document_title: Destruction of the Library of Alexandria

question_text: when did the library of alexandria burn down

text: Caesar's conquest in 48 BC[edit]

text: The ancient accounts by Plutarch, Aulus Gellius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and Orosius indicate that troops of Caesar accidentally burned the library down during or after the Siege of Alexandria in 48 BC.[3]

text: Plutarch's Parallel Lives, written at the end of the 1st or beginning of the 2nd century AD, describes the Siege of Alexandria in which Caesar was forced to burn his own ships:

text: when the enemy endeavored to cut off his communication by sea, he was forced to divert that danger by setting fire to his own ships, which, after burning the docks, thence spread on and destroyed the great library.

text: However, the editor of Plutarch's translation notes that the "destruction of the Library can have been only partial", and that it occurred specifically in the Museum built by the first Ptolemy (283 BCE).[4]

text: In the 2nd century AD, the Roman historian Aulus Gellius wrote in his book Attic Nights that the Library was burned by mistake after the siege when some of Caesar’s auxiliary soldiers started a fire. Aulus's translator similarly notes that, although auxiliary forces accidentally burned many books while stationed in Alexandria: "By no means all of the Alexandrian Library was destroyed [in 48 BC] and the losses were made good, at least in part, by Antony in 41 BC. A part of the library was burned under Aurelian, in AD 272, and the destruction seems to have been completed in 391."[5]

text: William Cherf argued that this scenario had all the ingredients of a firestorm which set fire to the docks and then the library, destroying it.[citation needed] This would have occurred in 48 BC, during the fighting between Caesar and Ptolemy XIII. Furthermore, in the 4th century, both the pagan historian Ammianus[6] and the Christian historian Orosius wrote that the Bibliotheca Alexandrina had been destroyed by Caesar's fire. The anonymous author of the Alexandrian Wars wrote that the fires set by Caesar's soldiers to burn the Egyptian navy in the port also burned a store full of papyri located near the port.[7] However, a geographical study of the location of the historical Bibliotheca Alexandrina in the neighborhood of Bruchion suggests that this store cannot have been the Great Library.[8] It is more probable that these historians confused the two Greek words bibliothecas, which means “set of books”, with bibliotheka, which means library.

text: Whether the burned books were only some stored books or books found inside the library itself, the Roman stoic philosopher Seneca (c. 4 BC – AD 65) refers to 40,000 books having been burnt at Alexandria.[9] During his reign of the eastern part of the Empire (40–30 BC), Mark Antony plundered the second largest library in the world (at Pergamon) and presented the collection as a gift to Cleopatra as a replacement for the books lost to Caesar's fire.

text: Theodore Vrettos describes the damage caused by the fire: "The Roman galleys carrying the Thirty-Seventh Legion from Asia Minor had now reached the Egyptian coast, but because of contrary winds, they were unable to proceed toward Alexandria. At anchor in the harbor off Lochias, the Egyptian fleet posed an additional problem for the Roman ships. However, in a surprise attack, Caesar's soldiers set fire to the Egyptian ships resulting in the flames spreading rapidly and consuming most of the dockyard, including many structures near the palace. This fire resulted in the burning of several thousand books that were housed in one of the buildings. From this incident, historians mistakenly assumed that the Great Library of Alexandria had been destroyed, but the Library was nowhere near the docks... The most immediate damage occurred in the area around the docks, in shipyards, arsenals, and warehouses in which grain and books were stored. Some 40,000 book scrolls were destroyed in the fire. Not at all connected with the Great Library, they were account books and ledgers containing records of Alexandria's export goods bound for Rome and other cities throughout the world."[10]

text: The Royal Alexandrian Library was not the only library located in the city. Down through Queen Cleopatra of the first century BCE, the Ptolemaic dynasty, stimulated Alexandria's libraries to flourish.[11] There were at least two other libraries in Alexandria: the library of the Serapeum temple and the library of the Cesarion Temple. The continuity of literary and scientific life in Alexandria after the destruction of the Royal Library, as well as the city's status as the world’s center for sciences and literature between the 1st and the 6th centuries AD, depended to a large extent on the presence of these two libraries. Historical records indicate that the Royal Library was private (used by the royal family as well as scientists and researchers), but the libraries of the Serapeum and Cesarion temples were public and accessible to the people.[12]

text: Furthermore, while the Royal Library was founded by Ptolemy II in the royal quarters of Bruchion near the palaces and the royal gardens, it was his son Ptolemy III who founded the Serapeum temple and its adjoined "Daughter" Library in the popular quarters of Rhakotis.

text: Florus and Lucan note that the flames Caesar set only burned the fleet and some "houses near the sea".

text: The next account is from Strabo's Geographica in 28 BC,[13] which does not mention the library specifically, but does mention that he could not find a city map which he had seen when on an earlier trip to Alexandria, before the fire.[disputed – discuss] Abaddi uses this account to infer that the library was destroyed to its foundations.[citation needed]

text: The accuracy of this account is suspect. The adjacent Museum was, according to the same account, fully functional, even though the building next door was completely destroyed. Also, we do know that at this time the daughter Library at the Serapeum was thriving and untouched by the fire. Strabo also confirms the existence of the "Museum." But when he mentions the Sarapeum and Museum, Strabo and other historians are inconsistent in their descriptions of the entire compound or the specific temple buildings. So we may not infer that the library arm had been demolished. Strabo was one of the world's leading geographers[citation needed], but it is possible that since his last visit to the library, the map he was referencing (quite possibly a rare or esoteric map considering his expertise and the vast collection of the library[disputed – discuss]) might have been part of the library that was partially destroyed or simply a victim of a library that didn't have the funds to recopy and preserve its collection[disputed – discuss][citation needed].

text: Therefore, the Royal Alexandrian Library may have been burned after Strabo's visit to the city (25 BC) but before the beginning of the 2nd century AD when Plutarch wrote. Otherwise Plutarch and later historians would not have mentioned the incident and mistakenly attributed it to Julius Caesar. It is also most probable that the library was destroyed by someone other than Caesar,[clarification needed] although the later generations linked the fire that took place in Alexandria during Caesar's time to the burning of the Bibliotheca.[14] Some researchers believe it most likely that the destruction accompanied the wars between Queen Zenobia and the Roman Emperor Aurelian, in the second half of the 3rd century (see below).[15]

text: Attack of Aurelian, 3rd century[edit]

text: The library seems to have been maintained and continued in existence until its contents were largely lost during the taking of the city by the Emperor Aurelian (270–275), who was suppressing a revolt by Queen Zenobia of Palmyra (ruled Egypt AD 269–274).[16] During the course of the fighting, the areas of the city in which the main library was located were damaged.[17] The smaller library located at the Serapeum survived, but some of its contents may have been taken to Constantinople during the 4th century to adorn the new capital. However, Ammianus Marcellinus, writing around AD 378, seems to speak of the library in the Serapeum temple as a thing of the past and states that many of the Serapeum library's volumes were burnt when Caesar sacked Alexandria. In Book 22.16.12–13, he says:

text: Besides this there are many lofty temples, and especially one to Serapis, which, although no words can adequately describe it, we may yet say, from its splendid halls supported by pillars, and its beautiful statues and other embellishments, is so superbly decorated, that next to the Capitol, of which the ever-venerable Rome boasts, the whole world has nothing worthier of admiration. In it were libraries of inestimable value; and the concurrent testimony of ancient records affirm that 70,000 volumes, which had been collected by the anxious care of the Ptolemies, were burnt in the Alexandrian war when the city was sacked in the time of Caesar the Dictator.

text: While Ammianus Marcellinus may be simply reiterating Plutarch's tradition about Caesar's destruction of the library, it is possible that his statement reflects his own empirical knowledge that the Serapeum library collection had either been seriously depleted or was no longer in existence.

text: Decree of Theodosius, Christian destruction of the Serapeum in 391[edit]

text: Paganism was made illegal by an edict of the Emperor Theodosius I in 391. The temples of Alexandria were closed by Patriarch Pope Theophilus of Alexandria in AD 391.[18]

text: Socrates of Constantinople provides the following account of the destruction of the temples in Alexandria, in the fifth book of his Historia Ecclesiastica, written around 440:

text: At the solicitation of Theophilus, Bishop of Alexandria, the emperor issued an order at this time for the demolition of the heathen temples in that city; commanding also that it should be put in execution under the direction of Theophilus. Seizing this opportunity, Theophilus exerted himself to the utmost to expose the pagan mysteries to contempt. And to begin with, he caused the Mithraeum to be cleaned out, and exhibited to public view the tokens of its bloody mysteries. Then he destroyed the Serapeum, and the bloody rites of the Mithreum he publicly caricatured; the Serapeum also he showed full of extravagant superstitions, and he had the phalli of Priapus carried through the midst of the forum. [...] Thus this disturbance having been terminated, the governor of Alexandria, and the commander-in-chief of the troops in Egypt, assisted Theophilus in demolishing the heathen temples.

text: The Serapeum had housed part of the Great Library, but it is not known how many, if any, books were contained in it at the time of destruction. Notably, the passage by Socrates makes no clear reference to a library or its contents, only to religious objects. An earlier text by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus indicates that the library was destroyed in the time of Julius Caesar; whatever books might earlier have been housed at the Serapeum were no longer there in the last decade of the 4th century (Historia 22, 16, 12-13). The pagan scholar Eunapius of Sardis, witnessed the demolition, and though he detested Christians, his account of the Serapeum's destruction makes no mention of any library. When Orosius discusses the destruction of the Great Library at the time of Caesar in the sixth book of his History against the Pagans, he writes:

text: So perished that marvelous monument of the literary activity of our ancestors, who had gathered together so many great works of brilliant geniuses. In regard to this, however true it may be that in some of the temples there remain up to the present time book chests, which we ourselves have seen, and that, as we are told, these were emptied by our own men in our own day when these temples were plundered—this statement is true enough—yet it seems fairer to suppose that other collections had later been formed to rival the ancient love of literature, and not that there had once been another library which had books separate from the four hundred thousand volumes mentioned, and for that reason had escaped destruction.

text: Thus Orosius laments the pillaging of libraries within temples in 'his own time' by 'his own men' and compares it to the destruction of the Great Library destroyed at the time of Julius Caesar. He is certainly referring to the plundering of pagan temples during his lifetime, but this presumably did not include the library of Alexandria, which he assumes was destroyed in Caesar's time. While he admits that the accusations of plundering books are “true enough,” he then suggests that the books in question were not copies of those that had been housed at the Great Library, but rather new books "to rival the ancient love of literature." Orosius does not say where temples' books were taken, whether to Constantinople or to local monastic libraries or elsewhere, and he does not say that the books were destroyed.

text: As for the Museum, Mostafa El-Abbadi writes in Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria (1990):

text: The Mouseion, being at the same time a 'shrine of the Muses', enjoyed a degree of sanctity as long as other pagan temples remained unmolested. Synesius of Cyrene, who studied under Hypatia at the end of the fourth century, saw the Mouseion and described the images of the philosophers in it. We have no later reference to its existence in the fifth century. As Theon, the distinguished mathematician and father of Hypatia, herself a renowned scholar, was the last recorded scholar-member (c. 380), it is likely that the Mouseion did not long survive the promulgation of Theodosius' decree in 391 to destroy all pagan temples in the city.

text: John Julius Norwich, in his work Byzantium: The Early Centuries, places the destruction of the library's collection during the anti-Arian riots in Alexandria that transpired after the imperial decree of 391 (p. 314). Edward Gibbon claimed that the Library of Alexandria was pillaged or destroyed when Pope Theophilus of Alexandria demolished the Serapeum in 391.[18]

text: Muslim conquest of Egypt[edit]

text: In AD 642, Alexandria was captured by the Muslim army of 'Amr ibn al-'As. There are four Arabic sources, all at least 500 years after the supposed events, which mention the fate of the library.

text:
Abd'l Latif of Baghdad (1162–1231) states that the library of Alexandria was destroyed by Amr, by the order of the Caliph Omar.[19]
The story is also found in Al-Qifti (1172–1248), History of Learned Men, from whom Bar Hebraeus copied the story.[20]
The longest version of the story is in the Syriac Christian author Bar-Hebraeus (1226–1286), also known as Abu'l Faraj. He translated extracts from his history, the Chronicum Syriacum into Arabic, and added extra material from Arab sources. In this Historia Compendiosa Dynastiarum[21] he describes a certain "John Grammaticus" (490–570) asking Amr for the "books in the royal library." Amr writes to Omar for instructions, and Omar replies: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them."[22]
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442) also mentions the story briefly, while speaking of the Serapeum.[23]

text: The story was still in circulation among Copts in Egypt in the 1920s.[24]

text: Edward Gibbon tells us that many people had credulously believed the story, but "the rational scepticism" of Fr. Eusèbe Renaudot (1713) did not.[25]

text: Jean de Sismondi,[26] Alfred J. Butler, Victor Chauvin, Paul Casanova, Gustave Le Bon[27] and Eugenio Griffini did not accept the story either.[16]

text: Bernard Lewis has observed that this version was reinforced in medieval times by Saladin, who decided to break up the Fatimid Caliphate's collection of heretical Isma'ilism texts in Cairo following his restoration of Sunni Islam to Egypt, and will have judged that the story of the Caliph Umar's support of a library's destruction would make his own actions seem more acceptable.[28] Roy MacLeod[30]

text: Luciano Canfora included the account of Bar Hebraeus in his discussion of the destruction of the library without dismissing it.[31]


document_title: List of National League pennant winners

question_text: when was the last time the dodgers won the national league pennant

root

text: List of National League pennant winners

text: Key[edit]

text:
Year
Links to the corresponding "year in baseball" (1876–1900) or "Major League Baseball season" (1901–present) article

Team
Links to the corresponding season in which each team played

Series
Links to the corresponding "National League Championship Series" article

Record
Regular season win–loss record

GA
Games ahead of the second-place team (pre-NLCS era)

WW
Wins by the winning team (NLCS era)

LW
Wins by the losing team (NLCS era)

Ref
Reference

Won World Series (1884–1890)

Won Temple Cup (1894–1897)

Won Chronicle-Telegraph Cup (1900)

Won World Series (1903–present)

E
National League East division member (1969–present)

C
National League Central division member (1995–present)

W
National League West division member (1969–present)

†
Wild card team (1995–present)

tag: table

text: Single table era (1876–1968)[edit]

text:
Year
Team
Record
GA
Ahead of
Ref

1876
Chicago White Stockings
052 !52–14
06 !6
St. Louis Brown Stockings
[24]

1877
Boston Red Caps
042 !42–18
07 !7
Louisville Grays
[25]

1878
Boston Red Caps
041 !41–19
04 !4
Cincinnati Reds
[26]

1879
Providence Grays
059 !59–25
05 !5
Boston Red Caps
[27]

1880
Chicago White Stockings
067 !67–17
15
Providence Grays
[28]

1881
Chicago White Stockings
056 !56–28
09 !9
Providence Grays
[29]

1882
Chicago White Stockings
055 !55–29
03 !3
Providence Grays
[30]

1883
Boston Beaneaters
063 !63–35
04 !4
Chicago White Stockings
[31]

1884
Providence Grays
084 !84–28
10.5 !10½
Boston Beaneaters
[32]

1885
Chicago White Stockings
087 !87–25
02 !2
New York Giants
[33]

1886
Chicago White Stockings
090 !90–34
02.5 !2½
Detroit Wolverines
[34]

1887
Detroit Wolverines
079 !79–45
03.5 !3½
Philadelphia Quakers
[35]

1888
New York Giants
084 !84–47
09 !9
Chicago White Stockings
[36]

1889
New York Giants
083 !83–43
01 !1
Boston Beaneaters
[37]

1890
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
086 !86–43
06.5 !6½
Chicago Colts
[38]

1891
Boston Beaneaters
087 !87–51
03.5 !3½
Chicago Colts
[39]

1892
Boston Beaneaters
102–48
08.5 !8½
Cleveland Spiders
[40]

1893
Boston Beaneaters
086 !86–43
05 !5
Pittsburg Pirates
[41]

1894
Baltimore Orioles
089 !89–39
03 !3
New York Giants
[42]

1895
Baltimore Orioles
087 !87–43
03 !3
Cleveland Spiders
[43]

1896
Baltimore Orioles
090 !90–39
09.5 !9½
Cleveland Spiders
[44]

1897
Boston Beaneaters
093 !93–39
02 !2
Baltimore Orioles
[45]

1898
Boston Beaneaters
102–47
06 !6
Baltimore Orioles
[46]

1899
Brooklyn Superbas
101–47
08 !8
Boston Beaneaters
[47]

1900
Brooklyn Superbas
082 !82–54
04.5 !4½
Pittsburg Pirates
[48]

1901
Pittsburg Pirates
090 !90–49
07.5 !7½
Philadelphia Phillies
[49]

1902
Pittsburg Pirates
103–36
27.5 !27½
Brooklyn Superbas
[50]

1903
Pittsburg Pirates
091 !91–49
06.5 !6½
New York Giants
[51]

1904
New York Giants
106–47
13
Chicago Cubs
[52]

1905
New York Giants
106–47
09 !9
Pittsburg Pirates
[53]

1906
Chicago Cubs
116–36
20
New York Giants
[54]

1907
Chicago Cubs
107–45
17
Pittsburg Pirates
[55]

1908
Chicago Cubs
099 !99–55
01 !1
Pittsburg Pirates
[56]

1909
Pittsburg Pirates
110–42
06.5 !6½
Chicago Cubs
[57]

1910
Chicago Cubs
104–50
13
New York Giants
[58]

1911
New York Giants
099 !99–54
07.5 !7½
Chicago Cubs
[59]

1912
New York Giants
103–48
10
Pittsburgh Pirates
[60]

1913
New York Giants
101–51
12.5 !12½
Philadelphia Phillies
[61]

1914
Boston Braves
094 !94–59
10.5 !10½
New York Giants
[62]

1915
Philadelphia Phillies
090 !90–62
07 !7
Boston Braves
[63]

1916
Brooklyn Robins
094 !94–60
02.5 !2½
Philadelphia Phillies
[64]

1917
New York Giants
098 !98–56
10
Philadelphia Phillies
[65]

1918
Chicago Cubs
084 !84–45
10.5 !10½
New York Giants
[66]

1919
Cincinnati Reds
096 !96–44
09 !9
New York Giants
[67]

1920
Brooklyn Robins
093 !93–61
07 !7
New York Giants
[68]

1921
New York Giants
094 !94–59
04 !4
Pittsburgh Pirates
[69]

1922
New York Giants
093 !93–61
07 !7
Cincinnati Reds
[70]

1923
New York Giants
095 !95–58
04.5 !4½
Cincinnati Reds
[71]

1924
New York Giants
093 !93–60
01.5 !1½
Brooklyn Robins
[72]

1925
Pittsburgh Pirates
095 !95–58
08.5 !8½
New York Giants
[73]

1926
St. Louis Cardinals
089 !89–65
02 !2
Cincinnati Reds
[74]

1927
Pittsburgh Pirates
094 !94–60
01.5 !1½
St. Louis Cardinals
[75]

1928
St. Louis Cardinals
095 !95–59
02 !2
New York Giants
[76]

1929
Chicago Cubs
098 !98–54
02 !2
Pittsburgh Pirates
[77]

1930
St. Louis Cardinals
092 !92–62
02 !2
Chicago Cubs
[78]

1931
St. Louis Cardinals
101–53
13
New York Giants
[79]

1932
Chicago Cubs
090 !90–64
04 !4
Pittsburgh Pirates
[80]

1933
New York Giants
091 !91–61
05 !5
Pittsburgh Pirates
[81]

1934
St. Louis Cardinals
095 !95–58
02 !2
New York Giants
[82]

1935
Chicago Cubs
100–54
04 !4
St. Louis Cardinals
[83]

1936
New York Giants
092 !92–62
05 !5
St. Louis Cardinals
[84]

1937
New York Giants
095 !95–57
03 !3
Chicago Cubs
[85]

1938
Chicago Cubs
089 !89–63
02 !2
Pittsburgh Pirates
[86]

1939
Cincinnati Reds
097 !97–57
04.5 !4½
St. Louis Cardinals
[87]

1940
Cincinnati Reds
100–53
12
Brooklyn Dodgers
[88]

1941
Brooklyn Dodgers
100–54
02.5 !2½
St. Louis Cardinals
[89]

1942
St. Louis Cardinals
106–48
02 !2
Brooklyn Dodgers
[90]

1943
St. Louis Cardinals
105–49
18
Cincinnati Reds
[91]

1944
St. Louis Cardinals
105–49
14.5 !14½
Pittsburgh Pirates
[92]

1945
Chicago Cubs
098 !98–56
03 !3
St. Louis Cardinals
[93]

1946
St. Louis Cardinals
098 !98–58
02 !2
Brooklyn Dodgers
[94]

1947
Brooklyn Dodgers
094 !94–60
05 !5
St. Louis Cardinals
[95]

1948
Boston Braves
091 !91–62
06.5 !6½
St. Louis Cardinals
[96]

1949
Brooklyn Dodgers
097 !97–57
01 !1
St. Louis Cardinals
[97]

1950
Philadelphia Phillies
091 !91–63
02 !2
Brooklyn Dodgers
[98]

1951
New York Giants
098 !98–59
01 !1
Brooklyn Dodgers
[99]

1952
Brooklyn Dodgers
096 !96–57
04.5 !4½
New York Giants
[100]

1953
Brooklyn Dodgers
105–49
13
Milwaukee Braves
[101]

1954
New York Giants
097 !97–57
05 !5
Brooklyn Dodgers
[102]

1955
Brooklyn Dodgers
098 !98–55
13.5 !13½
Milwaukee Braves
[103]

1956
Brooklyn Dodgers
093 !93–61
01 !1
Milwaukee Braves
[104]

1957
Milwaukee Braves
095 !95–59
08 !8
St. Louis Cardinals
[105]

1958
Milwaukee Braves
092 !92–62
08 !8
Pittsburgh Pirates
[106]

1959
Los Angeles Dodgers
088 !88–68
02 !2
Milwaukee Braves
[107]

1960
Pittsburgh Pirates
095 !95–59
07 !7
Milwaukee Braves
[108]

1961
Cincinnati Reds
093 !93–61
04 !4
Los Angeles Dodgers
[109]

1962
San Francisco Giants
103–62
01 !1
Los Angeles Dodgers
[110]

1963
Los Angeles Dodgers
099 !99–63
06 !6
St. Louis Cardinals
[111]

1964
St. Louis Cardinals
093 !93–69
01 !1
Philadelphia Phillies
[112]

1965
Los Angeles Dodgers
097 !97–65
02 !2
San Francisco Giants
[113]

1966
Los Angeles Dodgers
095 !95–67
01.5 !1½
San Francisco Giants
[114]

1967
St. Louis Cardinals
101–60
10.5 !10½
San Francisco Giants
[115]

1968
St. Louis Cardinals
097 !97–65
09 !9
San Francisco Giants
[116]

text: Divisional era (1969–1999)[edit]

text:
Year
Series
Winning team
Record
WW
LW
Losing team
Record
Ref

1969
1969
New York MetsE
100–62
3
0.1 !0
Atlanta BravesW
093 !93–69
[117]

1970
1970
Cincinnati RedsW
102–60
3
0.1 !0
Pittsburgh PiratesE
087 !87–63
[118]

1971
1971
Pittsburgh PiratesE
097 !97–65
3
1
San Francisco GiantsW
090 !90–72
[119]

1972
1972
Cincinnati RedsW
095 !95–59
3
2
Pittsburgh PiratesE
096 !96–59
[120]

1973
1973
New York MetsE
082 !82–79
3
2
Cincinnati RedsW
099 !99–63
[121]

1974
1974
Los Angeles DodgersW
102–60
3
1
Pittsburgh PiratesE
088 !88–74
[122]

1975
1975
Cincinnati RedsW
108–54
3
0.1 !0
Pittsburgh PiratesE
092 !92–69
[123]

1976
1976
Cincinnati RedsW
102–60
3
0.1 !0
Philadelphia PhilliesE
101–61
[124]

1977
1977
Los Angeles DodgersW
098 !98–64
3
1
Philadelphia PhilliesE
101–61
[125]

1978
1978
Los Angeles DodgersW
095 !95–67
3
1
Philadelphia PhilliesE
090 !90–72
[126]

1979
1979
Pittsburgh PiratesE
098 !98–64
3
0.1 !0
Cincinnati RedsW
090 !90–71
[127]

1980
1980
Philadelphia PhilliesE
091 !91–71
3
2
Houston AstrosW
093 !93–70
[128]

1981[a]
1981
Los Angeles DodgersW
063 !63–47
3
2
Montréal ExposE
060 !60–48
[129]

1982
1982
St. Louis CardinalsE
092 !92–70
3
0.1 !0
Atlanta BravesW
089 !89–73
[130]

1983
1983
Philadelphia PhilliesE
090 !90–72
3
1
Los Angeles DodgersW
091 !91–71
[131]

1984
1984
San Diego PadresW
092 !92–70
3
2
Chicago CubsE
096 !96–65
[132]

1985
1985
St. Louis CardinalsE
101–61
4
2
Los Angeles DodgersW
095 !95–67
[133]

1986
1986
New York MetsE
108–54
4
2
Houston AstrosW
096 !96–66
[134]

1987
1987
St. Louis CardinalsE
095 !95–67
4
3
San Francisco Giants
090 !90–72
[135]

1988
1988
Los Angeles DodgersW
094 !94–67
4
3
New York MetsE
100–60
[136]

1989
1989
San Francisco GiantsW
092 !92–70
4
1
Chicago CubsE
093 !93–69
[137]

1990
1990
Cincinnati RedsW
091 !91–71
4
2
Pittsburgh PiratesE
095 !95–67
[138]

1991
1991
Atlanta BravesW
094 !94–68
4
3
Pittsburgh PiratesE
098 !98–64
[139]

1992
1992
Atlanta BravesW
098 !98–64
4
3
Pittsburgh PiratesE
096 !96–66
[140]

1993
1993
Philadelphia PhilliesE
097 !97–65
4
2
Atlanta BravesW
104–58
[141]

1994
Not held due to players' strike.
[142]

1995[b]
1995
Atlanta BravesE
090 !90–54
4
0.1 !0
Cincinnati RedsC
085 !85–59
[143]

1996
1996
Atlanta BravesE
096 !96–66
4
3
St. Louis CardinalsC
088 !88–74
[144]

1997
1997
Florida MarlinsE†
092 !92–70
4
2
Atlanta BravesE
101–61
[145]

1998
1998
San Diego PadresW
098 !98–64
4
2
Atlanta BravesE
106–56
[146]

1999
1999
Atlanta BravesE
103–59
4
2
New York MetsE†
097 !97–66
[147]

text: MLB era (2000–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Series
Winning team
Record
WW
LW
Losing team
Record
Ref

2000
2000
New York MetsE†
094 !94–68
4
1
St. Louis CardinalsC
095 !95–67
[148]

2001
2001
Arizona DiamondbacksW
092 !92–70
4
1
Atlanta BravesE
088 !88–74
[149]

2002
2002
San Francisco GiantsW†
095 !95–66
4
1
St. Louis CardinalsC
097 !97–65
[150]

2003
2003
Florida MarlinsE†
091 !91–71
4
3
Chicago CubsC
088 !88–74
[151]

2004
2004
St. Louis CardinalsC
105–57
4
3
Houston AstrosC†
092 !92–70
[152]

2005
2005
Houston AstrosC†
089 !89–73
4
2
St. Louis CardinalsC
100–62
[153]

2006
2006
St. Louis CardinalsC
083 !83–78
4
3
New York MetsE
097 !97–65
[154]

2007
2007
Colorado RockiesW†
090 !90–73
4
0.1 !0
Arizona DiamondbacksW
090 !90–72
[155]

2008
2008
Philadelphia PhilliesE
092 !92–70
4
1
Los Angeles DodgersW
084 !84–78
[156]

2009
2009
Philadelphia PhilliesE
093 !93–69
4
1
Los Angeles DodgersW
095 !95–67
[157]

2010
2010
San Francisco GiantsW
093 !92–70
4
2
Philadelphia PhilliesE
095 !97–65
[158]

2011
2011
St. Louis CardinalsC†
090 !90–72
4
2
Milwaukee BrewersC
096 !96–66
[159]

2012
2012
San Francisco GiantsW
094 !94–68
4
3
St. Louis CardinalsC†
088 !88–74
[160]

2013
2013
St. Louis CardinalsC
097 !97–65
4
2
Los Angeles DodgersW
092 !92–70
[161]

2014
2014
San Francisco GiantsW†
088 !88–74
4
1
St. Louis CardinalsC
090 !90–72
[162]

2015
2015
New York MetsE
090 !90–72
4
0
Chicago CubsC†
097 !97–65
[163]

2016
2016
Chicago CubsC
103 !103–58
4
2
Los Angeles DodgersW
091 !91–71
[164]

2017
2017
Los Angeles DodgersW
104 !104–58
4
1
Chicago CubsC
092 !92–70
[165]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a A mid-season labor stoppage split the season into two halves. The winner of the first half played the winner of the second half in each division in the 1981 National League Division Series. The winners played in the 1981 NLCS for the National League pennant.[129]
b The leagues were re-aligned in 1994 to three divisions and a wild card was added to the playoffs, but the labor stoppage cancelled the postseason. Wild cards were first used in the 1995 playoffs.[8]

tag: ul

text: NL pennants won by franchise[edit]

text:
Team
Pennants won
Playoff appearances
Ref

San Francisco Giants[a]
23
27
[10]

Los Angeles Dodgers[b]
22
31
[11]

St. Louis Cardinals[c]
19
28
[12]

Atlanta Braves[d]
17
23
[13]

Chicago Cubs[e]
17
18
[14]

Pittsburgh Pirates[f]
9
17
[166]

Cincinnati Reds[g]
9
15
[167]

Philadelphia Phillies[h]
7
14
[168]

New York Mets
5
8
[169]

Baltimore Orioles (NL)[l]
3
0
[170]

San Diego Padres
2
5
[171]

Miami Marlins
2
2
[172]

Providence Grays
2
0
[173]

Houston Astros[i]
1
9
[174]

Arizona Diamondbacks
1
5
[175]

Colorado Rockies
1
3
[176]

Detroit Wolverines
1
0
[177]

Washington Nationals[k]
0
4
[178]

Milwaukee Brewers[j]
0
3
[179]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Also known as New York Giants and New York Gothams[10]
b Also known as Brooklyn Dodgers, Brooklyn Robins, Brooklyn Superbas, Brooklyn Bridegrooms, Brooklyn Grooms, Brooklyn Grays and Brooklyn Atlantics. Does not include American Association pennant won in 1889[11]
c Also known as St. Louis Perfectos, St. Louis Browns, and St. Louis Brown Stockings. Does not include four American Association pennants won in 1885–1888[12]
d Also known as Milwaukee Braves, Boston Braves, Boston Bees, Boston Rustlers, Boston Doves, Boston Beaneaters and Boston Red Caps[13]
e Also known as Chicago Orphans, Chicago Colts and Chicago White Stockings[14]
f Also known as Pittsburgh Alleghenys[166]
g Also known as Cincinnati Redlegs and Cincinnati Red Stockings. Does not include American Association pennant won in 1882[167]
h Also known as Philadelphia Quakers and unofficially as Philadelphia Blue Jays[168]
i Also known as Houston Colt .45s[174]
j The Brewers were members of the American League through the 1997 season after which they switched to the National League.[180] This table records only the Brewers' National League accomplishments. They won the American League pennant in 1982.
k Also known as Montréal Expos. In 1994, the Expos led the National League East and had the best won-loss record in the league when the season was cut short by a labor dispute. [178]
l The 19th-century Baltimore Orioles who played in the National League are no longer in existence; two current American League franchises later used the Orioles name (New York Yankees and Baltimore Orioles).[181]


document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the European Union

question_text: legal age to get a tattoo in cyprus

question_tokens: legal age to get a tattoo in cyprus

text: Austria[edit]

text: You may get a tattoo at the age of 16 with parental consent (this can be written) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards.[1]

tag: p

text: Belgium[edit]

text: In Belgium, there is not a specific implementation decree regulating the sector of piercing and tattooing practices.[2]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: No legislation exists.

text: Croatia[edit]

text: You may get a tattoo or piercing at the age of 16 with parental consent (parents must be present) and without parental consent from the age of 18 upwards. (tattooing or piercing of minors may vary depending on studios policy, some refuse to tattoo or pierce minors completely)

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: The legal age to get a tattoo in Cyprus is 16.

text: 14 without permission from parents

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The Danish tattoo law was valid from June 15, 1966. It is unlawful to tattoo someone under the age of 18. In addition to this it is unlawful to tattoo someone on the head, neck and hands.[2][3]

text: Estonia[edit]

text: No legislation found.

text: Finland[edit]

text: You need to be 18+ to get a tattoo in Finland, however, you may be able to get a permit to get a tattoo under the age of 18.

text: France[edit]

text: The legal minimum age is 16 (with consent from parents) in France.

text: Germany[edit]

text: You must be over 18 years of age to get a tattoo freely without parental consent. You need to have parental or guardian consent at the ages of 16 and 17. [4]

text: Greece[edit]

text: The minimum age is 18.

text: Greek tattoo law only covers tattoos and not permanent make-up.

text: Other key provisions (non exhaustive summary):[2]

text:
Only tattoo persons who are at least 18 years of age. Persons under the age of 18 may only be tattooed in the presence of a guardian who has given the required written consent.
Not advise on the customer's state of physical health or offer any medical opinion.
Not effect any medical procedure, be it on the recommendation, under the guidance or with the help of any form of medical specialist.
Not proceed in any manner whatsoever to remove a tattoo.

text: Hungary[edit]

text: No legislation found.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: "There is no legislation regulating body piercing and tattooing. As a result there is no legal minimum age at which you can get a body piercing or tattoo."[5] However, many tattoo shops will refuse to tattoo anyone under the age of 15.

text: Italy[edit]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: The legal age is 16.

text: Lithuania[edit]

text: The age is 18 or 16 with consent of parents.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Malta

text: The minimum age is 18.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, the age at which persons may decide for themselves to have a tattoo and piercing is 16 years. This age limit is suspended for earlobe piercing but pertains to all other areas. Informed consent forms, with information concerning health (including allergies) must be available and must be signed by the client. In the case of young adults under 16 years, a parent or guardian must sign. If they have signed but are not present with the client, the tattooist or piercer must verify their consent by telephone. Signed consent forms must be kept by the studio in a locked file for ten years.[6]

text: Poland[edit]

text: No regulation.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Reportedly the age limit is 14 .

text: Romania[edit]

text: The minimum without parental consent is 18.With parental consent you can get away at some salons from the age 14. (Parental supervision)

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: Unknown

text: Slovenia[edit]

text: No legislation found.

text: ==Spain== 16 with parent's consent. 14 or 15 in some parts of the country with parent's consent.

text: Sweden[edit]

text: No legislation, but most tattoo shops will refuse to tattoo you if you're under 18.


document_title: The Fool on the Hill

question_text: who played the recorder on fool on the hill

text: The Fool on the Hill

text: Composition[edit]

text: The song's lyrics describe the titular "fool", a solitary figure who is not understood by others, but is actually wise. McCartney said the song relates to someone like Maharishi Mahesh Yogi:

text: 'Fool on the Hill' was mine and I think I was writing about someone like Maharishi. His detractors called him a fool. Because of his giggle he wasn't taken too seriously ... I was sitting at the piano at my father's house in Liverpool hitting a D 6th chord, and I made up 'Fool on the Hill.'[2]

text: Alistair Taylor, in the book Yesterday, reports a mysterious incident involving a man who inexplicably appeared near him and McCartney during a walk on Primrose Hill and then disappeared again, soon after McCartney and Taylor had conversed about the existence of God; this allegedly prompted the writing of the song.[4]

text: McCartney played the song for John Lennon during a writing session for "With a Little Help from My Friends", and Lennon told him to write it down. McCartney did not; he was sure he would not forget it.[2] In his 1980 interview with Playboy magazine, Lennon said, "Now that's Paul. Another good lyric. Shows he's capable of writing complete songs."[3]

text: Musical structure[edit]

text: The song involves alternations of D major and D minor in a similar manner to Cole Porter's alternations of C minor and C major in "Night and Day".[5] Thus the D major tonality that begins with an Em7 chord on "Nobody wants to know him" moves through a ii7–V7–I6–vi7–ii7–V7 progression till the shift to the Dm tone and key on "but the fool". Other highlights are the inspired use in the Dm section of a minor sixth (B♭) melody note on the word "sun" (with a Dm♯5 chord) and a major ninth (E melody note) on the word "world" (with a Dm chord).[6]

text: Recording[edit]

text: McCartney recorded a solo demo version of the song on 6 September 1967.[7] This version was later released on the Anthology 2 compilation.[8] Recording began in earnest on 25 September, with significant overdubs by the Beatles on 26 September. Mark Lewisohn said that the 26 September version was "almost a re-make".[9] A take from 25 September – noticeably slower, somewhat heavier and with slightly different vocals – is also included on Anthology 2.[8] After another session on 27 September where McCartney added another vocal,[10] the song sat for a month before flutes were added on 20 October.[11]

text: Ray Thomas of the Moody Blues has said that he and bandmate Mike Pinder contributed harmonicas to the song alongside Lennon and George Harrison.[12]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Paul McCartney – vocals, piano, acoustic guitar, recorder, bass, penny whistle[13]
John Lennon – harmonica, Jew's harp
George Harrison – acoustic guitar, harmonica
Ringo Starr – drums, maracas, zill
Christopher Taylor – flute
Richard Taylor – flute
Jack Ellory – flute

text: Personnel per Ian MacDonald.[14] Flautists also documented by Mark Lewisohn.[15]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said that "The Fool on the Hill" was the best of the new songs on Magical Mystery Tour aside from "I Am the Walrus".[16] Tim Riley, a music critic who has contributed to NPR, was not impressed, and unfavourably compared the subject of this song to fools in Shakespeare. Riley wrote, "Possibilities in this song outweigh its substance—it's the most unworthy Beatles standard since 'Michelle.'"[17] In 2012, the song was ranked the 420th best classic rock song of all time by New York's Q104.3.[18]

text: Performance history[edit]

text: The Beatles were no longer performing regular concerts when they released "The Fool on the Hill" on record. McCartney performed it live with Wings on their 1979 tour of the UK.[19] He also included it on his 1989–1990 world tour.[20] The performances on this tour incorporated sound bites from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech.[21] A live version from this tour is found on the album Tripping the Live Fantastic.[22] The song surfaced again for McCartney's 2001–2002 tours, and another live version appeared on the Back in the US album.

text: Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 version[edit]

text:
"The Fool on the Hill"

Single by Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66

from the album Fool on the Hill

Released
1968 (1968)

Genre
Bossa nova

Length
3:15

Label
A&M Records

Songwriter(s)

John Lennon
Paul McCartney

Producer(s)
Sérgio Mendes

text: Sérgio Mendes & Brasil '66 recorded "Fool on the Hill", using their approach of marrying a simple bossa nova rhythm with a string accompaniment.[23] The lead vocal was by Lani Hall. Released as a single, it was a big hit, reaching No. 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.[24] It also spent six weeks at No. 1 on the easy listening chart.[25] It was included on Mendes' album Fool on the Hill.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Music service Allmusic lists more than 100 cover versions of the song.[26]

text:
Year
Artist
Release
Notes

1968
Eddie Fisher
(single)
Charted on the Record World magazine Non-Rock survey, the first version of the song to make the US singles charts and the last US chart single by Fisher

1968
Bobbie Gentry
Local Gentry

1968
Corry Brokken
Das war ein harter Tag: Beatles-Lieder auf deutsch
In German: "Der Mann, den ich will". Recorded in 1968, but not released until 1995, on a German compilation album Das war ein harter Tag: Beatles-Lieder auf deutsch.[27] Interestingly, it uses an arrangement similar to Sergio Mendes' version.

1969
The Four Tops
The Four Tops Now!

1969
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy's Harp

1969
Petula Clark
Just Pet

1969
Roslyn Kind
Give Me You

1969
Stone the Crows
Stone the Crows

1969
Vera Lynn
B-side of single Goodnight[28]
Also on double album The Singles Collection (2007)

1970
Shirley Bassey
(single)
Reached number 48 on the UK Singles chart.[29]

1971
Ron Goodwin
Ron Goodwin in Concert
Orchestral version. Goodwin's orchestration gives the opening penny whistle solo to the violas of the orchestra.

1971
The Chopsticks
All of a Sudden

1976
Helen Reddy
All This and World War II

1977
Björk Guðmundsdóttir
Björk[30]
Sung in Icelandic.

1981
Sarah Vaughan
Songs of the Beatles

1981
John Paul Young
The Singer

1982
John Williams
The Portrait of John Williams
Classical guitar version

1984
Sky
Fool on The Hill
Also on 2015 reissue edition of Cadmium.

2007
Beatallica
Masterful Mystery Tour
Merged with Metallica's "Fuel" to create "Fuel on the Hill"

2007
Aretha Franklin
Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul
Recorded in 1969 during the sessions for This Girl's in Love with You.

2009
Mark Mallman
Minnesota Beatle Project, Vol. 1

2014
Eurythmics
The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles
This performance was the first and only reunion of Eurythmics founding members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart after the duo's disbanding in 2005.

2016
The Hot Club of San Francisco
"John Paul George & Django"