document_title: Slender Man

question_text: when did the first slenderman game come out

text: Slender Man

text: Origin

text: The Slender Man was created on June 10, 2009, on a thread in the Something Awful Internet forum.[5][6] The thread was a Photoshop contest in which users were challenged to "create paranormal images."[7][8] Forum poster Eric Knudsen, under the pseudonym "Victor Surge",[9] contributed two black-and-white images of groups of children to which he added a tall, thin, spectral figure wearing a black suit.[10][11] Although previous entries had consisted solely of photographs, Surge supplemented his submission with snatches of text—supposedly from witnesses—describing the abductions of the groups of children and giving the character the name "The Slender Man":

text: The quote under the first photograph read:

text: We didn't want to go, we didn't want to kill them, but its persistent silence and outstretched arms horrified and comforted us at the same time…

text: The quote under the second photograph read:

text: One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze. Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as “The Slender Man”. Deformities cited as film defects by officials. Fire at library occurred one week later. Actual photograph confiscated as evidence.

text: These additions effectively transformed the photographs into a work of fiction. Subsequent posters expanded upon the character, adding their own visual or textual contributions.[10][11]

text: Knudsen was inspired to create the Slender Man primarily by Zack Parsons' "That Insidious Beast", Stephen King's The Mist, reports of shadow people, Mothman and the Mad Gasser of Mattoon.[12]  Other inspirations for the character were the Tall Man from the 1979 film Phantasm,[13] H. P. Lovecraft, the surrealist work of William S. Burroughs, and the survival horror video games Silent Hill and Resident Evil.[14] Knudsen's intention was "to formulate something whose motivations can barely be comprehended, and [which caused] unease and terror in a general population."[15] Other pre-existing fictional or legendary creatures which are similar to the Slender Man include: the Gentlemen, black-suited, pale, bald demons from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Hush"; Men in black, many accounts of which grant them an uncanny appearance with an unnatural walk and "oriental" features; and The Question, a DC Comics superhero with a blank face, whose secret identity is "Victor Sage", a name similar to Knudsen's alias "Victor Surge".[13]

text: In her book, Folklore, Horror Stories, and the Slender Man: The Development of an Internet Mythology, Professor Shira Chess of the University of Georgia connected the Slender Man to ancient folklore about fairies. Like fairies, Slender Man is otherworldly, with motives that are often difficult to grasp; like fairies, his appearance is vague and often shifts to reflect what the viewer wants or fears to see, and, like fairies, the Slender Man calls the woods and wild places his home and kidnaps children.[13][page needed]

text: Development

text: The Slender Man soon went viral,[16] spawning numerous works of fanart, cosplay, and online fiction known as "creepypasta"—scary stories told in short snatches of easily copyable text that spread from site to site. Divorced from its original creator, the Slender Man became the subject of myriad stories by multiple authors within an overarching mythos.[3]

text: Many aspects of the Slender Man mythos first appeared on the original Something Awful thread. One of the earliest additions was added by a forum user named "Thoreau-Up", who created a folklore story set in 16th-century Germany involving a character called Der Groẞman, which was implied to be an early reference to the Slender Man.[13]:36 The first video series involving the Slender Man evolved from a post on the Something Awful thread by user "ce gars". It tells of a fictional film school friend named Alex Kralie, who had stumbled upon something troubling while shooting his first feature-length project, Marble Hornets. The video series, published in found footage style on YouTube, forms an alternate reality game describing the filmers' fictional experiences with the Slender Man. The ARG also incorporates a Twitter feed and an alternate YouTube channel created by a user named "totheark".[2][17] As of 2013, Marble Hornets had over 250,000 subscribers around the world and had received 55 million views.[18] Other Slender Man-themed YouTube serials followed, including EverymanHYBRID and TribeTwelve.[2]

text: In 2012, the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender: The Eight Pages; within its first month of release, the game was downloaded over 2 million times.[19]  Several popular variants of the game followed, including Slenderman's Shadow[20] and Slender Man for iOS, which became the second most-popular app download.[21] The sequel to Slender: The Eight Pages, Slender: The Arrival, was released in 2013.[22] Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development, including Entity[23] and The Slender Man, released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign.[24] In 2013, it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film.[18] In 2015, the film adaptation, Always Watching: A Marble Hornets Story, was released on VOD, where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones.[25] In 2016, Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres, with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet.[26]

text: Description

text: Because the Slender Man's fictional "mythology" has evolved without an official "canon" for reference, his appearance, motives, habits, and abilities are not fixed but change depending on the storyteller.[27] He is most commonly described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long, tentacle-like arms (or merely tentacles),[3] which he can extend to intimidate or capture prey. In most stories his face is white and featureless, but occasionally his face appears differently to anyone who sees it.[27] He appears to be wearing a dark suit and tie. The Slender Man is often associated with the forest and/or abandoned locations and has the ability to teleport.[28][29] Proximity to the Slender Man is often said to trigger a "Slender sickness"; a rapid onset of paranoia, nightmares and delusions accompanied by nosebleeds.[30]

text: Early stories featured him targeting children or young adults. Some featured young adults driven insane or to act on his behalf, while others did not, and others claim that investigating the Slender Man will draw his attention.[13][page needed] The web series Marble Hornets established the idea of proxies (humans who fall under the Slender Man's influence) though initially they were simply violently insane, rather than puppets of the Slender Man. Marble Hornets also introduced the idea that the Slender Man could interfere with video and audio recordings, as well as the "Slender Man symbol", which became a common trope of Slender fiction.[13][page needed] Graphic violence and body horror are uncommon in the Slender Man mythos, with many narratives choosing to leave the fate of his victims obscure.[13][page needed] Shira Chess notes that "It is important to note that few of the retellings identify exactly what kind of monster the Slender Man might be, and what his specific intentions are- these points all remain mysteriously and usefully vague."[27]

text: As folklore

text:
Several scholars have argued that, despite being a fictional work with an identifiable origin point, the Slender Man represents a form of digital folklore.
Shira Chess argues that the Slender Man exemplifies the similarities between traditional folklore and the open source ethos of the Internet, and that, unlike those of traditional monsters such as vampires and werewolves, the fact that the Slender Man's mythos can be tracked and signposted offers a powerful insight into how myth and folklore form.[10] Chess identifies three aspects of the Slender Man mythos that tie it to folklore: collectivity (meaning that it is created by a collective, rather than a single individual), variability (meaning that the story changes depending on the teller), and performance (meaning that the storyteller's narrative changes to reflect the responses of his/her audience).[13][page needed]

text: Andrew Peck also considers the Slender Man to be an authentic form of folklore and notes its similarity to emergent forms of offline legend performance. Peck suggests that digital folklore performance extends the dynamics of face-to-face performance in several notable ways, such as by occurring asynchronously, encouraging imitation and personalization while also allowing perfect replication, combining elements of oral, written, and visual communication, and generating shared expectations for performance that enact group identity despite the lack of a physically present group. He concludes that the Slender Man represents a digital legend cycle that combines the generic conventions and emergent qualities of oral and visual performance with the collaborative potential of networked communication.[31]

text: Jeff Tolbert also accepts the Slender Man as folkloric and suggests it represents a process he calls “reverse ostension.” Ostension in folkloristics is the process of acting out a folk narrative. According to Tolbert, the Slender Man does the opposite by creating a set of folklore-like narratives where none existed before. It is an iconic figure produced through a collective effort and deliberately modeled after an existing and familiar folklore genre. According to Tolbert, this represents two processes in one: it involves the creation of new objects and new disconnected examples of experience, and it involves the combination of these elements into a body of “traditional” narratives, modeled on existing folklore (but not wholly indebted to any specific tradition).[32]

text: Professor Thomas Pettitt of the University of Southern Denmark has described the Slender Man as being an exemplar of the modern age's closing of the "Gutenberg Parenthesis"; the time period from the invention of the printing press to the spread of the web in which stories and information were codified in discrete media, to a return to the older, more primal forms of storytelling, exemplified by oral tradition and campfire tales, in which the same story can be retold, reinterpreted and recast by different tellers, expanding and evolving with time.[28]

text: Reasons for success

text: Media scholar and folklorist Andrew Peck attributes the success of the Slender Man to its highly collaborative nature. Because the character and its motives are shrouded in mystery, users can easily adapt existing Slender Man tropes and imagery to create new stories. This ability for users to tap into the ideas of others while also supplying their own helped inspire the collaborative culture that arose surrounding the Slender Man. Instead of privileging the choices of certain creators as canonical, this collaborative culture informally locates ownership of the creature across the community. In these respects, the Slender Man is similar to campfire stories or urban legends, and the character's success comes from enabling both social interaction and personal acts of creative expression.[31]

text: Although nearly all users understand that the Slender Man is not real, they suspend that disbelief in order to become more engrossed when telling or listening to stories.[32] This adds a sense of authenticity to Slender Man legend performances and blurs the lines between legend and reality, keeping the creature as an object of legend dialectic.[33] This ambiguity has led some to some confusion over the character's origin and purpose. Only five months after his creation, George Noory's Coast to Coast AM, a radio call-in show devoted to the paranormal and conspiracy theories, began receiving callers asking about the Slender Man.[34] Two years later, an article in the Minneapolis Star Tribune described his origins as "difficult to pinpoint."[27] Eric Knudsen has commented that many people, despite understanding that the Slender Man was created on the Something Awful forums, still entertain the possibility that he might be real.[28]

text: Shira Chess describes the Slender Man as a metaphor for "helplessness, power differentials, and anonymous forces."[27] Peck sees parallels between the Slender Man and common anxieties about the digital age, such as feelings of constant connectedness and unknown third-party observation.[31] Similarly, Tye Van Horn, a writer for The Elm, has suggested that the Slender Man represents modern fear of the unknown; in an age flooded with information, people have become so unaccustomed to ignorance that they now fear what they cannot understand.[35] Troy Wagner, the creator of Marble Hornets, ascribes the terror of the Slender Man to its malleability; people can shape it into whatever frightens them most.[28] Tina Marie Boyer noted that "The Slender man is a prohibitive monster, but the cultural boundaries he guards are not clear. Victims do not know when they have violated or crossed them."[13][page needed]

text: Copyright

text: Despite his folkloric qualities, the Slender Man is not in the public domain. Several for-profit ventures involving the Slender Man have unequivocally acknowledged Knudsen as the creator of this fictional character, while others were civilly blocked from distribution (including the Kickstarter-funded film) after legal complaints from Knudsen and other sources. Though Knudsen himself has given his personal blessing to a number of Slender Man-related projects, the issue is complicated by the fact that, while he is the character's creator, a third party holds the options to any adaptations into other media, including film and television. The identity of this option holder has not been made public.[9] Knudsen himself has argued that his enforcement of copyright has less to do with money than with artistic integrity: "I just want something amazing to come off it... something that's scary and disturbing and kinda different. I would hate for something to come out and just be kinda conventional."[34] As of May 2016, the media rights to Slender Man have been sold to production company Mythology Entertainment.[26]

text: Related incidents

text: Waukesha stabbing

text: On May 31, 2014, two 12-year-old girls in Waukesha, Wisconsin held down and stabbed a 12-year-old classmate 19 times. When questioned later by authorities, they reportedly claimed that they wished to commit a murder as a first step to becoming proxies for the Slender Man, having read about it online.[36] They also stated that they were afraid that Slender Man would kill their families if they did not commit the murder.[37] After the perpetrators left the scene, the victim crawled out of the woods to a roadway. A passing cyclist alerted authorities, and the victim survived the attack. Both attackers have been diagnosed with mental illnesses[38] but have also been charged as adults and are each facing up to 65 years in prison.[39] One of the girls reportedly said Slender Man watches her, can read minds, and could teleport.[36]

text: Experts testified in court that she also said she conversed with Lord Voldemort and one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On August 1, 2014, she was found incompetent to stand trial and her prosecution was suspended until her condition improved.[40] On November 12, 2014, a doctor judged that her condition had improved enough for her to stand trial,[41] and on December 19, 2014, the judge ruled that both girls were competent to stand trial.[42] In August 2015, the presiding judge ruled that the girls would be tried as adults.[43] They were tried separately.[44] On August 21, 2017, one of the girls, now 15, pleaded guilty to being a party to attempted second-degree homicide, but claimed she was not responsible for her actions on grounds of insanity.[45] Although prosecutors alleged that she knew what she was doing was wrong, the jury determined that she was mentally ill during the attack. She will spend at least three years in a mental hospital.[46][47] On December 21, Waukesha County Circuit Judge Michael Bohren sentenced Weier,[clarification needed] then 16 years-old, to be hospitalized for 25 years from the date of the crime, which would keep her institutionalized until age 37.[48]

text: In a statement to the media, Eric Knudsen said, "I am deeply saddened by the tragedy in Wisconsin and my heart goes out to the families of those affected by this terrible act." He stated he would not be giving interviews on the matter.[49]

text: On 25 September 2017, it was reported[50] that Morgan Geyser, then 15, had agreed to plead guilty to attempting to commit first-degree homicide in an arrangement that would allow her avoid jail time. In terms of the arrangement Geyser would remain at the mental hospital where she had been staying for the past two years for at least a further three years.

text: On February 1, 2018, the Associated Press reported that Geyser had been sentenced to 40 years in the Wisconsin mental hospital, the maximum sentence allowed.[51]

text: A documentary film on the incident called Beware the Slenderman was released by HBO Films in March 2016, and was broadcast on HBO on January 23, 2017.[52]

text: Other incidents

text: After hearing the story, an unidentified woman from Cincinnati, Ohio, told a WLWT TV reporter in June 2014 that her 13-year-old daughter had attacked her with a knife, and had written macabre fiction, some involving the Slender Man, who the mother said motivated the attack.[53]

text: On September 4, 2014, a 14-year-old girl in Port Richey, Florida, allegedly set her family's house on fire while her mother and nine-year-old brother were inside. Police reported that the teenager had been reading online stories about Slender Man as well as Atsushi Ōkubo's manga Soul Eater.[54] Eddie Daniels of the Pasco County Sheriff's Office said the girl "had visited the website that contains a lot of the Slender Man information and stories [...] It would be safe to say there is a connection to that."[55]

text: During an early 2015 epidemic of suicide attempts by young people ages 12 to 24 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Slender Man was cited as an influence; the Oglala Sioux tribe president noted that many Native Americans traditionally believe in a "suicide spirit" similar to the Slender Man.[56]

text: References in media

text: This section gives self-sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples' significance, and by removing less pertinent examples. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
In 2011, Markus "Notch" Persson, creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft, added a new hostile mob to the game, which he named the "Enderman" when multiple users on Reddit and Google+ commented on the similarity to the Slender Man.[57]
The Slender Man was the antagonist of the 2013 Lost Girl episode "SubterrFaenean", in which the Slender Man was said to be the basis for the Pied Piper legend.[58]
In 2014, the Total Drama All-Stars episode "Moon Madness" had Slender Man cameo on a monitor in a security room.[citation needed]
In the 2014 episode "Pinkie Apple Pie" of My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, a pony version of the character appears in a brief cameo.[59]
The TV series Supernatural parodied Slender Man as "Thinman" in the 2014 episode of the same name.[60]
In 2016, American horror punk band Haunted Garage released an EP entitled Slenderman and Other Strange Tales, featuring a song and accompanying music video based on both the character and the 2014 stabbing case.[61]
The sixteenth season of the crime drama TV series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit featured an episode, "Glasgowman's Wrath", inspired by the Slender Man stabbings.[62]
The board game Kingdom Death: Monster features an expansion pack based on Slender Man.[citation needed]
Adventure Quest Worlds has featured numerous armors and pets that are based off of Slender Man.[63]


document_title: The Pickwick Papers

question_text: name of the jail in the pickwick papers

question_tokens: name of the jail in the pickwick papers

root

text: The Pickwick Papers

text: Background[edit]

text: Dickens, a young writer, 24 years old, was working as a Parliamentary reporter and a roving journalist; a collection of his "colour" sketches mainly of London life had been published as Sketches by Boz. A firm of London publishers, Messrs. Chapman & Hall, was then projecting a series of "cockney sporting plates" by illustrator Robert Seymour. There was to be a club, the members of which were to be sent on hunting and fishing expeditions into the country. Their guns were to go off by accident; fishhooks were to get caught in their hats and trousers. All these and other misadventures were to be depicted in Seymour's comic plates.[2]

tag: p

text: At this juncture, Charles Dickens was called in to supply the letterpress – that is, the description necessary to explain the plates and connect them into a sort of picture novel such as was then the fashion. Though protesting that he knew nothing of sport, Dickens nevertheless accepted the commission; he consented to the machinery of a club, and in accordance with the original design sketched Mr Winkle who aims at a sparrow only to miss it.[2]

text: Only in a few instances did Dickens adjust his narrative to plates that had been prepared for him. Typically, he himself led the way with an instalment of his story, and the artist was compelled to illustrate what Dickens had already written. The story thus became the prime source of interest, and the illustrations merely of secondary importance. By this reversal of interest, Dickens transformed, at a stroke, a current type of fiction, consisting mostly of pictures, into a novel of contemporary London life. Simple as the process may appear, others who had tried the plan had all failed. Pierce Egan partially succeeded in his Tom and Jerry, a novel in which the pictures and the letterpress are held in even balance. Dickens won a complete triumph.[2] In future years, however, Dickens was suspiciously eager to distance himself from suggestions that Pierce Egan's Life in London had been a formative influence.[3]

text: Robert Seymour provided the illustrations for the first two instalments before his suicide. Robert Buss illustrated the third instalment, but his work was not liked by Dickens and the remaining instalments were illustrated by "Phiz" (Hablot Knight Browne) who went on to illustrate most of Dickens' novels. The instalments were first published in book form in 1837.[4]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Written for publication as a serial, The Pickwick Papers is a sequence of loosely related adventures. The action is given as occurring 1827–8, though critics have noted some seeming anachronisms.[5] It has been stated that Dickens satirized the case of George Norton suing Lord Melbourne in The Pickwick Papers.[6] The novel's main character, Samuel Pickwick, Esquire, is a kind and wealthy old gentleman, the founder and perpetual president of the Pickwick Club. To extend his researches into the quaint and curious phenomena of life, he suggests that he and three other "Pickwickians" (Mr Nathaniel Winkle, Mr Augustus Snodgrass, and Mr Tracy Tupman) should make journeys to places remote from London and report on their findings to the other members of the club. Their travels throughout the English countryside by coach provide the chief theme of the novel. A distinctive and valuable feature of the work is the generally accurate description of the old coaching inns of England.[7] (One of the main families running the Bristol to Bath coaches at the time was started by Eleazer Pickwick).[8]

text: Its main literary value and appeal is formed by its numerous memorable characters. Each character in The Pickwick Papers, as in many other Dickens novels, is drawn comically, often with exaggerated personality traits. Alfred Jingle, who joins the cast in chapter two, provides an aura of comic villainy, with his devious tricks repeatedly landing the Pickwickians into trouble. These include a nearly successful attempted elopement with the spinster Rachael Wardle of Dingley Dell manor, misadventures with Dr Slammer, and others.

text: Further humour is provided when the comic cockney Sam Weller makes his advent in chapter 10 of the novel. First seen working at the White Hart Inn in The Borough, Weller is taken on by Mr Pickwick as a personal servant and companion on his travels and provides his own oblique ongoing narrative on the proceedings. The relationship between the idealistic and unworldly Pickwick and the astute cockney Weller has been likened to that between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.[9]

text: Through humor Dickens is able to capture quintessential aspects of English life in the mid-nineteenth century that a more sober approach would miss. Perhaps the popularity of this novel was due in part to the fact that the readers of the time were able to truly see themselves, and could accept themselves because of Dickens's skillful use of humor.

text: Other notable adventures include Mr Pickwick's attempts to defend a lawsuit brought by his landlady, Mrs Bardell, who (through an apparent misunderstanding on her part) is suing him for breach of promise. Another is Mr Pickwick's incarceration at Fleet Prison for his stubborn refusal to pay the compensation to her — because he doesn't want to give a penny to Mrs Bardell's lawyers, the unscrupulous firm of Messrs. Dodson and Fogg. The generally humorous tone is here briefly replaced by biting social satire (including satire of the legal establishment). This foreshadows major themes in Dickens's later books.

text: Mr Pickwick, Sam Weller, and Weller Senior also appear in Dickens's serial, Master Humphrey's Clock.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Central characters[edit]

text:
Samuel Pickwick — the main protagonist and founder of the Pickwick Club. Following his description in the text, Pickwick is usually portrayed by illustrators as a round-faced, clean-shaven, portly gentleman wearing spectacles.
Nathaniel Winkle — a young friend of Pickwick's and his travelling companion; he considers himself a sportsman, though he turns out to be dangerously inept when handling horses and guns.
Augustus Snodgrass — another young friend and companion; he considers himself a poet, though there is no mention of any of his own poetry in the novel.
Tracy Tupman — the third travelling companion, a fat and elderly man who nevertheless considers himself a romantic lover.
Sam Weller — Mr Pickwick's valet, and a source of idiosyncratic proverbs and advice.
Tony Weller — Sam's father, a loquacious coachman.
Alfred Jingle — a strolling actor and charlatan, noted for telling bizarre anecdotes in a distinctively extravagant, disjointed style.[5]

tag: ul

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Joe — the "fat boy" who consumes great quantities of food and constantly falls asleep in any situation at any time of day; Joe's sleep problem is the origin of the medical term Pickwickian syndrome which ultimately led to the subsequent description of Obesity hypoventilation syndrome.
Job Trotter — Mr Jingle's wily servant, whose true slyness is only ever seen in the first few lines of a scene, before he adopts his usual pretence of meekness.
Mr Wardle — owner of a farm in Dingley Dell. Mr Pickwick's friend, they meet at the military review in Rochester. Joe is his servant.
Rachael Wardle — Mr. Wardle's spinster sister, who tries in vain to elope with the unscrupulous Jingle.
Mr Perker — an attorney of Mr Wardle, and later of Mr Pickwick.
Mary — "a well-shaped female servant" and Sam Weller's "Valentine".
Mrs Martha Bardell — Mr Pickwick's widowed landlady who brings a case against him for breach of promise.
Emily Wardle — one of Mr Wardle's daughters, very fond of Mr Snodgrass.
Arabella Allen — a friend of Emily Wardle and sister of Ben Allen. She later elopes with Mr. Winkle and marries him.
Benjamin "Ben" Allen — Arabella's brother, a dissipated medical student.
Robert "Bob" Sawyer — Ben Allen's friend and fellow student.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The novel has been adapted to film, television, and radio:

text:
1913 — a silent short starring John Bunny as Samuel Pickwick and H. P. Owen as Sam Weller.
1921 — The Adventures of Mr. Pickwick, silent, lost, starring Frederick Volpe and Hubert Woodward
1936 — On 13 November 1936 (less than two weeks after the BBC began regularly scheduled television broadcasts) The British Music Drama Opera Company under the direction of Vladimir Rosing presented the world's first televised opera: Pickwick by Albert Coates.[10]
1938 — 'The Pickwick Papers', Orson Welles's Mercury Theater on the Air radio adaptation (20 November 1938)[11]
1952 — starring James Hayter, Nigel Patrick, Alexander Gauge and Harry Fowler (the first sound film version, and to this day, the only sound version of the story released to cinemas)
1985 — an animated adaptation

text: In 1985 BBC released a 12-part 350-minute miniseries starring Nigel Stock, Alan Parnaby, Clive Swift and Patrick Malahide.

text: There is a musical version, premiered in Manchester (1963) before transferring to the London West End, entitled Pickwick, by Cyril Ornadel, Wolf Mankowitz, and Leslie Bricusse. It originally starred Harry Secombe (later cast as Mr Bumble in the film version of Oliver!). Although it was a major success in London, running for 694 performances, Pickwick failed in the United States when it opened on Broadway in 1965; in 1969 the BBC filmed the musical as the TV movie Pickwick. Both versions featured the song If I Ruled the World, which became a hit for Secombe, and other singers such as Tony Bennett and Sammy Davis Jr..

text: Part of The Pickwick Papers were featured in Charles Dickens' Ghost Stories, a 60-minute animation made by Emerald City Films (1987). These included The Ghost in the Wardrobe, The Mail Coach Ghosts, and The Goblin and the Gravedigger.

text: Stephen Jarvis's novel Death and Mr Pickwick[12] (2014) is in part a literary thriller, examining in forensic detail the question of whether the idea, character and physiognomy of Samuel Pickwick originated with Dickens, or with the original illustrator and instigator of the project, Robert Seymour. The conclusion of the narrator is that the accepted version of events given by Dickens and the publisher Edward Chapman is untrue.

text: Publication[edit]

text: The novel was published in 19 issues over 20 months; the last was double-length and cost two shillings. In mourning for his sister-in-law Mary Hogarth, Dickens missed a deadline and consequently there was no number issued in May 1837. Numbers were typically issued on the last day of its given month:

text:
I – March 1836 (chapters 1–2);
II – April 1836 (chapters 3–5);
III – May 1836 (chapters 6–8);
IV – June 1836 (chapters 9-11);
V – July 1836 (chapters 12–14);
VI – August 1836 (chapters 15–17);
VII – September 1836 (chapters 18–20);
VIII – October 1836 (chapters 21–23);
IX – November 1836 (chapters 24–26);
X – December 1836 (chapters 27–29);
XI – January 1837 (chapters 30–32);
XII – February 1837 (chapters 33–34);
XIII – March 1837 (chapters 35–37);
XIV – April 1837 (chapters 38–40);
XV – June 1837 (chapters 41–43);
XVI – July 1837 (chapters 44–46);
XVII – August 1837 (chapters 47-49);
XVIII – September 1837 (chapters 50–52);
XIX-XX – October 1837 (chapters 53–57);

text: It is interesting to keep the number divisions and dates in mind while reading the novel, especially in the early parts. The Pickwick Papers, as Charles Dickens's first novel, is particularly chaotic: the first two numbers featured four illustrations by Robert Seymour and 24 pages of text. Seymour killed himself and was replaced by R W Buss for the third number; the format was changed to feature two illustrations and 32 pages of text per issue. Buss didn't work out as an illustrator and was replaced by H K 'Phiz' Browne for the fourth issue; Phiz continued to work for Dickens for 23 years (he last illustrated A Tale of Two Cities in 1859).[citation needed]

text: As a testament to the book's popularity, many other artists, beyond the three official illustrators, created drawings without the approval of the author or publisher, sometimes for bootleg copies or hoping that 'Extra Plates' for the original issue would be included in later issues. These artists included William Heath, Alfred Henry Forrester ("Alfred Crowquill"), Thomas Onwhyn (who sometimes signed as "Sam Weller") and Thomas Sibson. In 1899 Joseph Grego collected 350 Pickwick Paper illustrations, including portraits based on stage adaptations, with other notes and commentary in Pictorial Pickwickiania.[13]

text: The Pic-Nic Papers[edit]

text: In 1841 the three-volume anthology titled The Pic-Nic Papers[14] was published, composed of miscellaneous pieces by various authors. It was originated by Dickens to benefit the widow and children of 28-year-old publisher John Macrone, who died suddenly in 1837. Dickens had begun soliciting submissions in 1838, and he eventually contributed the "Introduction" and one short story "The Lamplighter's Story". Other contributors included William Harrison Ainsworth, Thomas Moore, Leitch Ritchie and Agnes Strickland. Macrone's widow eventually received 450 pounds from this charitable publication.[15]

text: Models[edit]

text: Mary Weller, Charles Dickens's nurse, recalling her famous charge's occupations as a child, said: "Little Charles was a terrible boy to read".[16]

text: "In the young Charles Dickens's reading we have in some ways the very core of his novels...the young Charles came upon the great picaresque novels of the eighteenth century — Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, Tom Jones, The Vicar of Wakefield, their French counterpart Gil Blas, and their great predecessor Don Quixote. Don Quixote's connection with Mr Pickwick, as Dostoyevsky saw, is basic. With Don Quixote, of course, goes Sancho Panza, who with the reinforcement of the faithful, shrewd, worldly servants of the young heroes Tom Jones, Peregrine Pickle, Roderick Random and the rest, goes to make up Sam Weller."[17]

text: Influences and legacy[edit]

text: The popularity of The Pickwick Papers spawned many imitations and sequels in print as well as actual Clubs and Societies inspired by the club in the novel. One example is the still in operation Pickwick Bicycle Club in London, which was established in 1870, the same year as Charles Dickens' death.[18] Other clubs, groups, and societies operating under the name "The Pickwick Club" have existed since the original publication of the story.

text: In 1837, Charles Dickens wrote to William Howison about the Edinburgh Pickwick Club. Dickens approved of the use of the name and the celebration of the characters and spirit of the novel. He wrote:

text: Other known clubs include one meeting as early as December 1836 in the East of London and another meeting at the Sun Tavern in Long-acre in London. Dickens wrote to the secretary of the latter club in 1838 about attending a meeting:

text: In many Pickwick Clubs, members even take on the names of the characters in the novel. As the website for the Pickwick Bicycle Club states, "Our rules state that 'Each Member shall adopt the sobriquet allocated by the Management Committee, being the name of some male character in the Pickwick Papers, and be addressed as such at all meetings of the Club."[21] Imitations/plagiarisms published at the same time as Dickens's Pickwick Papers include G. W. M. Reynolds' Pickwick Abroad; or, The Tour in France [22]


document_title: List of last survivors of historical events

question_text: who was the last living survivor of the battle of lexington

text: Before 1701[edit]

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Aristodemus of Sparta

c. 479 BC (aged c. 49)

Last Spartan of the Battle of Thermopylae

August or September 480 BC

Ankhmakis

c. 185 BC

Last Native Egyptian Pharaoh

c. 185 BC

John the Apostle

c. 100 (aged 93–94)

Last Apostle and the last known witness to the Crucifixion (Unconfirmed)

3 April 33

Romulus Augustulus

507 (As late as)

Last Western Roman Emperor

4 September 476

Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania

11 January 1266 (aged c. 66-76)

Last member of the Gąsawa massacre

24 November 1227

Sophia Palaiologina

7 April 1503 (aged c. 54-63)

Last member of the Imperial Byzantine court

29 May 1453

Don Mancio Serra de Leguízamo[1][2]

18 September 1589 (aged 78)

Last known conquistador who participated in the capture of Atahualpa

16 November 1532

Mary Allerton

28 November 1699 (aged 83)

Last passenger of the Mayflower

11 November 1620

John Alden

12 September 1687 (aged 88)

Last living signer of the Mayflower Compact

11 November 1620

Richard Bellingham

7 December 1672 (aged 80)

Last signer of the Massachusetts Colonial Charter

4 March 1629

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

John Fortescue[3][4]

9 May 1808 (aged 87)

Last sailor who took part in George Anson's voyage around the world

15 June 1744

Isaac Smith

2 July 1831(1831-07-02) (aged 78–79)

Last survivor of James Cook's first voyage

12 July 1771

George Robert Twelves Hewes

5 November 1840(1840-11-05) (aged 98)

Last survivor of the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea party

5 March 1770; 16 December 1773

Ephraim Bowen[5][6]

2 September 1841(1841-09-02) (aged 88)

Last individual involved in the Gaspée Affair

10 June 1772

Amos Baker[7]

16 July 1850(1850-07-16) (aged 94)

Last Concord veteran of the Battle of Lexington and Concord

19 April 1775

Jonathan Harrington[8][9]

26 March 1854(1854-03-26) (aged 95)

Last Lexington veteran of the Battle of Lexington and Concord

19 April 1775

John Hatley

12 December 1832(1832-12-12) (aged 69–70)

Last survivor of James Cook's second voyage

30 July 1775

Charles Carroll

14 November 1832(1832-11-14) (aged 95)

Last signer of the United States Declaration of Independence

4 July 1776

William Henry Harrison

4 April 1841(1841-04-04) (aged 68)

Last President of the United States to be born a British subject

4 July 1776

Samuel Downing[10][11]

18 February 1867(1867-02-18) (aged 102)

Last veteran of the Battles of Saratoga

7 October 1777

Andrew Jackson

8 June 1845(1845-06-08) (aged 78)

Last President of the United States to have served in the American Revolution

25 April 1781

Elijah Churchill

11 April 1841(1841-04-11) (aged 85)

Last recipient of the Badge of Military Merit

2 October 1781

John Gray

29 March 1868(1868-03-29) (aged 104)

Last veteran of the Siege of Yorktown

19 October 1781

John Jay

17 May 1829(1829-05-17) (aged 83)

Last signer of the Treaty of Paris

3 September 1783

David Whitney[12]

24 March 1867(1867-03-24) (aged 99)

Last veteran of Shays' Rebellion

June 1787

James Madison

28 June 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85)

Last signer of The United States Constitution

17 September 1787

Elizabeth Thackery

7 August 1856 (aged 89)

Last survivor of the First Fleet

20 January 1788

Barthélemy de Lesseps[13]

4 June 1834(1834-06-04) (aged 68)

Last survivor of the scientific expedition of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse

1788

John Adams

5 March 1829(1829-03-05) (aged 61)

Last mutineer of HMS Bounty

28 April 1789

Arthur Dardenne[14]

8 September 1872(1872-09-08) (aged 95–96)

Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille

14 July 1789

Ludovico Manin

24 October 1802(1802-10-24) (aged 77)

Last Doge of Venice

12 May 1797

Augusta Hejnek

1 March 1908(1908-03-01) (aged 108)

Last known person born in the 1700s

31 December 1799

Salome Sellers

9 January 1909(1909-01-09) (aged 109)

Last known person born in the 18th century

31 December 1800

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Aaron Burr

14 September 1836(1836-09-14) (aged 80)

Last participant of the Burr–Hamilton duel

11 July 1804

Pedro Antonio Martinez Zia[15][16]

1 February 1898(1898-02-01) (aged 108–109)

Last veteran of the Battle of Trafalgar

21 October 1805

Francis II

2 March 1835(1835-03-02) (aged 67)

Last Holy Roman Emperor

6 August 1806

Patrick Gass

2 April 1870(1870-04-02) (aged 98)

Last member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition

23 September 1806

John Rice[17]

10 February 1880(1880-02-10) (aged 90–91)

Last veteran of the Battle of Lake Erie

10 September 1813

James Madison

28 June 1836(1836-06-28) (aged 85)

Last President of the United States to lead American troops in battle

24 August 1814

James Buchanan

1 June 1868(1868-06-01) (aged 77)

Last former President of the United States to have served in the War of 1812

14 September 1814

André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin

11 August 1865(1865-08-11) (aged 82)

Last surviving delegate to the Congress of Vienna

June 1815

Charles Booth[18]

2 March 1896(1896-03-02) (aged 97)

Last living rebel of the Pentrich rising

10 June 1817

John W. Stainer[19]

3 March 1907(1907-03-03) (aged 99)

Last veteran of the Battle of Navarino

20 October 1827

Benedetto Barberini

10 April 1863(1863-04-10) (aged 74)

Last cardinal created by Pope Leo XII and last participant in the conclaves that elected Popes Pius VIII and Gregory XVI

31 March 1829; 2 February 1831

Cesare Nembrini Pironi Gonzaga

5 December 1837(1837-12-05) (aged 69)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius VIII

30 November 1830

Jean-Philippe Lavallé[20]

19 February 1913(1913-02-19) (aged 104)

Last Belgian veteran of the Belgian Revolution

21 July 1831

William Carroll Crawford[21]

3 September 1895(1895-09-03) (aged 90)

Last signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence

2 March 1836

Alijo Perez Jr.

21 October 1918(1918-10-21) (aged 83)

Last living Texian survivor of the Battle of the Alamo

6 March 1836

Alfonso Steele[22]

8 July 1911(1911-07-08) (aged 94)

Last survivor of the Battle of San Jacinto

21 April 1836

William Physick Zuber[23][24]

22 September 1913(1913-09-22) (aged 93)

Last veteran of the Texas Revolution

21 April 1836

Thomas Patrickson[25]

15 October 1914(1914-10-15) (aged 85–86)

Last participant of the Second voyage of HMS Beagle

2 October 1836

Rebecca Tickaneesky Neugin[26]

15 July 1932(1932-07-15) (aged 97–98)

Last survivor of the Trail of Tears

1839

Nelson Traux[27][28]

25 January 1915(1915-01-25) (aged 96)

Last survivor of the Battle of the Windmill

16 November 1838

Milvern Harrell[29][30]

10 August 1910(1910-08-10) (aged 86)

Last Texian survivor of the Dawson Massacre

17 September 1842

François X. Matthieu

4 February 1914(1914-02-04) (aged 95)

Last participant at the Champoeg Meetings

2 May 1843

Friedrich Schwarzenberg

27 March 1885(1885-03-27) (aged 75)

Last cardinal created by Pope Gregory XVI and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius IX

16 June 1846

Walter T. Avery[31]

10 June 1904(1904-06-10) (aged 90)

Last participant in the first official baseball game

19 June 1846

Margaret Isabella Breen McMahon[32]

25 March 1935(1935-03-25) (aged 89)

Last survivor of the Donner Party

29 April 1847

Ulysses S. Grant

23 July 1885(1885-07-23) (aged 63)

Last former President of the United States to have served in the Mexican-American War

3 February 1848

Charlotte L. Woodward Peirce[33][34]

15 March 1924(1924-03-15) (aged 94)

Last surviving participant in the Seneca Falls Convention and last signer of the Declaration of Sentiments

20 July 1848

József Fischl[35]

March 1929 (aged 102)

Last Honvéd (hu) veteran of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848

4 October 1849

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Thomas Kelly[36]

14 April 1932(1932-04-14) (aged 83)

Last survivor of the Birkenhead disaster

26 February 1852

Edwin Hughes

18 April 1927(1927-04-18) (aged 96)

Last participant in the Charge of the Light Brigade

25 October 1854

William Edward Atherdon[37]

19 May 1934(1934-05-19) (aged 98)

Last veteran of the Eureka Rebellion

3 December 1854

Horace F. Sisson[38]

10 March 1942(1942-03-10) (aged 98)

Last member of the Perry Expedition

11 January 1855

Teodolfo Mertel

11 July 1899(1899-07-11) (aged 93)

Last non-priest cardinal

15 March 1858

John Winchell Cullen[39][40]

14 December 1939(1939-12-14) (aged 101)

Last veteran of the Yakima War

23 September 1858

George Chrystie[41][42]

14 June 1939(1939-06-14) (aged 97)

Last British Army veteran of the Indian Mutiny

8 July 1859

Pressley Corbin Hyman[43][44]

20 June 1912(1912-06-20) (aged 81)

Last witness to the Broderick–Terry duel

13 September 1859

Owen Brown[45][46]

8 January 1889(1889-01-08) (aged 64)

Last abolitionist present at John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

18 October 1859

George Pilson[47]

22 April 1916(1916-04-22) (aged 73–74)

Last witness at Harpers Ferry

18 October 1859

Cudjoe Lewis

26 July 1935(1935-07-26) (aged 95)

Last passenger of the Clotilde

9 July 1860

Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli[48]

1 November 1934(1934-11-01) (aged 90)

Last member of the Expedition of the Thousand

17 March 1861

James Hard

12 March 1953(1953-03-12) (aged 109)

Last veteran of the First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam and Battle of Chancellorsville

21 July 1861; 17 September 1862; and 6 May 1863

John Ambrose Driscoll[49]

13 June 1921(1921-06-13) (aged 82)

Last crew member of the USS Monitor during its engagement with the CSS Virginia (aka USS Merrimack)

9 March 1862

John Reed Porter

15 October 1923(1923-10-15) (aged 84)

Last surviving raider of the Great Locomotive Chase and the last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of that raid

12 April 1862

James Marion Lurvey[50]

7 April 1950(1950-04-07) (aged 102)

Last verified veteran of the Battle of Gettysburg

3 July 1863

Otto Richard Gellette[51]

1 June 1944(1944-06-01) (aged 98)

Last soldier to participate in Pickett's Charge

3 July 1863

Eli G. Biddle[52][53]

8 April 1940(1940-04-08) (aged 93–94)

Last member of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry that assaulted Fort Wagner

18 July 1863

William Sickles

26 September 1938(1938-09-26) (aged 93)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the American Civil War

31 March 1865

Samuel J. Seymour[54]

12 April 1956(1956-04-12) (aged 96)

Last witness present at Ford's Theater during the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

14 April 1865

John Henry Coghill[55]

Possibly 1942 (aged 90)

Last surviving witness to the death of John Wilkes Booth

26 April 1865

Charles M. Eldridge[56]

8 September 1941(1941-09-08) (aged 96)

Last survivor of the Sultana disaster

27 April 1865

William McKinley

14 September 1901(1901-09-14) (aged 58)

Last former President of the United States to have served in the American Civil War

9 May 1865

John Henninger Reagan

6 March 1905(1905-03-06) (aged 86)

Last surviving cabinet member of the Confederate States of America

10 May 1865

Agustín de Iturbide y Green

3 March 1925(1925-03-03) (aged 61)

Last member of the Imperial Court of the Second Mexican Empire

19 June 1867

Charles Tupper

30 October 1915(1915-10-30) (aged 94)

Last Canadian father of Confederation

1 July 1867

Samuel Speed[57][58]

8 November 1938 (aged 95)

Last living British convict sent to Australia

10 January 1868

Pedro Angleró[59]

16 October 1931(1931-10-16) (aged 109–110)

Last participant of El Grito de Lares

23 September 1868

Matthew Jackson

4 February 1947 (aged 88)[60]

Last surviving participant involved in the escape of John Boyle O'Reilly

2 March 1869

George H. Large

15 August 1939(1939-08-15) (aged 88)

Last participant of the first American football game

6 November 1869

William F. Lukes

13 December 1923(1923-12-13) (aged 76)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Korean Expedition

10 June 1871

Reginald Courtenay Welch

4 June 1939(1939-06-04) (aged 87)[61]

Last participant of the first English FA Cup Final

16 March 1872

James Wilson

6 November 1921 (aged 85)

Last surviving Fenian prisoner who escaped the British penal colony of Western Australia on the Catalpa

19 April 1876

Charles Windolph

11 March 1950(1950-03-11) (aged 97)

Last U.S. soldier from the Battle of the Little Bighorn

26 June 1876

Dewey Beard

2 November 1955(1955-11-02) (aged 96–97)

Last Indian veteran of the Battle of the Little Bighorn

26 June 1876

James Robert Cummins

9 July 1929(1929-07-09) (aged 82)

Last member of the James-Younger Gang

7 September 1876

Tom Garrett

6 August 1943(1943-08-06) (aged 85)

Last player from the first official cricket test match

19 March 1877

Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano

7 December 1913(1913-12-07) (aged 85)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius IX and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Leo XIII

20 February 1878

Frank Bourne

8 May 1945(1945-05-08) (aged 91)

Last survivor of the defense of Rorke's Drift during the Anglo-Zulu War

23 January 1879

Wyatt Earp

13 January 1929(1929-01-13) (aged 80)

Last survivor of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral

26 October 1881

Danny Ryan

31 December 1966(1966-12-31) (aged 96)

Last survivor of the Tipperary hurling team that won the first All-Ireland Championship

1 April 1888

Frank Shomo[62]

20 March 1997(1997-03-20) (aged 108)

Last survivor of the Johnstown Flood

31 May 1889

Louisa Yellow Shield Motley[63]

1 May 1979 (aged 95)

Last survivor of the Wounded Knee Massacre

29 December 1890

Dr. Ernest Gotthold Hildner[64][65]

1 July 1968(1968-07-01) (aged 94)

Last living participant of the first basketball game ever played

21 December 1891

Michael Shonsey[66]

5 August 1954(1954-08-05) (aged 89)

Last veteran of the Johnson County War

24 May 1893

Arthur Sherman Phillips[67]

18 March 1941(1941-03-18) (aged 75)

Last participant in Lizzie Borden's murder trial

20 June 1893

Nawi[68][69]

November 1979 (aged 103-104)

Last of the Dahomey Amazons that fought against the French in 1892

15 January 1894

Dimitrios Loundras[70]

15 February 1970(1970-02-15) (aged 84)

Last known living competitor at the 1896 Summer Olympics

15 April 1896

Manu Ruma[71]

April 1961 (aged 87)

Last survivor of the Dog Tax War

5 May 1898

George Fox[72]

27 December 1964(1964-12-27) (aged 86)

Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Maine

15 February 1898

John Davis

9 June 1970(1970-06-09) (aged 91)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Spanish–American War

11 May 1898

Ralph Waldo Taylor[73]

15 May 1987(1987-05-15) (aged 105)

Last survivor of the Battle of San Juan Hill

1 July 1898

Jesse Langdon[74][75]

29 June 1975(1975-06-29) (aged 94)

Last surviving member of the Rough Riders

15 September 1898

Bruno A. Forsterer

13 June 1957(1957-06-13) (aged 87)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Second Samoan Civil War

1 April 1899

Emma Morano

15 April 2017(2017-04-15) (aged 117)[76]

Last verified living person born in the 1800s and last known survivor of the reign of King Umberto I

31 December 1899; 29 July 1900

William Seach

24 October 1978(1978-10-24) (aged 101)

Last living Medal of Honor recipient of the Boxer Rebellion

22 June 1900

Maude Conic[77]

14 November 2004(2004-11-14) (aged 105–106)

Last survivor of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900

12 September 1900

Lucien Démanet

16 March 1979(1979-03-16) (aged 104)

Last participant in the 1900 Summer Olympics

28 October 1900

Nabi Tajima

21 April 2018 (aged 117)

Last living person born in the 19th century

31 December 1900

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Violet Brown[78]

15 September 2017(2017-09-15) (aged 117)

Last known surviving subject of Queen Victoria[79]

22 January 1901

Laura Bullion

2 December 1961(1961-12-02) (aged 85)

Last member of the Wild Bunch gang

1901

Léon Compère-Léandre

1936 (aged 62)

Last survivor on the shore of Saint-Pierre during the eruption of Mount Pelée

8 May 1902

Irénise Moulonguet

28 May 2013(2013-05-28) (aged 112)

Last surviving witness of the eruption of Mount Pelée

8 May 1902

Roscinda Nolasquez[80]

4 February 1987(1987-02-04) (aged 94)

Last speaker of Cupeño and last survivor of the removal of the Cupeño to Pala, California, the last of the Federal Indian Removals

13 May 1903

Gladys Verquin (née Ennis)[81]

20 March 1993(1993-03-20) (aged 91)

Last survivor of the Frank Slide

29 April 1903

Lev Skrbenský z Hříště

24 December 1938(1938-12-24) (aged 75)

Last cardinal created by Pope Leo XIII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius X

4 August 1903

Jennings J. Dunlap[82]

20 September 1964(1964-09-20) (aged 84–85)

Last survivor of the Wreck of the Old 97

27 September 1903

Freddy Parent

2 November 1972(1972-11-02) (aged 96)

Last living player of the 1903 World Series

13 October 1903

Johnny Moore[83][84]

28 February 1952(1952-02-28) (aged 66)

Last living witness of the Wright Brothers' first heavier than air flight

17 December 1903

Verde Clark Graff[85]

3 July 1989(1989-07-03) (aged 97)

Last survivor of the Iroquois Theatre fire

30 December 1903

Adella Wotherspoon

26 January 2004(2004-01-26) (aged 100)

Last and youngest survivor of the General Slocum Disaster

15 June 1904

Michael Barne

31 May 1961(1961-05-31) (aged 83)

Last survivor of the Discovery Expedition

10 September 1904

Ivan Beshoff[86]

25 October 1987(1987-10-25) (aged 103–104)

Last sailor that participated in the Potemkin Mutiny of 1905

8 July 1905

Ellen Adelaide Brandenborg

22 July 2017(2017-07-22) (aged 111)

Last known surviving subject of Christian IX of Denmark

29 January 1906

Bill Del Monte[87]

11 January 2016(2016-01-11) (aged 109)

Last known survivor of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

18 April 1906

Dorsie Williams Willis[88]

24 August 1977(1977-08-24) (aged 91)

Last living soldier accused in the Brownsville Affair

13 August 1906

Brian Evans-Lombe[89]

31 January 1994(1994-01-31) (aged 100)

Last surviving member of the Brownsea Island Scout camp, the founding event of the Scout movement

8 August 1907

Francesca Nato[90]

16 April 2017(2017-04-16) (aged 110)[91]

Last known survivor of the 1908 Messina earthquake

28 December 1908

John T. Kennedy

22 September 1969(1969-09-22) (aged 84)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the Philippine–American War

4 July 1909

Philip Brocklehurst

28 January 1975(1975-01-28) (aged 87)

Last member of Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition

23 March 1909

Mary Jo Estep

19 December 1992(1992-12-19) (aged 82–83)

Last survivor of the Battle of Kelley Creek

25 February 1911

Rose Freedman[92]

15 February 2001(2001-02-15) (aged 107)

Last survivor of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

25 March 1911

Zhang Rentian[93][94]

29 April 1995(1995-04-29) (aged 107)

Last surviving Scholar of Imperial China

12 February 1912

Sid Daniels

25 May 1983(1983-05-25) (aged 89)

Last surviving crew member of the RMS Titanic

15 April 1912

Millvina Dean

31 May 2009(2009-05-31) (aged 97)

Last and youngest survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic

15 April 1912

Elma S. Damrell[95]

17 March 2005(2005-03-17) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the Italian Hall disaster

24 December 1913

Mary Benich-McCleary[96]

28 June 2007(2007-06-28) (aged 94)

Last survivor of the Ludlow Massacre

20 April 1914

George M. Lowry

25 September 1981(1981-09-25) (aged 91)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Veracruz

22 April 1914

Grace Hanagan (Martyn)[97][98]

15 May 1995(1995-05-15) (aged 87)

Last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Empress of Ireland

29 May 1914

Vaso Čubrilović

11 June 1990(1990-06-11) (aged 93)

Last participant in the conspiracy to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand

28 June 1914

Alexander Bernard Heron[99]

24 January 2000(2000-01-24) (aged 105)

Last worker involved in the construction of the Panama Canal

15 August 1914

Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte

16 February 1948(1948-02-16) (aged 96)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius X and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Benedict XV

3 September 1914

Paul Kley[100][101][102]

11 May 1992(1992-05-11) (aged 97)

Last German veteran of the Siege of Tsingtao

7 November 1914

Alfred Anderson

21 November 2005(2005-11-21) (aged 109)

Last soldier who could remember the Christmas truce of 1914 and last veteran of the battles of Neuve Chapelle and Loos

24 December 1914; 13 March 1915; and 14 October 1915

Audrey Warren Lawson-Johnston (née Pearl)[103][104]

11 January 2011(2011-01-11) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania

7 May 1915

Carlo Orelli

22 January 2005(2005-01-22) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the First and Second Battles of the Isonzo

7 July 1915; 3 August 1915

Marion Eichholz[105]

24 November 2014(2014-11-24) (aged 102)

Last survivor of the capsizing of the SS Eastland

24 July 1915

Smedley Butler

21 June 1940(1940-06-21) (aged 58)

Last recipient to receive two Medals of Honor for two different actions

17 November 1915

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Percy Goring

27 July 2001 (aged 106)

Last British veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign

9 January 1916

Alec Campbell[106]

16 May 2002(2002-05-16) (aged 103)

Last Australian veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign

9 January 1916

Lilly Kempson[107]

22 January 1996(1996-01-22) (aged 99)

Last Irish participant in the Easter Rising

30 April 1916

Henry Allingham

18 July 2009(2009-07-18) (aged 113)

Oldest member of any of the British Armed Forces, last member of the RNAS, last founding member of the Royal Air Force, and last veteran of the Battle of Jutland

1 June 1916

Roswell Winans

7 April 1968(1968-04-07) (aged 80)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic

3 July 1916

Marcel Caux

22 August 2004(2004-08-22) (aged 105)

Last survivor of the Battle of Pozières

7 August 1916

Claude-Marie Boucaud[108]

17 May 2005(2005-05-17) (aged 109)

Last survivor of the Battle of the Somme

18 November 1916

George Perman[109]

24 May 2000(2000-05-24) (aged 99)

Last survivor of the sinking of the HMHS Britannic

21 November 1916

René Marie-Martial Moreau[110]

26 October 2005(2005-10-26) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Battle of Verdun

18 December 1916

Mark Matthews

6 September 2005(2005-09-06) (aged 111)

Oldest and last surviving pre-World War II Buffalo Soldier and last veteran of the Pancho Villa Expedition

7 February 1917

Yakup Satar

2 April 2008(2008-04-02) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Second Battle of Kut

23 February 1917

Alfred Finnigan

11 May 2005(2005-05-11) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Battle of Vimy Ridge

12 April 1917

Louis de Cazenave[111]

20 January 2008(2008-01-20) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Battle of Chemin des Dames

9 May 1917

Albert Marshall[112]

16 May 2005(2005-05-16) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Battle of Arras and the Battle of Cambrai

16 May and 8 December 1917

Richard W. Richards

8 May 1985(1985-05-08) (aged 91)

Last surviving member of the British Trans-Antarctic Expedition

29 May 1917

Edward Smout

22 June 2004(2004-06-22) (aged 106)

Last veteran of the Battle of Messines and last witness to the death of the Red Baron

14 June 1917; 21 April 1918

Alois Vocásek[113]

9 August 2003(2003-08-09) (aged 107)

Last Czechoslovakian veteran of World War I and of the Battle of Zborov

2 July 1917

Puyi

17 October 1967(1967-10-17) (aged 61)

Last Emperor of China

12 July 1917

Peter Casserly

24 June 2005(2005-06-24) (aged 107)

Last member of the First Australian Imperial Force and last veteran of the Battle of Amiens

September 1917; 11 August 1918

Lúcia Santos

13 February 2005(2005-02-13) (aged 97)

Last of the three children who claimed to have spoken to Our Lady of Fátima

13 October 1917

Lazar Kaganovich

25 July 1991(1991-07-25) (aged 97)

Last Old Bolshevik who took part in the Russian October Revolution

8 November 1917

Boris Gudz[114]

27 December 2006(2006-12-27) (aged 104)

Last survivor of the October Revolution and of the Russian Civil War

8 November 1917; 16 June 1923

Harry Patch

25 July 2009(2009-07-25) (aged 111)

Last British Army veteran of World War I and last veteran of the Battle of Passchendaele

10 November 1917

Delfino Borroni

26 October 2008(2008-10-26) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Battle of Caporetto

19 November 1917

Antonio Todde

3 January 2002(2002-01-03) (aged 112)

Last veteran of the Battle of Mount Grappa

23 December 1917

Aarne Arvonen[115]

1 January 2009(2009-01-01) (aged 111)

Last veteran of the Finnish Civil War

15 May 1918

Edouard Izac

18 January 1990(1990-01-18) (aged 98)

Last World War I Medal of Honor recipient and World War I United States Navy recipient

21 May 1918

Franz Künstler[116]

27 May 2008(2008-05-27) (aged 107)

Last veteran of the Battle of the Piave River

23 June 1918

Albert Wagner

20 January 2007(2007-01-20) (aged 107)

Last veteran of the Battle of Belleau Wood and last U.S. Marine of World War I

26 June 1918

Thomas A. Pope[117]

14 June 1989(1989-06-14) (aged 94)

Last United States Army World War I Medal of Honor recipient

4 July 1918

Jean Grelaud

25 February 2007(2007-02-25) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Second Battle of the Marne

6 August 1918

Antonio Pierro

8 February 2007(2007-02-08) (aged 110)

Last veteran of the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive

15 September and 11 November 1918

Eddie Rickenbacker

23 July 1973(1973-07-23) (aged 82)

Last Air Service, United States Army Medal of Honor recipient and service's last surviving World War I recipient

25 September 1918

John J. Kelly

20 November 1957(1957-11-20) (aged 59)

Last recipient to be awarded two Medals of Honor

3 October 1918

Robert G. Robinson

5 October 1974(1974-10-05) (aged 78)

Last United States Marine Corps World War I recipient of the Medal of Honor

8 October 1918

Juan Filloy[118]

15 July 2000(2000-07-15) (aged 105)

Last student who took part in the Argentine university reform of 1918

12 October 1918

Wilhelm Gisbert Groos[119]

1997 (aged 102-103)

Last surviving member of Jasta 11 and possibly last surviving German flying ace of World War I

29 October 1918

James William Pearson

26 January 1993(1993-01-26) (aged 97)

Last American World War I flying ace, served with the Royal Air Force

1 November 1918

Francesco Domenico Chiarello

27 June 2008(2008-06-27) (aged 109)

Last veteran of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto

3 November 1918

Arthur Raymond Brooks

17 July 1991(1991-07-17) (aged 95)

Last Air Service, United States Army flying ace of World War I

11 November 1918

Alexander P. de Seversky

24 August 1974(1974-08-24) (aged 80)

Last Russian Empire flying ace of World War I

11 November 1918

Alfred Pugh[120]

7 January 2004(2004-01-07) (aged 108)

Last U.S. combat wounded veteran of World War I

11 November 1918

Florence Green

5 February 2012(2012-02-05) (aged 110)

Last participant of World War I and last member of the original WRAF

11 November 1918

Harry Truman

26 December 1972(1972-12-26) (aged 88)

Last former President of the United States to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Harold Macmillan

29 December 1986(1986-12-29) (aged 92)

Last former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Charles De Gaulle

9 November 1970(1970-11-09) (aged 79)

Last former President of France to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Ludwig Erhard

5 May 1977(1977-05-05) (aged 80)

Last former Chancellor of Germany to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Gustav Heinemann

7 July 1976(1976-07-07) (aged 76)

Last former President of Germany to have served during World War I

11 November 1918

Otto von Habsburg

4 July 2011(2011-07-04) (aged 98)

Last surviving member of the Imperial Habsburg Court

11 November 1918

Cecil Arthur Lewis

27 January 1997(1997-01-27) (aged 98)

Last British flying ace of World War I

11 November 1918

Raul Fernandes[121][122]

6 January 1968(1968-01-06) (aged 90)

Last surviving signer of the Treaty of Versailles

28 June 1919

Harold Gunnes[123]

11 March 2003(2003-03-11) (aged 104)

Last member of the Polar Bear Expedition

5 August 1919

Swede Risberg

13 October 1975(1975-10-13) (aged 81)

Last person involved in the Black Sox Scandal

9 October 1919

Herman H. Hanneken

23 August 1986(1986-08-23) (aged 93)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Haiti

1 November 1919

Olivia Hooker

Living (age 103)

Last survivor of the Tulsa race riot

1 June 1921

Michael von Faulhaber

12 June 1952(1952-06-12) (aged 83)

Last cardinal created by Pope Benedict XV and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius XI

6 February 1922

Waldemar Levy Cardoso

13 May 2009(2009-05-13) (aged 108)

Last veteran of the Tenente revolts

July 1922; February 1927

Vasco Bruttomesso[124]

2 January 2009(2009-01-02) (aged 105)

Last surviving veteran of the March on Rome

29 October 1922

Gene Bruce[125]

6 December 2005(2005-12-06) (aged 98)

Last surviving sailor of the Honda Point Disaster

8 September 1923

Emil Klein[126]

22 February 2010(2010-02-22) (aged 104)

Last surviving member of Adolf Hitler's unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch

9 November 1923

Dürrüşehvar Sultan

7 February 2006(2006-02-07) (aged 92)

Last survivor of the Imperial Ottoman Court

3 March 1924

Ivo Pavelić

22 February 2011(2011-02-22) (aged 103)

Last surviving participant in the 1924 Summer Olympics

27 July 1924

Edgar Nollner[127][128]

15 January 1999(1999-01-15) (aged 94)

Last living musher of the 1925 serum run to Nome

2 February 1925

Thomas J. Brewer[129]

16 August 2003(2003-08-16) (aged 82–83)

Last surviving participant in the Scopes Trial

21 July 1925

Francisco Núñez Olivera

29 January 2018(2018-01-29) (aged 113)

Last veteran of the Rif War

27 May 1926

Louis de Broglie

19 March 1987(1987-03-19) (aged 94)

Last attendee of the Fifth Solvay Conference

29 October 1927

Tsien Tsuen-hsuin

9 April 2015(2015-04-09) (aged 105)

Last participant of the Northern Expedition

8 June 1928

Carla Marangoni

18 January 2018(2018-01-18) (aged 102)

Last surviving participant in the 1928 Summer Olympics

12 August 1928

Janet Gaynor

14 September 1984(1984-09-14) (aged 77)

Last surviving winner of the 1st Academy Awards

16 May 1929

Binod Bihari Chowdhury[130]

10 April 2013(2013-04-10) (aged 102)

Last revolutionary of the Chittagong armoury raid

18 April 1930

Norman D. Vaughan

23 December 2005(2005-12-23) (aged 100)

Last survivor of Richard Byrd's 1928 expedition to Antarctica

18 June 1930

Francisco Varallo[131]

30 September 2010(2010-09-30) (aged 100)

Last surviving player from the 1930 FIFA World Cup in Uruguay

30 July 1930

Rachel Johnson[132]

7 April 2016(2016-04-07) (aged 93)

Last St. Kildan

29 August 1930

Alfred Cook[133]

7 November 1998(1998-11-07) (aged 91)

Last known survivor of the R101 disaster

5 October 1930

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Alf Howard[134][135]

4 July 2010(2010-07-04) (aged 104)

Last member of the BANZARE expedition to Antarctica

19 March 1931

Clarence Norris[136]

27 January 1989(1989-01-27) (aged 75–76)

Last Scottsboro Boy

25 March 1931

Albert H. Wolff

21 March 1998(1998-03-21) (aged 95)

Last member of the Untouchables

1931

Simone Schaller

20 October 2016(2016-10-20) (aged 104)

Last participant in the 1932 Summer Olympics

14 August 1932

Josef Felder

28 October 2000(2000-10-28) (aged 100)

Last individual to vote against the Nazi Enabling Act of 1933

23 March 1933

Moody E. Erwin[137]

20 October 1989(1989-10-20) (aged 85)

Last survivor of the USS Akron disaster

3 April 1933

Donald L. Truesdell

23 September 1993(1993-09-23) (aged 87)

Last surviving Medal of Honor recipient of the United States occupation of Nicaragua

24 April 1934

Edd L. Miller[138]

18 September 2000(2000-09-18) (aged 87)

Last witness to the shooting of Bonnie and Clyde

23 May 1934

Thomas J. Conner[139]

14 April 1997(1997-04-14) (aged 90–91)

Last member of the FBI team that gunned down John Dillinger

22 July 1934

Jerry Edgerton[140]

14 September 2013(2013-09-14) (aged 99)

Last survivor of the SS Morro Castle disaster

8 September 1934

Lü Zhengcao

13 October 2009(2009-10-13) (aged 105)

Last witness of the Xi'an Incident

26 December 1936

Werner Franz[141]

13 August 2014(2014-08-13) (aged 92)

Last crew member to survive the Hindenburg disaster

6 May 1937

Werner Doehner[142]

Living (age 89)

Last passenger to survive the Hindenburg disaster

6 May 1937

Walter Walsh

29 April 2014(2014-04-29) (aged 106)

Last member of the FBI teams that captured Arthur Barker and killed Al Brady

12 October 1937

Fon Huffman

4 September 2008(2008-09-04) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the USS Panay incident

12 December 1937

Jules Paivio

4 September 2013(2013-09-04) (aged 97)

Last member of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion

21 September 1938

Con Shiels[143]

3 January 2013(2013-01-03) (aged 96)

Last participant in the Jarrow March

31 October 1938

Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira

2 August 1977(1977-08-02) (aged 88)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius XI and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Pius XII

2 March 1939

Gunther Scholz

24 October 2014(2014-10-24) (aged 102)

Last member of the Condor Legion

March 1939

Moon Mullen

28 February 2013(2013-02-28) (aged 96)

Last surviving member of the 1938–39 Oregon Webfoots men's basketball team, the first winner of the NCAA March Madness

27 March 1939

Delmer Berg

28 February 2016(2016-02-28) (aged 100)

Last surviving member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade

1 April 1939

Geoffrey Servante

Living (age 99)

Last surviving British Spanish Civil War veteran

1 April 1939

José/Joseph Almudéver

Living (age 98)

Last surviving French Spanish Civil War veteran

1 April 1939

Manuel Gallego-Nicasio

Living (age 101)

Last surviving "La quinta del biberón" fighter

1 April 1939

Arthur Smith[144]

10 December 2016(2016-12-10) (aged 93–94)

Last survivor of the sinking of the HMS Royal Oak

14 October 1939

Emilio Ochoa

27 June 2007(2007-06-27) (aged 99)

Last signer of the 1940 Constitution of Cuba

1 July 1940

Daniel Paul Nevot[145][146]

Living (age 98)

Last veteran of the Battle of Kufra

1 March 1941

Ted Briggs

4 October 2008(2008-10-04) (aged 85)

Last survivor of the sinking of the HMS Hood

24 May 1941

Bernhard Heuer[147]

8 March 2018(2018-03-08) (aged 95)

Last survivor of the sinking of the Bismarck

27 May 1941

Donald "Nick" Clifford[148]

Living (age 97)

Last worker on the construction of Mount Rushmore

31 October 1941

John William Finn

27 May 2010(2010-05-27) (aged 100)

Last Medal of Honor recipient from the attack on Pearl Harbor and last United States Navy recipient of World War II

7 December 1941

Joseph Langdell[149]

4 February 2015(2015-02-04) (aged 100)

Last surviving commissioned officer of the USS Arizona

7 December 1941

Lamar Crawford Sr.[150]

22 December 2011(2011-12-22) (aged 91)

Last surviving United States Marine of USS Arizona Marine Corps detachment

7 December 1941

Gerhard Klopfer

29 January 1987(1987-01-29) (aged 81)

Last individual to attend the Wannsee Conference

20 January 1942

David Stoliar

1 May 2014(2014-05-01) (aged 91)

Last survivor of the Struma disaster

24 February 1942

Bill Bower

10 January 2011(2011-01-10) (aged 93)

Last pilot of the Doolittle Raid in World War II

18 April 1942

Richard E. Cole[151]

Living (age 102)

Last participant of the Doolittle Raid in World War II

18 April 1942

Frank Losonsky

Living (age 97)

Last surviving member of the Flying Tigers

4 July 1942

Rudolf Brazda

3 August 2011(2011-08-03) (aged 98)

Last concentration camp survivor deported by Nazi Germany on charges of homosexuality

8 August 1942

Tuomas Gerdt

Living (age 96)

Last recipient of the Mannerheim Cross

8 September 1942

Orrel Glenn Cecil[152]

4 November 2010(2010-11-04) (aged 90)

Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Juneau

13 November 1942

Havala Laula[153]

Living (age 93)

Last known member of the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels during the Kokoda Track campaign

16 November 1942

Bill Sparks

1 December 2002(2002-12-01) (aged 80)

Last member of the Cockleshell Heroes

12 December 1942

Joachim Rønneberg

Living (age 98)

Last officer of Operation Gunnerside

16 February 1943

Marek Edelman

2 October 2009(2009-10-02) (aged 86–87)

Last leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

16 May 1943

Les Munro

4 August 2015(2015-08-04) (aged 96)

Last pilot of Operation Chastise in World War II

17 May 1943

Jay Zeamer Jr.

22 March 2007(2007-03-22) (aged 88)

Last surviving Army Air Force Medal of Honor recipient and service's last surviving World War II recipient

16 June 1943

Samuel Willenberg

19 February 2016(2016-02-19) (aged 93)

Last participant in the revolt at the Treblinka extermination camp

2 August 1943

Gerard Zinser[154]

21 August 2001(2001-08-21) (aged 83)

Last surviving crewman of Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109

2 August 1943

Frank Ellis Sublett[155]

27 September 2006(2006-09-27) (aged 86)

Last member of the Golden Thirteen

March 1944

Richard Sidney Albion Churchill[156]

Living (age 98)[157]

Last surviving prisoner who took part in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III

25 March 1944

Clifford Brewer[158]

29 April 2017(2017-04-29) (aged 104)

Last surviving surgeon of the Normandy landings

6 June 1944

David Wood

12 March 2009(2009-03-12) (aged 86)

Last surviving officer of Operation Deadstick during the Normandy landings

6 June 1944

Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin

8 March 2013(2013-03-08) (aged 90)

Last participant of the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler

20 July 1944

Miep Gies

11 January 2010(2010-01-11) (aged 100)

Last member of the group which hid Anne Frank in the Secret Annex

4 August 1944

John Cruickshank

Living (age 98)

Last Victoria Cross recipient for action in World War II

1 September 1944

Bill Leibold[159]

Living (age 94-95)

Last survivor of the sinking of the USS Tang

25 October 1944

Charles W. Lindberg

24 June 2007(2007-06-24) (aged 86)

Last Marine in the Iwo Jima Flag Raisings

23 February 1945

Hershel W. Williams

Living (age 94)

Last Medal of Honor recipient from the battle of Iwo Jima and last United States Marine Corps recipient of World War II

26 March 1945

Rochus Misch

5 September 2013(2013-09-05) (aged 96)

Last surviving occupant of the Führerbunker

2 May 1945

Noel Jacob Wiener[160]

2015 (aged 99–100)

Last witness to the German Surrender ceremony

7 May 1945

Rudolf Hess

17 August 1987(1987-08-17) (aged 93)

Last surviving cabinet member of the Third Reich

8 May 1945

Walter Scheel

24 August 2016(2016-08-24) (aged 97)

Last former German president to have served in World War II

8 May 1945

Helmut Schmidt

10 November 2015(2015-11-10) (aged 96)

Last former Chancellor of Germany to have served in World War II

8 May 1945

Harold Stassen

4 March 2001(2001-03-04) (aged 93)

Last signer of the United Nations Charter

26 June 1945

Theodore Van Kirk

28 July 2014(2014-07-28) (aged 93)

Last crew member of the Enola Gay

6 August 1945

Russell Gackenbach[161][162]

Living (age 93)

Last crew member of Necessary Evil

9 August 1945

Chester Nez

4 June 2014(2014-06-04) (aged 93)

Last original Navajo code talker

2 September 1945

Bruce Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser of North Cape

12 February 1981(1981-02-12) (aged 93)

Last signer of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender

2 September 1945

Claude Choules

5 May 2011(2011-05-05) (aged 110)

Last veteran of both World War I and World War II

2 September 1945

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

Living  (age 92)

Last former French President to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Giorgio Napolitano

Living (age 93)

Last former Italian President to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

George H. W. Bush

Living (age 94)

Last former United States President to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Edward Heath

17 July 2005(2005-07-17) (aged 89)

Last former British Prime Minister to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Ninian Stephen

29 October 2017(2017-10-29) (aged 94)

Last former Governor-General of a Commonwealth Realm to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

John Paul Stevens

Living (age 98)

Last former United States Supreme Court Justice to have served in World War II

2 September 1945

Edward Shames

Living (age 96)

Last surviving officer of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion in World War II

30 November 1945

Joe Medicine Crow

3 April 2016(2016-04-03) (aged 102)

Last war chief of the Crow Nation

1945

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Kenneth Mayhew

Living (age 101)

Last recipient of the Military William Order for World War II

24 April 1946

Umberto II

18 March 1983(1983-03-18) (aged 78)

Last surviving King of Italy

12 June 1946

Benjamin Ferencz

Living (age 98)

Last prosecutor during the Nuremberg Trials

1 October 1946

Knut Haugland

25 December 2009(2009-12-25) (aged 92)

Last crew member on the Kon-Tiki expedition

7 August 1947

Ring Lardner Jr.

31 October 2000(2000-10-31) (aged 85)

Last member of the Hollywood Ten

25 November 1947

Clarence Beavers

4 December 2017(2017-12-04) (aged 96)

Last surviving member of the Triple Nickles

15 December 1947

Michael I

5 December 2017(2017-12-05) (aged 96)

Last surviving King of Romania

30 December 1947

Brajraj Mahapatra

30 November 2015(2015-11-30) (aged 94)

Last royal to sign the merger agreement with the Indian state

1947

Maharaja Tej Singh Prabhakar

15 February 2009(2009-02-15) (aged 97)

Last recipient of the Order of the Star of India

1947

Mayurdwajsinhji Meghrajji III

1 August 2010(2010-08-01) (aged 87)

Last recipient of the Order of the Indian Empire

1947

Gopal Godse[163]

26 November 2005(2005-11-26) (aged 86)

Last conspirator involved in the assassination of Gandhi

30 January 1948

Arieh Handler

20 May 2011(2011-05-20) (aged 95)

Last witness to the signing of the Israeli Declaration of Independence

14 May 1948

Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma

27 August 1979(1979-08-27) (aged 79)

Last surviving Governor-General of India

26 January 1950

Tony Rolt

6 February 2008(2008-02-06) (aged 89)

Last driver in the 1950 British Grand Prix, the first World Championship Grand Prix

13 May 1950

Alcides Ghiggia

16 July 2015(2015-07-16) (aged 88)

Last player in the Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)

16 July 1950

Andor Lilienthal

5 August 2010(2010-08-05) (aged 99)

Last of the original FIDE chess grandmasters

1950

Bill Speakman

20 June 2018(2018-06-20) (aged 90)

Last Korean War Victoria Cross recipient

4 November 1951

George Lowe

20 March 2013(2013-03-20) (aged 89)

Last member of the 1953 British Everest Expedition

29 May 1953

William Kelly Harrison, Jr.

29 May 1987(1987-05-29) (aged 91)

Last signer of the Korean Armistice Agreement

27 July 1953

Paik Sun-yup

Living (age 97)

Last South Korean commander in the Korean War

27 July 1953

Rafael Cancel Miranda

Living (age 88)

Last living perpetrator in the 1954 United States Capitol shooting incident

1 March 1954

Zelma Henderson

20 May 2008(2008-05-20) (aged 88)

Last living plaintiff in the Brown v. Board of Education case

17 May 1954

Horst Eckel

Living (age 86)

Last living player of the 1954 FIFA World Cup Final

4 July 1954

Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington[164]

9 July 2018(2018-07-09) (aged 99)

Last member of Sir Winston Churchill's government

7 April 1955

Maurice Faure[165]

6 March 2014(2014-03-06) (aged 92)

Last signer of the Treaty of Rome

25 March 1957

Paul-Émile Léger

13 November 1991(1991-11-13) (aged 87)

Last cardinal created by Pope Pius XII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope John XXIII

28 October 1958

Bill Hastie[166]

Living (age 98)

Last survivor of the Knox Mine Disaster

22 January 1959

Kurt Diemberger

Living (age 86)

Last living person who has made the first ascents on two mountains over 8,000 metres

25 May 1960

text:
Name

Death

Historical event

Date event ended

Antonio Imbert Barrera

31 May 2016(2016-05-31) (aged 95)

Last participant in the assassination of Rafael Trujillo

30 May 1961

John Glenn

8 December 2016(2016-12-08) (aged 95)

Last astronaut from Project Mercury

16 May 1963

Franz König

13 March 2004(2004-03-13) (aged 98)

Last cardinal created by Pope John XXIII and last participant in the conclave that elected Pope Paul VI

21 June 1963

John Lewis

Living (age 78)

Last member of the Big Six and last living speaker at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

28 August 1963

Clint Hill

Living (age 86)

Last passenger of John F. Kennedy's presidential limousine after Kennedy was shot

22 November 1963

James Ramsden

Living (age 94)

Last living former Secretary of State for War

1 April 1964

Gerald Ford

26 December 2006(2006-12-26) (aged 93)

Last member of the Warren Commission

24 September 1964

Alexey Leonov

Living (age 84)

Last member of the Voskhod programme

19 March 1965

Stylianos Pattakos

8 October 2016(2016-10-08) (aged 103)

Last leader of the 1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent military junta

21 April 1967

Walter Cunningham

Living (age 86)

Last crew member of Apollo 7

22 October 1968

Joe Engle

Living (age 85)

Last living X-15 pilot

24 October 1968

Thomas P. Stafford

Living (age 87)

Last crew member of Apollo 10

26 May 1969

Keith Payne

Living (age 84)

Last Vietnam War Victoria Cross recipient and last Australian to be awarded original medal

19 September 1969

Alan Bean

26 May 2018(2018-05-26) (aged 86)

Last crew member of Apollo 12

24 November 1969

Edgar Mitchell

4 February 2016(2016-02-04) (aged 85)

Last crew member of Apollo 14

9 February 1971

Harrison Schmitt

Living (age 83)

Last crew member of Apollo 17

19 December 1972

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

29 September 2001(2001-09-29) (aged 78)

Last former President of South Vietnam

30 April 1975

Khamtai Siphandon

Living (age 94)

Last Pathet Lao leader in the Vietnam War

30 April 1975

Yao Wenyuan[167]

23 December 2005(2005-12-23) (aged 74)

Last member of China's Gang of Four

6 October 1976

Larry Newman

20 December 2010(2010-12-20) (aged 63)

Last crew member of the Double Eagle II

17 August 1978

Pope Benedict XVI

Living (age 91)

Last cardinal created by Pope Paul VI and last participant in the conclaves that elected Popes John Paul I and Saint John Paul II

26 August and 16 October 1978

Luz Isabel Cuevas

6 May 2014(2014-05-06) (aged 91)[168]

Last witness to the assassination of El Salvadorian bishop Óscar Romero

24 March 1980

Robert Crippen

Living (age 80)

Last crew member of STS-1, first operational flight of the Space Shuttle program

14 April 1981

Jack R. Lousma

Living (age 82)

Last crew member of STS-3

30 March 1982

Ken Mattingly

Living (age 82)

Last crew member of STS-4

4 July 1982

Stanisław Kania

Living (age 91)

Last living leader of the Polish United Workers' Party

29 January 1990

Egon Krenz

Living (age 81)

Last living Chairman of the State Council of East Germany

5 April 1990

Dmitri Yazov

Living (age 93)

Last living Marshal of the Soviet Union

28 April 1990

Helmut Kohl

16 June 2017(2017-06-16) (aged 87)

Last Chancellor of West Germany

3 October 1990

Stanislav Hurenko

14 April 2013(2013-04-14) (aged 76)

Last First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR

1 September 1991

Mikhail Gorbachev

Living (age 87)

Last living Head of State of the Soviet Union

25 December 1991

Václav Havel

18 December 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)

Last former President of Czechoslovakia

31 December 1992

Cornelius Botha

6 February 2014(2014-02-06) (aged 81)

Last administrator of the Natal Province

27 April 1994

F. W. de Klerk

Living (age 82)

Last leader of the apartheid government of South Africa, last State President, and most recent head of state from the white minority

10 May 1994


document_title: Don't judge a book by its cover

question_text: who said do not judge a book by its cover

text: Don't judge a book by its cover

text:
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "Don't judge a book by its cover" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The English idiom "don't judge a book by its cover" is a metaphorical phrase which means "you shouldn't prejudge the worth or value of something by its outward appearance alone". For example "That man may look very small and insignificant, but don't judge a book by its cover – he's a very powerful man in his circle".[1]

text: Early reference[edit]

text:
In George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss (1860), Mr Tulliver uses the phrase in discussing Daniel Defoe's The History of the Devil, saying how it was beautifully bound.
The preceding version was then publicised by the 1946 murder mystery novel by Edwin Rolfe (de) and Lester Fuller, Murder in the Glass Room, in the form of "You can never tell a book by its cover."


document_title: Dearness allowance

question_text: basis of determining dearness allowance to employee in india is

text: Dearness allowance

text: History[edit]

text:
The Dearness Allowance was introduced following the second World War, and was then known as the "Dear Food Allowance". The "Old Textile Allowance" was also introduced in 1947, though this was revised and reintroduced in 1953 as the "Revised Textile Allowance".[1] Initially DA was given in response to demand of employees for wage revision, however later it was linked to Consumer Price Index. In the past various committees have been constituted to look into the issue of payment of D.A. to Central Government employees.
The III Central Pay Commission recommended payment of DA whenever the CPI rose by 8 points over the index of 200 (with base 1960 = 100). The extent of neutralisation granted with effect from 1-1-1973 ranged from 100% to 35%.
The IV Central Pay Commission recommended the grant of DA on a 'percentage system' of the basic pay (1986).It also recommended payment of DA twice a year; 1 January and 1 July.Each instalment of DA was to be calculated with reference to the percentage increase in the 12 monthly average of All India Consumer Price Index (base 1960). The extent of neutralisation now ranged from 100% to 65%.
The V Central Pay Commission looked into the issue of differential neutralisation and found it to be injustice to senior officers and recommended uniform neutralization of 100% to employees at all levels.[2] The Commission had suggested that dearness allowance should be converted into dearness pay every time the cost of living rises by 50% over the base level.[3]
The VI Central Pay Commission recommended revision of base year of the Consumer Price Index (CPI) as frequently as feasible.It also changed base year for DA calculation to 2001 (base year 2001=100) [4]

text: DA Calculation Sheet[edit]

text: Formula for calculating Dearness Allowance for Central government employees after 1.1.2006 is :

text: Dearness Allowance %= {(Average of AICPI(Base year 2001=100) for the past 12 months – 115.76)/115.76}*100

text: Formula for calculating Dearness Allowance for Central public sector employees after 1.1.2007 is :

text: Dearness Allowance %= {(Average of AICPI(Base year 2001=100) for the past 3 months - 126.33)/126.33}*100

text: Dearness allowance with effect from January or July of a particular year in the future, once the AICPI(IW) for a particular month is published by the Government, whereas for PSU employees it is declared quarterly by DPE (Department of Public Enterprise).

text: Beginning 1 January 1996, the Dearness Allowance is granted to compensate for price increases to which the revised pay scales relate. This will be reviewed twice a year, on 1 January and 1 July.

text: The following table shows All India Consumer Price Index since 1.1.2006 with Base year 2001=100[5]

text:
Year
Jan
Feb
March
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average

2006
119
119
119
120
121
123
124
124
125
127
127
127
123

2007
127
128
127
128
129
130
132
133
133
134
134
134
131

2008
134
135
137
138
139
140
143
145
146
148
148
147
141.66

2009
148
148
148
150
151
153
160
162
163
165
168
169
157

2010
172
170
170
170
172
174
178
178
179
181
182
185
175.9

2011
188
185
185
186
187
189
193
194
197
198
199
197
191.5

2012
198
199
201
205
206
208
212
214
215
217
218
219
209.33

2013
221
223
224
226
228
231
235
237
238
241
243
239
232.16

2014
237
238
239
242[6]
244
246
252
253
253
253
253
253
246.91

2015
254
253
254
256
258[7]
261
263[8]
264[9]
266
269
270
269
261.42

2016
269
267
268
271
275[10]
277[11]
280[12]
278[13]
277
278
277
275[14]
274.33

2017
274
274[15]
275
277
278
280[16]
285[17]
285 [18]
285 [19]
287 [20]

text: The DA Rate for Industrial Workers (since 1.1.2007 with Base year 2001=100) for 3rd Quarter (Sep-Dec), 2015 has been declared as 107.9% and that of 4th Quarter (Jan-Mar), 2016 is 112.40%.

text: The Vth Pay Commission recommendations were implemented since 1.1.1996 and consequently DA rate wef 1.1.996 became 0. Further in 1994 Central Government merged 50% of the Dearness Allowance (DA) with the basic pay w.e.f. 01.04.2004 and the Dearness Allowance continued to be calculated with reference to the AICPI (IW) average as on 1 January 1996 of 306.33 without changing the index base consequent to the merger. Accordingly, Dearness Allowance (DA) as mentioned in table below were sanctioned from 01.07.2004 till 01.07.2007.[21]

text:
Year
1996
1996
1997
1997
1998
1998
1999
1999
2000
2000
2001
2001
2002
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007

Month
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July

DA %
0
4
8
13
16
22
32
37
38
41
43
45
49
52
55
59
61
64
67
71
74
79
85
91

DA% after 50% merger in 1.3.2004
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
17
21
24
29
35
41

text: DA rate as applicable after implementation of VIth Pay Commission recommendations wef from 1.1.2006 is shown in table below :-

text:
Year
2006
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2009
2009
2010
2010
2011
2011
2012
2012
2013
2013
2014
2014
2015
2015
2016
2016
2017

Month
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan

DA %
0
2
6
9
12
16
22
27
35
45
51
58
65
72
80
90
100
107
113
119[22]
125
132
136 [23]

text: DA rate as applicable after implementation of VIIth Pay Commission recommendations wef from 1.1.2016 is shown in table below :-

text:
Year
2016
2016
2017
2017
2018
2018
2019
2019
2020
2020
2021
2021
2022
2022
2023
2023
2024
2024
2025
2025
2026

Month
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan
July
Jan

DA %
0
2
4

text: Print Media Workers

text: For print media workers the Government of India has notified a DA Formula in the Gazette No 2532(E) of Nov 11, 2011, as recommended by the Majithia Wage Board for Journalists and Non-Journalists. The said Gazette notified formula was subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court of India by its judgment made on Feb 7, 2014. The Hon. Supreme Court upheld the recommendations as 'revised and determined' by Hon Justice (retd) Majithia. While 115.76 is the Base and Divisor for Central Government staff, for employees coming under Majithia Wage Board 167 had been recommended as Base and Divisor. The said 167 is the 12-month average of July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010.

text: The average for the current DA period January to December 2017 is 274, which is the 12-month average AICPI-IW of Jan 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016. The DA calculation for Jan 2017 to June 2017 is 274 minus 167 * Basic Pay and the result divided by 167. Total points 107.

text: Pensioners[edit]

text: Both pensioners and their families are granted DA and this continues following reemployment with the Central or State Government, a Government undertaking, an autonomous body or a local body; that is, DA is allowed in addition to a recipient's fixed pay or "time scale". In other cases of reemployment, access to DA is subject to the limit of emoluments last drawn.

text: DA is not allowed during a pensioner's time overseas if employment is undertaken; however, the DA remains accessible to overseas pensioners whilst the recipient is not employed.

text: From 1 October 1984 to date, pensioners are paid DA at a certain percentage of basic pension. The allowance is calculated on the original pension without commutation. From 1 July 1986 the percentage has been revised every 6 months based on the cost of living index .72 to 80 DA may be allowance.


document_title: Ball and socket joint

question_text: where can a ball and socket joint be found

text: Ball and socket joint

text:
Ball and socket joint

1: Ball and socket joint; 2: Condyloid joint (Ellipsoid); 3: Saddle joint; 4 Hinge joint; 5: Pivot joint;

Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.

Identifiers

TA
A03.0.00.050

FMA
75301

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The ball and socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number of axes, which have one common center. It enables the bone to move in many places (nearly all directions).

text: An enarthrosis is a special kind of spheroidal joint in which the socket covers the sphere beyond its equator.[1]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Examples of this form of articulation are found in the hip, where the rounded head of the femur (ball) rests in the cup-like acetabulum (socket) of the pelvis, and in the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder, where the rounded head of the humerus (ball) rests in the cup-like glenoid fossa (socket) of the shoulder blade.[2] The shoulder includes a sternoclavicular articulation joint.

text:
Hip

Shoulder

Details of hip joint.

Femur
Femoral Neck
Femoral Head
Acetabulum
Acetabular Labrum
Pelvis