document_title: Chisholm Trail

question_text: where does the chisholm trail start and end

text: Chisholm Trail

text: Overview[edit]

text: Texas ranchers using the Chisholm Trail started on the route from either the Rio Grande or San Antonio, joined the Chisholm Trail at the Red River of the South at the border between Texas and Oklahoma, and continued to the railhead of the Kansas Pacific Railway in Abilene, Kansas, where the cattle would be sold and shipped eastward. The trail is named for Jesse Chisholm, a half-Cherokee trader from Tennessee, who originally created the trail as a means to transport his goods from one trading post to another.[1]

text: Business aspects[edit]

text: By 1853, Texas cattle were being driven into Missouri, where local farmers began blocking herds and turning them back because the Texas Longhorns carried ticks that caused diseases in other types of cattle. Violence, vigilante groups, and cattle rustling caused further problems for the drovers. By 1859, the driving of cattle was outlawed in many Missouri jurisdictions. By the end of the Civil War, most cattle were being moved up the western branch of trail at Red River Station in Montague County, Texas.

text: In 1866, cattle in Texas were worth only $4 per head, compared to over $40 per head in the North and East, because lack of market access during the American Civil War had led to over stock of cattle in Texas. In 1867, Joseph G. McCoy built stockyards in Abilene, Kansas. He encouraged Texas cattlemen to drive their herds to his stockyards. The stockyards shipped 35,000 head that year and became the largest stockyards west of Kansas City, Kansas.

text: That same year, O. W. Wheeler answered McCoy's call, and he along with partners used the Chisholm Trail to bring a herd of 2,400 steers from Texas to Abilene. This herd was the first of an estimated 5,000,000 head of Texas cattle to reach Kansas over the Chisholm Trail.[2][3]

text: The construction of the Union Pacific Railway through Nebraska eventually offered a cattle drive destination which was an attractive alternative to the Kansas Pacific Railroad, and the Texas Trail emerged as an alternative to the Chisholm Trail. Some cattle drives in 1876 and up to 1884 went along the Texas Trail instead of the Chisholm Trail.[4]

text: Route[edit]

text: In Texas, hundreds of feeder trails headed north to one of the main cattle trails. In the early 1840s, most cattle were driven up the Shawnee Trail. The Chisholm Trail was previously used by Indian hunting and raiding parties; the trail crossed into Indian Territory (present-day west-central Oklahoma) near Red River Station (in present-day Montague County, Texas) and entered Kansas near Caldwell. Through Oklahoma, the Chisholm Trail generally follows the route of US Highway 81 through present-day towns of El Reno, Duncan, Chickasha, and Enid.[5]

text: Northern end of trail[edit]

text: From 1867 to 1871, the trail ended in Abilene, Kansas, but as railroads incrementally built southward, the end of the trail moved to other cities. The end of the trail moved to Newton, Kansas then soon afterward moved to Wichita, Kansas. From 1883 to 1887, the end of the trail was Caldwell, Kansas. Ellsworth, Kansas, is also considered a major influence of the trail.[citation needed]

text: Southern start of trail[edit]

text: Historians consider the Chisholm Trail to have started either at Donna, Texas or San Antonio, Texas.[citation needed] In 1931, George W. Saunders, then president of the Old Trail Drivers Association and an authority on Texas livestock history wrote: "The famed Chisholm Trail, about which more has been written than any other Southwestern Trail, cannot be traced in Texas for the reason that it never existed in this State." It was always understood by pioneer cattlemen that they would strike the Chisholm Trail at Red River Station, at the mouth of Salt Creek in Montague County, where they left Texas and crossed into the Indian Territory.[citation needed]

text: Challenges[edit]

text: On the long trips—up to two months—the cattlemen faced many difficulties. They had to cross major rivers such as the Arkansas River and the Red River, and innumerable smaller creeks, plus the topographic challenges of canyons, badlands and low mountain ranges. The weather was less than ideal. In addition to these natural dangers, rustlers and occasional conflicts with Native Americans erupted. The latter demanded that drovers, the trail bosses, pay a toll of 10 cents a head to local tribes for the right to cross Indian lands (Oklahoma at that time was Indian Territory, governed from Fort Smith, Arkansas). The half-wild Texas Longhorn cattle were contrary and prone to stampede with little provocation.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: At least 27 movies have depicted a fictional account of the first drive along the Chisholm Trail, including: The Texans (1938), directed by James P. Hogan and starring Randolph Scott and Joan Bennett, and Red River (1948), directed by Howard Hawks and starring John Wayne and Montgomery Clift. Walter Brennan co-starred in both films in his usual grizzled-old-coot role.

text: The trail is the subject of at least two pop songs: "The Last Cowboy Song" written and recorded by Ed Bruce, also performed by The Highwaymen, and the song "The Old Chisholm Trail." Among those who have covered the song are Gene Autry, Girls of the Golden West, Woody Guthrie, Michael Martin Murphey, Tex Ritter, Roy Rogers, and Lead Belly (Huddie Ledbetter), although his version was titled "When I Was A Cowboy".

text: In 1964, Texas rancher Charles Schreiner, III, founded the Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America. The next year, he conducted a cattle drive from San Antonio to Dodge City with a stop at the LBJ Ranch in Gillespie County, home of then U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. The drive was promoted as a centennial commemoration of the original Chisholm Trail drives.[6]

text: Many schools have been named after the Chisholm Trail, including:

text:
Chisholm Trail High School in Fort Worth, Texas
Chisholm Trail Middle School in Olathe, Kansas[7]
Chisholm Trail Middle School in Round Rock, Texas
Chisholm Trail Middle School in Rhome, Texas[8]
Chisholm Trail Elementary School in Park City, Kansas[9]
Chisholm Middle School in Newton, Kansas
Chisholm Trail intermediate school in Keller, Texas
Chisholm High School in Enid, Oklahoma
Chisholm Elementary School in Edmond, Oklahoma

text: Chisholm Trail Heritage Center, located in Duncan, Oklahoma, is an interactive museum dedicated to the history of the trail. It has a large monument depicting a scene from the Chisholm Trail cattle drive, as well as a trail walkway.[10]

text: On the second weekend of June, Lockhart in Caldwell County holds a four-day festival to celebrate its place on the Chisholm Trail. Newton, Kansas also holds a three- to four-day Chisholm Trail Festival, combining it with the annual Fourth of July celebration.

text: On September 26, 2009, a historical marker on the Chisholm Trail was unveiled at the site of Red River Station in Montague County. The 5.5-foot concrete marker is the last of 12 erected in Montague County as part of a joint project of the Texas Lakes and Trails and the Montague County Historical Commission to outline the Chisholm Trail (as said in Wichita Falls Times Record News).

text: In 2014, the North Texas Tollway Authority constructed a 26-mile-long toll road named after the trail, the Chisholm Trail Parkway connecting downtown Fort Worth to the nearby city of Cleburne in Johnson County.

text: In 2017, the Texas Historical Commission released The Chisholm Trail: Exploring the Folklore and Legacy, an online tour and mobile app.[11] The tour includes audio tracks and short videos that retell the history of communities and local heritage in towns and cities that line the route of the former Chisholm Trail.

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Library resources about
Chisholm Trail

Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries

text:
Guide Map of the Best and Shortest Cattle Trail to the Kansas Pacific Railway; Kansas Pacific Railway Company; 1875. (Read Online)(Map)
Morality and Money: A Look at how the Respectable Community Battled the Sporting Community over Prostitution in Kansas Cowtowns, 1867-1885; Jessica Smith; Kansas State University; 2013. Read Online


document_title: Include directive

question_text: what is the use of include in c++

question_tokens: what is the use of include in c++

root

text: Include directive

text: Purpose[edit]

text: The include directive allows libraries of code to be developed which help to:

tag: p

text:
ensure that everyone uses the same version of a data layout definition or procedural code throughout a program.
easily cross-reference where components are used in a system.
easily change programs when needed (only one master file to change).
save time by not needing to code extensive data layouts (minor, but useful).

tag: ul

text: An example situation which benefits from the use of an include directive is when referring to functions in a different file. Suppose we have a function add in one file, which is then declared (with a function prototype) and then referred to in a second source file as follows:

text: One drawback of this method is that the prototype must be present in all files that use the function. Another drawback is that if the return type or arguments of the function are changed, these prototypes will have to be updated. Putting the prototype in a single, separate file avoids these problems. Assuming the prototype is moved to the file add.h, the second source file can then become:

text: Now, every time the code is compiled, the latest function prototypes in add.h will be included in the files using them, avoiding potentially disastrous errors.

text: Language support[edit]

text: C/C++[edit]

text: In C and C++, the #include preprocessor directive causes the compiler to replace that line with the entire text of the contents of the named source file (if included in quotes: "") or named header (if included in angle brackets: <>);[1] note that a header need not be a source file.[2] Inclusion continues recursively on these included contents, up to an implementation-defined nesting limit. Headers need not have names corresponding to files: in C++ standard headers are typically identified with words, like "vector", hence #include <vector> while in C standard headers have identifiers in the form of filenames with a ".h" extension, as in #include <stdio.h>. A "source file" can be any file, with a name of any form, but is most commonly named with a ".h" extension and called a "header file" (sometimes ".hpp" or ".hh" to distinguish C++ headers), though files with .c, .cc, and .cpp extensions may also be included (particularly in the Single Compilation Unit technique), and sometimes other extensions are used.

text: These two forms of #include directive can determine which header or source file to include in an implementation-defined way. In practice, what is usually done is that the angle-brackets form searches for source files in a standard system directory (or set of directories), and then searches for source files in local or project-specific paths (specified on the command line, in an environment variable, or in a Makefile or other build file), while the form with quotes does not search in a standard system directory, only searching in local or project-specific paths.[3] In case there is no clash, the angle-brackets form can also be used to specify project-specific includes, but this is considered poor form. The fact that headers need not correspond to files is primarily an implementation technicality, and used to omit the .h extension in including C++ standard headers; in common use "header" means "header file".

text: For example:

text: In C and C++, problems may be faced if two (or more) include files both in turn include the same third file. One solution is to avoid include files from including any other files, possibly requiring the programmer to manually add extra include directives to the original file. Another solution is to use include guards.[4]

text: COBOL[edit]

text: COBOL (and also RPG IV) allows programmers to copy copybooks into the source of the program in a similar way to header files, but it also allows replacing certain text in them with other text. The COBOL keyword for inclusion is COPY, and replacement is done using the REPLACING ... BY ... clause. An include directive has been present in COBOL since COBOL 60, but changed from the original INCLUDE[5] to COPY by 1968.[6]

text: Fortran[edit]

text: Fortran does not require header files per se. However, Fortran 90 and later has two related features: include statements and modules. The former can be used to share a common file containing procedure interfaces, much like a C header, although the specification of an interface is not required for all varieties of Fortran procedures. This approach is not commonly used; instead procedures are generally grouped into modules that can then be referenced with a use statement within other regions of code. For modules, header-type interface information is automatically generated by the compiler, and typically put into separate module files, although some compilers have placed this information directly into object files. The language specification itself does not mandate the creation of any extra files, even though module procedure interfaces are almost universally propagated in this manner.

text: PHP[edit]

text: In PHP, the include directive causes another PHP file to be included and evaluated.[7] Similar commands are require, which upon failure to include will produce a fatal error and halt the script,[8] and include_once and require_once, which cause a file to not be included or required again if it has already been included or required, avoiding the C's double inclusion problem.

text: Other languages[edit]

text: There are many forms of the include directive, such as:

text:
/COPY QCPYLESRC,QBC (RPG IV – first argument is the filename, second argument is the copybook)
include ... (Fortran, MASM)
%include ... (PL/I)
<!--#include ... --> (HTML SSI)
<%@ include ... %> (JSP)
import ... (Python)
import ... from ... (JavaScript)

text: Modern languages (e.g. Haskell and Java) tend to avoid copybooks or includes, preferring modules and import/export systems for namespace control. Some of these languages (such as Java and C#) do not use forward declarations and, instead, identifiers are recognized automatically from source files and read directly from dynamic library symbols, meaning header files are not needed.


document_title: Pontifical Swiss Guard

question_text: who designed the uniform of the swiss guard

text: Pontifical Swiss Guard

text: History[edit]

text: Italian Wars[edit]

text: The Pontifical Swiss Guard has its origins in the 15th century. Pope Sixtus IV (1471–1484) had already made an alliance with the Swiss Confederacy and built barracks in Via Pellegrino after foreseeing the possibility of recruiting Swiss mercenaries. The pact was renewed by Innocent VIII (1484–1492) in order to use them against the Duke of Milan. Alexander VI (1492–1503) later actually used the Swiss mercenaries during their alliance with the King of France. During the time of the Borgias, however, the Italian Wars began in which the Swiss mercenaries were a fixture in the front lines among the warring factions, sometimes for France and sometimes for the Holy See or the Holy Roman Empire. The mercenaries enlisted when they heard King Charles VIII of France was going to war with Naples. Among the participants in the war against Naples was Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, the future Pope Julius II (1503–1513), who was well acquainted with the Swiss, having been Bishop of Lausanne years earlier.

text: The expedition failed, in part thanks to new alliances made by Alexander VI against the French. When Cardinal della Rovere became Pope Julius II in 1503, he asked the Swiss Diet to provide him with a constant corps of 200 Swiss mercenaries. This was made possible through the financing of the German merchants from Augsburg, Bavaria, Ulrich and Jacob Fugger, who had invested in the Pope and saw it fit to protect their investment.[5]

text: In September 1505, the first contingent of 150 soldiers started their march towards Rome, under the command of Kaspar von Silenen, and entered the city on 22 January 1506, today given as the official date of the Guard's foundation.[6][7]

text: "The Swiss see the sad situation of the Church of God, Mother of Christianity, and realize how grave and dangerous it is that any tyrant, avid for wealth, can assault with impunity, the common Mother of Christianity," declared Huldrych Zwingli, a Swiss Catholic who later became a Protestant reformer. Pope Julius II later granted them the title "Defenders of the Church's freedom".[8]

text: The force has varied greatly in size over the years and has even been disbanded. Its most significant hostile engagement was on 6 May 1527, when 147 of the 189 Guards, including their commander, died fighting the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in the stand of the Swiss Guard during the Sack of Rome in order to allow Clement VII to escape through the Passetto di Borgo, escorted by the other 42 guards. The last stand battlefield is located on the left side of St Peter's Basilica, close to the Campo Santo Teutonico (German Graveyard). Clement VII was forced to replace the Swiss Guard by a contingent of 200 German mercenaries (Custodia Peditum Germanorum). Ten years later, under Pope Paul III, the Swiss Guard was reinstated, under commander Jost von Meggen.

text: Early Modern history[edit]

text: After the end of the Italian Wars, the Swiss Guard ceased to be used as a military combat unit in the service of the pope and its role became mostly that of the protection of the person of the pope and of a ceremonial guard. However, twelve members of the Pontifical Swiss Guard of Pius V served as part of the Swiss Guard of admiral Marcantonio Colonna in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571.[9]

text: The office of commander of the Papal Guard came to be a special honour in the Catholic part of the Swiss Confederacy. It became strongly associated with the leading family of Lucerne, Pfyffer von Altishofen. Between 1652 and 1847, nine out a total of ten commanders were members of this family (the exception being Johann Kaspar Mayr von Baldegg, also of Lucerne, served 1696–1704).

text: In 1798, commander Franz Alois Pfyffer von Altishofen went into exile with the deposed Pius VI. After the death of the pope on 29 August 1799, the Swiss Guard was disbanded and only reinstated by Pius VII in 1801. In 1808, Rome was again captured by the French and the guard was disbanded again. Pius VII was exiled to Fontainebleau. The guard was reinstated under the same commander, Karl Leodegar Pfyffer von Altishofen, when the pope returned from exile in 1814.

text: Modern history[edit]

text: The guard was disbanded yet again in 1848, when Pius IX fled to Gaeta, but was reinstated when the pope returned to Rome in the following year.

text: In the later 19th century, the Swiss Guard developed into a purely ceremonial function. Guards in the Vatican were "Swiss" only in name, mostly born in Rome to parents of Swiss descent and speaking the Roman Trastevere dialect. The modern Swiss Guard is the product of the reforms pursued by Jules Repond, commander during 1910–1921. Repond proposed to recruit only native citizens of Switzerland and he introduced rigorous military exercise. He also attempted to introduce modern arms, but Pius X only permitted the presence of firearms if they were not functional. Repond's reforms and strict discipline were not well received by the corps, culminating in a week of open mutiny in July 1913 and the subsequent dismissal of thirteen ringleaders from the guard.[10]

text: In his project to restore the Swiss Guard to its former prestige, Repond also dedicated himself to the study of historical costume, with the aim of designing a new uniform that would be both reflective of the historical Swiss costume of the 16th century and suited for military exercise. The result of his studies was published as Le costume de la Garde suisse pontificale et la Renaissance italienne (1917). Repond designed the distinctive Renaissance-style uniforms still worn by the modern Swiss Guard. The introduction of the new uniforms was completed in May 1914.

text: The foundation of Vatican City as a modern sovereign state was negotiated in the Lateran Treaty of 1929. The duties of protecting public order and security in the Vatican lay with the Papal Gendarmerie Corps, while the Swiss Guard, the Palatine Guard and the Noble Guard served mostly ceremonial functions. The Palatine and Noble Guards were disbanded by Paul VI in 1970, leaving the Swiss Guard as the only ceremonial guard unit of the Vatican. At the same time, the Gendarmerie Corps was transformed into a Central Security Office, with the duties of protecting the Pope, defending Vatican City, and providing police and security services within its territory, while the Swiss Guard continued to serve ceremonial functions only. Paul VI in a decree of 28 June 1976 defined the nominal size of the corps at 90 men. This was increased to 100 men by John Paul II on 5 April 1979. As of 2010 the guard numbered 107 halberdiers divided into three squads, plus five officers.[11]

text: Since the assassination attempt on John Paul II of 13 May 1981, a much stronger emphasis has been placed on the guard's non-ceremonial roles.[12] The Swiss Guard has developed into a modern guard corps equipped with modern small arms, and members of the Swiss Guard in plain clothes now accompany the pope on his travels abroad for his protection.

text: On 4 May 1998 commander Alois Estermann was murdered on the day of his promotion. Estermann and his wife, Gladys Meza Romero, were killed by the young guardsman Cédric Tornay, who later committed suicide. The case received considerable public attention and became the subject of a number of conspiracy theories involving either Cold War politics or the Opus Dei controversy. British journalist John Follain who published a book on the case in 2006 concluded that the killer acted purely on personal motivation.[13]

text: On the occasion of the 500th anniversary of the Swiss Guard, in April–May 2006, 80 former guardsmen marched from Bellinzona in southern Switzerland to Rome, recalling the march of the original 200 Swiss guards to take up Papal service, in 1505. The march had been preceded by other celebrations in Lucerne, including a rally of veterans of the Guard and a mass.[14] In a public ceremony on 6 May 2006, 33 new guards were sworn in on the steps of St. Peter's Basilica instead of the traditional venue in the San Damaso Courtyard. The date chosen marked the anniversary of the Sack of Rome when the Swiss Guard had been nearly destroyed. Present at this event were representatives of the Company of Pikemen and Musketeers of the Honourable Artillery Company of London and the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.

text: In December 2014, Pope Francis directed that Daniel Anrig's term as commander should end on 31 January 2015, being replaced by his deputy. This followed reports about Anrig's "authoritarian style".[15]

text: With the rise of Islamic terrorism in Europe and open threats against the Vatican issued by the Islamic State (ISIS), Vatican officials in 2015 collaborated with Italian authorities to improve the protection of Vatican City against attacks that cannot be reasonably defended against by the Swiss Guard and Vatican police, notably against drone attacks.[16]

text: List of Commanders[edit]

text: From 1506 until 2016 there have been 35 commanders of the Swiss Guard serving 51 popes, with interruptions during 1527–1548 following the Sack of Rome, in 1564/5, in 1704–1712 and in 1798/9 following the French invasion. 24 out of 35 commanders were citizens of the city of Lucerne (not counting the incumbent, Christoph Graf, who is from Pfaffnau in the canton of Lucerne). During 1652–1847 the office became quasi-heritable, with ten commanders members of the Pfyffer von Altishofen family of Lucerne. Two commanders were from Zürich, serving during the years of the Swiss Reformation; in modern times, three commanders were from St. Gallen, two from Fribourg, and one each from Solothurn, Grisons and Valais.

text:
Kaspar von Silenen, Luzern (1506–1517): Julius II (Della Rovere), Leo X (Medici)
Markus Röist, Zürich (1518–1524): Leo X, Adrian VI, Clement VII (Medici)
Kaspar Röist, Zürich (1524–1527): Clement VII (guard disbanded after the Sack of Rome)
Jost von Meggen, Luzern (1548–1559): Paul III, Julius III, Marcellus II, Paul IV
Kaspar Leo von Silenen, Luzern (1559–1564): Pius IV (Medici)
Jost Segesser von Brunegg, Luzern (1566–1592): Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, Urban VII, Gregory XIV, Innocent IX, Clement VIII
Stephan Alexander Segesser von Brunegg, Luzern (1592–1629): Clement VIII, Leo XI (Medici), Paul V (Borghese), Gregory XV, Urban VIII (Barberini)
Nikolaus Fleckenstein, Luzern (1629–1640): Urban VIII
Jost Fleckenstein, Luzern (1640–1652): Urban VIII, Innocent X
Johann Rudolf Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1652–1657): Innocent X, Alexander VII
Ludwig Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1658–1686): Alexander VII, Clement IX, Clement X, Innocent XI
Franz Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1686–1696): Innocent XI, Alexander VIII, Innocent XII
Johann Kaspar Mayr von Baldegg, Luzern (1696–1704): Innocent XII, Clement XI
Johann Konrad Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1712–1727): Clement XI, Innocent XIII, Benedict XIII
Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1727–1754): Benedict XIII, Clement XII, Benedict XIV
Jost Ignaz Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1754–1782): Benedict XIV, Clement XIII, Clement XIV, Pius VI
Franz Alois Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1783–1798): Pius VI
Karl Leodegar Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1800–1834): Pius VII, Leo XII, Pius VIII, Gregory XVI
Martin Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1835–1847): Gregory XVI, Pius IX
Franz Xaver Leopold Meyer von Schauensee, Luzern (1847–1860): Pius IX
Alfred von Sonnenberg, Luzern (1860–1878): Pius IX
Louis-Martin de Courten, Wallis (1878–1901): Leo XIII
Leopold Meyer von Schauensee, Luzern (1901–1910): Leo XIII, Pius X
Jules Repond, Freiburg (1910–1921): Pius X, Benedict XV
Alois Hirschbühl, Graubünden (1921–1935): Benedict XV, Pius XI
Georg von Sury d'Aspremont, Solothurn (1935–1942): Pius XI, Pius XII
Heinrich Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1942–1957): Pius XII
Robert Nünlis, Luzern (1957–1972): Pius XII, John XXIII, Paul VI
Franz Pfyffer von Altishofen, Luzern (1972–1982): Paul VI, John Paul I, John Paul II
Roland Buchs, Freiburg (1982–1997, 1998): John Paul II
Alois Estermann, Luzern (1998): John Paul II
Pius Segmüller, St. Gallen (1998–2002): John Paul II
Elmar Theodor Mäder, St. Gallen (2002–2008): John Paul II Benedict XVI
Daniel Rudolf Anrig, St. Gallen (2008–2015): Benedict XVI, Francis
Christoph Graf, Pfaffnau (since 2015): Francis

tag: ol

text: Recruitment and service[edit]

text: Recruits to the guards must be Catholic, single males with Swiss citizenship who have completed basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces and can obtain certificates of good conduct. Recruits must have a professional degree or high school diploma and must be between 19 and 30 years of age and at least 174 cm (5 ft 8.5 in) tall.[3] In 2009, the Pontifical Swiss Guard commandant, Daniel Anrig, suggested that the Guard might someday be open to recruiting women, but he added that the admission of female recruits remained far in the future.[17]

text: Qualified candidates must apply to serve. If accepted, new guards are sworn on 6 May every year in the San Damaso Courtyard (Italian: Cortile di San Damaso) in the Vatican (6 May is the anniversary of the Sack of Rome). The chaplain of the guard reads aloud the oath in the languages of the guard (German, Italian, and French):[18][19]

text: (German version) Ich schwöre, treu, redlich und ehrenhaft zu dienen, dem regierenden Papst XY und seinem rechtmässigen Nachfolger; und mich mit ganzer Kraft für sie einzusetzen, bereit, wenn es erheischt sein sollte, selbst mein Leben für sie hinzugeben. Ich übernehme dieselbe Verpflichtung gegenüber dem Heiligen Kollegium der Kardinäle während der Sedis-Vakanz des Apostolischen Stuhles. Ich verspreche überdies dem Herrn Kommandanten und meinen übrigen Vorgesetzten Achtung, Treue und Gehorsam. Ich schwöre, all das zu beobachten, was die Ehre meines Standes von mir verlangt.[20]

text: (Italian version) Giuro di servire fedemente, lealmente e onorevolmente il Sommo Pontefice XY e i suoi legittimi successori, come pure di dedicarmi a loro con tutte le forze, sacrificando, ove occorra, anche la vita per la loro difesa. Assumo del pari questi impegni riguardo al Sacro Collegio dei Cardinali per la durata della Sede vacante. Prometto inoltre al Capitano Comandante e agli altri miei superiori rispetto, fedeltà e ubbidienza. Giuro di osservare tutto quello che l’onore della mia posizione esige da me.[20]

text: (French version) Je jure de servir fidèlement, loyalement et de bonne foi, le Souverain Pontife régnant, XY, et ses légitimes successeurs; de me dévouer pour eux de toutes mes forces, sacrifiant, si nécessaire, ma vie pour leur défense. J’asume les mêmes devoirs vis-à-vis du Sacré Collège des cardinaux durant la vacance du Siège apostolique. Je promets, en outre, au Commandant et aux autres supérieurs, respect, fidélité et obéissance. Je jure d’observer tout ce que l’honneur exige de mon état.[20]

text: (English translation) I swear I will faithfully, loyally and honourably serve the Supreme Pontiff (name of pope) and his legitimate successors, and dedicate myself to them with all my strength, sacrificing, if necessary, my life to defend them. I assume this same commitment with regard to the Sacred College of Cardinals whenever the Apostolic See is vacant. Furthermore I promise to the Commanding Captain and my other superiors respect, fidelity and obedience. I swear to observe all that the honor of my position demands of me.

text: When his name is called, each new guard approaches the Pontifical Swiss Guard's flag, grasping the banner in his left hand. He raises his right hand with his thumb, index, and middle finger extended along three axes, a gesture that symbolizes the Holy Trinity, and swears in his native tongue:

text: (German version) Ich schwöre, alles das, was mir soeben vorgelesen wurde, gewissenhaft und treu zu halten, so wahr mir Gott und seine Heiligen helfen.[20]

text: (Italian version) Giuro d’osservare fedelmente, lealmente e onorevolmente tutto ciò che in questo momento mi è stato letto, che Iddio e i Suoi Santi mi assistano.[20]

text: (French version) Je jure d’observer, loyalement et de bonne foi, tout ce qui vient de m’être lu aussi vrai que Dieu et ses Saints m’assistent.[20]

text: (English translation) I swear to diligently and faithfully abide by all that has just been read out to me, so help me God and his Saints.

text: "Those who are accepted serve for a minimum of two years, but can also stay in service for an additional year or two, which was the case for many guards during last year’s Jubilee of Mercy." [21] Regular guardsmen (halberdiers) receive a tax-free salary of EUR 1,300 per month (as of 2015) plus extra pay for hours worked overtime. In addition, accommodation and boarding are provided.[22] Members of the guard are eligible for Vatican decorations. The Benemerenti medal is usually awarded after three years of faithful service.

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: The official dress uniform is of blue, red, orange and yellow with a distinctly Renaissance appearance. It was introduced by commandant Jules Repond (1910–1921) in 1914.[23] Repond's design was inspired by 16th-century depictions of the Swiss Guard. While both Michelangelo and a painting of the Pontifical Swiss Guard bearing Pope Julius II on a litter (by Raphael) are often cited as inspiration for the Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform,[23] the actual uniforms worn by those soldiers included a flaring skirt;[24] a common feature in male clothing during the Renaissance. A clear expression of the modern Pontifical Swiss Guard uniform can be seen in a 1577 fresco by Jacopo Coppi of the Empress Eudoxia conversing with Pope Sixtus III. It shows the precursor of today's recognizable three-colored uniform with boot covers, white gloves, a high or ruff collar, and either a black beret or a black Comb morion (silver for high occasions). Sergeants wear a black top with crimson leggings, while other officers wear an all-crimson uniform. The colours blue and yellow were in use from the 16th century, said to be chosen to represent the Della Rovere coat of arms of Julius II, with the colour red added to represent the Medici coat of arms of Leo X.

text: The ordinary guardsmen and the sub-corporals wear the "tricolor" (yellow, blue and red) uniform without any rank distinctions except for a different model of halberd in gala dress. The corporals have red braid insignia on their cuffs and use a different, more spear-like, halberd. Headwear is typically a black beret for daily duties, while a black or silver morion helmet with red, white, yellow and black, and purple ostrich feathers is worn for ceremonial duties, the former for guard duty or drill; the latter for high ceremonial occasions such as the annual swearing in ceremony or reception of foreign heads of state. Historically brightly coloured pheasant or heron feathers were used.[25] The senior non-commissioned and warrant officers have a different type of uniform. All sergeants have essentially the same pattern of dress as ordinary guardsmen, but with black tunics and red breeches. Every sergeant has a red plume on his helmets, except for the Sergeant Major, who displays distinctive white feathers. When the gala uniform is worn, sergeants have a different pattern of armor with a gold cord across the chest.

text: The commissioned officers (Captains, Major, Vice-Commander and Commander) are distinguished by a completely red uniform with a different style of breeches, and golden embroidery on the sleeves. They have a longer sword, which is used when commanding a group or a squadron of guards. In gala dress all ranks use a bigger purple plume on their helmets, except for the Commander, who has a white one. Usually the Commander and the Chief of Staff (usually the Vice-Commander) use armor when present at gala ceremonies. On such occasions "armor complete" - including sleeve armor, is worn. Except for ceremonial occasions and exercises officers of the guard wear civilian dress when on duty.[26]

text: The tailors of the Swiss Guard work inside the Vatican barracks. There the uniform for each guardsman is tailor-made individually.[27] The total set of Renaissance style clothing weighs 8 pounds (3.6 kg), and may be the heaviest and most complicated uniform in use by any standing army today. A single uniform requires 154 pieces and takes nearly 32 hours and 3 fittings to complete.[28]

text: The modern regular duty uniform is more functional, consisting of a simpler solid blue version of the more colorful tricolor grand gala uniform, worn with a simple brown belt, a flat white collar and a black beret.[23] For new recruits and rifle practice, a simple light blue overall with a brown belt may be worn. During cold or inclement weather, a dark blue cape is worn over the regular uniform.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: The eponymous main weapon of the halbardiers is the halberd; corporals and vice-corporals are equipped with a partisan polearm. Ranks above corporal do not have polearms, but on certain ceremonial occasions carry command batons. The banner is escorted by two flamberge great swords carried by corporals or vice-corporals. A dress sword is carried by all ranks, swords with a simple S-shaped crossguard by the lower ranks, and elaborate basket-hilt rapiers in the early baroque style by officers.

text: Arms and armour used by the Swiss Guard are kept in the Armeria (armoury). The Armeria also contains a collection of historical weapons no longer in use.[29][30] The armoury preserves a collection of historical plate armour (cuirasses or half-armour). The oldest specimens date to c. 1580, while the majority originates in the 18th century. Historical armour was worn on the occasion of canonizations until 1970, since 1970 their use has been limited to the oath ceremony on 6 May. A full set of replicas of the historical cuirasses was commissioned in 2012, from Waffen und Harnischschmiede Schmidberger in Molln, Upper Austria in 2012. The cuirasses are handmade, and the production of a single piece takes about 120 hours.[31] The replicas are not financed by the Vatican itself but by private donations via the Foundation for the Swiss Guard in the Vatican, a Fribourg-based organisation established in 2000.[32]

text: The Swiss Guard in their function as bodyguards are equipped with the SIG P220 pistol and the SIG SG 550 rifle (or its SG 552 variant) also in use by the Swiss Army. As recruits to the Swiss Guard must have passed basic military training in Switzerland, they are already familiar with these weapons when they begin their service. The pepper spray used by the Swiss Army (RSG-2000) is also in use. The Glock 19 pistol and Heckler & Koch MP7 submachine gun are reportedly also carried by Swiss Guard members in their function as plainclothes bodyguards.[33]

text: In the 19th century (prior to 1870), the Swiss Guard along with the Papal Army used firearms with special calibres such as the 12,7 mm Remington Papal.[34] The Swiss Guard historically also used the M1842 T.59-67, 1871 Vetterli, Schmidt-Rubin K31 and SIG SG 510 rifles, the Dreyse M1907 pistol, and the SIG MKMO, Hispano-Suiza MP43/44 and Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.[33]

text: Ranks and insignia[edit]

text:
Oberst (Colonel – the commandant of the Guard)
Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel – the vice-commandant)
Kaplan (Chaplain – considered the same rank as a lieutenant colonel)
Major
Hauptmanns (Captains)

text:
Feldwebel (Sergeant-major)
Wachtmeister (Sergeant)
Korporal (Corporal)
Vizekorporal (Vice-corporal; closest British equivalent would be lance corporal)

text: Hellebardier/Gardist (Halbardier/Guardsman)

text:
Equivalent
NATO Code
OF-10
OF-9
OF-8
OF-7
OF-6
OF-5
OF-4
OF-3
OF-2
OF-1
OF(D) & Student officer

 Vatican City
(Edit)
No equivalent

No equivalent

Oberst
Oberstleutnant
Major
Hauptmann

tag: table

text:
Equivalent
NATO Code
OR-9
OR-8
OR-7
OR-6
OR-5
OR-4
OR-3
OR-2
OR-1

 Vatican City
(Edit)
No equivalent

No equivalent

No equivalent

Feldwebel
Wachtmeister
Korporal
Vizekoropral
Hellebardier

text:
Commander (Oberst)
Vice Commander (Oberstleutnant)
Major (Major)
Captain (Hauptmann)
Sergeant Major (Feldweibel)
Sergeant (Wachtmeister)
Corporal (Korporal)
Vice Corporal (Vizekorporal)

1
1 + (Kaplan)*
1
2
1
5
10
10

text: Banner[edit]

text: The design of the banner of the Pontifical Swiss Guard banner has been changed several times. A fresco by Polidoro da Caravaggio in the burial chapel of the guard in Santa Maria della Pietà in Campo Santo Teutonico, commissioned by the second commander, Marx Röist, in 1522, depicts the commander of the guard flanked by two banners. An early reference to the guard's banner (vennly) dates to 1519, although the design of that banner is unknown. An early surviving banner is on display in the Sala Regia. The banner would change with each pontificate, and depict the colours of the coat of arms of the reigning pope. The modern colours of the Swiss Guard, introduced in the early 20th century, are those of the House of Medici, first used under the Medici popes and depicted in a fresco by Giuseppe Porta (1520–1575).[36] Under Pius IX (Mastai Ferretti, r. 1846-1878), it was divided into three horizontal fields, displaying the coat of arms of the Holy See (keys in saltire surmounted by the papal tiara on a red field), the Swiss flag (a white cross with two laurel branches on a red field) and a yellow field without heraldic charge. On the reverse side of the banner was the papal coat of arms of Pius IX. Under Pius X (Giuseppe Melchiorre, r. 1903–1914) and commander Leopold Meyer von Schauensee (1901–1910), the top field displayed the papal coat of arms in a blue field, in the center field was red without heraldic charge and the bottom field displayed the family coat of arms of the guard commander.[37]

text: The modern design of the banner was first used under commander Jules Repond of Freiburg (1910–1921).[38] The modern banner is a square divided by a white cross into quarters (in the tradition of the banners historically used by the Swiss Guards in the 18th century). In the fourth quarter (lower right) is Pope Julius II's coat of arms; in the first quarter (upper left) that of the reigning Pope. The other two quarters display the Swiss Guard's colours (red, yellow and blue, the colours of the House of Medici), and in the center of the cross is the commander's own coat of arms. The current banner (As of 2016[update]) thus shows the coat of arms of Pope Francis in the first quarter and a vignette of the family coat of arms of Christoph Graf in the center. It has dimensions of 2.2 m squared, woven in a damask pattern of pomegranates and thistles, in what is known as "Julius-damask" based on the Julius banners of 1512. The central vignette is embroidered on the backdrop of the colours of the flag of Lucerne. The guard colours in the second quarter (upper right) were reversed so that the second and third quarters are identical. The banner was completed in April 2015, and it was first used for the oath of service of new recruits on 6 May 2015.[1]

text: Even though the banner is carried out during ceremonies and the Urbi et Orbi address and blessing twice a year, during the current term of Pope Francis, only the Flag of Vatican City is used instead of the banner during ceremonial occasions as a sort of National Colour whenever the Pope is present.


document_title: Kiki's Delivery Service

question_text: who plays kiki in kiki's delivery service

question_tokens: who plays kiki in kiki 's delivery service

text: Kiki's Delivery Service

text: Plot

text: It is traditional for 13-year-old witches to leave home for a year on the night of a full moon to pursue their skill through training. Thirteen-year-old trainee witch Kiki leaves home with her familiar spirit, a talking black cat named Jiji. She flies on her broomstick to the port city of Koriko. While trying to find somewhere to live, Kiki is pursued by Tombo, a geeky boy obsessed with aviation who admires her flying ability.

text: In exchange for accommodation, Kiki helps Osono, the kindly and heavily pregnant owner of a bakery. She opens a "Witch Delivery Business", delivering goods by broomstick. Her first delivery goes badly; she is caught in a gust and loses the black cat toy she is supposed to deliver. Jiji pretends to be the toy until Kiki can retrieve the real item. She finds it in the home of a young painter, Ursula, who repairs and returns it to Kiki so she can complete the delivery and rescue Jiji.

text: Kiki accepts a party invitation from Tombo, but is delayed by her work and, exhausted, falls ill. When she recovers, Osono clandestinely arranges for Kiki to see Tombo again by assigning her a delivery addressed to him. After Kiki apologizes for missing the party, Tombo takes her for a test ride on the flying machine he is working on fashioned from a bicycle. Kiki warms to Tombo but is intimidated by his friends, and walks home.

text: Kiki becomes depressed and discovers she can no longer understand Jiji, who has befriended a pretty white cat. She has also lost her flying ability and is forced to suspend her delivery business. Kiki has a surprise visit from Ursula, who determines that Kiki's crisis is a form of artist's block. Ursula suggests that if Kiki can find a new purpose, she will regain her powers.

text: While Kiki is visiting a customer, she witnesses an airship accident on television which leaves Tombo hanging from one of the drifting vessel's mooring lines. Kiki regains her flying power and manages to rescue him. She regains her confidence, resumes her delivery service, and writes a letter home saying that she and Jiji are happy.

text: Cast

text:
Character name
Japanese voice actor
English voice actor
(Streamline Pictures/Tokuma, 1990)
English voice actor
(Disney, 1998)

Kiki
Minami Takayama
Lisa Michelson
Kirsten Dunst

Jiji
Rei Sakuma
Kerrigan Mahan
Phil Hartman

Osono
Keiko Toda
Alexandra Kenworthy
Tress MacNeille

Ursula
Minami Takayama
Edie Mirman
Janeane Garofalo

Tombo
Kappei Yamaguchi
Eddie Frierson
Matthew Lawrence

Fukuo
Kōichi Yamadera
Greg Snegoff
Brad Garrett (uncredited)

Kokiri (Kiki's mother)
Mieko Nobusawa
Barbara Goodson
Kath Soucie

Okino (Kiki's father)
Kōichi Miura
John Dantona
Jeff Bennett

Madame
Haruko Kato
Melanie MacQueen
Debbie Reynolds

Barsa
Hiroko Seki
Edie Mirman
Edie McClurg

Senior Witch
Yūko Kobayashi
Wendee Lee
Debi Derryberry

Madame's Granddaughter
Keiko Kagimoto
Sherry Lynn

Ket
Yuriko Fuchizaki
Lara Cody
Pamela Adlon

Maki (Ket's aunt)
Kikuko Inoue
Julia Fletcher

Ket's mother
Mika Doi
Diane Michelle

Miss Dora
Sho Saito
Fay Dewitt

Policeman
Koichi Yamadera
Steve Kramer
Matt K. Miller

Radio Announcer
Carl Macek
Corey Burton

Clock Tower Caretaker
Tomomichi Nishimura
Greg Snegoff
Lewis Arquette

text: Themes and analysis

text: Several aspects of Kiki's behavior and appearance have been the focus of commentary. One major theme is Kiki's transition into adulthood.[7] While being raised by loving parents who support her independence, Kiki is faced with problems common in adolescence such as finding a job, seeking acceptance, and taking care of herself.[8] The concept of vulnerability is also examined closely in the film. Critic Mark Schilling noted a scene during Kiki's first night away from home, staying with the bakers: Early in the morning, she quickly steps out of her room into the outhouses and peers out to see the husband, Fukuo, stretching his muscles. After he leaves the scene, Kiki rushes back to her room and slams the door behind her while gasping for air. "The scene does absolutely nothing to advance the plot and the humor in it is low...but...it wordlessly — and eloquently — expresses Kiki's youth, vulnerability, and isolation."[9]

text: Another theme is the transition from traditional to contemporary. Kiki is shown to balance both of these qualities. For instance, Kiki observes the tradition of witches wearing black, but adorns her hair with a bright red bow.[10] Kiki also engages in other traditional methods, such as baking with a wood-burning stove and flying her mother's old broom.[10]

text: Kiki's loss of her ability to fly is also the subject of discussion. It is considered the worst crisis Kiki has to face during the film.[11][12] The loss of flight reflects the harm dealt to Kiki by her own self-doubts.[11][13] However, this hardship is what causes Kiki to realize that being vulnerable does not always lead to failure. In essence, the experience demonstrates that such vulnerability can help one learn valuable lessons and better understand oneself.[13] Kiki in fact does not face any external adversaries in the film,[14] though some have argued that the crashing dirigible is a feasible example.[10][7] Kiki also loses her ability to talk with her cat, Jiji.[15]

text: In relation to Kiki's portrayal as a witch, some have drawn comparisons to historical or contemporary views on witches and witchcraft. The film incorporates some conventions from fairy-tales such as a black cat companion for Kiki,[16] Kiki's use of a broom for flight, and her black dress.[17] While girls with magical powers are common in Japanese television, Miyazaki noted that, "the witchcraft has always merely been the means to fulfill the dreams of young girls. They have always become idols with no difficulties." In contrast, Kiki cannot use her powers as a means of wish fulfillment.[18]

text: Kiki has also been compared to other characters in Miyazaki's films. While there are overt differences in demeanor between Kiki and San from Princess Mononoke, a character who is motivated by anger, both characters take control over their own lives. This theme of remarkable independence is also seen in Miyazaki's earlier works, such as in Nausicaä in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.[19] Kiki is also compared to Chihiro of Spirited Away in the sense that they are both young girls attempting to seek independence without being rebellious. Chihiro is able to develop her independence through her friends and parents, just as Kiki leaves her village with her parents' blessings.[14]

text: Production

text: In 1987, Group Fudosha asked Kadono's publishers for the rights to adapt Kadono's novel into a feature film directed by either Hayao Miyazaki or Isao Takahata of Studio Ghibli. However, both of the chosen directors were busy, working on My Neighbor Totoro and Grave of the Fireflies respectively.[20] Miyazaki accepted the role of producer while the studio continued to search for a director.[21] Near the end of Totoro's production, members of Studio Ghibli were being recruited as senior staff for Kiki's Delivery Service. The character design position was given to Katsuya Kondo, who was working with Miyazaki on Totoro. Hiroshi Ohno, who would later work on projects such as Jin-Roh, was hired as art director at the request of Kazuo Oga.

text: Miyazaki chose Sunao Katabuchi as director. Katabuchi had worked with Miyazaki on Sherlock Hound; Kiki's Delivery Service would be his directorial debut. Studio Ghibli hired Nobuyuki Isshiki as script writer, but Miyazaki was dissatisfied by the first draft, finding it dry and too divergent from his own vision of the film.[22] Since the novel was based in a fictional country in northern Europe, Miyazaki and the senior staff went to research landscapes and other elements of the setting. Their main stops were Stockholm and Visby at the Swedish island Gotland.[23]

text: Upon their return to Japan, Miyazaki and the creative team worked on conceptual art and character designs. Miyazaki began significantly modifying the story, creating new ideas and changing existing ones.[25] Majo no Takkyūbin, the original children's book by Kadono that the movie was based on, is very different from Miyazaki's finished film. Kadono's novel is more episodic, consisting of small stories about various people and incidents Kiki encounters while making deliveries. Kiki overcomes many challenges in the novel based on "her good heart" and consequently expands her circle of friends. She faces no particular traumas or crises.[26] Many of the more dramatic elements, such as Kiki losing her powers or the airship incident at the film's climax, are not present in the original story. However, in order to more clearly illustrate the themes of struggling with independence and growing up in the film, Miyazaki intended to have Kiki face tougher challenges and create a more potent sense of loneliness.[26] One such challenge is Kiki's sudden loss of ability to fly. This event is only loosely paralleled in the novel, in which Kiki's broom breaks and merely requires her to fix it.[9] Miyazaki remarked, "As movies always create a more realistic feeling, Kiki will suffer stronger setbacks and loneliness than in the original".[1] Kadono was unhappy with the changes that made between the book and film, to the point that the project was in danger of being shelved at the screenplay stage.[27] Miyazaki and Toshio Suzuki, the producer of Ghibli, went to the author's home and invited her to the film's studio. After her visit to the studio, Kadono decided to let the project continue.[28]

text: Miyazaki finished the rough draft of the screenplay in June 1988 and presented it in July 1988. It was at this time that Miyazaki revealed that he had decided to direct the film, because he had influenced the project so much.[25] Kiki's Delivery Service was originally intended to be a 60-minute special, but expanded into a feature film running 102 minutes after Miyazaki completed storyboarding and scripting it.[29]

text: The word takkyūbin (宅急便, literally "home-fast-mail") in the Japanese title is a trademark of Yamato Transport, though it is used today as a synonym for takuhaibin (宅配便, "home-delivery-mail"). The company not only approved the use of its trademark, though its permission was not required under Japanese trademark laws,[30] but also enthusiastically sponsored the film, as the company uses a stylized depiction of a black cat carrying her kitten as its corporate logo.[31][32]

text: Release

text: The first official English dub of Kiki's Delivery Service was produced by Carl Macek of Streamline Pictures at the request of Tokuma Shoten for Japan Airlines' international flights.[34] Kiki was portrayed by voice actress Lisa Michelson, who voiced Satuski in the Streamline Dub of My Neighbor Totoro. This dub is only available in the Ghibli Laserdisc Box Set.[35]

text: Kirsten Dunst voiced Kiki in Disney's 1997 English dub, released in 1998. This dub was also Canadian comedian and actor Phil Hartman's last voice-acting performance (as Jiji) before his death in 1998.[36] The dub is dedicated to his memory. The Disney English dub of Kiki's Delivery Service premiered at the Seattle International Film Festival on May 23, 1998. It was released to VHS on September 15, 1998. A few weeks later, Disney released another VHS of the movie, this time with the original Japanese soundtrack and with both English and Japanese subtitles. A Laserdisc version of the English dub also became available at this time. The Region 1 DVD was released on April 15, 2003 alongside the releases of Spirited Away and Castle in the Sky. It was again reissued on Region 1 DVD in March 2010 along with My Neighbor Totoro and Castle in the Sky as a tribute to the home release of Ponyo, with this version altered from the original English dub. 2 years later, on 1 July 2013, StudioCanal released a Blu-ray, followed by a Grave of the Fireflies release except in that same format, only in the United Kingdom.[37] Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Kiki's Delivery Service on Blu-ray Disc on November 18, 2014.[38] GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray & DVD on October 17, 2017.[39]

text: Differences between versions

text: Disney's English dub of Kiki's Delivery Service contained some changes, which have been described as "pragmatic".[41] The changes were approved by Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli.[42][43] There are a number of additions and embellishments to the film's musical score, and several lavish sound effects over sections that are silent in the Japanese original. The extra pieces of music, composed by Paul Chihara, range from soft piano music to a string-plucked rendition of Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King.[44] The original Japanese opening theme is "Rouge no Dengon" (ルージュの伝言, Rūju no Dengon, "Message of Rouge"), and the ending theme is "Yasashisa ni Tsutsumareta nara" (やさしさに包まれたなら, "Wrapped in Kindness"), both performed by Yumi Matsutoya (credited as Yumi Arai). The original opening and ending theme songs were replaced by two new songs, "Soaring" and "I'm Gonna Fly", written and performed for the English dub by Sydney Forest.

text: The depiction of the cat, Jiji, is changed significantly in the Disney version. In the Japanese version Jiji is voiced by Rei Sakuma, while in the English version Jiji is voiced by comedian Phil Hartman. In Japanese culture, cats are usually depicted with feminine voices, whereas in American culture their voices are more gender-specific.[45] A number of Hartman's lines exist where Jiji simply says nothing in the original. Jiji's personality is notably different between the two versions, showing a more cynical and sarcastic attitude in the Disney English version as opposed to cautious and conscientious in the original Japanese. In the original Japanese script, Kiki loses her ability to communicate with Jiji permanently, but the American version adds a line that implies that she is once again able to understand him at the end of the film.[46] Miyazaki has said that Jiji is the immature side of Kiki, and this implies that Kiki, by the end of the original Japanese version, has matured beyond talking to her cat.[47] More minor changes to appeal to the different teenage habits of the day include Kiki drinking hot chocolate instead of coffee and referring to "cute boys" instead of to "the disco".[48]

text: However, when Disney re-released the film on DVD in 2010, several elements of the English dub were changed, reverting more towards the original Japanese version. Several of Hartman's ad-libbed lines as Jiji were removed, and Sydney Forest's opening and ending songs were replaced with the original Japanese opening and ending songs.[49] Additionally, Jiji does not talk again at the end, implying that Kiki never regains the ability to talk to him, and many of the sound effects added to the original English version have been removed. The English subtitled script used for the original VHS subbed release and the later DVD release more closely adheres to the Japanese script, but still contains a few alterations. Tokuma mistakenly believed the Streamline dub was an accurate translation of the film and offered it to Disney to use as subtitles. As a result, several additions from the dub appear in the subtitles regardless of whether or not they are present in the film.[50] In Spain, Kiki was renamed "Nicky" because in Castilian Spanish the phonetically similar "quiqui" is commonly used in the slang expression "echar un quiqui", which means "to have intercourse". The film was re-titled Nicky la aprendiz de bruja (Nicky the Apprentice Witch).

text: Manga

text: A manga book series using stills from the film was published in Japan by Tokuma Shoten. An English translation was published in 2006 by VIZ Media, in 4 volumes.

text: Musical

text: In 1993, a musical version of the story was produced. Yukio Ninagawa wrote the script and Kensuke Yokouchi directed the show. The role of Kiki was portrayed by Youki Kudoh and the role of Tombo was portrayed by Akira Akasaka. Akasaka was replaced by Katsuyuki Mori within the year. A cast recording was produced by the original cast, and the show was revived in 1995 and 1996.

text: Reception

text: Kiki's Delivery Service premiered on July 29, 1989 in Japanese theaters. The total distribution receipts were ¥2,170,000,000[51][52] (US$18,000,000). The film proved to be a financial success and was the highest-grossing film in Japan in 1989.[53] The Japanese DVD was the best selling anime DVD for February 7, 2001.[54]

text: Buena Vista Home Video's VHS release became the 8th-most-rented title at Blockbuster stores during its first week of availability.[55] This video release also sold over a million copies.[56]

text: On September 4, 1998, Entertainment Weekly rated it as Video of the Year, and on September 12, 1998, it was the first video release to be reviewed as a normal film on Siskel and Ebert rather than on the "Video Pick of the Week" section.[55] Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it "two thumbs up"[53][57] and Ebert went on to rank it as one of the best animated films of 1989.[58] The film ranked #12 on Wizard's Anime Magazine's list of the "Top 50 Anime released in North America".[59] Other reviews were very positive as well. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Kiki's Delivery Service has a score of 97% based on 29 reviews with an average rating of 7.8/10, the website's consensus reads, "Kiki's Delivery Service is a heartwarming, gorgeously-rendered tale of a young witch discovering her place in the world."[60] The conservative Christian group Concerned Women for America boycotted Kiki's Delivery Service screenings[61] and released a press release on February 5, 1998, titled "Disney Reverts to Witchcraft in Japanese Animation".[62] Calling for a boycott of The Walt Disney Company, the group said the company "is still not family friendly, but continues to have a darker agenda".[63][64]

text: Accolades

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Recipient

1990
12th Anime Grand Prix
Best Anime
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service[65]

Best Female Character
Won
Kiki[65]

Best Anime Theme Song
Won
Yasashisa ni Tsutsumaretanara[65]

44th Mainichi Film Award
Best Animated Film
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

Kinema Junpo Awards
Readers' Choice Award
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

13th Japan Academy Prize
Special Award
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service[66]

Popularity Award
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service[66]

7th Annual Golden Gross Award
Gold, Japanese Film
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

The Movie's Day
Special Achievement Award
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

The Erandole Award
Special Award
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

Japan Cinema Association Award
Best Film
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

Best Director
Won
Hayao Miyazaki

Japanese Agency of Cultural Affairs
Best Film
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

Tokyo Metropolitan Cultural Honor
Best Film
Won
Kiki's Delivery Service

7th Annual Money Making Director's Award
Best Director
Won
Hayao Miyazaki[67]


document_title: Live in the Moment (song)

question_text: where was live in the moment video filmed

text: Live in the Moment (song)

text: Background[edit]

text: In an interview with Songwriter Universe magazine, lead singer John Gourley said the inspiration behind "Live in the Moment" came to him after a recording session when he wanted to provide a modern approach to the phrase. Gourley provided the music to the song while co-writing alongside songwriters Ammar Malik and John Hill.[4]

text: Recording[edit]

text: For the song's ending, the band used text-to-speech software to have a computer read out the lyrics. Bassist Zach Carothers said "Live in the Moment" was recorded over twenty times before the final released track.[5]

text: Music video[edit]

text: On November 1, 2017, a music video for "Live in the Moment" was released. The agency Wieden+Kennedy was behind the video which featured a police chase of a giant puppet skateboarding on top of a car. The video was filmed in Portland, Oregon.[6]

text: Cover version[edit]

text: In March 2018, "Weird Al" Yankovic released a polka version of "Live in the Moment".[7]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: In January 2018, "Live in the Moment" peaked at number one on the Billboard Adult Alternative Songs chart.[8] A few months later, the song reached number one on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in March 2018.[9]

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

Canada Rock (Billboard)[10]
3

US Hot Rock Songs (Billboard)[11]
10

US Rock Airplay (Billboard)[12]
2


document_title: History of rugby union matches between France and Wales

question_text: who won the rugby between wales and france

text: Summary[edit]

text: Note: Summary below reflects test results by both teams.

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by
 France
Won by
 Wales
Drawn
France points
Wales points

In France
45
25
19
1
656
575

In Wales
49
17
30
2
665
852

Neutral venue
2
2
0
0
60
8

Overall
96
44
49
3
1381
1435

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record
France
Wales

Longest winning streak
12 (19 Mar 1983–19 Feb 1994)
15 (2 Mar 1908–9 Apr 1928)

Largest points for

Home
36 (2 March 1991)
49 (1 January 1910)

Away
51 (5 April 1998)
47 (23 February 1909)

Largest winning margin

Home
33 (2 March 1991)
35 (1 January 1910)

Away
51 (5 April 1998)
42 (23 February 1909)

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition
Match reports

1
2 March 1908
National Stadium, Cardiff
36–4
 Wales

2
23 February 1909
Stade Colombes, Paris
5–47
 Wales

3
1 January 1910
St Helen’s, Swansea
49–14
 Wales
1910 Five Nations Championship

4
28 February 1911
Parc des Princes, Paris
0–15
 Wales
1911 Five Nations Championship

5
25 March 1912
Rodney Parade, Newport
14–8
 Wales
1912 Five Nations Championship

6
27 February 1913
Parc des Princes, Paris
8–11
 Wales
1913 Five Nations Championship

7
2 March 1914
St Helen’s, Swansea
31–0
 Wales
1914 Five Nations Championship

8
17 February 1920
Stade Colombes, Paris
5–6
 Wales
1920 Five Nations Championship

9
26 February 1921
National Stadium, Cardiff
12–4
 Wales
1921 Five Nations Championship

10
23 March 1922
Stade Colombes, Paris
3–11
 Wales
1922 Five Nations Championship

11
24 February 1923
St Helen’s, Swansea
16–8
 Wales
1923 Five Nations Championship

12
27 March 1924
Stade Colombes, Paris
6–10
 Wales
1924 Five Nations Championship

13
28 February 1925
National Stadium, Cardiff
11–5
 Wales
1925 Five Nations Championship

14
5 April 1926
Stade Colombes, Paris
5–7
 Wales
1926 Five Nations Championship

15
26 February 1927
St Helen’s, Swansea
25–7
 Wales
1927 Five Nations Championship

16
9 April 1928
Stade Colombes, Paris
8–3
 France
1928 Five Nations Championship

17
23 February 1929
National Stadium, Cardiff
8–3
 Wales
1929 Five Nations Championship

18
21 April 1930
Stade Colombes, Paris
0–11
 Wales
1930 Five Nations Championship

19
28 February 1931
St Helen’s, Swansea
35–3
 Wales
1931 Five Nations Championship

20
22 March 1947
Stade Colombes, Paris
0–3
 Wales
1947 Five Nations Championship

21
21 February 1948
St Helen’s, Swansea
3–11
 France
1948 Five Nations Championship

22
26 March 1949
Stade Colombes, Paris
5–3
 France
1949 Five Nations Championship

23
25 March 1950
National Stadium, Cardiff
21–0
 Wales
1950 Five Nations Championship

24
7 April 1951
Stade Colombes, Paris
8–3
 France
1951 Five Nations Championship

25
22 March 1952
St Helen’s, Swansea
9–5
 Wales
1952 Five Nations Championship

26
28 March 1953
Stade Colombes, Paris
3–6
 Wales
1953 Five Nations Championship

27
27 March 1954
National Stadium, Cardiff
19–13
 Wales
1954 Five Nations Championship

28
26 March 1955
Stade Colombes, Paris
11–16
 Wales
1955 Five Nations Championship

29
24 March 1956
National Stadium, Cardiff
5–3
 Wales
1956 Five Nations Championship

30
23 March 1957
Stade Colombes, Paris
13–19
 Wales
1957 Five Nations Championship

31
29 March 1958
National Stadium, Cardiff
6–16
 France
1958 Five Nations Championship

32
4 April 1959
Stade Colombes, Paris
11–3
 France
1959 Five Nations Championship

33
26 March 1960
National Stadium, Cardiff
8–16
 France
1960 Five Nations Championship

34
25 March 1961
Stade Colombes, Paris
8–6
 France
1961 Five Nations Championship

35
24 March 1962
National Stadium, Cardiff
3–0
 Wales
1962 Five Nations Championship

36
23 March 1963
Stade Colombes, Paris
5–3
 France
1963 Five Nations Championship

37
21 March 1964
National Stadium, Cardiff
11–11
draw
1964 Five Nations Championship

38
27 March 1965
Stade Colombes, Paris
22–13
 France
1965 Five Nations Championship

39
26 March 1966
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–8
 Wales
1966 Five Nations Championship

40
1 April 1967
Stade Colombes, Paris
20–14
 France
1967 Five Nations Championship

41
23 March 1968
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–14
 France
1968 Five Nations Championship

42
22 March 1969
Stade Colombes, Paris
8–8
draw
1969 Five Nations Championship

43
4 April 1970
National Stadium, Cardiff
11–6
 Wales
1970 Five Nations Championship

44
27 March 1971
Stade Colombes, Paris
5–9
 Wales
1971 Five Nations Championship

45
25 March 1972
National Stadium, Cardiff
20–6
 Wales
1972 Five Nations Championship

46
24 March 1973
Parc des Princes, Paris
12–3
 France
1973 Five Nations Championship

47
16 February 1974
National Stadium, Cardiff
16–16
draw
1974 Five Nations Championship

48
18 January 1975
Parc des Princes, Paris
10–25
 Wales
1975 Five Nations Championship

49
6 March 1976
National Stadium, Cardiff
19–13
 Wales
1976 Five Nations Championship

50
5 February 1977
Parc des Princes, Paris
16–9
 France
1977 Five Nations Championship

51
18 March 1978
National Stadium, Cardiff
16–7
 Wales
1978 Five Nations Championship

52
17 February 1979
Parc des Princes, Paris
14–13
 France
1979 Five Nations Championship

53
19 January 1980
National Stadium, Cardiff
18–9
 Wales
1980 Five Nations Championship

54
7 March 1981
Parc des Princes, Paris
19–15
 France
1981 Five Nations Championship

55
6 February 1982
National Stadium, Cardiff
22–12
 Wales
1982 Five Nations Championship

56
19 March 1983
Parc des Princes, Paris
16–9
 France
1983 Five Nations Championship

57
18 February 1984
National Stadium, Cardiff
16–21
 France
1984 Five Nations Championship

58
30 March 1985
Parc des Princes, Paris
14–3
 France
1985 Five Nations Championship

59
1 March 1986
National Stadium, Cardiff
15–23
 France
1986 Five Nations Championship

60
7 February 1987
Parc des Princes, Paris
16–9
 France
1987 Five Nations Championship

61
19 March 1988
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–10
 France
1988 Five Nations Championship

62
18 February 1989
Parc des Princes, Paris
31–12
 France
1989 Five Nations Championship

63
20 January 1990
National Stadium, Cardiff
19–29
 France
1990 Five Nations Championship

64
2 March 1991
Parc des Princes, Paris
36–3
 France
1991 Five Nations Championship

65
4 September 1991
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–22
 France
1991 Rugby World Cup warm-up

66
1 February 1992
National Stadium, Cardiff
9–12
 France
1992 Five Nations Championship

67
20 March 1993
Parc des Princes, Paris
26–10
 France
1993 Five Nations Championship

68
19 February 1994
National Stadium, Cardiff
24–15
 Wales
1994 Five Nations Championship

69
21 January 1995
Parc des Princes, Paris
21–9
 France
1995 Five Nations Championship

70
16 March 1996
National Stadium, Cardiff
16–15
 Wales
1996 Five Nations Championship

71
25 September 1996
National Stadium, Cardiff
33–40
 France

72
15 February 1997
Parc des Princes, Paris
27–22
 France
1997 Five Nations Championship

73
5 April 1998
Wembley Stadium, London, England
0–51
 France
1998 Five Nations Championship

74
6 March 1999
Stade de France, Paris
33–34
 Wales
1999 Five Nations Championship

75
28 August 1999
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
34–23
 Wales
1999 Rugby World Cup warm-up

76
5 February 2000
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
3–36
 France
2000 Six Nations

77
17 March 2001
Stade de France, Paris
35–43
 Wales
2001 Six Nations

78
16 February 2002
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
33–37
 France
2002 Six Nations

79
29 March 2003
Stade de France, Paris
33–5
 France
2003 Six Nations

80
7 March 2004
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
22–29
 France
2004 Six Nations

81
26 February 2005
Stade de France, Paris
18–24
 Wales
2005 Six Nations

82
18 March 2006
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
16–21
 France
2006 Six Nations

83
24 February 2007
Stade de France, Paris
32–21
 France
2007 Six Nations

84
26 August 2007
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
7–34
 France
2007 Rugby World Cup warm-up

85
15 March 2008
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
29–12
 Wales
2008 Six Nations
BBC

86
27 February 2009
Stade de France, Paris
21–16
 France
2009 Six Nations
BBC

87
26 February 2010
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
20–26
 France
2010 Six Nations
BBC

88
19 March 2011
Stade de France, Paris
28–9
 France
2011 Six Nations
BBC

89
15 October 2011
Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand
8–9
 France
2011 Rugby World Cup semi-final
BBC

90
17 March 2012
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
16–9
 Wales
2012 Six Nations
BBC

91
9 February 2013
Stade de France, Paris
6–16
 Wales
2013 Six Nations
BBC

92
21 February 2014
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
27–6
 Wales
2014 Six Nations

93
28 February 2015
Stade de France, Paris
13–20
 Wales
2015 Six Nations

94
26 February 2016
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
19–10
 Wales
2016 Six Nations

95
18 March 2017
Stade de France, Paris
20–18
 France
2017 Six Nations

96
17 March 2018
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
14–13
 Wales
2018 Six Nations

text: XV Results[edit]

text: Below is a list of matches that France has awarded matches test match status by virtue of awarding caps, but Wales did not award caps.

text:
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition

22 December 1945
St. Helen's, Swansea
8–0
 Wales
Victory International

22 April 1946
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Paris
12–0
 France
Victory International


document_title: Methyl tert-butyl ether

question_text: why is mtbe used as a gasoline additive

question_tokens: why is mtbe used as a gasoline additive

text: Methyl tert-butyl ether

text: Production and properties[edit]

text: MTBE is manufactured via the chemical reaction of methanol and isobutylene. Methanol is derived from natural gas, and isobutylene is derived from butane obtained from crude oil or natural gas, thus MTBE is derived from fossil fuels. In the United States, it was produced in very large quantities (more than 200,000 barrels (32,000 m3) per day in 1999) during its use as a fuel additive.

text: Uses[edit]

text: MTBE is used as a fuel component in fuel for gasoline engines. It is one of a group of chemicals commonly known as oxygenates because they raise the oxygen content of gasoline.

text: As anti-knocking agent[edit]

text: In the US it has been used in gasoline at low levels since 1979, replacing tetraethyl lead as an antiknock (octane rating) additive to prevent engine knocking. Oxygenates also help gasoline burn more completely, reducing tailpipe emissions and dilute or displace gasoline components such as aromatics (e.g., benzene). Before the introduction of other oxygenates and octane enhancers, refiners chose MTBE for its blending characteristics and low cost.

text: Alternatives to MTBE as an anti-knock agent[edit]

text: Other oxygenates are available as additives for gasoline including ethanol and other ethers such as ETBE.

text: Ethanol has been advertised as a safe alternative by agricultural and other interest groups in the US and Europe. In 2003, California was the first US state to start replacing MTBE with ethanol.

text: An alternative to ethanol is ETBE, which is manufactured from ethanol and isobutene. Its performance as an additive is similar to MTBE, but due to the higher price of ethanol compared to methanol, it is more expensive.

text: Higher quality gasoline is also an alternative, so that additives such as MTBE are unnecessary. Iso-octane itself is used. MTBE plants can be retrofitted to produce iso-octane from isobutylene.[3][4]

text: As a solvent[edit]

text: MTBE is extensively used in industry as a safer alternative to diethyl ether (which is commonly used in academic research) as the tert-butyl group prevents MTBE from forming potentially explosive peroxides. It is also used as a solvent in academic research,[5][6][7] although it is less commonly used than diethyl ether. Although an ether, MTBE is a poor Lewis base and does not support formation of Grignard reagents. It is also unstable toward strong acids. It reacts dangerously with bromine.[8]

text: MTBE forms azeotropes with water (52.6 °C; 96.5% MTBE)[9] and methanol (51.3 °C; 68.6% MTBE).[10]

text: In a procedure called contact dissolution therapy, MTBE is injected directly into the gallbladder to dissolve gallstones.[11][12]

text: Persistence and pervasiveness in the environment[edit]

text: MTBE gives water an unpleasant taste at very low concentrations. MTBE is often introduced into water-supply aquifers by leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) at gasoline stations or by gasoline containing MTBE spilled onto the ground. The higher water solubility and persistence of MTBE cause it to travel faster and farther than many other components of gasoline when released into an aquifer.[13]

text: MTBE is biodegraded by the action of bacteria. In the proper type of bioreactor, such as a fluidized bed bioreactor, MTBE can be rapidly and economically removed from water to undetectable levels. Activated carbon produced from coconut shells and optimized for MTBE adsorption may reduce MTBE to undetectable levels,[14] although this level of reduction is likely only in the most ideal circumstances. There are currently no known published cases of any in-situ treatment method which has been capable of reducing contaminant concentrations to baseline (pre-development) conditions within the aquifer soil matrix itself.

text: According to the IARC, a cancer research agency of the World Health Organization, MTBE is not classified as a human carcinogen. MTBE can be tasted in water at concentrations of 5 – 15 µg/l.[15]

text: As of 2007, researchers have limited data about the health effects of ingestion of MTBE. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded that available data are inadequate to quantify health risks of MTBE at low exposure levels in drinking water, but the data support the conclusion that MTBE is a potential human carcinogen at high doses.[16]

text: Regulation and litigation in the U.S.[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Restrictions on MTBE manufacturing and usage[edit]

text: In 2000, EPA drafted plans to phase out the use of MTBE nationwide over four years.[citation needed] Some states enacted MTBE prohibitions without waiting for federal restrictions. California banned MTBE as a gasoline additive in 2002.[17] The State of New York banned the use of MTBE as a "fuel additive", effective in 2004.[18] MTBE use is still legal in the state for other industrial uses.[19]

text: The Energy Policy Act of 2005, as approved by the U.S. House of Representatives, did not include a provision for shielding MTBE manufacturers from water contamination lawsuits. This provision was first proposed in 2003 and had been thought by some to be a priority of Tom DeLay and Rep. Joe Barton, then chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee.[20] This bill did include a provision that gives MTBE makers, including some major oil companies, $2 billion in transition assistance while MTBE was phased out over the next nine years.[21] Due to opposition in the Senate,[22] the conference report dropped all MTBE provisions. The final bill was signed into law by President George W. Bush.[23] The lack of MTBE liability protection is resulting in a switchover to the use of ethanol as a gasoline additive.

text: Cleanup costs and litigation[edit]

text: MTBE removal from groundwater and soil contamination in the U.S. was estimated to cost from $1 billion[24] to $30 billion,[25] including removing the compound from aquifers and municipal water supplies and replacing leaky underground oil tanks. In one case, the cost to oil companies to clean up the MTBE in wells belonging to the city of Santa Monica, California was estimated to exceed $200 million.[26] In another case, New York City estimated a $250 million cost for cleanup of a single wellfield in the borough of Queens in 2009.[27] In 2013 a jury awarded the State of New Hampshire $236 million in damages in order to treat groundwater contaminated by MTBE.[28]

text: As of 2016, hundreds of lawsuits are still pending regarding MTBE contamination of public and private drinking water supplies.[citation needed]

text: Drinking water regulations[edit]

text: EPA first listed MTBE in 1998 as a candidate for development of a national Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) standard in drinking water.[29] As of 2018 the Agency has has not announced whether it will develop an MCL.[30] EPA uses toxicity data in developing MCLs for public water systems.[31]

text: California established a state-level MCL for MTBE in 2000.[32]


document_title: Indian Financial System Code

question_text: what is meant by ifsc code in banking

question_tokens: what is meant by ifsc code in banking

text: Indian Financial System Code

text: The Indian Financial System Code (IFS Code or IFSC) is an alphanumeric code that facilitates electronic funds transfer in India. A code uniquely identifies each bank branch participating in the two main Payment and settlement systems in India: the Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and the National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) systems.[1]

text: Format[edit]

text: The IFSC is an 11-character code with the first four alphabetic characters representing the bank name, and the last six characters (usually numeric, but can be alphabetic) representing the branch. The fifth character is 0 (zero) and reserved for future use. Bank IFS Code is used by the NEFT & RTGS systems to route the messages to the destination banks/branches.[2] The format of the IFS Code is shown below.

text:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Bank Code
0
Branch Code

text: Lists of IFS Codes[edit]

text: Bank-wise lists of IFS Codes are available with all the bank-branches participating in inter bank electronic funds transfer. A list of bank-branches participating in NEFT/RTGS and their IFS Code is available on the website of Reserve Bank of India.[3] All the banks have also been advised to print the IFS code of the branch on cheques issued by branches to their customers.


document_title: Beorn

question_text: who plays the skin changer in the hobbit

text: Beorn

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The Hobbit[edit]

text: The Man named Beorn lived with his animal retinue (horses, dogs, sheep, and cows, among others) in a wooden house between the Misty Mountains and Mirkwood, to the east of the Anduin.[3] According to Gandalf, Beorn "does not eat them; neither does he hunt or eat wild animals".[4] Gandalf believed that Beorn was either a descendant of the bears who had lived in the Misty Mountains before the arrival of the giants, or he was a descendant of the men who had lived in the region before the arrival of the dragons or Orcs from the north.

text: Beorn was of immense size and strength for a man and retained his size and strength in bear-form. He had black hair (in either form) and a thick black beard and broad shoulders (in human form). While not a "giant" outright, Beorn's human form was of such great size that the three and a half foot tall Bilbo judged that he could have easily walked between Beorn's legs without touching his body. Beorn also named the Carrock and created the steps that led from its base to its flat top.

text: In The Hobbit, Beorn received Gandalf, Bilbo Baggins and 13 Dwarves and aided them in their quest to reclaim their kingdom beneath the Lonely Mountain. He was convinced of their trustworthiness after confirming their tale of encountering the Goblins of the Misty Mountains and Gandalf's slaying of their leader, the Great Goblin. In addition to giving the group much-needed supplies and lodging, Beorn gave them vital information about what path to take while crossing Mirkwood.

text: Later, hearing of a vast host of Goblins on the move, Beorn arrived at the Lonely Mountain in time to strike the decisive blow in the Battle of Five Armies. In his bear form he slew the Goblin leader, Bolg and his bodyguards. Without direction, the Goblin army scattered and were easy pickings for the other armies of Men, Elves, Dwarves, and Eagles. Beorn often left his home during the narrative of The Hobbit for hours or days at a time, for purposes not completely explained.

text: Later in the Hobbit, it is said that "Beorn indeed became a great chief afterwards in those regions and ruled a wide land between the mountains and the wood; and it is said that for many generations the men of his line had the power of taking bear's shape and some were grim men and bad, but most were in heart like Beorn, if less in size and strength." (The Hobbit Chapter 18 The Return Journey).  It appears the ability to change shape into a bear was not exclusive to Beorn as an individual and may, in fact, have been an ability of a small sub-set within the race of Men.

text: The Lord of the Rings[edit]

text: In the years between the Battle of Five Armies and the War of the Ring, possibly spurred by his interaction with Thorin's company, Beorn emerged from his reclusion and rose to become a leader of the woodmen living between the Anduin river and the fringes of Mirkwood. As stated by Glóin in The Fellowship of the Ring, the Beornings also "keep open the High Pass and the Ford of Carrock."

text: Some time before the War of the Ring itself began, Beorn was succeeded by his son Grimbeorn the Old. His death is not included in the chronologies in The Return of the King's appendices.

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: In naming his character, Tolkien used beorn, an Old English word for man and warrior (with implications of freeman and nobleman in Anglo-Saxon society).[5] It is related to the Scandinavian names Björn (Swedish and Icelandic) and Bjørn (Norwegian and Danish), meaning bear; and the figure of Beorn can be related to the traditional Northern heroes Bodvar Bjarki and Beowulf.[6] The name of the Scottish town Borrowstounness is derived from the Old English Beornweardstun (the town with Beorn as its guardian).

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Swedish actor Mikael Persbrandt portrays Beorn in Peter Jackson's The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug and in its sequel The Battle of the Five Armies. In the film, he indicates that his people once lived in the Misty Mountains, but were conquered by the Orcs under Azog, who captured and tortured his people for sport and killed them until only one remained. Beorn eventually escaped, but still carries a chain around his wrist from his imprisonment. In the extended edition, Beorn tells Gandalf of the alliance between the Orcs of Moria and the Necromancer of Dol Guldur, and he also inquires about the nine, who have been seen wandering near the High Fells of Rhudaur. Beorn arrives to the Battle of the Five Armies atop a Great Eagle rather than on foot and does not slay Bolg, who is killed by Legolas in the film adaptation (the Orc commander was also changed to be Azog himself, but Thorin, instead of Beorn, kills Azog in single combat).  In the DVD commentary, the production team explained that they normally take great care that characters only speak with accents which were historically present in the British Isles, but they made a major exception for Beorn by letting Persbrandt use his natural Swedish accent.  They reasoned that Beorn should logically have a very distinctive and foreign-sounding accent, given that he is the last survivor of an isolated race which had little contact with people from regions such as Gondor or the Shire.

text: In the 2003 video game adaptation the original encounter with Beorn at his lodge is omitted. Nevertheless, he still shows up at the Battle of Five Armies to kill Bolg. Beorn only appears in bear form in the game.

text: The Beornings appear as trainable units in The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring (2003). The Beornings were added as a playable class to the massively multiplayer online role-playing game The Lord of the Rings Online in Update 15 (November 2014). The players can play as a male or a female Beorning and can transform into a bear after building up sufficient wrath whilst engaged in combat. Grimbeorn's Lodge in the Vales of Anduin has also been added to the game as a starter area for the Beorning class and Grimbeorn himself also makes a brief appearance.