document_title: Thunderstorm

question_text: the type of thunderstorm that has the most damaging winds and precipitation is a

text: Thunderstorm

text: Life cycle[edit]

text: Warm air has a lower density than cool air, so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom[3] (this effect can be seen with a hot air balloon).[4] Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air. The moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses.[5] When the moisture condenses, it releases energy known as latent heat of vaporization, which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air[6] continuing the cloud's ascension. If enough instability is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning and thunder. Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds.[7] Generally, thunderstorms require three conditions to form:

text:
Moisture
An unstable airmass
A lifting force (heat)

text: All thunderstorms, regardless of type, go through three stages: the developing stage, the mature stage, and the dissipation stage.[8] The average thunderstorm has a 24 km (15 mi) diameter. Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere, each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes.[9]

text: Cumulus stage[edit]

text: The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage. During this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be solar illumination, where the heating of the ground produces thermals, or where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude, which appear as cumulus clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection (hence the term convective precipitation). This process creates a low-pressure zone within and beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the Earth's atmosphere.[10]

text: Mature stage[edit]

text: In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther. Often this 'cap' is the tropopause. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape. The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus. The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall, they melt to become rain. If the updraft is strong enough, the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as hail. While updrafts are still present, the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it, creating downdrafts as well. The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds. During this stage, considerable internal turbulence can occur within, which manifests as strong winds, severe lightning, and even tornadoes.[11]

text: Typically, if there is little wind shear, the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and 'rain itself out',[8] but, if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction, the downdraft will be separated from the updraft, and the storm may become a supercell, where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours.[12]

text: Dissipating stage[edit]

text: In the dissipation stage, the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft. If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development, this stage occurs rather quickly, approximately 20–30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm. The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm, hit the ground and spread out. This phenomenon is known as a downburst. The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm, the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate. Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm, moist air, and kills the thunderstorm's further growth.[13] The downdraft hitting the ground creates an outflow boundary. This can cause downbursts, a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through, as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs, resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft. The stronger the outflow boundary is, the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes.[14]

text: Classification[edit]

text: There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line (also called multi-cell line) and supercell. Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere ("wind shear"). Single-cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20–30 minutes.

text: Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters/lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear, normally greater than 25 knots (13 m/s) in the lowest 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the troposphere,[15] which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather. The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms, most commonly associated with large hail, high winds, and tornado formation. Precipitable water values of greater than 31.8 millimetres (1.25 in) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes.[16] Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres (1.45 in).[17] Upstream values of CAPE of greater than 800 J/kg are usually required for the development of organized convection.[18]

text: Single-cell[edit]

text: This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft. Also known as air-mass thunderstorms, these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales. They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter. Within a cluster of thunderstorms, the term "cell" refers to each separate principal updraft. Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation, as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development. Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability; hence the term "air mass thunderstorm". When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them, it is known as a pulse severe storm. Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space, making them difficult to forecast. Single-cell thunderstorms normally last 20–30 minutes.[9]

text: Multi-cell clusters[edit]

text: This is the most common type of thunderstorm development. Mature thunderstorms are found near the center of the cluster, while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side. Multicell storms form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more squall lines. While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes, the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time. They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries, such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure. These type of storms are stronger than the single-cell storm, yet much weaker than the supercell storm. Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate-sized hail, flash flooding, and weak tornadoes.[9]

text: Multicell lines[edit]

text: A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along or ahead of a cold front.[19][20] In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for cold front.[21] The squall line contains heavy precipitation, hail, frequent lightning, strong straight line winds, and possibly tornadoes and waterspouts.[22] Severe weather in the form of strong straight-line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a bow echo, within the portion of the line that bows out the most.[23] Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern, or LEWP, where mesoscale low pressure areas are present.[24] Some bow echoes in the summer are called derechos, and move quite fast through large sections of territory.[25] On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines, a wake low can form, which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy, which are sometimes associated with a heat burst.[26] This kind of storm is also known as "Wind of the Stony Lake" (Traditional Chinese:石湖風 – shi2 hu2 feng1, Simplified Chinese: 石湖风) in southern China.[27]

text: Supercells[edit]

text: Supercell storms are large, usually severe, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("wind shear"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "mesocyclone"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere, and supercell storms can be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause severe weather.[12] These storms can produce destructive tornadoes, sometimes F3 or higher, extremely large hailstones (10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter), straight-line winds in excess of 130 km/h (81 mph), and flash floods. In fact, research has also shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm.[28] Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm.[9]

text: Severe thunderstorms[edit]

text: A thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph), hail is 25 millimetres (1 in) in diameter or larger, or if funnel clouds or tornadoes are reported.[29][30][31] Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm, a tornado warning is issued in place of a severe thunderstorm warning. A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe, or will soon turn severe. In Canada, a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres (2 in) in one hour, or 75 millimetres (3 in) in three hours, is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms.[32] Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell. However, multicell, supercell, and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather.[12]

text: Mesoscale convective systems[edit]

text: A mesoscale convective system (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones, and normally persists for several hours or more.[33] A mesoscale convective system's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape, and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones, squall lines, lake-effect snow events, polar lows, and Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs), and they generally form near weather fronts. Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day.[8] The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America, Europe, and Asia, with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours.[34][35]

text: Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs, generally within the warm season between spring and fall. More intense systems form over land than over water.[36][37] One exception is that of lake-effect snow bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring.[38] Polar lows are a second special class of MCS. They form at high latitudes during the cold season.[39] Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex (MCV).[40] Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.[41]

text: Motion[edit]

text: The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture. Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth's troposphere, the lowest 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of the Earth's atmosphere. Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth's surface than stronger thunderstorms, as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall. Organized, long-lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical wind shear vector. If the gust front, or leading edge of the outflow boundary, races ahead of the thunderstorm, its motion will accelerate in tandem. This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation (HP) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation (LP). When thunderstorms merge, which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other, the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell. The stronger the mean wind, the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion. On weather radar, storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan.[12]

text: Back-building thunderstorm[edit]

text: A back-building thunderstorm, commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm, is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Though the storm often appears stationary on radar, or even moving upwind, this is an illusion. The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new, more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side, replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind.[42][43] When this happens, catastrophic flooding is possible. In Rapid City, South Dakota, in 1972, an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area, resulting in devastating flash flooding.[44] A similar event occurred in Boscastle, England, on 16 August 2004.[45]

text: Hazards[edit]

text: Each year, many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning. While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer, they can occur at just about any time of the year.

text: Cloud-to-ground lightning[edit]

text: Cloud-to-ground lightning frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations. One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the wildfires they are capable of igniting.[46] Under a regime of low precipitation (LP) thunderstorms, where little precipitation is present, rainfall cannot prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat.[47] Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs on occasion.[48] In areas with a high frequency for cloud-to-ground lightning, like Florida, lightning causes several fatalities per year, most commonly to people working outside.[49]

text: Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning. Distilled water has a neutral pH of 7. “Clean” or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.[50] Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena,[51] caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms.[52]

text: Hail[edit]

text: Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm.[53] Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration. Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as orographic lifting), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely.[54] One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888.[55] China also experiences significant hailstorms.[56] Across Europe, Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail.[57]

text: In North America, hail is most common in the area where Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming meet, known as "Hail Alley."[58] Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September. Cheyenne, Wyoming is North America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season.[59] In South America, areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá, Colombia.

text: Hail can cause serious damage, notably to automobiles, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers' crops.[59] Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft. When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres (0.5 in) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds.[60] The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage.[55] Hail is one of Canada's most costly hazards.[61] Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund, Uttarakhand, India.[62] The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora, Nebraska, United States.[63]

text: Tornadoes and waterspouts[edit]

text: A tornado is a violent, rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud (otherwise known as a thundercloud) or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust.[64] Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph (64 and 177 km/h), are approximately 75 metres (246 ft) across, and travel several kilometers (a few miles) before dissipating. Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than 1,600 metres (1 mi) across, and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres (dozens of miles).[65][66][67]

text: The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused. An EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees but not substantial structures. An EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.[68] Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating.[69]

text: Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes, characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current that form over bodies of water, connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds. Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes, or more specifically, non-supercelled tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water.[70] These spiralling columns of air frequently develop within tropical areas close to the equator, but are less common within areas of high latitude.[71]

text: Flash flood[edit]

text: Flash flooding is the process where a landscape, most notably an urban environment, is subjected to rapid floods.[72] These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding[73] and are frequently (though not always) associated with intense rainfall.[74] Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow-moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it. Flash floods are most common in densely populated urban environments, where few plants and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water. Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure, such as bridges, and weakly constructed buildings. Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water. Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced. Soil erosion can occur as well, exposing risks of landslide phenomena.

text: Downburst[edit]

text: Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms. Downburst winds are generally very powerful, and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes,[75] due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight-horizontal characteristic. Downburst winds can be hazardous to unstable, incomplete, or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings. Agricultural crops, and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged. Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash.[8][75] Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds. Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it, due to their higher density. When these downdrafts reach the surface, they spread out and turn into the destructive straight-horizontal winds.[8]

text: Thunderstorm asthma[edit]

text: Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm. During a thunderstorm, pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind. While larger pollen grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose, the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs, triggering the asthma attack.[76][77][78][79]

text: Safety precautions[edit]

text: Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully; however, any thunderstorm can become severe, and all thunderstorms, by definition, present the danger of lightning.[80] Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before, during, and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage.

text: Preparedness[edit]

text: Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm. Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness (as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year).[81] Preparing a family emergency plan, for example, can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and unexpectedly.[82] Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees, which can be blown over in high winds, can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury.[83]

text: The National Weather Service (NWS) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur:[81]

text:
Know the names of local counties, cities, and towns, as these are how warnings are described.[81]
Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area.[84]
Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm.
Cancel or reschedule outdoor events (to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits).[84]
Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place.[84]
Get inside a substantial building or hard-topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives.[84]
If you hear thunder, get to the safe place immediately.[84]
Avoid open areas like hilltops, fields, and beaches, and don't be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring.[81][84]
Don't shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms.[84]
If in the woods, put as much distance as possible between you and any trees during thunderstorms.[84]
If in a group, spread out to increase the chances of survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a lightning strike.[84]

text: Safety[edit]

text: While safety and preparedness often overlap, “thunderstorm safety” generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm. The American Red Cross recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress:[80]

text:
Take action immediately upon hearing thunder. Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning.[83]
Avoid electrical appliances, including corded telephones.[80] Cordless and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm.[83]
Close and stay away from windows and doors, as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind.[80]
Do not bathe or shower, as plumbing conducts electricity.
If driving, safely exit the roadway, turn on hazard lights, and park. Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal.[80]

text: The NWS stopped recommending the "lightning crouch" in 2008 as it doesn't provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike.[84][85][86]

text: Frequent occurrences[edit]

text: Thunderstorms occur throughout the world, even in the polar regions, with the greatest frequency in tropical rainforest areas, where they may occur nearly daily. At any given time approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth.[87] Kampala and Tororo in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth,[88] a claim also made for Singapore and Bogor on the Indonesian island of Java. Other cities known for frequent storm activity include Darwin, Caracas, Manila and Mumbai. Thunderstorms are associated with the various monsoon seasons around the globe, and they populate the rainbands of tropical cyclones.[89] In temperate regions, they are most frequent in spring and summer, although they can occur along or ahead of cold fronts at any time of year.[90] They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water. Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures.

text: Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the Southern states. These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes. Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the West Coast of the United States,[91] but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas, particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. In spring and summer, they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the Rocky Mountains as part of the North American Monsoon regime. In the Northeast, storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest, but with less frequency and severity. During the summer, air-mass thunderstorms are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida.

text: Energy[edit]

text: If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known, then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5×108 kg of water vapor are lifted, and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 1015 joules. This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone, and more energy than that released during the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima, Japan in 1945.[10]

text: The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor results show that gamma rays and antimatter particles (positrons) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms.[92] It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGF). TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning. The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays.[93] About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide, but mostly go undetected.

text: Studies[edit]

text: In more contemporary times, thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity. Every spring, storm chasers head to the Great Plains of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping.[94] Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms.[95] More organized meteorological projects such as VORTEX2 use an array of sensors, such as the Doppler on Wheels, vehicles with mounted automated weather stations, weather balloons, and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather.[96] Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres (820 ft) of their point of origin.[97]

text: Mythology and religion[edit]

text: Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations. Greeks believed that they were battles waged by Zeus, who hurled lightning bolts forged by Hephaestus. Some American Indian tribes associated thunderstorms with the Thunderbird, who they believed was a servant of the Great Spirit. The Norse considered thunderstorms to occur when Thor went to fight Jötnar, with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer Mjölnir. Hinduism recognizes Indra as the god of rain and thunderstorms. Christian doctrine accepted the ideas of Aristotle's original work, called Meteorologica, that winds were caused by exhalations from the Earth and that fierce storms were the work of God. These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century.[98]

text: Martin Luther was out walking when a thunderstorm began, causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk.[99]

text: Outside of Earth[edit]

text: Thunderstorms, evidenced by flashes of lightning, on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice, suggesting a mechanism similar to that on Earth. (Water is a polar molecule that can carry a charge, so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning.)[100] These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times more powerful than lightning on the Earth.[101] The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior.[102] The clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing lightning; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth.[103]


document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: who plays shaun murphy's brother on the good doctor

question_tokens: who plays shaun murphy 's brother on the good doctor

root

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California, to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[2]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy: A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[3] He was also engaged to Jessica Preston, until season 1 episode 12.
Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne: A surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5]
Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu: A surgical resident from a wealthy family.[6]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7]
Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean: A resident (appeared only in the pilot)[8][9]
Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews: Chief of surgery and board member.[8]
Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman: President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[10][11]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki: Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[12]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[4] He also portrays Evan Gallico, a boy in the present that resembles Shaun's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma.
Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks.
Paige Spara as Lea: Shaun's love interest/ former neighbor.
Eric Winter as Matt Coyle: A suave doctor who charms the hospital's staff, until he makes explicit advances towards one of them.[13]
Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim
Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes: Marcus' wife.[14]
Chris D'Elia as Kenny, Shaun's new neighbor, who moves into Lea's apartment.
Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick: A new resident who joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in Season 2.[15] As a resident, Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Shaun. She debuted in "She".[16]
Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park: An ex-cop who decided to become a doctor, He debuted in "Heartfelt".[17]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Jasika Nicole as Carly[18]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[18]
Graham Patrick Martin as Blake[19]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[20]

On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy. With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools, Shaun is able to stabilize the boy. In a hospital board meeting, Dr. Aaron Glassman, president of the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun, despite his autism. Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[21]

Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu. Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day. A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain. Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor. As punishment for lateness, Shaun is assigned 'scut work', where his attention to detail in his gets him in trouble. After rechecking a discharged young girl's test results, Shaun races to her home, annoying her parents over the late hour, but eventually saving the girls life.

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
William Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[22]

Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient. After learning they are unable fly back due to bad weather, they resort to a police escort. At the Hospital, Chuck, the recipient of the liver, is discovered to have alcohol in his system, a development that could void his eligibility for the transplant. Chuck later confesses that he had a drink at his daughter's graduation. In order to protect its reputation and its future patients, the hospital decides to deny Chuck the liver. To their dismay, Shaun and Claire arrive back, having kept the liver viable, only to find out that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital.

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[23]

Barb Allen, 22 weeks pregnant, and her husband come to St. Bonaventure, hoping the doctors can save her baby. A large non-cancerous tumor is growing so on the fetus and must be removed in order to save the baby. Despite the serious risks to both her and the baby, Barb insists on surgery. Shaun and Claire are assigned scut work as punishment. Their patient, Olivia, is experiencing severe pain in her genital area caused by an abscess. When they attempt to drain the abscess, a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve, and the surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia's genitals.

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[24]

Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve, forming a bond with him. The boy's name is actually Evan and was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm; unbeknownst to Evan, he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma. The other doctors are trying to find a prognosis of a 66-year old man, brought to the hospital by his estranged son, with an allergy causing him to have violent convulsions. Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from Echinococcus, a cystic form of tapeworms.

6
"Not Fake"
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
10.60[25]

Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in. Among the victims are a woman with severe, visible burns, on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure, and a young man with a severely damaged leg. Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment; his parents want to amputate the leg, his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone-replacement procedure. After treating a patient, Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site.

7
"22 Steps"
David Straiton
Johanna Lee
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
10.14[26]

Shaun encounters Liam, an autistic patient brought in to the hospital. Having to face prejudice from the young man's parents, Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities. On Dr. Glassman's directive, Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient. Jared deals with a 73-year-old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker; but the patient states his desire is to die.

8
"Apple"
Nestor Carbonell
David Renaud
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
9.97[27]

While shopping at a grocery mart for apples, a robbery takes place. With Shaun's communication limitations, he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk, leading to a young woman getting shot. Shaun's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt. During surgery, Dr. Lim questions Claire's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient. This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room. Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim.

9
"Intangibles"
Bronwen Hughes
Karen Struck
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
9.25[28]

The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies; Murphy's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused. He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the "flirting trifecta". Meanwhile, Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer.

10
"Sacrifice"
Michael Patrick Jann
Lloyd Gilyard Jr.
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
9.03[29]

Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist, but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient, Bobby Otto, convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do. Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle, who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation. Jared finds out and physically threatens him. As a result, Jared is fired. After a tense dinner with Jessica, her father and Dr. Melendez, Jessica states that she doesn't want to have children.

11
"Islands Part One"
Bill D'Elia
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 8, 2018 (2018-01-08)
8.30[30]

Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip. Shaun drives, drinks Tequila, sings karaoke, all for the first time, and experiences his first kiss with Lea. Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins, one of whom needs a kidney. Complications develop and the operation to separate them, planned for six months after the kidney surgery, must be done immediately. The operation goes well until it's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery. Melendez decides it's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a "father" in other ways.

12
"Islands Part Two"
Cherie Nowlan
Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko
January 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)
9.33[31]

Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks’ notice, intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea. The twins suffer complications from their surgery; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain, while Jenny’s heart is failing. Despite the doctors’ best efforts to save both twins, Jenny dies on the operating table. Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired, after allegations of racism by Kalu’s lawyer; as a result, Jared is reinstated. Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father.

13
"Seven Reasons"
Mike Listo
David Shore & David Hoselton
January 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)
9.61[32]

While treating a Muslim patient, Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries. Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work. While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim, she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise. They inform the patient's wife that he needs surgery or he will die, but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation. Shaun asks Glassman to be friends, but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends, which upsets Shaun.

14
"She"
Seth Gordon
Simran Baidwan
February 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)
9.63[33]

The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition; Reznick and Browne with Melendez, Murphy and Kalu with Lim. Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient, Quinn, which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender. Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers. Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication, as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose. Drs. Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving.

15
"Heartfelt"
Regina King
Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)
7.82[34]

A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house. A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer's liver transplanted in him, but without it he has a day to live. A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor, Alex Park, is skeptical of the convict, Boris's, motives. Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor, Aidan Coulter, but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations. At a fundraiser, Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him, but came to the realization that isn't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown.

16
"Pain"
Allison Liddi-Brown
William L. Rotko & David Renaud
March 12, 2018 (2018-03-12)
9.88[35]

Shaun, Claire, and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients, a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior. Jared, Morgan, and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery. Claire's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect. Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count, but that there is a risk of impotence. Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him.

17
"Smile"
Bill D'Elia
David Hoselton & Karen Struck
March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)
9.03[36]

Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen's Mobius Syndrome, enabling her to smile; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery. Morgan and Claire's patient, "Lucy Callard," is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery. Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard, a painkiller addict, to enter rehab; Claire gains the trust of the imposter, Beatrice, who dies of an infection. Jared romantically pursues his burn-victim patient, Celez, after she completes her treatment; he is also offered a job in Denver. Kenny takes advantage of Shaun. Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars, but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date.

18
"More"
Mike Listo
David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard, Jr.
March 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)
9.52[37]

Glassman tells Shaun he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live. Glassman accepts his death, but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun's sake; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live. Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left. Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer; he will pursue treatment. Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury. Jared and Alex question Caden's friend, but Jared is put off by Alex's distrustful nature. Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden's artery. He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it, but Melendez decides they will perform it together. Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks, which Morgan finds perverse; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient. Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews, even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun's success; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun, and accompanies him to meet with Andrews.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[38] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[39][40] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[41] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[42]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[43] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[44] On March 7, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[45]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[3] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger);[6] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[8] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor.[10][43] Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[47][48] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and concluded on March 1, 2018.[49]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[50]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[51] and on CTV in Canada.[52] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[53] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[54] Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018.[55] In the Netherlands, the series began airing on January 29, 2018, on RTL 4 and on video-on-demand service Videoland.[56]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[57] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[58] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[59] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[60]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[61] On March 22, 2018, members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series, along with a screening of the season finale of the first season.[62]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[20]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[63]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[21]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[64]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[22]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[65]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[23]
2.1
7.34
4.1
17.96[66]

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[24]
2.0
7.10
3.8
17.50[67]

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
1.9/7
10.60[25]
2.0
6.93
3.9
17.51[68]

7
"22 Steps"
November 13, 2017
1.9/7
10.14[26]
1.9
6.92
3.8
17.14[69]

8
"Apple"
November 20, 2017
1.8/7
9.97[27]
1.8
6.98
3.6
16.99[70]

9
"Intangibles"
November 27, 2017
1.7/7
9.25[28]
1.8
6.66
3.5
15.91[71]

10
"Sacrifice"
December 4, 2017
1.6/7
9.03[29]
1.8
6.67
3.4
15.74[72]

11
"Islands Part One"
January 8, 2018
1.6/6
8.30[30]
1.8
7.10
3.4
15.40[73]

12
"Islands Part Two"
January 15, 2018
1.7/6
9.33[31]
1.8
6.66
3.5
16.00[74]

13
"Seven Reasons"
January 22, 2018
1.7/7
9.61[32]
1.9
6.91
3.6
16.53[75]

14
"She"
February 5, 2018
1.7/7
9.63[33]
1.8
7.07
3.5
16.71[76]

15
"Heartfelt"
February 26, 2018
1.3/5
7.82[34]
1.8
6.84
3.1
14.66[77]

16
"Pain"
March 12, 2018
1.8/7
9.88[35]
1.5
6.23
3.3
16.12[78]

17
"Smile"
March 19, 2018
1.6/6
9.03[36]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

18
"More"
March 26, 2018
1.7/6
9.52[37]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[79] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[80] According to TV Guide's November 13-26 issue, the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers, beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week.[81]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58% approval rating with an average rating of 5.49/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[82] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[83]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum", but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice".[84]

text: The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik, notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a "hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality." Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that "Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his." [85]

text: Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: "... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him..." Bradley feels that Highmore's performance has been "the central key" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. [86]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actor – Television Series Drama
Freddie Highmore
Nominated
[87][88]

Humanitas Prize
60-Minute Category
David Shore
Won
[89]


document_title: Ovulation

question_text: which hormone stimulates the release of the ovum from the ovary

text: Ovulation

text: In humans[edit]

text: In humans, ovulation occurs about midway through the menstrual cycle, after the follicular phase. The few days surrounding ovulation (from approximately days 10 to 18 of a 28-day cycle), constitute the most fertile phase.[3][4][5][6] The time from the beginning of the last menstrual period (LMP) until ovulation is, on average, 14.6[7] days, but with substantial variation between females and between cycles in any single female, with an overall 95% prediction interval of 8.2 to 20.5[7] days.

text: The process of ovulation is controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain and through the release of hormones secreted in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).[8] In the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, the ovarian follicle will undergo a series of transformations called cumulus expansion, which is stimulated by FSH. After this is done, a hole called the stigma will form in the follicle, and the secondary oocyte will leave the follicle through this hole. Ovulation is triggered by a spike in the amount of FSH and LH released from the pituitary gland. During the luteal (post-ovulatory) phase, the secondary oocyte will travel through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If fertilized by a sperm, the fertilized secondary oocyte or ovum may implant there 6–12 days later.[9]

text: Follicular phase[edit]

text: The follicular phase (or proliferative phase) is the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the ovarian follicles mature. The follicular phase lasts from the beginning of menstruation to the start of ovulation.[10][11]

text: For ovulation to be successful, the ovum must be supported by the corona radiata and cumulus oophorous granulosa cells. The latter undergo a period of proliferation and mucification known as cumulus expansion. Mucification is the secretion of a hyaluronic acid-rich cocktail that disperses and gathers the cumulus cell network in a sticky matrix around the ovum. This network stays with the ovum after ovulation and has been shown to be necessary for fertilization.[12][13]

text: An increase in cumulus cell number causes a concomitant increase in antrum fluid volume that can swell the follicle to over 20 mm in diameter. It forms a pronounced bulge at the surface of the ovary called the blister.[citation needed]

text: Ovulation[edit]

text: Estrogen levels peak towards the end of the follicular phase. This causes a surge in levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This lasts from 24 to 36 hours, and results in the rupture of the ovarian follicles, causing the oocyte to be released from the ovary.[14]

text: Through a signal transduction cascade initiated by LH, proteolytic enzymes are secreted by the follicle that degrade the follicular tissue at the site of the blister, forming a hole called the stigma. The secondary oocyte leaves the ruptured follicle and moves out into the peritoneal cavity through the stigma, where it is caught by the fimbriae at the end of the fallopian tube. After entering the fallopian tube, the oocyte is pushed along by cilia, beginning its journey toward the uterus.[8]

text: By this time, the oocyte has completed meiosis I, yielding two cells: the larger secondary oocyte that contains all of the cytoplasmic material and a smaller, inactive first polar body. Meiosis II follows at once but will be arrested in the metaphase and will so remain until fertilization. The spindle apparatus of the second meiotic division appears at the time of ovulation. If no fertilization occurs, the oocyte will degenerate between 12 and 24 hours after ovulation.[15] Approximately 1-2% of ovulations release more than one oocyte. This tendency increases with maternal age. Fertilization of two different oocytes by two different spermatozoa results in fraternal twins.[8]

text: The mucous membrane of the uterus, termed the functionalis, has reached its maximum size, and so have the endometrial glands, although they are still non-secretory.[citation needed]

text: Luteal phase[edit]

text: The follicle proper has met the end of its lifespan. Without the oocyte, the follicle folds inward on itself, transforming into the corpus luteum (pl. corpora lutea), a steroidogenic cluster of cells that produces estrogen and progesterone. These hormones induce the endometrial glands to begin production of the proliferative endometrium and later into secretory endometrium, the site of embryonic growth if implantation occurs. The action of progesterone increases basal body temperature by one-quarter to one-half degree Celsius (one-half to one degree Fahrenheit). The corpus luteum continues this paracrine action for the remainder of the menstrual cycle, maintaining the endometrium, before disintegrating into scar tissue during menses.[16]

text: Clinical presentation[edit]

text: The start of ovulation can be detected by signs. Because the signs are not readily discernible by people other than the female, humans are said to have a concealed ovulation. In many animal species there are distinctive signals indicating the period when the female is fertile. Several explanations have been proposed to explain concealed ovulation in humans.

text: Females near ovulation experience changes in the cervical mucus, and in their basal body temperature. Furthermore, many females experience secondary fertility signs including Mittelschmerz (pain associated with ovulation) and a heightened sense of smell, and can sense the precise moment of ovulation.[17][18]

text: Many females experience heightened sexual desire in the several days immediately before ovulation.[19] One study concluded that females subtly improve their facial attractiveness during ovulation.[20]

text: Symptoms related to the onset of ovulation, the moment of ovulation and the body's process of beginning and ending the menstrual cycle vary in intensity with each female but are fundamentally the same. The charting of such symptoms — primarily basal body temperature, mittelschmerz and cervical position — is referred to as the sympto-thermal method of fertility awareness, which allow auto-diagnosis by a female of her state of ovulation. Once training has been given by a suitable authority, fertility charts can be completed on a cycle-by-cycle basis to show ovulation. This gives the possibility of using the data to predict fertility for natural contraception and pregnancy planning.

text: The moment of ovulation has been photographed.[22]

text: Disorders[edit]

text: Disorders of ovulation are classified as menstrual disorders and include oligoovulation and anovulation:

text:
Oligoovulation is infrequent or irregular ovulation (usually defined as cycles of greater than 36 days or fewer than 8 cycles a year)
Anovulation is absence of ovulation when it would be normally expected (in a post-menarchal, premenopausal female). Anovulation usually manifests itself as irregularity of menstrual periods, that is, unpredictable variability of intervals, duration, or bleeding. Anovulation can also cause cessation of periods (secondary amenorrhea) or excessive bleeding (dysfunctional uterine bleeding).

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the following classification of ovulatory disorders:[23]

text:
WHO group I: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis failure
WHO group II: Hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis dysfunction. WHO group II is the most common cause of ovulatory disorders, and the most common causative member is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).[24]
WHO group III: Ovarian failure
WHO group IV: Hyperprolactinemia

text: Induction and suppression[edit]

text: Induced ovulation[edit]

text: Ovulation induction is a promising assisted reproductive technology for patients with conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and oligomenorrhea. It is also used in in vitro fertilization to make the follicles mature before egg retrieval. Usually, ovarian stimulation is used in conjunction with ovulation induction to stimulate the formation of multiple oocytes.[25] Some sources[25] include ovulation induction in the definition of ovarian stimulation.

text: A low dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) may be injected after completed ovarian stimulation. Ovulation will occur between 24–36 hours after the HCG injection.[25]

text: By contrast, induced ovulation in some animal species occurs naturally, ovulation can be stimulated by coitus.[26]

text: Suppressed ovulation[edit]

text: Contraception can be achieved by suppressing the ovulation.[citation needed]

text: The majority of hormonal contraceptives and conception boosters focus on the ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle because it is the most important determinant of fertility. Hormone therapy can positively or negatively interfere with ovulation and can give a sense of cycle control to the female.[citation needed]

text: Estradiol and progesterone, taken in various forms including combined oral contraceptive pills, mimics the hormonal levels of the menstrual cycle and engage in negative feedback of folliculogenesis and ovulation.[citation needed]


document_title: Liv and Maddie

question_text: who plays the twins on liv and maddie

question_tokens: who plays the twins on liv and maddie

text: Liv and Maddie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Actress Liv Rooney is a girly girl who has just returned to her birthplace of Stevens Point, Wisconsin, after finishing a four-year stint in Hollywood, filming a popular television series called Sing It Loud! Her identical twin sister, Maddie, a tomboy with a facility for sports, but with a particular talent for basketball, welcomes Liv back home with open arms. The twins have two younger brothers: Joey, an awkward and a smart teenager who likes cat shirts, and Parker, a clever and precocious tween with a slightly mischievous personality. Their parents are Karen, the high school psychologist and later the high school's vice-principal, and Pete, the coach of Maddie's high school basketball team who later accepts a position as the coach of a college team in Beloit, Wisconsin. The series revolves around Liv adjusting to normal family life after her successful career in Hollywood. Most events take place at the Rooney residence or at Ridgewood High School. At the end of the third season, the Rooney house collapses and Maddie enrolls in a college in Los Angeles, California. This prompts the rest of the Rooneys, except Pete who remains in Wisconsin to continue his coaching job, to move to Malibu, California, to take up residence with Karen's younger sister, Dena, and her daughter, Ruby, where the series' fourth season takes place.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Dove Cameron as Liv and Maddie Rooney
Joey Bragg as Joey Rooney
Tenzing Norgay Trainor as Parker Rooney
Kali Rocha as Karen Rooney
Benjamin King as Pete Rooney (seasons 1–3)
Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Liv and Maddie began production in April 2013.[1] The series was created by John D. Beck and Ron Hart, both of whom also serve as executive producers alongside Andy Fickman. Beck and Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include According to Jim, Hey Arnold!, and Shake It Up!. Originally, the pair had shopped a script of a project called Bits and Pieces which featured a blended family similar to series like The Brady Bunch and Step by Step.[2] The series is produced under a joint venture by Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, and It's a Laugh Productions.

text: On January 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed Liv and Maddie for a 13-episode second season slated to premiere in fall 2014.[3] The second season was later expanded to 24 episodes.[4] The second season premiered on September 21, 2014. The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on April 3, 2015.[5] The third season premiered on September 13, 2015. On December 21, 2015, actress Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel was picking up Liv and Maddie for a fourth season.[6] On June 19, 2016, series creator Ron Hart announced on Twitter that the fourth season would premiere in fall 2016.[7] On July 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that they had filmed the series' final episode.[8] On August 19, 2016, it was announced by the series' creators, John D. Beck and Ron Hart, that the final season would be called Liv and Maddie: Cali Style. They also stated that the fourth and final season would premiere on September 23, 2016.[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting took place during the spring of 2012;[10] however, only a pilot episode was produced. The series followed Kali Rocha, Dove Cameron, Joey Bragg, Benjamin King, Cozi Zuehlsdorff, and Tenzing Norgay Trainor portraying Jodie Sullenger, mother of Alanna and Sticky, who married Pete Fickman, father of Crystal and Brody, with all six adjusting to life under the same roof. Eventually, Disney chose to change the concept of Bits and Pieces into one about a pair of twins.[2] Instead of hiring a new cast, production chose to keep those whom they had already hired and film a completely new pilot. The story now focused on Dove Cameron playing dual roles with the same parents and brothers. Lead billing for Cozi Zuehlsdorff was later dropped to guest star. The family name of "Rooney" was picked because of Sullenger's enjoyment of the Pittsburgh Steelers, a team owned by the Rooney family.[2]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
July 19, 2013 (2013-07-19)
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)

2
24
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)

3
20
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)

4
15
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
20
July 19, 2013 (2013-07-19)
5.78[11]
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
TBD
2.87

2
24
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
2.04[12]
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
2.45[13]
2.17

3
20
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.80[14]
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
1.53[15]
1.87

4
15
September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)
1.66[16]
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
1.30[17]
1.21

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Liv and Maddie airs on Disney Channel in the United States and Family Channel in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on July 19, 2013. The first promo for the series was seen on June 28, 2013. The series officially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, and in Canada on September 20, 2013.[citation needed] The series stopped airing in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, and started airing on Disney Channel on September 5, 2015.[citation needed] La Chaîne Disney in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-a-Rooney" on March 24, 2016, 17 days before the US and Canada airing on April 10, 2016.[citation needed] In the UK and Ireland, the series aired a preview on October 7, 2013, and later premiered on November 8, 2013.[citation needed] In Australia and New Zealand, the series premiered on October 11, 2013.[citation needed] The second season premiered on January 8, 2015.[18] The third season premiered on December 2, 2015.[citation needed] The series premiered in Southeast Asia on January 10, 2014.[citation needed] In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East and Africa, the series premiered on March 8, 2014.[citation needed] The second season premiered on February 7, 2015.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the series' quality a rating of three out of five stars, describing it as a "jovial family sitcom" and applicable for ages seven and above. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common family issues, like sibling rivalry, stating: "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."[19] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times compared the series to The Patty Duke Show while describing it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" and praising Dove Cameron's portrayal of the down-to-earth Maddie and diva Liv, stating: "...the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."[20]

text: Music[edit]

text: A full version of the Liv and Maddie theme song, "Better in Stereo", was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.[21] A music video was filmed and aired on Disney Channel the night of October 29, 2013.[citation needed] The song was featured multiple times throughout the show, first in the season three finale, "Californi-a-Rooney", and then an acoustic version sung by Dove Cameron during the season four and series finale, "End-a-Rooney".

text: In the pilot, "Twin-a-Rooney", Liv shows Maddie a clip from the Sing It Loud! finale in which Liv's character, Stephanie Einstein, sings a cover of On Top of the World by Imagine Dragons. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.[22]

text: In "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney", Liv performs the classic "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" during the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version of the song was recorded by Dove Cameron and is included on Holidays Unwrapped, a holiday album released by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.[23]

text: In "Song-a-Rooney", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO" which goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version of "Count Me In" was recorded by Dove Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on June 3, 2014.[24]

text: In "New Year's Eve-a-Rooney", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on December 2, 2014.

text: In "Rate-a-Rooney", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Two versions were created: the first being the one shown on Liv and Maddie and the other, including Christina Grimmie and Baby Kaely, was eventually recorded. Both versions are included in the Liv and Maddie soundtrack. The second version was released on iTunes on March 5, 2015, while the original version was released on March 17, 2015. On March 17, 2015, the Liv and Maddie soundtrack was released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", and both versions of "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack also includes "Say Hey", "As Long as I Have You", and "True Love", the last one of which would be morphed into two versions: Ballad, which would be sung by Jordan Fisher, and a piano duet featuring Jordan Fisher and Dove Cameron. On March 5, 2015, with the announcing of the soundtrack, the singles for those songs, minus FroyoYOLO, will no longer be available.

text: In "Prom-a-Rooney", Liv performs "True Love" at the school prom. Dove Cameron, like the other songs, recorded a full version of the song which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015.

text: In "Band-a-Rooney", Liv's band, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version was recorded by Dove Cameron, with the band member's actor doing the chorus. The song was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015.

text: In "Video-a-Rooney", Liv's band performs "As Long as I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version which was released as part of the Liv and Maddie soundtrack on March 17, 2015. The song was the final song from the soundtrack that was played in the series.

text: In "SPARF-a-Rooney", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is one of the few songs in Liv and Maddie not to be part of the soundtrack.

text: In "Sing It Louder!!-a-Rooney", Liv and Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The song was recorded by Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis and was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016.

text: In "Falcon-a-Rooney", "The Power of Two" is performed again by Liv and Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!" Like the previous song in season four, Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis recorded a full song, released on January 20, 2017.

text: In "Sing It Live!!!-a-Rooney, Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode of "Sing It Louder!!" Again, a full song was recorded by Dove Cameron and released as a promotional single on March 3, 2017.

text: Songs[edit]

text:
List of songs in Liv and Maddie

Title
Performed by
First episode

"Better in Stereo"
Dove Cameron
"Twin-a-Rooney"

"On Top of the World"
Dove Cameron
"Twin-a-Rooney"

"Up on the Housetop"
Dove Cameron and Ella Anderson
"Fa-La-La-a-Rooney"

"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow"
Dove Cameron
"Fa-La-La-a-Rooney"

"FroyoYOLO"
Dove Cameron
"Song-a-Rooney"

"Count Me In"
Dove Cameron
"Song-a-Rooney"

"You, Me and the Beat"
Dove Cameron
"New Year's Eve-a-Rooney"

"What a Girl Is"
Dove Cameron
"Rate-a-Rooney"

"True Love"
Dove Cameron
"Prom-a-Rooney"

"Say Hey"
Dove Cameron
"Band-a-Rooney"

"As Long as I Have You"
Dove Cameron
"Video-a-Rooney"

"Honey, I'm Good"
Andy Grammer
"SPARF-a-Rooney"

"Key of Life"
Dove Cameron
"Dream-a-Rooney"

"One Second Chance"
Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis
"Sing It Louder!!-a-Rooney"

"Power of Two"
Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis
"Falcon-a-Rooney"

"My Destiny"
Dove Cameron
"Sing It Live!!!-a-Rooney"

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Brand marketing promotion from Liv and Maddie still continues strongly, with ACCO Brands, under the Day Dream brand, featuring a 2015 wall calendar and Disney D'Signed clothing line from selected retailers: Target and Kohl's. Wooky Entertainment owns Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featuring Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True and Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star sketchbooks.[citation needed] Footwear retailer Payless ShoeSource conducts Liv and Maddie-themed character footwear based on the series.[25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2014
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated

2015
Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Nominated

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
Nominated
[26]

Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated
[27]

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Won
[28]

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina
Favorite International Program
Won
[29]

2017
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Won

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Won

Kids' Choice Awards Argentina
Favorite International Program
Pending


document_title: The Flintstones (film)

question_text: who plays pebbles in the 1994 flintstones movie

text: The Flintstones (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Bedrock, Slate International's new CEO Cliff Vandercave and his secretary Miss Stone discuss their plan to swindle the company of its vast fortune and flee. As part of the plan, they would need one of the employees to be the scapegoat. Meanwhile, Fred Flintstone loans his best friend and neighbor Barney Rubble money so that he and his wife Betty can adopt a child. The agency pairs them up with a child named Bamm-Bamm, who can only pronounce his own name. Although Bamm-Bamm is initially difficult to control due to being raised by mastodons, and thus has super strength, he eventually warms up to his new family. Barney vows to repay his friend Fred for his debt of gratitude. Despite his mother-in-law Pearl Slaghoople's objections, Fred's wife Wilma remains supportive of Fred's decision to help Barney. Fred promises he will prove himself to her one day.

text: As part of his scheme to find the fall-guy, Vandercave holds a company-wide aptitude test, where the worker with the highest score would become the new vice president of the company. Knowing how much Fred wants the promotion, Barney secretly switches his completed test with Fred's, since he knows that he has a better chance than Fred. Fred receives the promotion, but his first order as vice president is to dismiss Barney, since Barney's score, having been switched with Fred's, is the lowest score in the company. Fred is unwilling to fire his friend, but Vandercave threatens to fire both Barney and him if he refuses. Fred reluctantly accepts, but does his best to help Barney support his family, and even invites the Rubbles to live with the Flintstone family so that they can rent out their home for extra income. However, Fred's job and newfound wealth puts a strain on his relationships with Wilma and the Rubbles. Vandercave eventually tricks Fred into dismissing more workers, over the objections of his office Dictabird. Later, Barney confronts Fred after seeing worker riots on the news, and in the heat of the argument, reveals that he switched tests with Fred. The Rubbles move out, despite having nowhere to live. Wilma and Pebbles also move out to her mother's house, leaving Fred alone.

text: Fred goes to the quarry and realizes his mistake when he discovers Vandercave's plan. He finds out that Vandercave has manipulated events to make it look as if Fred stole the money, and that he has reported the stolen money to the police. A manhunt for Fred ensues, led by the police and the workers. Wilma and Betty see this on the news, and break into Slate and Co. to get the Dictabird, who serves as the only witness who can clear Fred's name. They are, however, unaware that Vandercave has been watching them from his office window. Meanwhile, Fred, while in disguise, attempts to enter a cave where the workers are seeking refuge. However, they see through his disguise and attempt to hang him. Barney is almost hanged as well after he admits his part. Fred and Barney reconcile, but before they are lynched, Wilma and Betty arrive with the Dictabird, who tells them the true story. The workers release Fred and Barney after realizing that Vandercave was the one who fired them.

text: Vandercave kidnaps Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm and demands the Dictabird in exchange for the children's safe return. Fred and Barney confront Vandercave at the quarry, where Vandercave has tied Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm to a large industrial mixing machine. Though they hand him the Dictabird, Vandercave still activates the mixer to stall them while he makes a getaway. Barney rescues the children while Fred attempts to destroy the mixer. The Dictabird escapes from Vandercave and lures him back to the quarry, where Miss Stone knocks him out, having had a change of heart after learning that Vandercave was planning to betray her. The police, Wilma, Betty, and Mr. Slate arrive at the quarry while Vandercave attempts to flee, but he becomes trapped by a thick liquid substance oozing out from the mixer.

text: With the Dictabird as witness and providing evidence against Vandercave, all charges against Fred are dropped. Though Miss Stone is arrested as Vandercave's accomplice, Fred is confident she will be granted leniency for helping them stop Vandercave. Impressed with the qualities of the liquid substance that Fred inadvertently created when he destroyed the mixing machine, Mr. Slate dubs the substance "concrete" in honor of his daughter Concretia and makes plans to produce it with Fred as the president of its division. With the discovery of concrete, the Stone Age comes to an end. Having realized how his life would change for the worse with his new found wealth and status as the new president, Fred declines the promotion and asks that the workers be rehired and given the job benefits that he was initially to have received. As the Flintstones and Rubbles have finally made amends, Fred and Barney get into a humorous quarrel when Fred once again asks Barney for a small amount of money for breakfast.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Goodman as Fred Flintstone
Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble
Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone
Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble
Kyle MacLachlan as Cliff Vandercave
Halle Berry as Miss Stone
Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople
Mel Blanc as Dino (archive audio) - Blanc previously supplied the voice of Barney and Dino in the original cartoon series.
Elaine &  Melanie Silver as Pebbles Flintstone
Hlynur & Marinó Sigurðsson as Bamm-Bamm Rubble - Elizabeth Daily provides Bamm-Bamm's voice, though uncredited
Dann Florek as Mr. Slate
Richard Moll as Hoagie
Irwin Keyes as Joe Rockhead
Jim Doughan as Maitre d'
Harvey Korman as the Dictabird (voice) - Korman previously voiced the Great Gazoo in the original cartoon series.
Jonathan Winters as Grizzled Man, a co-worker of Fred and Barney's
Jack O'Halloran as Yeti
The B-52's as The BC-52's
Jean Vander Pyl as Mrs. Feldspar - Vander Pyl previously voiced Wilma and Pebbles in the original cartoon series.
Laraine Newman as Susan Rock
Jay Leno as a talk show host
William Hanna as a boardroom executive
Joseph Barbera as a man driving a Mersandes
Sam Raimi as Cliff Vandercave look-alike

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and writing[edit]

text: In 1985, producers Keith Barish and Joel Silver bought the rights for a live-action feature film version of The Flintstones and commissioned Steven E. de Souza to write a script with Richard Donner hired to direct. De Souza's script was eventually rejected and Mitch Markowitz was hired to write a script. Said to be a cross of The Grapes of Wrath, Markowitz commented that "I don't even remember it that well, but Fred and Barney leave their town during a terrible depression and go across the country, or whatever that damn prehistoric thing is, looking for jobs. They wind up in trailer parks trying to keep their families together. They exhibit moments of heroism and poignancy". Markowitz's version was apparently too sentimental for director Donner, who disliked it.[3] Eventually, the rights were bought by Amblin Entertainment and Steven Spielberg who, after working with Goodman on Always, was determined to cast him in the lead as Fred. Brian Levant was hired as director, knowing he was the right person because of his love for the original series. They knew he was an avid fan of the series because of his Flintstones items collection and the knowledge he had from the series.

text: When Levant was hired, all previous scripts were thrown out. Levant then recruited what he called an "all-star writing team" which consisted of his writer friends from television shows such as Family Ties, Night Court, and Happy Days. "This is a sitcom on steroids", said Levant. "We were just trying to improve it." Dubbed the Flintstone Eight, the group wrote a new draft but four more round table sessions ensued, each of which was attended by new talent. Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel took home a reported $100,000 for just two days work.[4] Rick Moranis was also present at Levant's roundtables, and later described the film as "one of those scripts that had about 18 writers".[5] The effects for Dino, Dictabird, and the other prehistoric creatures were provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Actors John Candy, Jim Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Bill Murray, and Chevy Chase were all considered for the role of Fred Flintstone, but John Candy had died before production began,[6][7] the last four actors were all deemed too skinny and a fat suit was deemed too inappropriate to be used. If Goodman had turned the role down, the film would not have been made.[6] Geena Davis, Faith Ford, and Catherine O'Hara were all considered for the role of Wilma. Elizabeth Perkins won the role.[8] Danny DeVito was the original first choice for Barney, but he turned down the role as he felt he was too gruff to do the character properly and reportedly suggested Rick Moranis for the role.[6]  DeVito was also considered for Fred Flintstone.[9] Although Janine Turner was considered, Rosie O'Donnell won the role of Betty Rubble with her impersonation of the cartoon character's signature giggle.[6]  Both Tracey Ullman and Daphne Zuniga were also considered for the role.[8] Sharon Stone was to play Miss Stone, but turned it down because of scheduling conflicts.[6][10] The role was also offered to Nicole Kidman.[6] Anna Nicole Smith was also considered.[6] Both Audrey Meadows and Elizabeth Montgomery were considered for the role of Pearl Slaghoople.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Parts of the film were shot at Glen Canyon in Utah as well as Los Angeles County, California.[11]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 22% "Rotten" rating based on 44 reviews with an average rating of 3.7/10.[12] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 38 out of 100, which indicates "generally unfavorable reviews", based on 15 reviews.[13] On the syndicated television program Siskel & Ebert & the Movies, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times and his colleague Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two marginal thumbs down. They both mentioned that its main story lines (embezzlement, mother-in-law problems, office politics and extra-marital affairs) were storylines for adult films, and ones that children would not be able to understand. However, many critics praised the film's look, faithfulness to the cartoon, Rosanna Norton's costume designs and Goodman's performance.[14][15][16][17] A few reviews were positive, including Time magazine which said "The Flintstones is fun", and Joel Siegel from ABC's Good Morning America and WABC-TV who called the film "pre-historical, hysterical... great fun". In a 1997 interview, Joseph Barbera, co-creator of The Flintstones and co-founder of Hanna-Barbera Productions, stated that, although he was impressed by the film's visuals, he felt the story "wasn't as good as I could have made it."[18]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Despite the negative reviews, The Flintstones was a box office success, grossing $130,531,208 domestically, including the $37,182,745 it made during its 4-day Memorial Day opening weekend in 1994. It performed even better internationally, making another $211,100,000 overseas, for a total of $341,631,208 worldwide, against a $46 million budget.[2][19]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: O'Donnell won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her performance in this film. The film also won Worst Screenplay and was nominated for two others: Taylor as Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress (the second performance in the film nominated for this award) and for the film as Worst Remake or Sequel. However, the film also received four Saturn Award nominations, including Best Fantasy Film, Best Costume Design and Best Supporting Actress for O'Donnell's and Berry's performances.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: McDonald's marketed a number of Flintstones promotions for the film, including the return of the McRib sandwich and the "Grand Poobah Meal" combo with it, a line of premium glass mugs, and toys based on characters and locations from the film. In the commercials and released items for the Flintstones promotion, McDonald's was renamed "RocDonald's" with stone age imagery, similarly to other businesses and proper names in the Flintstones franchise. The Flintstones: The Movie, a video game based on the film, was developed by Ocean software and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy and Mega Drive/Genesis (Sega Channel exclusive) in 1995. In the United Kingdom, Tetley promoted adverts with audio from the film, including mugs starring characters from the film. Jurassic Park, the name of another movie was also seen briefly as a park in the film.

text: Home media releases[edit]

text: The film was released, first on VHS and LaserDisc on November 8, 1994 by MCA/Universal Home Video. It later made its debut on DVD on September 24, 1999 and finally to Blu-ray on August 19, 2014.[20]

text: Prequel[edit]

text: A prequel, The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas, was released in 2000. The original main cast did not reprise their roles of the characters, though O'Donnell provided the voice of an octopus who gave massages to younger versions of Wilma and Betty. Irwin Keyes returned as Joe Rockhead, the only cast member to reprise his role from the first film. Unlike its predecessor, it disappointed at the box office.

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released for the Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega Channel in both 1994 and 1995 respectively, developed by Ocean Software (SNES), Twilight (GB), Hi-Tech (SC) and published by Ocean Software. In the game, the player takes control of Fred Flintstones and has to rescue  Wilma, Barney, Pebbles and Bam-Bam from Cliff Vandercave.[21][22]

text: A Sega Genesis version developed by Foley Hi-Tech and published by Ocean Software was also planned, but was later canceled and was released on the Sega Channel instead[23]