document_title: Bendy and the Ink Machine

question_text: where does bendy and the ink machine take place

text: Bendy and the Ink Machine

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Bendy and the Ink Machine is a survival horror game that uses a mixture of puzzle solving, environment exploration and combat to aid Henry on his journey through Joey Drew Studio, where he was formerly employed as an animator. Players explore through a first-person view and have limited physical actions such as running and jumping. Different items can be collected, some of which are for solving various puzzles to fix machinery or open doors. Cans of bacon soup, a reference to the game's creator TheMeatly and his partner Mike Mood, can also be collected for both achievements and to restore Henry's health if he is injured. Combat is primarily focused around a variety of different weapons, including axes, pipes and plungers, though the special use of a tommy gun can also be obtained as of Chapter Three. The game's ink monsters, acting as the main enemies of the story, all have different strength levels and resilience to damage, forcing players to be tactical about keeping out of reach and striking when necessary. Some enemies cannot be destroyed and must be instead hidden from in order to survive. If Henry takes too much damage, he can escape from the ink that consumes him and respawn at one of the numerous statues of a Statue of Bendy that act as checkpoints.

text: In addition, players can find numerous audio logs throughout the studio that give more story details about the fate of the studio and its employees, similar to the systems used in games such as BioShock. Some of these logs can be missed and require further exploration to uncover the secret areas they often reside in.

text: Chapters[edit]

text: Chapter One: Moving Pictures[edit]

text: Henry, an animator, returns to his old animation studio, Joey Drew Studios, after receiving an invitation from his old friend and former employer, Joey Drew, to be shown something important. Having not been to the studio in thirty years, Henry finds the place seemingly abandoned. He eventually discovers the titular Ink Machine and decides to turn it on after concluding it is what Joey wanted to show him. During the repair attempts, Henry uncovers hints from old recordings of the staff which imply that Joey was taking part in bizarre occult practices, further amplified by the gruesome discovery of a corpse in the shape of Boris the Wolf, one of the studio's characters.[4]

text: After completing the necessary steps to fix the Ink Machine, he finds the path to the machine boarded up. Henry is then suddenly attacked by a humanoid ink monster resembling the studio's mascot Bendy the Dancing Demon. Henry attempts to flee from "Bendy" as the studio starts to flood with ink and just before he reaches the exit, the floor collapses underneath him, trapping him in a room below. Using an axe to clear the path and approaching a pentagram drawn on the floor, Henry is racked with a vision of the Machine, a wheelchair, and "Bendy" before he falls unconscious.

text: In the post-credit scene, the pentagram room is almost pitch grey with the candles being lit, just as this cutscene ends "Bendy" emerges from the shadows with his evil smile. This was later removed because of its disturbance to smaller players.

text: Chapter Two: The Old Song[edit]

text: Henry explores the studio's music department and infirmary, encountering inky monsters implied to be former staff members. Henry finds several more tape recordings of how the studio fared since his departure, including one by Sammy Lawrence, the musical director for the studio, who seemingly started to worship Bendy as a deity following the ink machine's installment. Another recording from Norman Polk, the studio projectionist, mentions how Sammy continually disrupted daily recording sessions by attempting to enter a custom built sanctuary. The chapter also introduces Susie Campbell, a voice actress, who discusses her casting as Alice Angel, a new character in the studio.

text: After activating the pump in Sammy's office to drain the flooded stairwell of the music department blocking the exit, Henry is suddenly attacked from behind and knocked unconscious. Upon waking up, he finds his captor is Sammy, who has been turned into an ink creature, sporting a Bendy mask over his face. Hoping that Bendy, his god, will restore his humanity, Sammy plots to sacrifice Henry to him. However, Sammy is murdered by "Bendy" offscreen when the demon arrives. Henry escapes from "Bendy", only to encounter a living Boris.

text: Chapter Three: Rise and Fall[edit]

text: Henry works with the friendly Boris to find a way out of the studio. They find themselves in Heavenly Toys, the studio's toy manufacturing department. Briefly separated from Boris, Henry encounters a psychotic, aggressive figure who sports Alice Angel's name, implied via recordings that it is a transformed Susie, as audio recordings reveal she was unceremoniously replaced as Alice's voice actress with Allison Pendle.

text: Henry reunites with Boris, and they reach "Alice"'s lair. There, Henry finds out that "Alice" has been harvesting the body parts of other Boris clones and other toons, in order to improve her deformed appearance. "Alice" offers Henry his freedom in exchange for a few errands and offers him tools to help. Henry carries out these errands, which involve gathering materials for "Alice", all the while evading "Bendy", Searchers, monstrous versions of the studio's Butcher Gang characters, and the Projectionist, a disfigured version of Norman Polk, who has now become an ink monster with a film projector for a head. After every task is complete, Henry and Boris are allowed to ascend in an elevator to escape, but "Alice" proclaims she wants to use Boris to fix herself, and the elevator plummets down and crashes. As Boris tries to revive an injured Henry, he is suddenly pulled away by "Alice" into the darkness by force.

text: Chapter Four: Colossal Wonders[edit]

text: Henry wakes up in the remains of the crashed elevator and begins his search for Boris. He journeys through the studio's archives, beginning to suffer from hallucinations of paranormal activity and discovers a large group of harmless ink monsters called the "Lost Ones", hinted to be the studio's employees. In the archives is a recording from Susie, who states that Joey said he had an 'opportunity' for her, furthering the possibility that she is "Alice".

text: After navigating through the vents of the archives, Henry finds himself in a large underground warehouse that houses prototypes for a Bendy theme park, Bendy Land. Created by park designer Bertrum Piedmont, more audio logs imply that Joey intended to take the credit for the park's creation, leading Bertrum to become frustrated with the studio owner. Henry comes across a scrambler, actually Bertrum's physical form, and is forced to kill him. Henry encounters the Projectionist again, fleeing into a bomb shelter-like Little Miracle Station, only to witness "Bendy" attack and decapitate his pursuer, dragging his corpse away.

text: Upon unlocking the ghost train ride, Henry is taunted by Alice Angel. He is attacked by a heavily mutilated Boris, leading to a boss battle. Henry is forced to kill his companion in a rage, "Boris'" body melting into ink. An enraged "Alice" charges at Henry, only to be impaled from behind with a sword and dies. Her killer is revealed to be a second Alice Angel named Allison Angel, accompanied by another, mechanized version of Boris.

text: Chapter Five: The Last Reel[edit]

text: The production trailer for this chapter was released on June 4th 2018. The chapter's title was revealed during a video by theMeatly on June 12th. [5]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The playable character and protagonist is Henry (theMeatly), a former animator of Joey Drew Studios, who returns to the studio thirty years after resigning from the company. The game is played through a first-person narrative, though Henry’s physical appearance has yet to be seen.

text: Joey Drew (David Eddings), the CEO of the studio, invites Henry back to the studio via a letter. He introduced the Ink Machine to the studio, exhibiting peculiar behaviour around it. Joey is described as a “man of ideas, but nothing else” by Henry. Other characters view him as an unethical employer and perfectionist, uncaring towards the working conditions of his colleagues. Though acting like an eccentric dreamer, Chapter 4 proves this is just a ruse via a recording, Joey actually portrayed as a cynical, greedy individual. TheMeatly described Joey’s greatest and worst flaw as his “unending desire to the make impossible possible.”[6]

text: Other members of the studio’s staff are introduced via audio recordings. These include Wally Franks (theMeatly), the studio janitor; Thomas Connor (Mike Mood), a repairman; Sammy Lawrence (Aaron Landon), the musical director, who serves as an antagonist in Chapter 2, worshipping Bendy as a deity; Jack Fain (Bookpast), a lyricist, turned into a “swollen” Searcher in the remastered Chapter 2; projector operator Norman Polk (theMeatly), transformed into a monster called the Projectionist, appearing in Chapters 3 and 4[7], a character that was almost left out of the final version of the third chapter due to time restraints[8]; accountant Grant Cohen (Will Ryan); Shawn Flynn (Seán McLoughlin), an Irish toy designer; Bertrum Piedmont (Joe J. Thomas), a theme park architect, who appears as a boss in Chapter 4[9]; engineer Lacie Benton (Lani Minella); and the voice actresses of the character Alice Angel, Susie Campbell (Alanna Linayre), and her replacement Allison Pendle (Lauren Synger).

text: Susie plays a major antagonistic role in Chapters 3 and 4, appearing as a malevolent, deformed version of Alice Angel. Through audio recordings, Susie is revealed to be been unceremoniously replaced with Allison as Alice's voice actress, causing her to blame Joey for deceiving her.[10] Susie kills numerous cartoon characters and harvesting their innards to become a “perfect” incarnation of herself, specifically target Boris the Wolf. Allison appears in Chapter 4 as another version of Alice, referred to as “Allison Angel".

text: Throughout the game, Henry encounters numerous staff members, transformed into monsters made from ink, or resembling the studio’s animated characters. A number of these appear in Chapter 4, referred to as the “Lost Ones”, but show no hostility towards the player. The stock enemy in the game are the “Searchers”, though other variants appear in boss battles.

text: The studio has created several in-universe cartoon characters who starred in silent animated shorts. The titular character is Bendy the Dancing Demon, the studio mascot, who appears as a recurring antagonist towards Henry throughout the game. Bendy's name was in fact a typo, created when the 3D modeling program, Blender, saved the character's model with the name.

text: Boris the Wolf, Bendy’s nemesis in the shorts, appears as several individual character in the game. In Chapter 2, the player meets a benevolent version of Boris, who accompanies Henry throughout Chapter 3. Several other copies of Boris are found dead in the first and third chapters, used by Susie to achieve her "perfection". She captures Boris at the end of the third chapter, reintroducing him in a new, monstrous and aggressive form in Chapter 4, forcing the player to battle him in a boss battle. Another mechanized Boris appears at the end of Chapter 4, accompanying Allison. The aforementioned Alice Angel debuts in Chapter 2, who theMeatly describes as “quite the gal”[11]. Chapter 3 introduced the Butcher Gang, a trio of characters who act as enemies to Bendy in his shorts - Charley, a monkey; Barley, a pirate; and Edgar, a spider. They appear as antagonists in Chapters 3 and 4.

text: Other media[edit]

text: Official videos for a series of animated shorts based on Bendy and the Ink Machine have been released from theMeatly's YouTube channel, with animation done by animator Timethehobo. The first animated short, Tombstone Picnic, was released as a first part of Chapter 3's reveal trailer on August 11, 2017.[12] The second short, Haunted Hijinx, was uploaded on October 31, 2017, for the celebration on Halloween.[13] The third short, Snow Sillies, was uploaded on December 24, 2017, for the celebration on Christmas season.

text: A Halloween crossover mod, Hello Bendy, was released for the game on October 27, 2017, for a limited time, featuring the Hello Neighbor antagonist who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and even Sammy for Chapter 2.[14] The mod's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game Hello Neighbor. The mod expired by the end of October.

text: A mobile spin-off, Bendy in Nightmare Run, was announced on January 26, 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Android and iOS in August 2018.[15][16] The game will introduce a playable Bendy in an endless running-style game, featuring four levels with a different "boss" cartoon monster, collectible items and power-ups, collect Briar Label Bacon Soup, and possible future updates.

text: Co-creator Mike Mood has talked about wanting to do a crossover with Cuphead, a popular run and gun platformer that follows the same rubber hose animation art style as Bendy and the Ink Machine.


document_title: German reunification

question_text: when did the ussr agree to a unified germany inside of nato

question_tokens: when did the ussr agree to a unified germany inside of nato

root

text: German reunification

text: Naming[edit]

text: For political and diplomatic reasons, West German politicians carefully avoided the term "reunification" during the run-up to what Germans frequently refer to as die Wende. The official[1] and most common term in German is "Deutsche Einheit" ("German unity"); this is the term that Hans-Dietrich Genscher used in front of international journalists to correct them when they asked him about "reunification" in 1990.

tag: p

text: After 1990, the term "die Wende" became more common. The term generally refers to the events (mostly in Eastern Europe) that led up to the actual reunification; in its usual context, this term loosely translates to "the turning point", without any further meaning. When referring to the events surrounding reunification, however, it carries the cultural connotation of the time and the events in the GDR that brought about this "turnaround" in German history. However, anti-communist activists from Eastern Germany rejected the term Wende as it was introduced by SED's (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, Socialist Unity Party of Germany) Secretary General Egon Krenz.[2]

text: Precursors to reunification[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In 1945, the Third Reich ended in defeat and Germany was divided into two separate areas, with the east controlled as part of the communist Soviet Bloc and the west aligned to capitalist Europe (which formed into the European Community), including a division in military alliance that formed into the Warsaw Pact and NATO, respectively. The capital city of Berlin was divided into four occupied sectors of control, under the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom and France. Germans lived under such imposed divisions throughout the ensuing Cold War.

text: Into the 1980s, the Soviet Union experienced a period of economic and political stagnation, and they correspondingly decreased intervention in Eastern Bloc politics. In 1987, US President Ronald Reagan gave a speech at Brandenburg Gate challenging Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall" that had divided Berlin. The wall had stood as an icon for the political and economic division between East and West, a division that Churchill had referred to as the "Iron Curtain". In early 1989, under a new era of Soviet policies of glasnost (openness), perestroika (economic restructuring) and taken to even more progressive levels by Gorbachev, the Solidarity movement took hold in Poland. Further inspired by other images of brave defiance, a wave of revolutions swept throughout the Eastern Bloc that year. In May 1989, Hungary removed their border fence and thousands of East Germans escaped to the West. The turning point in Germany, called "Die Wende", was marked by the "Peaceful Revolution" leading to the removal of the Berlin Wall with East and West Germany subsequently entering into negotiations toward eliminating the division that had been imposed upon Germans more than four decades earlier.

text: Process of reunification[edit]

text: Cooperation[edit]

text: On 28 November 1989—two weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall—West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl announced a 10-point program calling for the two Germanys to expand their cooperation with the view toward eventual reunification.[3]

text: Initially, no timetable was proposed. However, events rapidly came to a head in early 1990. First, in March, the Party of Democratic Socialism—the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany—was heavily defeated in East Germany's first free elections. A grand coalition was formed under Lothar de Maizière, leader of the East German wing of Kohl's Christian Democratic Union, on a platform of speedy reunification. Second, East Germany's economy and infrastructure underwent a swift and near-total collapse. While East Germany was long reckoned as having the most robust economy in the Soviet bloc, the removal of Communist hegemony revealed the ramshackle foundations of that system. The East German mark had been almost worthless outside East Germany for some time before the events of 1989–90, and the collapse of the East German economy further magnified the problem.

text: Economic merger[edit]

text: Discussions immediately began for an emergency merger of the German economies. On 18 May 1990, the two German states signed a treaty agreeing on monetary, economic and social union. This treaty is called Vertrag über die Schaffung einer Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion zwischen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ("Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany")[4] in German and came into force on 1 July 1990, with the West German Deutsche Mark replacing the East German mark as the official currency of East Germany. The Deutsche Mark had a very high reputation among the East Germans and was considered stable.[5] While the GDR transferred its financial policy sovereignty to West Germany, the West started granting subsidies for the GDR budget and social security system.[6] At the same time many West German laws came into force in the GDR. This created a suitable framework for a political union by diminishing the huge gap between the two existing political, social, and economic systems.[6]

text: German Reunification Treaty[edit]

text: The Volkskammer, the Parliament of East Germany, passed a resolution on 23 August 1990 declaring the accession (Beitritt) of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, and the extension of the field of application of the Federal Republic's Basic Law to the territory of East Germany as allowed by article 23 of the West German Basic Law, effective 3 October 1990.[7][8][9] The East German Declaration of Accession (Beitrittserklärung) to the Federal Republic as allowed by article 23 of the West German Basic Law, approved by the Volkskammer on 23 August, was formally presented by its President to the President of the West German Bundestag by means of a letter dated 25 August 1990.[10] Thus, formally, the procedure of reunification by means of the accession of East Germany to West Germany, and of East Germany's acceptance of the Basic Law already in force in West Germany, was initiated as the unilateral, sovereign decision of East Germany, as allowed by the then existing provision of article 23 of the West German Basic Law.

text: In the wake of that resolution of accession, the "German reunification treaty",[11][12][13] commonly known in German as "Einigungsvertrag" (Unification Treaty) or "Wiedervereinigungsvertrag" (Reunification Treaty), that had been negotiated between the two German states since 2 July 1990, was signed by representatives of the two Governments on 31 August 1990. This Treaty, officially titled Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the Establishment of German Unity), was approved by large majorities in the legislative chambers of both countries on 20 September 1990[14] (442–47 in the West German Bundestag and 299–80 in the East German Volkskammer). The Treaty passed the West German Bundesrat on the following day, 21 September 1990. The amendments to the Federal Republic's Basic Law that were foreseen in the Unification Treaty or necessary for its implementation were adopted by the Federal Statute of 23 September 1990, that enacted the incorporation of the Treaty as part of the Law of the Federal Republic of Germany. The said Federal Statute, containing the whole text of the Treaty and its Protocols as an annex, was published in the Bundesgesetzblatt (the official journal for the publication of the laws of the Federal Republic) on 28 September 1990.[15] In the German Democratic Republic, the constitutional law (Verfassungsgesetz) giving effect to the Treaty was also published on 28 September 1990.[16] With the adoption of the Treaty as part of its Constitution, East Germany legislated its own abolition as a State.

text: Under article 45 of the Treaty,[17] it entered into force according to international law on 29 September 1990, upon the exchange of notices regarding the completion of the respective internal constitutional requirements for the adoption of the treaty in both East Germany and West Germany. With that last step, and in accordance with article 1 of the Treaty, and in conformity with East Germany's Declaration of Accession presented to the Federal Republic, Germany was officially reunited at 00:00 CEST on 3 October 1990. East Germany joined the Federal Republic as the five Länder (states) of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. These states were the five original states of East Germany, but were abolished in 1952 in favour of a centralised system. As part of the 18 May treaty, the five East German states were reconstituted on 23 August. At the same time, East and West Berlin reunited into one city, which became a city-state along the lines of the existing city-states of Bremen and Hamburg. Berlin was still formally under Allied occupation (that would only be terminated later, as a result of the provisions of the Two Plus Four Treaty), but the city's administrative merger and inclusion in the Federal Republic of Germany, effective on 3 October 1990, had been greenlighted by the Allies, and were formally approved in a meeting of the Allied Control Council on 2 October 1990. In an emotional ceremony, at the stroke of midnight on 3 October 1990, the black-red-gold flag of West Germany—now the flag of a reunited Germany—was raised above the Brandenburg Gate marking the moment of German reunification.

text: Constitutional merger[edit]

text: The process chosen was one of two options implemented in the West German constitution (Basic Law) of 1949 to facilitate eventual reunification. The Basic Law stated that it was only intended for temporary use until a permanent constitution could be adopted by the German people as a whole. Via that document's (then-existing) Article 23, any new prospective Länder could adhere to the Basic Law by a simple majority vote. The initial eleven joining states of 1949 constituted the Trizone. West Berlin had been proposed as the 12th state, but was legally inhibited by Allied objections since Berlin as a whole was legally a quadripartite occupied area. Despite this, West Berlin's political affiliation was with West Germany, and in many fields it functioned de facto as if it were a component state of West Germany. In 1957 the Saar Protectorate joined West Germany under the Article 23 procedure as Saarland.

text: The other option was Article 146, which provided a mechanism for a permanent constitution for a reunified Germany. This route would have entailed a formal union between two German states that then would have had to, amongst other things, create a new constitution for the newly established country. However, by the spring of 1990 it was apparent that drafting a new constitution would require protracted negotiations that would open up numerous issues in West Germany. Even without this to consider, by the start of 1990 East Germany was in a state of utter collapse. In contrast, reunification under Article 23 could be implemented in as little as six months.

text: Ultimately, when the treaty on monetary, economic and social union was signed, it was decided to use the quicker process of Article 23. By this process, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and to join West Germany as five new states, and the area in which the Basic Law was in force simply extended to include them.[18] Thus, while legally East Germany as a whole acceded to the Federal Republic, the constituent parts of East Germany entered into the Federal Republic as separate states. The five new states held their first elections on 14 October 1990.

text: Nevertheless, although the Volkskammer's declaration of accession to the Federal Republic had initiated the process of reunification, the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms, conditions and qualifications, some of which required amendments to the Basic Law itself) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990; that is through a binding agreement between the former GDR and the Federal Republic now recognising each another as separate sovereign states in international law.[19] This treaty was then voted into effect by both the Volkskammer and the Bundestag by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities, effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR, and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Hence, although the GDR declared its accession to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law, this did not imply its acceptance of the Basic Law as it then stood, but rather, of the Basic Law as subsequently amended in line with the Unification Treaty.

text: The reunification was not a merger that created a third state out of the two. Rather, West Germany effectively absorbed East Germany. Accordingly, on Unification Day, 3 October 1990, the German Democratic Republic ceased to exist, and five new Federal States on its former territory joined the Federal Republic of Germany. East and West Berlin were reunited and joined the Federal Republic as a full-fledged Federal City-State. Under this model, the Federal Republic of Germany, now enlarged to include the five states of the former German Democratic Republic plus the reunified Berlin, continued legally to exist under the same legal personality that was founded in May 1949.

text: While the Basic Law was modified, rather than replaced by a constitution as such, it still permits the adoption of a formal constitution by the German people at some time in the future.

text: International effects[edit]

text: The practical result of that model is that the now-expanded Federal Republic of Germany inherited the old West Germany's seats at the UN, NATO, the European Communities and other international organizations. It also continued to be a party to all the treaties the old West Germany signed prior to the moment of reunification. The Basic Law and statutory laws that were in force in the Federal Republic, as amended in accordance with the Unification Treaty, continued automatically in force, but now applied to the expanded territory. Also, the same President, Chancellor (Prime Minister) and Government of the Federal Republic remained in office, but their jurisdiction now included the newly acquired territory of the former East Germany.

text: To facilitate this process and to reassure other countries, fundamental changes were made to the "Basic Law" (constitution). The Preamble and Article 146 were amended, and Article 23 was replaced, but the deleted former Article 23 was applied as the constitutional model to be used for the 1990 reunification. Hence, prior to the five "New Länder" of East Germany joining, the Basic Law was amended to indicate that all parts of Germany would then be unified such that Germany could now no longer consider itself constitutionally open to further extension to include the former eastern territories of Germany, that were now Polish, Russian or Lithuanian. The changes effectively formalised the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's permanent eastern border. These amendments to the Basic Law were mandated by Article I, section 4 of the Two Plus Four Treaty.[citation needed]

text: Day of German Unity[edit]

text: To commemorate the day that marks the official unification of the former East and West Germany in 1990, 3 October has since then been the official German national holiday, the Day of German Unity (Tag der deutschen Einheit). It replaced the previous national holiday held in West Germany on 17 June commemorating the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany and the national holiday on 7 October in the GDR, that commemorated the foundation of the East German state.[6]

text: Foreign support and opposition[edit]

text: For decades, West Germany's allies stated their support for reunification. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, who speculated that a country that "decided to kill millions of Jewish people" in the Holocaust "will try to do it again", was one of the few world leaders to publicly oppose it. As reunification became a realistic possibility, however, significant NATO and European opposition emerged in private.[20]

text: A poll of four countries in January 1990 found that a majority of surveyed Americans and French supported reunification, while British and Poles were more divided. 69% of Poles and 50% of French and British stated that they worried about a reunified Germany becoming "the dominant power in Europe". Those surveyed stated several concerns, including Germany again attempting to expand its territory, a revival of Nazism, and the German economy becoming too powerful. While British, French and Americans favored Germany remaining a member of NATO, a majority of Poles supported neutrality for the reunified nation.[21]

text: Britain and France[edit]

text: Before the fall of the Berlin Wall, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher told Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev that neither the United Kingdom nor Western Europe wanted the reunification of Germany. Thatcher also clarified she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it, telling Gorbachev "We do not want a united Germany".[22] Although she welcomed East German democracy, Thatcher worried that a rapid reunification might weaken Gorbachev,[23] and favoured Soviet troops staying in East Germany as long as possible to act as a counterweight to a united Germany.[20]

text:
“
We defeated the Germans twice! And now they're back!
”

— Margaret Thatcher, December 1989[24]

text: Thatcher, who carried in her handbag a map of Germany's 1937 borders to show others the "German problem", feared that its "national character", size and central location in Europe would cause the nation to be a "destabilizing rather than a stabilizing force in Europe".[23] In December 1989, she warned fellow European Community leaders at a Strasbourg summit that Kohl attended, "We defeated the Germans twice! And now they're back!"[24][20] Although Thatcher had stated her support for German self-determination in 1985,[23] she now argued that Germany's allies only supported reunification because they did not believe it would ever happen.[20] Thatcher favoured a transition period of five years for reunification, during which the two Germanys would remain separate states. Although she gradually softened her opposition, as late as March 1990 Thatcher summoned historians and diplomats to a seminar at Chequers[23] to ask "How dangerous are the Germans?"[24] and the French ambassador in London reported that Thatcher told him, "France and Great Britain should pull together today in the face of the German threat."[25][26]

text: The pace of events surprised the French, whose Foreign Ministry had concluded in October 1989 that reunification "does not appear realistic at this moment".[27] A representative of French President François Mitterrand reportedly told an aide to Gorbachev, "France by no means wants German reunification, although it realises that in the end it is inevitable."[22] At the Strasbourg summit, Mitterrand and Thatcher discussed the fluidity of Germany's historical borders.[20] On 20 January 1990, Mitterrand told Thatcher that a unified Germany could "make more ground than even Hitler had".[25] He predicted that "bad" Germans would reemerge,[24] who might seek to regain former German territory lost after World War II[23] and would likely dominate Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, leaving "only Romania and Bulgaria for the rest of us". The two leaders saw no way to prevent reunification, however, as "None of us was going to declare war on Germany".[20] Mitterrand recognized before Thatcher that reunification was inevitable and adjusted his views accordingly; unlike her, he was hopeful that participation in a single currency[23] and other European institutions could control a united Germany. Mitterrand still wanted Thatcher to publicly oppose unification, however, to obtain more concessions from Germany.[24]

text: Rest of Europe[edit]

text: Ireland's Taoiseach, Charles Haughey supported German Reunification and he took advantage of Ireland's presidency of the European Economic Community by calling for an extraordinary European summit in Dublin in April 1990 to calm fears held by fellow members of the EEC.[28][29][30] Haughey saw similarities between Ireland and Germany and cited "I have expressed a personal view that coming as we do from a country which is also divided many of us would have sympathy with any wish of the people of the two German States for unification".[31] Der Spiegel later described other European leaders' opinion of reunification at the time as "icy". Italy's Giulio Andreotti warned against a revival of "pan-Germanism" and joked "I love Germany so much that I prefer to see two of them", and the Netherlands' Ruud Lubbers questioned the German right to self-determination. They shared Britain and France's concerns over a return to German militarism and the economic power of a reunified nation. The consensus opinion was that reunification, if it must occur, should not occur until at least 1995 and preferably much later.[20]

text: Four powers[edit]

text:
“
The United States – and President George H. W. Bush – recognized that Germany went through a long democratic transition. It was a good friend, it was a member of NATO. Any issues that existed in 1945, it seemed perfectly reasonable to lay them to rest. For us, the question wasn't should Germany unify? It was how and under what circumstances? We had no concern about a resurgent Germany...
”

— Condoleezza Rice, Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs[32]

text: The victors of World War II — France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, comprising the Four-Power Authorities—retained authority over Berlin, such as control over air travel and its political status. From the onset, the Soviet Union sought to use reunification as a way to push Germany out of NATO into neutrality, removing nuclear weapons from its territory. However, West Germany misinterpreted a 21 November 1989 diplomatic message on the topic to mean that the Soviet leadership already anticipated reunification only two weeks after the Wall's collapse. This belief, and the worry that his rival Genscher might act first, encouraged Kohl on 28 November to announce a detailed "Ten Point Program for Overcoming the Division of Germany and Europe". While his speech was very popular within West Germany, it caused concern among other European governments, with whom he had not discussed the plan.[20][33]

text: The Americans did not share the Europeans' and Russians' historical fears over German expansionism; Condoleezza Rice later recalled, "Any issues that existed in 1945, it seemed perfectly reasonable to lay them to rest".[32] They wished to ensure, however, that Germany would stay within NATO. In December 1989, the administration of President George H. W. Bush made a united Germany's continued NATO membership a requirement for supporting reunification. Kohl agreed, although less than 20% of West Germans supported remaining within NATO. Kohl also wished to avoid a neutral Germany, as he believed that would destroy NATO, cause the United States and Canada to leave Europe, and cause Britain and France to form an anti-German alliance. The United States increased its support of Kohl's policies, as it feared that otherwise Oskar Lafontaine, a critic of NATO, might become Chancellor.[20]

text: Horst Teltschik, Kohl's foreign policy advisor, later recalled that Germany would have paid "100 billion deutschmarks" if the Soviets demanded it. The USSR did not make such great demands, however, with Gorbachev stating in February 1990 that "The Germans must decide for themselves what path they choose to follow". In May 1990 he repeated his remark in the context of NATO membership while meeting Bush, amazing both the Americans and Germans.[20] This removed the last significant roadblock to Germany being free to choose its international alignments, though Kohl made no secret that he intended for the reunified Germany to inherit West Germany's seats in NATO and the EC.

text: Conclusion[edit]

text: During a NATO–Warsaw Pact conference in Ottawa, Canada, Genscher persuaded the four powers to treat the two Germanys as equals instead of defeated junior partners, and for the six nations to negotiate alone. Although the Dutch, Italians, Spanish, and other NATO powers opposed such a structure, which meant that the alliance's boundaries would change without their participation, the six nations began negotiations in March 1990. After Gorbachev's May agreement on German NATO membership, the Soviets further agreed that Germany would be treated as an ordinary NATO country, with the exception that former East German territory would not have foreign NATO troops or nuclear weapons. In exchange, Kohl agreed to reduce the sizes of both Germanys' militaries, renounce weapons of mass destruction, and accept the postwar Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern border. In addition, Germany agreed to pay about 55 billion deutschmarks to the Soviet Union in gifts and loans, the equivalent of eight days of the West German GDP.[20]

text: The British insisted to the end, against Soviet opposition, that NATO be allowed to hold manoevres in the former East Germany. After the Americans intervened,[20] both the UK and France ratified the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in September 1990, thus finalizing the reunification for purposes of international law. Thatcher later wrote that her opposition to reunification had been an "unambiguous failure".[23]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: German sovereignty, confirmation of borders, withdrawal of the Allied Forces[edit]

text: On 14 November 1990, Germany and Poland, signed the German–Polish Border Treaty, finalizing Germany's boundaries as permanent along the Oder–Neisse line, and thus, renouncing any claims to Silesia, East Brandenburg, Farther Pomerania, and the southern area of the former province of East Prussia.[34] The subsequent German-Polish Treaty of Good Neighbourship that supplemented the Border Treaty also granted certain rights for political minorities on either side of the border.[35] The following month, the first all-German free elections since 1932 were held, resulting in an increased majority for the coalition government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl.

text: On 15 March 1991, the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany—that had been signed in Moscow back on 12 September 1990 by the two German states that then existed (East and West Germany) on one side, and by the four principal Allied powers (the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and the United States) on the other—entered into force, having been ratified by the Federal Republic of Germany (after the unification, as the united Germany) and by the four Allied nations. The entry into force of that treaty (also known as the "Two Plus Four Treaty", in reference to the two German states and four Allied nations that signed it) put an end to the then-remaining limitations on German sovereignty that resulted from the post World War II arrangements.

text: Even prior to the ratification of the Treaty, the operation of all quadripartite Allied institutions in Germany was suspended, with effect from the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 and pending the final ratification of the Two Plus Four Treaty, pursuant to a Declaration signed in New York on 1 October 1990 by the Foreign Ministers of the four Allied Powers, that was witnessed by Ministers of the two German States then in existence, and that was appended text of the Two Plus Four Treaty.[36]

text: In accordance with Article 9 of the Treaty, it entered into force as soon as all ratifications were deposited with the Government of Germany. The last party to ratify the treaty was the Soviet Union, that deposited its instrument of ratification on 15 March 1991. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR only gave its approval to the ratification of the Treaty on 4 March 1991, after a hefty debate.

text: Under that treaty (which should not be confused with the Unification Treaty that was signed only between the two German states), the last Allied forces still present in Germany left in 1994, in accordance with article 4 of the treaty, that set 31 December 1994 as the deadline for the withdrawal of the remaining Allied forces. The bulk of Russian ground forces left Germany on 25 June 1994 with a military parade of the 6th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in Berlin. The withdrawal of the last Russian troops (the Russian Army's Western Group of Forces) was completed on 31 August 1994, and the event was marked by a military ceremony in the Treptow Park in Berlin, with the presence of Russian President Yeltsin and German Chancellor Kohl.[37] Although the bulk of the British, American, and French Forces had left Germany even before the departure of the Russians, the ceremony marking the withdrawal of the remaining Forces of the Western Allies was the last to take place: on 8 September 1994,[38] a Farewell Ceremony in the courtyard of the Charlottenburg Palace, with the presence of British Prime Minister John Major, American Secretary of State Warren Cristopher, French President François Mitterrand, and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, marked the withdrawal of the British, American and French Occupation Forces from Berlin, and the termination of the Allied occupation in Germany.[39] Thus, the removal of the Allied presence took place a few months before the final deadline.

text: As for the German–Polish Border Treaty, it was approved by the Polish Sejm on 26 November 1991 and the German Bundestag on 16 December 1991, and entered into force with the exchange of the instruments of ratification on 16 January 1992. The confirmation of the border between Germany and Poland was required of Germany by the Allied Powers in the Two Plus Four Treaty.

text: Cost of reunification[edit]

text: The subsequent economic restructuring and reconstruction of eastern Germany resulted in significant costs, especially for western Germany, which paid large sums of money in the form of the Solidaritätszuschlag (Solidarity Surcharge) in order to rebuild the east German infrastructure. Peer Steinbrück is quoted as saying in a 2011 interview, "Over a period of 20 years, German reunification has cost 2 trillion euros, or an average of 100 billion euros a year. So, we have to ask ourselves 'Aren't we willing to pay a tenth of that over several years for Europe's unity?'"[40]

text: Inner reunification[edit]

text: Vast differences between the former East Germany and West Germany in lifestyle, wealth, political beliefs, and other matters remain, and it is therefore still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly. The eastern German economy has struggled since unification, and large subsidies are still transferred from west to east. The former East Germany area has often been compared to the underdeveloped Southern Italy and the Southern United States during Reconstruction after the American Civil War. While the East German economy has recovered recently, the differences between East and West remain present.[41][42]

text: Politicians and scholars have frequently called for a process of "inner reunification" of the two countries and asked whether there is "inner unification or continued separation".[43] "The process of German unity has not ended yet", proclaimed Chancellor Angela Merkel, who grew up in East Germany, in 2009.[44] Nevertheless, the question of this "inner reunification" has been widely discussed in the German public, politically, economically, culturally, and also constitutionally since 1989.

text: Politically, since the fall of the Wall, the successor party of the former East German socialist state party has become a major force in German politics. It was renamed PDS, and, later, merged with the Western leftist party WASG to form the party The Left (Die Linke).

text: Constitutionally, the Basic Law (Grundgesetz), the West German constitution, provided two pathways for a unification. The first was the implementation of a new all-German constitution, safeguarded by a popular referendum. Actually, this was the original idea of the "Grundgesetz" in 1949: it was named a "basic law" instead of a "constitution" because it was considered provisional.[45] The second way was more technical: the implementation of the constitution in the East, using a paragraph originally designed for the West German states (Bundesländer) in case of internal re-organization like the merger of two states. While this latter option was chosen as the most feasible one, the first option was partly regarded as a means to foster the "inner reunification".[46][47]

text: A public manifestation of coming to terms with the past (Vergangenheitsbewältigung) is the existence of the so-called Birthler-Behörde, the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records, which collects and maintains the files of the East German security apparatus.[48]

text: The economic reconstruction of former Eastern Germany following the reunification required large amounts of public funding which turned some areas into boom regions, although overall unemployment remains higher than in the former West.[49] Unemployment was part of a process of deindustrialization starting rapidly after 1990. Causes for this process are disputed in political conflicts up to the present day. Most times bureaucracy and lack of efficiency of the East German Economy are highlighted and the de-industrialization seen as inevitable outcome of the "Wende". But many East German critics point out that it was the shock-therapy style of privatization which did not leave room for east German Enterprises to adapt and that alternatives like a slow transition had been possible.[50] Reunification did, however, lead to a large rise in the average standard of living in former Eastern Germany and a stagnation in the West as $2 trillion in public spending was transferred East.[51] Between 1990 and 1995, gross wages in the east rose from 35% to 74% of western levels, while pensions rose from 40% to 79%.[52] Unemployment reached double the western level as well. West German cities close to the new border of East and West Germany experienced a disproportionate loss of market access relative to other West German cities who were not as greatly affected by the reunification of East Germany.[53]

text: In terms of media usage and reception, the country remains partially divided especially among the older generations. Mentality gaps between East and West persist, but so does sympathy.[44] Additionally, the integration between Easterners and Westerners is not happening on as large a scale as was expected.[54][55] Young people have on average very little knowledge of the former East Germany.[56] Some people in Eastern Germany engage in "Ostalgie", which is a certain nostalgia for the time before the wall came down.[57]

text: Today, there are several prominent people of East German origin, including Michael Ballack, Katarina Witt, Paul van Dyk, and Angela Merkel.

text: Reunified Berlin[edit]

text: While the fall of the Berlin Wall had broad economic, political and social impacts globally, it also had significant consequence for the local urban environment. In fact, the events of 9 November 1989 saw East Berlin and West Berlin, two halves of a single city that had ignored one another for the better part of 40 years, finally "in confrontation with one another".[58] As expressed by Grésillon[59] "the fall of the Berlin Wall [marked] the end of 40 years of divided political, economic and cultural histories" and was "accompanied by a strong belief that [the city] was now back on its 'natural' way to become again a major metropolis"[60]

text: In the context of urban planning, in addition to a wealth of new opportunity and the symbolism of two former independent nations being re-joined, the reunification of Berlin presented numerous challenges. The city underwent massive redevelopment, involving the political, economic and cultural environment of both East and West Berlin. However, the "scar" left by the Wall, which ran directly through the very heart of the city[61] had consequences for the urban environment that planning still needs to address. Despite planning efforts, significant disparity between East and West remain.

text: Urban planning issues[edit]

text: The reunification of Berlin presented legal, political and technical challenges for the urban environment. The political division and physical separation of the city for more than 30 years saw the East and the West develop their own distinct urban forms, with many of these differences still visible to this day.[62] East and West Berlin were directed by two separate political and urban agendas. East Berlin developed a mono-centric structure with lower level density and a functional mix in the city's core, while West Berlin was poly-centric in nature, with a high-density, multi-functional city centre.[63] The two political systems allocated funds to post-war reconstruction differently, based on political priorities,[64] and this had consequences for the reunification of the city. West Berlin had received considerably more financial assistance for reconstruction and refurbishment.[64] There was considerable disparity in the general condition of many of the buildings; at the time of reunification, East Berlin still contained many leveled areas, which were previous sites of destroyed buildings from World War II, as well as damaged buildings that had not been repaired.[64] An immediate challenge facing the reunified city was the need for physical connectivity between the East and the West, specifically the organisation of infrastructure.[64] In the period following World War II, approximately half of the railway lines were removed in East Berlin.[65]

text: Policy for reunification[edit]

text: As urban planning in Germany is the responsibility of city government,[64] the integration of East and West Berlin was in part complicated by the fact that the existing planning frameworks became obsolete with the fall of the Wall.[66] Prior to the reunification of the city, the Land Use Plan of 1988 and General Development Plan of 1980 defined the spatial planning criteria for West and East Berlin, respectively.[66] Although these existing frameworks were in place before reunification, after the fall of the Wall there was a need to develop new instruments in order to facilitate the spatial and economic development of the re-unified city. The first Land Use Plan following reunification was ultimately enacted in 1994.[66] The urban development policy of reunified Berlin, termed "Critical Reconstruction", aimed to facilitate urban diversity by supporting a mixture of land functions.[60] This policy directed the urban planning strategy for the reunified city. A "Critical Reconstruction" policy agenda was to redefine Berlin's urban identity through its pre-war and pre-Nazi legacy. Elements of "Critical Reconstruction" were also reflected in the overall strategic planning document for downtown Berlin, entitled "Inner City Planning Framework".[60]

text: Reunification policy emphasised restoration of the traditional Berlin landscape. To this effect, the policy excluded the "legacy of socialist East Berlin and notably of divided Berlin from the new urban identity".[60] Ultimately, following the dissolution of the German Democratic Republic on 3 October 1990, all planning projects under the socialist regime were abandoned.[67] Vacant lots, open areas and empty fields in East Berlin were subject to redevelopment, in addition to space previously occupied by the Wall and associated buffering zone.[64] Many of these sites were positioned in central, strategic locations of the reunified city. The removal of the Wall saw the city's spatial structure reoriented.[66]

text: After the fall of the wall[edit]

text: Berlin's urban organisation experienced significant upheaval following the physical and metaphorical collapse of the Wall, as the city sought to "re-invent itself as a 'Western' metropolis".[60]

text: Redevelopment of vacant lots, open areas and empty fields as well as space previously occupied by the Wall and associated buffering zone[64] were based on land use priorities as reflected in "Critical Reconstruction" policies. Green space and recreational areas were allocated 38% of freed land; 6% of freed land was dedicated to mass-transit systems to address transport inadequacies.[64]

text: Reunification initiatives also included construction of major office and commercial projects, as well as the renovation of housing estates in East Berlin.

text: Another key priority was reestablishing Berlin as the capital of Germany, and this required buildings to serve government needs, including the "redevelopment of sites for scores of foreign embassies".[64]

text: With respect to redefining the city's identity, emphasis was placed on restoring Berlin's traditional landscape. "Critical Reconstruction" policies sought to disassociate the city's identity from its Nazi and socialist legacy, though some remnants were preserved, with walkways and bicycle paths established along the border strip to preserve the memory of the Wall.[64] In the centre of East Berlin much of the modernist heritage of the East German state was gradually removed.[67] Reunification saw the removal of politically motivated street names and monuments in the East (Large 2001) in an attempt to reduce the socialist legacy from the face of East Berlin.[60]

text: Immediately following the fall of the Wall, Berlin experienced a boom in the construction industry.[62] Redevelopment initiatives saw Berlin turn into one of the largest construction sites in the world through the 1990s and early 2000s.[66]

text: The fall of the Berlin Wall also had economic consequences. Two German systems covering distinctly divergent degrees of economic opportunity suddenly came into intimate contact.[68] Despite development of sites for commercial purposes, Berlin struggled to compete in economic terms with key West German centres such as Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.[69][70] The intensive building activity directed by planning policy resulted in the over-expansion of office space, "with a high level of vacancies in spite of the move of most administrations and government agencies from Bonn".[71][72]

text: Berlin was marred by disjointed economic restructuring, associated with massive deindustrialisation.[69][70] Economist Hartwich asserts that while the East undoubtedly improved economically, it was "at a much slower pace than [then Chancellor Helmut] Kohl had predicted".[73] Wealth and income inequality between former East and West Germany continues today even after reunification. On average adults in the former West Germany have assets worth 94,000 euros as compared to the adults in the former communist East Germany which have just over 40,000 euros in assets.[74]

text: Facilitation of economic development through planning measures failed to close the disparity between East and West, not only in terms of the economic opportunity but also housing conditions and transport options.[62] Tölle states that "the initial euphoria about having become one unified people again was increasingly replaced by a growing sense of difference between Easterners ("Ossis") and Westerners ("Wessis")"[75] The fall of the Wall also instigated immediate cultural change.[59] The first consequence was the closure in East Berlin of politically oriented cultural institutions.[59]

text: The fall of the Berlin Wall and the factors described above led to mass migration from East Berlin and East Germany, producing a large labour supply shock in the West.[68] Emigration from the East, totaling 870,000 people between 1989 and 1992 alone,[76] led to worse employment outcomes for the least-educated workers, for blue-collar workers, for men and for foreign nationals[68]

text: At the close of the century, it became evident that despite significant investment and planning, Berlin was yet to retake "its seat between the European Global Cities of London and Paris."[60] Yet ultimately, the disparity between East and West portions of Berlin has led to the city achieving a new urban identity.

text: A number of locales of East Berlin, characterised by dwellings of in-between use of abandoned space for little to no rent, have become the focal point and foundation of Berlin's burgeoning creative activities.[77] According to Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit, "the best that Berlin has to offer, its unique creativity. Creativity is Berlin's future."[78] Overall, the Berlin government's engagement in creativity is strongly centered on marketing and promotional initiatives instead of creative production.[79]

text: Creativity has been the catalyst for the city's "thriving music scene, active nightlife, and bustling street scene"[80] all of which have become important attractions for the German capital. The industry is a key component of the city's economic make-up with more than 10% of all Berlin residents employed in cultural sectors.[81]

text: Comparison[edit]

text: Germany was not the only state that had been separated through the aftermaths of World War II. For example, Korea as well as Vietnam have been separated through the occupation of "Western-Capitalistic" and "Eastern-Communistic" forces, after the defeat of the Japanese Empire. Both countries suffered severely from this separation in the Korean War (1950–53) and the Vietnam War (1955–75) respectively, which caused heavy economic and civilian damage.[82][83] However, German separation did not result in another war. Moreover, Germany is the only one of these countries that has managed to achieve a peaceful reunification, however, accepting the loss of its previous lands east of Oder and Neisse. For instance, Vietnam achieved reunification only at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, while North and South Korea still struggle with high political tensions and huge economical disparities, making a possible reunification an enormous challenge.[84]


document_title: United States presidential election in New Hampshire, 2016

question_text: who won the electoral votes in new hampshire

text: Primary elections[edit]

text: As per tradition and by New Hampshire electoral laws,[1] New Hampshire holds the primaries before any other state holds them. As a result, candidates for nomination usually spend a long period campaigning in New Hampshire.

text: Democratic primary[edit]

text:
New Hampshire Democratic primary, 2016

← 2012
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
2020 →

Candidate
Bernie Sanders
Hillary Clinton

Home state
Vermont
New York

Delegate count
15
9

Popular vote
152,193
95,355

Percentage
60.14%
37.68%

New Hampshire results by county
  Bernie Sanders

text: In the New Hampshire Democratic primary taking place on February 9, 2016, there were 24 pledged delegates and 8 super delegates that went to the Democratic National Convention. The pledged electors were allocated in this way. 16 delegates were allocated proportionally by congressional district (8 delegates per district). The other 8 delegates were allocated based on the statewide popular vote.[2]

text: This section should include a summary of New Hampshire Democratic primary, 2016. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (July 2016)

text: Results[edit]

text:
[hide]New Hampshire Democratic primary, February 9, 2016

Candidate
Popular vote
Estimated delegates

Count
Of total
Pledged
Unpledged
Total

Bernie Sanders
152,193
60.14%
15
1
16

Hillary Clinton
95,355
37.68%
9
6
15

Martin O'Malley (withdrawn)
667
0.26%

Vermin Supreme
268
0.11%

David John Thistle
226
0.09%

Graham Schwass
143
0.06%

Steve Burke
108
0.04%

Rocky De La Fuente
96
0.04%

John Wolfe, Jr.
54
0.02%

Jon Adams
53
0.02%

Lloyd Thomas Kelso
46
0.02%

Keith Russell Judd
44
0.02%

Eric Elbot
36
0.01%

Star Locke
33
0.01%

William D. French
29
0.01%

Mark Stewart Greenstein
29
0.01%

Edward T. O'Donnell
26
0.01%

James Valentine
24
0.01%

Robert Lovitt
22
0.01%

Michael Steinberg
21
0.01%

William H. McGaughey, Jr.
19
0.01%

Henry Hewes
18
0.01%

Edward Sonnino
17
0.01%

Steven Roy Lipscomb
15
0.01%

Sam Sloan
15
0.01%

Brock C. Hutton
14
0.01%

Raymond Michael Moroz
8
0.00%

Richard Lyons Weil
8
0.00%

Write-ins
3,475
1.37%

Uncommitted
N/A
0
1
1

Total
253,062
100%
24
8
32

Sources: The Green Papers New Hampshire Secretary of State

text: Republican primary[edit]

text:
New Hampshire Republican primary, 2016

← 2012
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
2020 →

Candidate
Donald Trump
John Kasich
Ted Cruz

Home state
New York
Ohio
Texas

Delegate count
11
4
3

Popular vote
100,735
44,932
33,244

Percentage
35.23%
15.72%
11.63%

Candidate
Jeb Bush
Marco Rubio
Chris Christie

Home state
Florida
Florida
New Jersey

Delegate count
3
2
0

Popular vote
31,341
30,071
21,089

Percentage
10.96%
10.52%
7.38%

New Hampshire results by county
  Donald Trump

text: The New Hampshire Republican primary took place on February 9, 2016 where there were 23 bound delegates which were allocated proportionally and a candidate has to get at least 10% of the vote to get any delegates to the Republican National Convention.[3]

text: This section should include a summary of New Hampshire Republican primary, 2016. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text. (July 2016)

text: Results[edit]

text:
New Hampshire Republican primary, February 9, 2016

Candidate
Votes
Percentage
Actual delegate count

Bound
Unbound
Total

 Donald Trump
100,735
35.23%
11
0
11

John Kasich
44,932
15.72%
4
0
4

Ted Cruz
33,244
11.63%
3
0
3

Jeb Bush
31,341
10.96%
3
0
3

Marco Rubio
30,071
10.52%
2
0
2

Chris Christie
21,089
7.38%
0
0
0

Carly Fiorina
11,774
4.12%
0
0
0

Ben Carson
6,527
2.28%
0
0
0

Rand Paul (withdrawn)
1,930
0.68%
0
0
0

Write-ins
2,912
1.02%
0
0
0

Mike Huckabee (withdrawn)
216
0.08%
0
0
0

Andy Martin
202
0.07%
0
0
0

Rick Santorum (withdrawn)
160
0.06%
0
0
0

Jim Gilmore
134
0.05%
0
0
0

Richard Witz
104
0.04%
0
0
0

George Pataki (withdrawn)
79
0.03%
0
0
0

Lindsey Graham (withdrawn)
73
0.03%
0
0
0

Brooks Andrews Cullison
56
0.02%
0
0
0

Timothy Cook
55
0.02%
0
0
0

Bobby Jindal (withdrawn)
53
0.02%
0
0
0

Frank Lynch
47
0.02%
0
0
0

Joe Robinson
44
0.02%
0
0
0

Stephen Bradley Comley
32
0.01%
0
0
0

Chomi Prag
16
0.01%
0
0
0

Jacob Daniel Dyas
15
0.01%
0
0
0

Stephen John McCarthy
12
0%
0
0
0

Walter Iwachiw
9
0%
0
0
0

Kevin Glenn Huey
8
0%
0
0
0

Matt Drozd
6
0%
0
0
0

Robert Lawrence Mann
5
0%
0
0
0

Peter Messina
5
0%
0
0
0

Unprojected delegates:
0
0
0

Total:
285,916
100.00%
23
0
23

Source: The Green Papers

text: General election[edit]

text: Polling[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text:
General election results, November 8, 2016 [4]

Party
Candidate
Votes
%

Democratic
Hillary Clinton
348,526
47.62%

Republican
Donald Trump
345,790
47.25%

Libertarian
Gary Johnson
30,694
4.12%

Green
Jill Stein
6,465
0.87%

Independent
Evan McMullin (write-in)
1,064
0.15%

Reform
Rocky De La Fuente
677
0.1%

n/a
Total Other Write-in
10,965
1.47%

Total votes
743,117
100.00%

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Hillary Clinton's margin of victory was the smallest for a Democrat in 100 years.[original research?] New Hampshire last voted for a Republican, George Bush, in 2000, and although Trump did not win New Hampshire, the county results were exactly the same in 2000 and 2016. The deciding factor,[opinion] however, were the margins.

text: Allegations of voting irregularities[edit]

text: On September 7, 2017, state House speaker Shawn Jasper announced that data showed that 6,540 people voted using out-of-state licenses. Of those, only 15% had received state licenses by August 2017. Of the remaining 5,526, only 3.3% had registered a motor vehicle in New Hampshire. In addition to the close vote for president, Democratic Senator Maggie Hassan defeated incumbent Republican Kelly Ayotte by 1,017 votes. In February 2017, President Trump had told a gathering of senators at the White House that fraudulent out-of-state voting had cost him and Ayotte the election in New Hampshire. Mainstream media disputed Trump's and Japser's assertion.[5] New Hampshire law permits New Hampshire residents to vote using out-of-state identification if they are domiciled in the state, out-of-state college students attending schools in New Hampshire being one example of such legitimate use of out-of-state identification.[6]