41
28
7000200000000000000♠2
.592
7001280000000000000♠28
7001160000000000000♠16
6999100000000000000♠0
.636
7000100000000000000♠1
7000200000000000000♠2
5000000000000000000♠—
7000300000000000000♠3
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

28
Brown, MackMack Brown
1998 !1998–2013
206
158
48
5000000000000000000♠—
.767
7001980000000000000♠98
7001330000000000000♠33
5000000000000000000♠—
.748
7001100000000000000♠10
7000500000000000000♠5
5000000000000000000♠—
7000200000000000000♠2
7000100000000000000♠1

Paul "Bear" Bryant Award (2005)[8]
Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award (2008)[8][9]

29
Strong, CharlieCharlie Strong
2014–2016
37
16
21
5000000000000000000♠0
.433
7000900000000000000♠9
7000900000000000000♠9
5000000000000000000♠—
.500
5000000000000000000♠0
7000100000000000000♠1
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠0
5000000000000000000♠—
5000000000000000000♠—

30
Herman, TomTom Herman
2017–present

—
–

—

—
—

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Texas did not join a conference until 1915.[1]
Jump up ^ Overtime rules in college football were introduced in 1996, making ties impossible in the period since.[2]
Jump up ^ When computing the win–loss percentage, a tie counts as half a win and half a loss.[3]
Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of the end of the 2012 college football season.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

question_text: who is the youngest current sitting supreme court justice

text: Current justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court; listed in order of seniority, they are:

tag: p

text: John Roberts,Chief Justicesince September 29, 2005Age 7004232860000000000♠63[12]

tag: ul

text:
Clarence Thomas,Associate Justicesince October 23, 1991Age 7004256950000000000♠70[13]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,Associate Justicesince August 10, 1993Age 7004312740000000000♠85[14]

Stephen Breyer,Associate Justicesince August 3, 1994Age 7004292950000000000♠80[15]

Samuel Alito,Associate Justicesince January 31, 2006Age 7004250480000000000♠68[16]

text:
Sonia Sotomayor,Associate Justicesince August 8, 2009Age 7004235020000000000♠64[17]

Elena Kagan,Associate Justicesince August 7, 2010Age 7004213680000000000♠58[18]

Neil Gorsuch,Associate Justicesince April 10, 2017Age 7004186890000000000♠51[19]

Brett Kavanaugh,Associate Justicesince October 6, 2018Age 7004196170000000000♠53[20]

text: All justices of the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 114 persons have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 105 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36 years, 211 days to the 163-day tenure of Thomas Johnson. As of October 29, 2018, the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas' 7003986800000000000♠27 years, 6 days to Brett Kavanaugh's 7001230000000000000♠23 days. Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice, and later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge,[a] Edward Douglass White,[b] Charles Evans Hughes,[a] Harlan F. Stone,[b] and William Rehnquist.[b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are:[21][22]

text:
Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length[d]

Appointed by

1

John Jay(1745–1829)

NY

ChiefJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 19, 1789–June 29, 1795(Resigned)

7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days

George Washington

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 15, 1790–March 4, 1791(Resigned)

7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days

3

William Cushing(1732–1810)

MA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–September 13, 1810(Died)

7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days

4

James Wilson(1742–1798)

PA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

October 5, 1789–August 21, 1798(Died)

7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days

5

John Blair(1732–1800)

VA

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 26, 1789(Acclamation)

February 2, 1790–October 25, 1795(Resigned)

7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days

6

James Iredell(1751–1799)

NC

AssociateJustice

New seat

February 10, 1790(Acclamation)

May 12, 1790–October 20, 1799(Died)

7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days

7

Thomas Johnson(1732–1819)

MD

AssociateJustice

J. Rutledge

November 7, 1791(Acclamation)

August 6, 1792[e]–January 16, 1793(Resigned)

7002163000000000000♠163 days

8

William Paterson(1745–1806)

NJ

AssociateJustice

T. Johnson

March 4, 1793(Acclamation)

March 11, 1793–September 8, 1806(Died)

7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days

2

John Rutledge(1739–1800)

SC

ChiefJustice

Jay

December 15, 1795(10–14)[f]

August 12, 1795[e]–December 28, 1795(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)

7002138000000000000♠138 days

9

Samuel Chase[g](1741–1811)

MD

AssociateJustice

Blair

January 27, 1796(Acclamation)

February 4, 1796–June 19, 1811(Died)

7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days

10

Oliver Ellsworth(1745–1807)

CT

ChiefJustice

J. Rutledge

March 4, 1796(21–1)

March 8, 1796–December 15, 1800(Resigned)

7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days

11

Bushrod Washington(1762–1829)

VA

AssociateJustice

Wilson

December 20, 1798(Acclamation)

November 9, 1798[e]–November 26, 1829(Died)

7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days

John Adams

12

Alfred Moore(1755–1810)

NC

AssociateJustice

Iredell

December 9, 1799(Acclamation)

April 21, 1800–January 26, 1804(Resigned)

7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days

13

John Marshall(1755–1835)

VA

ChiefJustice

Ellsworth

January 27, 1801(Acclamation)

February 4, 1801–July 6, 1835(Died)

7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days

14

William Johnson(1771–1834)

SC

AssociateJustice

Moore

March 24, 1804(Acclamation)

May 7, 1804–August 4, 1834(Died)

7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days

Thomas Jefferson

15

Henry Brockholst Livingston(1757–1823)

NY

AssociateJustice

Paterson

December 17, 1806(Acclamation)

January 20, 1807–March 18, 1823(Died)

7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days

16

Thomas Todd(1765–1826)

KY

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 2, 1807(Acclamation)

March 3, 1807–February 7, 1826(Died)

7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days

17

Gabriel Duvall(1752–1844)

MD

AssociateJustice

S. Chase

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

November 23, 1811–January 12, 1835(Resigned)

7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days

James Madison

18

Joseph Story(1779–1845)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cushing

November 18, 1811(Acclamation)

February 3, 1812–September 10, 1845(Died)

7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days

19

Smith Thompson(1768–1843)

NY

AssociateJustice

Livingston

December 9, 1823(Acclamation)

September 1, 1823[e]–December 18, 1843(Died)

7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days

James Monroe

20

Robert Trimble(1776–1828)

KY

AssociateJustice

Todd

May 9, 1826(25–5)

June 16, 1826–August 25, 1828(Died)

7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days

John Quincy Adams

21

John McLean(1785–1861)

OH

AssociateJustice

Trimble

March 7, 1829(Acclamation)

January 11, 1830–April 4, 1861(Died)

7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days

Andrew Jackson

22

Henry Baldwin(1780–1844)

PA

AssociateJustice

Washington

January 6, 1830(41–2)

January 18, 1830–April 21, 1844(Died)

7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days

23

James Moore Wayne(1790–1867)

GA

AssociateJustice

W. Johnson

January 9, 1835(Acclamation)

January 14, 1835–July 5, 1867(Died)

7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days

24

Roger B. Taney(1777–1864)

MD

ChiefJustice

J. Marshall

March 15, 1836(29–15)

March 28, 1836–October 12, 1864(Died)

7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days

25

Philip Pendleton Barbour(1783–1841)

VA

AssociateJustice

Duvall

March 15, 1836(30–11)

May 12, 1836–February 25, 1841(Died)

7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days

26

John Catron(1786–1865)

TN

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 8, 1837(28–15)

May 1, 1837–May 30, 1865(Died)

7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days

27

John McKinley(1780–1852)

AL

AssociateJustice

New seat

September 25, 1837(Acclamation)

January 9, 1838–July 19, 1852(Died)

7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days

Martin Van Buren

28

Peter Vivian Daniel(1784–1860)

VA

AssociateJustice

Barbour

March 2, 1841(25–5)

January 10, 1842–May 31, 1860(Died)

7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days

29

Samuel Nelson(1792–1873)

NY

AssociateJustice

Thompson

February 14, 1845(Acclamation)

February 27, 1845–November 28, 1872(Retired)

7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days

John Tyler

30

Levi Woodbury(1789–1851)

NH

AssociateJustice

Story

January 31, 1846(Acclamation)

September 23, 1845[e]–September 4, 1851(Died)

7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days

James K. Polk

31

Robert Cooper Grier(1794–1870)

PA

AssociateJustice

Baldwin

August 4, 1846(Acclamation)

August 10, 1846–January 31, 1870(Retired)

7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days

32

Benjamin Robbins Curtis(1809–1874)

MA

AssociateJustice

Woodbury

December 20, 1851(Acclamation)

October 10, 1851[e]–September 30, 1857(Resigned)

7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days

Millard Fillmore

33

John Archibald Campbell(1811–1889)

AL

AssociateJustice

McKinley

March 22, 1853(Acclamation)

April 11, 1853–April 30, 1861(Resigned)

7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days

Franklin Pierce

34

Nathan Clifford(1803–1881)

ME

AssociateJustice

Curtis

January 12, 1858(26–23)

January 21, 1858–July 25, 1881(Died)

7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days

James Buchanan

35

Noah Haynes Swayne(1804–1884)

OH

AssociateJustice

McLean

January 24, 1862(38–1)

January 27, 1862–January 24, 1881(Retired)

7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days

Abraham Lincoln

36

Samuel Freeman Miller(1816–1890)

IA

AssociateJustice

Daniel

July 16, 1862(Acclamation)

July 21, 1862–October 13, 1890(Died)

7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days

37

David Davis(1815–1886)

IL

AssociateJustice

Campbell

December 8, 1862(Acclamation)

December 10, 1862[e]–March 4, 1877(Resigned)

7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days

38

Stephen Johnson Field(1816–1899)

CA

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 10, 1863(Acclamation)

May 10, 1863–December 1, 1897(Retired)

7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days

39

Salmon P. Chase(1808–1873)

OH

ChiefJustice

Taney

December 6, 1864(Acclamation)

December 15, 1864–May 7, 1873(Died)

7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days

40

William Strong(1808–1895)

PA

AssociateJustice

Grier

February 18, 1870(No vote recorded)

March 14, 1870–December 14, 1880(Retired)

7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days

Ulysses S. Grant

41

Joseph Philo Bradley(1813–1892)

NJ

AssociateJustice

New seat

March 21, 1870(46–9)

March 23, 1870–January 22, 1892(Died)

7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days

42

Ward Hunt(1810–1886)

NY

AssociateJustice

Nelson

December 11, 1872(Acclamation)

January 9, 1873–January 27, 1882(Retired)

7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days

43

Morrison Waite(1816–1888)

OH

ChiefJustice

S. P. Chase

January 21, 1874(63–0)

March 4, 1874–March 23, 1888(Died)

7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days

44

John Marshall Harlan(1833–1911)

KY

AssociateJustice

Davis

November 29, 1877(Acclamation)

December 10, 1877–October 14, 1911(Died)

7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days

Rutherford B. Hayes

45

William Burnham Woods(1824–1887)

GA

AssociateJustice

Strong

December 21, 1880(39–8)

January 5, 1881–May 14, 1887(Died)

7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days

46

Stanley Matthews(1824–1889)

OH

AssociateJustice

Swayne

May 12, 1881(24–23)

May 17, 1881–March 22, 1889(Died)

7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days

James Garfield

47

Horace Gray(1828–1902)

MA

AssociateJustice

Clifford

December 20, 1881(51–5)

January 9, 1882–September 15, 1902(Died)

7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days

Chester A. Arthur

48

Samuel Blatchford(1820–1893)

NY

AssociateJustice

Hunt

March 22, 1882(Acclamation)

April 3, 1882–July 7, 1893(Died)

7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days

49

Lucius QuintusCincinnatus Lamar II(1825–1893)

MS

AssociateJustice

Woods

January 16, 1888(32–28)

January 18, 1888–January 23, 1893(Died)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days

Grover Cleveland

50

Melville Fuller(1833–1910)

IL

ChiefJustice

Waite

July 20, 1888(41–20)

October 8, 1888–July 4, 1910(Died)

7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days

51

David Josiah Brewer(1837–1910)

KS

AssociateJustice

Matthews

December 18, 1889(53–11)

January 6, 1890–March 28, 1910(Died)

7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days

Benjamin Harrison

52

Henry Billings Brown(1836–1913)

MI

AssociateJustice

Miller

December 29, 1890(Acclamation)

January 5, 1891–May 28, 1906(Retired)

7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days

53

George Shiras, Jr.(1832–1924)

PA

AssociateJustice

Bradley

July 26, 1892(Acclamation)

October 10, 1892–February 23, 1903(Retired)

7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days

54

Howell Edmunds Jackson(1832–1895)

TN

AssociateJustice

L. Lamar

February 18, 1893(Acclamation)

March 4, 1893–August 8, 1895(Died)

7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

AssociateJustice

Blatchford

February 19, 1894(Acclamation)

March 12, 1894–December 18, 1910(Continued as chief justice)

7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days

Grover Cleveland

56

Rufus Wheeler Peckham(1838–1909)

NY

AssociateJustice

H. Jackson

December 9, 1895(Acclamation)

January 6, 1896–October 24, 1909(Died)

7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days

57

Joseph McKenna(1843–1926)

CA

AssociateJustice[h]

Field

January 21, 1898(Acclamation)

January 26, 1898–January 5, 1925(Retired)

7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days

William McKinley

58

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.(1841–1935)

MA

AssociateJustice[i]

Gray

December 4, 1902(Acclamation)

December 8, 1902–January 12, 1932(Retired)

7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days

Theodore Roosevelt

59

William R. Day(1849–1923)

OH

AssociateJustice

Shiras

February 23, 1903(Acclamation)

March 2, 1903–November 13, 1922(Retired)

7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days

60

William Henry Moody(1853–1917)

MA

AssociateJustice

Brown

December 12, 1906(Acclamation)

December 17, 1906–November 20, 1910(Retired)

7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days

61

Horace Harmon Lurton(1844–1914)

TN

AssociateJustice

Peckham

December 20, 1909(Acclamation)

January 3, 1910–July 12, 1914(Died)

7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days

William Howard Taft

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

AssociateJustice

Brewer

May 2, 1910(Acclamation)

October 10, 1910–June 10, 1916(Resigned)

7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days

55

Edward Douglass White(1845–1921)

LA

ChiefJustice

Fuller

December 12, 1910(Acclamation)

December 19, 1910–May 19, 1921(Died)

7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days

63

Willis Van Devanter(1859–1941)

WY

AssociateJustice

E. D. White

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–June 2, 1937(Retired)

7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days

64

Joseph Rucker Lamar(1857–1916)

GA

AssociateJustice

Moody

December 15, 1910(Acclamation)

January 3, 1911[j]–January 2, 1916(Died)

7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days

65

Mahlon Pitney(1858–1924)

NJ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan

March 13, 1912(50–26)

March 18, 1912–December 31, 1922(Resigned)

7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days

66

James Clark McReynolds(1862–1946)

TN

AssociateJustice

Lurton

August 29, 1914(44–6)

October 12, 1914–January 31, 1941(Retired)

7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days

Woodrow Wilson

67

Louis Brandeis(1856–1941)

KY

AssociateJustice

J. Lamar

June 1, 1916(47–22)

June 5, 1916–February 13, 1939(Retired)

7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days

68

John Hessin Clarke(1857–1945)

OH

AssociateJustice

Hughes

July 24, 1916(Acclamation)

October 9, 1916–September 18, 1922(Retired)

7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days

69

William Howard Taft(1857–1930)

CT

ChiefJustice

E. D. White

June 30, 1921(Acclamation)

July 11, 1921–February 3, 1930(Retired)

7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days

Warren G. Harding

70

George Sutherland(1862–1942)

UT

AssociateJustice

Clarke

September 5, 1922(Acclamation)

October 2, 1922–January 17, 1938(Retired)

7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days

71

Pierce Butler(1866–1939)

MN

AssociateJustice

Day

December 21, 1922(61–8)

January 2, 1923–November 16, 1939(Died)

7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days

72

Edward Terry Sanford(1865–1930)

TN

AssociateJustice

Pitney

January 29, 1923(Acclamation)

February 19, 1923–March 8, 1930(Died)

7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

AssociateJustice[k]

McKenna

February 5, 1925(71–6)

March 2, 1925–July 2, 1941(Continued as chief justice)

7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days

Calvin Coolidge

62

Charles Evans Hughes(1862–1948)

NY

ChiefJustice

Taft

February 13, 1930(52–26)

February 24, 1930–June 30, 1941(Retired)

7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days

Herbert Hoover

74

Owen Josephus Roberts(1875–1955)

PA

AssociateJustice

Sanford

May 20, 1930(Acclamation)

June 2, 1930–July 31, 1945(Resigned)

7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days

75

Benjamin N. Cardozo(1870–1938)

NY

AssociateJustice

Holmes

February 24, 1932(Acclamation)

March 14, 1932–July 9, 1938(Died)

7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days

76

Hugo Black(1886–1971)

AL

AssociateJustice[l]

Van Devanter

August 17, 1937(63–16)

August 19, 1937–September 17, 1971(Retired)

7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days

Franklin D. Roosevelt

77

Stanley Forman Reed(1884–1980)

KY

AssociateJustice

Sutherland

January 25, 1938(Acclamation)

January 31, 1938–February 25, 1957(Retired)

7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days

78

Felix Frankfurter(1882–1965)

MA

AssociateJustice

Cardozo

January 17, 1939(Acclamation)

January 30, 1939–August 28, 1962(Retired)

7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days

79

William O. Douglas(1898–1980)

CT

AssociateJustice

Brandeis

April 4, 1939(62–4)

April 17, 1939–November 12, 1975(Retired)

7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days

80

Frank Murphy(1890–1949)

MI

AssociateJustice

Butler

January 16, 1940(Acclamation)

February 5, 1940–July 19, 1949(Died)

7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days

73

Harlan F. Stone(1872–1946)

NY

ChiefJustice

Hughes

June 27, 1941(Acclamation)

July 3, 1941–April 22, 1946 (Died)

7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days

81

James F. Byrnes(1882–1972)

SC

AssociateJustice

McReynolds

June 12, 1941(Acclamation)

July 8, 1941–October 3, 1942(Resigned)

7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days

82

Robert H. Jackson(1892–1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Stone

July 7, 1941(Acclamation)

July 11, 1941–October 9, 1954(Died)

7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days

83

Wiley Blount Rutledge(1894–1949)

IA

AssociateJustice

Byrnes

February 8, 1943(Acclamation)

February 15, 1943–September 10, 1949(Died)

7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days

84

Harold Hitz Burton(1888–1964)

OH

AssociateJustice

O. Roberts

September 19, 1945(Acclamation)

October 1, 1945–October 13, 1958(Retired)

7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days

Harry S. Truman

85

Fred M. Vinson(1890–1953)

KY

ChiefJustice

Stone

June 20, 1946(Acclamation)

June 24, 1946–September 8, 1953 (Died)

7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days

86

Tom C. Clark(1899–1977)

TX

AssociateJustice

Murphy

August 18, 1949(73–8)

August 24, 1949–June 12, 1967(Retired)

7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days

87

Sherman Minton(1890–1965)

IN

AssociateJustice

W. Rutledge

October 4, 1949(48–16)

October 12, 1949–October 15, 1956(Retired)

7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days

88

Earl Warren(1891–1974)

CA

ChiefJustice

Vinson

March 1, 1954(Acclamation)

October 5, 1953[e]–June 23, 1969(Retired)

7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days

Dwight D. Eisenhower

89

John Marshall Harlan II(1899–1971)

NY

AssociateJustice

R. Jackson

March 16, 1955(71–11)

March 28, 1955–September 23, 1971(Retired)

7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days

90

William J. Brennan(1906–1997)

NJ

AssociateJustice

Minton

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

October 16, 1956[e]–July 20, 1990(Retired)

7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days

91

Charles Evans Whittaker(1901–1973)

MO

AssociateJustice

Reed

March 19, 1957(Acclamation)

March 25, 1957–March 31, 1962(Resigned)

7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days

92

Potter Stewart(1915–1985)

OH

AssociateJustice

Burton

May 5, 1959(70–17)

October 14, 1958[e]–July 3, 1981(Retired)

7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days

93

Byron White(1917–2002)

CO

AssociateJustice

Whittaker

April 11, 1962(Acclamation)

April 16, 1962–June 28, 1993(Retired)

7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days

John F. Kennedy

94

Arthur Goldberg(1908–1990)

IL

AssociateJustice

Frankfurter

September 25, 1962(Acclamation)

October 1, 1962–July 25, 1965(Resigned)

7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days

95

Abe Fortas(1910–1982)

TN

AssociateJustice

Goldberg

August 11, 1965(Acclamation)

October 4, 1965–May 14, 1969(Resigned)

7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days

Lyndon B. Johnson

96

Thurgood Marshall(1908–1993)

NY

AssociateJustice

Clark

August 30, 1967(69–11)

October 2, 1967–October 1, 1991(Retired)

7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days

97

Warren E. Burger(1907–1995)

VA

ChiefJustice

Warren

June 9, 1969(74–3)

June 23, 1969–September 26, 1986(Retired)

7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days

Richard Nixon

98

Harry Blackmun(1908–1999)

MN

AssociateJustice

Fortas

May 12, 1970(94–0)

June 9, 1970–August 3, 1994(Retired)

7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days

99

Lewis F. Powell Jr.(1907–1998)

VA

AssociateJustice

Black

December 6, 1971(89–1)

January 7, 1972[m]–June 26, 1987(Retired)

7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

AZ

AssociateJustice

J. Harlan II

December 10, 1971(68–26)

January 7, 1972[m]–September 26, 1986(Continued as chief justice)

7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days

101

John Paul Stevens(born 1920)

IL

AssociateJustice[n]

Douglas

December 17, 1975(98–0)

December 19, 1975–June 29, 2010(Retired)

7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days

Gerald Ford

102

Sandra Day O'Connor(born 1930)

AZ

AssociateJustice

Stewart

September 21, 1981(99–0)

September 25, 1981–January 31, 2006(Retired)

7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days

Ronald Reagan

100

William Rehnquist(1924–2005)

VA

ChiefJustice

Burger

September 17, 1986(65–33)

September 26, 1986–September 3, 2005(Died)

7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days

103

Antonin Scalia(1936–2016)

VA

AssociateJustice

Rehnquist

September 17, 1986(98–0)

September 26, 1986–February 13, 2016(Died)

7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days

104

Anthony Kennedy(born 1936)

CA

AssociateJustice

Powell

February 3, 1988(97–0)

February 18, 1988–July 31, 2018(Retired)

7004111210000000000♠30 years, 163 days

105

David Souter(born 1939)

NH

AssociateJustice

Brennan

October 2, 1990(90–9)

October 9, 1990–June 29, 2009(Retired)

7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days

George H. W. Bush

106

Clarence Thomas(born 1948)

GA

AssociateJustice

T. Marshall

October 15, 1991(52–48)

October 23, 1991–Incumbent

7003986800000000000♠27 years, 6 days[o]

107

Ruth Bader Ginsburg(born 1933)

NY

AssociateJustice

B. White

August 3, 1993(96–3)

August 10, 1993–Incumbent

7003921100000000000♠25 years, 80 days[o]

Bill Clinton

108

Stephen Breyer(born 1938)

MA

AssociateJustice

Blackmun

July 29, 1994(87–9)

August 3, 1994–Incumbent

7003885300000000000♠24 years, 87 days[o]

109

John Roberts(born 1955)

MD

ChiefJustice

Rehnquist

September 29, 2005(78–22)

September 29, 2005–Incumbent

7003477800000000000♠13 years, 30 days[o]

George W. Bush

110

Samuel Alito(born 1950)

NJ

AssociateJustice

O'Connor

January 31, 2006(58–42)

January 31, 2006–Incumbent

7003465400000000000♠12 years, 271 days[o]

111

Sonia Sotomayor(born 1954)

NY

AssociateJustice

Souter

August 6, 2009(68–31)

August 8, 2009–Incumbent

7003336900000000000♠9 years, 82 days[o]

Barack Obama

112

Elena Kagan(born 1960)

MA

AssociateJustice

Stevens

August 5, 2010(63–37)

August 7, 2010–Incumbent

7003300500000000000♠8 years, 83 days[o]

113

Neil Gorsuch(born 1967)

CO

AssociateJustice

Scalia

April 7, 2017(54–45)

April 10, 2017–Incumbent

7002567000000000000♠1 year, 202 days[o]

Donald Trump

114

Brett Kavanaugh(born 1965)

MD

AssociateJustice

Kennedy

October 6, 2018(50–48)

October 6, 2018–Incumbent

7001230000000000000♠23 days[o]

Justice

State[c]

Position

Replacing

Date confirmed(Vote)

Tenure

Tenure length

Appointed by

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Served on the Supreme Court twice, first as associate justice, and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.

^ Jump up to: a b c Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.

^ Jump up to: a b State of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia.[23]

Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement.[22]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Recess appointment

Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.

Jump up ^ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, May 19 – July 11, 1921.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.

^ Jump up to: a b While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Van Devanter received and accepted his first—in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 – July 3, 1941.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 – June 24, 1946, and again, under 62 Stat. 869, September 8 – October 5, 1953.

^ Jump up to: a b While  Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions—Powell received and accepted his first—in accordance with 62 Stat. 869.

Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i As of October 29, 2018.

text: Timeline of justices[edit]

text: This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court. Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. Additionally, The progression of presidents, along with the number of justices each nominated, is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Note that, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789, two of the seats chronicled—"5" and "7"—have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866.


document_title: Jim Cornelison

question_text: who sings the national anthem for the blackhawks

text: Jim Cornelison

text:
Jim Cornelison

Jim Cornelison singing the Star-Spangled Banner.

Born
(1964-06-20) June 20, 1964 (age 53)

text: James Cornelison (born June 20, 1964)[1] is a professional singer who sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "O Canada" at the beginning of home games for the Chicago Blackhawks and he is accompanied by organist Frank Pellico. Cornelison started singing the anthem for the Blackhawks part-time in 1996;[2] he has been singing the national anthem for the Blackhawks full-time since 2007. He has also performed the anthem before Chicago Bears home games at Soldier Field during the 2010-11 NFL playoffs,[3] as well as the 2011 season opener against the Atlanta Falcons, which fell on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.

text: Cornelison also sang at the 2015 NASCAR MyAFibRisk.com 400 race at Chicagoland Speedway.[4] Cornelison performed the National Anthem at the Chicago Bears' 2016 home-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles. Jim performed "Back Home Again in Indiana" at the 101st Running of the Indianapolis 500 on May 28, 2017 as well as at the 2018 Indianapolis 500 on May 27, 2018.

text: He frequently sings the national anthem at the opening ceremonies for the Arlington International Festival of Racing at Arlington International Racecourse in the Northwest suburbs of Chicago.

text: Cornelison graduated from Seattle Pacific University with degrees in music and psychology. He then went on to earn a master's degree in music from Indiana University in 1992. In 1995, he moved to Chicago and joined the Lyric Opera Center for American Artists.[5]

text: Cornelison has won several awards for music, including:[6]

text:
The William Matheus Sullivan Foundation Award
First place in the American Opera Society of Chicago’s 1997 Vocal Competition
The George London Foundation Encouragement Grant


document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: the kinks rock and roll hall of fame induction

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

text:
Year
Image
Name
Inducted members
Inducted by[11]

1986

Berry, ChuckChuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

Brown, JamesJames Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Charles, RayRay Charles

Quincy Jones[N2]

1986

Cooke, SamSam Cooke

Herb Alpert[N2]

1986

Domino, FatsFats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

Everly Brothers !The Everly Brothers
Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]
Neil Young[N2]

1986

Holly, BuddyBuddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Lewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Presley, ElvisElvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

Coasters !The Coasters
Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]
Lester Sill

1987

Cochran, EddieEddie Cochran

Mick Jones

1987

Diddley, BoBo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Franklin, ArethaAretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Gaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Haley, BillBill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

King, B.B.B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Nelson, RickyRicky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Orbison, RoyRoy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins

Sam Phillips[N3]

1987

Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Turner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner

Doc Pomus[N2]

1987

Waters, MuddyMuddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

Beach Boys !The Beach Boys
Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]
Elton John[N2]

1988

Beatles !The Beatles
George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]
Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

Drifters !The Drifters
Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]
Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Dylan, BobBob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

Supremes !The Supremes
Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]
Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion !Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Redding, OtisOtis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]
Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

Temptations !The Temptations
Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]
Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Ballard, HankHank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Darin, BobbyBobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

Four Seasons !The Four Seasons
Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]
Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops !Four Tops
Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]
Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

Kinks !The Kinks
Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]
Graham Nash[N2]

1990

Platters !The Platters
David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]
Phil Spector[N3]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]
James Taylor[N2]

1990

Who !The Who
Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]
Bono[N2]

1991

Baker, LaVernLaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

Byrds !The Byrds
Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]
Don Henley[N2]

1991

Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991
—
Impressions !The Impressions
Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]
Tracy Chapman

1991

Pickett, WilsonWilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Reed, JimmyJimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Turner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner
Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]
Phil Spector[N3]

1992

Bland, Bobby !Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]
Jim Stewart

1992

Cash, JohnnyJohnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

Isley Brothers !The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]
Little Richard[N3]

1992

Hendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience
Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]
Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave
Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]
Billy Joel[N2]

1992

Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]
The Edge[N2]

1993

Brown, RuthRuth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream
Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]
ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival
Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]
Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

Doors !The Doors
John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Lymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers
Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]
Boyz II Men

1993

James, EttaEtta James

k.d. lang

1993

Morrison, VanVan Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone
Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]
George Clinton[N2]

1994

Animals !The Animals
Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]
Dave Pirner

1994

Band !The Band
Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]
Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Eddy, DuaneDuane Eddy

Mick Jones

1994

Grateful Dead
Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]
Bruce Hornsby

1994

John, EltonElton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Marley, BobBob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Stewart, RodRod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

Allman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band
Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]
Willie Nelson

1995

Green, AlAl Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Joplin, JanisJanis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin
John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]
Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]
Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Young, NeilNeil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Zappa, FrankFrank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Knight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips
William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]
Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane
Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]
Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd
Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]
Billy Corgan

1996

Shirelles !The Shirelles
Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]
Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]
Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees
Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]
Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield
Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]
Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash
David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]
James Taylor[N2]

1997

Jackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5
Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]
Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic
Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]
Prince[N2]

1997

Rascals !The (Young) Rascals
Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]
Steven Van Zandt[N2]

1998

Eagles
Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]
Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac
Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]
Sheryl Crow

1998

Mamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]
Shania Twain

1998

Price, LloydLloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana
Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]
John Popper

1998

Vincent, GeneGene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Joel, BillyBilly Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Shannon, DelDel Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Springfield, DustyDusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

Staple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers
Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]
Lauryn Hill

2000

Clapton, EricEric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire
Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]
Lil Kim

2000

Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful
Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]
John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

Moonglows, TheThe Moonglows
Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]
Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

Taylor, JamesJames Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith
Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]
Kid Rock

2001

Burke, SolomonSolomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

Flamingos, TheThe Flamingos
Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]
Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen
John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Simon, PaulPaul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan
Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]
Moby

2001

Valens, RitchieRitchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Hayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Lee, BrendaBrenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Petty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]
Jakob Dylan

2002

Pitney, GeneGene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones
Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads
David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]
Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC
Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]
Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

Clash, TheThe Clash
Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]
The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Costello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions
Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]
Elton John[N3]

2003

Police, TheThe Police
Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]
Gwen Stefani

2003

Righteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers
Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]
Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Browne, JacksonJackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

Dells, TheThe Dells
Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]
Robert Townsend

2004

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Seger, BobBob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic
Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]
Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top
Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]
Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Guy, BuddyBuddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

O'Jays, TheThe O'Jays
Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]
Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders
Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]
Neil Young[N3]

2005

Sledge, PercyPercy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]
Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]
James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie
Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]
Shirley Manson

2006

Davis, MilesMiles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]
Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols
Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]
Jann Wenner[N3]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five
Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]
Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.
Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

Ronettes, TheThe Ronettes
Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]
Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Smith, PattiPatti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen
Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]
Velvet Revolver

2008

Clark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five
Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]
Tom Hanks

2008

Cohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

Mellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

Ventures, TheThe Ventures
Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]
John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Beck, JeffJeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials
Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica
Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]
Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC
Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]
Eminem

2009

Womack, BobbyBobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA
Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]
Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis
Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]
Trey Anastasio

2010

Cliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

Hollies, TheThe Hollies
Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]
Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2010

Stooges, TheThe Stooges
Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]
Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]
Rob Zombie

2011

Diamond, NeilNeil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Love, DarleneDarlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Waits, TomTom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys
Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]
Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012
—
Blue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]
Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Comets !The Comets[N1]
Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Crickets !The Crickets[N1]
Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

Famous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]
Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses
Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]
Green Day[N2]

2012
—
Midnighters !The Midnighters[N1]
Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Miracles !The Miracles[N1]
Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Nyro, LauraLaura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]
Chris Rock

2012
—
Small Faces/Faces
Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]
Steven Van Zandt

2013

Heart
Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]
Chris Cornell

2013

King, AlbertAlbert King

John Mayer

2013

Newman, RandyRandy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy
Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]
Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush
Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Summer, DonnaDonna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates
Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]
Questlove

2014

Kiss
Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]
Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana
Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]
Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Ronstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Stevens, CatCat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

Butterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]
Peter Wolf

2015

Jett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts
Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]
Miley Cyrus

2015

Reed, LouLou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day
Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]
Fall Out Boy

2015

Vaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble
Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]
John Mayer

2015

Withers, BillBill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick
Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]
Kid Rock

2016

Chicago
Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]
Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple
Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]
Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A
DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]
Kendrick Lamar

2016

Miller, SteveSteve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra
Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]
Dhani Harrison

2017

Baez, JoanJoan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey
Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]
Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam
Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]
David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes
Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]
Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi
Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]
Howard Stern

2018

The Cars
Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[128]
Brandon Flowers

2018

Dire Straits
Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[129]
John Illsley[N4]

2018

The Moody Blues
Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[130]
Ann Wilson[N3]

2018

Nina Simone

Mary J. Blige

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: ^ Note 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.[131]

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers

1986
Yancey, JimmyJimmy Yancey

1986
Johnson, RobertRobert Johnson

1987
Jordan, LouisLouis Jordan

1987
Walker, T-BoneT-Bone Walker

1987
Williams, HankHank Williams

1988
Guthrie, WoodyWoody Guthrie

1988
Lead Belly

1988
Les Paul

1989
Ink Spots !The Ink Spots[A]

1989
Smith, BessieBessie Smith

1989
Soul Stirrers !The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990
Christian, CharlieCharlie Christian

1990
Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong

1990
Rainey, MaMa Rainey

1991
Howlin' Wolf

1992
James, ElmoreElmore James

1992
Longhair, ProfessorProfessor Longhair

1993
Washington, DinahDinah Washington

1994
Dixon, WillieWillie Dixon

1995
Orioles, TheThe Orioles[C]

1996
Seeger, PetePete Seeger

1997
Jackson, MahaliaMahalia Jackson

1997
Monroe, BillBill Monroe

1998
Jelly Roll Morton

1999
Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999
Brown, CharlesCharles Brown

2000
Cole, Nat !Nat King Cole

2000
Holiday, BillieBillie Holiday

2009
Jackson, WandaWanda Jackson

2012
King, FreddieFreddie King[E]

2015
5 Royalses !The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018
Tharpe, Sister RosettaSister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[132]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[133]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[134]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[135]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[136]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[137] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[138]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Freed, AlanAlan Freed

1986
Phillips, SamSam Phillips

1987
Chess, LeonardLeonard Chess

1987
Ertegun, AhmetAhmet Ertegun

1987
Leiber !Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987
Wexler, JerryJerry Wexler

1988
Gordy, Jr., BerryBerry Gordy, Jr.

1989
Spector, PhilPhil Spector

1990
Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990
Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991
Bartholomew, DaveDave Bartholomew

1991
Bass, RalphRalph Bass

1992
Fender, LeoLeo Fender

1992
Graham, BillBill Graham

1992
Pomus, DocDoc Pomus

1993
Clark, DickDick Clark

1993
Gabler, MiltMilt Gabler

1994
Otis, JohnnyJohnny Otis

1995
Ackerman, PaulPaul Ackerman

1996
Donahue, TomTom Donahue

1997
Nathan, SydSyd Nathan

1998
Toussaint, AllenAllen Toussaint

1999
Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin

2000
Davis, CliveClive Davis

2001
Blackwell, ChrisChris Blackwell

2002
Stewart, JimJim Stewart

2003
Ostin, MoMo Ostin

2008
Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010
Geffen, DavidDavid Geffen

2010
Blackwell, OtisOtis Blackwell

2010
Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010
Shuman, MortMort Shuman

2010
Stone, JesseJesse Stone

2010
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011
Holzman, JacJac Holzman

2011
Rupe, ArtArt Rupe

2012
Kirshner, DonDon Kirshner

2013
Adler, LouLou Adler

2013
Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones

2014
Epstein, BrianBrian Epstein

2014
Andrew Loog Oldham

2016
Berns, BertBert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year
Name

2011
Russell, LeonLeon Russell

2012
Matassa, CosimoCosimo Matassa

2012
Dowd, TomTom Dowd

2012
Johns, GlynGlyn Johns

2014
E Street Band [G]

2015
Ringo Starr

2017
Nile Rodgers[139]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Singles[edit]

text: At the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt.[140] According to Van Zandt, the category is "a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock 'n' roll, kind of a rock 'n' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment."[140]

text:
Year
Artist
Song (Year)

2018
Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats
"Rocket 88" (1951)[141]

2018
Link Wray
"Rumble" (1958) [141]

2018
Chubby Checker
"The Twist" (1960)[141]

2018
The Kingsmen
"Louie Louie" (1963)[141]

2018
Procol Harum
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967)[141]

2018
Steppenwolf
"Born to Be Wild" (1968)[141]

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[142]

text:
Year
Name
Instrument

2000
Blaine, HalHal Blaine
Drums[143]

2000
Curtis, KingKing Curtis
Saxophone[144]

2000
Jamerson, JamesJames Jamerson
Bass guitar[145]

2000
Moore, ScottyScotty Moore
Guitar[146]

2000
Palmer, EarlEarl Palmer
Drums[147]

2001
Burton, JamesJames Burton
Guitar[148]

2001
Johnson, JohnnieJohnnie Johnson
Piano[149]

2002
Atkins, ChetChet Atkins
Guitar[150]

2003
Benjamin, BennyBenny Benjamin
Drums[151]

2003
Cramer, FloydFloyd Cramer
Piano[152]

2003
Douglas, SteveSteve Douglas
Saxophone[153]

2008
Walter, LittleLittle Walter
Harmonica[154]

2009
Black, BillBill Black
Bass guitar[155]

2009
Fontana, D. J.D. J. Fontana
Drums[156]

2009
Oldham, SpoonerSpooner Oldham
Keyboard[157]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond

1991
Ertegun, NesuhiNesuhi Ertegun

2004
Wenner, JannJann Wenner

2005
Barsalona, FrankFrank Barsalona

2005
Stein, SeymourSeymour Stein

2006
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds.[158] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010.

text: One inducted band was a spinoff of another inducted band: Journey was founded by two former members of Santana.

text: The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000).

text: The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name
First
Year
Second
Year
Third
Year

Beck, JeffJeff Beck
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
zzzzz !Solo career
2009
—
—

Carter, JohnnyJohnny Carter
Flamingos !The Flamingos
2001
Dells !The Dells
2004
—
—

Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Cream
1993
Solo career
2000

Crosby, DavidDavid Crosby
Byrds !The Byrds
1991
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel
Genesis !Genesis
2010
Solo career
2014
—
—

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
2004
—
—

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
Jackson Five !The Jackson Five
1997
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
—
—

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield
Impressions !The Impressions
1991
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter
zzzzz !Solo career
1987
Drifters !The Drifters
1988
—
—

Nash, GrahamGraham Nash
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
Hollies !The Hollies
2010
—
—

Page, JimmyJimmy Page
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Led Zeppelin
1995
—
—

Reed, LouLou Reed
Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
1996
zzzzz !Solo career
2015
—
—

Rolie, GreggGregg Rolie
Santana
1998
Journey
2017
—
—

Simon, PaulPaul Simon
Simon and Garfunkel
1990
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Starr, RingoRingo Starr
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career
2015
—
—

Stewart, RodRod Stewart
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
Faces
2012
—
—

Stills, StephenStephen Stills
Buffalo Springfield
1997
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Strain, Sammy !Sammy Strain
The O'Jays
2005
Little Anthony & The Imperials
2009
—
—

Wood, RonnieRonnie Wood
Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
1989
Faces
2012
—
—

Young, NeilNeil Young
zzzzz !Solo career
1995
Buffalo Springfield
1997
—
—


question_text: who is the cheif officer of the house

question_tokens: who is the cheif officer of the house

text:
This article is part of a series on the

United States House
of Representatives

History of the United States
House of Representatives

Members

Current members

(by seniority
by age
non-voting)

Former members

Hill committees

(DCCC
NRCC)

Congressional districts

Speaker of the United States
House of Representatives (list)

Party leaders
Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference

Politics and procedure

Committee of the Whole

Closed session (list)
Saxbe fix

Committees (list)
Procedures

Origination Clause
Quorum call

Unanimous consent
Salaries

Apportionment (Huntington–Hill method)

Redistricting
Gerrymandering

Articles of impeachment

Self-executing rule
Rules suspension

General ticket
Plural district

Places

United States Capitol

House office buildings

(Cannon
Ford
Longworth
Rayburn)

v
t
e

text: The Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives (CAO) is the chief administrative officer of the United States House of Representatives, charged with carrying out administrative functions for the House, including human resources, information resources, payroll, finance, procurement, and other business services.

text: Along with the other House officers, the Chief Administrative Officer is elected every two years when the House organizes for a new Congress. The majority and minority party conferences (the Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives and Republican Conference of the United States House of Representatives) nominate candidates for the House officer positions after the election of the Speaker of the House. The full House adopts a resolution to elect the officers, who will begin serving the Membership after they have taken the oath of office.

text: The office of the CAO was first created during the 104th Congress, which met from January 3, 1995 to January 3, 1997. It replaced the position of the Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives, which was abolished at the same time. Scot Faulkner of West Virginia served as the first CAO. During his tenure he led the reform of the scandal-plagued House financial system, abolished the Folding Room, and privatized Postal operations, printing, and shoe repair. Mr. Faulkner's office also implemented the first House Intranet (CyberCongress) and expanded digital camera coverage of the House Chamber and committee rooms. Faulkner's reform efforts are chronicled in the books "Naked Emperors" [Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. February 2008; ISBN 0-7425-5881-9] and "Inside Congress" [Pocket Books August 1998 ISBN 0-671-00386-0].

text: In 2007 then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) appointed Daniel P. Beard of Maryland as CAO. She tasked him to carrying out her Green the Capitol initiative, a move that would later prove not too popular with some Congressional Members. Beard also restructured divisions within CAO that handled such administrative functions as House payroll and benefits.[1][2]|-In July 2010 he handed the reins of the position over to Dan Strodel of Virginia, who prior to becoming CAO served as a senior adviser on the House Administration Committee. Strodel held the position until early 2014 when Ed Cassidy took over responsibilities. Cassidy retired from the position on December 31, 2015, and was replaced by Will Plaster. Plaster served as CAO until July 31, 2016. The current CAO, Phil Kiko, took office on August 1, 2016.

text: List of Chief Administrative Officers[edit]

text: This table represents those who have served as Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives. The table lists the CAO who began each Congress; Term of Service may end before the sitting Congress if they resigned early.

text:
United States Congress
Chief Administrative Officer
State or Territory
Term of Service

104th
Scot Faulkner
West Virginia
January 3, 1995 – January 3, 1997

105th
Jeff Trandahl
South Dakota
January 3, 1997 – January 3, 1999

106th
James M. Eagen, III
Maryland
January 3, 1999 – February 15, 2007

107th
Virginia

108th

109th

110th

111th
Daniel P. Beard
Maryland
February 15, 2007 – July 1, 2010

112th
Daniel J. Strodel
Virginia
July 15, 2010 – January 3, 2012

113th
Daniel J. Strodel
Virginia
January 3, 2012 – January 6, 2014

113th
Ed Cassidy
Virginia
January 6, 2014 – January 3, 2015

114th
Ed Cassidy
Virginia
January 3, 2015 – December 31, 2015

114th
Will Plaster
Virginia
January 1, 2016 – July 31, 2016

114th
Philip G. Kiko
Ohio
August 1, 2016 - January 3, 2017

115th
Philip G. Kiko
Ohio
January 3, 2017 - Present