document_title: The Kentucky Headhunters

question_text: who is the drummer for the kentucky headhunters

root

text: The Kentucky Headhunters

text: History[edit]

text: 1968–1982: Early years as Itchy Brother[edit]

text: Richard Young, his younger brother Fred, and their cousins Anthony Kenney and Greg Martin began performing music in the Youngs' and Kenney's hometown of Glasgow, Kentucky in the 1960s. They founded a band called Itchy Brother,[2] named after Fred's favorite cartoon character,[3] from King Leonardo and His Short Subjects. The band achieved regional success in Kentucky in the 1970s, including at least one single, "Shotgun Effie," which they wrote about the Youngs' grandmother, Effie.[4] It was released in 1973 on the King Fargo label. That same year, Greg Martin left the group to play in another band in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. In the meantime, guitarist James Harrison took his place. Martin returned to the group in 1976.[5]

tag: p

text: Itchy Brother was almost signed to Swan Song Records, an independent label founded by the band Led Zeppelin, in 1980. The label closed after Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham died, and Itchy Brother never recorded a full album on Swan Song.[6] Itchy Brother broke up in 1982. After their disbanding, Richard started writing songs for Acuff-Rose Music, and Fred became a backing musician for country singer Sylvia, who at the time was recording on RCA Records. Martin played bass guitar and sang backing vocals for Ronnie McDowell, then a recording artist for Curb Records, and Kenney stopped performing, although he continued to write songs with the Young brothers.[2]

text: 1986–1988: Reunion with new name[edit]

text: When Martin attempted to reunite Itchy Brother in 1985, the Young brothers joined him, but Kenney declined. Martin invited Missouri Bootheel native Doug Phelps,[7] also a member of McDowell's band, to replace Kenney, and Doug brought his older brother Ricky Lee to sing lead vocals and play harmonica.[1] The band decided to name themselves The Headhunters, taking the name from the term "headchopper," which blues musician Muddy Waters used to indicate that he had supplanted another band in a gig. After discovering that other bands existed with that name, the band added "Kentucky" to its name and thus became The Kentucky Headhunters.[3][8] The Kentucky Headhunters began performing together the following year, playing twice monthly on the 90-minute Chitlin' Show, a radio program on WLOC in Munfordville, Kentucky.[1]

text: 1989–1990: Debut album and early success[edit]

text: The Kentucky Headhunters borrowed $4,500[9] to record a demo album, which included seven original songs, plus covers of Bill Monroe's "Walk Softly on This Heart of Mine," Henson Cargill's "Skip a Rope" and Don Gibson's "Oh Lonesome Me."[9] Originally intended to be sold at the band's live shows, the demo tape came to the attention of the Nashville music community.[6] Although Martin said that the band had not seriously considered signing a record deal, the band pursued one through the suggestion of its manager, Mitchell Fox.[10] Harold Shedd, a record producer who was then the head of Mercury Records, helped sign The Kentucky Headhunters to the label in 1989.

text: Mercury released the demo in 1989 as The Kentucky Headhunters' debut album, Pickin' on Nashville. The album produced four singles, all of which reached top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. The first of these, the "Walk Softly on This Heart of Mine" cover, peaked at number 25 in December 1989.[11] After it came "Dumas Walker," about a then-74-year-old marbles player who owned a liquor store that the band frequented. According to Doug, Mercury Records was initially reluctant to release the song as a single: "[The label] thought it was too regional, and that no one outside the area would get it, but what they didn't see, was the reaction we got to it every night that we played it in front of a crowd, and it didn't matter where we were playing either."[8] The single peaked at number 15 on the Billboard chart.[11]

text: Following "Dumas Walker" was the "Oh Lonesome Me" cover; peaking at number eight, this was the band's only Top Ten hit. Finishing off the single releases was the number 23 "Rock 'n' Roll Angel",[11] which Richard wrote. Pickin' on Nashville also earned the band a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Best New Vocal Group award from the Academy of Country Music (ACM), and Album of the Year and Vocal Group of the Year awards from the Country Music Association (CMA).[12][13] In addition, it earned a double-platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping two million copies in the United States.[14] William Ruhlmann of Allmusic gave the album a four-and-a-half star rating out of five, saying that the band was "all the better" for having a sound closer to rock than country.[15] After the success of their debut album, The Kentucky Headhunters began touring with Hank Williams, Jr. and Delbert McClinton.[16]

text: 1991–1992: Second album and departure of the Phelps brothers[edit]

text: In 1991, the band released their second album, Electric Barnyard. Although the album earned a gold certification from the RIAA[14] and a second CMA award for Vocal Group of the Year, its singles received little airplay compared to the band's previous releases,[17] with none of the four singles reaching the top 40 on the U.S. country charts. The album's first single was a cover of "The Ballad of Davy Crockett," which was released on the 155th anniversary of Davy Crockett's death;[18] the single shipped to radio with promotional coonskin caps.[19] It spent eleven weeks on the charts and peaked at 49.[11] "With Body and Soul" was the next single released, peaking at number 30 on the Canadian RPM country charts but reaching number 56 in the United States.[11] The third and fourth singles were the original composition "It's Chitlin' Time" and a rendition of Waylon Jennings's "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line," at numbers 63 and 60 respectively.[11] Norman Greenbaum's 1969 single "Spirit in the Sky" was covered on this album as well.[3]

text: This album was met with mixed reception from critics. Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave it an A rating, saying that it "skillfully blends raw wit, the working-class energy of sweat-stained factory workers jamming between shifts, and musical styles as diverse as the corny Tennessee Ernie Ford and the creamy Eric Clapton."[20] Allmusic critic Brian Mansfield, who gave it three-and-a-half stars, called the band a "top-notch Southern rock band with a sense of humor," and said that the covers on Electric Barnyard were highlights, while the originals were "adequate, offbeat filler."[21] Randy Lewis of the Los Angeles Times called the band "ZZ Top lite" and said that most of the songs on the album had a "party-hearty sound."[22]

text: Later in 1991, The Kentucky Headhunters performed with Roy Rogers on the song "That's How the West Was Swung" from his Tribute album,[23] and covered Canned Heat's "Let's Work Together" for the soundtrack to the film Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man.[24] In addition, Martin played lead guitar for Canadian synthpop band Men Without Hats on its 1991 album Sideways[25] and filled in for Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd guitarist Ed King on that band's 1992 tour, as King was injured at the time.[26]

text: Ricky Lee and Doug departed in June 1992 due to creative differences. According to Richard, Ricky Lee's tenure as lead vocalist was "a bad time" for the band given his opposition to Richard's opinions, although Richard was still surprised to hear of the brothers' departure,[17] and said, "I tried everything I could to get them to stay."[27] Ricky Lee, meanwhile, said that he "was a country singer more than anything" and wanted to eliminate most of the band's hard rock sounds.[28] He and Doug then founded Brother Phelps, which had a more mainstream country sound than The Kentucky Headhunters did.[29] Brother Phelps released two albums for Asylum Records and charted in the country top 40 with "Let Go" and "Were You Really Livin' ," which peaked at number 6 and 28 respectively.[29]

text: 1992–1994: New line-up and lack of success[edit]

text: Kenney rejoined in 1992 as bass guitarist, and Charlotte, Michigan native Mark S. Orr took over on lead vocals.[17] The first album to feature Orr and Kenney, the more blues rock-oriented Rave On!!, was released in 1993.[1] Although the band drew attention by touring with then-labelmate Billy Ray Cyrus, Rave On!! sold poorly[3][28] and failed to produce a successful single among its three releases: "Honky Tonk Walkin' ," "Blue Moon of Kentucky" and "Dixie Fried," the latter two being covers of Bill Monroe and Carl Perkins, respectively. The album also included a cover of The Lovin' Spoonful's "My Gal".[30] "Honky Tonk Walkin'" and "Dixie Fried" respectively reached numbers 54 and 71 on the country charts,[11] while the "Blue Moon of Kentucky" cover did not chart.

text: Mansfield gave a two-star rating for Allmusic, where he wrote that the band had "devolved into a redneck boogie group."[30] Nash's review for Entertainment Weekly gave it a C- grade, and called it "warmed-over blues" that lacked the "outrageousness, wit, and brilliance that distinguished their earlier albums."[31] Steve Morse of The Boston Globe called it an "irresistible car-stereo album,"[32] and Rolling Stone critic John Swenson said that the album was more rock-oriented than its predecessors, also saying that it "sounds like a hell of a blueprint for a summer concert tour."[33]

text: The Orr-led lineup also recorded That'll Work, a collaborative album with Chuck Berry's pianist, Johnnie Johnson.[17] It was released later in 1993 via Nonesuch Records, and it comprised twelve songs which Johnson and the band wrote over the course of four days.[34] The album featured Johnson on piano, as well as lead vocals on the title track and one other song; Jimmy Hall of Wet Willie also played harmonica and saxophone, and sang backing vocals.[35] Thom Owens of Allmusic wrote of this album that "They certainly can work a heavy, bluesy groove with dexterity, but they lack the gonzo charm they had on their debut, Pickin' on Nashville  — there simply isn't the sense of careening fun, nor is there the reckless fusions that resulted in such an invigorating listen."[36] One year later, Mercury released a greatest hits package, The Best of The Kentucky Headhunters: Still Pickin'. It reprised singles and other songs from the band's first three albums, as well as "Let's Work Together" and a cover of The Beatles' "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away," which The Kentucky Headhunters had previously recorded on the 1994 tribute album Shared Vision: The Songs of the Beatles.[37] After Still Pickin', The Kentucky Headhunters left Mercury.[17]

text: 1995–2002: Reunion with Doug Phelps[edit]

text: Orr left The Kentucky Headhunters in August 1995 because he "was wantin' to do somethin' else," according to Richard.[38] Richard then called Doug and invited him to rejoin the band. As a result, Brother Phelps disbanded and Ricky Lee pursued a solo career.[38] In 1997, The Kentucky Headhunters signed to BNA Records to release its fourth non-collaborative studio album, Stompin' Grounds, with Doug on lead vocals. This album was also an unsuccessful venture, failing to enter the country albums charts and producing only a number 70-peaking cover of Marty Robbins' "Singing the Blues".[11][39] In order to promote the album, Richard suggested that the label send free copies to smaller-market radio stations, where the band's fanbase was still strong.[39] He also considered the album's original songs as the strongest that the band had ever written.[40] Brian Wahlert of Country Standard Time magazine wrote that it "may be the band's best album ever;"[41] Thom Owens gave the album two-and-a-half stars in his Allmusic review, where he wrote that the band "show[ed] a lack of imagination" and "sound[ed] considerably less energetic and exciting" than on the first two albums.[42]

text: Songs from the Grass String Ranch, the band's next album, was completed almost 18 months before its release. The band had consulted with 38 different independent labels before signing to Audium Entertainment, a branch of Koch Records (now E1 Music), which released the album in 2000.[39] Three months before its release, Richard suffered a heart attack, from which he soon recovered.[39] Because the "Singing the Blues" cover had been unsuccessful, the group decided to record entirely original songs for Songs from the Grass String Ranch. All five members co-wrote all of the songs, with assistance from Verlon Dale Grissom on four of them.[43] In addition, this album featured the Youngs on lead vocals for the first time: Fred on "Dry-Land Fish" and Richard on "Louisianna CoCo."[43] The title track was inspired by a nickname given to the Youngs' family farm.[39] "Too Much to Lose" was the album's first single, peaking at number 66 on Billboard country chart.[11] Richard considered this song an unusual single release because it was the band's first ballad.[39] Neither of the next two singles, "Louisianna CoCo" and "Love That Woman," appeared on the music charts. Giving it three stars out of five, Al Campbell of Allmusic said that it was "crowd-pleasing" but "nothing out of the ordinary."[44] An uncredited review in The Ledger, which gave the album two-and-a-half stars out of four, said that the up-tempo songs were "nothing very original[…]but lots of fun" but added that its ballads were "mushy and earnest."[45]

text: 2003–2006: Subsequent albums[edit]

text: Soul followed in 2003, also on Audium.[1] This album also featured Johnnie Johnson, as well as guest appearances by organist Reese Wynans (of Double Trouble), saxophone player Jim Horn, and a local musician named Robbie Bartlett,[2] who sang guest vocals on "Everyday People." It included the non-charting single "Lonely Nights" and a tribute song to Carl Perkins entitled "Last Night I Met Carl Perkins", as well as two covers: "I Still Wanna Be Your Man," originally recorded by Eddie Hinton, and "Have You Ever Loved a Woman?," a blues standard made famous by Eric Clapton.[46] This album received generally favorable reviews. Mark Deming gave a three-star rating for Allmusic, saying that the album's more rhythm and blues and soul-influenced sound worked well due to the blues influences present in Southern rock, although he added that the album retained the "big guitar bombast" of the band's previous works.[47] Matt Bjorke of About.com considered its sound a departure from the earlier albums, but added "it's not hard to see that the band fully enjoys what they are doing" and highlighted the presence of a horn section and Hammond B-3 organ on some tracks.[46] Ray Waddell of Billboard magazine considered Wynans' and Johnson's contributions "perfect fits", and noted that the album was "laid back" until the second half. His review also mentions the extended drum solo and "stone blues coda" of the closing track "What You See Is What You Get."[48]

text: In 2005, following the closure of Audium, the band signed to the CBuJ Entertainment label. Its first release for the label was Big Boss Man, an album composed entirely of cover songs.[1] This album was led off by its title track, a cover of the Jimmy Reed blues standard.[49] Also released from it were renditions of Roger Miller's "Chug-a-Lug" and Hank Williams' "Take These Chains from My Heart". The project was financed by Sony/ATV Music Publishing as a means of making extra money from older songs in the publishing company's catalog.[50] Richard helped select the songs for this album, which included three other Hank Williams covers,[50] as well as Bob Dylan's "Like a Rolling Stone," The Beatles' "I'm Down," and Patsy Cline's "Walkin' After Midnight," among others.[51] Despite saying that the album was "obviously aimed at longtime fans," Greg Prato of Allmusic gave it three-and-a-half stars, with his review making note of the "beefed-up" Patsy Cline and Hank Williams covers.[52] Ray Waddell of Billboard called the album "loose and rowdy," saying that the band "injected soul" into the Dylan cover and recorded an "intoxicating" version of "Chug-a-Lug," although he said that the "Hey Good Lookin'" cover was "heavy-handed."[53] Robert Woolridge gave a mostly-favorable review for Country Standard Time, citing "Chug-a-Lug" and "So Sad to See Good Love Go Bad" (originally by The Everly Brothers) as the most country-sounding. He also described three of the Hank Williams covers positively, but said that Phelps did not have a suitable vocal range for "I'm Down" and that his voice was monotonous on "Walkin' After Midnight."[54]

text: 2007–present: Flying Under the Radar, Dixie Lullabies, and Meet Me in Bluesland[edit]

text: One year later, CBuJ Entertainment released the compilation Flying Under the Radar, which comprised selections from Songs from the Grass String Ranch, Soul and Big Boss Man, as well as two new songs and a remix of "Chug-a-Lug."[49] Kenney left the band around 2008 to take a job as the technical director of a theatre in Glasgow, Kentucky,[55] and Doug has since taken over on bass guitar. To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of Pickin' on Nashville, the band released a live album entitled Authorized Bootleg: Live – Agara Ballroom – Cleveland, Ohio.[56] It was followed in October 2011 by Dixie Lullabies on the Red Dirt label, which the band recorded at the Practice House after touring with Jamey Johnson.[57] William Ruhlmann gave this album a positive review, comparing the sound to The Rolling Stones and ZZ Top.[58]

text: In April 2015, the band released another collaborative album with Johnson entitled Meet Me in Bluesland, via Alligator Records. It was originally recorded in 2003 during the sessions for Soul.[59][60] On Safari came in 2016. This album features several songs that the band had written years prior, including "Crazy Jim", which like "Dumas Walker" was inspired by a local man that the band members knew; "Governor's Cup", the band's first ever instrumental track; and a cover of Alice Cooper's "Caught in a Dream".[61]

text: Work with other artists[edit]

text: The band's members have also participated in several projects involving other artists. Richard Young co-produced some tracks on Flynnville Train's self-titled debut album, which was released on September 11, 2007 by Show Dog Nashville, a label owned by Toby Keith (now part of Show Dog-Universal Music).[62] This album includes the song "Truck Stop in the Sky," which Richard and Fred co-wrote with two of Flynnville Train's members, brothers Brent Flynn and David Flynn.[63] Also in 2007, Greg Martin released a gospel rock album called The Mighty Jeremiahs as a side project. The album features Jimmy Hall and Jeff Beck, plus appearances by members of The Kentucky Headhunters, Phil Keaggy, Darrell Mansfield (for whom Martin has previously played), and others.[64][65] Martin also played for Hall on his 2007 album Build Your Own Fire, a tribute album to Eddie Hinton.[66] In 2009, Martin began a side project called Rufus Huff with Chris Hardesty, Dean Smith, and Jarrod England. This side project released an album via Zoho Music in April 2009.[67][68]

text: Richard, along with Stan Webb and former MCA Nashville Records artist Marty Brown, wrote Tracy Byrd's 1998 single "I'm from the Country." Brown and the band also recorded the song's demo version.[69] Richard's son, John Fred Young, plays drums in the rock band Black Stone Cherry. The band practices at the same farm house where The Kentucky Headhunters once rehearsed.[70]

text: Musical styles[edit]

text: The band's sound is influenced by country music, blues, Southern rock, and heavy metal,[1][6][71] and has been described as "guitar-heavy, rambunctious music."[15] Lead singer Doug Phelps' voice has been described as "alternately suggest[ing] Count Basie's storied blues shouter Jimmy Rushing and the laid-back cool of Eagle Glenn Frey."[72] The band's combination of styles is most notable in its cover song choices on early albums. All three Mercury albums contain a Bill Monroe cover, and other covers on these albums include Waylon Jennings, Carl Perkins, Norman Greenbaum and The Lovin' Spoonful.[3][30] Soul showcased the band's blues and R&B influences through its use of Hammond organ and a horn section.[73][74] The band's original compositions, such as "Dumas Walker" and the title track to Songs from the Grass String Ranch, often develop a regional theme.[8]

text: At its peak in the early 1990s, The Kentucky Headhunters were considered a dark horse in country music, due to the significant mainstream attention that the band received despite their rougher sound and the members' rural Southern image.[10][75] In 1991, Entertainment Weekly critic Alanna Nash wrote that although the band did not sell as many albums as contemporaries George Strait or Garth Brooks, "they may just end up redefining country for the '90s" given the diverse range of influences and styles.[20] Billboard critic Ray Waddell called the band "arguably the most consistent and durable Southern rock outfit on the planet."[53]

text: Band members[edit]

text:
Greg Martin – lead guitar, background vocals (1968-1973, 1976–1982, 1986–present)
Doug Phelps – bass guitar, background vocals (1986–1992, 2008–present); lead vocals (1995–present); rhythm guitar (1995–2008)
Fred Young – drums, background vocals (1968–1982, 1986–present)
Richard Young – rhythm guitar, lead and background vocals (1968–1982, 1986–present)

tag: ul

text:
James Harrison - lead guitar (1973-1976)
Anthony Kenney – bass guitar, harmonica, background vocals (1968–1982, 1992–2008)
Mark S. Orr – lead vocals (1992–1995)
Ricky Lee Phelps – lead vocals, harmonica (1986–1992)

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Pickin' on Nashville (1989)
Electric Barnyard (1991)
Rave On!! (1993)
That'll Work (with Johnnie Johnson) (1993)
Stompin' Grounds (1997)
Songs from the Grass String Ranch (2000)
Soul (2003)
Big Boss Man (2005)
Dixie Lullabies (2011)
Meet Me in Bluesland (with Johnnie Johnson) (2015)
On Safari (2016)

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Association

Category

Result

1989

Academy of Country Music

Top New Vocal Duo or Group

Won

1990

Country Music Association

Album of the Year — Pickin' on Nashville[12]

Won

Vocal Group of the Year[12]

Won

Grammy Awards

Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal — Pickin' on Nashville[76]

Won

1991

Country Music Association

Vocal Group of the Year[12]

Won

tag: table


document_title: Holy of Holies

question_text: who was allowed in the most holy place

question_tokens: who was allowed in the most holy place

text: Holy of Holies

text: Hebrew terminology and translation[edit]

text: The construction "Holy of Holies" is a literal translation of a Hebrew idiom which is intended to express a superlative. Examples of similar constructions are "servant of servants" (Gen 9:25), "Sabbath of sabbaths" (Ex 31:15), "God of gods" (Deut 10:17), "Vanity of vanities" (Eccl 1:2), "Song of songs" (Song of Songs 1:1), "king of kings" (Ezra 7:12), etc.

text: In the Authorized King James Version, "Holy of Holies" is always translated as "Most Holy Place". This is in keeping with the intention of the Hebrew idiom to express the utmost degree of holiness. The King James Version of the Bible has been in existence for over four hundred years. For most of that time, it was a primary reference in much of the English speaking world for information about Judaism. Thus, the name "Most Holy Place" was used to refer to the "Holy of Holies" in many English documents.

text: A related term is the debir (דְּבִיר) transliterated in the Septuagint as dabir (δαβιρ),[1] which either means the back (i.e. western) part of the Sanctuary,[2] or derives from the verb stem D-V-R, "to speak", justifying the translation in the Latin Vulgate as oraculum, from which the traditional English translation "oracle" (KJV, 1611) derives.[3]

text: Ancient Israel[edit]

text: Tabernacle[edit]

text: The Holy of Holies was covered by a veil, and no one was allowed to enter except the High Priest, and even he could only enter once a year on Yom Kippur (the day of atonement), to offer the blood of sacrifice and incense before the mercy seat. The Bible reports that in the wilderness, on the day that the tabernacle was first raised up, the cloud of the Lord covered the tabernacle (Exodus 40:33-40:34). There are other times that this was recorded, and instructions were given that the Lord would appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat (kapporet), and at that time the priests should not enter into the tabernacle (Leviticus 16:2). According to the Hebrew Bible, the Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant with representation of Cherubim. Upon completion of the dedication of the Tabernacle, the Voice of God spoke to Moses "from between the Cherubim" (Numbers 7:89).

text: The area could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur after sanctifying himself

text: Solomon's Temple[edit]

text: The Holy of Holies, the most sacred site in Judaism, is the inner sanctuary within the Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem when Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple were standing. The Holy of Holies was located in the westernmost end of the Temple building, being a perfect cube: 20 cubits by 20 cubits by 20 cubits. The inside was in total darkness and contained the Ark of the Covenant, gilded inside and out, in which was placed the Tablets of the Covenant. According to Hebrews 9:4 in the New Testament, Aaron's rod and a pot of manna were also in the ark. The Ark was covered with a lid made of pure gold, known as the "mercy seat" (Exodus 37:6) which was covered by the beaten gold cherubim wings. Creating the space for the Divine Presence.[citation needed]

text: Second Temple[edit]

text: When the Temple was rebuilt after the Babylonian captivity, the Ark was no longer present in the Holy of Holies; instead, a portion of the floor was raised slightly to indicate the place where it had stood. Josephus records that Pompey profaned the Temple by insisting on entering the Holy of Holies in 63 BCE.

text: Day of Atonement[edit]

text: The Holy of Holies was entered once a year by the High Priest on the Day of Atonement, to sprinkle the blood of sacrificial animals (a bull offered as atonement for the Priest and his household, and a goat offered as atonement for the people) and offer incense upon the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat which sat on top of the ark in the First Temple (the Second Temple had no ark and the blood was sprinkled where the Ark would have been and the incense was left on the Foundation Stone). The animal was sacrificed on the Brazen Altar and the blood was carried into the most holy place. The golden censers were also found in the Most Holy Place.

text: Instructions for the Tabernacle[edit]

text: According to the Hebrew Bible, in order that God may dwell among the Israelites, God gave Moses instructions for erecting a sanctuary. The directions provide for:

text:
A wooden ark, gilded inside and outside, for the Tablets of the Covenant, with a pure gold cover as the "mercy seat" for the Divine Presence;
A gilt table for the "Table of Showbread", on which loaves of bread were arranged;
A golden menorah, lampstand of 7 oil lamps for a light never to be extinguished;
The dwelling, including the curtains for the roof, the walls made of boards resting on silver feet and held together by wooden bolts, the purple curtain veiling the Holy of Holies, the table and candlestick, and the outer curtain;
A sacrificial altar made of bronzed boards for its korban/sacrifice;
The outer court formed by pillars resting on bronze pedestals and connected by hooks and crossbars of silver, with embroidered curtains;
Recipe and preparation of the oil for the Lampstand.

tag: ol

text: In ancient Judaism[edit]

text: The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Holy of Holies carved before the destruction of the Temple in the year 70.[4]

text: In Rabbinical Judaism[edit]

text: Traditional Judaism regards the location where the inner sanctuary was originally located, on the Temple Mount in Mount Moriah, as retaining some or all of its original sanctity for use in a future Third Temple. The exact location of the Kodesh Hakodashim[under discussion] is a subject of dispute.

text: Traditional Judaism regards the Holy of Holies as the place where the presence of God dwells. The Talmud gives detailed descriptions of Temple architecture and layout. According to the Babylonian Talmud Tractate Yoma, the Kodesh Hakodashim is located in the center North-South but significantly to the West from an East–West perspective, with all the major courtyards and functional areas lying to its east.

text: The Talmud supplies additional details, and describes the ritual performed by the High Priest. During the ritual, the High Priest would pronounce the Tetragrammaton, the only point according to traditional Judaism that it was pronounced out loud. According to Jewish tradition, the people prostrated themselves fully on the ground when it was said. According to the Talmud, the High Priest's face upon exit from the Holy of Holies was radiant.[citation needed]

text: While under normal circumstances, access to the Holy of Holies was restricted to the High Priest and only on Yom Kippur, the Talmud suggests that repair crews were allowed inside as needed but were lowered from the upper portion of the room via enclosures so that they only saw the area they were to work on.[5][6]

text: Synagogue architecture[edit]

text: Judaism regards the Torah ark, a place in a synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept, as a miniature Holy of Holies.

text: Modern location[edit]

text: At present it is conjectured that it is located under the Dome of the Rock which stands on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, though the exact location of the Most Holy Place is not known with absolute certainty. Most Orthodox Jews today completely avoid climbing up to Temple Mount, to prevent them from accidentally stepping on the Most Holy Place or any sanctified areas. A few Orthodox Jewish authorities, following the opinion of the medieval scholar Maimonides, permit Jews to visit parts of the Temple Mount known not to be anywhere near any of the sanctified areas. Orthodox Jewish visitors to the Temple Mount, who come especially from those groups associated with the Temple Institute and its efforts to rebuild a Temple, seek to conform to the minimal requirements for coming near the Temple, such as immersing in a mikvah ("collection of water"), not coming during or following menstruation or immediately following a seminal emission, not showing their back towards its presumed location, and other strictures.

text: To avoid religious conflict, Jewish visitors caught praying or bringing ritual objects are usually expelled from the area by police.[7]

text: Christianity[edit]

text: New Testament[edit]

text: The Greek New Testament retains the pre-Christian Septuagint phrase "Holy of the Holies" hágion (sg n) tōn hagíōn (ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων)[8] without the definite article as "Holies of Holies" hágia (pl n) hagíōn (ἅγια ἁγίων)[9] in Hebrews 9:3. In the Vulgate, these are rendered as sanctum sanctorum and sancta sanctorum, respectively.

text: Christian traditions[edit]

text: This section needs expansion with: Seventh-Day Adventists. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)

text: Certain branches of Christianity, including the Eastern Orthodox Church,[citation needed] and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church continue to have a tradition of a Holy of Holies which they regard as a most sacred site. The ciborium, a permanent canopy over the altar in some churches, once surrounded by curtains at points in the liturgy, symbolizes the Holy of Holies.

text: Eastern Orthodox Church[edit]

text: The Greek phrase refers to the Tabernacle or Temple. The name in Greek for the Sanctuary of a Church is Ἱερόν Βῆμα (Hieron Vema, see Bema#Christianity), in Russian it is called Святой Алтарь (Svyatoy Altar), and in Romanian it is called Sfântul Altar.

text: Ethiopian Orthodox Church[edit]

text: A cognate term in Ge'ez is found in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: Qidduse Qiddusan, referring to the innermost sanctuary of an Orthodox Christian church, where the tabot is kept and only clergy may enter. This is also called the "Bete Mekdes. Every Ethiopian Orthodox Church has one, and it is covered with a Curtain. There are Three ways to enter (most of the time) and those three doors are also a way to reveal the Holy Trinity. In the middle there is always an Altar where the Church's Tabot is kept. There can be as many altars as the number of Tabots."[10]

text: Malabar Nasrani tradition[edit]

text: The Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Nasrani or Syrian Christians) from Kerala, South India still follow much Jewish Christian tradition.[11] In Nasrani tradition the Holy of Holies is kept veiled for much of the time. The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar. It is unveiled only during the central part of the main Nasrani ritual. The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana (derived from the Syriac word "Qurobo" meaning "sacrifice").[11]

text: Roman Catholic Church[edit]

text: The Latin Vulgate Bible translates Qṓḏeš HaqQŏḏāšîm as Sanctum sanctorum (Ex 26:34). Reproducing in Latin the Hebrew construction, the expression is used as a superlative of the neuter adjective sanctum, to mean "a thing most holy". It is used by Roman Catholics to refer to holy objects beyond the Holy of Holies, particularly in religious feast day processions in Southern Germany.

text: The Vulgate also refers to the Holy of Holies with the plural form Sancta sanctorum (2 Chr 5:7), arguably a synecdoche referring to the holy objects hosted there. This form is also used more broadly in Catholic tradition with reference to sanctuaries other than the Temple in Jerusalem. A notable example is for the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Palatio ad Sancta Sanctorum, a chapel in the complex of St John Lateran in Rome.

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) contains a Holy of Holies wherein the church's president—acting as the Presiding High Priest—enters to fulfill the relationship between the High Priest of Israel and God in accordance with the LDS interpretation of the Book of Exodus (Exodus 25:22) and Mormon religious texts.


document_title: Six Nations Championship

question_text: how many times has scotland won the six nations

text: Six Nations Championship

text: History and expansion[edit]

text: The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the four Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament was expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.

text: Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, there were calls by Octavian Morariu, the president of Rugby Union's governing body for promotion and development, to let Georgia and Romania join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the European Nations Cup and ability to compete in the Rugby World Cup.[2][3]

text: Format[edit]

text: Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once (making a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Prior to the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions the bonus point system has not previously been used.

text: On 30 November 2016, the 6 Nations Committee announced that the bonus point system will be trialled for the 2017 Championship. The system is similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer), with the only difference being that a Grand Slam winner will be given 3 extra points to ensure they finish top of the table.

text: Prior to 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.[4] To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.

text: Also, the team that finishes at the bottom of the league table is said to have "won" the Wooden Spoon, although no actual trophy is given to the team. A team that has lost all five matches is said to have been whitewashed. Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided the Wooden Spoon award. Italy are the holders of the most Wooden Spoon awards in the Six Nations era with eleven, and have been whitewashed six times. However, each of the other five nations has accumulated more than that through competing in previous eras.

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Championship Trophy[edit]

text: The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[5] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.

text: It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternate finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.

text: A new trophy was introduced for the 2015 Championship.[6] The new trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy, and coincidentally, the first team to win the new one.[7]

text: Grand Slam and Triple Crown[edit]

text: A team that wins all its games wins the 'Grand Slam'.

text: Victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations is a 'Triple Crown'. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, it was not until 2006 that a physical Triple Crown trophy was awarded.

text: The Triple Crown may only be won by England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others, during the Six Nations Championship. The Triple Crown honour has long been a feature of the tournament, dating back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006. The current holder of the Triple Crown is Ireland, who defeated England, Scotland, and Wales in the 2018 championship. For the 2006 Six Nations, the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned Hamilton & Inches to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won three times by Ireland and twice by England and Wales.

text: Rivalry trophies[edit]

text: Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. The oldest such regular competition is for the Calcutta Cup, contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879. It is named the Calcutta Cup as it is made from melted-down Indian Rupees donated by the Calcutta Club. Since 1988, the Millennium Trophy has been awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland, and since 1989 the Centenary Quaich has been awarded to the winner of the game between Ireland and Scotland. Since 2007, France and Italy have contested the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy; it was created for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian hero who helped unify Italy and volunteered in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: The following trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams:

text: Calcutta Cup – contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879.[8]

text: Millennium Trophy – contested annually between England and Ireland since 1988, presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988.[9]

text: Centenary Quaich – contested annually between Ireland and Scotland since 1989.[10][11][12]

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy – contested annually between France and Italy since 2007, in memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader in the unification of Italy and volunteer in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: Auld Alliance Trophy – contested annually between France and Scotland since 2018, in memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France[13].

text: Venues[edit]

text: As of the 2018 competition, Six Nations matches are held in the following stadia:

text:
Team
Stadium
Capacity

England
Twickenham Stadium
82,000

France
Stade de France
81,338

Stade Vélodrome
67,394

Wales
Principality Stadium
74,500

Italy
Stadio Olimpico
72,698

Scotland
Murrayfield Stadium
67,144

Ireland
Aviva Stadium
51,700

text: The opening of the Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, to use the GAA's flagship stadium, Croke Park, for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at Lansdowne Road; the Aviva was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During the construction of the Aviva, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.

text: In 2012 Italy moved their home games from the Stadio Flaminio, which only held 32,000, to the Stadio Olimpico, also in Rome, with a capacity of 72,000.

text: The French Rugby Federation (FFR) had planned to build a new stadium of its own, seating 82,000 in the southern suburbs of Paris,[14] because of frustrations with their tenancy of the Stade de France.[15] However the project was cancelled in December 2016.[16]

text: Results[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
England

France

Ireland

Italy

Scotland

Wales

Tournaments
122
88
124
19
124
124

Outright Wins (Shared Wins)

Home Nations
5 (4)
NA
4 (4)
NA
10 (3)
7 (4)

Five Nations
17 (6)
12 (8)
6 (5)
NA
5 (6)
15 (8)

Six Nations
6
5
4
0
0
4

Overall
28 (10)
17 (8)
14 (9)
0 (0)
15 (9)
26 (12)

Grand Slams

Home Nations
0
NA
0
NA
0
2

Five Nations
11
6
1
NA
3
6

Six Nations
2
3
2
0
0
3

Overall
13
9
3
0
3
11

Triple Crowns

Home Nations
5
NA
2
NA
7
6

Five Nations
16
NA
4
NA
3
11

Six Nations
4
NA
5
NA
0
3

Overall
25
NA
11
NA
10
20

Wooden Spoons

Home Nations
11
NA
15
NA
8
8

Five Nations
14
17
21
NA
21
12

Six Nations
0
1
0
13
4
1

Overall
25
18
36
13
33
21

text: Home Nations (1883–1909)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1883
 England
Not contested
 England
 England

1884
 England
 England
 England

1885
Not completed
Not completed

1886
 England and  Scotland
–
–

1887
 Scotland
–
–

1888
 Ireland,  Scotland and  Wales
England didn't participate

1889
 Scotland
England didn't participate

1890
 England and  Scotland
–
 England

1891
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1892
 England
 England
 England

1893
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1894
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1895
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1896
 Ireland
–
 Scotland

1897
Not completed
Not completed
 England

1898
Not completed
Not completed
–

1899
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1900
 Wales
 Wales
–

1901
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1902
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1903
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1904
 Scotland
–
 Scotland

1905
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1906
 Ireland and  Wales
–
 England

1907
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1908
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1909
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

text: Five Nations (1910–1931)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1910
 England
–
–
 England

1911
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1912
 Ireland and  England
–
–
 Scotland

1913
 England
 England
 England
 England

1914
 England
 England
 England
 England

1915–19
Not held due to World War I

1920
 Scotland,  Wales and  England
–
–
 England

1921
 England
 England
 England
 England

1922
 Wales
–
–
 England

1923
 England
 England
 England
 England

1924
 England
 England
 England
 England

1925
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1926
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1927
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1928
 England
 England
 England
 England

1929
 Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1930
 England
–
–
–

1931
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

text: Home Nations (1932–1939)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1932
 England,  Ireland and  Wales
–
–
 England

1933
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1934
 England
–
 England
 England

1935
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1936
 Wales
–
–
 England

1937
 England
–
 England
 England

1938
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1939
 England,  Ireland,  Wales
–
–
 England

text: Five Nations (1940–1999)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium Trophy
Centenary Quaich

1940–46
Not held due to World War II
Not contested

1947
 England and  Wales
–
–
 England

1948
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1949
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1950
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1951
 Ireland
–
–
 England

1952
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1953
 England
–
–
 England

1954
 England,  France and  Wales

 England
 England

1955
 France and  Wales
–
–
 England

1956
 Wales
–
–
 England

1957
 England
 England
 England
 England

1958
 England
–
–
–

1959
 France
–
–
–

1960
 England and  France
–
 England
 England

1961
 France
–
–
 England

1962
 France
–
–
–

1963
 England
–
–
 England

1964
 Scotland and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1965
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1966
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1967
 France
–
–
 England

1968
 France
 France
–
 England

1969
 Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1970
 France and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1971
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1972
Not completed
 Scotland

1973
 England,  France,  Ireland,
 Scotland,  Wales
–
–
 England

1974
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1975
 Wales
–
–
 England

1976
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1977
 France
 France
 Wales
 England

1978
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1979
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1980
 England
 England
 England
 England

1981
 France
 France
–
 England

1982
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
–

1983
 France and  Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1984
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1985
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1986
 France and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1987
 France
 France
–
 England

1988
 France and  Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1989
 France
–
–
–
 England
 Scotland

1990
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 England
 Scotland

1991
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1992
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1993
 France
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland

1994
 Wales
–
–
 England
 Ireland
–

1995
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1996
 England
–
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1997
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1998
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1999
 Scotland
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland

text: Six Nations (2000–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium
Trophy
Centenary
Quaich
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Trophy
Auld Alliance
Trophy
Wooden Spoon

2000
 England
–
–
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
Not contested
Not contested
 Italy

2001
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Italy

2002
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Italy

2003
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Wales

2004
 France
 France
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

2005
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2006
 France
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2007
 France
–
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2008
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2009
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2010
 France
 France
–
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2011
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy
 Italy

2012
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2013
 Wales
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland
 Italy
 France

2014
 Ireland
–
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2015
 Ireland
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2016
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2017
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2018
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland
 Italy

text: Titles and awards[edit]

text:
Grand Slams and Triple Crowns

Nation
Grand Slams
Last Grand Slam
Triple Crowns
Last Triple Crown

 England
13
2016
25
2016

 Wales
11
2012
20
2012

 France
9
2010
N/A
N/A

 Ireland
3
2018
11
2018

 Scotland
3
1990
10
1990

 Italy
0
—
N/A
N/A

text:
Wooden Spoon winners (last place)

Team
Wooden Spoons
Years awarded

 Italy
13
2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

 Scotland
4
2004, 2007, 2012, 2015

 Wales
1
2003

 France
1
2013

 England
0

 Ireland
0

text: Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.

text:
Player of the tournament winners

Year
Winner

2004
 Gordon D'Arcy

2005
 Martyn Williams

2006
 Brian O'Driscoll

2007
 Brian O'Driscoll

2008
 Shane Williams

2009
 Brian O'Driscoll

2010
 Tommy Bowe

2011
 Andrea Masi

2012
 Dan Lydiate

2013
 Leigh Halfpenny

2014
 Mike Brown

2015
 Paul O'Connell

2016
 Stuart Hogg

2017
 Stuart Hogg

2018
 Jacob Stockdale

text: Records[edit]

text: England's Jonny Wilkinson currently holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001). Ronan O'Gara of Ireland holds the career scoring record with 557 points to Wilkinson's 546, having surpassed Wilkinson in Round 3 of the 2011 championship.

text: The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[17] England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26.

text: The record for appearances is held by O'Gara, with 63 Six Nations appearances from the start of the Six Nations era in 2000 to his retirement in 2013. He surpassed countryman Mike Gibson in the first round of the 2012 tournament against Wales. Gibson played in 56 Five Nations matches (Italy had not become part of the Championship yet) between 1964 and 1979.[17]

text: The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.[17] Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.

text: Administration and television contracts[edit]

text: The Championship is run from headquarters in Dublin, Ireland by Six Nations Rugby Ltd,[18] which also takes responsibility for the British and Irish Lions tours. The CEO of the Championship is John Feehan, a former Leinster player.

text: The BBC has long covered the tournament, broadcasting all matches apart from England home matches between 1997 and 2002, which were shown live by Sky Sports with highlights on the BBC.[19] Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two. In 2011, it was announced that the BBC's coverage of the tournament on TV, radio and online would be extended to 2017.[20] However, on 9 July 2015, in reaction to satellite pay-TV bids from Sky Sports and BT Sport for coverage from 2017, BBC agreed to lose exclusive rights to the tournament two years early. But from 2016, BBC and ITV would jointly broadcast the tournament in the UK, with BBC showing all France, Scotland and Wales home matches live, and ITV showing all England, Ireland and Italy home matches live.[21] This means that the Six Nations will remain on free-to-air television in the UK until 2021.

text: In Ireland, RTÉ have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while TG4 televised highlights. However in late 2015 it was announced that free to air rival TV3 would take over the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish Television from 2018–2021, so that after the 2017 championship RTÉ lost the rights.[22]

text: France Télévisions covered the competition in France; this lasted until 2017.

text: In Italy, from 2014 to 2017 DMAX of Discovery Communications broadcast all matches, and will do so until 2021.

text: In the United States, NBC Sports broadcasts matches in English and TV5 Monde airs matches in French.[23] In Wales, S4C also broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team shown by the BBC in Welsh.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Until 1998, the Championship had no title sponsor. Sponsorship rights were sold to Lloyds TSB for the 1999 tournament and the competition was titled the Lloyds TSB 5 Nations and Lloyds TSB 6 Nations until 2003.[24]

text: The Royal Bank of Scotland Group took over sponsorship from 2004 until 2017, with the competition being branded the RBS 6 Nations. A new title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.[25] However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a one-year extension with the Royal Bank of Scotland Group at a reduced rate. As the RBS initials brand was being phased out, the tournament was named for their banking arm NatWest, becoming the Natwest 6 Nations.[26]


document_title: Windows Movie Maker

question_text: windows movie maker what files does it support

text: Windows Movie Maker

text: History[edit]

text: Initial releases[edit]

text: The first release of Windows Movie Maker was included with Windows ME on September 14, 2000.

text: Version 1.1 was included in Windows XP a year later, and included support for creating DV AVI and WMV 8 files. Version 2.0 was released as a free update in November 2002, and added a number of new features. Version 2.1, a minor update, is included in Windows XP Service Pack 2. The Movie Maker in Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 had more transitions and support for DVD burning.

text: Windows Vista[edit]

text: The next version of Movie Maker was released as part of Windows Vista and – like most Windows components – reported version number 6.0.6000, same as Windows Vista itself. It included new effects and transitions, support for playback on the Xbox 360,[5] and support for the DVR-MS file format that Windows Media Centre records television in. The HD version in Premium and Ultimate editions of Windows Vista also added support for capturing from HDV camcorders. The capture wizard also created DVR-MS type files from HDV tapes. However, the Windows Vista version of Windows Movie Maker removed support for importing video from an analog video source such as an analog camcorder, VCR or from a webcam.[6]

text: As some older systems might not be able to run the new version of Windows Movie Maker, Microsoft also released an updated older version 2.6 for Windows Vista on Microsoft Download Centre. This version included the old effects and transitions, and is basically the same as Windows Movie Maker 2.1, but without the ability to capture video. Installation requires Windows Vista and is only intended for use on computers where the hardware accelerated version cannot be run.[7]

text: A Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) version of Windows Movie Maker was also included in some development builds of Vista (at the time codenamed "Longhorn"), but was removed in the development reset in August 2004.[8] After the development reset, the interface for the WPF-based Windows Movie Maker was retained in Windows Vista.

text: Windows Live[edit]

text: A new version of the software, renamed Windows Live Movie Maker 2009, was released as a beta on September 17, 2008, and officially released as a standalone product through Windows Live Essentials suite on August 19, 2009. This was effectively a completely new software, as it could not read projects created by earlier versions and did not support custom XML transitions written for the previous versions. In addition, a great many features were removed.

text: Also, Movie Maker's interface was redesigned in the Windows Live version to use a ribbon toolbar similar to Office 2007; it also added features such as "Auto Movie" and the ability to export videos directly to DVDs and YouTube.[9] Certain advanced features were also removed from the software, such as image stabilisation and the ability to record voice-overs.[10]

text: Movie Maker 2009 supported both Windows Vista and Windows 7. As the previous version of Windows Movie Maker was no longer included with the operating system, the only way to obtain Movie Maker on Windows 7 and later was through the Windows Live Essentials suite,[4][11] although some manufacturers pre-installed the application on new PCs.

text: An updated version, Windows Live Movie Maker 2011, was released on August 17, 2010, adding features such as webcam capture, support for high-definition video, the ability to upload videos directly to SkyDrive and Facebook, and the ability to add media files stored on network shares to projects.[10]

text: With the discontinuation of the Windows Live brand (and the re-branding of the Windows Live suite as Windows Essentials), Windows Movie Maker 2012 was released in April 2012. Support for recording voice-overs was restored, along with an audio mixer and integration with several free stock music services. H.264/MP4 became the default export format (replacing Windows Media Video, but still can be used), support for uploading to Vimeo was introduced, and hardware accelerated video stabilisation was also added as an exclusive feature for Windows 8 users.[12]

text: Discontinuation and replacement[edit]

text: Movie Maker was officially removed for download on January 10, 2017. Like other Windows Essentials apps, Movie Maker is now replaced by Windows Story Remix in Windows 10's Photos App.[13]

text: Layout[edit]

text: The layout consists of a storyboard view and a timeline view, collections for organizing imported video, and a preview pane. When in Storyboard view, the video project appears as a film strip showing each scene in clips. The storyboard/timeline consists of one 'Video' (with accompanying 'Audio' bar), one 'Music/Audio' bar, and one 'Titles/Credits' bar. In each bar, clips can be added for editing (e.g., a .WAV music file will belong on the 'Music/Audio' bar). Still images can also be imported into the timeline and "stretched" to any desired number of frames. The Video and Music/Audio bars can be "cut" to any number of short segments, which will play together seamlessly, but the individual segments are isolated editing-wise, so that for example, the music volume can be lowered for just a few seconds while someone is speaking.

text: Importing footage[edit]

text: When importing footage into the program, a user can either choose to Capture Video (from camera, scanner or other device) or Import into Collections to import existing video files into the user's collections. The accepted formats for import are .WMV/.ASF, .MPG (MPEG-1), .AVI (DV-AVI), .WMA, .WAV, and .MP3. Additionally, the Windows Vista Home Premium and Ultimate editions of Movie Maker support importing MPEG-2 Program streams and DVR-MS formats.[14] Importing of other container formats such as MP4/3GP, FLV and MOV, and AAC are also supported if the necessary codecs are installed and the system is running Windows 7 or later.[15]

text: In the Windows XP version, import and real-time capture of video from an analog source such as a VCR, tape-based analog camcorder or webcam is possible. This feature is based on Windows Image Acquisition. Video support in Windows Image Acquisition was removed in Windows Vista, as a result importing analog footage in Windows Movie Maker is no longer possible.[16]

text: When importing from a DV tape, if the "Make Clips on Completion" option is selected, Windows Movie Maker automatically flags the commencement of each scene, so that the tape appears on the editing screen as a collection of short clips, rather than one long recording. That is, at each point where the "Record" button was pressed, a new "clip" is generated, although the actual recording on the hard drive is still one continuous file. This feature is also offered after importing files already on the hard drive. In the Windows Vista version, the "Make clips on completion" option has been removed — the clips are now automatically created during the capture process.

text: The efficiency of the importing and editing process is heavily dependent on the amount of file fragmentation of the hard disk. The most reliable results can be obtained by adding an extra hard disk dedicated for scratch space, and regularly re-formatting/defragmenting it, rather than simply deleting the files at the end of the project. Fragmented AVI files result in jerky playback on the editing screen, and make the final rendering process much longer.

text: Although it is possible to import digital video from cameras through the USB interface, most older cameras only support USB version 1 and the results tend to be poor — "sub VHS" — quality. Newer cameras using USB 2.0 give much better results. A FireWire interface camera will allow recording and playback of images identical in quality to the original recordings if the video is imported and subsequently saved as DV AVI files, although this consumes disk space at about 1 gigabyte every five minutes (12 GB/Hr). Alternatively, most DV cameras allow the final AVI file to be recorded back onto the camera tape for high quality playback. Some standalone DVD recorders will also directly accept DV inputs from video cameras and computers.

text: Editing and output[edit]

text: After capture, any clip can be dragged and dropped anywhere on the timeline. Once on the timeline, clips can be duplicated, split, repositioned or edited. An AutoMovie feature offers predefined editing styles (titles, effects and transitions) for quickly creating movies.

text: The original camera file on the hard drive is not modified; the project file is just a list of instructions for reproducing a final output video file from the original file. Thus, several different versions of the same video can be simultaneously made from the original camera footage.

text: Earlier versions of Windows Movie Maker could only export video in Windows Media Video or DV AVI formats.[17] It includes some predefined profiles, but users can also create custom profiles.[18] Windows XP Media Centre Edition bundled Sonic DVD Burning engine, licensed from Sonic Solutions, allowing video editors to burn their project in DVD-Video format on a DVD. In Windows Vista, Windows Movie Maker passes the video project to Windows DVD Maker.

text: Windows Movie Maker 2012 introduced the default ability to export in H.264 MP4 format.

text: Video can be exported back to the video camera if supported by the camera. Movie Maker also allows users to publish a finished video on video hosting websites.

text: Windows Movie Maker can also be used to edit and publish audio tracks. If no video or image is present, Movie Maker allows exporting the sound clips in Windows Media Audio format.

text: Effects and transitions[edit]

text: Windows Movie Maker supports a large variety of titles, effects and transitions.

text:
Titles are animated text screens, normally placed at the beginning or end of the movie, but can also be placed over video clips. Titles and credits can be added as stand alone titles or overlaying them on the clip by adding them onto the selected clip. Titles range from static (non-animated) titles to fly in, fading, news banner, or spinning newspaper animations. They can also be placed on video clips to create sub-titles.
Transitions affect how one video clips flows into another. Examples include fade and dissolve, but many more spectacular transitions are available.
Effects alter how a video clip appears. Example include allowing control of brightness, contrast or hue, but other more dramatic effects are available, such as giving an 'old time' flickering black and white feel.

text: Versions 2.x included in Windows XP includes 60 transitions, 37 effects, 34 title and 9 credits animations. The Windows Vista version includes a different set of transitions, effects and title/credits animations while dropping a few older ones. There are in all 49 effects and 63 transitions. They are applied by using a drag and drop interface from the effects or transitions folders.

text: Early versions (V2 onwards) of Windows Movie Maker had a flexible interface so programming custom effects and other content were possible via XML. The Windows Vista version supports Direct3D-based effects. Microsoft also provides SDK documentation for custom effects and transitions.[19] Since the effects are XML based, users could create and add custom effects and transitions of their own with XML knowledge.

text: Many custom transitions were commercially available and created additional features such as picture-in-picture.

text: Windows Movie Maker V6 did not support customisations to effects and transitions in the same way as V2.x and so many customisations had to be re-written. Versions after V6 do not support custom transitions and effects at all.

text: Reception and criticism[edit]

text: Movie Maker 1.0, introduced with Windows Me, was widely criticised for being "bare bones"[20] and suffering "a woeful lack of features";[21] and saving movies only in Microsoft's ASF file format.[22] Critical reception of versions 2.0 and 2.6 has been slightly more positive.[21]

text: Many longstanding users were disappointed by the removal of so many features in the effective re-writing of the software in Live Movie Maker 2009. Some of those features (such as visualisation of the audio levels) have subsequently been re-added.

text: In June 2008, a memo purportedly by Bill Gates from January 2003 was circulated on the Internet in which he heavily criticized the downloading process for Movie Maker at the time.[23] The memo was originally made available online as part of the plaintiffs' evidence in Comes v. Microsoft Corp., an antitrust class-action suit, and was submitted as evidence in that case on January 16, 2007.[24]