document_title: International rankings of India

question_text: where does indian education rank in the world

text: International rankings of India

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Population
2/ 221
CIA World Factbook[1]
Estimated Population(July 2017) 1,281,935,911

Population Density
33 / 246
Economist Intelligence Unit
2017 - 403 people per km2

Fertility rate
103 / 210
Population Reference Bureau
2016 - 2.3

Net migration (rate)
85 / 194
World Bank
2012 - 2.06 per thousand

Net migrants
2 / 194
World Bank
2012 - 2,598,218 emigrated

Health

Life expectancy
125 / 183
World Health Organization
2015 - 68.3 years

Infant Mortality
175 / 223
CIA
2016 est - 40.5 per 1000

Ethnic and cultural diversity
88 / 215
Alesina et al[2]
2003

Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus
2 / 194
World Health Organization
2016 (69.2 of 422 million diagnosed adult diabetics, live in India)

Cigarette consumption
7 / 185
tobaccoatlas.org
2014[3]

Cigarette consumption per capita
159 / 185
tobaccoatlas.org
2014

Alcohol consumption per capita
119 / 191
World Health Organization
2014

Global Hunger Index
100 / 119
International Food Policy Research Institute
2015

Suicide rate
41 / 106
World Health Organization

Health Expenditure per capita (PPP)
140 / 190
World Health Organization
2014 - $267 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)

Height

Average Height - male
90 / 101
averageheight.co
2016 - 1.647m

Average Height - female
45 / 103
averageheight.co
2016 - 1.612m

Education

Literacy rate
168 / 234
UNESCO Institute for Statistics
2015 - 72.1%

Education Index
145 / 191
United Nations
2013

Programme for International Student Assessment
72 to 74 / 74
OECD
2009

Languages

Linguistic diversity index
14 / 232
SIL International
2017

Official languages
2 / 41

22 Official languages

English-speaking population
2 / 133
Census of India
10.35% (125,226,449) English speakers out of 1,210,000,000 eligible population

text: Society[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Happiness

World Happiness Report
133 / 155
United Nations
2018 report[4]

Happy Planet Index
50 / 140
New Economics Foundation
2016 - Score 29.2[5]

Aggregate metrics

Human Development Index
131 / 188
United Nations
2016 report - score 0.624

Inequality-adjusted HDI
97 / 151
UNDP
2016 report - score 0.454

Social Progress Index
93 / 128
Social Progress Imperative
2017 - score 58.39

Where-to-be-born Index
66 / 80
Economist Intelligence Unit
2013 - score 5.67

Legatum Prosperity Index
104 / 149
Legatum
2016[6]

Global Youth Development Index
134 / 183
Global Youth Development Index
2016

List of countries by homeless population
8 / 52
Business Standard
2011 - 1,770,000 homeless

Urbanization by country
161 / 199
CIA The World Factbook
2015 est

Estimated number of guns per capita by country
107 / 175
Small Arms Survey
2007 - 4.2 guns per 100 residents

Gender

Global Gender Gap Report
108 / 144
World Economic Forum
2017[7]

Gender Inequality Index
125 / 188
UNDP
2015 - value: 0.530 - female Labour force participation rate: 26.8%[8]

State of the World's Mothers report
73 / 77
Save the Children
2010[9][10]

Crime

Intentional homicides
2 / 219
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
2015 - 41,623 Intentional homicides

Global Slavery Index
4 / 167
Walk Free Foundation
2016 - 18,354,700 living in modern slavery[11]

text: Economy[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Product

GDP growth rate
5 / 225
CIA The World Factbook[12]
2018 - estimated 7.49 growthrate

Nominal GDP
5 / 181
International Monetary Fund
2018 - 2.84 trillion

GDP (PPP)
3 / 181
International Monetary Fund
2018 - $10.35 trllion

Per capita GDP
122 / 183
International Monetary Fund
2015

tax revenue to GDP ratio
109 / 180
The Heritage Foundation
2015 - 17.7% of GDP

Trade

Imports
10 / 222
CIA The World Factbook
2016 est - $402,400,000,000

Exports
17 / 222
CIA The World Factbook
2016 est - $271.600,000,000 - 13% GDP

Received FDI
21 / 132
CIA The World Factbook
2016 est - $318,500,000,000 est.

Wealth

Number of Billionaires
3 / 71
Forbes
2018

Gold reserve
10 / 18
World Gold Council
2017 June - 557.8 tonnes

Public debt
82 / 189
CIA The World Factbook
2016 est - 52.3% GDP NET / 41.11% GDP Gross

Foreign-Exchange reserves
8 / 193

2017 Sept

Income

Minimum wages
124 / 156

2017 - $743/yr (Bihar)

GNI nominal
9 / 15
World Bank
2016 - value $2,027,964,000,000

GNI PPP
3 / 15
World Bank
2016 - value $8,594,226,000,000 international dollars

GNI (PPP) per capita
124 / 179
World Bank
2015 - $6,030 international dollars

Employment

Unemployment rate
103 / 217
CIA The World Factbook[13]
2016 - 8% unemployment

Employment rate
42 / 47
OECD
2012 - 53.3% of 15-64 year olds in employment

Business environment

Globalization Index
107 / 184
ETHZ KOF Index of Globalization [1]
2017

World Competitiveness Yearbook scoreboard
45 / 63
IMD International [2]
2017

Global Resilience Index
60 / 130
FM Global
2017[14] [3]

Index of Economic Freedom
123 / 178
The Wall Street Journal [4]
2016

Quality-of-life index
43 / 56
Economist Intelligence Unit [5]
2017

Ease of doing business index
100 / 190
World Bank Group
2017

Global Competitiveness Index
40 / 137
World Economic Forum [6]
2017-2018

Index of Economic Freedom
128 / 178
The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal
2016

Economic Freedom of the World
95 / 157
Fraser Institute
2015 - score 6.63

Financial Development Index
51 / 183
IMF
2016

Technology

IT industry competitiveness index
18 / 66
BSA Global Index [7]
2016

ICT Development Index
134 / 176
International Telecommunication Union
2017[15]

Global Innovation Index
60 / 130
Global Innovation Index
2017

Space Competitiveness Index
6 / 15
Futron Corporation,
2013

Networked Readiness Index
91 / 139
World Economic Forum
2016 - Score 3.8[16]

Transport

Passengers carried in rail transport
2 / 86
International Union of Railways
2016[17][18] - 8.224 billion passengers

Longest Railway platforms
1 / 5
The Times of India

rail transport network size
3 / 149
International Union of Railways
2015 - 68,525 km

Traffic-related deaths
2 / 180
WHO
2013 - 238,562 deaths

Vehicles per capita
84 / 163

2015 - 0.167 per capita, 55,725,543 total

Industry

Electricity production
3 / 209
BP
2016 - 1,400,800

Steel production
3 / 38
World Steel Association
2016 - 95.6 million metric tons

text: Communications[edit]

text: Following rankings involving technological advances in communication are taken from the CIA World Factbook.[19]

tag: p

text:
List
World rank
Source
Demographics (est.)

Telephone Lines in Use
12 / 218
CIA The World Factbook
2014 - 27 million est. (2017 Aug - 23.77 million[20])

Mobile Phones in Use
1 / 222

908,358,714 million lines (74.71% density) for 1.2 billion population as of August 2012

Broadband Internet subscriptions
10 / 196
ITU
2014 - 18.23 million (2017 Aug - 18.11 million[20])

Internet hosts
16 / 233

6,738,000 hosts

Number of Internet Users
2 / 16
ITU estimate
2017 - 383,285,000

Internet users (pct of population)
127 / 191
ITU estimate
2015 - 26%

4G LTE penetration
15 / 75
OpenSignal
2017 - 81.56%

Internet connection speeds
89 / 149
Akamai Technologies
2017 Q1 - Average 6.5Mbit/s[21]

Television broadcast stations
4 / 233

2016 - 857 licensed stations

text: Sport[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Cricket - men's
1 / 10
International Cricket Council
2017 Nov

Cricket - women's
3 / 10
International Cricket Council
2017 Oct

Kabaddi - men's
1/12
IKF
2017

Field Hockey - men's
6 / 91
International Hockey Federation
2017

Field Hockey - women's
10 / 74
International Hockey Federation
2017

Football - men's
97 / 206
FIFA
april 2018

Football - women's
56 / 177
FIFA
2017

Rugby Union - men's
77 / 103
World Rugby
2017

Chess - men's
5 / 173
FIDE
2017[22]

Chess - women's
7 / 142
FIDE
2017[22]

Olympic Gold Medals
48= / 151
IOC
2016 - 9 Golds from 33 Games (24 - Summer, 9 - Winter)

Olympic Medals
60= / 151
IOC
2016 - 28 medals from 33 Games (24 - Summer, 9 - Winter)

Paralympic Gold Medals
64= / 122
IOC
2016 - 4 Golds from 11 Games (11 - Summer, 0 - Winter)

Paralympic Medals
71 / 122
IOC
2016 - 12 medals from 11 Games (11 - Summer, 0 - Winter)

text: Entertainment[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Film productions
1 / 15
UNESCO
2015

Cinema box office
4 / 15
MPAA
2016 - $1.9bn

Cinema admissions
1 / 10
European Audiovisual Observatory
2013 - 9,164,000,000

text: Politics[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Corruption Perceptions Index
81 / 180
Transparency International
2016[23]

Press Freedom Index
138 / 180
Reporters Without Borders
2018[24]

Soft power
24 / 25
Monocle
2016-17[25]

Rule of Law Index
66 / 113
World Justice Project
2016

Democracy Index
42 / 167
Economist Intelligence Unit
2017 - score 7.23 - Flawed democracy

Democracy Ranking
65 / 112
democracyranking.org
2014-2015

Corporate Governance
20 / 38
GMI Ratings
2010

E-Government
107 / 192
UN
2016 - score 0.4638[26]

text: Military[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Military expenditure
5 / 186
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2016 - $55.9bn or 2.5% of GDP[27]

Military Strength
5 / 20
Credit Suisse
2015

Active troops
2 / 171
International Institute for Strategic Studies
1,395,100 active troops (1.1 active troops per 1000 capita)

Total troops
4 / 171
International Institute for Strategic Studies
4,941,600 total troops (3.9 troops per 1000 capita)

Composite Index of National Capability
3 / 193
National power
2003 - score 0.073444

Overseas Bases
5 / 10

4 overseas bases

text: Awards[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Academy Award nominations - Foreign Language Film
33 / 125
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
3 nominations, from 50 submissions

Nobel laureates
24= / 76
Nobel Prize
3 Indian Citizens, at the time they were made a Nobel laureate: Mother Teresa (Peace), Amartya Sen (Economics), Kailash Satyarthi (Peace), two British Indian subjects: Rabindranath Tagore (Literature), and C. V. Raman (Physics), along with two Indian born British subjects: Rudyard Kipling (Literature), Ronald Ross (Medicine), have received the honour.

Turing Award
6= / 13
Association for Computing Machinery
Indian-American Raj Reddy, became first person of Asian origin to receive the ACM Turing Award, in 1994, for his work in the field of Artificial Intelligence.

text: Environment[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes

Carbon dioxide emissions by country
8 / 214
United Nations Statistics Division
2010

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita
145 / 214
United Nations Statistics Division
2009

Climate Change Performance Index
31 / 61

2015

Environmental Performance Index
141 / 180
Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy
2016

Environment Democracy Index
20 / 70
World Resources Institute
[28]

Air Quality - average PM 2.5 concentration
84 / 92
WHO[29]
2014 - 60.6 µg/m3[30]

Freshwater withdrawal
1 / 170
CIA World Factbook
2008 - 645.84 km³/year

Irrigated land area
2 / 221
CIA World Factbook
2012 - 667,000 km²

text: Geography[edit]

text:
width

Total Area
90/233
All Over India 32,87,364 km2
(1,222,559 sq mile) including land and water

Length of coastline
18/196
7,000 km coastline with 2.00 coast/area ratio (m/km sq). According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.

text: Agriculture, Fisheries and Live Stock[edit]

text:
Field
Rank
Date

Apple Production, output of 2,203,000 tons
5
2013

Bananas Production, output of 29,800,000 metric tons
1
2013

Bean Production, output of 4,870,000 tons
1
2010

Buffalo, milk output of 56,960,000 tons
1
2008

Black Pepper, 19% of world output
2
2008

Cauliflowers and Broccoli Production, output of 5,014,500 tons
2
2008

Cardamom Production, output of 15 thousand metric tons
2
2012

Cashew Apple Production, output of 613,000 metric tons
2
2010

Chicken Population, output of 648,830,000
5
2004

Chickpea Production, output of 5,970,000 tons
1
2008

Coconut Production, output of 10,824,100
3
2010

Coffee Production, output of 300,300,000 kg
6
2011

Cotton Production, output of 27.0 million bales
2
2011

Cow Numbers, 281,700,000 cows
1
2009

Fish Production, output of 6,318,887 tons (capture 3,481,136 & aquaculture 2,837,751)
3
2005

Garlic Production, output of 833,970 tons
2
2010

Ginger Production, output of 380,100 tons
1
2008

Goat Numbers, 125,700,000 goats
2
2008

Goat Milk Production, output of 4,000,000 metric tons
1
2008

Goat Meat Production, output of 480,000 metric tons
2
2008

Jute Production, output of 17,43,000 tons
1
2008

Lemon & Lime Production, output of 2,060,000 tons
1
2007

Lentil Production, 950,000 tons
2
2009

Mango Production, output of 16,340,000 tons
1
2011

Millet Production, output of 8,810,000 tons
1
2009

Milk Production, output of 110,040,000 metric tons (cow milk 50.3 million metric tons)
2
2018

Onion Production, output of 13,372,100 metric tons
2
2010

Orange Production, output of 5,000,000 tons
3
2010

Peanut Production, output of 6.25 metric tons
2
2009

Pineapple Production, output of 1,341,000 tons
7
2010

Potato Production, output of 36,600,000 metric tons
2
2010

Rice Production, output of 120,600,000 metric tons
1
2015-16

Saffron Production, output of 2,300 kg
3
2005

Sheep Stock, output of 65,000,000
3
2008

Silk Production, output of 77,000,000 kg
2
2005

Sorghum Production, output of 7,900,000 metric tons
3
2008

Soybean Production, output of 9.8 metric tons
5
2010

Sugarcane Production, output of 285,029,000 tons
2
2009

Sweet Potato Production, output of 1,100,000 tons
7
2009

Tea Production, output of 991,180 metric tons
2
2010

Tomato Production, output of 11,979,700 tons
3
2010

Wheat Production, output of 80.7 million metric tons
2
2010

text: Cities[edit]

text: UN World's Largest Morphological Cities ranking(physically contiguous urban area) ranks

tag: ul

text:
City
Rank

bangalore
1

text: List of cities with the most high-rise buildings above 35 meters has following Indian cities: Mumbai 12th with 2480 buildings, Chennai 35th with 689 buildings, Kolkata 40th with 594 buildings, Pune 47th with 510 buildings, Bangalore 53rd with 460 buildings.

text:
City
Rank
Buildings

Mumbai
4
7053

Chennai
35
689

Kolkata
40
594

Pune
47
510

text: List of cities with most skyscrapers above meters ranks Mumbai behind Dubai.

text:
City
Rank
Buildings

Mumbai
1
2

text:
Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), Loughborough University listed Mumbai, New Delhi & Bangalore as emerging world city[31]
List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration

text: Religion[edit]

text:
List
INDIA Ranking
Source
Notes

Hindu
1st
2011 Census of India[32]
2011 - 966,257,353 (India: 79.80%, World: )

Muslim
3rd
2011 Census of India
2011 - 172,245,158 (India: 14.23%, World: 9.57%) [33]

Christian
22nd
2011 Census of India
2011 - 27,819,588 (India: 2.30%, World: 1.16%)

Sikh
1st
2011 Census of India
2011 - 20,833,116 (India: 1.72%, World: 90.02%)

Buddhist
9th
2011 Census of India
2011 - 8,442,972 (India: 0.70%, World: 63%)

Jain
1st
2011 Census of India
2011 - 4,451,753 (India: 0.37%, World: 64%)[34]

Zoroastrian
1st
2011 Census of India
2001 - 69,000 (India: 0.006%, World: 50%)

Bahá'í Faith
-
2011 Census of India
2011 - 4,572 (India: 0.0%, World: 0.0%)


document_title: Ready Player One

question_text: what is the name of the virtual reality world in ready player one

root

text: Ready Player One

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Setting[edit]

text: In the 2040s,[7] the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming and overpopulation, causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation. To escape the decline their world is facing, people turn to the OASIS,[a] a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves. It functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society, with its currency being the most stable in the real world. It was created by James Halliday who, when he died, had announced in his will to the public that he had left an Easter egg inside OASIS, and the first person to find it would inherit his entire fortune and the corporation. The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts, starting about five years after the announcement, when he discovers one of the three keys pointing to the treasure.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in Oklahoma City[8] in the "stacks", a poverty-stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other. He spends his spare time as a "gunter" ("egg hunter"), logging on to the OASIS as an avatar under the moniker Parzival, reading Halliday's journal Anorak's Almanac, and researching details of the 1980s pop culture, mainly classic video games and movies, that Halliday loved. One day, he realizes that the first key is located on the same virtual world as his own online high school, in a re-creation of the Dungeons & Dragons module Tomb of Horrors. He meets Art3mis, a famous female gunter and blogger who has been exploring the place, and advances further than she does when he defeats the AI Acererak at the video game Joust. He is awarded the Copper Key, and Parzival appears on the "Scoreboard", attracting the world's attention.

text: Parzival completes the gate's puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game and then role-playing Matthew Broderick's character in the film WarGames. Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards, as does Wade's friend Aech. Wade’s fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products. It also brings him to the attention of Nolan Sorrento, head of operations at Innovative Online Industries (IOI), a multinational corporation bent on a well-funded effort to find the Easter Egg in order to take control of the OASIS and monetize it. When Wade refuses to join IOI, Sorrento attempts to kill him by blowing up the stacks where Wade lives, disguising the explosion as a meth lab accident.

text: Wade escapes and moves to Columbus, Ohio, where he lies low, assuming the pseudonym Bryce Lynch and living in an anonymous apartment designed for hardcore OASIS users. He considers an alliance with Aech, Art3mis, and Daito and Shoto, two Japanese gunters who have also earned the Copper Key. Instead, he and Art3mis begin a wary friendship, but when he asks her out, Art3mis declines. IOI operatives, called Sixers, attempt to assassinate Wade and Art3mis at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow. They are stopped by Morrow, who has special privileges and powers within the OASIS. Five months pass. Neither Wade nor anyone else has found the next token, the Jade Key.

text: When Art3mis finds the Jade Key, Parzival scrambles to planet Archaide, where he plays a perfect game of Pac-Man, receiving only a quarter as a prize. Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork. Sorrento, who had tracked Art3mis and Aech using a premium locator artifact, establishes a base there to farm their company's avatars with keys, and unlocks the second Gate and acquires the Jade Key. Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daito's real-life apartment and threw him out of the building, killing him.

text: Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate, a Voight-Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe, and completes the arcade game Black Tiger as a character from the first-person shooter perspective. Using his knowledge of Rush, he acquires the Crystal Key, and after playing "Discovery", the third movement from the title track of their album "2112", finds a clue regarding the conditions to unlock the final gate. As he messages Art3mis, Aech, and Shoto with his solution, Sorrento ends their covert attempts to clear the third gate, Castle Anorak, and places a force field around it.

text: Wade manipulates his assumed identity in order to be arrested and placed in indentured servitude in IOI's tech support department. While inside IOI, he uses black market passwords and security exploits to hack into IOI's intranet: he acquires a wealth of information, including footage of Daito's murder. The information also includes the attempt on his own life, as well as plans to kill Shoto and Art3mis in real life. After escaping the corporation, he shares his information with his friends and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle. They are interrupted by Ogden Morrow, who offers them a safe haven at his home in Oregon. Wade meets the real-life Aech and Ogden, but not Art3mis and Shoto, who are already hooked into Ogden's immersion pods.

text: The day of the battle, Wade uses his planted hack to bring down the barricade, and a massive fight among avatars ensues. After Parzival uses the giant robot Leopardon to fight against Sorrento's Mechagodzilla Kiryu, Parzival and friends unlock the gate, at which point the Sixers use an artifact called the Cataclyst to destroy the castle and all avatars over a large area. Parzival survives because having the Pac-Man quarter granted him an extra life. As he enters the Crystal Gate, he announces that if he wins he will share his fortune with his three friends. With Sorrento and his Sixers on his heels, Parzival plays Tempest, role-plays King Arthur and various characters in Monty Python and the Holy Grail, and retrieves the Easter egg in Adventure. His victory grants him control of the OASIS, including wiping out his enemies' avatars, resurrecting his friends, and a Big Red Button that would wipe OASIS. Sorrento is arrested for the murder of Daito and for conspiring to kill Wade and the others. Back in Oregon, Wade and Art3mis meet in person and rekindle their relationship with a kiss.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Wade Owen Watts a.k.a. Parzival: the viewpoint character, an orphan from the "stacks" surrounding metropolitan Oklahoma City. Wade names his OASIS character Parzival after the Arthurian knight involved in the quest for the holy grail, and dedicates his life to finding James Halliday's Easter egg. He is 18 years old when he finds the Copper Key in the prologue of the book. His username at the virtual high school he attends is Wade3.[b] Wade's character was based on a mix of Cline as well as his geek friends.[9]
James Donovan Halliday a.k.a. Anorak: creator of OASIS. A big fan of 1980s culture, he announces in his will his plans to leave his entire fortune to whoever can find his Easter egg that he had hidden in OASIS. His character was initially inspired by Willy Wonka who Cline described as a "rich eccentric holding a fantastic contest". Cline used the personalities of Howard Hughes and Richard Garriott, and placed Halliday's birth year around the same as his own so that his pop culture interests would coincide with Cline's "and the other middle-aged uber geeks I know".[10][9]
Aech (pronounced like the letter H):Ch. 33 Wade's best friend, fellow gunter, and rival in the quest to find the egg. Aech's specialty is in PvP and first-person shooter games, and is one of the top combatants on OASIS. Although Aech's avatar is an athletic Caucasian heterosexual male,p. 38-39 Aech is played by an African-American lesbian named Helen Harris, who grew up in Atlanta, Georgia and is about the same age as Wade.Ch. 33 Aech is based partly on Cline's friend Harry Knowles as well as himself and other geeks, both men and women.[9]
Art3mis: a famous female gunter and blogger. Wade has a huge cyber-crush on her, which is complicated by their competition in search of the egg.p. 35 She chose her avatar's name from the Greek goddess of the hunt.[c] Like other characters, Cline based Art3mis on himself and other geeks, both men and women.[9] Her real name is Samantha Evelyn Cook from Vancouver, British Columbia and she has a port-wine stain on her face.Ch. 30
Ogden "Og" Morrow: Co-creator of the OASIS and best friend of James Halliday. They founded the video game company Gregarious Games, where he would handle the business operations, and which would later become Gregarious Simulation Systems (GSS), the company that launched OASIS.p. 54-56 His appearance and personality are described as being "a cross between Albert Einstein and Santa Claus." Concerned that people were using it to escape reality, he quits GSS and works on educational software with his wife Kira until her death. His relationship with Halliday deteriorated, and the two men remained estranged until before Halliday's death, when he is entrusted with ensuring that the hunt goes smoothly and without cheating.Ch. 32-33 Ogden lives in Oregon and owns a set of advanced OASIS consoles and immersion rigs, and is able to monitor everyone in the OASIS, even in private chat rooms.Ch. 12, 32-33 He rarely appears in public, and only shows up on the OASIS once a year on his birthday, where he assumes the avatar of the Great and Powerful Og. Ogden's character and relationship with Halliday was inspired by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with Morrow being more like Jobs as a "charismatic tech leader".[10][11]
Daito: one of the two Japanese gunters who rise to the top of the scoreboard early on in the hunt, working in a team with "brother", Shoto. The pair have a generally tense, but not unfriendly relationship with Aech, and Art3mis, They are closer to Parzival, and work together on quests unrelated to the hunt. They are based on otaku: Japanese geeks who enjoy movies and anime, as well as hikikomori: people who live as recluses inside their family's homes.[9] Daito's real name is revealed to be Toshiro Yoshiaki after he is killed by the IOI.
Shoto: the second and younger of the two Japanese gunters working as a team in their quest for the egg.p. 129 Shoto's real name is Akihide Karatsu.p. 292 Following the death of his partner, Shoto collaborates with Art3mis, Aech and Wade to finish the hunt.
Nolan Sorrento: the head of operations at Innovative Online Industries (IOI), the multinational corporation that serves as an Internet service provider for most of the world, and that plans to take over and monetize the OASIS. Sorrento is head of IOI's Oology division, which is dedicated to searching for Halliday's Easter egg.p. 33 His avatar name is IOI-655321, after his employee number.Ch. 14, 16 IOI employees in the division are nicknamed Sixers, after their six-digit employee numbers that also begin with the number 6.p. 33 Cline said that he named Sorrento after Nolan Bushnell, founder of the video game company Atari, and said, "Not that I think Nolan is a bad guy, or anything. It’s meant as a subtle tribute!"[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ready Player One was a New York Times bestseller.[13][14][15] Among those praising the book were Entertainment Weekly, The Boston Globe, The A.V. Club, CNN.com, io9, and Boing Boing. USA Today wrote that the novel "undoubtedly qualifies Cline as the hottest geek on the planet right now."[16] NPR said that the book was "ridiculously fun and large-hearted". Cline "takes a far-out premise and engages the reader instantly" with a "deeply felt narrative [that] makes it almost impossible to stop turning the pages."[17] Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that "The book gets off to a witty start" but noted that it lacks at least one dimension, stating that gaming had overwhelmed everything else about this book.[18] Rebecca Serle of HuffPost described the book as "the grown-up's Harry Potter" and that it "has it all – nostalgia, trivia, adventure, romance, heart and, dare I say it, some very fascinating social commentary."[19]

text: The book has been translated into over 20 languages.[20]

text: In an interview with Fortune, Cline said that his book had inspired designers at companies such as Oculus VR which recommended the book for their new employees.[21][22] Oculus has also invited Cline several times to sign books and demo hardware.[23]

text: Spin-offs and sequels[edit]

text: Short story[edit]

text: Lacero, a fan-fiction story by Andy Weir, was published in the 2016 edition of Ready Player One. It follows the story of Nolan Sorrento and functions as a precursor to the main novel, and is considered canonical to the Ready Player One fictional universe.[24][25][26]

text: Sequel novel[edit]

text: In 2015, in an interview with Den of Geek, screenwriter Zak Penn reported that Cline was working on a sequel to the novel.[27] In December 2017, Cline himself confirmed he is writing a sequel.[28]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Easter egg hunt promotion[edit]

text: Ten months after the first edition release, Cline revealed on his blog that Ready Player One itself contained an elaborately hidden Easter egg. This clue would form the first part of a series of staged video gaming tests, similar to the plot of the novel. Cline also revealed that the competition's grand prize would be a DeLorean.[29] The game Ultimate Collector: Garage Sale by Austin-based developer Portalarium was featured in one part of the contest.[30][31] The final stage of the contest was announced on August 1, 2012, and was to set a world record on one of several classic arcade or Atari 2600 games. This was completed on August 9, 2012 by Craig Queen, who set a new world record in Joust. He was awarded the DeLorean on the TV show X-Play.[32]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: The film rights were purchased by Warner Bros. on the same day Cline finalized his publishing deal with Random House, one year prior to the novel's publication. Dan Farah brought the project into the studio and is producing it with Donald De Line. Cline adapted his novel into a screenplay.[33] Over the years, Eric Eason and Zak Penn assisted Cline with rewrites.[34]

text: Steven Spielberg signed on to direct in March 2015.[35] Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger of Amblin Partners also joined Deline and Farah as producers. Warner Bros. initially announced a release date of December 15, 2017.[36] On February 9, 2016, the release date was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[37] The movie began production in the spring of 2016 and was filmed in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

text: On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning on composing the film's score.[38] However, scheduling conflicts with another Spielberg film, The Post, led to Spielberg signing Alan Silvestri for the score.

text: The film stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, Simon Pegg, Hannah John-Kamen and Mark Rylance. It premiered at South by Southwest on March 11, 2018, and was theatrically released by Warner Bros. in the United States on March 29, 2018. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its visuals and brisk pacing, and noted it an improvement over the book. This film received criticism for its lack of character development and its "achingly regressive" view of pop culture fans.[39][40]


document_title: Resonance (chemistry)

question_text: which molecule or ion needs only two resonance structures to describe its bonding

text: Resonance (chemistry)

text: History[edit]

text: The concept first appeared in 1899 in Johannes Thiele's "Partial Valence Hypothesis" to explain the unusual stability of benzene which would not be expected from August Kekulé's structure proposed in 1865 with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene undergoes substitution reactions, rather than addition reactions as typical for alkenes. He proposed that the carbon-carbon bond in benzene is intermediate of a single and double bond.

text: The mechanism of resonance was introduced into quantum mechanics by Werner Heisenberg in 1926 in a discussion of the quantum states of the helium atom. He compared the structure of the helium atom with the classical system of resonating coupled harmonic oscillators.[4][7] In the classical system, the coupling produces two modes, one of which is lower in frequency than either of the uncoupled vibrations; quantum mechanically, this lower frequency is interpreted as a lower energy. Linus Pauling used this mechanism to explain the partial valence of molecules in 1928, and developed it further in a series of papers in 1931-33.[8][9] The alternative term mesomerism popular in German and French publications with the same meaning was introduced by C. K. Ingold in 1938, but did not catch on in the English literature. The current concept of mesomeric effect has taken on a related but different meaning. The double headed arrow was introduced by the German chemist Fritz Arndt who preferred the German phrase zwischenstufe or intermediate stage.

text: In the Soviet Union, resonance theory – especially as developed by Pauling – was attacked in the early 1950s as being contrary to the Marxist principles of dialectical materialism, and in June 1951 the Soviet Academy of Sciences under the leadership of Alexander Nesmeyanov convened a conference on the chemical structure of organic compounds, attended by 400 physicists, chemists, and philosophers, where "the pseudo-scientific essence of the theory of resonance was exposed and unmasked".[10]

text: General characteristics of resonance[edit]

text: Molecules and ions with resonance (also called mesomerism) have the following basic characteristics:

text:
They can be represented by several correct Lewis formulas, called "contributing structures", "resonance structures" or "canonical forms". The real structure is an intermediate of these structures represented by a resonance hybrid.
The contributing structures are not isomers. They differ only in the position of electrons, not in the position of nuclei.
Each Lewis formula must have the same number of valence electrons (and thus the same total charge), and the same number of unpaired electrons, if any.[11]
Bonds that have different bond orders in different contributing structures do not have typical bond lengths. Measurements reveal intermediate bond lengths.
The real structure has a lower total potential energy than each of the contributing structures would have. This means that it is more stable than each separate contributing structure would be.

text: Misconception[edit]

text: It is a common misconception that resonance structures are actual transient states of the molecule, with the molecule oscillating between them or existing as an equilibrium between them. However these individual contributors cannot be observed in the actual resonance-stabilized molecule. Any molecule or ion exists in only one form – the resonance hybrid. Due to confusion with the physical meaning of the word resonance, as no elements actually appear to be resonating, it has been suggested that the term resonance be abandoned in favor of delocalization.[12] Resonance energy would thus become delocalization energy and a resonance structure becomes a contributing structure. The double headed arrows would be replaced by commas to illustrate a set of structures rather than suggesting that there is a reaction that converts among them.

text: Use of contributing structures[edit]

text: In Lewis formulas, electrons are paired between atoms to form covalent bonds. Each single bond is made by two valence electrons, localized between the two bonded atoms. Each double bond has two additional localized π electrons, while each triple bond has four additional π electrons (two pairs) between the bonded atoms.

text: In molecules or ions that have a combination of one or more single and multiple bonds, often the exact position of the respective bonds cannot be indicated by a single Lewis structure. The π electrons appear to be in an intermediate position. To solve this problem, the concept of resonance is used, and the molecule is represented by several contributing structures, each showing a possible distribution of single and multiple bonds. The actual structure has a lowered overall energy and an intermediate bond order.

text: Resonance hybrids[edit]

text: The actual structure of a molecule or ion in the normal quantum state has the lowest possible value of total energy. This structure is called the "resonance hybrid" of that molecule. The resonance hybrid is the approximate intermediate of the contributing structures, but the overall energy is lower than each of the contributors, due to the resonance energy.[4]

text: Major and minor contributors[edit]

text: One contributing structure may resemble the actual molecule more than another (in the sense of energy and stability). Structures with a low value of potential energy are more stable than those with high values and resemble the actual structure more. The most stable contributing structures are called major contributors. Energetically unfavourable and therefore less probable structures are minor contributors. Major contributors are generally structures:

text:
that obey as much as possible the octet rule (8 valence electrons around each atom rather than having deficiencies or surplus)
that have a maximum number of covalent bonds
that carry a minimum of charged atoms. If unlike charges are present their separation must be least while for like charges the separation must be maximum.[citation needed]
with negative charge, if any, on the most electronegative atoms and positive charge, if any, on the most electropositive.

text: The greater the number of contributing structures, the more stable the molecule. This is because the more states at lower energy are available to the electrons in a particular molecule, the more stable the electrons are. Also the more volume electrons can occupy at lower energy the more stable the molecule is. We can also understand this concept by borrowing a concept of physics. As we know that charge dispersed is directly proportional to stability. Here, electrons can be termed as charged bodies and the more volume they occupy, more the charge gets dispersed ultimately leading to stability.[citation needed]

text: Equivalent contributors contribute equally to the actual structure; those with low potential energy (the major contributors) contribute more to the resonance hybrid than the less stable minor contributors. Especially when there is more than one major contributor, the resonance stabilization is high. High values of resonance energy are found in aromatic molecules.

text: Contributing structures in diagrams[edit]

text:
[
S

=

C

=

N

⊖

⟷

⊖

S

−

C

≡

N
]

{\displaystyle {\ce {[S=C=N^{\ominus }<->\ ^{\ominus }\!S-C{\equiv }N]}}}

Contributing structures of the thiocyanate ion,
enclosed in square brackets.

tag: table

text: In diagrams, contributing structures are typically separated by double-headed arrows (↔). The arrow should not be confused with the right and left pointing equilibrium arrow (⇌). All structures together may be enclosed in large square brackets, to indicate they picture one single molecule or ion, not different species in a chemical equilibrium.

text: Alternatively to the use of resonance structures in diagrams, a hybrid diagram can be used. In a hybrid diagram, pi bond that are involved in resonance are usually pictured as curves [13] or dashed lines, indicating that these are partial rather than normal complete pi bonds. In benzene and other aromatic rings, the delocalized pi-electrons are sometimes pictured as a solid circle.[14]

text: Examples[edit]

text: Ionic-covalent molecules[edit]

text: The ozone molecule is represented by two resonance structures. In reality the two terminal oxygen atoms are equivalent and the hybrid structure is drawn on the right with a charge of − 1⁄2 on both oxygen atoms and partial double bonds with a full and dashed line and bond order  1 1⁄2.[15][16]

text: For hypervalent molecules such as xenon difluoride, the rationalization described above can be applied to generate resonance structures to explain the bonding in such molecules. This has been shown by quantum chemical calculations to be the correct description instead of the common expanded octet model.[citation needed]

text: Aromatic molecules[edit]

text: In benzene the two cyclohexatriene Kekulé structures, first proposed by Kekulé, are taken together as contributing structures to represent the total structure. In the hybrid structure on the right, the dashed hexagon replaces three double bonds, and represents six electrons in a set of three molecular orbitals of π symmetry, with a nodal plane in the plane of the molecule.

text: In furan a lone pair of the oxygen atom interacts with the π orbitals of the carbon atoms. The curved arrows depict the permutation of delocalized π electrons, which results in different contributors.

text: Electron-deficient molecules[edit]

text: The diborane molecule is described by resonance structures, each with electron-deficiency on different atoms. This reduces the electron-deficiency on each atom and stabilizes the molecule. Below are the resonance structures of an individual 3c-2e bond in diborane.

text: The allyl cation has two contributing structures with a positive charge on the terminal carbon atoms. In the hybrid structure their charge is + 1⁄2. The full positive charge can also be depicted as delocalized among three carbon atoms.

text: Reactive intermediates[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Often, reactive intermediates such as carbocations and free radicals have more delocalized structure than their parent reactants, giving rise to unexpected products. The classical example is allylic rearrangement. When 1 mole of HCl adds to 1 mole of 1,3-butadiene, in addition to the ordinarily expected product 3-chloro-1-butene, we also find 1-chloro-2-butene. Isotope labelling experiments have shown that what happens here is that the additional double bond shifts from 1,2 position to 2,3 position in some of the product. This and other evidence (such as NMR in superacid solutions) shows that the intermediate carbocation must have a highly delocalized structure, different from its mostly classical (delocalization exists but is small) parent molecule. This cation (an allylic cation) can be represented using resonance, as shown above.

text: This observation of greater delocalization in less stable molecules is quite general. The excited states of conjugated dienes are stabilised more by conjugation than their ground states, causing them to become organic dyes.

text:
A well-studied example of delocalization that does not involve π electrons (hyperconjugation) can be observed in the non-classical 2-Norbornyl cation. Other examples are diborane (see above) and methanium (CH+
5). These can be viewed as containing three-center two-electron bonds and are represented either by contributing structures involving rearrangement of σ electrons or by a special notation, a Y that has the three nuclei at its three points.

text: Delocalized electrons are important for several reasons; a major one is that an expected chemical reaction may not occur because the electrons delocalize to a more stable configuration, resulting in a reaction that happens at a different location. An example is the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzene with 1-chloro-2-methylpropane; the carbocation rearranges to a tert-butyl group stabilized by hyperconjugation, a particular form of delocalization. Delocalization leads to lengthening of wavelength of electron therefore decreases the energy.

text: Bond lengths[edit]

text: Comparing the two contributing structures of benzene, all single and double bonds are interchanged. Bond lengths can be measured, for example using X-ray diffraction. The average length of a C–C single bond is 154 pm; that of a C=C double bond is 133 pm. In localized cyclohexatriene, the carbon–carbon bonds should be alternating 154 and 133 pm. Instead, all carbon–carbon bonds in benzene are found to be about 139 pm, a bond length intermediate between single and double bond. This mixed single and double bond (or triple bond) character is typical for all molecules in which bonds have a different bond order in different contributing structures. Bond lengths can be compared using bond orders. For example, in cyclohexane the bond order is 1 while that in benzene is 1 + (3 ÷ 6) =  1 1⁄2. Consequently, benzene has more double bond character and hence has a shorter bond length than cyclohexane.

text: Resonance energy[edit]

text: Every structure is associated with a certain quantity of energy, which determines the stability of the molecule or ion (the lower energy, the greater stability). A resonance hybrid has a structure that is intermediate between the contributing structures; the total quantity of potential energy, however, is lower than the intermediate and the molecule is said to be "stabilized by resonance" or "resonance-stabilized". Hybrids are therefore always more stable than any of the contributing structures would be.[17] The difference between the potential energy of the actual structure (the resonance hybrid) and that of the contributing structure with the lowest potential energy is called the "resonance energy".[5]

text: Resonance energy of benzene[edit]

text: Resonance (or delocalization) energy is the amount of energy needed to convert the true delocalized structure into that of the most stable contributing structure. The empirical resonance energy can be estimated by comparing the enthalpy change of hydrogenation of the real substance with that estimated for the contributing structure.

text: The complete hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane via 1,3-cyclohexadiene and cyclohexene is exothermic; 1 mole of benzene delivers 208.4 kJ (49.8 kcal).

text: Hydrogenation of one mole of double bonds delivers 119.7 kJ (28.6 kcal), as can be deduced from the last step, the hydrogenation of cyclohexene. In benzene, however, 23.4 kJ (5.6 kcal) are needed to hydrogenate one mole of double bonds. The difference, being 143.1 kJ (34.2 kcal), is the empirical resonance energy of benzene. Because 1,3-cyclohexadiene also has a small delocalization energy (7.6 kJ or 1.8 kcal/mol) the net resonance energy, relative to the localized cyclohexatriene, is a bit higher: 151 kJ or 36 kcal/mol. [18]

text: This measured resonance energy is also the difference between the hydrogenation energy of three 'non-resonance' double bonds and the measured hydrogenation energy:

text: Resonance in valence bond (VB) theory[edit]

text:
Electronic structure methods

Valence bond theory

Generalized valence bond
Modern valence bond
Resonance

Molecular orbital theory

Hartree–Fock method
Semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Configuration interaction
Coupled cluster
Multi-configurational self-consistent field
Quantum chemistry composite methods
Quantum Monte Carlo
Linear combination of atomic orbitals

Electronic band structure

Nearly free electron model
Tight binding
Muffin-tin approximation
Density functional theory
k·p perturbation theory
Empty lattice approximation

 Book

v
t
e

text: Resonance has a deeper significance in the mathematical formalism of valence bond theory (VB). Quantum mechanics requires that the wavefunction of a molecule obeys its observed symmetry. If a single contributing structure does not achieve this, resonance is invoked.

text: For example, in benzene, valence bond theory begins with the two Kekulé structures and constructs the actual wave function of the molecule as a linear superposition of the wave functions representing the two structures. As both Kekulé structures have equal energy, they are equal contributors to the overall structure – the superposition is an equally weighted average, or a 1:1 linear combination of the two – but this need not be the case. The symmetric combination gives the ground state while the antisymmetric combination gives the first excited state as shown.

text: In general, the superposition is written with undetermined coefficients, which are then variationally optimized to find the lowest possible energy for the given set of basis wave functions. When more contributing structures are included, the molecular wave function becomes more accurate and more excited states can be derived from different combinations of the contributing structures.

text: Comparison with molecular orbital (MO) theory[edit]

text: In molecular orbital theory, the main alternative to valence bond theory, the equivalent of the symmetry-adapted linear combination role of resonance is the linear combination of atomic orbitals. In MO theory, the molecular orbitals (MOs) are approximated as sums of all the atomic orbitals (AOs) on all the atoms; there are as many MOs as AOs. Each AOi has a weighting coefficient ci that indicates the AO's contribution to a particular MO. For example, in benzene, the MO model gives us 6 π MOs which are combinations of the 2pz AOs on each of the 6 C atoms. Thus, each π MO is delocalized over the whole benzene molecule and any electron occupying an MO will be delocalized over the whole molecule. This MO interpretation has inspired the picture of the benzene ring as a hexagon with a circle inside. When describing benzene, the VB concept of localized sigma 'bonds' and the MO concept of 'delocalized' π electrons are frequently combined in elementary chemistry courses.

text:
The resonance structures in the VB model are particularly useful in predicting the effect of substituents on π systems such as benzene. They lead to the models of resonance structures for an electron-withdrawing group and electron-releasing group on benzene. The utility of MO theory is that a quantitative indication of the charge from the π system on an atom can be obtained from the squares of the weighting coefficient ci on atom Ci. Charge qi ≈ c2
i. The reason for squaring the coefficient is that if an electron is described by an AO, then the square of the AO gives the electron density. The AOs are adjusted (normalized) so that AO2 = 1, and qi ≈ (ciAOi)2 ≈ c2
i. In benzene, qi = 1 on each C atom. With an electron-withdrawing group qi < 1 on the ortho and para C atoms and qi > 1 for an electron-releasing group.

text: Coefficients[edit]

text: Weighting of the resonance structures in terms of their contribution to the overall structure can be calculated in multiple ways, using "Ab initio" methods derived from Valence Bond theory, or else from the Natural Bond Orbitals (NBO) approaches of Weinhold NBO5, or finally from empirical calculations based on the Hückel method. A Hückel method-based software for teaching resonance is available on the HuLiS Web site.

text: Charge delocalization[edit]

text:
In the case of ions it is common to speak about delocalized charge (charge delocalization). An example of delocalized charge in ions can be found in the carboxylate group, wherein the negative charge is centered equally on the two oxygen atoms. Charge delocalization in anions is an important factor determining their reactivity (generally: the higher the extent of delocalization the lower the reactivity) and, specifically, the acid strength of their conjugate acids. As a general rule, the better delocalized is the charge in an anion the stronger is its conjugate acid. For example, the negative charge in perchlorate anion (ClO−
4) is evenly distributed among the symmetrically oriented oxygen atoms (and a part of it is also kept by the central chlorine atom). This excellent charge delocalization combined with the high number of oxygen atoms (four) and high electronegativity of the central chlorine atom leads to perchloric acid being one of the strongest known acids with a pKa value of −10.[21] The extent of charge delocalization in an anion can be quantitatively expressed via the WAPS (weighted average positive sigma) parameter[22] parameter and an analogous WANS (weighted average negative sigma)[23][24] parameter is used for cations.

text:
WAPS values of anions of common acids and WANS values of cations of common bases

Compound
WAPS × 105
Compound
WANS × 105

(C2F5SO2)2NH
2.0[25]
Triphenylphosphine
2.1[23]

(CF3)3COH
3.6[25]
Phenyl tetramethylguanidine
2.5[23]

Picric acid
4.3[22]
Tripropylamine
2.6[23]

2,4-Dinitrophenol
4.9[22]
MTBD (7-Methyl-triazabicyclodecene)
2.9[24]

Benzoic acid
7.1[22]
DBU (1,8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene)
3.0[24]

Phenol
8.8[25]
TBD (Triazabicyclodecene)
3.5[24]

Acetic acid
16.1[22]
N,N-Dimethylaniline
4.7[23]

HI
21.9[25]
Pyridine
7.2[23]

HBr
29.1[25]
Aniline
8.2[23]

HCl
35.9[22]
Propylamine
8.9[23]

text: WAPS and WANS values are given in e/Å4. Larger values indicate more localized charge in the corresponding ion.


document_title: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

question_text: when was the last time the browns had a winning season

text: List of Cleveland Browns seasons

text: The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) when the league was founded in 1946. From 1946 to 1949, the Browns won each of the league's four championships. The National Football League (NFL) does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships; however, the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team's championships, which is reflected in this list. When the AAFC folded in 1949, the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950. The Browns went on to win three NFL championships, nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s, and won one more NFL championship in 1964. The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl, however. Overall, the team has won eight championships: four in the AAFC, and four in the NFL.

text: In 1996, then-Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland, Ohio to Baltimore, Maryland. An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team's history, name and colors in Cleveland, while Modell's new team would be regarded as an expansion team. The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996, and the Browns would return to the league in 1999. For record-keeping purposes, the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, which is reflected in this list. The Cleveland Browns are the second team in NFL history to reach an 0-16 record.

text: Seasons

text: For a complete team history, see History of the Cleveland Browns.

text:
AAFC champions[1] (1946–1949)
NFL champions (1950–1969)
Super Bowl champions[2] (1970–present)
Conference champions
Division champions
Wild Card berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season results
Postseason results
Awards

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

All-America Football Conference

1946
1946
AAFC

Western
1st
12
2
0
Won AAFC championship (1) (Yankees) 14–9

1947
1947
AAFC

Western
1st
12
1
1
Won AAFC championship (2) (at Yankees) 14–3

1948
1948
AAFC

Western
1st
14
0
0
Won AAFC championship (3) (Bills) 49–7

1949
1949
AAFC

1st
9
1
2
Won AAFC playoff game (Bills) 31–21
Won AAFC championship (4) (49ers) 21–7
Paul Brown (COY)

National Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)

1950
1950
NFL
American

T-1st[3]
10
2
0
Won Conference Playoffs (Giants) 8–3
Won NFL Championship (5) (Rams) 30–28

1951
1951
NFL
American

1st
11
1
0
Lost NFL Championship (at Rams) 17–24
Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1952
1952
NFL
American

1st
8
4
0
Lost NFL Championship (Lions) 7–17

1953
1953
NFL
Eastern

1st
11
1
0
Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 16–17
Paul Brown (COY)
Otto Graham (MVP)

1954
1954
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
3
0
Won NFL Championship (6) (Lions) 56–10

1955
1955
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
2
1
Won NFL Championship (7) (at Rams) 38–14
Otto Graham (MVP)

1956
1956
NFL
Eastern

T-4th[4]
5
7
0

1957
1957
NFL
Eastern

1st
9
2
1
Lost NFL Championship (at Lions) 14–59
Paul Brown (COY)
Jim Brown (MVP, ROY)

1958
1958
NFL
Eastern

T-1st[5]
9
3
0
Lost Conference Playoffs (at Giants) 0–10
Jim Brown (MVP)

1959
1959
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd[6]
7
5
0

1960
1960
NFL
Eastern

2nd
8
3
1

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

3rd
8
5
1

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

3rd
7
6
1

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

2nd
10
4
0

Jim Brown (BBA, MVP)

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
3
1
Won NFL Championship (8)[7] (Colts) 27–0

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

1st
11
3
0
Lost NFL Championship (at Packers) 12–23
Jim Brown (MVP, MVP)

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

T-2nd[8]
9
5
0

1967
1967
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
9
5
0
Lost Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 14–52

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
10
4
0
Won Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–20
Lost NFL Championship (Colts) 0–34
Leroy Kelly (MVP)

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Century
1st
10
3
1
Won Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 38–14
Lost NFL Championship (at Vikings) 7–27

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
7
7
0

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
9
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 3–20

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
10
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 14–20

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
5
2

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
4
10
0

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
11
0

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
5
0

Forrest Gregg (COY)

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
6
8
0

1978[9]
1978
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
8
8
0

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
9
7
0

Sam Rutigliano (COY)

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 12–14[10]
Sam Rutigliano (COY)
Brian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

1982[11]
1982
NFL
AFC

8th
4
5
0
Lost First Round Playoffs (at Raiders) 10–27
Chip Banks (Def. ROY)

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
7
0

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
5
11
0

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
8
8
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 21–24
Kevin Mack (ROY)

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)
Lost AFC Championship[12] (Broncos) 20–23 (OT)
Marty Schottenheimer (COY)

1987[13]
1987
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
10
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 38–21
Lost AFC Championship[14] (at Broncos) 33–38

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd[15]
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 23–24

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
9
6
1
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bills) 34–30
Lost AFC Championship[16] (at Broncos) 21–37
Michael Dean Perry (Def. POY)

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
13
0

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
6
10
0

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots) 20–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 9–29

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

1996
Inactive from 1996 to 1998

1997

1998

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
Central
6th
2
14
0

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
Central
6th
3
13
0

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd[17]
7
9
0

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
North
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 33–36

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
North
4th[18]
6
10
0

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
North
2nd[19]
10
6
0

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
North
3rd
5
11
0

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
North
4th
5
11
0

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
North
4th
4
12
0

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
North
4th
7
9
0

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
North
4th
3
13
0

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
North
4th
1
15
0

2017
2017
NFL
AFC
North
4th
0
16
0

Totals
4 AAFC championships
4 NFL championships
12 conference titles
9 NFL division titles

47
4
3
All-America Football Conference regular season results[20]

5
0
0
AAFC postseason results

462
482
10
National Football League regular season results[20]

11
20
0
NFL postseason results[20]

525
506
13
AAFC and NFL regular and postseason results

text: Footnotes

text:
Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns' AAFC championships. For the purposes of this list, however, they are included in final totals.
Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The other three teams are the Detroit Lions, the Houston Texans, and the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 10–2–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Browns won, 8–3.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season, the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season, the Browns and Giants had identical 9–3–0 records. To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game, the NFL held a one-game conference playoff. The Giants shut the Browns out 10–0.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5–7 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ The Browns' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area. The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season, the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9–5 records. There were no tie-breaking procedures, so the teams ended the season tied.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive, in which quarterback John Elway, over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds, lead the Broncos on a 98-yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation. The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal, 23–20.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble, in which, while on a potentially game-winning drive, the Browns' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3-yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock. The Broncos recovered the ball, allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety, and won the game, 38–33.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season, the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season, the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7–9 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season, the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6–10 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season, the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com". pro-football-reference.com. Retrieved 14 January 2017.

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