document_title: Convention on the Rights of the Child

question_text: which countries did not sign the un convention on the rights of the child

text: Convention on the Rights of the Child

text: Contents[edit]

text: The Convention deals with the child-specific needs and rights. It requires that the "nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law". Ratifying states must act in the best interests of the child. In all jurisdictions implementing the Convention requires compliance with child custody and guardianship laws as that every child has basic rights, including the right to life, to their own name and identity, to be raised by their parents within a family or cultural grouping, and to have a relationship with both parents, even if they are separated.

text: The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities. The Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate, to be protected from abuse or exploitation, and to have their privacy protected, and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive interference.

text: The Convention also obliges signatory states to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care and asks that the child's viewpoint be heard in such cases.

text: The Convention forbids capital punishment for children. In its General Comment 8 (2006) the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated that there was an "obligation of all state parties to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment and all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment of children".[12] Article 19 of the Convention states that state parties must "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence",[13] but it makes no reference to corporal punishment. The Committee's interpretation of this section to encompass a prohibition on corporal punishment has been rejected by several state parties to the Convention, including Australia,[14] Canada and the United Kingdom.

text: The European Court of Human Rights has referred to the Convention when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights.[15]

text: Global standards and cultural relativism[edit]

text: Global human rights standards were challenged at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna (1993) when a number of governments (prominently China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Iran) raised serious objections to the idea of universal human rights.[16] There are unresolved tensions between "universalistic" and "relativistic" approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children's capacity to work.[16]

text: Child marriage and slavery[edit]

text: Some scholars link slavery and slavery-like practices for many child marriages.[17] Child marriage as slavery is not directly addressed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

text: States party and signatories[edit]

text: Currently 196 countries are parties to the treaty (some with stated reservations or interpretations). This includes every member of the United Nations (except the United States), plus the Cook Islands, Niue, the State of Palestine, and the Holy See.[5][7] The United States has not ratified it.[18] South Sudan did not sign the convention, however ratification was complete in January 2015.[19] Somalia's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument was deposited with the United Nations in October 2015.[20]

text: All successor states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, and Slovakia) made declarations of succession to the treaty and currently apply it.[18]

text: The convention does not apply in the territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Gibraltar, Guernsey and Tokelau.[18]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Canada became a signatory to the Convention on 28 May 1990[21] and ratified in 1991.[22] Youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which went into effect on 1 April 2003. The Act specifically refers to Canada's different commitments under the Convention. The convention was influential in the administrative Law decision of Baker v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration).

text: India[edit]

text: India ratified UNCRC on 11 December 1992, agreeing in principles all articles except with certain reservations on issues relating to child labor.[23] In India there is law that children under the age of 18 should not work, but there is no outright ban on child labor, and the practice is generally permitted in most industries except those deemed "hazardous".[24] Although a law in October 2006 banned child labor in hotels, restaurants, and as domestic servants, there continues to be high demand for children as hired help in the home. Current estimates as to the number of child laborers in the country range from the government's conservative estimate of 4 million children under 14 years of age[25] to the much higher estimates of children's rights activists, which hover around 60 million.[citation needed] Little is being done to address the problem since the economy is booming and the nuclear family is spreading, thereby increasing demand for child laborers. In India many people are still suffering from non-nutritious food, many parents are still leaving their children on riverside, in trains etc. Under the auspices of the Unicef financed Odisha initiative the Government of India is specifying the outline of a means of change and improvement in child care, and many trusts such as childLine, Plan India and savethechildren too are taking efforts to outdate child labor from India.[26] A few of the organisations who work with children's rights in India are Plan India, CRY (Child Rights and You), Save the Children, Bal Vikas Dhara-New Delhi, Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CHORD-Hyderabad.

text: Iran[edit]

text: Iran has adhered to the convention (except for alleged child slavery)[27] since 1991 and ratified it in the Parliament in 1994. Upon ratification, Iran made the following reservation: "If the text of the Convention is or becomes incompatible with the domestic laws and Islamic standards at any time or in any case, the Government of the Islamic Republic shall not abide by it."[28] Iran has also signed the both optional protocols which relate to the special protection of children against involvement in armed conflict and the sale of children and sexual exploitation.[29]

text: Although Iran is a state party to the Convention, international human rights organisations[30][31] and foreign governments[32] routinely denounced executions of Iranian child offenders as a violation of the treaty. But on 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament changed the controversial law of executing juveniles. In the new law, the age of 18 (solar year) would be for both genders considered the cut-off for adulthood and offenders under this age will be sentenced under a separate law.[33][34] Based on the previous Islamic law, which was revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 (lunar year, 11 days shorter than a solar year) were fully responsible for their crimes.[33]

text: "According to Islamic sources, the criterion for criminal responsibility is reaching the age of maturity which, according to the Shi'ite School of the IRI, is 9 lunar years (8 years and 9 months) for girls and 15 lunar years (14 years and 7 months) for boys."[35]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Ireland signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 30 September 1990 and ratified it, without reservation, on 28 September 1992.[36] In response to criticisms expressed in the 1998 review by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child in Geneva, the Irish government established the office of Ombudsman for Children and drew up a national children's strategy. In 2006, following concerns expressed by the committee that the wording of the Irish Constitution does not allow the State to intervene in cases of abuse other than in very exceptional cases, the Irish government undertook to amend the constitution to make a more explicit commitment to children's rights.[37]

text: Israel[edit]

text: Israel ratified the Convention in 1991. In 2010, UNICEF criticized Israel for its failure to create a government-appointed commission on children's rights or to adopt a national children's rights strategy or program in order to implement various Israeli laws addressing children's rights. The report criticizes Israel for holding that the Convention does not apply in the West Bank and for defining as Palestinians under the age of 16 in the occupied territories as children, even though Israeli law defines a child as being under 18, in line with the Convention. A contemporaneous report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that Israel's investment in children is below the international average and the actual investment had fallen between 1995 and 2006.[38] In 2012, the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child criticized Israel for its bombing attacks on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, stating, "Destruction of homes and damage to schools, streets and other public facilities gravely affect children" and called them "gross violations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, its Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict and international humanitarian law". It also criticized Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza on southern Israel which traumatized Israeli children, calling on all parties to protect children.[39]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand ratified the Convention on 6 April 1993 with reservations concerning the right to distinguish between persons according to the nature of their authority to be in New Zealand, the need for legislative action on economic exploitation—which it argued was adequately protected by existing law, and the provisions for the separation of juvenile offenders from adult offenders.[40]

text: In 1994, the Court of Appeal of New Zealand dismissed the suggestion that the Minister for Immigration and his department were at liberty to ignore the convention, arguing that this would imply that the country's adherence was "at least partly window-dressing".[41]

text: The Children's Commissioner Act 2003 enhanced the office of Children's Commissioner, giving it significantly stronger investigative powers.[42]

text: In May 2007, New Zealand passed the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, which removed the defence of "reasonable force" for the purpose of correction. In its third and final vote, Parliament voted 113 to eight in favour of the legislation.[43]

text: Saudi Arabia[edit]

text: Saudi Arabia ratified the Convention in 1996, with a reservation "with respect to all such articles as are in conflict with the provisions of Islamic law"[1] which is the national law. The Committee on the Rights of the Child, which reviewed Saudi Arabia's treatment of children under the Convention in January 2005, strongly condemned the government for its practice of imposing the death penalty on juveniles, calling it "a serious violation of the fundamental rights". The committee said it was "deeply alarmed" over the discretionary power judges hold to treat juveniles as adults: In its 2004 report the Saudi Arabian government had stated that it "never imposes capital punishment on persons ... below the age of 18". The government delegation later acknowledged that a judge could impose the death penalty whenever he decided that the convicted person had reached his or her majority, regardless of the person's actual age at the time of the crime or at the time of the scheduled execution.[44]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The United Kingdom ratified the Convention on 16 December 1991, with several declarations and reservations,[45] and made its first report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in January 1995. Concerns raised by the Committee included the growth in child poverty and inequality, the extent of violence towards children, the use of custody for young offenders, the low age of criminal responsibility, and the lack of opportunities for children and young people to express views.[46] The 2002 report of the Committee expressed similar concerns, including the welfare of children in custody, unequal treatment of asylum seekers, and the negative impact of poverty on children's rights. In September 2008, the UK government decided to withdraw its reservations and agree to the Convention in these respects.[47][48]

text: The 2002 report's criticism of the legal defence of "reasonable chastisement" of children by parents, which the Committee described as "a serious violation of the dignity of the child",[49] was rejected by the UK Government. The Minister for Children, Young People and Families commented that while fewer parents are using smacking as a form of discipline, the majority said they would not support a ban.[50]

text: In evidence to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights, the Committee was criticised by the Family Education Trust for "adopting radical interpretations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in its pursuit of an agenda".[51] The Joint Committee's report recommended that "the time has come for the Government to act upon the recommendations of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child concerning the corporal punishment of children and the incompatibility of the defence of reasonable chastisement with its obligations under the Convention."[52] The UK Government responded that "the use of physical punishment is a matter for individual parents to decide".[53]

text: Although child slavery is difficult to gauge within the UK, child slaves are imported into the UK and sold.[27]

text: United States[edit]

text: The United States government played an active role in the drafting of the Convention and signed it on 16 February 1995, but has not ratified it. It has been claimed that American opposition to the Convention stems primarily from political and religious conservatives.[54] For example, The Heritage Foundation sees "a civil society in which moral authority is exercised by religious congregations, family, and other private associations is fundamental to the American order".[55] and the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA) argues that the CRC threatens homeschooling.[56]

text: The United States had permitted the execution and life imprisonment of juvenile offenders, in contravention of the Article 37 of the Convention.[1] In 2005, a Supreme Court decision declared juvenile executions to be unconstitutional as "cruel and unusual punishment";[57][58][59] in 2012, the Court held that mandatory sentences of life without the possibility of parole are unconstitutional for juvenile offenders.[60]

text: State laws regarding the practice of closed adoption may also require overhaul in light of the Convention's position that children have a right to identity from birth.

text: During his 2008 campaign for President, Senator Barack Obama described the failure to ratify the Convention as "embarrassing" and promised to review the issue[61][62] but he never did. No President of the United States has submitted the treaty to the United States Senate requesting its advice and consent to ratification since the US signed it in 1995.[63]

text: The United States has ratified two of the optional protocols to the Convention,[9][10] the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, and the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.

text: Azerbaijan[edit]

text: Azerbaijan ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child on 21 July 1992.[64][65][66] In terms of the ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a significant number of laws, decrees and resolutions were approved in Azerbaijan by the President and the Cabinet of Ministers focusing on the development of the child welfare system.[65] In this regard, the Convention №182 on “Elimination of the worst forms of child labour” and Recommendation №190 of the International Labour Organization and the Hague Convention on International adoption of children were ratified by Milli Majlis in 2004.[66]

text: There is a concern over the administration of juvenile justice in Azerbaijan, mostly regarding compliance with articles 37, 39 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, as well as other relevant standards such as the Beijing Rules, the Riyadh Guidelines and the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty.[65] Therefore, international organizations assisted Azerbaijan to improve the situation in the field of juvenile justice.[67][66] Juvenile offenders have been added to the Presidential pardons on a regular basis.[66]

text: Azerbaijan has built cooperation with many international organizations, in particular with UNICEF in the field of child protection. In 1993, UNICEF began its activity in Azerbaijan. In 2005, Azerbaijan and UNICEF signed a 5-year country program. The country program for 2005-2009 was implemented in the field of child protection, children’s health and nutrition, children’s education and youth health, their development and participation. In addition, UNICEF supports Azerbaijan in developing juvenile justice system, establishing alternative care system and raising awareness among youth about HIV/AIDS.[66]

text: Optional protocols[edit]

text: Two optional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly. The first, the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict requires parties to ensure that children under the age of 18 are not recruited compulsorily into their armed forces, and calls on governments to do everything feasible to ensure that members of their armed forces who are under 18 years do not take part in hostilities.[68] This protocol entered into force on 12 July 2002.[9] As of 9 November 2017, 166 states are party to the protocol and another 14 states have signed but not ratified it.[9]

text: The second, the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, requires parties to prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. It entered into force on 18 January 2002.[10] As of 9 November 2017, 173 states are party to the protocol and another 9 states have signed but not ratified it.[10]

text: A third, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure, which would allow children or their representatives to file individual complaints for violation of the rights of children, was adopted in December 2011[69] and opened for signature on 28 February 2012. The protocol currently has 51 signatures and 45 ratifications: it entered into force on 14 April 2014 following the tenth ratification three months beforehand.[11]


document_title: April 2015 Nepal earthquake

question_text: how many houses were destroyed in nepal earthquake

root

text: April 2015 Nepal earthquake

text: Earthquake[edit]

text: The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 am NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground),[26] with its epicentre approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds.[27] The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Ms. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw.[28]

tag: p

text: According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia.[26] Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, reportedly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds.[29]

text: The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one."[30] According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934.[31]

text: Geology[edit]

text: Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate,[32][33] occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south and, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel.[34] These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Sivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys).[35] Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features.[35]

text: The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust.[1][36]

text: The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake.[37]

text: Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region.[38] A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern.[39] A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s.[40]

text: Intensity[edit]

text: According to "Did You Feel It?" (DYFI?) responses on the USGS website, the intensity in small parts of Kathmandu was IX (Violent).[1] In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VI, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, in the National capital region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka.[41] Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha.[41] Shaking was felt in high-rise buildings as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala.[41] The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate).[42][not in citation given] The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.[1] The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter.[43] Tremors were felt in Pakistan[44] and Bhutan.[1][41]

text: Aftershocks[edit]

text: A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal.[44][45] The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, and Assam.[46] The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat.[47]

text: A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° dip towards the north, striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft).[48] The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi).[46]

text: Assuming that 25 April earthquake was the largest event in this seismic episode, Nepal could expect more than 30 aftershocks greater than magnitude 5 over the following month.[49] As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw.[5]

text: 12 May 2015 earthquake[edit]

text: A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3Mw 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Kodari. The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest. It struck at the depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered to be an aftershock of the 25 April quake.[50] Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and other North-Indian States.[51][52][53][54] At least 153 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China.[25][55] In Kathmandu the intensity was VI. People ran out of doors, or dove under a strong table (a behaviour more recommended), but water towers on top of multi story buildings remained intact.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become a long drawn out chain of events, in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades upon end. The aftereffects from the earthquake have subsequent effects on myriad of seemingly unrelated aspects: human trafficking, labour cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization, private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism, disease, and damage to the healthcare system.[56]

text: Some disasters that came with the monsoon season were suspected to be related to the earthquake. There was a landslip on 11 June that claimed 53 lives.[57] Meanwhile, a glacial lake had burst in particularly hard hit Solukhumbhu district.[58] Whether or not the quake had contributed to such events is often unknown and unresearched, but certainly possible.

text:
Casualties by country

Country
Deaths
Injuries
Ref.

   Nepal
8,857
22,304
[6][59]

 India
78
560
[60]

 China
25
383
[61]

 Bangladesh
4
200
[62]

Total
8,964
23,447

tag: table

text:
Foreign casualties in Nepal

Country
Deaths
Ref.

 India
40
[63]

 France
10
[64]

 Spain
7
[65]

 United States
7
[66][67][68]

 Germany
5
[69][70]

 China
4
[71]

 Italy
4
[72]

 Canada
2
[73]

 Russia
2
[74]

 Australia
 India
1
[75][76]

 Estonia
1
[77]

 Hong Kong
 United Kingdom
1
[78][79]

 Israel
1
[80]

 Japan
1
[81]

 Malaysia
1
[82]

 New Zealand
1
[83]

 United Kingdom
1
[84]

Total
89

text: Casualties[edit]

text: The earthquake killed more than 8,800 people in Nepal[6][85][86] and injured nearly three times as many. The rural death toll may have been minimized by the fact that most villagers were outdoors working when the quake hit.[87] As of 15 May, 6,271 people, including 1,700 from the 12 May aftershock, were still receiving treatment for their injuries.[55] Nearly 3.5 million people were left homeless.[59]

text: The example of this earthquake shows that loss calculations for hypothetical likely future earthquakes can be reasonably reliable. In 2005, the expected numbers of fatalities due to a hypothetical scenario earthquake near Kathmandu for M8.1 was published.[88] The fatalities at that time were estimated between 21,000 and 42,000. A M7.8 earthquake happened on 25 April 2015 near Kathmandu. It killed only about 10,000 people because it was Saturday and the children were not in the collapsing school buildings.[citation needed] The original estimate was correct within a factor of 2.5 and would have been exactly correct, had it not been for the lucky break children got due to Saturday being a holiday.

text: After the rupture area of the Kathmandu 2015 earthquake had been derived[89] and the intensities of shaking had been mapped,[90] a line source model for losses could be constructed with energy being radiated along the entire rupture.[91] The fatalities estimated in this way by QLARM agree with those reported in the end. The figure shows reports of fatalities as a function of time. News reports significantly underestimated the actual numbers of fatalities for several days.

text: The Himalayan Times reported that as many as 20,000 foreign nationals may have been visiting Nepal at the time of the earthquake, although reports of foreign deaths were relatively low.[92]

text: A total of 78 deaths were reported in India - including 58 in Bihar, 16 in Uttar Pradesh, 3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan.[60]

text: 27 dead and 4 missing, all from the Tibet Autonomous Region.[61]

text: 4 dead.[62]

text: Avalanches on Mount Everest[edit]

text: This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 died,[93] with at least 120 others injured or missing.[93]

text: Landslides in the Langtang Valley[edit]

text: In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park, 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela[94][95] and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route.[96] The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale.[17][97][98] On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners.[99]

text: According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades.[100] This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area.[101]

text: Damage[edit]

text: Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter.[16][18][19]

text: The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the quake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights.[102] It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks,[103] and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage.[104] During strong aftershocks, the airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing travelers who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many travelers remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets for travelers waiting in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in the earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects.[105]

text: Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April.[106]

text: Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses.[107][108]

text: Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed,[27] as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people,[109][110][111][112] Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged.[113] Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed.[114][115]

text: The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed.[116]

text: In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed.[116]

text: Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states."[116] The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people.

text: Economic loss[edit]

text: Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains.[117]

text: Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of USD$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate),[118] is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own.[119] Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment.[119] The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a USD$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to USD$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation.[119]

text: Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" USD$5 billion, or about 20 percent of Nepal's gross domestic product.[119][120][not in citation given]

text: Social effects[edit]

text: It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake.[121] The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes.[122]

text: Most affected[edit]

text: Single women have had very little access to relief, according to a report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors has increased after the earthquake.[123] Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys, are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to a government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples.[124] Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme.[124]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: On 3 May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trending worldwide on Twitter, condemning news covered by the Indian media as insensitive and inhumane to victims of the tragedy. The people of Nepal acknowledged the aid and effort put by the Indian armed forces, yet, at the same time, accused Indian news networks of carrying out "a public relations exercise" on behalf of the Indian government, of overemphasizing the role of the Indian Army, and of hogging space on relief planes where aid material or rescue or medical personnel could have been sent instead.[125] Indian users responded with the hashtags #SorryNepal and #DontComeBackIndianMedia.[126]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks have been reported. At least 13 people have died of scrub typhus while 240 people have been taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until Sept 2016.[127]

text: Rescue and relief[edit]

text: About 90% of soldiers from the Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country.[128] Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts.[129] Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake.[130][131][132]

text: As of 1 May international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu,[18] and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities.[133][134] There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets.[135]

text: Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings.[136]

text: Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work.[137] Local organization Kathmandu Living Labs helped coordinate local knowledge on the ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations. Public volunteers from around the world participated in crowdmapping and added details into online maps.[138][139][140][141][142][143][144] Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures[145] and drones[137] of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help.[146] On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors.

text: Digital mappers, through the Kathmandu Living Labs, were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley, and then focused on earthquake relief. "They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings," says Cowan, whose students helped add Kathmandu's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data. The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia.[147]

text: India decided to donate $1 billion in cash and materials to Nepal. India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said "I am happy to announce Government of India's pledge for Nepal's post-earthquake reconstruction of Nepali Rupees 10,000 crores, equivalent to one billion US dollars, one fourth of it as Grant." The International Conference on Nepal's Reconstruction has been organised by the Nepalese government to raise funds for rebuilding the country.[148]

text: Reports are also coming in of sub-standard relief materials and inedible food being sent to Nepal by many of the foreign aid agencies.[149][150]

text: A United States Marine Corps helicopter crashed on 12 May while involved in delivering relief supplies. The Bell UH-1Y Venom crashed at Charikot, roughly 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Kathmandu. Two Nepalese soldiers and 6 American Marines died in the crash.[151]

text: Need-fulfillment application, Getmii, launched a special pilot version in partnership with the Red Cross to double daily blood donors at the Kathmandu donation center using the app.[152]

text: Imaging technologies such as satellites and smartphones, were instrumental to relief efforts in Nepal.[153] GLIMS, group of volunteer scientists from nine nations, were able to provide rapid, systematic mapping of the damaged area, allowing the investigation of earthquake-induced geo-hazard processes which provided information to relief and recovery officials on the same timeframe as those operations were occurring.[154]

text: Repair and reconstruction[edit]

text: Monuments[edit]

text: UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of collapsing before the monsoon season. Subsequent restoration of collapsed structures, including historic houses is planned. Architectural drawings exist that provide plans for reconstruction. According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage.[155] Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed monasteries, temples, historic houses, and shrines across the country. The destruction is concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as a single World Heritage Site, including Swayambhu, the Durbar squares of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur, and the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan. Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares, the temple of Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu. Drones fly above cultural heritage sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.[156]

text: International aid[edit]

text: UNICEF appealed for donations, as close to 1.7 million children had been driven out into the open, and were in desperate need of drinking water, psychological counsel, temporary shelters, sanitation and protection from disease outbreak. It distributed water, tents, hygiene kits, water purification tablets and buckets.[157] Numerous other organizations provided similar support.[158]

text: India was the first to respond within hours, being Nepal's immediate neighbour,[159] with Operation Maitri which provided rescue and relief by its armed forces. It also evacuated its own and other countries' stranded nationals. India has been the largest aid donor to Nepal following the earthquake with a billion dollar support apart from other non-monetary reliefs extended.[160] The United States, China and other nations have provided helicopters as requested by the Nepalese government.[161][162]

text: On 26 April 2015, international aid agencies and governments mobilized rescue workers and aid for the earthquake. They faced challenges in both getting assistance to Nepal and ferrying people to remote areas as the country had few helicopters.[163][164] Relief efforts were also hampered by Nepalese government insistence on routing aid through the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund and its National Emergency Operation Center. After concerns were raised, it was clarified that "Non-profits" or NGOs already in the country could continue receiving aid directly and bypass the official fund.[163][165] Aid mismatch and supply of "leftovers" by donors,[166] aid diversion in Nepal,[167] mistrust over control of the distribution of funds and supplies,[168][169][170] congestion and customs delays at Kathmandu's airport and border check posts were also reported.[171][172] On 3 May 2015, restrictions were placed on heavy aircraft flying in aid supplies after new cracks were noticed on the runway at the Tribhuvan airport (KTM), Nepal's only wide-body jet airport.[173][174][175]

text: The list below gives a break-up of pledged donations, by each nation, along with aid in kind, delivered immediately.[176]

text:
Summary of international aid to Nepal for earthquake relief
(Details in the article Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake)

Aid agency / Country
Cash donation (US $)
Humanitarian aid and supplies
Other aid
Source

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
00053564455 !$535,664.55 emergency fund activated
Volunteers (first-aid, search-&-rescue)
Blood-bank supplies to areas in the capital
[134]

Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)

Rapid intervention surgical kit with 11-member team left Kathmandu for Ghorka (200 km north-west) (61 staff deployed)
Water and sanitation – makeshift camps – Tudikhel (Kathmandu), Bhaktapur (14 km east of Kathmandu), first-aid material to Bhaktapur hospital
[133][164]

 European Union
003300000 !$3.3 million
Aid, first-response teams and civil-protection experts

[177]

 Algeria
001000000 !$1 million
70 relief workers, medicines, and other supplies

[178]

 Australia
0158600000 !$15.86 million

• $3,568,500 to the United Nations relief effort, $793,000 to the World Health Organization, $793,000 to the Australian Red Cross, $396,500 to the RedR Australia relief organisation, $3.172 million for other Australian NGOs.
• Two Boeing C-17 aircraft carrying 15 tons of Australian aid and two RAAF aero medical evacuation teams.
• The Government of Tasmania donated $7,930 to Rotary Tasmania's Nepal Earthquake Appeal.

• 2 humanitarian experts and a crisis-response team initially.
• 70 defence personnel, immigration and other federal government officials to distribute aid and help with evacuation efforts.

[179][180][181][182]

 Austria
000835000 !$835,000

Austrian Red Cross search-&-rescue staff
[183]

 Azerbaijan

1 ton of medical supplies, tents, blankets and water (Ministry of Emergency Situations)

[184]

 Bangladesh

• BAF Lockheed C-130B aircraft with 10 tonnes of relief materials – tents, dry food, water, blankets, etc.
• Four cargo trucks carrying approximately 25 tonnes of essential relief materials for earthquake victims in Nepal left Dhaka. The cargoes will travel through Banglabandh-Fulbari-Panitanki-Kakarbhitta land route. The relief materials include 3000 cartons (12 tonne) of dry food and fruit juice donated by PRAN, and 5000 pieces of blankets donated by Brac, according to a press release of the Embassy of Nepal in Bangladesh.
• Bangladesh will provide at least one hundred thousand tons of rice and other relief materials including drinking water to help the earthquake victims in Nepal.

A 34-member team (6 military medical teams and foreign ministry officials). Stranded Bangladeshis airlifted.
[185][186][187][188][189]

 Belgium
005500000 !$5.5 million

Search-&-rescue teams
[190]

 Bhutan
001000000 !$1 million

63 personnel medical team
[191][192][193][194]
[195]

 Brunei

8-man relief team (2 doctors, 4 paramedics from the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) and Brunei's Gurkha Reserve Unit (GRU)
[196]

 Canada
004160000 !$4.16 million; $832,000 to the Canadian Red Cross
A Boeing C-17 with supplies – blankets, jerry-cans, kitchen sets, hygiene kits, and tarps
150 Canadian troops; a Disaster Assistance Response Team – 30 experts; pledges by humanitarian organizations; immigration assistance
[197][198][199][200]
[201]

 China
009900000 !$9.9 million
Tents, blankets, and generators; emergency response for citizens
China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR) – 268 members, 26 search-&-rescue dogs
[202][203][204][205]
[206][207][208]

 Colombia
Fundraising by the Colombian Red Cross
Over 1,500 volunteers from national societies.
Evacuation of citizens and aid (when needed)
[209][210][211][212]

 Czech Republic
000791378 !$791,378
A Boeing 737 – blankets, medical supplies, water and food; and a special trauma team.
36 medical workers and 13 firefighters. Evacuated 54 Czechs and 48 EU citizens.
[213][214][215]

 Denmark
000744000 !$744,000

Aid (TBD)
[216]

 Estonia
Fundraising

15 rescue workers and medics (could not land – airport congestion)
[217][218][219]

 Finland
003350000 !$3.35 million; fundraising by the Finnish Red Cross
Medical and logistical supplies
A Finnish Red Cross relief workers team
[220][221][222][223]

 France

Equipment and supplies
Crisis centre at Foreign Ministry; a reinforcement team in New Delhi; 11 rescuers, (more help if needed)
[224][225]

 Germany
068340000 !$68.34 million (€60 million), donated by the public
A mobile medical centre
52 relief workers team – physicians, searchers, dog squads; the German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)'s Rapid Deployment Unit Water and Sanitation Abroad (SEEWA)
[226][227][228][229]

 Greece

Search-&-rescue teams
[190]

 Haiti
001000000 !$1 million

[230]

 Hong Kong
006450000 !$6.45 million
World Vision Hong Kong raised $1.29 million to provide victims with tents, tarpaulins, solar-powered lights, and other necessities.

[231][232][233]

 India
01000000000 !$1 billion by the government
Material aid in Operation Maitri:
• 8 tons of baby food
• Over 100 tons of medical supplies
• 75,000 vials of insulin
• Over 200 tons of water
• 100,000 bottles of water every day from the Indian Railways
• Hundreds of tons of food and dry rations
• 43 tons of relief material
• 10 tons of blankets
• Several tons of stretchers, tents
• A reverse osmosis (RO) plant
• Oxygen regenerators & cylinders
• 345 tons of relief material, dry food and essential medicines from the state governments of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

Rescue aid:
• 16 National Disaster Response Force teams, over 1,000 personnel, search-&-rescue dogs
• Hundreds of retired Indian Gorkha soldiers of the Indian Army
• Hundreds of Indian Army and Indian Air Force personnel
• Military task forces headquartered in Kathmandu and Barpak
• Relief sorties by Ilyushin Il-76, C-130J Hercules, C-17 Globemaster, Antonov An-32 aircraft
• Civilian aircraft
• Helicopters – Mi-17, Cheetah, HAL Dhruv ALH
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
• 18 member medical team
• 3 field hospitals
• 2 mobile teams of specialist doctors
• 41 member medical team from the state of Rajasthan
• Indian Air Force rapid action medical team
• 45 bed hospital at Lagankhel
• Light vehicles
• Earth moving equipment
• 18 Indian Army Engineer Task Forces (Indian Army Corps of Engineers)
• Indian Oil Corporation team
• PowerGrid Corporation of India engineers
• 36+ vehicles – ambulances and water tankers – from the Sashastra Seema Bal
• 39 member Indian Army team deployed at the Everest Base Camp to search for, rescue and assist climbers
Evacuation of over 20,000 Indian citizens and hundreds of foreign nationals by air and road

[234][235][236][237]
[238][239][240][241][242]
[243][244][245]
[246][247][248][249][250][251]

 Indonesia
002000000 !$2 million
2 Boeing 737-400s belonging to the Indonesian Armed Forces and Garuda Indonesia, flew with 6 tons of relief supplies – blankets, body bags, food, water
hospital and sleeping tents, medical equipment: and medicines
66 personnel of SAR and Medical team
[252][253]

 Iran

An 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) relief package (via India)

[254][255][256]

 Ireland
001126000 !$1.126 million

[257]

 Israel

Three IAF Hercules and two El Al Boeing 747-400 jets carrying a joint IDF and MFA search-&-rescue team and 95 tons of equipment including a field hospital (with premature-babies ward), cutters, electronic sniffers, generators, and lighting equipment. The planes were also used for evacuation.
264 person search-&-rescue team, including physicians.
[258][259][260]

 Italy
000326000 !$326,000

[261]

 Japan
008400000 !$8.4 million
Emergency relief supplies worth US$210,000
70 experts – Foreign Ministry, the National Police Agency, and JICA, along with rescuers, search-&-rescue dog handlers, communication specialists, physicians, and field coordinators
[190][262][263]

 Malaysia

20 doctors – Mercy Malaysia; 30-man rescue team – Special Malaysia Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team
[264][265]

 Maldives

Other aid (TBA)

[266]

 Mexico

Earthquake rescue brigade and engineers.
[227][267][268]

 Monaco

Other aid (TBA)

[227]

 Netherlands
029844275.18 !$4.45 million by the government and $25.394.275,18 raised by GIRO 555 Action ('Netherlands helps Nepal')
5 tons of relief supplies
62-man and 8-dog team; several physicians, nurses, and engineers
[269][270]

 New Zealand
000771000 !$771,000 in humanitarian aid

45 urban search and rescue technicians, 2 aid workers and an engineer.
[271][272]

 Norway
031100000 !$31,1 million (as of 25.05.2015). Including: $17.3 million (Norwegian government) and $13.8 million in donations to Norwegian aid organizations through aid concerts and donations from the Norwegian public.

Deployed NORSAR Search and Rescue team, consisting of search dogs, emergency medical personnel and firefighters and equipment and aid of 15.3 tonnes. Transported with the help of a Boeing 737-800 of Norwegian Air Shuttle.
[273][274][275]

 Pakistan

•Four Lockheed C-130 planes
•30-bed hospital
•2,000 military meals
•600 blankets
•200 tents
other assorted relief items

Military emergency personnel including army doctors, medical staff, and the combined ERRA-NDMA's special search and rescue teams with sniffer dogs
[276][277]

 Philippines

Soldiers, Philippine Red Cross staff, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Humanitarian Assistance Team and volunteers
[278][279][280]

 Poland

81 firefighters of the State Fire Service, 12 search and rescue dogs, and 6 doctors of the Polish Center for International Aid
[281][282]

 Qatar

2 aircraft with 60 tons of relief materials, such as food, medicines, power generators, and tents; 2 additional aircraft with 120 tons of relief materials, in addition to a field hospital provided by Qatari Red Crescent
Aid operations
[283]

 Russia

Two Ilyushin Il-76 airplanes with 'a team of 90 rescuers and rescue equipment,' and 'a batch of humanitarian aid of food products and articles of daily necessity.'
50 highly skilled rescue workers
[284][285]

 Singapore
000100000 !$100,000

60 members of the Singapore Civil Defence Force; officers from Singapore's police forces, including the Gurkha Contingent; another relief team
.[190][286]

 Slovakia
000033000 !$33,000

[287]

 Slovenia
000055000 !$55,000

[288][289][290]

 South Africa

A search and rescue team composed of members of the South African Police Service with police dogs to aid in the rescue operation.
[291]

 South Korea
001000000 !$1 million
Sindhupalchok area
• 1000 tents
• Food packages for 230 families (Rice 10 kg, bean 1 kg, salt 1 kg, oil, Nepal noodle 1 kg, 10 vitamin tablets and etc. per a package)
• 2.4 tons of rice, 320 bottles of vegetable oil, salts for 740 villagers

42 search and rescue workers including 15 medics and two assistants. Two sniffer dogs.
[292][293][294][295]

 Spain

30 tons of humanitarian aid, including more than 3,200 blankets, 1680 awnings and 500 kitchen sets, donated in part by Spanish Red Cross.
47 soldiers of the Military Emergencies Unit and seven agents of the Civil Guard, with 60 tons of material, in order to find Spanish citizens unlocated.
[296][297][298]

 Sri Lanka

SLAF C-130 Hercules flight and Sri Lankan Airlines Airbus A330 flight with 17 tonnes of medicine, engineering, signal and ordnance equipment, supportive transport requirements, water bottles, health accessories, dry rations, and water purification tablets, etc.
Groups of specialist physicians, other medical staff, and medicine; 44 Sri Lanka Armed Forces personnel and 4 medical consultants; a team of 156 persons, including 11 airmen, 4 medical consultants, and 14 sailors; 97 service personnel: 72 Sri Lanka Army personnel, 14 Sri Lanka Navy personnel, 11 Sri Lanka Air Force personnel
[299][300]

  Switzerland
026700000 !$26.7 million (fundraising)
38 tonnes of relief supplies
Experts, including a physician, a building surveyor, and a water quality technician
[301][302][303]

 Sweden
001500000 !$1.5 million

40 support personnel: ICT, coordination, assessment, camp technicians, structural engineer
[304]

 Taiwan
000300000 !$300,000

Nepal rejected Taiwan's offer to send search and rescue teams due to "China factor".
[305][306]

 Thailand
006080000 !$200,000 by government
$302,000 by the king
$5.56 million by the public

Medics and rescue staff
[307][308][309][310][311]

 Turkey

1,000 tents and 320 food packages.
Up to 96 search and rescue staff
[312]

 United Arab Emirates
001360000 !$1.36 million
Medical and food supplies, purchased from India
88 search and rescue staff
[190][313]

 United Kingdom
130000000 !$130 million (£83 million), of which $51 million (£33 million) was donated by the government and $79 million (£50 million) was donated by the public
30 tonnes of humanitarian aid and 8 tonnes of equipment
Around 100 search and rescue responders, medical experts, and disaster and rescue experts deployed by the Department for International Development; engineers from the British Army's Brigade of Gurkhas; three Chinook helicopters (returned unused by the Nepalese government)
[314][315][316][317]
[318][319]

 United States
010000000 !$10 million by government, the public donates separately through several agencies

A disaster response team from USAID; Urban Search and Rescue Virginia Task Force 1 from Fairfax County, Virginia was deployed to Nepal from the Dover Air Force Base; Los Angeles County's Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2; U.S. Army Green Beret soldiers; 100 Marines; two helicopters and four V-22 Osprey VTOL aircraft
[320][321][322][323]
[324][325]

  Vatican City
000100000 !$100,000

[326]

 Vietnam
000080000 !$50,000 by government
$30,000 by the Vietnam Red Cross

10 rescuers – Vietnam Red Cross
[327][328]


document_title: Chota Nagpur Plateau

question_text: give an account of minerals found in jharkhand

text: Chota Nagpur Plateau

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The name Nagpur is probably taken from Nagavanshis, who ruled in this part of the country. Chota is a corruption of the word small, a village in the outskirts of Ranchi, which has the remains of an old fort belonging to the Nagavanshis.[2]

text: Formation[edit]

text: The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a continental plateau—an extensive area of land thrust above the general land. The plateau has been formed by continental uplift from forces acting deep inside the earth.[3] The Gondwana substrates attest to the plateau's ancient origin. It is part of the Deccan Plate, which broke free from the southern continent during the Cretaceous to embark on a 50-million-year journey that was violently interrupted by the northern Eurasian continent. The northeastern part of the Deccan Plateau, where this ecoregion sits, was the first area of contact with Eurasia.[4]

text: Divisions[edit]

text: The Chota Nagpur Plateau consists of three steps. The highest step is in the western part of the plateau, where pats, as a plateau is locally called, are 910 to 1,070 metres (3,000 to 3,500 ft) above sea level. The highest point is 1,164 metres (3,819 ft). The next part contains larger portions of the old Ranchi and Hazaribagh districts and some parts of old Palamu district, before these were broken up into smaller administrative units. The general height is 610 metres (2,000 ft). The topography in undulating with prominent gneissic hills, often dome-like in outline. The lowest step of the plateau is at an average level of around 300 metres (1,000 ft). It covers the old Manbhum and Singhbhum districts. High hills are a striking part of this section - Parasnath Hills rise to a height of 1,370 metres (4,480 ft) and Dalma Hills to 1,038 metres (3,407 ft).[2] The large plateau is subdivided into several small plateaux or sub plateaux.

text: Pat region[edit]

text: The western plateau with an average elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above mean sea level merges into the plateau of Surguja district of Chhattisgarh. The flat topped plateaux, locally known as pats are characterized by level surface and accordance of their summit levels shows they are part of one large plateau.[5] Examples include Netarhat Pat, Jamira Pat, Khamar Pat, Rudni Pat etc. The area is also referred to as Western Ranchi Plateau. It is believed to be composed of Deccan lava.[6]

text: Ranchi plateau[edit]

text: It is the largest part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The elevation of the plateau land in this part is about 700 m (2,300 ft) and gradually slopes down towards south-east into the hilly and undulating region of Singhbhum (earlier Singhbhum district or what is now Kolhan division).[7] The plateau is highly dissected. Damodar River originates here and flows through a rift valley.[3] To the north it is separated from the Hazaribagh plateau by the Damodar trough.[6] To the west is a group of plateaux called pat[3]

text: There are many waterfalls at the edges of Ranchi plateau where rivers coming from over the plateau surface form waterfalls when they descend through the precipitous escarpments of the plateau and enter the area of significantly lower height. The North Karo River has formed a 17 m (56 ft) high Pheruaghaugh Falls at the southern margin of Ranchi plateau. Such falls are called scarp falls. Hundru Falls (75 m) on Subarnarekha River near Ranchi, Dassam Falls (39.62 m) on Kanchi River, east of Ranchi, Sadni Falls (60 m) on Sankh River (Ranchi plateau) are examples of scarp falls. Sometimes waterfalls of various dimensions are formed when tributary streams join the master stream from great height forming hanging valleys. At Rajrappa (10 m), the Bhera river coming over from the Ranchi plateau hangs above the Damodar River at its point of confluence with the latter. The Jonha Falls (25.9 m) is another example of this category of falls. In fact the Gunga River hangs over its master stream, Raru River (to the east of Ranchi city) and forms the said falls.[8]

text: Hazaribagh plateau[edit]

text: The Hazaribagh plateau is often subdivided into two parts – the higher plateau and the lower plateau. Here the higher plateau is referred to as Hazaribagh plateau and the lower plateau as Koderma plateau. The Hazaribagh plateau on which Hazaribagh town is built is about 64 km (40 mi) east by west and 24 km (15 mi) north by south with an average elevation of 610 m (2,000 ft). The north-eastern and southern faces are mostly abrupt; but to the west it narrows and descends slowly in the neighbourhood.of Simaria and Jabra where it curves to the south and connects with the Ranchi Plateau through Tori pargana.[9] It is generally separated from the Ranchi plateau by the Damodar trough.[6]

text: The western portion of Hazaribagh plateau constitutes a broad watershed between the Damodar drainage on the south and the Lilajan and Mohana rivers on the north. The highest hills in this area are called after the villages of Kasiatu, Hesatu and Hudu, and rise fronting the south 180 m (600 ft) above the general level of the plateau. Further east along the southern face a long spur projects right up to the Damodar river where it ends in Aswa Pahar, elevation 751 metres (2,465 ft). At the south-eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at 932 metres (3,057 ft). Mahabar Jarimo at 666 m (2,185 ft) and Barsot at 660 m (2,180 ft) stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at 670 m (2,210 ft) and Mahuda at 734 m (2,409 ft) are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to 860 m (2,810 ft). On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east. In the south it falls almost sheer in a swoop of 670 m (2,200 ft) to the bed of Bokaro River, below Jilinga Hill. Seen from the north the edge of this plateau has the appearance of a range of hills,[9] at the foot of which (on the Koderma plateau) runs the Grand Trunk Road and NH 2 (new NH19).

text: Koderma plateau[edit]

text: The Koderma plateau is also referred to as the Hazaribagh lower plateau[9][10] or as the Chauparan-Koderma-Girighi sub-plateau.[11]

text: The northern face of the Koderma plateau, elevated above the plains of Bihar, has the appearance of a range of hills, but in reality it is the edge of a plateau, 240 metres (800 ft) from the level of the Gaya plain. Eastward this northern edge forms a well-defined watershed between heads of the tributaries of Gaya and those of the Barakar River, which traverses the Koderma and Giridih districts in an easterly direction. The slope of this plateau to the east is uniform and gentle and is continued past the river, which bears to the south-east, into the Santhal Parganas and gradually disappears in the lower plains of Bengal. The western boundary of the plateau is formed by the deep bed of the Lilajan River.The southern boundary consists of the face of the higher plateau, as far as its eastern extremity, where for some distance a low and undistinguished watershed runs eastward to the western spurs of Parasnath Hills. The drainage to the south of this low line passes by the Jamunia River to the Damodar.[9]

text: Damodar trough[edit]

text: The Damodar basin forms a trough between the Ranchi and Hazaribagh plateaux resulting from enormous fractures at their present edges, which caused the land between to sink to a great depth and incidentally preserved from denudation the Karanpura, Ramgarh and Bokaro coalfields. The northern boundary of the Damodar valley is steep as far as the south eastern corner of the Hazaribagh plateau. On the south of the trough the Damodar keeps close to the edge of the Ranchi plateau till it has passed Ramgarh, after which a turn to the north-east leaves on the right hand a wide and level valley on which the Subarnarekha begins to intrude, south of Gola till the Singhpur Hills divert it to the south. Further to the east the Damodar River passes tamely into the Manbhum sector of lowest step of the Chotanagpur plateau.[9]

text: Palamu[edit]

text: The Palamu division generally lies at a lower height than the surrounding areas of Chota Nagpur Plateau. On the east the Ranchi plateau intrudes into the division and the southern part of the division merges with the Pat region. On the west are the Surguja highlands of Chhattishgarh and Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh. The Son River touches the north-western corner of the division and then forms the state boundary for about 72 kilometres (45 mi). The general system of the area is a series of parallel ranges of hills running east and west through which the North Koel River passes. The hills in the south are the highest in the area, and the picturesque and isolated cup-like Chhechhari valley is surrounded by lofty hills on every side. Lodh Falls drops from a height of 150 metres (490 ft) from these hills, making it the highest waterfall on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Netarhat and Pakripat plateaux are physiographically part of the Pat region.[12][13]

text: Manbhum-Singhbhum[edit]

text: In the lowest step of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, the Manbhum area covers the present Purulia district in West Bengal, and Dhanbad district and parts of Bokaro district in Jharkhand, and the Singhbhum area broadly covers Kolhan division of Jharkhand. The Manbhum area has a general elevation of about 300 metres (1,000 ft) and it consists of undulating land with scattered hills – Baghmundi and Ajodhya range, Panchakot and the hills around Jhalda are the prominent ones.[14] Adjacent Bankura district of West Bengal has been described as the “connecting link between the plains of Bengal on the east and Chota Nagpur plateau on the west.”[15] The same could be said of the Asansol and Durgapur subdivisions of Bardhaman district.Recently a website launched for chotonagpur Manbhum-Singhbhum region specially with the mission to save wildlife and conserve the forest in plateau. Visit chotonagpurplateau.in for a detail information and articles.

text: The Singhbhum area contains much more hilly and broken country. The whole of the western part is a mass of hill ranges rising to 910 metres (3,000 ft) in the south-west. Jamshedpur sits on an open plateau, 120 to 240 metres (400 to 800 ft) above mean sea level, with a higher plateau to the south of it. The eastern part is mostly hilly, though near the borders of West Bengal it flattens out into an alluvial plain.[16] In the Singhbhum area, there are hills alternating with valleys, steep mountains, deep forests on the mountain slopes, and, in the river basins, some stretches of comparatively level or undulating country. The centre of the area consists of an upland plateau enclosed by hill ranges. This strip, extending from the Subarnarekha River on the east to the Angarbira range to the west of Chaibasa, is a very fertile area. Saranda forest is reputed to have the best Sal forests in Asia.[17]

text: Climate[edit]

text: The Chota Nagpur Plateau has an attractive climate. For five to six months of the year, from October onward the days are sunny and bracing. The mean temperature in December is 23 °C (73 °F). The nights are cool and temperatures in winter may drop below freezing point in many places. In April and May the day temperature may cross 38 °C (100 °F) but it is very dry and not sultry as in the adjacent plains. The rainy season (June to September) is pleasant.[18] The Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual average rainfall of around 1,400 millimetres (55 in), which is less than the rainforested areas of much of India and almost all of it in the monsoon months between June and August.[19]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests, a tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ecoregion, encompasses the plateau. The ecoregion has an area of 122,100 square kilometres (47,100 sq mi), covering most of Jharkhand state and adjacent portions of Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.

text: The ecoregion is drier than surrounding ones, including the Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests that covers the Eastern Ghats and Satpura Range to the south, and the Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the lowlands to the east and north.

text: The plateau is covered with a variety of different habitats of which Sal forest is predominant. The plateau is home to the Palamau Tiger Reserve and other large blocks of natural habitat which are among the few remaining refuges left in India for large populations of tiger and Asian elephants.[4]

text: Forests range from dry to wet and reach up to 25 metres (82 ft) tall. The plateau is also swampy in some places and in other parts is covered with bamboo grasslands and shrubs such as Holarrhena and Dodonaea. The flora of the plateau is distinct from the wetter parts of India that surround it and includes a number of endemic plants such as Aglaia haslettiana and endangered plant species including Madhuca longifolia and Butea monosperma.

text: Tigers, Asian elephants, four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), chinkara (Gazella bennettii), dhole wild dog (Cuon alpinus) and sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) are some of the animals found here while birds include the threatened lesser florican (Eupodotis indica), Indian grey hornbill and other hornbills.

text: More than half of the natural forest on the plateau has been cleared for grazing land and the scale of the mining operations on the plateau is disturbing to the movement and therefore the survival of wildlife including elephants and tigers.

text: Protected areas[edit]

text: About 6 percent of the ecoregion's area is within protected areas, comprising 6,720 square kilometres (2,590 sq mi) in 1997. The largest are Palamau Tiger Reserve and Sanjay National Park.[20]

text:
Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (910 km2)
Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (630 km2)
Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary, Bihar (110 km2)
Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (450 km2)
Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (180 km2)
Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (410 km2)
Palamau tiger Reserve, Jharkhand (1,330 km2)
Ramnabagan Wildlife Sanctuary, West Bengal (150 km2)
Sanjay National Park, Madhya Pradesh (1,020 km2, a portion of which is in the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests ecoregion)
Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (470 km2)
Simlipal National Park, Odisha (420 km2)
Saptasajya Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (20 km2)
Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh (600 km2)
Topchanchi Wildlife Sanctuary, Jharkhand (40 km2)

tag: ul

text: Minerals[edit]

text: Chota Nagpur plateau is a store house of minerals like mica, bauxite, copper, limestone, iron ore and coal.[3] The Damodar valley is rich in coal and it is considered as the prime centre of coking coal in the country. Massive coal deposits are found in the central basin spreading over 2,883 square kilometres (1,113 sq mi). The important coalfields in the basin are Jharia, Raniganj, West Bokaro, East Bokaro, Ramgarh, South Karanpura and North Karanpura.[21]


document_title: Toot It and Boot It

question_text: when did toot it and boot it come out

question_tokens: when did toot it and boot it come out

text: Toot It and Boot It

text:
"Toot It and Boot It"

Single by YG featuring Ty Dolla $ign

from the album The Real 4Fingaz

Released
June 8, 2010 (2010-06-08)

Format
Digital download

Recorded
2009

Genre

Hip hop
West Coast hip hop
dirty rap

Length
4:03

Label

Pu$haz Ink
Def Jam

Songwriter(s)

Keenon Jackson
Tyrone Griffin
Ted Bluechel
Marlon Barrow
Nye Lee
Marquise Newman

Producer(s)

Ty Dolla $ign
Chordz

YG singles chronology

"Toot It and Boot It"
(2010)
"Function"
(2012)

"Toot It and Boot It"
(2010)
"Function"
(2012)

Ty Dolla $ign singles chronology

"Toot It and Boot It"
(2010) Toot It and Boot It2010
"Paranoid"
(2013) Paranoid2013

text: "Toot It and Boot It" (sometimes written as "Toot It & Boot It") is the debut song by American rapper YG, taken from his second mixtape The Real 4Fingaz (2010). The song was officially released as YG's commercial debut single on June 8, 2010, by Def Jam Recordings.[1] The song features uncredited vocals and production from Los Angeles-based rapper Ty Dolla $ign. The song peaked at number 67 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart.[2] An official remix and its music video was released, which features the original artists, as well as rappers 50 Cent and Snoop Dogg. The song features samples of Songs In the Wind by The Association, part of their 1966 album Renaissance (albeit slowed down and in a lower pitch).[3] The track was sampled on "Young, Wild & Free" by Snoop Dogg, Wiz Khalifa and Bruno Mars.[4]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot 100[5]
67

US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[6]
60

US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard)[7]
12


document_title: ACC Men's Basketball Tournament

question_text: when is the last time unc won the acc tournament

text: ACC Men's Basketball Tournament

text: Tournament Champions[edit]

text: Since July 1, 1961, the ACC's bylaws have included the phrase "and the winner shall be the conference champion" in referring to the tournament, meaning that the conference tournament winner is the only champion of the ACC. The ACC is unique in college basketball in that it does not recognize a regular season champion in any way, although it does permit the regular season winner to hang a banner if it wishes, so long as the banner makes it clear that the title is not official.[1]

text:
Year
Champion
Score
Runner-up
Tournament MVP
Venue
City
State

1954
NC State
82–80 (OT)
Wake Forest
Hemric, DickieDickie Hemric
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1955
NC State
87–77
Duke
Shavlik, RonRon Shavlik
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1956
NC State
76–54
Wake Forest
Vic Molodet
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1957
North Carolina
95–75
South Carolina
Rosenbluth, LennieLennie Rosenbluth
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1958
Maryland
86–75
North Carolina
Davis, NickNick Davis
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1959
NC State
80–56
North Carolina
Pucillo, LouLou Pucillo
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1960
Duke
64–59
Wake Forest
Kistler, DougDoug Kistler
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1961
Wake Forest
96–81
Duke
Chappell, LenLen Chappell
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1962
Wake Forest
77–68
Clemson
Chappell, LenLen Chappell
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1963
Duke
71–66
Wake Forest
Heyman, ArtArt Heyman
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1964
Duke
80–59
Wake Forest
Mullins, JeffJeff Mullins
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1965
NC State
91–85
Duke
Worsley, LarryLarry Worsley
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1966
Duke
71–66
NC State
Vacendak, SteveSteve Vacendak
Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina

1967
North Carolina
82–73
Duke
Miller, LarryLarry Miller
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1968
North Carolina
87–50
NC State
Miller, LarryLarry Miller
Charlotte Coliseum (Independence)[note 1]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1969
North Carolina
85–74
Duke
Scott, CharlieCharlie Scott
Charlotte Coliseum (Independence)[note 1]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1970
NC State
42–39 (2OT)
South Carolina
Williford, VannVann Williford
Charlotte Coliseum (Independence)[note 1]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1971
South Carolina
52–51
North Carolina
Roche, JohnJohn Roche
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1972
North Carolina
73–64
Maryland
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1973
NC State
76–74
Maryland
Burleson, TommyTommy Burleson
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1974
NC State
103–100 (OT)
Maryland
Burleson, TommyTommy Burleson
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1975
North Carolina
70–66
NC State
Ford, PhilPhil Ford
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1976
Virginia
67–62
North Carolina
Walker, WallyWally Walker
Capital Centre
Landover
Maryland

1977
North Carolina
75–69
Virginia
Kuester, JohnJohn Kuester
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1978
Duke
85–77
Wake Forest
Spanarkel, JimJim Spanarkel
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1979
North Carolina
71–63
Duke
Bradley, DudleyDudley Bradley
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1980
Duke
73–72
Maryland
King, AlbertAlbert King
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1981
North Carolina
61–60
Maryland
Perkins, SamSam Perkins
Capital Centre
Landover
Maryland

1982
North Carolina
47–45
Virginia
Worthy, JamesJames Worthy
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1983
NC State
81–78
Virginia
Lowe, SidneySidney Lowe
The Omni
Atlanta
Georgia

1984
Maryland
74–62
Duke
Bias, LenLen Bias
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1985
Georgia Tech
57–54
North Carolina
Price, MarkMark Price
The Omni
Atlanta
Georgia

1986
Duke
68–67
Georgia Tech
Dawkins, JohnnyJohnny Dawkins
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1987
NC State
68–67
North Carolina
Del Negro, VinnyVinny Del Negro
Capital Centre
Landover
Maryland

1988
Duke
65–61
North Carolina
Ferry, DannyDanny Ferry
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1989
North Carolina
77–74
Duke
Reid, J.R.J.R. Reid
The Omni
Atlanta
Georgia

1990
Georgia Tech
70–61
Virginia
Oliver, BrianBrian Oliver
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1991
North Carolina
96–74
Duke
Fox, RickRick Fox
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1992
Duke
94–74
North Carolina
Laettner, ChristianChristian Laettner
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1993
Georgia Tech
77–75
North Carolina
James Forrest
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1994
North Carolina
73–66
Virginia
Stackhouse, JerryJerry Stackhouse
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

1995
Wake Forest
82–80 (OT)
North Carolina
Childress, RandolphRandolph Childress
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1996
Wake Forest
75–74
Georgia Tech
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1997
North Carolina
64–54
NC State
Williams, ShammondShammond Williams
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1998
North Carolina
83–68
Duke
Jamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

1999
Duke
96–73
North Carolina
Brand, EltonElton Brand
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

2000
Duke
81–68
Maryland
Williams, JasonJason Williams
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

2001
Duke
79–53
North Carolina
Battier, ShaneShane Battier
Georgia Dome
Atlanta
Georgia

2002
Duke
91–61
NC State
Boozer, CarlosCarlos Boozer
Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) [2]
Charlotte
North Carolina

2003
Duke
84–77
NC State
Ewing, DanielDaniel Ewing
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

2004
Maryland
95–87 (OT)
Duke
Gilchrist, JohnJohn Gilchrist
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

2005
Duke
69–64
Georgia Tech
Redick, J. J.J. J. Redick
MCI Center
Washington
D.C.

2006
Duke
78–76
Boston College
Redick, J. J.J. J. Redick
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

2007
North Carolina
89–80
NC State
Wright, BrandanBrandan Wright
St. Pete Times Forum
Tampa
Florida

2008
North Carolina
86–81
Clemson
Hansbrough, TylerTyler Hansbrough
Charlotte Bobcats Arena
Charlotte
North Carolina

2009
Duke
79–69
Florida State
Scheyer, JonJon Scheyer
Georgia Dome
Atlanta
Georgia

2010
Duke
65–61
Georgia Tech
Singler, KyleKyle Singler
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

2011
Duke
75–58
North Carolina
Smith, NolanNolan Smith
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

2012
Florida State
85–82
North Carolina
Snaer, MichaelMichael Snaer
Philips Arena
Atlanta
Georgia

2013
Miami
87–77
North Carolina
Larkin, ShaneShane Larkin
Greensboro Coliseum[3]
Greensboro
North Carolina

2014
Virginia
72–63
Duke
Harris, JoeJoe Harris
Greensboro Coliseum[3]
Greensboro
North Carolina

2015
Notre Dame
90–82
North Carolina
Grant, JerianJerian Grant
Greensboro Coliseum[3]
Greensboro
North Carolina

2016
North Carolina
61–57
Virginia
Berry II, JoelJoel Berry II
Verizon Center
Washington
D.C.

2017
Duke
75–69
Notre Dame
Kennard, LukeLuke Kennard
Barclays Center
Brooklyn
New York

2018
Virginia
71–63
North Carolina
Guy, KyleKyle Guy
Barclays Center
Brooklyn
New York

2019

Spectrum Center
Charlotte
North Carolina

2020

Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c The Charlotte Coliseum on Independence Boulevard opened in 1956, closed in 1988 when the Charlotte Coliseum on Tyvola Road opened (that arena was demolished 2007), reopened in 1993 as Independence Arena. Cricket Wireless held naming rights from 2001 to 2006, and Bojangles' has held naming rights since 2008.

tag: ol

text: Venues[edit]

text:
Venue
City
State
Appearances
Last
Years
Notes

Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro
North Carolina
27
2015
1967, 1971–75, 1977–80, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1995–98, 2003–04, 2006, 2010–11, 2013–15, 2020*
[v 1]

Reynolds Coliseum
Raleigh
North Carolina
13
1966
1954–66

Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola Road, demolished 2007)
Charlotte
North Carolina
8
2002
1990–94, 1999–2000, 2002

Charlotte Coliseum (Independence)
Charlotte
North Carolina
3
1970
1968, 1969, 1970
[v 2]

Capital Centre
Landover
Maryland
3
1987
1976, 1981, 1987

Omni Coliseum
Atlanta
Georgia
3
1989
1983, 1985, 1989

Georgia Dome
Atlanta
Georgia
2
2009
2001, 2009

Capital One Arena
Washington
D.C.
2
2016
2005, 2016
[v 3]

Barclays Center[4]
Brooklyn
New York
2
2017
2017, 2018

Spectrum Center
Charlotte
North Carolina
2
2008
2008, 2019*
[v 4]

Amalie Arena
Tampa
Florida
1
2007
2007
[v 5]

Philips Arena
Atlanta
Georgia
1
2012
2012

text: Notes[edit]

text: * Denotes the venue for a future ACC Men's Basketball Tournament.

text:
Jump up ^ The Greensboro Coliseum is next scheduled to host the tournament in 2020.
Jump up ^ Charlotte Coliseum (Independence) adopted its current name of Bojangles' Coliseum in 2008, but after reopening in 1993, it was also known as Independence Arena and Cricket Arena, but never hosted an ACC men's tournament under any of its later names. (It hosted the ACC Women's Tournament from 1997–1999 as Independence Arena.)
Jump up ^ The Capital One Arena was known as MCI Center when it hosted in 2005, and the Verizon Center in 2016.
Jump up ^ Spectrum Center was known as Charlotte Bobcats Arena when it served as the 2008 host. It was later known as Time Warner Cable Arena, but never hosted under that name.
Jump up ^ Amalie Arena was known as the St. Pete Times Forum when it hosted in 2007. It was originally known as the Ice Palace, and later as the Tampa Bay Times Forum, but never hosted under either name.

text: Tournament championships by school[edit]

text:
School
Year joined[5]
Winners
Years

Duke
1953
20
1960, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2017

North Carolina
1953
18
1957, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2016

NC State
1953
10
1954, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1970, 1973,[a] 1974, 1983, 1987

Wake Forest
1953
4
1961, 1962, 1995, 1996

Maryland
1953[b]
3
1958, 1984, 2004

Georgia Tech
1978
3
1985, 1990, 1993

Virginia
1953
3
1976, 2014, 2018

Florida State
1991
1
2012

Miami
2004
1
2013

Notre Dame
2013
1
2015

South Carolina
1953[c]
1
1971

Clemson
1953
0
—

Virginia Tech
2004
0
—

Boston College
2005
0
—

Syracuse
2013
0
—

Pittsburgh
2013
0
—

Louisville
2014
0
—

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
a The 1972–73 NC State Wolfpack team was forced to skip postseason play due to an NCAA recruiting infraction.[6] Assistant coach Eddie Biedenbach had played in a pick-up (impromptu) basketball game with David Thompson on a recruiting visit to Raleigh, North Carolina.[6] The Wolfpack finished the season undefeated at 27–0 but forfeited the opportunity to compete for the national championship.[6]
b The University of Maryland, College Park, left the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2014 and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference.[7]
c The University of South Carolina left the Atlantic Coast Conference in 1971, and it is now a member of the Southeastern Conference.[5][8]
d Since the tournament began, through the 2017 tournament, the lowest seeded team to win the championship is the sixth seed. This has happened five times: Virginia in 1976, Duke in 1980, NC State in 1987, Georgia Tech in 1993, and Maryland in 2004. Before 2005, when the league had 8 or 9 members, the lowest seeded team to reach the finals was the NC State team in 1997 which was the 8th seed. Following the expansion to 12 teams for the 2005 tournament, the lowest seeded team to reach the finals was the 2007 NC State squad as a 10th seed.